natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
B ฀ 4HE฀ NEW฀ REGULATIONS฀ M O S T ฀ CON T R O V E R S I AL ฀ PROVISIONS฀ P A R T I C U L A R L Y ฀ ON฀ A C C O U N T ฀ OF฀ THEIR฀ CONNECTION฀ WITH฀ THE฀ ฀ (AGUE฀#ONVENTION฀ ON฀ THE฀ # I V I L ฀ !
A ฀ %NLIGT฀ DEN฀ ALL M � N N A ฀ REGELN฀ SOM฀ � T E R lNNS I ARTIKEL � R MYNDIGHETERNA I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ D � R ฀ BARNET฀ HAR฀HEMVIST฀ VID฀ DEN฀ TIDPUNKT฀ D � ฀ TALAN฀ V � C K S ฀ BE H � R I G A ฀ HELT฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ ฀ � R S ฀ (AAGKONVENTION ฀ $ET฀lNNS DOCK EN฀ SKILLNAD฀ BE T R � F F AN DE฀ DE฀ FALL฀ D � ฀ BARNETS฀ VI S T E L SE ORT฀ � N D RAS฀ I฀ (AAGKONVENTIONEN฀ �V E R F � R S ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ A UT OM A T I S K T ฀ TILL฀MYNDIGHETERNA฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ D � R ฀ BARNET฀ HAR฀ NY฀ HEMVIST฀ MED฀ UNDANTAG฀ AV฀ FALLEN฀MED฀OLOVLIGT฀ B ORT F � RANDE฀ ELLER฀ KVAR H � L L AN DE฀ MEN฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ � R ฀ MYNDIGHETERNA ฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ D � R ฀ BARNET฀ TIDIGARE฀ HADE฀ HEMVIST฀ BE H � R I G A ฀ ATT฀ UNDER฀ EN฀ TID ฀ AV฀ T RE ฀ M � N A DE R ฀ EFTER฀ m Y T T N INGEN ARTIKEL TA UPP EN F R � G A ฀ OM฀ � N D R IN G ฀ AV฀ EN฀ DOM฀ OM฀ UM G � N GE ฀ SOM฀ MED DEL A TffS ฀ I฀ DEN฀MEDLEMSSTATEN฀ INNAN฀ BARNET฀ m Y T TA DE OM DEN SOM HAR R � T T TILL UM G � N GE ENLIGT฀ DENNA฀ DOM฀ OM฀ UM G � N GE ฀ FORTFARANDE฀ HAR฀HEMVIST฀ I฀DEN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ D � R ฀ BARNET฀ TIDIGARE฀ HADE฀ HEMVIST฀ OCH฀ INTE฀HAR฀ GODTAGIT฀ ATT฀ DOMSTOLARNA฀ I฀DEN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ D � R ฀ BARNET฀ HAR฀ SITT฀ NYA ฀ HEMVIST฀ � R ฀ BE H � R I G A
R T I C L E S ฀ ฀ @ *U R I S DI C TION฀ IN฀ CASES฀ OF฀ C H I L D ฀ ABDUCTION฀ AND฀ ฀ @ 2 E T U R N ฀OF฀THE฀ C H I L D ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ RETAINS฀ THE฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀ THE฀AUTHORITIES฀OF฀ THE฀-EMBER฀ 3TATE฀OF฀HABITUAL฀RESIDENCE฀PRIOR฀TO฀REMOVAL฀OR฀RETENTION฀UNTIL฀THE฀CHILD฀ HAS฀ACQUIRED฀A฀NEW฀HABITUAL฀RESIDENCE฀AND฀CERTAIN฀OTHER฀CONDITIONS฀ARE฀ M E T ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ C I T E S ฀ ! R T I C L E S ฀ ฀ AND฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ ฀ (AGUE฀#ONVENTION฀ IN฀RELATION฀TO฀THE฀PROCEDURE฀FOR฀RETURN฀IN฀CASES฀OF฀WRONGFUL฀REMOVAL฀OR฀ RE T E N TION฀ D R A W ING฀ IN฀ EFFECT฀ ON฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ AS฀ REGARDS฀ THE฀POSSIBILITY฀OF฀LIMITING฀THE฀RESTRICTIONS฀TO฀WHICH฀THE฀RETURN฀OF฀A฀CHILD฀ MAY฀ BE฀ SUBJECT฀ ฀ 4HE฀ MAIN฀ N O V E L T Y ฀ IS฀ THE฀PROCEDURE฀ WHERE฀ THE฀ RE T U R N ฀ OF฀ A฀ C H I L D ฀ IS฀ REFUSED฀ PURSUANT฀ TO฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ (AGUE฀#ONVENTION฀ IN฀SO฀FAR฀AS฀IT฀IS฀NOT฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀TO฀WHICH฀THE฀CHILD฀HAS฀BEEN฀RE MOVED฀THAT฀HAS฀THE฀lNAL฀WORD฀ON฀THE฀RETURN฀BUT฀RATHER฀THE฀AUTHORITIES฀ WITH฀ JURISDICTION฀ UNDER฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ WITH฀ THAT฀ AU T H O R I T Y S ฀ JUDGMENT฀ BEING฀ ENFORCEABLE฀ IN฀ ACCORDANCE฀WITH฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ ITSELF฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ I E ฀ EVEN฀ IN฀ THE฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ TO฀WHICH฀ THE฀ C H I L D ฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ RE MOVED฀AND฀WHOSE฀AUTHORITIES฀GAVE฀A฀NON RE T U R N ฀DE C I S I O N
R T I K L A R N A ฀ ฀ DOMSTOLS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ VID฀ FALL฀ AV฀ B ORT F � RANDE฀ AV฀ BARN฀ OCH฀ ฀ � T E R L � M N AN DE฀ AV฀ BARN฀ � R ฀ DE฀MEST฀ KON T R O V E R S I E L L A ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀DEN฀ NYA ฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ I฀ SYNNERHET฀ GENOM฀ F � R H � L LANDET฀ TILL฀ ฀ � R S ฀ (AAGKONVENTION ฀ OM฀ DE฀ C I VI L A ฀ A S P E K T E R N A ฀ P � ฀ INTERNATIONELLA฀ B ORT F � RANDEN฀ AV฀ BARN฀ )฀ DEN฀ F � R STA ฀ AV฀ ARTIKLARNA ฀ KVAR S T� R ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ F � R ฀ MYNDIGHETERNA ฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ D � R ฀ BARNET฀ HADE฀ HEMVIST฀ F � RE ฀ B ORT F � R AN DET฀ ELLER฀ KVAR H � L LANDET฀ TILLS฀ BARNET฀ HAR฀ F � T T ฀ ETT฀ N Y T T ฀ HEMVIST฀ OCH฀ VISSA฀ VILLKOR฀ F � RE LIGGER฀ )฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ SPECIlCERAS VILLKOREN I ARTIKLARNA OCH I � R S (AAGKONVENTION OM฀ F � R F A R AN DET฀ F � R ฀ � T E R L � M N AN DE฀ VID฀ FALL฀ AV฀ OLOVLIGT฀ B ORT F � RANDE฀ ELLER฀ KVAR H � L L AN DE฀ -AN฀ HAR฀ AN V � N T ฀ M � JL I G HETEN฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ ฀ � R S ฀ (AAGKONVENTION ฀ ATT฀ BE G R � NffS A ฀ DE฀ IN S K R � N K NINGAR฀ SOM฀ � T E R L � M N AN DET฀ AV฀ ETT฀ BARN฀ KAN฀ VARA฀ UNDER K A STAT฀ ฀ $EN฀ S T� R STA ฀ N Y HETEN฀ I฀ DESSA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ AVSER฀ F � R F A R AN DET฀ I฀ FALL฀ D � ฀ EN฀ DOMSTOL฀ V � G RAR฀ ATT฀ � T E R L � M N A ฀ ETT฀ BARN฀ P � ฀ GRUNDVAL฀ AV฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ (AAGKONVENTIONEN฀ EFTERSOM฀DET฀ INTE฀ � R ฀ MYNDIGHETERNA ฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ TILL฀ VILKEN฀ BARNET฀ HAR฀ B ORT F � R TffS ฀ SOM฀ F ATT A R ฀ DET฀ SLUTLIGA฀ BESLUTET฀ OM฀ � T E R L � M N AN DE฀ AV฀ ETT฀ BARN฀ UTAN฀ DE฀MYNDIGHETER฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ BE H � R I G A ฀ ENLIGT฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ VARVID฀ F � R F A R AN DET฀ UNDER L � T TA S ฀ GENOM฀ REGLERNA฀ OM฀ VERK S T� L LIGHET฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ �V EN฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ TILL฀ VILKEN฀ BARNET฀ HAR฀ B ORT F � R TffS ฀ OCH฀ VARS฀ MYNDIGHETER฀ HAR฀ BE S L UT A T ฀ ATT฀ BARNET฀ INTE฀ SKALL฀ � T E R L � M N A S
L I M ITS฀ IN T E R ฀ S E ฀ AGREEMENTS฀ SUCH฀ AS฀ A฀ #OMMUNITY฀ INSTRUMENT฀ TO฀ THOSE฀ WHICH฀ A S S U M E ฀ HABITUAL฀ RESIDENCE฀ IN฀ ONE฀ OF฀ THE฀ CONTRACTING฀ 3TATES฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ W H Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ ON฀ THE฀ QUESTION฀ OF฀ CHILDREN฀ W H O ฀ HAVE฀ THEIR฀ H A B I T UAL฀RESIDENCE฀IN฀A฀THIRD฀3TATE฀THAT฀IS฀NOT฀A฀CONTRACTING฀PARTY฀TO฀THE฀CON VENTION฀ PROVIDES฀ IN฀ SUCH฀ CASES฀ THAT฀ @ JURISDICTION฀ UNDER฀ THIS฀ !RTICLE฀ SHALL฀ BE฀ DEEMED฀ TO฀BE฀ IN฀ THE฀ C H I L DfiS ฀ IN T E REST฀ IN฀PARTICULAR฀ IF฀ IT฀ IS฀ F O U N D ฀ I M POSSIBLE฀ TO฀ H O L D ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN฀ THE฀ THIRD฀ 3TATE฀ IN฀ Q U E S T I O N
C ฀ )฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ � T E R lNNS I EN KOMPLICERAD REGEL MED DEN INADEKVATA RUB R I K EN฀ v !V TA L ฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLS฀ BE H � R I G H ET v ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE N ฀ OM฀ EN฀ DOMSTOLS฀ EVENTUELLA฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ I฀ � K T ENS K A PS M � L ฀ ' I VETVIS฀ AVSES฀ DE฀ FALL฀ D � ฀ BARNET฀ INTE฀HAR฀HEMVIST฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ VARS฀ MYNDIGHETER฀ � R ฀ BE H � R I G A ฀ I฀ � K T ENS K A PS M � L ET ฀ $ESSUTOM฀ B� R ฀ MAN฀ BE A K TA฀ ATT฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ ฀ � R S ฀ (AAGKONVENTION ฀ BE G R � NffS A S ฀ INTER฀ SE฀ � ฀ AVTAL EN฀ TILL฀ S �D AN A ฀ AVTAL฀ SOM฀ ETT฀ GEMENSKAPSINSTRU M EN T ฀ KAN฀ J � MffS T� L L A S ฀ MED฀ TILL฀ S �D AN A ฀ FALL฀ D � ฀ BARNET฀ HAR฀HEMVIST฀ I฀DE฀ STATER฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ AVTALETS฀ ELLER฀ INSTRUMENT ET S ฀ AD RE SffS A T E R ฀ OCH฀ D � R F � R ฀ BEHANDLAS฀ I฀ PUNKT฀ ฀ F R � G AN ฀ OM฀ DE฀ BARN฀ SOM฀ HAR฀HEMVIST฀ I฀ EN฀ TREDJE฀ STAT฀ SOM฀ INTE฀ � R ฀ PART฀ I฀KONVENTIONEN฀ GENOM฀ATT฀ DET฀ ANGES฀ ATT฀ v ; x = ฀ DEN฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ SOM฀ G R UND A S ฀ P � ฀ DENNA฀ ARTIKEL฀ ; SKALL = ฀ ANSES฀ VARA฀ I฀ BARNETS฀ INTRESSE฀ S � R S K I L T ฀ N� R ฀ ETT฀ F � R F A RANDE฀ VISAR฀ SIG ฀ VARA฀ OM � J LIGT฀ I฀DEN฀ BE R � R D A ฀ TREDJE฀ STATEN v
D ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ CONTAINS฀ A฀ RULE฀ BASED฀ ON฀ C H I L D ฀ PRESENCE฀ AND฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ PROVIDES฀ FOR฀ RESIDUAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ CASES฀WHERE฀ JURISDICTION฀ CANNOT฀ BE ฀DE T E R M IN E D ฀ FROM฀ THE฀ E A R L I E R ฀ A R T I C L E S ฀ )N฀ SUCH฀ CASES฀ JURISDICTION฀ IS฀ D E T E R M IN E D ฀ IN฀ EACH฀-EMBER฀ 3TATE฀ BY฀ THE฀ LAWS฀ OF฀ THAT฀ 3 T A T E
D ฀ !RTIKEL฀ ฀ SLUTLIGEN฀ IN N E H � L L E R ฀ EN฀ REGEL฀ SOM฀GRUNDAR฀ SIG ฀ P � ฀ BARNETS฀ N� R VAR O ฀ OCH฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ EN฀ REGEL฀ OM฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ I฀ �V R I G A ฀ FALL฀ I฀DE฀ FALL฀ D � ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ INTE฀ � R ฀ EN฀ F � L J D ฀ AV฀DE฀ F � REG � ENDE฀ ARTIKLARNA ฀ $� ฀ SKALL฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ I฀VARJE฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ BE S T� M M A S ฀ ENLIGT฀ DEN฀ STATENS฀ LAG
E ฀ ! ฀ N O V E L T Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ INTRODUCES฀ THE฀POSSIBILITY฀OF฀ A฀ COMPETENT฀ COURT฀ DECLINING฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ FAVOUR฀ OF฀ A฀ COURT฀OF฀ ANOTHER฀-EMBER฀ 3TATE฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ @ BE T T E R ฀ PLACE D ฀ TO฀ H E A R ฀ THE฀ CASE฀ OR฀ A฀ SPECIlC฀ P A R T ฀THEREOF ฀ AND฀ WHERE฀ THIS฀ IS฀ IN฀ THE฀ BE S T ฀ INTERESTS฀OF฀ THE฀ C H I L D ฀ 4HE฀ OTHER฀-EMBER฀ 3TATE฀ MUST฀ BE฀ ONE฀ @ WITH฀ WHICH฀ THE฀ C H I L D ฀ HAS฀ A฀ PARTICULAR฀ CONNECTION฀ AS฀ D E l N E D ฀ IN฀ P A R A G R A P H ฀ ฀ I E ฀ NEW฀ RESIDENCE฀ FORMER฀ RESIDENCE฀ N A T I O N AL I T Y ฀ RESIDENCE฀OF฀A฀HOLDER฀OF฀PARENTAL฀RESPONSIBILITY฀OR฀LOCATION฀OF฀PROPERTY ฀ 4HESE฀ CAN฀ THEREFORE฀BE฀ REGARDED฀ AS฀ ALTERNATIVE฀ FORUMS฀WHICH฀DO฀NOT฀ CLASH฀WITH฀CONSTITUTIONAL฀PROVISIONS฀ON฀THE฀REQUIREMENT฀FOR฀A฀JUDGE฀PRE DETERMINED฀BY฀LAW฀AND฀WHICH฀ARE฀CONSEQUENTLY฀NOT฀FORUM฀NON฀CONVEN I E N S ฀ IN฀ THE฀ COMMON฀ LAW฀ S E N S E ฀ 4HIS฀ A R T I CLE฀ IS฀ M O D E L L E D ฀ ON฀ ! R T I C L E S ฀ ฀ AND฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ ฀ (AGUE฀#ONVENTION฀ ON฀ THE฀0ROTECTION฀ OF฀#HILDREN฀
E ฀ !RTIKEL฀ ฀ KAN฀ BETRAKTAS฀ SOM฀ EN฀ N Y H ET ฀ VAR IGENOM฀ DEN฀ BE H � R I G A ฀ DOMSTOLEN฀ GES฀ M � J LIGHET฀ ATT฀ INTE฀ UT N Y T TJ A ฀ SIN฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ TILL฀ F � R M � N ฀ F � R ฀ EN฀ DOMSTOL฀ I฀ EN฀ ANNAN฀ STAT฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ v B� T T RE ฀ L � M P AD ฀ ATT฀ P R �V A ฀ M � L ET ฀ ELLER฀ EN฀ S P E CIlK DEL AV M � L ET OCH OM DET � R TILL BARNETS B� STA v OCH DET R � R SIG OM EN STAT฀ vSOM฀BARNET฀ HAR฀ EN฀ S � R S K I L D ฀ ANKNYTNING฀ TILL v ฀ $ETTA฀ F � R T Y D L I G A S ฀ I฀ PUNKT฀ ฀ N Y T T ฀ HEMVIST฀ TIDIGARE฀ HEMVIST฀ MED B O R G A R S K A P ฀ PERSONER฀MED฀ F � R � L D R A ANSVAR฀ HAR฀HEMVIST฀ I฀MEDLEMSSTATEN฀ ELLER฀ E GEN DOM S F � R H � L L AN DEN A ฀ VAR IGENOM฀ S �D AN A ฀ DOMSTOLAR฀ KAN฀ BETRAKTAS฀ SOM฀ALTERNATIVA฀ FO RUM฀SOM฀ INTE฀ S T� R ฀ I฀ MOT S A TffS S T� L L NING฀ TILL฀DE฀KONSTITUTIONELLA฀MEKANIS MER N A ฀ ENLIGT฀ VILKA฀ DET฀ K R � VS ฀ EN฀ DOM A RE ฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ UT SEDD฀ P � ฀ F � R HAND ฀ $ESSA฀ DOMSTOLAR฀ � R ฀ D � R F � R ฀ INTE฀ VAD฀ SOM฀ I฀ # OM M O N ฀ , A W ฀ B EN � M NffS ฀ FORUM฀NON฀ CONVENIENS฀ 5 T FORM NINGEN฀ AV฀ DENNA฀ ARTIKEL฀ � R ฀ DIREKT฀ IN S P I RE RAD฀ AV฀ ARTIKLARNA ฀ ฀ OCH฀ ฀ I฀ ฀ � R S ฀ (AAGKONVENTION ฀ OM฀ SKYDD฀ F � R ฀ BARN฀
฀ )F฀ IT฀ IS฀ TO฀ O PER A T E ฀ C O R RECTLY฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ REQUIRES฀ IMPLEMENTING฀PROVI SIONS฀ON฀THE฀APPLICATION฀OF฀THE฀RULES฀OF฀JURISDICTION฀AND฀THESE฀MEASURES฀ARE฀ THE฀ SUBJECT฀ M A T T E R ฀ OF฀ # H A P T E R ฀ )) ฀ 3ECTION฀ ฀ E N T I T L E D ฀ @ # O M M ON฀ PROVISIONS฀ AND฀ C O M P R I S ING฀ !
฀ & � R ฀ ATT฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ SKALL฀ FUNGERA฀ V � L ฀ K R � VS ฀ EN฀ RAD฀ TILL � M PN IN G S F � RE S K R I FT E R ฀ F � R ฀ BE H � R I G H ET S REGLERNA฀ OCH฀ DETTA฀ � R ฀ DET฀ FAKTISKA฀ S Y F TET ฀ MED฀ AVSNITT฀ ฀ v ' E M EN SAMMA฀ BE S T� M MELSERv฀ SOM฀ OMFATTAR฀ ARTIKLARNA ฀ � ฀ I฀ KAPITEL ฀ )) ฀
R T I C L E S ฀ ฀ TO฀
1 ฀ "E T R � F F AN DE฀ DETTA฀ SE฀ PUNKT E R N A ฀
OF฀ THE฀ ฀ "RUSSELS฀ #ONVENTION฀ )T฀ SHOULD฀BE฀ N O T E D ฀ THAT฀ CON T R A R Y ฀ TO฀ THE฀ SITUATION฀ UNDER฀ THAT฀ CONVENTION฀ IT฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ M A T T E R ฀ WHETHER฀ OR฀ NOT฀ THE฀ RE S PO N D ENT฀ A P P E A R S ฀ 4HE฀ OBLIGATION฀ APPLIES฀ TO฀ THE฀ COURT฀ .
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฀ 7 O R T H Y ฀ OF฀ SPECIAL฀ M E N TION฀ IS฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ FOR M E R L Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀WHOSE฀PROVI SIONS฀ON฀LIS฀PENDENS฀AND฀DEPENDENT฀ACTIONS฀ARE฀AMONG฀THE฀MOST฀IMPORTANT฀ PROVISIONS฀ IN฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ AND฀ IN฀ M Y ฀ VIEW฀ TO G E T H E R ฀ WITH฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ FOR M E R L Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ TO฀WHICH฀ ) ฀ SHALL฀ REFER฀ LATER฀ WOULD฀ BE฀ SUFlCIENT฀ IN฀ THEMSELVES฀TO฀JUSTIFY฀ADOPTION฀OF฀THE฀REGULATION฀AND฀THE฀DRAFTING฀AMEND MENTS฀ MADE฀ TO฀ FACILITATE฀ U N D E R S T AN D IN G
$EN฀ ANDRA฀ REGELN฀ G � L L E R ฀ P R �V NINGEN฀ AV฀ BE H � R I G H ET S F R � G AN ฀ OCH฀ AV฀ F R � G AN ฀ OM฀ M � L ET ฀ KAN฀ TA S ฀ UPP ฀ SOM฀ � T E R lNNS I ARTIKLARNA OCH ARTIKLARNA OCH฀ ฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ VILKA฀ H � R STA M M A R ฀ F R � N ฀ ARTIKLARNA ฀ ฀ OCH฀ ฀ I฀ ฀ � R S ฀ "RYSSEL KONVENTION฀ $ET฀ B� R ฀ P � P E K A S ฀ ATT฀DET฀ I฀DENNA฀ F R � G A ฀ TILL฀ SKILLNAD฀ F R � N ฀ I฀ ฀ � R S ฀ KONVENTION฀ SAKNAR฀ BETYDELSE฀ OM฀ SVARANDEN฀INlNNER SIG ELLER E J $ET � LIGGER DOMAREN ATT P R �V A DESSA F R � G O R ' I VETVIS฀ H � N VISAS฀ DET฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ TILL฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ OM฀ DELGIVNING฀ I฀MEDLEMSSTATERNA฀ OCH฀ OM฀ DE฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ INTE฀ � R ฀ TILL � M P L I G A ฀ TILL฀ (AAGKONVENTIONEN฀ OM฀ SAMMA฀ � M N E ฀ F R � N ฀
/ N E ฀OF฀THE฀ PROBLEMS฀ WITH฀ M A T R I M O N I AL ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IS฀ THAT฀ EACH฀ OF฀ THE฀ SPOUSES฀ MAY฀ A D D RE S S ฀ THE฀ COURT฀OF฀ A฀ DIFFERENT฀ 3TATE฀ RESULTING฀ IN฀ PARALLEL฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ THAT฀ MAY฀ L E A D ฀ TO฀ TWO฀ CON T R A DI C TO R Y ฀ JUDGMENTS฀ ( E N C E ฀ W E ฀ HAVE฀ LIS฀ PENDENS฀ IN฀ THE฀ CLASSIC฀ S E N S E ฀ ON฀ THE฀ ONE฀ H AND฀ AND฀DEPENDENT฀ ACTIONS฀OR฀ @ F AL S E ฀ LIS฀ PENDENS฀ ฀ ON฀ THE฀ OTHER฀ IN฀ ADDITION฀ TO฀ D IF FERENCES฀ BETWEEN฀ LEGAL฀ SYSTEMS฀ ON฀ THE฀ QUESTIONS฀ CONCERNED฀ 3 I G N I l C AN T L Y ฀ SIMPLIFYING฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ ฀ CONVENTION฀ AND฀OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ NEW฀ REGULATION฀ C O V E R S ฀ M A T R I M O N I AL ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ AND฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀COVERS฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ PARENTAL฀ RESPONSIBILITY฀ - A T R I M O N I AL ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ PO S E ฀ A฀ NUMBER฀ OF฀ QUESTIONS฀ SUCH฀ AS฀ W H AT฀ H A P P E N S ฀ WHEN฀ ONE฀ OF฀ THE฀ LEGAL฀SYSTEMS฀INVOLVED฀HAS฀NO฀PROVISION฀ FOR฀ SEPARATION฀OR฀ AN N U L MENT฀ OR฀ WHAT฀HAPPENS฀WHEN฀THE฀lRST฀CASE฀lLED฀IS฀FOR฀ANNULMENT฀AND฀THE฀SECOND฀FOR฀ DI V O R C E ฀ 4HE฀ ONLY฀ RE Q U I RE MENT฀ IN฀ SUCH฀ S I T U A T I O N S ฀ IS฀ THAT฀ THE฀PROCEEDINGS ฀ BE฀ @ BETWEEN฀ THE฀ SAME฀ PARTIES฀ IN฀WHICH฀ CASE฀ THE฀ COURT฀ SECOND฀ SEISED฀ S T A Y S ฀ ITS฀ PROCEEDINGS฀OF฀ITS฀OWN฀MOTION฀UNTIL฀THE฀JURISDICTION฀OF฀THE฀COURT฀lRST฀SEISED฀ IS฀ ESTABLISHED฀ " Y ฀ CON T R A S T ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN฀ RELATION฀ TO฀ PARENTAL฀ RESPONSIBILITY฀ MUST฀ @ RELATE฀ TO฀ THE฀ SAME฀ C H I L D ฀ AND฀ INVOLVE฀ THE฀ SAME฀ C A USE฀ OF฀ ACTION฀ WITH฀ THE฀ SAME฀ PROCE E D IN G S T A Y ING฀ CON S E Q U E N C E ฀ AS฀ IN฀ P A R A G R A P H ฀
& � R ฀ DET฀ TREDJE฀ lNNS DET ENS � R S K I L D REGEL OM INTERIMISTISKA � T G � R DE R I ARTIKEL฀ ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ $ET฀ � R ฀ EN฀ B R A ฀ REGEL฀ I฀ VILKEN฀%' DOMSTOLENS฀ R � T TffS P R A X I S ฀ BEAKTAS฀ ฀ )฀DETTA฀ FALL฀ IN F � R S ฀ T V�฀ BE G R � NffS NINGAR฀ & � R ฀ DET฀ F � R STA ฀ G � L L E R ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ ENDAST฀ I฀ B R �D S KANDE฀ FALL฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀ UNDVIKA฀ ATT฀ KONVENTIONENS฀ �V R I G A ฀ BE H � R I G H ET S REGLER฀ K R IN G G � S ฀ & � R ฀ DET฀ ANDRA฀ � R ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ INTE R I M I S T I S K ฀ VARVID฀DE฀ INTERIMISTISKA฀ � T G � R DE R N A ฀ SKALL฀ UPP H � R A ฀ S � ฀ SNA R T ฀ SOM฀ DEN฀ BE H � R I G A ฀ DOMSTOLEN฀ ENLIGT฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ HAR฀ VID TAGIT฀ DE฀ � T G � R DE R ฀ SOM฀ S I TU A T I O NEN฀ K R �V E R ฀ %TT฀ S � R S K I L T ฀ OM N� M N AN DE฀ F � R TJ � N A R ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ F D ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀SOM฀INNE H � L L E R ฀ EN฀ REGEL฀ OM฀ LITISPENDENS฀ OCH฀ M � L ฀ SOM฀HAR฀ SAMBAND฀MED฀VARANDRA฀ 2 E GE L N ฀ � R ฀ EN฀ AV฀DE฀ VIKTIGASTE ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ OCH฀ J A G ฀ ANSER฀ ATT฀DEN฀ ARTIKEL N ฀ TILL SAMMA NffS ฀ MED฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ F D ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ � ฀ SOM฀ J A G ฀ KOMMER฀ ATT฀ BE HAND L A ฀ SENARE฀ � ฀ I฀ SIG ฀ � R ฀ EN฀ GRUND฀ F � R ฀ ANTAGANDET฀ AV฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ I฀ LIKHET฀MED฀ DEN฀ � N D R IN G ฀ SOM฀ IN F � R DES ฀ VID฀ UT FORM NINGEN฀ OCH฀ SOM฀ UNDER L � T TAR฀ F � R S T� E L SE N
O V EM BER฀ ฀ IN฀#ASE฀# ฀ 6 AN฀ 5 D E N ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ AND฀OF฀ ฀ !
฀ M � L ฀ # ฀ 6 AN ฀ 5 DEN฀ OCH฀ DOM฀ AV฀DEN฀ ฀ A P R I L ฀ ฀ M � L ฀ # ฀ - I ET Z ฀ 1 ฀ 3OM฀ J A G ฀ B EN � M N E R ฀ DEN฀ I฀DEN฀
REQUIRED฀ TO฀ DECLINE฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ THE฀ l R S T SEISED฀ COURTS฀ FAVOUR฀ 4HE฀ IN NOVATION฀IS฀THAT฀THE฀PARAGRAPH฀PERMITS฀THE฀PARTY฀WHO฀BROUGHT฀THE฀ACTION฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀ COURT฀ SECOND฀ SEISED฀ IF฀ H E ฀ OR฀ S H E ฀ SO฀ W I S H E S ฀ TO฀ BRING฀ IT฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀ COURT฀ HAVING฀ JURISDICTION฀ BE C A USE฀ IT฀ WAS฀ lRST฀ SEISED฀ 4HAT฀ PROVISION฀ HAS฀ H O W E V E R ฀ E L I C I T E D ฀ RE S E R V A T I O N S ฀ SINCE฀ THE฀OPTION฀ IS฀NOT฀ LIMITED฀ 1 U E S T I O N S ฀ REMAIN฀ 7 H I C H ฀ LAW฀ IS฀ APPLICABLE฀ 7 H AT฀ WILL฀ BE฀ THE฀DOMESTIC฀ TERRITORIAL฀ RULE฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ E T C ฀
FAST S T� L L TffS ฀ ATT฀ DEN฀DOMSTOL฀ VID฀ VILKEN฀ TALAN฀ F � R S T ฀ HAR฀ V � C K TffS ฀ � R ฀ BE H � R I G ฀ 4ILL V � G A G � N G SffS � T TET ฀ � R ฀ ETT฀ ANNAT฀ VID฀ TALAN฀ OM฀ F � R � L D R A ANSVAR฀ F � R ฀ ETT฀ BARN฀ D � R ฀ DET฀ K R � VS ฀ ATT฀ TALAN฀ SKALL฀ G � L L A ฀ v SAMMA฀ SAK v ฀ )฀ LIKHET฀MED฀ I฀ PUNKT฀ ฀ SKALL฀ HAND L � G G NINGEN฀ AV฀ M � L ET ฀ VI L A
฀ ( O W E V E R ฀ AS฀ ALREADY฀ STATED฀ IN฀ THE฀ INITIAL฀ S T A G E ฀ OF฀ IMPLEMENTATION฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ THERE฀ WERE฀ SOME฀ PROBLEMS฀ RE G A R D ING฀ T R AN S I TIONAL฀SITUATIONS฀WHICH฀WERE฀ NOT฀ RESOLVED฀ BY฀ THE฀ TRANSITIONAL฀ PROVISIONS฀ AND฀WHICH฀COULD฀BE฀EXACERBATED฀BY฀THE฀APPLICATION฀OF฀THE฀NEW฀2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ 4HESE฀ PROBLEMS฀ HAVE฀ SO฀ FAR฀ BEEN฀ OF฀ THREE฀DIFFERENT฀ K IN DfiS S
)฀ PUNKT฀ ฀ FAST S T� L L S ฀ F � R ฀ B �D A ฀ FALL EN฀ P R I O R ฀ T E M P O R I S REGELN฀ F � R ฀ DET฀ FALL฀ D � ฀ DEN฀DOMSTOL฀ VID฀ VILKEN฀ TALAN฀ F � R S T ฀ HAR฀ V � C K TffS ฀ F � R K L A RAS฀ VARA฀ BE H � R I G ฀ VARVID฀ DEN฀DOMSTOL฀ VID฀ VILKEN฀ TALAN฀ HAR฀ V � C K TffS ฀ SENARE฀ S J � L V MAN T ฀ SKALL฀ AV VI S A ฀ TALAN฀ TILL฀ F � R M � N ฀ F � R ฀ DEN฀DOMSTOL฀ VID฀ VILKEN฀ TALAN฀ F � R S T ฀ HAR฀ V � C K TffS ฀ .
฀ 4HE฀ lRST฀ SITUATION฀ IS฀ ONE฀ IN฀WHICH฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ WERE฀ B R O U G H T ฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀COURT฀lRST฀SEISED฀BEFORE฀THE฀ENTRY฀INTO฀FORCE฀OF฀THE฀REGULATION฀WHILE฀ PROCEEDINGS฀BEFORE฀THE฀COURT฀SECOND฀SEISED฀WERE฀BROUGHT฀AFTER฀ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ )N฀ SUCH฀ A฀ CASE฀ IT฀ IS฀ POSSIBLE฀ TO฀ APPLY฀ THE฀ INTERPRETATION฀ GIVEN฀ BY฀ THE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ IN฀ ITS฀ JUDGMENT฀ OF฀ ฀ / C TO BER฀ ฀ ฀ TO฀ THE฀EFFECT฀THAT฀THE฀LIS฀PENDENS฀RULE฀APPLIES฀WHERE฀BOTH฀COURTS฀WOULD฀ HAVE฀ JURISDICTION฀ UNDER฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ THAT฀ THE฀ P U R PO S E ฀OF฀THE฀ RULE฀ IS฀ TO฀HAVE฀ ONLY฀ ONE฀ SET฀ OF฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀#OMMUNITY฀ AND฀ lNALLY฀TO฀ALLOW฀A฀JUDGMENT฀WHICH฀CAN฀BE฀RECOGNISED฀IN฀ALL฀THE฀-EM BER฀ 3 T A T E S
Y HETEN฀ BE S T� R ฀ I฀ ATT฀ DENNA฀ PUNKT฀ M � JL I G G � R ฀ F � R ฀ EN฀ K � RANDE฀ SOM฀HAR฀ V � C K T ฀ TALAN฀ VID฀ DEN฀ ANDRA฀ DOMSTOLEN฀ ATT฀ OM฀ HAN฀ S � ฀ � NffS KAR฀ V � C K A ฀ TALAN฀ VID฀ DE฀ DOMSTOLAR฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ BE H � R I G A ฀ EFTERSOM฀ TALAN฀ F � R S T ฀ V � C K T EffS ฀ D � R ฀ $ENNA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE฀ GE R ฀ EMELLERTID฀ UPP H O V ฀ TILL฀ RE SE R V A T I O N E R ฀ EFTERSOM฀DET฀ INTE฀lNNS N� G R A BE G R � NffS NINGAR฀ F � R ฀ DENNA฀ M � J LIGHET฀ & LERA฀ F R � G O R ฀ INlNNER SIG 6ILKEN LAG � R TILL L � M P LIG฀ 6ILKEN฀ REGEL฀ F � R ฀ NATIONELL฀ TERRITORIELL฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ SKALL฀ G � L L A ฀ OS V ฀ ฀ 0 R OB L E M ฀ I฀ SAMBAND฀MED฀ �V E R G � N GEN฀ UPPSTOD฀ EMELLERTID฀ SOM฀ REDAN฀ N� M N TffS ฀ UNDER฀ B� R J AN ฀ AV฀ TILL � M PN INGEN ฀ AV฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ I฀ VISSA฀ SITUATIONER฀ 0ROBLEMEN฀ HAR฀ INTE฀ L � S TffS ฀ GENOM฀ �V E R G � N G S BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ UTAN฀ KAN฀ BLI฀ A K UT A ฀ GENOM฀ TILL � M PN INGEN ฀ AV฀DEN฀ NYA ฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ (ITTILLS ฀ HAR฀ T RE ฀ PROBLEM฀ UP PS T� T T
฀ )N฀MY฀ VIEW฀ THE฀ SAME฀ SOLUTION฀CAN฀BE฀USED฀ FOR฀ THE฀ SECOND฀GROUP฀OF฀ CASES฀ THOSE฀ IN฀WHICH฀ BOTH฀ SETS฀ OF฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ WERE฀ B R O U G H T ฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀ ENTRY฀INTO฀FORCE฀OF฀THE฀REGULATION฀BUT฀SINCE฀NO฀JUDGMENT฀WAS฀GIVEN฀BE FOR E ฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀IT฀WILL฀ OF฀ N E C E S S I T Y ฀ BE฀ GIVEN฀ AFTER฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ 4O฀ M Y ฀ M IN D ฀ THE฀ REASONS฀ SET฀ OUT฀ IN฀ THE฀ lRST฀ P A R A G R A P H ฀ AS฀ TAKEN฀ FROM฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ CASE LAW฀ JU S T IF Y ฀ APPLICATION฀ OF฀ THE฀ SAME฀ R U L E
฀ $EN฀ F � R STA ฀ S I TU A T I O NEN฀ � R ฀ D � ฀ DEN฀ F � R STA ฀ AN S � KAN฀ V � C K T EffS ฀ VID฀ DOMSTOLEN฀ F � RE ฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ I K R A FT T R � DANDE฀ OCH฀ DEN฀ ANDRA฀ TALAN฀ EFTER฀ I K R A FT T R �D AN DET฀ )฀DETTA฀ FALL฀ � R ฀ DET฀ M � J LIGT฀ ATT฀ TILL � M P A ฀ DEN฀ TOLKNING฀ SOM฀ %UROPEISKA฀GEMENSKAPERNAS฀ DOMSTOL฀ GJORDE฀ I฀ SIN฀ DOM฀ AV฀DEN฀ ฀ OKTOBER฀ ฀ ฀ I฀ VILKEN฀ TILL � M PN INGEN ฀ AV฀ L I T I S P EN D ENS REGELN฀ ANSES฀ VARA฀ L � M P LIG฀ MED฀ H � NffS YN ฀ TILL฀ ATT฀ B �D A ฀ DOMSTOLARNA฀ SKULLE฀ HA฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ ENLIGT฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ S Y F TET ฀ MED฀ REGELN฀ � R ฀ ETT฀ GEMENSAMT฀ F � R F A RANDE฀ I฀ GEMEN SKAPEN฀ OCH฀ SLUTLIGEN฀ M � JL I G HETEN฀ AV฀ ATT฀ DOMEN฀ E R K � N NffS ฀ I฀ SAMTLIGA฀ MEDLEMSSTATER
฀ )T฀ IS฀ THEREFORE฀ HARDLY฀ S U R P R I S ING฀ THAT฀LEGAL฀THEORISTS฀HAVE฀RAISED฀ M ANY฀ D O U BT S ฀ AS฀ TO฀ THIS฀ PROVISION฀ & OR฀ IN S T ANCE฀ " ฀ ! N C E L ฀ AND฀ ( ฀ - U I R ฀ 7 A T T ฀ @ , A฀ D � S U N I ON฀ E U R OP �E N N E ฀ L E ฀ R � G L E MENT฀ D IT฀ @ @ " R U X E L L E S ฀ ) ฀ ฀ OP ฀ C IT฀ P P ฀ n ฀ ( ฀ 4 A G A R AS฀ @ 1 U E S T I O N S ฀ S P �C I AL E S ฀ RE L A T I V E S ฀ � ฀ L U N I l C A TION฀ COMMUNAUTAIRE฀DU฀DROIT฀ INTERNATIONAL฀ P R I V � ฀DE ฀ L A฀ F A M I L L E ฀ R � G L E MENT฀ ฀ OP ฀ C IT฀ P P ฀ n ฀ )N฀ ANY฀ EVENT฀ ( ฀ 'AUDEMET 4 AL L ON฀ @ , E ฀ R � G L E MENT฀ N � ฀ ฀ D U ฀ # O N S E I L ฀ D U ฀ ฀ M A I ฀ ฀ C O M P � T E N C E ฀ RE CON N A I S S ANCE฀ E T ฀EX �C U TION฀ D E S ฀ D �C I SIONS฀ E N ฀ M A T I �RE ฀ M A T R I M O N I AL E ฀ E T ฀ E N ฀ M A T I �RE ฀DE ฀ RE S PO N S A B I L IT�฀ P A RE N T AL E S ฀DE S ฀ E N F AN T S ฀ C O M M U N S ฀ OP ฀ C IT฀ P P ฀ n ฀ S T RE S S E S ฀ THE฀ EF FOR T ฀ THE฀ ARTICLE฀REPRESENTS฀AND฀THE฀INGENIOUS฀ NATURE฀ OF฀ THE฀ SOLU TION฀ #ASE฀# ฀ % L S BE T H ฀ & RE IF R AU ฀ VON฀(ORN฀V฀+EVIN฀#INNAMOND฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ 4HE฀ THIRD฀ G R O UP ฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ H I G H L Y ฀ S E N S I TIVE฀ FOR฀ A฀ L A R G E ฀ NUMBER฀ OF฀ %UROPEAN฀ CITIZENS฀ C O M P R I S E S ฀ CASES฀ IN฀WHICH฀ THE฀ JUDGMENT฀ WAS฀ GIVEN฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ CAME฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ )T฀ IS฀ C L E A R L Y ฀ I M POSSIBLE฀ TO฀ APPLY฀ THE฀ RECOGNITION฀ PROCEDURE฀ TO฀ SUCH฀ CASES฀ SINCE฀ THEY฀ARE฀ E X C L U D E D ฀ BY฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ 4HAT฀ IS฀ AN฀ O U T C O M E ฀ THAT฀MANY฀%UROPEAN฀CITIZENS฀OBVIOUSLY฀lND฀DIFlCULT฀ TO฀ ACCEPT฀ 4HE฀ SITUATION฀ IS฀ DIFFERENT฀ FROM฀ THAT฀ UNDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ (AGUE฀#ONVENTION฀ OF฀ ฀ *U N E ฀ ฀ TO฀WHICH฀ SOME฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀ ARE฀ CONTRACTING฀ PARTIES฀ WHICH฀ PROVIDES฀ THAT฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ APPLIES฀ REGARDLESS฀ OF฀ THE฀ D A T E ฀ ON฀ WHICH฀ THE฀ DI V O R C E ฀ OR฀ SEPARATION฀ WAS฀ O BT A IN E D ฀ ALTHOUGH฀ 3TATES฀ MAY฀RESERVE฀THE฀RIGHT฀TO฀APPLY฀IT฀ONLY฀TO฀THOSE฀OBTAINED฀AFTER฀THE฀ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀OF฀THE฀ CON V E N T I O N
฀ *AG฀ ANSER฀ ATT฀ SAMMA฀ L � S NING฀ � R ฀ M � J LIG฀ F � R ฀ DEN฀ ANDRA฀ G R UPP EN฀ AV฀ FALL฀ D VS ฀ UNDER฀ DE฀ OM S T� N D I G HETER฀ D � ฀ TALAN฀ V � C K S ฀ F � RE ฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ I K R A FT T R � DANDE฀ MEN฀ DET฀ INTE฀ F � RE LIGGER฀ N� G O N ฀ DOM฀ F � RE ฀ I K R A FT T R �D AN DET฀ VAR IGENOM฀ DOMEN฀ MED฀ N �D V � N D I G H ET ฀ KOMMER฀ ATT฀ AV K UN NAS฀ EFTER฀ I K R A FT T R �D AN DET฀ $E ฀ S K � L ฀ SOM฀ AN F � R TffS ฀ I฀DET฀ F � R STA ฀ FALLET฀ VILKA฀ H � MT A TffS ฀ F R � N ฀ %' DOMSTOLENS฀ R � T TffS P R A X I S ฀ G � R ฀ ENLIGT฀ M IN ฀ UPP F ATT NING฀ TILL � M PN INGEN ฀ AV฀ SAMMA฀ REGEL฀ MOT I V E R AD