natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
฀ !S฀ STATED฀ E A R L I E R ฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ))฀2EGULATION฀ CAME฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ ON฀ ฀ - A R C H ฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ AND฀ AS฀ A฀ RESULT฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ ITS฀ PROVISIONS฀ APPLY฀ ONLY฀ TO฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ AFTER฀ THAT฀ D A T E ฀ " U T ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀DOES฀LAY฀DOWN฀ A฀TRANSITIONAL฀PROVISION฀TO฀THE฀EFFECT฀THAT฀JUDGMENTS฀GIVEN฀AFTER฀THE฀DATE฀OF฀ ENTRY฀INTO฀FORCE฀OF฀THE฀REGULATION฀IN฀PROCEEDINGS฀INSTITUTED฀BEFORE฀THAT฀DATE฀ WOULD฀BE฀RECOGNISED฀AND฀ENFORCED฀IN฀ACCORDANCE฀WITH฀THE฀PROVISIONS฀OF฀THE฀ REGULATION฀IF฀JURISDICTION฀WAS฀FOUNDED฀ON฀RULES฀WHICH฀ACCORDED฀WITH฀THOSE฀ PROVIDED฀FOR฀EITHER฀IN฀THE฀REGULATION฀ITSELF฀OR฀IN฀A฀CONVENTION฀CONCLUDED฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀AND฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ADDRESSED฀WHICH฀WAS฀IN฀FORCE฀WHEN฀THE฀PROCEED INGS฀ WERE฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ . E V E R T H E LESS฀ THAT฀RULE฀DOES฀NOT฀COVER฀ALL฀OF฀THE฀TRANSITIONAL฀LAW฀PROBLEMS฀AND฀WE฀SHALL฀ HAVE฀ O C C A S I ON฀ LATER฀ IN฀ THIS฀ REPORT฀ TO฀DEAL฀WITH฀ PROBLEMS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ LIS฀ PENDENS฀ WHICH฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ))A฀ 2EGULATION฀ WITH฀ M O RE ฀ COMPLEX฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ AND฀ TRANSITIONAL฀ PROVISIONS฀ HAS฀ NOT฀ S O L V E D
฀ "RYSSEL฀ )) F � R ORDNINGEN฀ T R �D DE฀ SOM฀ REDAN฀ ANGETTS฀ I฀KRAFT฀ DEN฀ ฀ MARS฀ ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OCH฀ F � L J A K T LIGEN฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ TILL � M PAS฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ ENDAST฀ P � ฀ F � R F A RANDEN฀ SOM฀ INLETTS฀ EFTER฀ DET฀ D A T UM ET ฀ )฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ FAST S T� L L S ฀ EMELLERTID฀ EN฀ �V E R G � N G S BE S T� M M E L SE฀ ENLIGT฀ VILKEN฀ DOMAR฀ SOM฀ EFTER฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ I K R A FT T R � DANDE฀ HAR฀ MED DEL A TffS ฀ I฀ M � L ฀ OCH฀ � R EN DEN฀ SOM฀HAR฀AN H � N G I G G J ORT S ฀ F � RE ฀ DEN฀ D A GEN฀ SKALL฀ E R K � N NAS฀ OCH฀ VERK S T� L L A S ฀ ENLIGT฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLEN฀ HAR฀ G R UND A T ฀ SIN฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ P � ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SOM฀ ANGES฀ I฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ ELLER฀ I฀ EN฀ KONVENTION฀ SOM฀ G � L L DE฀ MELLAN฀ URSPRUNGSMEDLEMSSTATEN฀ OCH฀ DEN฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ D � R ฀ DOMEN฀ G � R S ฀ G � L L AN DE฀ VID฀ TID EN฀ F � R ฀ M � L ET S ฀ ELLER฀ � R EN DET S ฀ AN H � N G I G G � RANDE฀ $ENNA฀ REGEL฀ OMFATTAR฀ DOCK฀ INTE฀ SAMTLIGA฀ PROBLEM฀ MED฀ �V E R G � N G S BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ OCH฀ VI ฀ KOMMER฀ NEDAN฀ ATT฀ F � ฀ TILL F � L L E ฀ ATT฀ BE HAND L A ฀ PROBLEM EN฀ I฀ SAMBAND฀MED฀ LITISPENDENS฀ VILKA฀ INTE฀HELLER฀ L � S TffS ฀ I฀ "RYSSEL฀ ))A F � R ORDNINGEN฀ I฀ VILKEN฀ BE S T� M M E L SE N ฀ OM฀ I K R A FT T R � DANDE฀ OCH฀ �V E R G � N G S BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ � R ฀ EN฀ KON SE K V ENS ฀ AV฀ S T� R RE ฀ KOM P L EX I TET
฀ ( E N C E ฀ THE฀ A D D E D ฀ I M PO R T ANCE฀ IN฀ THIS฀ CASE ฀OF฀THE฀ TRANSITIONAL฀ PROVISIONS฀ WHICH฀ ARE฀ SET฀ OUT฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ AND฀ PROVIDE฀ FOR฀ F O U R ฀ PO S S I B I L I T I E S
฀ $� R F � R ฀ � R ฀ DE฀ �V E R G � N G S BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SOM฀lNNS I ARTIKEL G A RE ฀ -AN฀ S K I L J E R ฀ MELLAN฀ F � L JANDE฀ FYRA ฀ M � JL I G H ET E R
A฀ 4HE฀ GENERAL฀ RULE฀ IN฀ P A R A G R A P H ฀ ฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ THAT฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ WILL฀ APPLY฀ ONLY฀ TO฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ AFTER฀ ITS฀ D A T E ฀ OF฀ A P P L I C A T I O N
A ฀ %NLIGT฀ DEN฀ ALL M � N N A ฀ REGELN฀ SOM฀lNNS I PUNKT SKALL F � R O R D N INGEN TILL � M PAS฀ P � ฀ F � R F A RANDEN฀ SOM฀HAR฀ INLETTS฀ EFTER฀ DEN฀ DAG฀ D � ฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ B� R J A DE฀ TILL � M P A S
B ฀ 4HE฀ REGULATION฀ WILL฀ ALSO฀ APPLY฀ TO฀ THE฀ RECOGNITION฀ AND฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀GIVEN฀AFTER฀ITS฀DATE฀OF฀APPLICATION฀IN฀PROCEEDINGS฀INSTITUTED฀ BEFORE฀ITS฀DATE฀OF฀APPLICATION฀BUT฀AFTER฀THE฀DATE฀OF฀ENTRY฀INTO฀FORCE฀OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ IN฀ CASES฀WHERE฀ JURISDICTION฀ IS฀ F O U N D E D ฀ ON฀ RULES฀WHICH฀ A C C O R D ฀ WITH฀ THOSE฀ PROVIDED฀ FOR฀ IN฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ OR฀ A฀ CONVENTION฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀AND฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ADDRESSED฀WHICH฀WAS฀IN฀FORCE฀WHEN฀THE฀PROCEED INGS฀ WERE฀ IN S T I T U T E D
B ฀ & � R ORDNINGEN฀ SKALL฀ �V EN฀ TILL � M PAS฀ P � ฀ E R K � N N AN DE฀ OCH฀ VERK S T� L LIGHET฀ AV฀ DOMAR฀ SOM฀HAR฀ MED DEL A TffS ฀ I฀ M � L ฀ OCH฀ � R EN DEN฀ SOM฀HAR฀ INLETTS฀ F � RE ฀ DEN฀ D A GEN฀ MEN฀ EFTER฀ DEN฀ DAG฀ D � ฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ T R �D DE฀ I฀KRAFT฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLEN฀ HAR฀ G R UND A T ฀ SIN฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ P � ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SOM฀ �V E R ENS S T� M MER฀ ANTINGEN฀MED฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ ELLER฀MED฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ ELLER฀MED฀ EN฀ KONVENTION฀ SOM฀ G � L L DE฀ MELLAN฀ URSPRUNGSMEDLEMSSTATEN฀ OCH฀ DEN฀ STAT฀ D � R ฀ DOMEN฀ G JO R DES ฀ G � L L AN DE฀ VID฀ TID EN฀ F � R ฀ M � L ET S ฀ ELLER฀ � R EN DET S ฀ AN H � N G I G G � R AN DE 0 ฀ %' 4 ฀ , ฀ ฀
ACCORDANCE฀WITH฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ PROVIDED฀ THAT฀ THEY฀ RELATE฀ TO฀MATRIMONIAL฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ OR฀ PARENTAL฀ RESPONSIBILITY฀ FOR฀ THE฀ CHILDREN฀OF฀BOTH฀ SPOUSES฀ON฀ THE฀OCCASION฀OF฀ THESE฀MATRIMONIAL฀PRO C E E D IN G S
C ฀ $ OM A R ฀ SOM฀ F � RE ฀ DEN฀ DAG฀ D � ฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ B� R J A DE฀ TILL � M PAS฀ HAR฀ MED DEL A TffS ฀ I฀ M � L ฀ OCH฀ � R EN DEN฀ SOM฀HAR฀ INLETTS฀ EFTER฀ DEN฀ DAG฀ D � ฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ T R �D DE฀ I฀KRAFT฀ SKALL฀ E R K � N NAS฀ OCH฀ VERK S T� L L A S ฀ ENLIGT฀ REGLERNA฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ OM฀ DOMARNA฀ AVSER฀ � K T ENS K A P ฀ ELLER฀ F � R � L D R A ANSVAR฀ F � R ฀ M A K A R NAS฀ GEMENSAMMA฀ BARN฀ MED฀ ANKNYTNING฀ TILL฀ S �D AN A ฀ � K T ENS K A PS M � L
D ฀ *U DG MENTS฀ GIVEN฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀ D A T E ฀ OF฀ APPLICATION฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ BUT฀ AFTER฀ THE฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ IN฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ ARE฀ SUBJECT฀ TO฀ THE฀ SAME฀ M A T E R I AL ฀ L I M I T A TION฀ AS฀ THAT฀ IN฀ C ฀ ABOVE฀ ! D DI T I O N AL L Y ฀ JURISDICTION฀ MUST฀ BE฀ F O U N D E D ฀ ON฀ RULES฀WHICH฀ A C C O R D ฀ WITH฀ THOSE฀ PROVIDED฀ FOR฀ IN฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ OR฀ A฀ CONVENTION฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀AND฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ADDRESSED฀WHICH฀WAS฀IN฀FORCE฀WHEN฀THE฀PROCEED INGS฀ WERE฀ IN S T I T U T E D
D ฀ 6ID฀ DOMAR฀ SLUTLIGEN฀ SOM฀ F � RE ฀ DEN฀ DAG฀ D � ฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ B� R J A DE฀ TILL � M PAS฀ MEN฀ EFTER฀ DEN฀ DAG฀ D � ฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ T R �D DE฀ I฀KRAFT฀ HAR฀ MED DEL A TffS ฀ I฀ M � L ฀ OCH฀ � R EN DEN฀ SOM฀HAR฀ INLETTS฀ F � RE ฀ DEN฀ DAG฀ D � ฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ T R �D DE฀ I฀KRAFT฀ SKALL฀ SAMMA฀ MATERIELLA฀ BE G R � NffS NING฀ TILL � M PAS฀ SOM฀ I฀ F � REG � ENDE฀ PUNKT฀ OCH฀ DESSUTOM฀ SKALL฀ DOMSTOLENS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ VARA฀ GRUNDAD฀ P � ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SOM฀ �V E R ENS S T� M MER฀ ANTINGEN฀MED฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ ELLER฀MED฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ ELLER฀MED฀ EN฀ KONVENTION฀ SOM฀ G � L L DE฀ MELLAN฀ URSPRUNGSMEDLEMSSTATEN฀ OCH฀ DEN฀ STAT฀ D � R ฀ DOMEN฀ G � R S ฀ G � L L AN DE฀ VID฀ TID EN฀ F � R ฀ M � L ET S ฀ ELLER฀ � R EN DET S ฀ AN H � N G I G G � R AN DE
฀ 4HE฀ lRST฀ PO IN T ฀ TO฀ MAKE฀ IN฀ RELATION฀ TO฀ # H A P T E R S ฀ )) ฀ AND฀ ))) ฀ IS฀ THAT฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ))A฀ 2EGULATION฀ WAS฀ PREPARED฀ ON฀ THE฀ CLEAR฀ UNDERSTANDING฀ THAT฀ NO฀ C H AN G E S ฀ WOULD฀ BE฀MADE฀ TO฀ THE฀ PROVISIONS฀ ON฀ DI V O R C E ฀ SEPARATION฀OR฀ AN N U L MENT฀ WITH฀ THE฀ RESULT฀ THAT฀ ALL฀ E A R L I E R ฀ C O M MENTS฀ ON฀ THESE฀ MATTERS฀ ARE฀ FULLY฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ THE฀ RE C E N T L Y ฀ A P PRO V E D ฀ REGULATION฀ ฀ 4HE฀ GROUNDS฀ OF ฀JURISDIC
฀ $ET฀ MATERIELLA฀ TILL � M PN IN G SOM R � DET฀ F � R ฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ VAR฀ O R SAKEN฀ TILL฀ ATT฀ F � R O R D N INGEN S ฀ K � R N A ฀ F AN NffS ฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀SOM฀INNE H � L L E R ฀ GRUNDER฀ F � R ฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ I฀ � K T ENS K A PS M � L ฀ SOM฀ B A SE RAR฀ SIG ฀ P � ฀ PRINCIPEN฀ OM฀ RE E L L ฀ ANKNYTNING฀ MELLAN฀ PERSONEN฀ OCH฀ EN฀VISS฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ $E ฀ FALL฀ ENLIGT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀VILKA฀ MYNDIGHETERNA ฀ I฀ EN฀VISS฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ HAR฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ F � R ฀ F R � G O R ฀ OM฀ SKYDD฀ F � R ฀ GEMENSAMMA฀ BARN฀ VID฀ EN฀ K R I S ฀ I฀ � K T ENS K A P ET ฀ B A SE RAR฀ SIG ฀ P � ฀ DESSA฀ GRUNDER฀ � N D R INGEN ฀ AV฀ KONVENTIONENS฀ TILL � M PN IN G SOM R � DE฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ HAR฀ �V EN฀MED F � R T ฀ EN฀ � N D R IN G ฀ AV฀ S T R U K TU R EN฀ I฀DETTA฀ KAPITEL ฀ SOM฀ N U ฀ � R ฀ UPP DEL A T ฀ I฀ T RE ฀ AVSNITT฀ ETT฀ OM฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ F � R ฀ � K T ENS K A PS SKILLNAD฀ HEMSKILLNAD฀ OCH฀ ANNULLERING฀ AV฀ � K T ENS K A P ฀ ETT฀ ANNAT฀ OM฀ F � R � L D R A ANSVAR฀ OCH฀ ETT฀ SISTA฀ AVSNITT฀ SOM฀ IN N E H � L L E R ฀ GEMENSAMMA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ F � R ฀ DE฀ B �D A ฀ F � REG � ENDE฀ A VS N I T T EN
TION฀ ARE฀ EXCLUSIVE฀ ALTERNATIVE฀ AND฀ OBJECTIVE฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀ M E AN ING฀ GIVEN฀ TO฀ THE฀ T E R M ฀ @ EXCLUSIVE฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ WHICH฀ IS฀NOT฀THE฀ SAME฀ M E AN ING฀ AS฀ IN฀ THE฀ ฀ "RUSSELS฀ #ONVENTION฀ AND฀ IN฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ ฀ 4HERE฀ IS฀ THEREFORE฀ NO฀ POSSIBILITY฀ OF ฀EX P RE S S ฀ OR฀ T A C IT฀ S U B M I S S I O N
฀ $ET฀ SKALL฀ F � R S T ฀ FRAM H � L L A S ฀ S �V � L ฀ BE T R � F F AN DE฀ DETTA฀ KAPITEL ฀ SOM฀ KAPITEL ฀ ))) ฀ ATT฀MAN฀ VID฀ UTARBETANDET฀ AV฀"RYSSEL฀ ))A F � R ORDNINGEN฀ UTGICK฀ F R � N ฀ EN฀ MYCKET฀ TYDLIG฀ F � R UT S � T T NING฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ OM฀ � K T ENS K A PS SKILLNAD฀ HEMSKILLNAD฀ OCH฀ ANNULLERING฀ SKULLE฀ INTE฀ � N D RAS฀ VILKET฀ MED F � R ฀ ATT฀ ALLT฀ SOM฀ H � R VID LAG฀ ANGETTS฀ VID฀ TIDIGARE฀ TILL F � L LEN฀ ฀ FORTFARANDE฀ � R ฀ F U L L T ฀ GILTIGT฀ N� R ฀ DET฀ G � L L E R ฀ DEN฀ NYLIGEN฀ ANTAGNA฀ F � R ORDNINGEN฀ "E H � R I G H ET S GRUNDERNA฀ � R ฀ EX K L UffS I V A ฀ A L T E R NATIVA฀ OCH฀ OB J E K T I V A ฀ I฀DEN฀ BETYDELSE฀ SOM฀ UT T R Y C K ET ฀ v EXKLUSIV฀ BE H � R I G H ET v ฀ GES฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ 3AMMA฀BETYDELSE฀ AN V � N D S ฀ INTE฀ I฀ ฀ � R S ฀ KONVENTION฀ ELLER฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ ฀ $ET฀lNNS S � L E DES INGEN M � JL I G H ET TILL UTTRYCKLIG ELLER T Y S T ฀ PRO R O G A T I O N
฀ 4HERE฀ WERE฀ IN฀ FACT฀ TWO฀ POSSIBLE฀ S T A R TING฀ PO IN T S ฀ FOR ฀DE T E R M IN ING฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀MATRIMONIAL฀ MATTERS฀ EITHER฀ TO฀ IN C O R PO R A T E ฀ UNIFORM฀ RULES฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ MATTERS฀ OF฀ DI V O R C E ฀ PROVIDING฀ A฀ LIMITED฀ NUMBER฀ OF฀ ALTERNATIVES฀ WITHOUT฀ ANY฀ H I E R A R C H Y ฀ OR฀ TAKING฀ THE฀ OP PO S I T E ฀ A P PROACH฀ TO฀ IN C O R PO R A T E ฀ NO฀ RULES฀OF฀JURISDICTION฀BUT฀SIMPLY฀ESTABLISH฀PERMISSIBLE฀GROUNDS฀OF฀JURISDIC TION฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀FOLLOWS฀THE฀ lRST฀ A P PROACH฀ 4HE฀ DECISION฀ TO฀ INCLUDE฀ A฀ NUMBER฀ OF฀ SPECIlC฀ GROUNDS฀ RE mECTS฀THEIR฀EXISTENCE฀IN฀THE฀LEGAL฀ORDER฀OF฀VARIOUS฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀AND฀THEIR฀ A C C EP T ANCE฀ BY฀ THE฀ OTHER฀-EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ E N D E A V O U R ING฀ TO฀ R EACH฀ AN฀ AGREEMENT฀ A C C EP T ABLE฀ TO฀ AL L
฀ $ET฀ F AN NffS ฀ T V�฀ UT G � N G S PUNKTER฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀ FAST S T� L L A ฀ EN฀ DOMSTOLS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ I฀ � K T ENS K A PS M � L ฀ ANTINGEN฀ IN F � RANDE฀ AV฀ ETT฀ BE G R � NffS A T ฀ AN TA L ฀ A L T E R NATIVA฀ ICKE ฀ R AN G O R D N A DE฀ ENHETLIGA ฀ REGLER฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ I฀ � K T ENS K A PS S K I L L N AD S M � L ฀ ELLER฀ T V � R T OM฀ INGET฀ IN F � RANDE฀ AV฀ BE H � R I G H ET S REGLER฀ UTAN฀ ENDAST฀ FAST S T� L L AN DE฀ AV฀DE฀ TILL � T N A ฀ BE H � R I G H ET S GRUNDERNA฀ )฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ F � R O R D NING฀ %' ฀NR฀ ฀ AN V � N D S ฀ DET฀ F � R STA ฀ A L T E R N A T I V ET ฀ "E SLUTET ฀ ATT฀ IN F � R A ฀ VISSA฀ GRUNDER฀ A VS P EGL A R ฀ ATT฀ DE฀ F � RE KOMMER฀ I฀OLIKA฀ MEDLEMSSTATERS฀ SYSTEM฀OCH฀ G O D TA S ฀ AV฀DE฀ �V R I G A ฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNA฀ OCH฀ � R ฀ ETT฀ F � R S � K ฀ ATT฀ N� ฀ EN฀ �V E R ENS KOM M E L SE฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ G O D TA G B A R ฀ F � R ฀ SAMTLIGA฀
฀ 4HE฀ RESULT฀ IS฀ THAT฀ THERE฀ ARE฀ S EVEN฀ DIFFERENT฀ GROUNDS฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ FOR฀ DI V O R C E ฀ SEPARATION฀ AND฀ AN N U L MENT฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ L E A D ING฀ TO฀ A฀ DEGREE฀ OF฀ F A V OR฀ DI V O R T I I ฀ ฀ & OR฀ SOME฀ THAT฀ RESULT฀ IS฀ OPEN฀ TO฀ C R I T I C I S M ฀ ฀ BUT฀ IN฀ M Y ฀ OPINION฀ THE฀ GROUNDS฀ ADOPTED฀ E N D E A V O U R ฀ TO฀ M E E T ฀ OBJECTIVE฀ REQUIREMENTS฀ ARE฀ IN฀ LINE฀WITH฀THE฀INTERESTS฀OF฀THE฀PARTIES฀AND฀ENDEAVOUR฀TO฀BE฀SUFlCIENTLY฀mEX I B L E ฀ TO฀ M E E T ฀ THE฀ N E E DfiS ฀ OF฀ IN DI V I D U AL S ฀ M O B I L I T Y ฀ AND฀ l N AL L Y ฀ TO฀ RE S PO N D ฀ TO฀ INDIVIDUAL฀ REQUIREMENTS฀ WITHOUT฀ S A C R I l C ING฀ LEGAL฀ C E R T A IN T Y ฀ )F฀ THERE฀ IS฀ A฀ R I S K ฀ OF฀ FORUM฀SHOPPING฀ THE฀ SOLU TION฀ SHOULD฀ NOT฀ BE฀ TO฀ RE D U C E ฀ THE฀ NUMBER฀ OF฀ GROUNDS฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ BUT฀ TO฀ U N IF Y ฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀ CONmICT OF LAW฀ RULES฀ AS฀ WAS฀ D ONE฀ BY฀ THE฀ ฀ 2OME฀ #ONVENTION฀ ON฀ THE฀ , A W ฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ # O N TRACTUAL฀ / B L I G A T I O N S ฀
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4HE฀ A C T U AL ฀ GROUNDS฀ ADOPTED฀ ARE฀ L A R G E L Y ฀ BASED฀ ON฀ HABITUAL฀ RESIDENCE฀ AL THOUGH฀THE฀MOBILITY฀OF฀PEOPLE฀IN฀%UROPE฀AND฀THE฀RANGE฀OF฀POSSIBLE฀SITUA TIONS฀MAY฀MAKE฀IT฀DIFlCULT฀TO฀IDENTIFY฀A฀SINGLE฀PLACE฀OF฀RESIDENCE฀FOR฀THE฀ PURPOSES฀OF฀ THE฀ RULE฀ ฀ 3OME฀ A C C O U N T ฀ HAS฀ L I K E W I S E ฀ BEEN฀ TAKEN฀ OF฀ N A T I O N ALITY฀AND฀OF฀DOMICILE฀WITHIN฀THE฀MEANING฀OF฀THE฀TERM฀AS฀USED฀IN฀THE฀5NITED฀ + IN G D O M ฀ AND฀ ) RE L AND฀ P A R A G R A P H ฀ ฀ 4HAT฀ RULE฀ IS฀ALSO฀ PER F E C T L Y ฀ A C C EP T ABLE฀ SINCE฀IT฀CERTAINLY฀DOES฀NOT฀CONSTITUTE฀DISCRIMINATION฀WITHIN฀THE฀MEANING฀OF฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ %#฀ 4 RE A T Y ฀
฀ 2ESULTATET ฀ BLEV฀ ATT฀ SJU฀ OLIKA฀ BE H � R I G H ET S GRUNDER฀ F � R ฀ � K T ENS K A PS SKILLNAD฀ HEMSKILLNAD฀ OCH฀ ANNULLERING฀ AV฀ � K T ENS K A P ฀ IN F � R DES ฀ VILKET฀ GE R ฀ UPP H O V ฀ TILL฀ EN฀VISS฀ F AV O R ฀ D I V ORT I I฀ ฀ 6 I SffS A ฀ KAN฀ K R I T I SE R A ฀ DETTA฀ RESULTAT฀ ฀ MEN฀ J A G ฀ ANSER฀ ATT฀MAN฀ F � R S � K E R ฀ UPP F YLL A ฀ OB J E K T I V A ฀ K R AV฀ GENOM฀ DE฀ GRUNDER฀ SOM฀ V A L TffS ฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ I฀ LINJE฀MED฀ PARTERNAS฀ INTRESSEN฀ OCH฀ J A G ฀ ANSER฀ VIDARE฀ ATT฀MAN฀ HAR฀ EFTER S T R �V A T ฀ REGLER฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ TILL R � C K LIGT฀ m EX IB L AF � R ATT M � N N I S K O R N A S BEHOV AV฀ R � R LIGHET฀ SKALL฀ TILL G O DO SES฀ 'ENOM฀ GRUNDERNA฀ TILL G O DO SES฀ SLUTLIGEN฀ DEN฀ ENS K I L DES ฀ BEHOV ฀ UTAN฀ ATT฀ R � T TffS S � K E R HETEN฀ OF F RAS฀ /M฀DET฀ lNNS RISK F � R FORUM฀ S H O P P IN G ฀ B� R ฀ INTE฀ L � S NINGEN฀ VARA฀ ATT฀ M IN SKA฀ ANTALET฀ BE H � R I G H ET S GRUNDER฀ UTAN฀ I฀ S T� L L ET ฀ ATT฀ G � R A ฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNAS฀ REGLER฀ OM฀ LAGKONmIKT ENHETLIGA P � ฀ SAMMA฀ S � T T ฀ SOM฀ S K E D DE฀ GENOM฀ ฀ � R S ฀ 2 OM KONVENTION฀ OM฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ LAG฀ F � R ฀ AVTAL S F � R P LIK T E L SE R v , A ฀ D � S U NIO N v ฀ S ฀ � ฀ SOM฀ SKULLE฀ HA฀ F � RE D R A GIT฀ EN฀ KONTROLL฀ AV฀DEN฀ INDIREKTA฀ BE H � R I G HETEN฀ EFTERSOM฀DE฀ANSER฀ATT฀DET฀VAR฀DET฀ STORA฀ANTALET฀GRUNDER฀SOM฀ N �D V � N D I G GJORDE฀ IN F � R AN DET฀ AV฀ vDEN฀SOlSTIKERADE
E V E R T H E LESS฀ THAT฀ RESULT฀ WAS฀ A C H I E V E D ฀ AS฀ * ฀ 0 I R R U N G ฀ P U T S ฀ IT฀ IN฀ @ 5 N I l C A TION฀ E N ฀ M A T I �RE ฀ F A M I L I AL E ฀ L A฀ #ONVENTION ฀DE ฀ L 5 N I ON฀ % U R OP �E N N E ฀ S U R ฀ L A฀ RE CON N A I S S ANCE฀ DES฀DIVORCES฀ET฀LA฀QUESTION฀DE฀ N O U V E AU X ฀ T R A V AU X ฀ D 5 N I D R O IT฀ 2 E V U E ฀DE ฀ D R O IT฀ U N I FOR M E ฀.O฀ ฀ ฀ P ฀ ฀ BY฀ M O V ING฀ FROM฀ @ C O M PRO M I S E ฀ TO฀ C O M PRO M I S E ฀ " ฀ !
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THE฀ SEPARATION฀ INTO฀ A฀ DI V O R C E ฀ PROVIDED฀ OF฀ C O U R S E ฀ THAT฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ THAT฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ SO฀ PROVIDES฀ AS฀ SET฀ OUT฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀
INTE฀ � R ฀ MED B O R G A RE ฀I฀GEMEN SKAPEN฀ BOR฀I฀ & RANKRIKE฀MED฀DE฀ GEMENSAMMA฀ BARN EN฀ OCH฀ M A K EN฀ TILL B R IN G A R ฀ � T E R S T O DEN฀ AV฀ V E C KAN฀ I฀DET฀ L AN DET
฀ 7 I T H ฀ REGARD฀ TO฀ EXTRA #OMMUNITY฀ DIS P U T E S ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ C O R RE S PO N DfiS ฀ TO฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ ฀ "RUSSELS฀ #ONVENTION฀ 4HAT฀ O B V I A T E S ฀ THE฀ NEED฀ FOR฀ A฀ PROVISION฀ AS฀ PRO PO S E D ฀ BY฀ SOME฀ 3TATES฀ IN฀ THE฀ C O U R S E ฀OF฀THE฀ N E G O T I A T I O N S ฀ TO฀ THE฀ EFFECT฀ THAT฀ THE฀ GROUNDS฀ IN฀ THE฀CONVENTION฀WOULD฀APPLY฀ONLY฀IF฀BOTH฀SPOUSES฀WERE฀%UROPEAN฀CITIZENS฀ HABITUALLY฀RESIDENT฀IN฀THE฀TERRITORY฀OF฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀AND฀THAT฀ IN฀ALL฀ OTHER฀ CASES฀ NATIONAL฀ LAW฀ WOULD฀ APPLY฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ T H U S ฀DEALS฀WITH฀ W H AT฀ IS฀ T E R M E D ฀ @ RESIDUAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ !S฀ STATED฀ IN฀ THE฀EXPLANATORY฀REPORT฀ON฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ THE฀NATURE฀OF฀ THE฀ JURISDICTIONS฀ LAID฀DOWN฀IN฀ !
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PRESENCE฀ RESIDUAL฀ JURISDICTION฀AND฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀ THE฀ COURT฀ BE S T ฀ PLACE D ฀ TO฀ H E A R ฀ THE฀ CASE
� K T ENS K A PS SKILLNAD฀ MED฀ ANKNYTNING฀ TILL฀ F � R � L D R A ANSVAR฀ F � R ฀ MAKARS฀ GEMENSAMMA฀ BARN฀ INTE฀ OBE G R � NffS AD ฀ P E R P ET U A T I O ฀ JURI S D I C T I O N I S ฀ UTAN฀ DEN฀ UPP H � R ฀ I฀ OCH฀ MED฀ � K T ENS K A PS M � L ET
A฀ 5NDER฀ THE฀ GENERAL฀ RULE฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I E S ฀ WITH฀ THE฀ AU T H O R I TIES฀OF฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀IN฀WHICH฀THE฀CHILD฀IS฀HABITUALLY฀RESIDENT฀AT฀THE฀ TIME฀ THE฀ COURT฀ IS฀ SEISED฀ FULLY฀ IN฀ K E EP ING฀ WITH฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ ฀ (AGUE฀#ONVENTION฀ ( O W E V E R ฀ THERE฀ IS฀ DIVERGENCE฀ IN฀ THE฀ EVENT฀OF฀ A฀ C H AN G E ฀ OF฀ RESIDENCE฀ W H E RE AS฀ UNDER฀ THE฀ ฀ (AGUE฀#ONVENTION฀ JU RISDICTION฀IS฀AUTOMATICALLY฀TRANSFERRED฀TO฀THE฀AUTHORITIES฀OF฀THE฀3TATE฀OF฀ THE฀ C H I L DfiS ฀ NEW฀ HABITUAL฀ RESIDENCE฀ EXCEPT฀ IN฀ CASES฀ OF฀ ABDUCTION฀ OR฀ W R O N GF U L ฀ RE T E N TION฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ PROVIDES฀ THAT฀ THE฀AUTHORITIES฀OF฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ THE฀ C H I L DfiS ฀ FORMER฀ HABITUAL฀RESIDENCE฀RETAIN฀JURISDICTION฀DURING฀A฀THREE MONTH฀PERIOD฀FOR฀ THE฀PURPOSE฀OF฀MODIFYING฀A฀JUDGMENT฀ON฀ACCESS฀RIGHTS฀ISSUED฀BEFORE฀THE฀ C H I L D ฀ M O V E D ฀ WHERE฀ THE฀ HOLDER฀ OF฀ THE฀ ACCESS฀ RIGHTS฀ PURSUANT฀ TO฀ THE฀ JUDGMENT฀IN฀QUESTION฀CONTINUES฀TO฀RESIDE฀IN฀THAT฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀AND฀HAS฀ NOT฀ACCEPTED฀THE฀JURISDICTION฀OF฀THE฀AUTHORITIES฀OF฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ THE฀ C H I L DfiS ฀ NEW฀ HABITUAL฀ RE S I D E N C E
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