natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
! ฀ SECOND฀ RESTRICTION฀ WHICH฀ THIS฀ TIME฀ CON C E R N S ฀ ALL฀ CONTRACTS฀ IS฀CON S T I T U T E D ฀BY฀THE฀ M AN D A TO R Y ฀ RULES฀ & RE N C H ฀ @ L O IS฀ D E ฀ PO L I C E ฀ REFERRED฀ TO฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ / N E ฀ OF฀ THE฀MOST฀ S T R I K ING฀ PROVISIONS฀ OF฀ THE฀ CON V E N T I O N ฀STIPULATES฀ THAT฀ UNDER฀ CERTAIN฀ CONDITIONS฀ EFFECT฀ MAY฀ BE฀ GIVEN฀ CONCURRENTLY฀ WITH฀ THE฀ LAW฀ CHOSEN฀ OR฀ WITH฀ THE฀ APPLICABLE฀ LAW฀ WHERE฀ NO฀ LAW฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ CHOSEN฀ TO฀ THE฀ M AN D A TO R Y ฀ RULES฀ OF฀ ANOTHER฀ LEGAL฀ SYSTEM฀ IF฀ AND฀ IN฀ SO฀ FAR฀ AS฀ THOSE฀ RULES฀ MUST฀ BE฀ APPLIED฀ W H A T E V E R ฀ THE฀ LAW฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀ 4HIS฀ M E AN S ฀ IN฀ FACT฀ AS฀ THE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ HAD฀ O C C A S I ON฀ TO฀ PO IN T ฀ OUT฀ IN฀ ITS฀ ! R B L A D E ฀ JUDGMENT฀ OF฀ ฀ . O V EM BER฀ ฀ *O IN E D ฀ #ASES฀ # ฀ AND฀# ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ @NATIONAL฀ PROVISIONS฀ 23a4225a3;27avguvqaGP
%N฀ ANNAN฀ G R � NffS ฀ SOM฀ G � L L E R ฀ SAMTLIGA฀ AVTAL฀ UT G � R S ฀ AV฀DE฀ INTERNATIONELLT฀ TVINGANDE฀ REGLERNA฀ ART฀ ฀ 'ENOM฀ EN฀ AV฀ DE฀MEST฀ UPP M � R K SAMMA DE฀ REGLERNA฀ F � RE SKRIVS฀ I฀KONVENTIONEN฀ ATT฀ UNDER฀ VISSA฀ OM S T� N D I G HETER฀ SKALL฀ INTERNATIONELLT฀ TVINGANDE฀ REGLER฀ I฀ EN฀ ANNAN฀ R � T TffS O R D NING฀ TILL E R K � N NAS฀ VERKAN฀ I฀ SAMVERKAN฀ MED฀ DEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ PARTERNA฀ VALT฀ ELLER฀ DEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ VID฀ AVSAKNAD฀ AV฀ LAGVAL฀ OM฀ OCH฀ I฀DEN฀ UT S T R � C K NING฀ DESSA฀ REGLER฀ SKALL฀ TILL � M PAS฀ OAVSETT฀ VILKEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ P � ฀ AVTALET฀ $ET฀ HAND L A R ฀ I฀ S J � L V A ฀ VERKET฀ VILKET฀ DOMSTOLEN฀ FRAM H � L L ฀ I฀ SIN฀ DOM฀ ! R B L A DE฀ AV฀DEN฀ ฀ N O V E M BE R ฀ ฀ OM฀ v NATIONELLA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ VARS฀ IAKTTAGANDE฀ HAR฀ AN S ETT S ฀ S � ฀ AV G � RANDE฀ F � R ฀ SKYDDET฀ AV฀DEN฀ P O L I T I SKA฀ SffO C I A L A ฀ ELLER฀ EKONOMISKA฀ ORDNINGEN฀ I฀DEN฀ BE R � R D A ฀ MEDLEMSSTATEN฀ ATT฀DET฀ STA D G A S ฀ ATT฀ DESSA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SKALL฀ G � L L A ฀ F � R ฀ ALLA฀ PERSONER฀ SOM฀BElNNER SIG INOM
COMPLIANCE฀WITH฀WHICH฀HAS฀BEEN฀DEEMED฀TO฀BE฀SO฀CRUCIAL฀FOR฀THE฀PROTECTION฀OF฀ THE฀ POLITICAL฀ SOCIAL฀ OR฀ E CON O M I C ฀ ORDER฀ IN฀ THE฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ CONCERNED฀ AS฀ TO฀ REQUIRE฀COMPLIANCE฀THEREWITH฀BY฀ALL฀PERSONS฀PRESENT฀ON฀THE฀NATIONAL฀TERRITORY฀ OF฀ THAT฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ AND฀ ALL฀ LEGAL฀ RELATIONSHIPS฀ WITHIN฀ THAT฀ 3TATE฀ 0 R O V I S I ON฀ HAS฀ H O W E V E R ฀ BEEN฀ MADE฀ FOR฀ THE฀ RIGHT฀ NOT฀ TO฀ APPLY฀ THE฀ M AN D A TO R Y ฀ RULES฀ IN฀ THE฀CASE฀OF฀ A฀ FOREIGN฀ LAW฀ !RTICLE฀
DENNA฀ MEDLEMSSTATS฀ TERRITORIUM฀ OCH฀ F � R ฀ ALLA฀ R � T TffS F � R H � L L AN DEN฀ L O K A L I SERADE฀ TILL฀ DENNA฀ MEDLEMSSTAT v ฀ $ET฀ F � RE SKRIVS฀ DOCK฀ EN฀ R � T T ฀ TILL฀ RE SE R V A TION฀ N� R ฀ DEN฀ INTERNATIONELLT฀ TVINGANDE฀ BE S T� M M E L SE N ฀ � R ฀ EN฀ UT L � N D S K ฀ LAG฀ ARTIKEL฀
& IN AL L Y ฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ RE S T R I C T S ฀ FREEDOM฀ OF฀ CHOICE฀ WHEN฀ E X E R C I S E ฀ OF฀ THAT฀ F RE E DOM฀WOULD฀HAVE฀THE฀EFFECT฀OF฀PUTTING฀THE฀WEAKER฀PARTY฀AT฀A฀DISADVANTAGE฀IN฀ CERTAIN฀ CON S U M E R ฀ CONTRACTS฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ AND฀ IN฀ EM P L O Y MENT฀ CONTRACTS฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ 2 U L E S ฀ TO฀PROTECT฀ THE฀ CON S U M E R ฀ OR฀ THE฀ W O R K E R ฀ FOR ฀EX A M P L E ฀ THE฀ N U L L I T Y ฀ OF฀ U N F A I R ฀ T E R M S ฀ OR฀ THE฀ RULES฀ON฀ DIS M I S S AL ฀ ADOPTED฀ IN฀ M ANY฀ 3TATES฀ INCLUDING฀ %UROPEAN฀5NION฀ -EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ WOULD฀HAVE฀ NO฀ PRACTICAL฀ APPLICATION฀ IN฀ INTERNATIONAL฀ RELATIONS฀ IF฀ THEY฀ COULD฀ BE฀ C O U N T E RE D ฀BY฀THE฀ FREE฀ CHOICE฀OF฀ A฀ FOREIGN฀ LAW฀ ( E N C E ฀ IN฀ THOSE฀ T Y P E S ฀ OF฀ CONTRACT฀ AND฀ IN฀ THE฀ CIRCUMSTANCES฀ IN DI C A T E D ฀ BE L O W ฀ IN฀ 3ECTION฀ ฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ LAYS฀ DOWN฀ THE฀ RULE฀ THAT฀ CHOICE฀OF฀ LAW฀ IS฀ L A W FU L ฀ BUT฀ THAT฀THE฀CONSUMER฀OR฀WORKER฀MUST฀NOT฀THEREBY฀BE฀DEPRIVED฀OF฀THE฀PROTECTION฀ WHICH฀HE฀IS฀GUARANTEED฀BY฀THE฀MANDATORY฀RULES฀OF฀THE฀LAW฀WHICH฀WOULD฀BE฀AP P L I C ABLE฀ TO฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀ IF฀ NO฀ CHOICE฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ MADE฀ )T฀ SHOULD฀BE฀ N O T E D ฀ THAT฀ THIS฀ IS฀ C L O S E ฀ TO฀ THE฀ PROVISIONS฀ OF฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ )฀2EGULATION฀ WHICH฀ L I M ITS฀ IN฀ SUCH฀ CASES฀THE฀POSSIBILITY฀OF฀STIPULATING฀CHOICE OF FOR U M ฀ C L AU S E S ฀ !
3LUTLIGEN฀ BE G R � NffS A R ฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ PARTSAUTONOMIN฀ N� R ฀ UT �V AN DET฀ AV฀DEN฀ SKULLE฀ F � ฀ TILL฀ F � L J D ฀ ATT฀ DEN฀SVAGARE฀PARTEN ฀ M I SffS G YN NAS฀ I฀ VISSA฀ KONSUMENTAVTAL฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OCH฀ I฀ AN S T� L L N IN G S AVTAL฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ "E S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SOM฀ SYFTAR฀ TILL฀ ATT฀ SKYDDA฀ KON SUMENTEN฀ ELLER฀ DEN฀ AN S T� L L DE฀ T EX ฀ O G I L T I G H ET ฀ F � R ฀ OS K � L I G A ฀ AVTAL S VILLKOR฀ ELLER฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ AVSEENDE฀ UP PS � G NING฀ SOM฀lNNS I M � N G A STATER D � R IBLAND฀ I฀ % 5 S ฀ MEDLEMSSTATER ฀ SKULLE฀ INTE฀ L � N G RE ฀ HA฀ N� G O N ฀ PRAKTISK฀ BETYDELSE฀ I฀ INTERNATIONELLA฀ F � R B IN DEL SE R ฀ OM฀ DE฀ KUNDE฀ S � T TA S ฀ UR ฀ SPEL฀ GENOM฀ ETT฀ O KON T R O L L E R A T ฀ VAL฀ AV฀ EN฀ UT L � N D S K ฀ LAG฀ )฀ DENNA฀ TYP฀ AV฀ AVTAL฀ OCH฀ UNDER฀ OM S T� N D I G HETER฀ SOM฀ ANGES฀ NEDAN฀ PUNKT฀ ฀ lNNS DET D � R F � R I KONVENTIONEN EN BE S T� M M E L SE฀ OM฀ ATT฀ ETT฀ LAGVAL฀ � R ฀ TILL � TET ฀ MEN฀ ATT฀DET฀ INTE฀ KAN฀ BE R �V A ฀ KON SUMENTEN฀ ELLER฀ DEN฀ AN S T� L L DE฀ DET฀ SKYDD฀ SOM฀ DE฀ GARANTERAS฀ GENOM฀ DE฀ TVINGANDE฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀DEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ SKULLE฀ VARA฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ P � ฀ AVTALET฀ I฀ AVSAKNAD฀ AV฀ LAGVAL฀ )฀DETTA฀ SAMMA N HAN G ฀ KAN฀ MAN฀ P E K A ฀ P � ฀ TILL N� R M NINGEN฀ TILL฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀ v "RYSSEL฀) F � R O R D N INGEN v ฀ SOM฀ VID฀ S �D AN A ฀ AVTAL฀ BE G R � NffS A R ฀ M � JL I G HETEN฀ ATT฀ S T I P U L E R A ฀ DOM S R � T TffS KLAUSUL E R
A฀ FOREIGN฀ S UPPL I E R ฀ THAT฀ PER S ON฀ IT฀ IS฀ S AID฀ A C C EP T S ฀ THE฀ R I S K ฀ OF฀ INTERNATIONAL฀ T R A D E ฀ AND฀MAY฀AS฀A฀RULE฀EXPECT฀THAT฀THE฀CONTRACT฀WILL฀NO฀LONGER฀BE฀SUBJECT฀TO฀HIS฀OWN฀ LAW฀ BUT฀ RATHER฀ TO฀ THE฀ LAW฀ ACCORDING฀ TO฀WHICH฀ THE฀ S UPPL I E R ฀ HABITUALLY฀ CONTRACTS฀ THAT฀ IS฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ HIS฀ HABITUAL฀ RESIDENCE฀ OR฀ OF฀ HIS฀ ESTABLISH M E N T
SOM฀ H � N GE R ฀ SAMMA N ฀ MED฀ INTERNATIONELL฀ HAN DEL ฀ OCH฀ SOM฀ REGEL฀ KAN฀ F � R V � N TA฀ SIG฀ATT฀AVTALET฀INTE฀KOMMER฀ATT฀OMFATTAS฀AV฀DET฀EGNA฀LANDETS฀LAG฀UTAN฀AV฀DEN฀LAG฀ ENLIGT฀ VILKEN฀ L EV E R AN T� R EN฀ B R U KAR฀ S L UT A ฀ AVTAL฀ D VS ฀ LAGEN฀ I฀DET฀ LAND฀ D � R ฀ L EV E R AN T� R EN฀ HAR฀ SIN฀ VANLIGA฀ VI S T E L SE ORT฀ ELLER฀ SITT฀ VERK SAM H ET SffS T� L L E
)N฀ ORDER฀ TO฀ FUNCTION฀ THE฀ RULE฀ P RE S UP PO S E S ฀ THAT฀ THE฀ C H A R A C T E R I S T I C ฀ PERFORMANCE฀ CAN฀ BE฀ EASILY฀ D E T E R M IN E D ฀ 4HE฀ REPORT฀ A C C O M P AN Y ING฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ INDICATES฀THAT฀THE฀CHARACTERISTIC฀PERFORMANCE฀ IS฀ GENERALLY฀ THAT฀ FOR฀WHICH฀ PAYMENT฀ IS฀ DUE฀ WHICH฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ C A USE฀ A฀ PROBLEM฀ FOR฀ M O S T ฀ N A M E D ฀ CONTRACTS฀ )N฀ M O S T ฀ B I L A T E R AL ฀ CONTRACTS฀ IN฀ FACT฀ A฀ PRICE฀ MUST฀ BE฀ P AID฀ THE฀ PRICE฀ OF฀ G O O DfiS ฀ IN฀ THE฀CASE฀OF฀ A฀ S AL E ฀ OR฀ THE฀ PRICE฀ OF฀ W O R K S ฀ IN฀ A฀ W O R K S ฀ CONTRACT฀ THE฀ R ENT฀ IN฀ THE฀CASE฀OF฀ A฀ L E A S E ฀ THE฀ T I C K E T ฀ IN฀ THE฀CASE฀OF฀ A฀ T R AN S PO R T ฀ CONTRACT฀ THE฀ P R EM I U M ฀ IN฀ AN฀ IN S U R ANCE฀ CONTRACT฀ THE฀ IN T E REST฀ IN฀ A฀ L O AN฀ AGREEMENT฀ THE฀ F E E ฀ IN฀ A฀ L I C E N S ING฀ AGREEMENT฀ E T C ฀ 4HE฀ OBLIGATION฀ TO฀ P A Y ฀ THE฀ PRICE฀ IS฀ THEREFORE฀ NOT฀ SPECIlC฀ TO฀ A฀ T Y P E ฀ OF฀ CONTRACT฀ 7 H AT฀ IS฀ SPECIlC฀ ON฀ THE฀ OTHER฀ H AND฀ IS฀ THE฀ OBLIGATION฀ OF฀ THE฀ SELLER฀ TO฀ SUPPLY฀ THE฀ M E R C H AN DIS E ฀OF฀THE฀ CONTRACTOR฀ TO฀ C A R R Y ฀ OUT฀ THE฀ W O R K S ฀ REQUESTED฀ OF฀ THE฀ L E S S OR฀ TO฀ PROVIDE฀ THE฀ L E S SEE฀ WITH฀ THE฀ USE฀ OF฀ THE฀ RE N T E D ฀ PRO PER T Y ฀ E T C ฀ )N฀ ALL฀ THESE฀ CONTRACTS฀ IT฀ IS฀EASY฀TO฀DETER M IN E ฀ THE฀ C H A R A C T E R I S T I C ฀ PER FOR M AN C E
"E S T� M M E L SE N ฀ F � R UT S � T T E R ฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀DEN฀ SKALL฀ FUNGERA฀ ATT฀DEN฀ K A R A K T� R I S T I SKA฀ PRESTATIONEN฀ � R ฀ L � T T ฀ ATT฀ FAST S T� L L A ฀ )฀ DEN฀ RAPPORT฀ SOM฀ � TF � L J E R ฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ANGES฀ ATT฀DEN฀ K A R A K T� R I S T I SKA฀ PRESTATIONEN฀ V AN L I G TVIS ฀ � R ฀ DEN฀ F � R ฀ VILKEN฀ BE TA L NING฀ SKALL฀ E R L � G G A S ฀ VILKET฀ INTE฀ IN N E B� R ฀ N� G O T ฀ PROBLEM฀ F � R ฀ DE฀ m E STA AV DE AVTAL SOM฀ N� M NffS ฀ )฀ DE฀ m E STA � M SE S I D I G A AVTAL SKALL JU ETT PRIS BE TA L A S PRISET P � VARAN VID฀ EN฀ F � R S � L J NING฀ ELLER฀ PRISET ฀ P � ฀ EN T RE P R EN A DEN฀ VID฀ ETT฀ EN T RE P R EN AD AVTAL฀ H Y R AN ฀ VID฀ ETT฀ H Y RE S AVTAL฀ B I L J ETT EN฀ VID฀ ETT฀ T R AN S P ORT AVTAL฀ P RE M I EN฀ VID฀ ETT฀ F � R S � K R IN G S AVTAL฀ R � N T AN ฀ VID฀ ETT฀ L � N E AVTAL฀ AV G I FT EN฀ VID฀ ETT฀ L I C ENS AVTAL฀ OS V ฀ 3 K Y L D I G HETEN฀ ATT฀ BETALA฀ PRISET ฀ � R ฀ S � L E DES ฀ INTE฀ K A R A K T� R I S T I S K T ฀ F � R ฀ EN฀ TYP฀ AV฀ AVTAL฀ $ET฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ K A R A K T� R I S T I S K T ฀ � R ฀ D � R EMOT฀ S � L J A R ENS ฀ SKYLDIGHET฀ ATT฀ LEVERERA฀ VARAN ฀ EN T RE P R EN � R ENS ฀ ATT฀ F U L L G � R A ฀ DEN฀ BE S T� L L D A ฀ EN T RE P R EN A DEN฀ H Y RE S V � R D ENS ฀ ATT฀ UPP L � TA฀ H Y RE S OB J E K TET ฀ � T ฀ H Y RE STA G A R EN฀ OS V ฀ )฀ ALLA฀ DESSA฀ AVTAL฀ � R ฀ DET฀ ENKELT ฀ ATT฀ FAST S T� L L A ฀ DEN฀ K A R A K T� R I S T I SKA฀ P RE STA T I O N EN
WHICH฀ A M O U N T S ฀ TO฀ S A Y ING฀ THAT฀ N EITHER฀ OF฀ THEM฀ IS฀ / N E ฀ COULD฀ ALSO฀ M E N TION฀ C E R TAIN฀COMPENSATION฀CONTRACTS฀BETWEEN฀BANKS฀OR฀VARIOUS฀COMPLEX฀CONTRACTUAL฀ OPERATIONS฀ FOR฀WHICH฀ IT฀ IS฀ A D V I S ABLE฀ IN฀ THE฀ INTERESTS฀OF฀ LEGAL฀ C E R T A IN T Y ฀ TO฀ C H O O S E ฀ AN฀ APPLICABLE฀ LAW฀ IN฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀ I T S E L F
PLEXA฀ AVTALSOPERATIONER฀ F � R ฀ VILKA฀ DET฀ F � R ฀ DEN฀ JURIDISKA฀ S � K E R H ET ENS ฀ SKULL฀ REKOMMENDERAS฀ ATT฀MAN฀ I฀ AVTALET฀ V � L J E R ฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ LAG
4HE฀PRESUMPTION฀IN฀FAVOUR฀OF฀THE฀LAW฀OF฀THE฀PARTY฀WHO฀EFFECTS฀THE฀CHARACTER I S T I C ฀ PERFORMANCE฀ IS฀NOT฀THE฀ ONLY฀ ONE฀ SET฀ OUT฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ #ONTRACTS฀COVERING฀A฀RIGHT฀IN฀IMMOVABLE฀PROPERTY฀OR฀A฀RIGHT฀TO฀USE฀IMMOVABLE฀ PRO PER T Y ฀ ARE฀ LOG I C AL L Y ฀ CON N E C T E D ฀ WHERE฀ NO฀ CHOICE฀OF฀ LAW฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ MADE฀ WITH฀ THE฀ LAW฀ IN฀WHICH฀ THE฀ I M M O V ABLE฀ PRO PER T Y ฀ IS฀SITUATED฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ AND฀ CONTRACTS฀ FOR฀ THE฀ C A R RIAGE฀ OF฀ G O O DfiS ฀ ARE฀ COVERED฀ BY฀ A฀ SPECIAL฀ RATHER฀ C O M P L I C A T E D ฀ RULE฀ !RTICLE฀
0 RE S UM T I O NEN฀ TILL฀ F � R M � N ฀ F � R ฀ LAGEN฀ I฀DET฀ LAND฀ D � R ฀ DEN฀PART฀ SOM฀SKALL฀ UT F � R A ฀ DEN฀ K A R A K T� R I S T I SKA฀ PRESTATIONEN฀ HAR฀ SIN฀ VANLIGA฀ VI S T E L SE ORT฀ � R ฀ INTE฀DEN฀ENDA฀ SOM฀ G � R S ฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀KONVENTIONEN฀ $E ฀ AVTAL฀ SOM฀ G � L L E R ฀ EN฀ SAK R � T T ฀ I฀ FAST฀ E GEN DOM฀ ELLER฀ EN฀ N Y T TJ AN DE R � T T ฀ TILL฀ EN฀ FAST฀ E GEN DOM฀ � R ฀ VID฀ AVSAKNAD฀ AV฀ LAGVAL฀ L O G I S K T ฀ KNUTNA฀ TILL฀ LAGEN฀ I฀DET฀ LAND฀ D � R ฀ DEN฀ FASTA฀ E GEN DOMEN฀ � R ฀ BE L � GEN฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OCH฀ F � R ฀ AVTAL฀ OM฀ G O D S T R AN S P ORT฀ G � L L E R ฀ EN฀ S P E CIlK OCH GANSKA KOMPLICERAD ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE฀ ARTIKEL฀
฀ 3 P E C I AL ฀ RULES฀ FOR฀ CON S U M E R ฀ CONTRACTS฀ AND฀ EM P L O Y MENT฀ CONTRAC T S
฀ 3 � R SKILDA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ F � R ฀ KONSUMENTAVTAL฀ ฀ OCH฀ AN S T� L L N IN G S AVTAL
4HE฀FACT฀THAT฀THESE฀CONTRACTS฀ARE฀REGULATED฀BY฀THE฀CONVENTION฀IS฀INDICATED฀NOT฀ONLY฀ BY฀ THE฀ A FOR EM E N T I O N E D ฀ RESTRICTION฀ OF฀ THE฀PRINCIPLE฀ OF฀ FREE฀ CHOICE฀ 4 H E I R ฀ SPECIAL฀ NATURE฀ IS฀ALSO฀ E V I D ENT฀ FROM฀ THE฀ LAW฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ THEM฀ WHEN฀ NO฀ LAW฀ IS฀ C H O S E N
2 EGL E R INGEN ฀ GENOM฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ AV฀ S �D AN A ฀ AVTAL฀ UT M � R K E R ฀ SIG ฀ INTE฀ BARA ฀ GENOM฀ DEN฀ REDAN฀ N� M N D A ฀ BE G R � NffS NINGEN฀ AV฀ PRINCIPEN฀ OM฀ P A R TffS A UT O N OM I฀ $E ฀ UT M � R K E R ฀ SIG ฀ �V EN฀ I฀ F R � G A ฀ OM฀ VILKEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ VID฀ AVSAKNAD฀ AV฀ LAG V A L
& OR฀ THE฀ CON S U M E R ฀ THE฀ S P E C I l C A TION฀ ADOPTED฀ IS฀ A฀ P R EF E RE N T I AL ฀ ONE฀ )F฀ THE฀ RULE฀ IN DI C A T E D ฀ BY฀ PRINCIPLE฀ HAD฀ BEEN฀ ADOPTED฀ CON S U M E R ฀ CONTRACTS฀ WOULD฀ WHEN฀ NO฀ LAW฀ IS฀ CHOSEN฀ HAVE฀ BEEN฀ GOVERNED฀BY฀ THE฀ LAW฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ THE฀ T R A D E S M AN฀ OR฀ PRO F E S SIONAL฀ A P PRO A C H E D ฀BY฀THE฀ CON S U M E R ฀ )T฀ IS฀ THAT฀ T R A D E S M AN฀ OR฀ PRO F E S SIONAL฀ THAT฀ PROVIDES฀ THE฀ SERVICE฀ C H A R A C T E R I S T I C ฀OF฀THE฀ CONTRACT฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ SETS฀ THAT฀ SOLU TION฀ A S I D E ฀ AND฀ SUBJECTS฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀ WHEN฀ NO฀ LAW฀ IS฀ CHOSEN฀ TO฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ THE฀3TATE฀ IN฀WHICH฀ THE฀ CON S U M E R ฀ HABITUALLY฀ RE S I D E S ฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ P RE SUMED฀TO฀BE฀IF฀NOT฀MORE฀FAVOURABLE฀TO฀THE฀CONSUMER฀AT฀LEAST฀MORE฀FAMILIAR฀TO฀ H I M ฀ AND฀ LIKELY฀ TO฀PROTECT฀ H I M ฀ FROM฀ S U R P R I S E S ฀ 4HAT฀ D E R O G A TION฀ SOLU TION฀ MAY฀ S U R P RISE฀ THE฀ T R A D E S M AN฀ OR฀ PRO F E S SIONAL฀ P A R T I C U L A R L Y ฀ WHEN฀ H E ฀ IS฀ A P PRO A C H E D ฀ IN฀ HIS฀ OWN฀ COUNTRY฀ BY฀ A฀ FOREIGN฀ CON S U M E R ฀ W H O ฀ IS฀ H I M S E L F ฀ ABROAD฀ ! C C O R D IN G L Y ฀ THE฀CONVENTION฀HAS฀RESTRICTED฀THE฀DEROGATION฀FROM฀BOTH฀THE฀FREEDOM฀OF฀CHOICE฀
& � R ฀ KON SUMENTEN฀ HAR฀ MAN฀ VALT฀ EN฀ F � R M � NffS ANKNYTNING฀ /M฀ MAN฀ HADE฀ VALT฀ P R IN C I P BE S T� M M E L SE N ฀ HADE฀ KONSUMENTAVTAL฀ VID฀ AVSAKNAD฀ AV฀ LAGVAL฀ REGLERATS฀ AV฀DEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ G � L L E R ฀ F � R ฀ DEN฀ F AC K MAN฀ TILL฀ VILKEN฀ K UN DEN฀ V � N DE R ฀ SIG ฀ $ET฀ � R ฀ JU ฀ FACKMANNEN ฀ SOM฀ UT F � R ฀ DEN฀ K A R A K T� R I S T I SKA฀ PRESTATIONEN฀ I฀ AVTALET฀ %NLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀KONVENTIONEN฀ UT EffS L UT S ฀ DEN฀ L � S NINGEN฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀ I฀ S T� L L ET ฀ VID฀ AVSAKNAD฀ AV฀ LAGVAL฀ KN Y TA฀ AVTALET฀ TILL฀ LAGEN฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ D � R ฀ KON SUMENTEN฀ HAR฀ SIN฀ VANLIGA฀ VI S T E L SE ORT฀ OCH฀ SOM฀ AN TA S ฀ VARA฀ OM฀ INTE฀ MER฀ F � R M � N LIG฀ F � R ฀ KON SUMENTEN฀ S � ฀ I฀ ALLA฀ FALL฀ MER฀ BE KAN T ฀ OCH฀ D � R IGENOM฀ KAN฀ E R B JU D A ฀ ETT฀ B� T T RE ฀ SKYDD฀ MOT฀ �V E R R A S K NINGAR฀ $ENNA฀ AV VI KANDE฀ L � S NING฀ SKULLE฀ I฀ SIN฀ TUR฀ KUNNA฀ �V E R R A SKA฀ FACKMANNEN ฀ I฀ SYNNERHET฀ OM฀ HAN฀ KON TA K TA TffS ฀ I฀ SITT฀ E GE T ฀ LAND฀ AV฀ EN฀ UT L � N D S K ฀ KONSUMENT฀ SOM฀ S J � L V ฀ S � K T ฀ UPP ฀ HONOM฀ $� R F � R ฀ HAR฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ BE G R � NffS A T ฀ AVVIKELSEN฀ S �V � L ฀ F R � N ฀ PARTSAUTONOMIN฀ SOM฀ F R � N ฀ DEN฀ OB J E K T I V A ฀ ANKNYTNINGEN฀ TILL฀ DEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ G � L L E R ฀ F � R ฀ DEN฀PART฀ SOM฀SKALL฀ UT F � R A ฀ DEN฀ K A R A K T� R I S T I SKA฀ PRESTATIONEN฀ TILL฀ VISSA฀ V � L ฀ DEl N I E R A DE FALL D � R DET I S J � L V A VERKET � R FACKMANNEN OCH INTE KON
AND฀THE฀OBJECTIVE฀SPECIlCATION฀OF฀THE฀LAW฀OF฀THE฀PROVIDER฀OF฀THE฀CHARACTERISTIC฀ SERVICE฀TO฀CERTAIN฀WELLDElNED฀POSSIBILITIES฀IN฀WHICH฀IT฀IS฀IN฀FACT฀THE฀TRADESMAN฀ OR฀PROFESSIONAL฀WHO฀HAS฀TAKEN฀THE฀INITIATIVE฀THAT฀LEADS฀TO฀THE฀CONCLUSION฀OF฀A฀ CONTRACT฀ 4HAT฀ IS฀ THE฀ CASE฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ I ฀ WHERE฀ THE฀ CON C L U S I ON฀ OF฀ THE฀ CON TRACT฀WAS฀PRECEDED฀IN฀THE฀COUNTRY฀IN฀WHICH฀THE฀CONSUMER฀HABITUALLY฀RESIDES฀BY฀ A฀ S P E C I AL L Y ฀ MADE฀ PRO PO S AL ฀ OR฀ P U B L I C I TY� ฀ I I ฀ WHERE฀ THE฀ CON S U M E R S ฀ C O CONTRACTOR฀ RE C E I V E D ฀ THE฀ ORDER฀ IN฀ THE฀ CON S U M E R S ฀ COUNTRY฀ D O O R TO DOOR฀SELLING � ฀ I I I ฀ IN฀ THE฀ S AL E ฀ OF฀ G O O DfiS ฀ WHEN฀ THE฀ CON S U M E R ฀ HAS฀ G ONE฀ TO฀ THE฀ S E L L E R S ฀ COUNTRY฀ IN฀ THE฀ CONTEXT฀OF฀A฀JOURNEY฀฀฀THE฀SELLER฀WITH฀THE฀AIM฀OF฀ENCOURAGING฀THE฀CONSUMER฀TO฀ CON C L U D E ฀ A฀ S AL E ฀ 4HOSE฀ T H RE E ฀ S I T U A T I O N S ฀ ARE฀ INTERPRETED฀ STRICTLY฀ AND฀ CERTAIN฀ CASES฀ R U L E D ฀ ON฀ IN฀ ' E R M ANY฀ HAVE฀ S U G G E S T E D ฀ THAT฀ THEY฀ M I G H T ฀ PER H A PS ฀ BE฀ EXTENDED฀ # E R T A IN ฀EX C L U SIONS฀ SUCH฀ AS฀ RE AL ฀ E S TATE฀ CONTRACTS฀ AND฀ T R AN S PO R T ฀ CONTRACTS฀ ALSO฀ RE S T R I C T ฀ THE฀ SCOPE฀OF฀ THIS฀ A R T I C L E
SUMENTEN฀ SOM฀HAR฀ TAGIT฀ DET฀ INITIATIV฀ SOM฀SKALL฀ LEDA฀ FRAM฀ TILL฀ ETT฀ AVTAL SffS L UT ฀ $ETTA฀ G � L L E R ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ ฀OM฀AVTALET฀ I฀DET฀ LAND฀ D � R ฀ KON SUMENTEN฀ HAR฀ SIN฀ VANLIGA฀ VI S T E L SE ORT฀ F � REG I C K S ฀ AV฀ ETT฀ S � R S K I L T ฀ AN B U D ฀ R I K TA T ฀ TILL฀ KON SUMENTEN฀ ELLER฀ AV฀ ANNONSERING฀ D � R ฀ ฀ OM฀ KONSUMENTENS฀MOTPART฀MOTTOG฀ BE S T� L L NINGEN฀ I฀ KONSUMENTENS฀ LAND฀ HEM F � R S � L J NING฀ ฀ OM฀DET฀ G � L L E R ฀ F � R S � L J NING฀ AV฀ VAROR฀ OCH฀ KON SUMENTEN฀ RE S T ฀ TILL฀ S � L J A R ENS ฀ LAND฀ I฀ SAMBAND฀MED฀ EN฀ RE S A ฀ SOM฀ A R R ANGE R A TffS ฀ AV฀ S � L J A R EN฀ I฀ SYFTE฀ATT฀ F � R M � ฀ KON SUMENTEN฀ ATT฀ K � P A ฀ $ESSA฀ T RE ฀ OM S T� N D I G HETER฀ SKALL฀ TOLK A S ฀ STRIKT฀ OCH฀ VISSA฀ M � L ฀ SOM฀ AV G J ORT S ฀ I฀ 4 Y S K LAND฀ HAR฀ T Y T T ฀ P � ฀ ATT฀ DE฀ SKULLE฀ KUNNA฀ UT VID G A S ฀ 6 I SffS A ฀ UNDANTAG฀ EXEMPELVIS฀ AVTAL฀ SOM฀ AVSER฀ FAST฀ E GEN DOM฀ ELLER฀ AVTAL฀ OM฀ G O D S T R AN S P ORT฀ B I D RAR฀ O C K S � ฀ TILL฀ ATT฀ BE G R � NffS A ฀ DEN฀ H � R ฀ ARTIKEL NffS ฀ TILL � M PN IN G SOM R � DE
& OR฀ THE฀ EMPLOYEE฀ IT฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ A P P RE C I A T E D ฀ THAT฀ THE฀ RULE฀ OF฀ PRINCIPLE฀ E N U N C I A T E D ฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ IS฀ IN APPROPRIATE฀ SINCE฀ IT฀ WOULD฀ RESULT฀ IN฀ THE฀ APPLICATION฀ OF฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ THE฀3TATE฀OF฀ THE฀EM P L O Y E E S ฀ HABITUAL฀ RESIDENCE฀ AT฀ THE฀ TIME฀ OF฀ THE฀ CON C L U S I ON฀ OF฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀ WHICH฀ HAS฀ NO฀ L O C AL I S A TION฀ V AL U E ฀ IF฀ THE฀EM P L O Y E R S ฀ ESTABLISHMENT฀ AND฀ THE฀ PLACE฀WHERE฀ THE฀ WORK฀ IS฀ PER FOR M E D ฀ ARE฀ BOTH฀ IN฀ANOTHER฀ 3TATE฀ (ERE฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ HAS฀ M O RE ฀ A P PRO P R I A T E L Y ฀ CHOSEN฀ A฀ L IN K ฀ OF฀ PRO X I M I T Y ฀ RATHER฀ THAN฀ A฀ P R EF E RE N T I AL ฀ ONE฀ AS฀ IN฀ THE฀CASE฀OF฀ THE฀ CON S U M E R ฀AND฀PRIN CIPALLY฀ OPTED฀ FOR฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ THE฀ COUNTRY฀ IN฀WHICH฀ THE฀ EMPLOYEE฀ HABITUALLY฀ PERFORMS฀ HIS฀ WORK฀ )F฀ AN฀ EMPLOYEE฀ IS฀ POSTED฀ TO฀ ANOTHER฀ COUNTRY฀ THE฀ LAW฀ C H AN G E S ฀ ONLY฀ IF฀ THE฀ PO S TING฀ IS฀ D E l N I TIVE฀ )F฀ AN฀ EMPLOYEE฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ HABITUALLY฀ PER FORM฀ HIS฀ WORK฀ IN฀ A฀ S IN G L E ฀ COUNTRY฀ THE฀ LAW฀ APPLICABLE฀ IS฀ IN฀ PRINCIPLE฀ THAT฀ OF฀ THE฀ COUNTRY฀ IN฀WHICH฀ THE฀ ESTABLISHMENT฀ THAT฀ RE C R U I T E D ฀ THE฀ EMPLOYEE฀ IS฀ LOCATED฀ 4HESE฀SPECIlCATIONS฀ARE฀SUBJECT฀TO฀AN฀EXCEPTION฀CLAUSE฀ FRAMED฀ON฀ THE฀ SAME฀ L IN E S ฀ AS฀ THAT฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀
& � R ฀ DEN฀ AN S T� L L DE฀ HAR฀ DET฀ VI S A T ฀ SIG ฀ ATT฀ P R IN C I P REGELN฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ � R ฀ O L � M P LIG฀ EFTERSOM฀DEN฀ SKULLE฀ LEDA฀ TILL฀ ATT฀ LAGEN฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ D � R ฀ DEN฀ AN S T� L L DE฀ HAR฀ SIN฀ VANLIGA฀ VI S T E L SE ORT฀ VID฀ TIDPUNKTEN฀ F � R ฀ AVTAL S SLUTET ฀ TILL � M PAS฀ D VS ฀ EN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ INTE฀HAR฀ N� G O T ฀ S � R S K I L T ฀ V � R DE฀ I฀ F R � G A ฀ OM฀ ANKNYTNING฀ EFTERSOM฀ A R BE TffS GIV A R ENS ฀ VERK SAM H ET SffS T� L L E ฀ OCH฀ PLATSEN฀ F � R ฀ A R BE TET S ฀ UT F � RANDE฀ � R ฀ BE L � G N A ฀ I฀ EN฀ ANNAN฀ STAT฀ )฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀KONVENTIONEN฀ V � L J E R ฀ MAN฀ EN฀ N� R H ET S ANKNYTNING฀ OCH฀ INTE฀ F � R M � NffS ANKNYTNING฀ SOM฀ I฀ KONSUMENTAVTAL฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ L � M P L I G A RE ฀ OCH฀ GE R ฀ F � R ET R � DE฀ � T ฀ LAGEN฀ I฀DET฀ LAND฀ D � R ฀ A R BE T STA G A R EN฀ V AN L I G TVIS ฀ UT F � R ฀ SITT฀ A R BE T E ฀ /M฀ DEN฀ AN S T� L L DE฀ � R ฀ UT S � N D ฀ TILL฀ ETT฀ ANNAT฀ LAND฀ SKALL฀ DEN฀ TILL � M P L I G A ฀ LAGEN฀ � N D RAS฀ ENDAST฀ OM฀ ANKNYTNINGEN฀ � R ฀ S L UT G I L T I G ฀ /M฀ DEN฀ AN S T� L L DE฀ INTE฀ V AN L I G TVIS ฀ UT F � R ฀ SITT฀ A R BE T E ฀ I฀ETT฀ OCH฀ SAMMA฀ LAND฀ SKALL฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ LAG฀ I฀PRINCIP฀ VARA฀ LAGEN฀ I฀DET฀ LAND฀ D � R ฀ DET฀ VERK SAM H ET SffS T� L L E ฀ SOM฀HAR฀AN S T� L L T ฀ PERSONEN฀ � R ฀ BE L � GE T ฀ $ESSA฀ ANKNYTNINGAR฀ OMFATTAS฀ AV฀EN฀UNDANTAGSKLAUSUL฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ FORM U L E RAD฀ P � ฀ SAMMA฀ S � T T ฀ SOM฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀
!S฀ IN฀ THE฀CASE฀OF฀ THE฀ RE S T R I C T I O N S ฀ ON฀ THE฀ FREEDOM฀ OF฀ CHOICE฀ THERE฀ IS฀ A฀ DEGREE฀ OF฀ PARALLELISM฀BETWEEN฀THE฀PROVISIONS฀OF฀THE฀2OME฀#ONVENTION฀AND฀THOSE฀OF฀THE฀ "RUSSELS฀ )฀2EGULATION฀ ON฀ EM P L O Y MENT฀ CONTRACTS฀ 4HE฀ P A R AL L E L I S M ฀ IS฀ LESS฀ IN฀ THE฀ CASE฀OF฀CONSUMER฀CONTRACTS฀AS฀THE฀REGULATION฀TAKES฀ACCOUNT฀OF฀CONTRACTS฀CON C L U D E D ฀ BY฀ E L E C T R O N I C ฀ M E AN S ฀ WHICH฀ WERE฀ U N KNOWN฀ WHEN฀ THE฀ 2OME฀ #ONVENTION฀ WAS฀ N E G O T I A T E D
0 � ฀ SAMMA฀ S � T T ฀ SOM฀ I฀ F R � G A ฀ OM฀ BE G R � NffS N IN G A R N A ฀ AV฀ PARTSAUTONOMIN฀ KAN฀ MAN฀ KONSTATERA฀ ATT฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀ 2OMKONVENTIONEN฀ OCH฀ I฀ "RYSSEL฀) F � R ORDNINGEN฀ OM฀ AN S T� L L N IN G S AVTAL฀ L � P E R ฀ P A R ALL E L L T ฀ , I K HETERNA฀ � R ฀ INTE฀ LIKA฀ S T O R A ฀ N� R ฀ DET฀ G � L L E R ฀ KONSUMENTAVTAL฀ EFTERSOM฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ � R ฀ UT FORM A DE฀ S � ฀ ATT฀ H � NffS YN ฀ TA S ฀ TILL฀ AVTAL฀ SOM฀ S L UT I TffS ฀ P � ฀ ELEKTRONISK ฀ V � G ฀ N� G O T ฀ SOM฀ VAR฀ O K � N T ฀ P � ฀ DEN฀ TID EN฀ D � ฀ 2OMKONVENTIONEN฀ F � R HANDLADES฀ FRAM
(a) Matters relating to the scope of the law applicable
฀ $ I V E R SE฀ F R � G O R a) Frìgor om den tillêmpliga lagens rêckvidd
!RTICLE฀ ฀ G I V E S ฀ A฀NON E X H AU S TIVE฀ LIST฀ OF฀ THE฀ MATTERS฀ GOVERNED฀BY฀ THE฀ LAW฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ A฀ CONTRACT฀ ) T ฀EX P RE S S E S ฀ THE฀ D E S I RE ฀ NOT฀ TO฀ E N C R O A C H ฀ UPON฀ THE฀ l E L D ฀ OF฀ PROCE D U R AL ฀ LAW฀ IN฀PARTICULAR฀ AS฀ REGARDS฀ THE฀ ASSESSMENT฀ OF฀ D A M A G E S ฀ CON S E Q U ENT฀ UPON฀ B R EACH฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ 4HE฀ SAME฀ O B S E R V A TION฀ MAY฀ BE฀MADE฀ RE G A R D ING฀
!RTIKEL฀ ฀ GE R ฀ EN฀ ICKE ฀ UT T� M MANDE฀ F � R T E C K NING฀ �V E R ฀ VILKA฀ F R � G O R ฀ SOM฀ OMFATTAS฀ AV฀DEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ P � ฀ ETT฀ AVTAL฀ $EN฀ A VS P EGL A R ฀ EN฀ � NffS KAN฀ ATT฀ INTE฀ IN K R � K TA฀ P � ฀ PRO C EffS S R � T T ENS ฀ OM R � DE฀ FRAM F � R ฀ ALLT฀ N� R ฀ DET฀ G � L L E R ฀ ATT฀ UPPSKATTA฀ EN฀ S K AD A ฀ VID฀ BRIST AN DE฀ F U L L G � RE L SE฀ AV฀ AVTALET฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ C ฀ 3AMMA ฀ I A K T TA GE L SE฀ KAN฀ G � RAS฀ VAD฀ AVSER฀ E R K � N N AN DET฀ AV฀ ETT฀ AVTAL S ฀ ELLER฀ EN฀ R � T TffS HAND L IN G S ฀ BE VI S V � R DE฀ SOM฀ BEHANDLAS฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ -AN฀ B� R ฀ N O T E R A ฀ ATT฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ E ฀ SKALL฀ DEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀
4HESE฀ TWO฀ T R I AN G U L A R ฀ OPERATIONS฀ ARE฀ COVERED฀ BY฀ ! R T I C L E S ฀ ฀ AND฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ RE S P E C T I V E L Y ฀ 4HE฀ I D E A฀ COMMON฀ TO฀ THOSE฀ A R T I C L E S ฀ IS฀ THAT฀ THE฀ T R AN S F E R ฀ OF฀ A฀ RIGHT฀ BY฀ VOLUNTARY฀ A S S I G N MENT฀ OR฀ S U B R O G A TION฀ IS฀ SUBJECT฀ TO฀ ITS฀ OWN฀ LAW฀ BUT฀ THAT฀ THE฀ SITUATION฀ OF฀ THE฀ D E BT OR฀ MUST฀ NOT฀ BE฀ AF F E C T E D ฀BY฀THE฀ T R AN S F E R ฀ )N฀ VOLUNTARY฀ A S S I G N MENT฀ THE฀ OWN฀ LAW฀OF฀ THE฀ T R AN S F E R ฀ IS฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ THE฀ A S S I G N MENT฀ CONTRACT฀ I E ฀ THE฀ LAW฀ CHOSEN฀ BY฀ COMMON฀ A C C O R D ฀BY฀THE฀ A S S I G N OR฀ AND฀ THE฀ A S S I G N E E ฀ AND฀IN฀SUBROGATION฀IT฀IS฀THE฀LAW฀THAT฀GOVERNED฀THE฀DUTY฀OF฀THE฀THIRD฀PARTY฀WHO฀ HAS฀ S A T I S l E D ฀ THE฀ C RE DI T OR฀ AND฀ CLAIMS฀ TO฀HAVE฀ TAKEN฀ OVER฀ THE฀ CREDITORS฀ RIGHTS฀
$ET฀ HAR฀ IN F � R TffS ฀ S � R SKILDA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ OM฀ SAM T Y C K E ฀ OCH฀ R � T TffS K A P AC I TET ฀ �V EN฀ OM฀SAMTYCKET฀OCH฀AVTALETS฀MATERIELLA฀GILTIGHET฀REGLERAS฀AV฀DEN฀LAG฀SOM฀SKULLE฀HA฀ VARIT฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ OM฀ AVTALET฀ VARIT฀ GILTIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ KAN฀ EN฀ PART฀ SOM฀ H �V D A R ฀ ATT฀ HAN฀ INTE฀HAR฀ L � M N A T ฀ SITT฀ SAM T Y C K E ฀ T EX ฀ GENOM฀ATT฀ INTE฀ Y T T R A ฀ SIG ฀ � BE R O P A ฀ LAGEN฀ I฀DET฀ LAND฀ D � R ฀ HAN฀ HAR฀ SIN฀ VANLIGA฀ VI S T E L SE ORT฀ OM฀DET฀ INTE฀ SKULLE฀ VARA฀ R I M LIGT฀ ATT฀ BE D � M A ฀ HAN S ฀ UPP T R � DANDE฀ ENLIGT฀ DEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ ANSES฀ VARA฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ P � ฀ AVTALET฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ 2� T TffS K A P AC I TET EN฀ SOM฀ I฀DE฀ m E STA R � T TffS S Y S T E M P � KONTINENTEN BEROR P � ฀ PERSON A L STA TU TET ฀ REGLERAS฀ INTE฀ DIREKT฀ I฀KONVENTIONEN฀ SOM฀ BARA ฀ BE K R � F TAR฀ EN฀ TRADI T I O NELL฀ L � S NING฀ SOM฀ H � R R � R ฀ F R � N ฀ ETT฀ AV G � RANDE฀ AV฀DEN฀ F R AN SKA฀ K A SffS A T I O NffS DOMSTOLEN฀ AV฀DEN฀ ฀ J AN U A R I฀ ฀ I฀ FALLET฀ , I Z A R D I฀ G R UND A T ฀ P � ฀ TEORIN฀OM฀DET฀ S K EN BARA ฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀ H IN D R A ฀ EN฀PERSON฀ SOM฀ IN G � T T ฀ ETT฀ AVTAL฀ I฀ETT฀ LAND฀ F R � N ฀ ATT฀ � BE R O P A ฀ SIN฀ BRIST AN DE฀ R � T TffS K A P AC I TET ฀ ENLIGT฀ EN฀ ANNAN฀ LAG฀ GENTEMOT ฀ DEN฀ ANDRA฀ AVTAL S PARTEN฀ SOM฀ I฀ G O D ฀ T R O ฀ INTE฀ K � N DE฀ TILL฀ DENNA฀ BRIST AN DE฀ R � T TffS K A P AC I TET ฀ ARTIKEL฀