natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
STATED฀THAT฀THERE฀IS฀NO฀PROVISION฀THAT฀NECESSARILY฀LINKS฀THE฀TREATMENT฀OF฀AN฀ ANCILLARY฀CLAIM฀TO฀THAT฀OF฀A฀PRINCIPAL฀CLAIM�฀ANCILLARY฀CLAIMS฀ACCORDINGLY฀ C O M E ฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀ SCOPE฀OF฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ AND฀ N O W ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀@AC CORDING฀TO฀THE฀SUBJECT฀MATTER฀WITH฀WHICH฀THEY฀ARE฀CONCERNED฀AND฀NOT฀AC C O R D ING฀ TO฀ THE฀ SUBJECT฀ M A T T E R ฀ IN V O L V E D ฀ IN฀ THE฀ P R IN C I P AL ฀ CLAIM฀ ฀ )T฀ SHOULD฀ ALSO฀ BE฀ R EM EM BE RE D ฀ THAT฀ SOME฀ OF฀ THE฀ A RE AS฀ O U T S I D E ฀ THE฀ REGULATIONS฀ SCOPE฀ ARE฀ GOVERNED฀BY฀ OTHER฀ #OMMUNITY฀ INSTRUMENTS฀ FOR ฀EX A M P L E ฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ ON฀ INSOLVENCY฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ AND฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ ON฀ M A T R I M O N I AL ฀ MATTERS฀ AND฀ MATTERS฀ OF฀ PARENTAL฀ RESPONSIBILITY฀ FOR฀ CHILDREN฀OF฀BOTH฀ SPOUSES฀ 5NDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ THE฀ PROVISIONS฀ OF฀ SUCH฀ #OMMUNITY฀ INSTRUMENTS฀ TAKE฀ PRECEDENCE฀ OVER฀ THE฀ REGULATION฀ITSELF฀AND฀MAY฀THEREFORE฀BE฀TAKEN฀INTO฀CONSIDERATION฀FOR฀THE฀PUR PO S E ฀ OF฀ INTERPRETING฀ MATTERS฀ O U T S I D E ฀ ITS฀ S C OP E
TA S ฀ AV฀ KONVENTIONENS฀ OCH฀ F � L J A K T LIGEN฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ TILL � M PN IN G SOM R � DE฀ v BEROENDE฀ P � ฀ VILKET฀ OM R � DE฀ SOM฀ BE G � R AN ฀ AVSER฀ OCH฀ INTE฀ BEROENDE฀ P � ฀ VILKET฀ OM R � DE฀ SOM฀ DEN฀ HUVUDSAKLIGA฀ BE G � R AN ฀ H � N F � R ฀ SIG ฀ TILL v ฀ ฀ -AN฀ B� R ฀ DESSUTOM฀ KOMMA฀ I H � G ฀ ATT฀ N� G R A ฀ AV฀DE฀ UND ANTAGNA฀ OM R � DEN A ฀ REGLERAS฀ AV฀ GEMEN S K A PS BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ T EX ฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ OM฀ INSOL V ENS F � R F A RANDEN฀ OCH฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ OM฀ � K T ENS K A PS M � L ฀ OCH฀ M � L ฀ OM฀ F � R � L D R A ANSVAR฀ F � R ฀ MAKARS฀ GEMENSAMMA฀ BARN฀ %NLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ SKALL฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ I฀ S �D AN A ฀ GEMEN S K A PS R � T TffS AKTER฀ HA฀ F � R ET R � DE฀ FRAM F � R ฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ OCH฀ DE฀ KAN฀ D � R F � R ฀ BEAKTAS฀ �V EN฀ VID฀ TOLKNINGEN฀ AV฀ OM R � DEN฀ SOM฀ INTE฀ OMFATTAS฀ AV฀ F � R O R D N INGEN
฀ 4HE฀ M A T E R I AL ฀ SCOPE฀OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ IS฀ LIMITED฀ NOT฀ ONLY฀ BY฀ THE฀ EXCEPTIONS฀ UNDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ BUT฀ ALSO฀ UNDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ BY฀ PROVISIONS฀ ON฀ JURISDICTION฀ AND฀THE฀ENFORCEMENT฀OF฀JUDGMENTS฀CONTAINED฀IN฀OTHER฀CONVENTIONS฀@IN฀RELA TION฀ TO฀ PARTICULAR฀ MATTERS฀ WHICH฀ REMAIN฀ U N AF F E C T E D ฀ ( O W E V E R ฀ EVEN฀ WHERE฀A฀NATIONAL฀COURT฀HAS฀APPLIED฀THE฀RULES฀ON฀JURISDICTION฀OF฀A฀CONVENTION฀ ON฀ A฀ PARTICULAR฀ M A T T E R ฀ ITS฀DECISIONS฀ ARE฀ RECOGNISED฀ AND฀ENFORCED฀ IN฀ THE฀ OTHER฀-EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ PURSUANT฀ TO฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ UNLESS฀ BOTH฀ THE฀-EMBER฀ 3TATE฀OF฀ORIGIN฀AND฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ADDRESSED฀ARE฀PARTIES฀TO฀THE฀PARTICU L A R ฀ CONVENTION฀ )N฀ THAT฀ CASE฀ THE฀ CONDITIONS฀ FOR฀ THE฀ RECOGNITION฀ OR฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ ARE฀ GOVERNED฀BY฀ THAT฀ CONVENTION฀ BUT฀ IT฀ IS฀ STILL฀ POSSIBLE฀ TO฀ APPLY฀ THE฀ PROVISIONS฀OF฀THE฀REGULATION฀WHICH฀CONCERN฀THE฀PROCEDURE฀FOR฀RECOGNITION฀ AND฀ E N FOR C EM E N T
฀ "ORTSETT฀ F R � N ฀ UNDANTAG EN฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ BE G R � NffS A S ฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ MATERIELLA฀ TILL � M PN IN G SOM R � DE฀ GENOM฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLARS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ OCH฀ VERK S T� L LIGHET฀ AV฀ DOMAR฀ I฀ ANDRA฀ KONVENTIONER฀ v P � ฀ S � R SKILDA฀ OM R � DEN v ฀ P � ฀ VILKA฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ INTE฀ SKALL฀ IN VERK A ฀ �V EN฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLEN฀ I฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ HAR฀ TILL � M P A T ฀ BE H � R I G H ET S REGLERNA฀ I฀ EN฀ KONVENTION฀ P � ฀ ETT฀ S � R S K I L T ฀ OM R � DE฀ SKALL฀ DESS฀ BE S L UT ฀ DOCK฀ E R K � N NAS฀ OCH฀ VERK S T� L L A S ฀ ENLIGT฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ I฀DE฀ �V R I G A ฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNA฀ S � VID A ฀ INTE฀ B� DE฀ URSPRUNGSSTATEN฀ OCH฀ DEN฀ STAT฀ SOM฀ AN S � KAN฀ R I K TA S ฀ TILL฀ HAR฀ TILL T R � T T ฀ DEN฀ S � R SKILDA฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ )฀ S � ฀ FALL฀ SKALL฀ VILLKOREN ฀ F � R ฀ E R K � N N AN DE฀ OCH฀ VERK S T� L LIGHET฀ REGLERAS฀ AV฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ MED AN ฀ DET฀ DOCK฀ � R ฀ M � J LIGT฀ ATT฀ TILL � M P A ฀ F � R O R D N IN G S BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀ F R � G A ฀ OM฀ F � R F A R AN DET฀ F � R ฀ E R K � N N AN DE฀ OCH฀ VERK S T� L L I G H ET
5NDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ )฀2EGULATION฀ APPLIES฀ TO฀ LEGAL฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀AND฀TO฀ DOCUMENTS฀ FORMALLY฀ D R A W N ฀ UP ฀ AFTER฀ THE฀ REGULATIONS฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ ON฀ ฀ - A R C H ฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ H O W E V E R ฀ G O E S ฀ ON฀ TO฀ S P E C IF Y ฀ TWO฀ S I T U A T I O N S ฀ IN฀WHICH฀ IN฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ IN฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ BEFORE฀ THAT฀ D A T E ฀ JUDGMENTS฀ GIVEN฀ THEREAFTER฀ WILL฀ BE฀ RECOGNISED฀ AND฀ENFORCED฀ IN฀ ACCORDANCE฀WITH฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ 4HESE฀ ARE฀ I ฀ IF฀ WHEN฀ THE฀PROCEEDINGS ฀ WERE฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ IN฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀ THAT฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ WAS฀ A฀ PARTY฀ TO฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ) ฀ #ONVENTION฀ OR฀ THE฀ , U G A NO฀ #ONVENTION฀ OR฀ I I ฀ IF฀ IN฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀ JURISDICTION฀ WAS฀ F O U N D E D ฀ ON฀ RULES฀WHICH฀ A C C O R D E D ฀ WITH฀ THOSE฀ PROVIDED฀ FOR฀ IN฀THE฀REGULATION฀OR฀IN฀A฀CONVENTION฀CONCLUDED฀BETWEEN฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀AND฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ADDRESSED฀WHICH฀WAS฀IN฀FORCE฀WHEN฀THE฀PROCEED INGS฀ WERE฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ 4HIS฀ IS฀ A฀ TRANSITIONAL฀ PROVISION฀ DESIGNED฀ TO฀ ENSURE฀ THE฀ MAXIMUM฀ CONTINUITY฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ AND฀ CONVENTIONS฀ APPLYING฀ AMONG฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀AND฀TO฀PROMOTE฀UNIFORMITY฀IN฀THE฀RULES฀APPLIED฀TO฀THE฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀ T H R O U G H OUT฀ THE฀ %UROPEAN฀ 5 N I O N
"RYSSEL฀) F � R ORDNINGEN฀ SKALL฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ TILL � M PAS฀ P � ฀ R � T TffS L I G A ฀ F � R F A RANDEN฀ SOM฀HAR฀ INLETTS฀ OCH฀ P � ฀ OFlCIELLA HANDLINGAR AC T EffS ฀ A UT H EN T I Q U EffS ฀ SOM฀HAR฀ UPP R � T TA TffS ฀ ELLER฀ REGISTRERATS฀ EFTER฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ I K R A FT T R � DANDE฀ DEN฀ ฀ MARS฀ ฀ /M฀ F � R F A RANDENA฀ I฀ URSPRUNGSMEDLEMSSTATEN฀ IN L E D DES ฀ F � RE ฀ DENNA฀ TIDPUNKT฀ SKALL฀ DOCK฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ DOMAR฀ SOM฀ MED DEL A S ฀ EFTER฀ DENNA฀ TIDPUNKT฀ I฀ T V�฀ FALL฀ E R K � N NAS฀ OCH฀ VERK S T� L L A S ฀ I฀ �V R I G A ฀ MEDLEMSSTATER ฀ I฀ ENLIGHET฀MED฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ N� M LIGEN฀ OM฀ URSPRUNGSSTATEN฀ VAR฀ PART฀ I฀ "RYSSEL฀) KONVENTIONEN฀ ELLER฀ , U G AN O KONVENTIONEN฀ N� R ฀ DET฀ R � T TffS L I G A ฀ F � R F A R AN DET฀ IN L E D DES ฀ ELLER฀ OM฀ DE฀ TILL � M P L I G A ฀ BE H � R I G H ET S BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀URSPRUNGSSTATEN฀ �V E R ENS S T� M MER฀ MED฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ ELLER฀MED฀ EN฀ KONVENTION฀ SOM฀ IN G � T TffS ฀ MELLAN฀ URSPRUNGSSTATEN฀ OCH฀ DEN฀ STAT฀ D � R ฀ VERK S T� L LIGHET฀ BE G � R S ฀ OCH฀ SOM฀ VAR฀ I฀KRAFT฀ N� R ฀ DET฀ R � T TffS L I G A ฀ F � R F A R AN DET฀ IN L E D DES ฀ $ENNA฀ �V E R G � N G S BE S T� M M E L SE฀ � R ฀ � ฀ EN A ฀ SIDAN฀ T� N K T ฀ ATT฀ I฀ S T� R STA ฀ M � JL I G A ฀ M � N ฀ S � R J A ฀ F � R ฀ KONTINUITET฀MELLAN฀ G � L L AN DE฀ KONVENTIONER฀ MELLAN฀MEDLEMSSTATERNA฀ OCH฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ OCH฀ � ฀ ANDRA฀ SIDAN฀ ATT฀ F R � M J A ฀ ENHETLIGA ฀ REGLER฀ F � R ฀ VERK S T� L L I G HETEN฀ AV฀ DOMAR฀ P � ฀ % 5 S ฀ TERRITORI UM
฀ 4HE฀ GENERAL฀ RULE฀ SET฀ OUT฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ IS฀ THAT฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I E S ฀ WITH฀ THE฀COURTS฀OF฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ THE฀ D E FENDANTS฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ 0 E R S O N S ฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ A฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ARE฀SUED฀IN฀THE฀COURTS฀OF฀THAT฀3TATE฀WHATEVER฀THEIR฀NATIONAL I T Y ฀ WHICH฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ O U T L A W E D ฀ AS฀ A฀GROUND฀OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ ACCORDANCE฀ WITH฀THE฀PRINCIPLE฀THAT฀NATIONALITYBASED฀DISTINCTIONS฀HAVE฀NO฀PLACE฀IN฀THE฀ IN T E R N AL ฀ M A R K E T ฀ 0 E R S O N S ฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ MAY฀ BE฀ SUED฀ IN฀ THE฀ COURTS฀OF฀ANOTHER฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ON฀THE฀STRICT฀CONDITION฀THAT฀THE฀REGULATION฀ SO฀ PROVIDES฀ )N฀ PARTICULAR฀ THE฀ RULES฀ OF฀ NATIONAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I S T E D ฀ � ฀ AL BE IT฀ P A R TIALLY฀ � ฀ IN฀!NNEX฀)฀ TO฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ MAY฀ NOT฀ BE฀ APPLIED฀ AGAINST฀ THEM฀ )T฀ SHOULD฀BE฀ N O T E D ฀ THAT฀ WHILE฀ THE฀ D E FENDANTS฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ IN฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ MAY฀ D E T E R M IN E ฀ THAT฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I E S ฀ WITH฀ THAT฀ 3TATES฀ COURTS฀ IT฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ AT฀ THE฀ SAME฀ TIME฀ REGULATE฀ THOSE฀ COURTS฀ TERRITORIAL฀ OR฀MATERIAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ "O T H ฀ THESE฀ MATTERS฀ ARE฀ GOVERNED฀BY฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀ OWN฀ R U L E S
฀ & � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ S Y S T E M ฀ F � R ฀ DOMSTOLARS฀ DIREKT A ฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ G R UND A S ฀ LIKSOM฀ I฀ F R � G A ฀ OM฀ "RYSSEL฀) KONVENTIONEN฀ P � ฀ ETT฀ ALL M � N T ฀ K R I T E R I UM ฀ N� G R A ฀ S � R SKILDA฀ KRITERIER฀ SOM฀ A L TERNATIV฀ TILL฀ DET฀ ALL M � N N A ฀ K R I T E R I ET ฀ P � ฀ S K ฀ v SKYDD S BE H � R I G H ET v ฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ EN฀ S � R S K I L D ฀ REGEL฀ OM฀ SKYDD฀ AV฀ DEN฀SVAGARE฀PARTEN ฀ P � ฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ ENLIGT฀ AVTAL฀ MELLAN฀ PARTERNA฀ OCH฀ SLUTLIGEN฀ P � ฀ EXKLUSIV฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ $ET฀ ALL M � N N A ฀ K R I T E R I ET ฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ UT G � R S ฀ AV฀ S VARAN D ENS ฀ HEMVIST฀ I฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ $ETTA฀ MED F � R ฀ ATT฀ TALAN฀ MOT฀ DEN฀ SOM฀ HAR฀HEMVIST฀ I฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ SKALL฀ V � C K A S ฀ VID฀ DOMSTOL฀ I฀ SAMMA฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ OBEROENDE฀ AV฀ I฀ VILKEN฀ STAT฀ SVARANDEN฀ � R ฀ MED B O R G A RE ฀ MED B O R G A R S K A P ฀ KOMMER฀ �V E R ฀ H UV U D ฀ TA GE T ฀ INTE฀ I฀ F R � G A ฀ SOM฀ BE H � R I G H ET S K R I T E R I UM ฀ TILL฀ F � R M � N ฀ F � R ฀ PRINCIPEN฀ ATT฀ INGEN ฀ DISKRI M IN E R IN G ฀ P � ฀ S � DAN฀ GRUND฀ F � R ฀ F � RE KOMMA฀ P � ฀ DEN฀ IN RE ฀ M A R KN A DEN฀ 4 A LAN฀ F � R ฀ V � C K A S ฀ I฀ EN฀ ANNAN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ OM฀ OCH฀ ENDAST฀ OM฀ DETTA฀ F � RE SKRIVS฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ 3 � R S K I L T ฀ G � L L E R ฀ ATT฀ DE฀ NATIONELLA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ I฀DEN฀ ICKE ฀ UT T� M MANDE฀ F � R T E C K NINGEN฀ I฀ BILAGA ฀ )฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ INTE฀ F � R ฀ TILL � M PAS฀ MOT฀ EN฀ S � DAN฀ S VARAN DE฀ $ET฀ B� R ฀ P � P E K A S ฀ ATT฀ S VARAN D ENS ฀ HEMVIST฀ B I L D A R ฀ K R I T E R I UM ฀ F � R ฀ DOMSTOLENS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ I฀ HEM VI S T STATEN฀ UTAN฀ ATT฀DET฀ SAMTIDIGT฀ REGLERAR฀ DEN฀ TERRITORIELLA฀ ELLER฀ MATERIELLA฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ F � R ฀ DENNA฀ STA TffS ฀ DOMSTOLAR฀ $ENNA฀ REGLERAS฀ DOCK฀ I฀ STATENS฀ NATIONELLA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R
APPLICABLE฀ EVEN฀ T H O U G H ฀ THE฀ OTHER฀ GROUNDS฀ WOULD฀ D E T E R M IN E ฀ THAT฀ THE฀ C O M P ANY฀ WAS฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ A฀ THIRD฀ 3TATE฀ 4HIS฀ RULE฀ IS฀ U S EF U L ฀ LESS฀ AS฀ A฀ TOO L ฀ FOR฀ SETTLING฀ISSUES฀OF฀CONCURRENT฀JURISDICTION฀THAN฀AS฀A฀MEANS฀OF฀ENSURING฀THAT฀ COMPANIES฀WITH฀AT฀LEAST฀ONE฀LINK฀WITH฀THE฀TERRITORY฀OF฀THE฀%UROPEAN฀5NION฀ ARE฀ B R O U G H T ฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀ SCOPE฀OF฀ THE฀ REGULATIONS฀ UNIFORM฀ R U L E S
F � R ฀ ATT฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ ENHETLIGA ฀ REGEL VERK ฀ KOMMER฀ ATT฀ OMFATTA฀ ALLA฀ B O LAG฀ MED฀ � T MINST O N E ฀ N� G O N ฀ ANKNYTNING฀ TILL฀ % UR O P A
฀ !S฀ W E L L ฀ AS฀ BEING฀ THE฀ GENERAL฀ G R O U N D ฀ FOR ฀DE T E R M IN ING฀ JURISDICTION฀ WHICH฀ MAY฀BE฀CONCURRENT฀WITH฀OTHER฀ GROUNDS฀ONLY฀WHERE฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ SO฀ ALLOWS฀ THE฀ D E FENDANTS฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ IS฀ALSO฀ THE฀ C R I T E R I ON฀ D E L I M I TING฀ THE฀ SCOPE฀OF฀ THE฀ REGULATIONS฀ DIRECT฀ RULES฀ON฀ JURISDICTION฀ 5NDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ IF฀ THE฀ DEFENDANT฀ IS฀NOT฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ JURISDICTION฀ IS฀ ONLY฀ IN DIRECTLY฀ RE G U L A T E D ฀BY฀THE฀ REGULATION฀ BY฀ R EF E R R ING฀ TO฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ EACH฀ -EMBER฀3TATE� ฀ THE฀ EXCEPTIONS฀ ARE฀ THE฀ RULES฀ON฀ EXCLUSIVE฀ JURISDICTION฀AND฀ THE฀PROROGATION฀OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ !
฀ & � R UT OM฀ ATT฀UT G � R A ฀ ALL M � N T ฀ BE H � R I G H ET S K R I T E R I UM ฀ � R ฀ S VARAN D ENS ฀ HEMVIST฀ I฀ KON K UR R ENS ฀ MED฀ ANDRA฀ KRITERIER฀ ENDAST฀ OM฀ DETTA฀ F � RE SKRIVS฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ BE G R � NffS AN DE฀ K R I T E R I UM ฀ F � R ฀ TILL � M PN IN G SOM R � DET฀ F � R ฀ DE฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ DIREKT฀ FAST S T� L L D A ฀ BE H � R I G H ET S REGLERNA฀ /M฀ SVARANDEN฀ INTE฀HAR฀HEMVIST฀ I฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ REGLERAS฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ ENDAST฀ INDIREKT฀ AV฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ GENOM฀ H � N VI S NING฀ TILL฀ LAGSTIFTNINGEN฀ I฀VARJE฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ MED฀ UNDANTAG฀ AV฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ OM฀ EXKLUSIV฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ OCH฀ AVTAL฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ I฀ ARTIKLARNA ฀ ฀ OCH฀ ฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ TILL � M P L I G A ฀ �V EN฀ I฀DETTA฀ FALL฀ + R I T E R I E R N A ฀ F � R ฀ NATIONELL฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ ENLIGT฀ BILAGA ฀ )฀ TILL฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ KAN฀ DOCK฀ G � RAS฀ G � L L AN DE฀ GENTEMOT ฀ S VARAN DE฀ MED฀ HEMVIST฀ I฀ T RE D J E STAT฀ O C K S � ฀ N� R ฀ DET฀ G � L L E R ฀ EX O R B I T AN TA฀ FORUM฀ "E S L UT ฀ P � ฀ GRUNDVAL฀ AV฀ DESSA฀ NATIONELLA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ OMFATTAS฀ VILKET฀ VISAS฀ L � N G RE ฀ FRAM฀ AV฀ FRI฀ R � R LIGHET฀ I฀ �V R I G A ฀ MEDLEMSSTATER ฀ P � ฀ GRUNDVAL฀ AV฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ P � ฀ SAMMA฀ VILLKOR฀ SOM฀ DOMAR฀ SOM฀ MED DEL A TffS ฀ ENLIGT฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ BE H � R I G H ET S KRITERIER฀ "E S T� M M E L SE N ฀ SOM฀lNNS MED REDAN I฀ "RYSSEL฀) KONVENTIONEN฀ HAR฀ BESKYLLTS฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀ DISKRIMINERA฀ PERSONER฀MED฀ HEMVIST฀ I฀ T RE D J E STATER฀ ฀ VILKET฀ � R ฀ T� N K T ฀ ATT฀ AV H J � L PAS฀ MEN฀ ENDAST฀ DEL VI S ฀ GENOM฀ BE S T� M M E L SE N ฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀SOM฀INNE B� R ฀ ATT฀ G � L L AN DE฀ BILATERALA฀ AVTAL฀ MED฀ T RE D J E STATER฀ UND AN TA S ฀ OM฀ DE฀ IN N E H � L L E R ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SOM฀ STRIDER฀ MOT฀ DENNA฀ F R I A ฀ R � R LIGHET฀ ฀ 3 � R S K I L D ฀ BE H � R I G H ET v*URISDICTIONALLY฀IMPROPER฀FORA฀IN฀ 4REATIES฀ON฀2ECOGNITION฀OF฀ * U D G M EN TffS ฀ TH E ฀ # OM M O N ฀ - A R K ET ฀ $ R A FT v ฀ # O L UM B I A ฀ , A W ฀ 2 EV ฀ ฀ S ฀ ฀ F ฀ ( A Y ฀ 0 ฀ v 4 H E ฀ # OM M O N ฀ -ARKET฀0RELIMINARY฀$RAFT฀ #ONVENTION฀ON฀THE฀2ECOGNITION฀ AND฀%NFORCEMENT฀OF฀*UDGMENTS฀n฀ 3OME฀#ONSIDERATIONS฀OF฀0OLICY฀AND฀ )NTER P RE TA T I O N v ฀ !
R T I C L E S ฀ ฀ AND฀ ฀ WHICH฀ APPLY฀ REGARDLESS฀ OF฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ !GAINST฀DEFENDANTS฀DOMICILED฀IN฀THIRD฀COUNTRIES฀IT฀IS฀THEN฀POSSIBLE฀TO฀RELY฀ ON฀ THE฀ NATIONAL฀ RULES฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I S T E D ฀ IN฀!NNEX฀)฀ TO฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ EVEN฀ WHEN฀ THESE฀ A S S E R T ฀EX O R B I TANT฀ JURISDICTION฀ *U DG MENTS฀ GIVEN฀ IN฀AC T I O N S ฀ BASED฀ ON฀ SUCH฀NATIONAL฀ RULES฀ ARE฀ � ฀ AS฀ WILL฀ BE฀ SEEN฀ LATER฀ � ฀ RECOGNISED฀ IN฀ THE฀ OTHER฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀ON฀THE฀SAME฀CONDITIONS฀AS฀JUDGMENTS฀IN฀ACCORDANCE฀ WITH฀ THE฀ REGULATIONS฀ OWN฀ RULES฀ON฀ JURISDICTION฀ 4HIS฀ PROVISION฀ ALREADY฀ F O U N D ฀ IN฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ) ฀ #ONVENTION฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ A T T A C K E D ฀ AS฀ DIS C R I M IN A TING฀ AGAINST฀ PER S O N S ฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ THIRD฀ COUNTRIES฀ � ฀ TO฀ R EM E D Y ฀ THIS฀ AL BE IT฀ P A R TIALLY฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ L E A V E S ฀ U N AF F E C T E D ฀ AN Y ฀EX I S TING฀ B I L A T E R AL ฀ AGREEMENTS฀ WITH฀ THIRD฀ COUNTRIES฀ THAT฀ PROVIDE฀ FOR฀ NON RECOGNITION฀OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀
MER I C AN ฀ * OU R N A L ฀ # OM P A R A T I V E ฀ , A W ฀ ฀ S ฀ ฀ F � ฀ ( A R T L E Y ฀ 4 ฀ # ฀ # I VI L ฀ * UR I S D I C TION฀ AN D ฀ * U D G M EN TffS ฀ , O N DO N ฀ ฀ S ฀ 1 ฀ %NLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ SKALL฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ INTE฀ P � VERK A ฀ AVTAL฀ MELLAN฀EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀OCH฀EN฀ T RE D J E STAT฀ VAR IGENOM฀ MEDLEMSSTATEN฀ F � RE ฀ DENNA฀ F � R O R D N IN G S ฀ I K R A FT T R � DANDE฀ MEN฀ TILL฀ SKILLNAD฀ F R � N ฀ MOTSVARANDE฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ "RYSSEL฀) KONVENTIONEN฀ INTE฀ D � R EFTER฀ F � R P LIK TA T ฀ SIG ฀ ATT฀ INTE฀ E R K � N N A ฀ DOMAR฀ SOM฀HAR฀ MED DEL A TffS ฀ I฀EN฀ANNAN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀MOT฀ SVARANDE฀SOM฀HADE฀HEMVIST฀ELLER฀ SIN฀VANLIGA฀VISTELSEORT฀I฀EN฀TREDJESTAT฀ N� R ฀ DOMEN฀ I฀ FALL฀ SOM฀ AVSES฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀DEN฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ K UN N A T ฀ MED DEL A S ฀ ENDAST฀ MED฀ S T� D ฀ AV฀ EN฀ BE H � R I G H ET S REGEL฀ SOM฀ ANSES฀ SOM฀ EX O R B I T AN T ฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ KONVENTIONEN 2 ฀ %TT฀ UNDANTAG฀ � R ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ I฀
฀ !S฀ AN฀ ALTERNATIVE฀ TO฀ THE฀ GENERAL฀ RULE฀ THAT฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I E S ฀ WITH฀ THE฀COURTS฀OF฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ THE฀ D E FENDANTS฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ PLAINTIFFS฀ MAY฀ AVAIL฀ THEMSELVES฀OF฀ THE฀ SPECIAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ SPECIlED฀ IN฀ ! R T I C L E S ฀ ฀ TO฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ AND฀ BRING฀ AN฀ ACTION฀ IN฀ANOTHER฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ 4HIS฀ FORM฀ OF ฀JURISDIC T I O N ฀COVERS฀ MATTERS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ CONTRACT฀ M A IN T E N ANCE฀ TORT฀ CIVIL฀ CLAIMS฀FOR฀DAMAGES฀OR฀RESTITUTION฀BASED฀ON฀AN฀ACT฀GIVING฀RISE฀TO฀CRIMINAL฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ DIS P U T E S ฀ A R I S ING฀ OUT฀ OF฀ THE฀ OPERATIONS฀ OF฀ A฀ B R AN C H ฀ OR฀ AGENCY฀ T R U S T S ฀ AND฀ CERTAIN฀ SHIPPING฀ DIS P U T E S ฀ 5NLIKE฀ GENERAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ THE฀GROUNDS฀OF฀ SPECIAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ PRINCIPLE฀ ฀ ESTABLISH ฀ BOTH฀ THE฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀ THE฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ CONCERNED฀ AND฀ THE฀ LOCAL฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀ THAT฀ 3TATES฀ COURTS฀ WHICH฀MAY฀ D EP A R T ฀ FROM฀ NATIONAL฀ RULES฀ON฀ TERRITORIAL฀ JURISDICTION฀
฀ 3OM฀ A L TERNATIV฀ TILL฀ DEN฀ ALL M � N N A ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ I฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ D � R ฀ SVARANDEN฀ HAR฀HEMVIST฀ KAN฀ TALAN฀ V � C K A S ฀ VID฀ EN฀ RAD฀ S � R SKILDA฀ FORUM฀ I฀ENLIGHET฀MED฀ARTIKEL฀ � ฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ VAR IGENOM฀ TALAN฀KAN฀ V � C K A S ฀ �V EN฀ I฀ EN฀ ANNAN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ $ETTA฀ G � L L E R ฀ I฀ F R � G A ฀ OM฀ AVTAL฀ UNDER H � L L ฀ S K A DES T� N D ฀ ENSKILDA฀ AN S P R � K ฀ I฀ ANLEDNING ฀ AV฀ BROTT฀ TVISTER฀ SOM฀ H � N F � R ฀ SIG ฀ TILL฀ VERK SAM HETEN฀ VID฀ EN฀ l L I A L AGENTUR ELLER ANNAN ET A B L E R IN G vTRUSTERv OCH VISSA TVISTER฀ MED฀ ANKNYTNING฀ TILL฀ S J � F ART฀ 4ILL฀ SKILLNAD฀ F R � N ฀ DEN฀ ALL M � N N A ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ FAST S T� L L S ฀ I฀ REGEL฀ ฀ GENOM฀ DE฀ S � R SKILDA฀ BE H � R I G H ET S K R I T E R I E R N A ฀ S �V � L ฀ DOMSTOLS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ I฀DEN฀ BE R � R D A ฀ MEDLEMSSTATEN฀ SOM฀ DEN฀ INTERNA ฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ F � R ฀ DOMSTOLARNA฀ I฀DENNA฀ STAT฀ EVENTUELLT฀ MED฀ AV VI K E L SE฀ F R � N ฀ NATIONELLA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ OM฀ TERRITORIELL฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀
฀ 3 E E ฀ FOR ฀EX A M P L E ฀ + ฀ ( ฀ . A D E L M AN N ฀ @ *U R I S DI C T I O N AL L Y ฀ IMPROPER฀FORA฀IN฀TREATIES฀ON฀ RECOGNITION฀OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀ THE฀ # O M M ON฀ - A R K E T ฀ D R AF T ฀ # O L U M B I A฀ , A W ฀ 2 E VIEW฀ ฀ P P ฀ ฀ E T ฀ S E Q� ฀ 0 ฀ ( A Y ฀ @ 4HE฀ # O M M ON฀ - A R K E T ฀ 0RELIMINARY฀$RAFT฀#ONVENTION฀ON฀ THE฀2ECOGNITION฀AND฀%NFORCEMENT฀ OF฀ *U DG MENTS฀ � ฀ 3OME฀ CONSIDERATIONS฀OF฀POLICY฀AND฀ INTERPRETATION฀ !
F R � G A ฀ OM฀ vTRUSTERv ฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ D � R ฀ TALAN฀ SKALL฀ V � C K A S ฀ I฀DEN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ D � R ฀ DENNA฀ HAR฀ SITT฀ S � T E 3 ฀ /M฀DEN฀GRADVISA฀ GEMENSKAPSREGLERINGEN฀AV฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNAS฀INTERNA฀ TERRITORIELLA฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ UT �V E R ฀ DERAS฀ DOMSTO L S BE H � R I G H ET ฀ SE฀ # A R B O N E ฀ 3 ฀฀ ) L ฀ N U O V O ฀ S P A Z I O ฀ GIUDIZIARIO฀EUROPEO฀DALLA฀ #ONVENZIONE฀DI฀"RUXELLES฀AL฀ 2 E G O L A M EN T O ฀ # % ฀ ฀ ฀ UPP L ฀ 4 UR IN ฀ ฀ S ฀ ฀ F
M E R I CAN฀ *O U R N AL ฀ OF฀ # O M P A R A TIVE฀ , A W ฀ ฀ P P ฀ ฀ E T ฀ S E Q� ฀ 4 ฀ # ฀ ( A R T L E Y ฀ # I V I L ฀ JURISDICTION฀AND฀ JUDGMENTS฀ , O N D ON฀ ฀ P ฀ ฀ 5NDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ THE฀ REGULATION฀DOES฀NOT฀AFFECT฀ AGREEMENTS฀BY฀WHICH฀A฀-EMBER฀ 3TATE฀ AND฀ A฀ THIRD฀ 3TATE฀ U N D E R TOO K ฀ PRIOR฀TO฀THE฀ENTRY฀INTO฀FORCE฀OF฀THE฀ REGULATION฀ NOT฀ TO฀ RE C O G N I S E ฀ JUDGMENTS฀GIVEN฀IN฀ANOTHER฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀AGAINST฀DEFENDANTS฀ DOMICILED฀OR฀HABITUALLY฀RESIDENT฀IN฀ A฀ THIRD฀ COUNTRY฀ WHERE฀ IN฀ CASES฀ PROVIDED฀ FOR฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ #ONVENTION฀ THE฀ JUDGMENT฀ COULD฀ONLY฀BE฀FOUNDED฀ON฀A฀GROUND฀ OF฀JURISDICTION฀CONSIDERED฀ EXORBITANT฀UNDER฀THE฀SECOND฀ P A R A G R A P H ฀ OF฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ " U T ฀ U N LIKE฀ THE฀ C O U N T E R P A R T ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ #ONVENTION฀ THIS฀ PROVISION฀ DOES฀NOT฀APPLY฀TO฀AGREEMENTS฀ ENTERED฀ INTO฀ S U B S E Q U E N T L Y ฀ % X C EP T ฀ FOR฀ JURISDICTION฀ WITH฀ REGARD฀ TO฀ T R U S T S ฀ UNDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ WHICH฀REFERS฀TO฀THE฀COURTS฀OF฀THE฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ IN฀WHICH฀ THE฀ T R U S T ฀ IS฀DOMICILED฀ / N ฀ THE฀ G R A D U AL ฀DE V E L OP MENT฀ OF฀ #OMMUNITY฀RULES฀ON฀THE฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀THE฀COURTS฀BOTH฀OF฀ AND฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀ SEE฀ 3 ฀฀ # A R B ONE฀ ) L ฀ N U O V O ฀ S P A Z I O ฀ GIUDIZIARIO฀EUROPEO฀DALLA฀ CONVENZIONE฀DI฀"RUXELLES฀AL฀ 2 E G O L A M E N TO฀ # % ฀ ฀ & O U R T H ฀ E DI TION฀ 4 U R IN฀ ฀ P P ฀ ฀ E T ฀ S E Q ฀ 7 I T H OUT฀ E N T E R ING฀ INTO฀ THE฀ D E T A I L ฀ OF฀ ALL฀ THE฀ ABOVE฀ GROUNDS฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ IT฀ SHOULD฀BE฀ M E N T I O N E D ฀ THAT฀ IN฀ MATTERS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ CONTRACT฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ LIKE฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ) ฀ #ONVENTION฀ LAYS฀ DOWN฀ THAT฀ A฀ PER S ON฀ MAY฀ BE฀ SUED฀ @ IN฀ THE฀ COURTS฀ FOR฀ THE฀ PLACE฀ OF฀ PERFORMANCE฀ OF฀ THE฀ OBLIGATION฀ IN฀ QUESTION฀ !RTICLE฀
฀ 5TAN ฀ ATT฀ G � ฀ N� R M A RE ฀ IN ฀ P � ฀ DE฀ AN F � R D A ฀ K R I T E R I E R N A ฀ B� R ฀ DET฀ S � R S K I L T ฀ NOTERAS฀ ATT฀DET฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ P RE C I S ฀ SOM฀ REDAN฀ I฀ "RYSSEL฀) KONVENTIONEN฀ N� R ฀ TALAN฀ AVSER฀ AVTAL฀ FAST S T� L L S ฀ ATT฀ TALAN฀ F � R ฀ V � C K A S ฀ v VID฀ DOMSTOLEN฀ I฀ UPPFYLLELSEORTEN฀ F � R ฀ DEN฀ F � R P LIK T E L SE฀ SOM฀ TALAN฀ AVSER v ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ A ฀ "E S T� M M E L SE N ฀ HAR฀ LETT฀ TILL฀ OLIKA฀ TOLK N IN G S PROBLEM฀ S �V � L ฀ P � ฀ GRUND฀ AV฀ DElNITION EN AV vTALAN AVSER AVTALv SOM I F R � G A ฀ OM฀ FAST S T� L LANDET฀ AV฀DEN฀ AVTAL S F � R P LIK T E L SE฀ SOM฀SKALL฀ BEAKTAS฀ N� R ฀ DET฀ G � L L E R ฀ BE H � R I G H ET S F R � G AN ฀ ELLER฀ I฀ F R � G A ฀ OM฀ FAST S T� L L AN DE฀ AV฀ UPP F YLL E L SE ORT
A฀ 4HIS฀ PROVISION฀ HAS฀ R A I S E D ฀ V A R I O U S ฀ PROBLEMS฀ OF฀ INTERPRETATION฀ RE G A R D ING฀ A฀ THE฀ D E l N I TION฀OF฀ @ MATTERS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ CONTRACT฀ B ฀THE฀IDENTIl CATION฀OF฀THE฀CONTRACTUAL฀OBLIGATION฀TO฀BE฀TAKEN฀INTO฀CONSIDERATION฀FOR฀THE฀ PURPOSES฀OF฀ JURISDICTION฀AND฀ C ฀ THE฀DETERMINATION฀OF฀ THE฀PLACE฀OF฀PER FOR M AN C E
I฀ M � L ฀ ฀ - ARTI N ฀ 0 ET E R S ฀ 2 E C ฀ ฀ S ฀ ฀ OCH฀ AV฀DEN฀ ฀ JUNI฀ ฀ I฀ M � L ฀ # ฀ * AC OB ฀ ( AN D T E ฀ 2 E C ฀ ฀ S ฀ )
B ฀ 7 H I C H ฀ IS฀ THE฀ OBLIGATION฀ IN฀ QUESTION฀ 4HE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ HAS฀ D E V E L OPED฀AN฀INDEPENDENT฀CONCEPT฀REGARDING฀THE฀CONTRACTUAL฀OBLIGATION฀TO฀ BE฀ TAKEN฀ INTO฀ A C C O U N T ฀ FOR ฀DE T E R M IN ING฀ JURISDICTION฀ R U L ING฀ THAT฀ IT฀ IS฀ THE฀ OBLIGATION฀WHICH฀CORRESPONDS฀ TO฀ THE฀CONTRACTUAL฀ RIGHT฀ON฀WHICH฀ THE฀ PLAINTIFFS฀ ACTION฀ IS฀ BASED฀ AND฀ THE฀ NON PERFORMANCE฀OF฀WHICH฀IS฀RELIED฀ UPON฀ TO฀ S UP PO R T ฀ THE฀ PLAINTIFFS฀ CLAIMS฀ ฀ 4HIS฀ SOLU TION฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ FULLY฀ IN฀ ACCORDANCE฀WITH฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ CRITICISED฀ FOR฀ AL L O W ING฀ M U L T I P L E ฀ JURISDICTION฀ FOR฀ A฀ S IN G L E ฀ CONTRACT฀ 4HAT฀ DIS A D V AN T A G E ฀ IS฀ M I T I G A T E D ฀BY฀THE฀ FACT฀ THAT฀ WHERE฀ A฀ PLAINTIFFS฀ ACTION฀ IS฀ BASED฀ ON฀ M O RE ฀ THAN฀ ONE฀ OBLIGATION฀ UNDER฀ THE฀ SAME฀ CONTRACT฀ THE฀ COURT฀ SEISED฀ MAY฀ REFER฀ TO฀ THE฀ P R IN C I P AL ฀ OBLIGATION฀ IN฀ O R D E R ฀TO฀DETERMINE฀ WHETHER฀ IT฀ HAS฀ JURISDICTION฀ ฀ 4HE฀DECISION฀AS฀TO฀WHETHER฀OR฀NOT฀THE฀OBLIGATIONS฀ARE฀TO฀BE฀RANKED฀AS฀ EQUIVALENT฀FALLS฀TO฀THE฀COURT฀SEISED฀AND฀SHOULD฀NORMALLY฀BE฀TAKEN฀ON฀ THE฀ B A S IS฀ OF฀ THE฀ LAW฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀
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