natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
4HE฀ IN V I O L ABILITY฀ OF฀ THE฀ D E BT O R S ฀ POSITION฀ M E AN S ฀ THAT฀ RELATIONS฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀ A S S I G N OR฀ OR฀ THE฀ S U B R O G A T E D ฀ PARTY฀ ON฀ THE฀ ONE฀ H AND฀ AND฀ THE฀ D E BT OR฀ ON฀ THE฀ OTHER฀ H AND฀WILL฀ BE฀ GOVERNED฀BY฀ THE฀ LAW฀ WHICH฀ GOVERNED฀ THE฀ O R I G IN AL ฀ RIGHT฀ THE฀ SUBJECT฀ OF฀ THE฀ T R AN S F E R ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ EVEN฀ PROVIDES฀ THAT฀ THE฀ LAW฀ G O V E R N ING฀ THE฀ RIGHT฀ TO฀WHICH฀THE฀ASSIGNMENT฀RELATES฀SHALL฀DETERMINE฀THE฀CONDITIONS฀UNDER฀WHICH฀ THE฀ A S S I G N MENT฀ CAN฀ BE฀ IN V O K E D ฀ AGAINST฀ THE฀ D E BT OR฀ BUT฀ IT฀ L E A V E S ฀ OPEN฀ THE฀ Q U E S TION฀OF฀THE฀LAW฀APPLICABLE฀TO฀THE฀CONDITIONS฀UNDER฀WHICH฀THE฀ASSIGNMENT฀CAN฀ BE฀ IN V O K E D ฀ AGAINST฀ THIRD฀ P A R T I E S
DE฀ F � R UT S � T T NINGAR฀ UNDER฀ VILKA฀ �V E R L � T E L SE N ฀ KAN฀ G � RAS฀ G � L L AN DE฀ MOT฀ G � L DEN � R EN฀ MEN฀ DEN฀ L � M N A R ฀ F R � G AN ฀ � P PEN฀ OM฀ VILKEN฀ LAG฀ SOM฀ � R ฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ P � ฀ F � R UT S � T T N IN G A R N A ฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀ G � R A ฀ �V E R L � T E L SE N ฀ G � L L AN DE฀ MOT฀ TREDJE฀ MAN
7 H Y ฀ WERE฀ T H INGS฀ NOT฀ L EF T ฀ THERE฀ AND฀ W H Y ฀ WAS฀ A฀ SECOND฀ PROTOCOL฀ A D D E D ฀ 4HE฀ RE A S ON฀ WAS฀ THE฀ D E S I RE ฀ TO฀ A S S O C I A T E ฀ ALL฀ #OMMUNITY฀ 3TATES฀ ฀ AT฀ THE฀ TIME฀ IN CLUDING฀THOSE฀WHICH฀AT฀THE฀TIME฀HAD฀NO฀INTENTION฀OF฀EVER฀RATIFYING฀THE฀lRST฀
6 A R F � R ฀ N� J DE฀ MAN฀ SIG ฀ D � ฀ INTE฀ MED฀ DET฀ UTAN฀ L A DE฀ TILL฀ ETT฀ ANDRA฀ PROTOKOLL฀ & � R K L A R INGEN ฀ � R ฀ ATT฀MAN฀ VI L L E ฀ F � ฀ GEMENSKAPENS฀ ALLA฀ STATER฀ TOLV ฀ P � ฀ DEN฀ TID EN฀ �V EN฀ DEM ฀ SOM฀ D � ฀ HADE฀ F � R ฀ AV SIKT฀ ATT฀ A L D R I G ฀ RATIlCERA DET F � R STA PRO T O K O L L ET ATT AC C E PT E R A ฀ DEN฀ M � J LIGHET฀ SOM฀ N� G R A ฀ AV฀ DEM ฀ HADE฀ F � T T ฀ ATT฀ BE G � R A ฀ F � R HAND S TOLKNING฀ F R � N ฀ %' DOMSTOLEN฀ $� R F � R ฀ F � RE SKRIVS฀ DET฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ TREDJE฀ M EN INGEN ฀ I฀DET฀ F � R STA ฀ PROTOKOLLET฀ ATT฀ DETTA฀ F � R STA ฀ PROTOKOLL฀ �V EN฀ OM฀DET฀ HAR฀ RATIlCERA TffS AV฀ SJU฀ STATER฀ � N D � ฀ INTE฀ KAN฀ T R �D A ฀ I฀KRAFT฀ INNAN฀ DET฀ ANDRA฀ PROTOKOLLET฀ HAR฀ RATIlCERA TffS A VALLA TOLV MEDLEMSSTATERNA $ EF A R H � G O R SOM DENNA KOMPLEXA KON S T R U K TION฀ V � C K T E ฀ VI S A DE฀ SIG ฀ B EFO G A DE฀ � N N U ฀ I฀ S K R I V AN DE฀ S T UND ฀ JULI฀ ฀SAK 23a4225a3;27avguvqaUX0kpff"""359
4HE฀CONVENTION฀WAS฀WELL฀RECEIVED฀AND฀REGARDED฀AS฀A฀REAL฀ STEP฀ FORWARD฀WITH฀ RESPECT฀ TO฀ THE฀ PREVIOUS฀ SITUATION฀ BUT฀ IT฀ HAS฀ N E V E R T H E LESS฀ SUFFERED฀ FROM฀ C O M P E TITION฀FROM฀OTHER฀INSTRUMENTS฀WHICH฀HAVE฀UNDERMINED฀THE฀CONSISTENCY฀OF฀ITS฀ SOLUTIONS฀ AND฀ M I G H T ฀ BRING฀ ABOUT฀ ITS฀ RE V I S I O N
4 R O TffS ฀ ATT฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ T O G S ฀ V � L ฀ EMOT฀ OCH฀ BE T R A K TA DES ฀ SOM฀ EN฀ AVSE V � R D ฀ F � R B� T T R IN G ฀ I฀ F � R H � L L AN DE฀ TILL฀ TIDIGARE฀ HAR฀ DEN฀ L I DIT฀ AV฀ KON K UR R ENS ฀ F R � N ฀ ANDRA฀ T EX T E R ฀ VILKET฀ HAR฀ GJORT฀ L � SfiN IN G A R N A ฀ MINDRE฀ KON SE K V EN TA฀ OCH฀ SKULLE฀ KUNNA฀ MOT I V E R A ฀ EN฀ RE VID E R IN G ฀ AV฀ DEN
! ฀ � ฀ # O M P E T I TION฀ FROM฀ OTHER฀ INSTRU M E N T S
! ฀ + O N K UR R ENS ฀ F R � N ฀ ANDRA฀ T EX T E R
#OMPETITION฀FROM฀OTHER฀TEXTS฀HAS฀TO฀A฀CERTAIN฀EXTENT฀BEEN฀PROVOKED฀BY฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ ITSELF฀ WITH฀ THE฀ A I M ฀ OF฀ P RE V E N TING฀ CONmICT S ฀ WITH฀ E X I S TING฀ INSTRUMENTS฀ OR฀ FU T U RE ฀ INSTRUMENTS฀ WHETHER฀ INTERNATIONAL฀ CONVENTIONS฀ OR฀ #OMMUNITY฀ L E G I S L A T I O N
+ O N K UR R ENS EN฀ F R � N ฀ ANDRA฀ T EX T E R ฀ HAR฀ P � ฀ S � T T ฀ OCH฀ VI S ฀ F � R AN L ETT S ฀ AV฀ S J � L V A ฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ P � ฀ GRUND฀ AV฀ EN฀ S T R �V AN ฀ ATT฀ UNDVIKA฀ KONmIKTER MED REDAN BElNTLIGA ELLER฀ FRAM TID A ฀ T EX T E R ฀ OAVSETT฀ OM฀DET฀ R � R ฀ SIG ฀ OM฀ INTERNATIONELLA฀KONVENTIONER฀ ELLER฀ OM฀ GEMEN S K A PS R � T T EN
!RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ INCLUDES฀ A฀ C L A USE฀ ON฀ C O M P A T I B I L I T Y ฀ WITH฀ OTHER฀ E X I S TING฀ OR฀ FU T U RE ฀ CONVENTIONS฀ TO฀WHICH฀ A฀ CONTRACTING฀ 3TATE฀ IS฀ OR฀ WILL฀ BE฀ A฀ PARTY฀ 4HAT฀ A P P A R ENT฀ S L A C K N E S S ฀ IS฀ H O W E V E R ฀ C O U N T E R B AL AN C E D ฀BY฀THE฀ RESTRICTION฀ ON฀ THE฀ PO W E R ฀ OF฀THE฀CONTRACTING฀3TATES฀TO฀CONCLUDE฀IN฀FUTURE฀OR฀EVEN฀BECOME฀A฀MEMBER฀OF฀ANY฀ M U L T I L A T E R AL ฀ PRIVATE฀INTERNATIONAL฀LAW฀ CONVENTION฀ IN฀ THE฀ SAME฀ l E L D ฀ 4HAT฀ RESTRICTION฀ ALREADY฀ PROVIDED฀ FOR฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ IN฀ THE฀ FORM฀OF฀ A฀ CON C I L I A TION฀ PROCEDURE฀ IS฀ OF฀ IN C RE A S ING฀ I M PO R T ANCE฀ TO DAY฀ BE C A USE฀ OF฀ ! % 42 ฀ CASE LAW฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ ฀ - A R C H ฀ ฀ WHICH฀ G I V E S ฀ THE฀#OMMUNITY฀ EXCLUSIVE฀ POWERS฀ TO฀ CON C L U D E ฀ T RE A T I E S ฀ IN฀ THE฀ l E L DfiS ฀ IN฀WHICH฀ IT฀ HAS฀ LAID฀DOWN฀ COMMON฀ R U L E S
)฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ lNNS EN KLAUSUL OM KOMPATIBILITET MED ANDRA BElNTLIGA ELLER FRAM TID A ฀ KONVENTIONER฀ SOM฀ EN฀ KONVENTIO NffS STAT฀ HAR฀ TILL T R � T T ฀ ELLER฀ KOMMER฀ ATT฀ TILL T R �D A ฀ $ETTA฀ KAN฀ SYNAS฀ ALLT F � R ฀ T O L E R AN T ฀ MEN฀ UP PV � G S ฀ AV฀ BE G R � NffS NINGEN฀ I฀ KONVENTIO NffS STATERNAS฀ R � T T ฀ ATT฀ I฀ FRAM TID EN฀ IN G � ฀ ELLER฀ ENS ฀ TILL T R �D A ฀ EN฀ M U L T I L A T E R A L ฀ KONVENTION฀ OM฀ INTERNATIONELL฀ P R I V A T R � T T ฀ P � ฀ DET฀ OM R � DE฀ SOM฀ 2OMKONVENTIONEN฀ OMFATTAR฀ $ENNA฀ BE G R � NffS NING฀ SOM฀ FAST S T� L L S ฀ REDAN฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ FORM฀ AV฀ ETT฀ SAM R �D S F � R F A RANDE฀ HAR฀ I฀DAG฀ F � T T ฀ ALLT฀ S T� R RE ฀ VI K T ฀ TILL฀ F � L J D ฀ AV฀DEN฀ P R EJU D I C E RANDE฀ DOMEN฀ I฀ !%42 M � L ET ฀ %UROPEISKA฀GEMENSKAPERNAS฀ DOMSTOL฀ DEN฀ ฀ MARS฀ ฀ SOM฀ GE R ฀ GEMEN SKAPEN฀ EXKLUSIV฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀ ATT฀ IN G � ฀ AVTAL฀ P � ฀ DE฀ OM R � DEN฀ D � R ฀ GEMEN SKAPEN฀ HAR฀ FAST S T� L L T ฀ GEMENSAMMA฀ REGLER
)T฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ H O W E V E R ฀ S E T T L E ฀ THE฀ PROBLEM฀ OF ฀EX I S TING฀ CONVENTIONS฀ THE฀MAINTENANCE฀ IN฀ FOR C E ฀ OF฀ WHICH฀ FOR฀ THOSE฀ 3TATES฀ THAT฀ ARE฀ PARTY฀ TO฀ THEM฀ DIS R UP T S ฀ THE฀ UNITY฀OF฀THE฀SYSTEM฀THAT฀OUGHT฀TO฀HAVE฀BEEN฀PRODUCED฀BY฀THE฀2OME฀#ONVEN TION฀ 7 E ฀ HAVE฀ ALREADY฀ SEEN฀ THAT฀ THE฀ E X I S T E N C E ฀ OF฀ TWO฀ ( A G U E ฀ #ONVENTION S ฀ ON฀
$� R ฀ REGLERAS฀ DOCK฀ INTE฀ PROBLEMET฀ MED฀ BElNTLIGA KONVENTIONER SOM FORTFARANDE � R ฀ I฀KRAFT฀ OCH฀ SOM฀ F � R ฀ DE฀ STATER฀ SOM฀ TILL T R � T T ฀ DEM ฀ B R Y T E R ฀ DET฀ ENHETLIGA ฀ S Y S T E M ฀ SOM฀ B O R DE฀ HA฀ F � L J T ฀ AV฀ 2OMKONVENTIONEN฀ 3OM฀ REDAN฀ TIDIGARE฀ KON STATER A TffS ฀ F � R K L A RAR฀ F � RE KOM S TEN฀ AV฀DE฀ T V�฀ (AAGKONVENTION E R N A ฀ OM฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ LAG฀ VID฀ T R A l K OLYCKOR OCH฀ OM฀ PRO D U K T ANSVAR฀ TILL฀ S T O R ฀ DEL ฀ VAR F � R ฀ MAN฀ �V E R GIV I T ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀DET฀ P RE L I M IN � R A ฀ UTKASTET฀ F R � N ฀ ฀ OM฀ UT OM OB L I G A T O RISK A ฀ F � R P LIK T E L SE R
THE฀ , A W ฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ 4 R AF l C ฀ ! C C I D E N T S ฀ AND฀ ON฀ 0 R O D U C T S ฀ , I ABILITY฀ L A R G E L Y ฀ A C C O U N T E D ฀ FOR฀ THE฀ A B AN D O N ING฀ OF฀ THE฀ PROVISIONS฀ OF฀ THE฀ ฀ PRELIMINARY฀ D R AF T ฀ ON฀ EXTRA CONTRACTUAL฀ O B L I G A T I O N S
N E L L A ฀ K � P ฀ AV฀ L � S A ฀SAK E R ฀ OCH฀ MED฀ (AAGKONVENTIONEN฀ AV฀DEN฀ ฀ MARS฀ ฀ OM฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ LAG฀ BE T R � F F AN DE฀ AGENTUR AVTAL฀ OCH฀ F U L L M A K T
G E NCY ฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ IN฀ FOR C E ฀ IN฀ T H RE E ฀ 3TATES฀ OF฀ THE฀%UROPEAN฀5NION฀ & R ANCE฀ THE฀ . E T H E R L AN DfiS ฀ AND฀ 0O R T U G AL ฀ TO฀ ENCOURAGE฀ THE฀ R A T I l C A TION฀OF฀ THAT฀ CONVENTION฀BY฀ALL฀ THE฀ 3TATES฀ OF฀ THE฀ 5 N I O N 23a4225a3;27avguvqaGP
2 OM KONVENTIONENS฀ S T� L L NING฀ I฀ F � R H � L L AN DE฀ TILL฀ GEMEN S K A PS R � T TEN฀ S � R S K I L T ฀ SE K UND � R R � T TEN฀ � R ฀ � N N U ฀ SVAGARE฀ )฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ D � R ฀ MAN฀ F � R ฀ �V R I G T ฀ ENDAST฀ � T E R GE R ฀ EN฀ BE S T� M M E L SE฀ SOM฀ F AN NffS ฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ ANDRA฀ STYCKET฀ I฀ "RYSSELKONVENTIONEN฀ I฀ DESS฀ RE VID E R A DE฀ VERSION฀ F R � N ฀ ฀ E R K � N NffS ฀ ATT฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ INTE฀ SKALL฀ IN VERK A ฀
4HE฀ POSITION฀ OF฀ THE฀ 2OME฀ #ONVENTION฀ V I S � V IS฀ #OMMUNITY฀ L E G I S LATION฀ E S P E CIALLY฀#OMMUNITY฀ SECONDARY฀ L E G I S LATION฀ IS฀ EVEN฀MORE฀ D E L I C A T E ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ WHICH฀DOES฀NO฀MORE฀THAN฀REPEAT฀A฀RULE฀LAID฀DOWN฀IN฀THE฀SECOND฀PARAGRAPH฀OF฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ #ONVENTION฀ AS฀ RE V I S E D ฀ IN฀ ฀ RE C O G N I S E S ฀ THE฀ PRECEDENCE฀ OVER฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ OF฀ @ PROVISIONS฀ WHICH฀ IN฀ RELATION฀ TO฀ PARTICULAR฀ MATTERS฀ LAY฀DOWN฀CHOICEOFLAW฀RULES฀RELATING฀TO฀CONTRACTUAL฀OBLIGATIONS฀AND฀WHICH฀ARE฀ OR฀WILL฀BE฀CONTAINED฀IN฀ACTS฀OF฀THE฀INSTITUTIONS฀OF฀THE฀%UROPEAN฀#OMMUNITIES฀OR฀ IN฀ NATIONAL฀ LAWS฀ H A R M O N I S E D ฀ IN฀ IMPLEMENTATION฀ OF฀ SUCH฀ A C T S
P � ฀ v BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SOM฀ P � ฀ S � R SKILDA฀ OM R � DEN฀ FAST S T� L L E R ฀ LAGVALSREGLER฀ F � R ฀ AVTAL S F � R P LIK T E L SE R ฀ OCH฀ SOM฀ IN G � R ฀ I฀ ELLER฀ KOMMER฀ ATT฀ IN G � ฀ I฀ R � T TffS AKTER฀ UT F � R D A DE฀ AV฀%UROPEISKA฀GEMENSKAPERNAS฀INSTITUTIONER฀ELLER฀I฀NATIONELLA฀LAGAR฀SOM฀HAR M O N I SE R A TffS ฀ F � R ฀ GENOM F � RANDE฀ AV฀ S �D AN A ฀ R � T T SAK T E R v
4HE฀ SCOPE฀OF฀ SUCH฀ A฀ PROVISION฀ WAS฀ NOT฀ KNOWN฀ AT฀ THE฀ TIME฀ 3 IN C E ฀ THEN฀ A฀ G RE AT฀ MANY฀DIRECTIVES฀HAVE฀BEEN฀ADOPTED฀ON฀INSURANCE฀CONTRACTS฀AND฀ALSO฀TO฀PROTECT฀ CON S U M E R S ฀ AND฀ W O R K E R S ฀ W H O ฀ ARE฀ S ENT฀ TO฀ ANOTHER฀ COUNTRY฀ TO฀ PER FORM฀ A฀ SERVICE฀ WHICH฀FREQUENTLY฀INCLUDE฀CONmICTOFLAW฀RULES฀OR฀AT฀LEAST฀PROVISIONS฀DETERMIN ING฀THE฀SCOPE฀IN฀THE฀SPACE฀OF฀THE฀SUBSTANTIVE฀PROVISIONS฀WHICH฀ARE฀THE฀MAIN฀ O BJE C T ฀THEREOF ฀ 5 N FOR T U N A T E L Y ฀ THOSE฀ PROVISIONS฀ WHICH฀ SOMETIMES฀ V A R Y ฀ FROM฀ONE฀ DIRECTIVE฀ TO฀ ANOTHER฀ ARE฀ NOT฀ GENERALLY฀ IN฀ H A R M O N Y ฀ WITH฀ THOSE฀ OF฀ THE฀ 2OME฀ #ONVENTION฀ WHICH฀ PRO D U C E S ฀ A฀ DEGREE฀ OF฀ DIS C O R D ฀ A G G R A V A T E D ฀BY฀THE฀ DI V E R G ENT฀ T R AN S POSITION฀ OF฀ THOSE฀ PROVISIONS฀ INTO฀ NATIONAL฀ L A W
-AN฀ HADE฀ INTE฀ VID฀ DEN฀ TID EN฀ KLART฀ F � R ฀ SIG ฀ VID DEN฀ AV฀ EN฀ S � DAN฀ BE S T� M M E L SE฀ 3 E DAN฀ DESS฀ HAR฀ ETT฀ STORT฀ AN TA L ฀ DIREKTIV฀ KOM M I T ฀ TILL฀ P � ฀ OM R � DET฀ F � R S � K R IN G S AVTAL฀ MEN฀ O C K S � ฀ I฀ F R � G A ฀ OM฀ KON S UM EN T SKYDD฀ ELLER฀ SKYDD฀ F � R ฀ A R BE T STA G A RE ฀ SOM฀ UT STA T I O N E RAS฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀ TILL HAND A H � L L A ฀ TJ � NffS T E R ฀ OCH฀ DESSA฀ DIREKTIV฀ IN N E H � L L E R ฀ OFTA฀ LAGVALSREGLER฀ ELLER฀ � T MINST O N E ฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SOM฀ FAST S T� L L E R ฀ TILL � M PN IN G SOM R � DET฀ F � R ฀ DE฀ MATERIELLA฀ REGLER฀ SOM฀ UT G � R ฀ H UV U D S Y F TET ฀ MED฀ DIREKT I V EN฀ $E SffS V � R RE ฀ � R ฀ DESSA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ SOM฀ IBLAND฀ VAR I E RAR฀ F R � N ฀ ETT฀ DIREKTIV฀ TILL฀ ETT฀ ANNAT฀ INTE฀ ALLTID฀ F � R EN L I G A ฀ MED฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R N A ฀ I฀ 2OMKONVENTIONEN฀ VILKET฀ LEDER฀ TILL฀ EN฀VISS฀ D I S HAR M O N I฀ SOM฀ F � R V � R RAS฀ YTTERLIGARE฀ AV฀ ATT฀ DESSA฀ BE S T� M M E L SE R ฀ �V E R F � R TffS ฀ TILL฀ NATIONELL฀ LAG฀ P � ฀ OLIKA R TA T ฀ S � T T
)N฀ ADDITION฀ THE฀ G RE AT฀ F RE E D O M S ฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀BY฀THE฀ 2OME฀ 4 RE A T Y ฀ P R IN CIPALLY฀ THE฀ FREEDOM฀ OF฀MOVEMENT฀ OF฀ PER S O N S ฀ AND฀OF฀ G O O DfiS ฀ AND฀ THE฀ RIGHT฀ OF฀ ESTABLISHMENT฀ AND฀ THE฀ FREEDOM฀ TO฀ PROVIDE฀ SERVICES฀ ARE฀ SOMETIMES฀ IN V O K E D ฀ TO฀ INmUENCE฀ THE฀ RESULTS฀TO฀WHICH฀THE฀LAW฀APPLICABLE฀LEADS฀UNDER฀THE฀2OME฀#ONVENTION฀OR฀EVEN฀ SOMETIMES฀ AGAINST฀ THE฀ CONmICT฀ R U L E
4ILL฀ DETTA฀ KOMMER฀ ATT฀ DE฀ S T O R A ฀ F R I HETER฀ SOM฀ IN F � R DES ฀ GENOM฀ 2 OM F � R D R A GE T ฀ I฀ F � R STA ฀ HAND ฀ FRI฀ R � R LIGHET฀ F � R ฀ PERSONER฀ OCH฀ VAROR฀ SAMT฀ ET A B L E R IN G S F R I H ET ฀ OCH฀ F R I H ET ฀ ATT฀ TILL HAND A H � L L A ฀ TJ � NffS T E R ฀ IBLAND฀ � BE R O PAS฀ I฀ STRID฀ MED฀ VAD฀ EN฀ TILL � M P NING฀ AV฀ LAGEN฀ ENLIGT฀2OMKONVENTIONEN฀ SKULLE฀ IN N E B� R A ฀ OCH฀ IBLAND฀ T OM฀ I฀ STRID฀ MED฀ S J � L V A ฀ LAG V A L S REGEL N
3UCH฀DEVELOPMENTS฀HAVE฀MEANT฀THAT฀THE฀IDEA฀THAT฀IT฀WOULD฀BE฀APPROPRIATE฀TO฀ T I D Y ฀ UP ฀ BY฀ RE V I S ING฀ THE฀ 2OME฀ #ONVENTION฀ HAS฀ G A IN E D ฀ SOME฀ C RE DI T
$ENNA฀ UTVECKLING฀ HAR฀ LETT฀ FRAM฀ TILL฀ EN฀VISS฀ F � R S T� E L SE฀ F � R ฀ T AN K EN฀ P � ฀ ATT฀ � T E R S T� L L A ฀ ORDNINGEN฀ GENOM฀EN฀ RE VID E R IN G ฀ AV฀ 2 OM KONVENTIONEN
/ N ฀ ฀ *A N U A R Y ฀ ฀ THE฀ %UROPEAN฀ # O M M I S S I ON฀ PUBLISHED฀ ON฀ ITS฀ W E B S I T E ฀ A฀ ' RE E N ฀ 0 A PER ฀ ON฀ THE฀ CON V E R S I ON฀ OF฀ THE฀ 2OME฀ #ONVENTION฀ OF฀ ฀ ON฀ THE฀ , A W ฀ APPLICABLE฀TO฀#ONTRACTUAL฀/BLIGATIONS฀INTO฀A฀#OMMUNITY฀INSTRUMENT฀AND฀ITS฀ M O D E R N I S A TION฀ 4HAT฀ DOCUMENT฀ IN V I T E D ฀ AN S W E R S ฀ TO฀ ABOUT฀ ฀ QUESTIONS฀ D R AF T E D ฀ IN฀ A฀ VERY฀ OPEN฀ F A S H I ON฀ )T฀ IS฀ TOO ฀ E A R L Y ฀ TO฀ S A Y ฀ W H AT฀ THE฀ RESULT฀ WILL฀ BE฀ )T฀ IS฀ SIMPLY฀ KNOWN฀THAT฀!USTRIA฀HAD฀MADE฀ITS฀ACCESSION฀TO฀THE฀2OME฀#ONVENTION฀BY฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ OF฀ ฀ / C TO BER฀ ฀ CONDITIONAL฀ UPON฀ THE฀ RE V I S I ON฀ OF฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ ON฀ CON S U M E R ฀ PROTECTION฀ )T฀ IS฀ THEREFORE฀ PRO B ABLE฀ THAT฀ IF฀ THERE฀ IS฀ A฀ RE V I S I ON฀ IT฀ WILL฀ IN฀ ANY฀ CASE฀ INVOLVE฀ THAT฀ A R T I CLE฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ALSO฀ THE฀ ONE฀ M O S T ฀ T H RE A T E N E D ฀BY฀THE฀ DI RE C T I V E S ฀ ADOPTED฀ SINCE฀ THE฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀OF฀THE฀ CONVENTION฀ )T฀ IS฀ALSO฀ PRO B ABLE฀ THAT฀ THAT฀ POSSIBLE฀ RE V I S I ON฀ WILL฀ CON V E R T ฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ INTO฀ A฀ REGULATION฀ LIKE฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ) ฀ AND฀ )) ฀ #ONVENTION S ฀ RATHER฀ THAN฀ A฀ DIRECTIVE฀ FOR฀ REASONS฀ OF฀ E N H AN C E D ฀ LEGAL฀ C E R T A IN T Y ฀ AND฀ UNIFORM฀ APPLICATION฀ IN฀ THE฀-EMBER฀ 3 T A T E S
$EN฀ ฀ J AN U A R I฀ ฀ OF F EN T LIGGJORDE฀ %UROPEISKA฀ KOM M I SffS I O NEN฀ P � ฀ SIN฀ WEBBPLATS฀ EN฀ v G R � NBO K ฀OM฀OMVANDLING฀ AV฀ ฀ � R S ฀ 2 OM KONVENTION฀ OM฀ TILL � M P LIG฀ LAG฀ F � R ฀ AVTAL S F � R P LIK T E L SE R ฀ TILL฀ ETT฀ GEMENSKAPSINSTRU M EN T ฀ OCH฀ DESS฀ RE VID E R IN G ฀ I฀ SAMBAND฀ D � R MED v ฀ )฀DETTA฀ DO K UM EN T ฀ BE G � R S ฀ S VAR฀ P � ฀ ETT฀ TJ U G O TA L ฀ MYCKET฀ � P PN A ฀ F R � G O R ฀ $ET฀ � R ฀ F � R ฀ T I DIGT฀ ATT฀UT TA L A ฀ SIG ฀ OM฀ RE S U L TA TET ฀ 6I฀ V ET ฀ ENDAST฀ ATT฀ � S T E R RIKE฀ TILL T R �D DE฀ 2OMKONVENTIONEN฀ GENOM฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ AV฀DEN฀ ฀ OKTOBER฀ ฀ ENDAST฀ P � ฀ VILLKOR฀ ATT฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OM฀ KON S UM EN T SKYDD฀ SKULLE฀ RE VI DERAS฀ /M฀DET฀ VERK LIGEN฀ KOMMER฀ TILL฀ S T� N D ฀ EN฀ RE VID E R IN G ฀ � R ฀ DET฀ ALLT S � ฀ S AN N O LIK T ฀ ATT฀DEN฀ I฀VARJE฀ FALL฀ KOMMER฀ ATT฀ OMFATTA฀ DEN฀ ARTIKEL N ฀ SOM฀ TILL฀ Y T T E R MERA ฀ VISS O ฀ � R ฀ DEN฀ SOM฀VARIT฀ M EffS T ฀ UTSATT฀ F � R ฀ H O T ฀ F R � N ฀ DIREKTIV฀ SOM฀ ANTAGITS฀ SEDAN฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ T R �D DE฀ I฀KRAFT฀ $ET฀ � R ฀ LIK A S � ฀ SANNOLIKT฀ATT฀DENNA฀EVENTUELLA฀ REVIDERING฀KOMMER฀ATT฀ LEDA฀ TILL฀ ATT฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ OM V AN D L A S ฀ TILL฀ EN฀ F � R O R D NING฀ LIKSOM฀ "RYSSEL KONVENTIONERNA ฀ )฀ OCH฀ )) ฀ OCH฀ INTE฀ TILL฀ ETT฀ DIREKTIV฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀ UP PN � ฀ S T� R RE ฀ R � T TffS S � K E R H ET ฀ OCH฀ ENHETLIG฀ TILL � M P NING฀ I฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNA
;P@PDO SHPG JLND PG@K LKD IDF@I OUOPDJ
H@L VI @I LVNNMJL?IDIB
Marie-Odile Baur, who is a magistrat, worked for a number of years in the European and International A.airs Department of the French Justice Ministry.
Marie-Odile Baur êr magistrat (domare) och har i ‹eraìrtjênstgjortvidfranska justitieministeriets avdelning fûr europeiska och internationella frìgor.
Ms Baur is a national expert currently seconded to the Directorate-Gen-eral for Justice and Home A.airs of the European Commission, with re-sponsibility for draft Community instruments on civil law matters.
Fûr nêrvarande êr hon utstationerad vid Generaldirektoratet fûr rêttsliga och inrikes frìgor vid Europeiska kommissionen, dêr hon êr ansvarig fûr utkast till gemenskapsinstrument pì det civilrêttsliga omrìdet.
CIVIL LAW EUROPEAN JUDICIAL COOPERATIONService of documents
CIVILRÊTT EUROPEISKT RÊTTSLIGT SAMARBETEDelgivning av rêttsakter
Council Regulation (EC) No 1348/2000 of 29 May 2000 on the service in the Member States of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters
Rìdets fûrordning (EG) nr 1348/2000 av den 29 maj 2000 om delgivning i medlemsstaterna av handlingar i mìl och êrenden av civil eller kommersiell natur
!S฀ A฀ F O U N D A TIONAL฀ S T A G E ฀ IN฀ THE฀ C RE A TION฀OF฀ A฀ %UROPEAN฀ JUDICIAL฀ A RE A฀ THE฀ ฀ " R U S SELS฀#ONVENTION฀ON฀*URISDICTION฀AND฀THE฀%NFORCEMENT฀OF฀*UDGMENTS฀IN฀#IVIL฀AND฀ # O M M E R C I AL ฀ - A T T E R S ฀ ฀ ALREADY฀ REQUIRED฀ THAT฀ A฀ COURT฀ SEISED฀ OF฀ A฀ @ #OMMUNITY฀ DISPUTE฀SHOULD฀STAY฀THE฀PROCEEDINGS฀SO฀LONG฀AS฀IT฀WAS฀NOT฀SHOWN฀THAT฀THE฀DEFENDANT฀ HAD฀BEEN฀ABLE฀TO฀RECEIVE฀THE฀DOCUMENT฀INSTITUTING฀THE฀PROCEEDINGS฀IN฀SUFlCIENT฀ TIME฀ TO฀ E N ABLE฀ H I M ฀ TO฀ A R R AN G E ฀ FOR฀ HIS฀ D EF E N C E ฀ OR฀ THAT฀ ALL฀ NECESSARY฀ S T E PS ฀ HAD฀ BEEN฀ TAKEN฀ TO฀ THIS฀ E N D ฀ )T฀ ALSO฀ PROVIDED฀ THAT฀ THE฀ RECOGNITION฀ AND฀ ENFORCEMENT฀OF฀A฀ JUDGMENT฀ COULD฀ BE฀ REFUSED฀ WHERE฀ IT฀ WAS฀ GIVEN฀ IN฀ DEFAULT฀ OF฀ APPEARANCE฀ IF฀ THE฀ D EF E N D ANT฀WAS฀NOT฀FULLY฀SERVED฀WITH฀THE฀DOCUMENT฀WHICH฀INSTITUTED฀THE฀PROCEEDINGS฀IN฀ SUFlCIENT฀ TIME฀ FOR฀ H I M ฀ TO฀ A R R AN G E ฀ FOR฀ HIS฀ D EF E N C E
2 E DAN฀ "RYSSELKONVENTIONEN฀ F R � N ฀ ฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀OCH฀OM฀ VERK S T� L LIGHET฀ AV฀ DOMAR฀ P � ฀ P R I V A T R � T T ENS ฀ OM R � DE฀ ฀ SOM฀ UT GJORDE฀ EN฀ G R UND L � G GANDE฀ ETAPP฀ I฀ UPP R � T T AN DET฀ AV฀ ETT฀ EUROPEISKT฀ R � T TffS LIGT฀ N� T VERK ฀ F � R P LIK TA DE฀ DEN฀DOMSTOL฀ VID฀ VILKEN฀ TALAN฀ V � C K TffS ฀ I฀ EN฀ v GEMEN S K A PS TVIS T v ฀ ATT฀ L � TA฀ HAND L � G G NINGEN฀ AV฀ M � L ET ฀ VI L A ฀ TILL฀ DESS฀ ATT฀DET฀ HAR฀ K L A R LAG TffS ฀ ATT฀ SVARANDEN฀HAR฀ H A FT ฀ M � J LIGHET฀ ATT฀ F � ฀ DEL ฀ AV฀ S T� M N IN G S AN S � KAN฀ ELLER฀MOTSVARANDE฀ HANDLING฀ I฀ S � ฀ G O D ฀ TID ฀ ATT฀ HAN฀ K UN N A T ฀ F � R BE RE D A ฀ SITT฀ S VAR OM � L ฀ ELLER฀ ATT฀ ALLA฀ N �D V � N D I G A ฀ � T G � R DE R ฀ F � R ฀ DETTA฀ SYFTE฀ HAR฀ VID TA G I TffS ฀ )฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ STADGADES฀ O C K S � ฀ ATT฀ E R K � N N AN DE฀ OCH฀ VERK S T� L LIGHET฀ AV฀ EN฀ DOM฀ KAN฀ V � G RAS฀ OM฀DET฀ R � R ฀ SIG ฀ OM฀ DOM฀ SOM฀HAR฀ MED DEL A TffS ฀ MOT฀ EN฀ UT E B L I V EN฀ S VARAN DE฀ OCH฀ SVARANDEN฀ INTE฀ P � ฀ R � T T ฀ S � T T ฀ HAR฀ DELGIVITS฀ S T� M N IN G S AN S � KAN฀ ELLER฀MOTSVARANDE฀ HANDLING฀ I฀ TILL R � C K LIGT฀ G O D ฀ TID ฀ F � R ฀ ATT฀ KUNNA฀ F � R BE RE D A ฀ SITT฀ S VAR OM � L
)N฀ P R A C T I C E ฀ F A I L U RE S ฀ RE G U L A R L Y ฀ O C C U R RE D ฀ IN฀ THE฀ OPERATION฀ OF฀ THE฀ ARRANGEMENTS฀ FOR฀TRANSMITTING฀JUDICIAL฀DOCUMENTS฀FROM฀ONE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀TO฀ANOTHER฀FOR฀ THE฀ PURPOSES฀OF฀ SERVICE฀ AND฀ PRELIMINARY฀ DIS C U S SIONS฀ ON฀ THIS฀ M A T T E R ฀ S T A R T E D ฀ IN฀ THE฀ E A R L Y ฀ S
)฀ PRAKTIKEN฀ KUNDE฀ MAN฀ REGEL B UN DET฀ KONSTATERA฀ BRIST E R ฀ H OS ฀ SYSTEMET฀ F � R ฀ �V E R S � N DANDE฀ AV฀ HANDLINGAR฀ I฀ M � L ฀ F � R ฀ DELGIVNING฀ MELLAN฀ MEDLEMSSTATER ฀ OCH฀ REDAN฀ I฀ B� R J AN ฀ AV฀ TA L ET ฀ IN L E D DES ฀ DET฀ F � R BE REDAN DE฀ A R BE TET ฀ P � ฀ DETTA฀ OM R � DE
4HERE฀ WAS฀ A฀ W I D E ฀ V A R I E T Y ฀ OF฀ PROCE D U RE S ฀ FOR฀ TRANSMITTING฀ DOCUMENTS฀ IN฀ ADDITION฀ TO฀ THE฀ S I X ฀ METHODS฀ LAID฀DOWN฀IN฀ THE฀ ฀ (AGUE฀#ONVENTION฀ THERE฀ WERE฀ THOSE฀ IN฀ THE฀ B I L A T E R AL ฀ A G RE EM E N T S
& O R MER N A ฀ F � R ฀ �V E R S � N DANDE฀ AV฀ HANDLINGAR฀ VAR I E R A DE฀ STA R K T ฀ EFTERSOM฀ MAN฀ UT �V E R ฀ DE฀ SEX฀ METODER ฀ SOM฀ ANGES฀ I฀ (AAGKONVENTIONEN฀ F R � N ฀ ฀ AN V � N DE฀ METODER N A ฀ I฀DE฀ BILATERALA฀ KONVENTIONERNA
4HIS฀INEVITABLY฀CAUSED฀UNCERTAINTY฀AMONG฀PRACTITIONERS฀OVER฀THE฀CHOICE฀TO฀BE฀ MADE฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀ V A R I O U S ฀ PO S S I B I L I T I E S ฀ OPEN฀ TO฀ T H EM
& � R ฀ DE฀ PERSONER฀ SOM฀ HAND L A DE฀ � R EN DEN A ฀ KUNDE฀ EN฀ S � DAN฀ SITUATION฀ ENDAST฀ LEDA฀ TILL฀ OS � K E R H ET ฀ BE T R � F F AN DE฀ V A L ET ฀ MELLAN฀ DE฀ OLIKA฀ M � JL I G H ET E R N A
฀ #ONVENTION฀ OF฀ ฀ 3 EP T EM BER฀ ฀ CON S O L I D A T E D ฀ V E R S I ON฀ / * ฀ # ฀ ฀ ฀ P ฀
$ESSUTOM฀ KUNDE฀ MAN฀ IBLAND฀ TROTS฀ ATT฀DET฀ F AN NffS ฀ M � J LIGHET฀ TILL฀DIREKT฀ �V E R S � N DANDE฀MELLAN฀ DOMSTOLAR฀ I฀OLIKA฀ MEDLEMSSTATER ฀ KONSTATERA฀ ATT฀ DE฀ BE H � R I G A ฀ CENTRALA฀ MYNDIGHETERNA ฀ INTE฀ HADE฀ S � R J T ฀ F � R ฀ P � L I T L I G A ฀ MEDEL ฀ GENOM฀ VILKA฀ DE฀ LOKALA฀ A K T� RE R N A ฀ KUNDE฀ F � ฀ K � N N E DOM฀ OM฀ SINA฀ UT L � N D SKA฀ MOT PARTERS ฀ AD RE SffS S
)N฀ ADDITION฀ WHILE฀ SOME฀ AGREEMENTS฀ ALLOWED฀ DIRECT฀ TRANSMISSION฀ BETWEEN฀ COURTS฀ IN฀DIFFERENT฀-EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ IT฀ WAS฀ SOMETIMES฀ F O U N D ฀ THAT฀ THE฀COMPETENT฀
0 ฀ +ONVENTION฀AV฀ DEN฀ ฀ SE PT E M BE R ฀ ฀ OM฀ DOMSTOLS฀ BE H � R I G H ET ฀OCH฀OM฀ VERK S T� L LIGHET฀ AV฀ DOMAR฀ P � ฀ P R I V A T R � T T ENS ฀ OM R � DE฀ KON SffO L I DE RAD฀
CIVIL LAW EUROPEAN JUDICIAL COOPERATION Service of documents
CIVILRÊTT EUROPEISKT RÊTTSLIGT SAMARBETE Delgivning av rêttsakter
!S฀TO฀THE฀INTERNAL฀ARRANGEMENTS฀APPLIED฀BY฀SOME฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀FOR฀TRANSMIT TING฀ DOCUMENTS฀ TO฀ ANOTHER฀-EMBER฀ 3TATE฀ THESE฀ SOMETIMES฀ INVOLVED฀UP฀ TO฀ THREE฀INTERMEDIATE฀STEPS฀BETWEEN฀THE฀DRAFTER฀OF฀THE฀DOCUMENT฀AND฀THE฀OFlCE฀ RESPONSIBLE฀ FOR฀ S E N D ING฀ IT฀ ABROAD฀ 4HIS฀ N A T U R AL L Y ฀ L E D ฀ TO฀ CON S I D E R ABLE฀ D E LAYS฀ SO฀ MUCH฀SO฀THAT฀THE฀PERIOD฀ELAPSING฀BETWEEN฀THE฀DATE฀A฀DOCUMENT฀WAS฀SENT฀AND฀ THE฀DATE฀ON฀WHICH฀THE฀SAME฀AUTHORITY฀RECEIVED฀THE฀CERTIlCATE฀OF฀SERVICE฀COULD฀ EXTEND฀ TO฀ S E V E R AL ฀ Y E A R S ฀ EVEN฀ T H O U G H ฀ THE฀ COURT฀ SEISED฀ AND฀ THE฀DOMICILE฀OF฀ THE฀ A D D RE S SEE฀ OF฀ THE฀ DOCUMENT฀ WERE฀ SOMETIMES฀ NO฀ M O RE ฀ THAN฀ A฀ F E W ฀ M I L E S ฀ A P A R T
G I FT ฀ DET฀ VAR฀ ATT฀ S � N D A ฀ DEN฀ TILL฀ UTLANDET฀ %TT฀ S �D AN T ฀ S Y S T E M ฀ L E D DE฀ GIVETVIS฀ TILL฀ AVSE V � R D A ฀ F � R SE NINGAR฀ OCH฀ DET฀ KUNDE฀ G � ฀ mERA � R MELLAN DEN TIDPUNKT D � EN MYN D I G H ET ฀ S � N DE฀ I V � G ฀ EN฀ HANDLING฀ OCH฀ DEN฀ TIDPUNKT฀ D � ฀ SAMMA฀ MYN D I G H ET ฀ MOT T O G ฀ IN T Y GE T ฀ �V E R ฀ ATT฀ HANDLINGEN฀ �V E R L � M N A TffS ฀ TILL฀ ADRESSATEN฀ TROTS฀ ATT฀DET฀ IBLAND฀ VAR฀ BARA ฀ N� G R A ฀ K I L OM ET E R S ฀ V � G ฀ MELLAN฀ DEN฀DOMSTOL฀ D � R ฀ TALAN฀ V � C K TffS ฀ OCH฀ MOTTA G A R ENS ฀ HEM
)T฀ WAS฀ SOMETIMES฀ F O U N D ฀ THAT฀ DOCUMENTS฀ WERE฀ BEING฀ TRANSLATED฀ AS฀ S T I P U L A T E D ฀BY฀THE฀ 3TATE฀ ADDRESSED฀ EVEN฀ T H O U G H ฀ THE฀ A D D RE S SEE฀ PO S S E S S E D ฀ THE฀ N A T I O N AL I T Y ฀ OR฀ HAD฀ A฀ PER F E C T ฀ C O M M AND฀OF฀ THE฀ LANGUAGE฀ OF฀ THE฀3TATE฀OF฀ TRANSMISSION฀ / N ฀ THE฀ OTHER฀ H AND฀ SOME฀ DOCUMENTS฀ TRANSMITTED฀ WITHOUT฀ A฀ T R AN S LATION฀ WERE฀ R EJE C T E D ฀ WHEN฀ THE฀ A D D RE S SEE฀ WAS฀ W E L L ฀ ABLE฀ TO฀ U N D E R S T AND฀ THEM฀ � ฀ ALL฀ THE฀ S T A G E S ฀ D O W N S T RE A M ฀OF฀THE฀ S E N D E R ฀ HAVING฀ BEEN฀ G ONE฀ THROUGH฀ � ฀ ON฀ THE฀ GROUNDS฀ THAT฀ THE฀ REQUIREMENTS฀ OF฀ THE฀3TATE฀ ADDRESSED฀ HAD฀ NOT฀ BEEN฀ FU L l L L E D
$� R TILL฀ KUNDE฀ MAN฀ IBLAND฀ KONSTATERA฀ ATT฀ HANDLINGAR฀ �V E R S ATT EffS ฀ I฀ ENLIGHET฀MED฀ KRAVEN฀ I฀DEN฀MOTTAGANDE฀ STATEN฀ TROTS฀ ATT฀MOTTAGAREN฀VAR฀MEDBORGARE฀ I฀URSPRUNGSSTATEN฀ ELLER฀ F U L L S T� N DIGT฀ BE H � R S K A DE฀ S P R � K ET ฀ I฀DEN฀ STATEN฀ )฀ GEN G � L D ฀ F � RE K OM฀DET฀ ATT฀ ADRESSATEN฀ V � G R A DE฀ ATT฀ TA฀ EMOT฀ EN฀ HANDLING฀ SOM฀ �V E R S � N TffS ฀ UTAN฀ �V E R S � T T NING฀ N� R ฀ DEN฀ REDAN฀ GENOM G � T T ฀ ALLA฀ ETAPPER ฀ MELLAN฀ A VS � N D A R EN฀ OCH฀ MOTTA G A R EN฀MED ฀ MOTIVERINGEN฀ ATT฀ KRAVEN฀ I฀DEN฀MOTTAGANDE฀ STATEN฀ INTE฀ HADE฀ RE S P E K T E R A TffS ฀ TROTS฀ ATT฀ HAN฀ MYCKET฀ V � L ฀ VAR฀ I฀ S T� N D ฀ ATT฀ F � R S T� ฀ HAND L INGEN S ฀ IN N E H � L L
4HE฀SLIGHTEST฀MISTAKE฀IN฀THE฀FORMALITIES฀FOR฀TRANSMITTING฀A฀DOCUMENT฀MEANT฀IT฀ WOULD฀ BE฀ RE T U R N E D ฀ TO฀ THE฀ S E N D ING฀ AUTHORITY฀ WHEN฀ A฀ SIMPLE฀ REQUEST฀ FOR฀ C O R RE C TION฀OR฀ADDITIONAL฀INFORMATION฀WOULD฀HAVE฀ENABLED฀THE฀DOCUMENT฀TO฀BE฀SERVED฀ WITHOUT฀ DELAY฀ " U T ฀ NO฀ DIRECT฀ M E AN S ฀ OF฀ C O M M U N I C A TION฀ WERE฀ MADE฀ A V A I L ABLE฀ TO฀ THE฀ L O C AL L Y ฀ COMPETENT฀ AUTHORITIES฀ IN฀ THE฀ V A R I O U S ฀ -EMBER฀ 3 T A T E S
3LUTLIGEN฀ KUNDE฀ MINST A ฀ F E L ฀ BE T R � F F AN DE฀ FORM A L I TET E R N A ฀ VID฀ �V E R S � N D AN DET฀ AV฀ EN฀ HANDLING฀ LEDA฀ TILL฀ ATT฀DEN฀ � T E R S � N DES ฀ TILL฀ DEN฀ �V E R S � N DANDE฀ MYN D I G HETEN฀ TROTS฀ ATT฀ EN฀ EN KEL฀ BE G � R AN ฀ OM฀ R � T T E L SE฀ ELLER฀ KOMPLETTERANDE฀ INFORMATION฀ SKULLE฀ HA฀ GJORT฀ DET฀ M � J LIGT฀ ATT฀ UTAN฀ D R � J S M � L ฀ DELGE฀ ADRESSATEN฀ HANDLINGEN฀ $E ฀ LOKALA฀ BE H � R I G A ฀ MYNDIGHETERNA ฀ I฀OLIKA฀ MEDLEMSSTATER ฀ HADE฀ EMELLERTID฀ INTE฀ G ETT S ฀ N� G R A ฀ M � JL I G HETER฀ TILL฀DIREKT฀ KOM M UN I K A T I O N
)T฀IS฀NOT฀HARD฀TO฀SEE฀THAT฀SUCH฀MALFUNCTIONS฀WERE฀HINDERING฀THE฀SMOOTH฀OPERA TION฀OF฀THE฀PROCEDURES฀AND฀THAT฀THE฀NUMEROUS฀PROBLEMS฀ENCOUNTERED฀NEEDED฀ TO฀BE฀ A D D RE S S E D
-AN฀ F � R S T� R ฀ UTAN฀ S V � R I G H ET ฀ ATT฀ S �D AN A ฀ v FUNK T I O NffS S T� R N IN G A R v ฀ VERK A DE฀ H � M MANDE฀ P � ฀ F � R F A RANDENA฀ OCH฀ ATT฀DET฀ VAR฀ N �D V � N DIGT฀ ATT฀ AV H J � L P A ฀ DE฀ TALRIKA฀ PROBLEM฀ SOM฀ KON STATER A TffS S