natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The steady state bioaccumulation factor (BAFss) is the BAF at steady state and does not change significantly over a prolonged period of time, the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment) being constant during this period of time.
Water quality – Guidelines for algal growth inhibition tests with poorly soluble materials, volatile compounds, metals and waster water.
The uptake or exposure phase is the time during which the test organisms are exposed to the test substance.
ISO 5667-16 Vattenundersökningar – Provtagning – Del 16:
The main endpoint of a bioaccumulation test is the bioaccumulation factor, BAF.
Slovacey, R. E. och Hanna, P. J. (1997).
The measured BAF can be calculated by dividing the concentration of the test substance in the test organism, Ca, by the concentration of the test substance in the sediment, Cs, at steady state.
919–925.
If the steady state is not reached during the uptake phase, the BAF is calculated in the same manner for day 28.
Christensen, E. R. och Nyholm, N. (1984).
However, it should be noted whether the BAF is based on steady state concentrations or not.
Dunnett, C. W.
The preferred means for obtaining the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK), the sediment uptake rate constant (ks) and the elimination rate constant (ke) is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer.
1096–1121.
Given the time series of average accumulation factors (Ca, mean values of each sampling date/Cs, mean values of each sampling date = AF) of the uptake phase based on worm and sediment wet weight, and the model equation
Norberg-King, T. J. (1988).
[equation 1]
Williams, D. A. (1971).
where AF(t) is the ratio of concentration of the test substance in worms and its concentration in the sediment at any given time point (t) of the uptake phase, these computer programs calculate values for BAFK, ks and ke.
Draper, N. R. och Smith, H. (1981).
When steady state is reached during the uptake phase (i.e. t = ∞), equation 1 may be reduced to:
Brain P. och Cousens R. (1989).
[equation 2]
CCAP: Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa
uptake rate constant in tissue [g sediment kg– 1 of worm d– 1]
Sammlung von Algenkulturen
elimination rate constant [d– 1]
Universität Göttingen
Then ks/ke × Cs is an approach to the concentration of the test substance in the worm tissue at steady state (Ca,ss).
TYSKLAND
The Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) should be calculated as follows:
8–14 × 2–3
where foc is the fraction of sediment organic carbon, and flip is the fraction of worm lipid, both based either on dry weight, or on wet weight.
7–15 × 3–12
Given a time series of concentration values, the elimination kinetics can be modelled using the following model equations and a computer calculation based non-linear parameter estimation method.
40–60 [1]
The mean measured body residue at the end of the uptake phase is recommended as the default starting point.
60–80 [1]
The value modeled/estimated from the uptake phase should only be used, e.g. if the measured value deviates significantly from the modelled body residue.
40–50 [1]
See also paragraph 50 for alternative pre-exposure of worms designated for elimination;
30–40 [1]
with this approach, samples of these pre-exposed worms on day 0 of the elimination phase are thought to provide a realistic body residue to start the elimination kinetics with.
1,2–1,5
If the data points plotted against time indicate a constant exponential decline of the test substance concentration in the animals, a one-compartment model (equation 4) can be used to describe the time course of elimination.
1,1–1,4
[equation 3]
2,0–2,4
Elimination processes sometimes appear to be biphasic, showing a rapid decline of Ca during the early phases, that changes to a slower loss of test substances in the later phases of the elimination (8)(19)(25)).
92,760 mg
The two phases can be interpreted by the assumption, that there are two different compartments in the organism, from which the test substance is lost with different velocity.
207,690 mg
In these cases specific literature should be studied (15)(16)(17)(25).
1,635 mg
A two-compartment elimination is described e.g. by the following equation (25):
79,880 mg
[equation 4]
0,714 mg
A and B represent the size of the compartments (in percent of overall tissue residue), where A is the compartment with rapid loss of substance, and B the compartment with slow loss of test substance.
3,630 mg
The sum of A and B equals 100 % of the whole animal compartment volume at steady state. ka and kb represent the corresponding elimination constants [d– 1].
0,006 mg
If the two compartment model is fitted to the depuration data, the uptake rate constant ks may be determined as follows (53)(54):
150,000 mg [dinatrium(etylendinitril)tetraacetat]
[equation 5]
Normalisering med medelvärdet för kontrollernas responser innebär vissa principiella problem och leder också till en ganska komplicerad variansstruktur.
Nevertheless, these model equations should be used with caution, especially when changes in the test substance's bioavailability occur during the test (42).
Om man delar responsvärdena med medelvärdet för kontrollernas responser för att få fram den procentuella tillväxthämningen inför man samtidigt ett nytt fel på grund av det fel som är kopplat till medelvärdet för kontrollerna.
As an alternative to the model equations described above, the kinetics (ks and ke) may also be calculated in one run by applying the first order kinetics model to all data from both the uptake and elimination phase together.
Slutligen bör de adsorptiva ämnena också vägas direkt i testkärlen, och kärlen bör silaniseras för att minimera förlusterna genom adsorption.
For a description of a method that may allow for such a combined calculation of uptake and elimination rate constants, references (55), (56) and (57) may be consulted.
är syreupptagningshastigheten på grund av nitrifikation (mg/lh),
The Non-Eliminated Residues (NER) should be calculated as a secondary endpoint by multiplying the ratio of the average concentration in the worms (Ca) on day 10 of the elimination phase and the average concentration in the worms (Ca) at steady state (day 28 of uptake phase) by 100:
Brown, D., Hitz, H. R. och Schäfer, L. (1981).
Example of a Sampling Schedule for a 28-day Bioaccumulation Test
King, E. F. och Painter H. A. (1986).
Uptake phase (including a 4 d- equilibration phase)
OECD (1984), Activated sludge, Respiration inhibition test.
Activities
Testriktlinje nr 209, Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, OECD, Paris.
Preparation of peat suspension for sediment;
Painter, H. A. och Jones, K. (1963).
conditioning of the suspension for 48 h;
Fiebig S. och Noack, U. (2004).
Spiking of the sediment or sediment fraction;
The use of copper(II)sulphate pentahydrate as reference substance in the activated sludge respiration inhibition test – acc. to the OECD guideline 209.
mixing of all sediment constituents;
ISO 10634 Vattenundersökningar – Handledning för beredning och handhavande av i vatten svårlösliga organiska föreningar för efterföljande utvärdering av deras bionedbrytbarhet i vattenlösning, Internationella standardiseringsorganisationen.
removing sediment samples of treated and solvent control sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
US EPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency.
addition of overlying water;
AFNOR – Association Française de Normalisation.
incubation at test conditions (equilibration phase);
Vattenundersökningar – Bestämning av tillväxthämning (7 dygn) hos flytbladsväxten Lemna minor, andmat.
Separation of the test organisms from the culture for acclimatisation;
Sims, I., Whitehouse, P. och Lacey, R. (1999).
of water quality (see paragraph 52);
The OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test.
removing replicates for taking samples of water and sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
WRc plc – Environment Agency.
randomised distribution of the worms to the test chambers;
Internationella standardiseringsorganisationen.
retaining of sufficient sub-samples of worms for determination of analytical background values;
Vattenundersökningar – Toxicitetsmetod – Bestämning av tillväxthämning hos flytbladsväxten Lemna minor, andmat.
controlling air supply, if closed test system is used;
Walbridge, C. T. (1977).
Remove replicates for sampling;
Environmental Research Laboratory – Duluth, Minnesota 55804
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 56);
Lockhart, W.
taking water, sediment and worm samples for determination of test substance concentration;
Hydrobiologia, 118/119, 353–359.
Controlling air supply, worm behaviour and temperature;
Huebert, D.B. och Shay, J.M.
Same as day 1;
Christensen, E.R. och Nyholm, N. (1984).
4 - 6
Bruce R. D. och Versteeg D. J. (1992).
Same as day 2;
Brain, P. och Cousens, R. (1989).
compensate evaporated water if necessary;
Lemna-arter för test kan erhållas från följande institutioner:
8 - 13
Toronto, Ontario, KANADA, M5S 3 B2
15 - 20
USA Tfn:
22 - 27
SVERIGE
end of uptake phase;
Environmental Research, 52, 7–22.
retaining of sufficient subsamples of worms for determination of analytical background values, wet and dry weight, and lipid content;
Justera pH till 6,5 ± 0,2 med 0,1 eller 1 mol HCl eller NaOH (beroende på utgångsvärdet).
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls; sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
Odlingsmedium 20X-AAP
Pre-exposure activities (equilibration phase) should be scheduled taking into account the properties of the test substance.
Bered stamlösningar med sterilt destillerat eller avjonat vatten.
If required, conditioning of the prepared sediment under overlying water at 20 ± 2 °C for 7 days;
Under dessa förhållanden kan de lagras i minst 6–8 veckor.
in this case, earlier preparation of the sediment!
(I. Sims, P. Whitehouse och R. Lacey.
Activities described for day 2 should be performed daily (at least on workdays).
(1999).
Elimination phase
The OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test.
Mixing of all sediment constituents;
Development and Ring-testing of draft OECD Test Guideline.
incubation at test conditions;
R&D Technical Report EMA 003.
0 (day 28 of uptake phase)
WRc plc – Environment Agency.)
Measurement of water quality (see paragraph 52);
pH ska vara 5,5 ± 0,2 (justera genom tillsats av minsta möjliga volym NaOH-lösning eller HCl).
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment;
Justera volymen med vatten till 1000 ml.
after 4 - 6 h removing replicates for taking samples of water, sediment and worms for determination of test substance concentration;
22 ± 10 °C,
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 52);
70 ± 25 %,
8 - 9
350 ± 50 μE/m2/s.
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls;
De valda koncentrationerna och doserna bör omfatta de ECx- och ERx-värden som ska fastställas.
sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
Om till exempel ett EC50-värde krävs det skulle vara önskvärt för att testa doser som framkallar en effekt på mellan 20 och 80 %.
Preparation of the sediment prior to start of elimination phase should be done in the same manner as before the uptake phase.
Det rekommenderade antalet testkoncentrationer och testdoser som behövs för att uppnå detta är minst fem i en geometrisk serie plus en obehandlad kontroll, och ska skilja sig åt med en faktor på högst tre.
Some physical-chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water
Schrader, G., Metge, K., och Bahadir, M. (1998).
< 2μg/l
Internationella standardiseringsorganisationen.
COMPOSITION OF THE RECOMMENDED RECONSTITUTED WATER
Background – Non-target Plant Testing;
The sum of the calcium and magnesium ions in this solution is 2,5 mmol/l.
Determination des effets des polluants sur la flore du sol: Méthode de mesurage de l'inhibition de la croissance des racines.
The pH of an acceptable dilution water should be in the range of 6 - 9.
Forster, R., Heimbach, U., Kula, C. och Zwerger, P. (1997).
Artificial sediment — preparation and storage recommendations
Effects of Plant Protection Products on Non-Target Organisms – A contribution to the Discussion of Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation for Terrestrial Non-Target Organisms (Flora and Fauna).
In contrast to the requirements in test method C.8 (40) the peat content of the artificial sediment is recommended to be 2 % instead of 10 % of dry weight, in order to correspond to a low to moderate organic content of natural sediments (58).
Hale, B., Hall, J. C., Solomon, K. och Stephenson, G. (1994).
Percentage of dry constituents of the artificial sediment:
Beetsman, G. D., Kenney, D. R. och Chesters, G. (1969).
% of dry sediment
Dieldrin uptake by corn as affected by soil properties, J. Agro.
Folia urticae, powdered leaves of Urtica sp.
McKelvey, R. A., Wright, J. P., Honegger, J. L. och Warren, L. W.
(stinging nettle), finely ground (particle size ≤ 0,5 mm), or a mixture of powdered leaves of Urtica sp. with alpha-cellulose (1:1);
Patterns of sensitivity of plant species to various herbicides – An analysis with two databases.
in accordance with pharmacy standards, for human consumption;
Boutin, C., Lee, H.-B., Peart, T. E., Batchelor, S. P. och Maguire, R. J. (2000).
in addition to dry sediment
Hatzios, K. K. och Penner, D. (1985).
If elevated ammonia concentrations are expected, e.g. if the test substance is known to inhibit the nitrification, it may be useful to replace 50 % of the nitrogen-rich urtica powder by cellulose (e.g., α-Cellulose powder, chemically pure, particle size ≤ 0,5 mm).
Hamill, P. B., Marriage, P. B. och G. Friesen.
The peat is air-dried and ground to a fine powder (grain size ≤ 0,5 mm, no visible plant remains).
Bruce, R. D. och Versteeg, D. J. (1992).
A suspension of the required amount of peat powder is prepared using a portion of the deionised water to be added to the dry sediment (a water volume of 11,5 × dry weight of peat has been found useful to produce a stirrable peat slurry (8)) using a high-performance homogenising device.
0,09–0,17 (4, 19)
The pH of this suspension is adjusted to 5,5 ± 0,5 with CaCO3.
0–3 (2, 4, 14)
The suspension is conditioned for at least two days with gentle stirring at 20 ± 2 °C, to stabilise pH and establish a stable microbial component.
14–21 (100 %) (14)
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,0 ± 0,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
2,4–2,6 (14, 19)
Then all of the suspension is mixed with the other dry constituents, taking into account any portion used for spiking.
0,85–1,2 (14, 19)
The remaining deionised water is added to obtain a homogeneous sediment.
0,06–0,08 (4, 14)
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,5 to 7,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
14–21
If ammonia development is expected, the artificial sediment may be conditioned for seven days under the same conditions which prevail in the subsequent test (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1: 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels) before it is spiked with the test substance, i.e. it should be topped with water, which should be aerated.
25–61 (14, 29)
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon content (e.g. 3 samples).
10–20 (6, 21)
Thereafter, the spiked quartz sand is mixed with the sediment for each treatment level, the sediment is distributed to the replicate test vessels, and topped with the test water (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1 : 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels).
10–20
The chosen food source should be added prior to or during spiking the sediment with the test substance.
10–20 (6, 10).
In order to ensure that the food is in sufficient contact with the test substance, the food source should be mixed with the sediment not later than on the day the test substance is spiked to the sediment.
23–28
Exceptions may be made where the length of the equilibration period leads to excessive microbial degradation of the food before the test organisms are added.
14–18
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon (e.g. 3 samples of spiked or control sediment).
0,9–1,6
The dry constituents of the artificial sediment may be stored in a dry, cool place at room temperature.
0,5–0,7 (14, 19, 29)
The prepared, wet sediment may be stored (for further use in the culture only) at 4 ± 2 °C in the dark for a period of 2 to 4 weeks from the day of preparation (8).
0,52–0,6 (14, 30)
Sediment spiked with the test substance should be used immediately unless there is information indicating that the particular sediment can be stored without affecting the toxicity and bioavailability of the test substance.
10–20 (7, 21)
Samples of spiked sediment may be stored under the conditions recommended for the particular test substance until analysis.
4–5 (14, 30)
Oligochaetes species recommended for bioaccumulation testing
14–28
Tubifex tubifex (MÜLLER),Tubificidae, Oligochaeta
1,53–2,2 (16, 19)
The tubificid oligochaete (Tubificidae, Oligochaeta) Tubifex tubifex (Müller) lives in freshwater sediments in tubes which are lined with mucus.
0–10 (10, 19)
In these tubes the worms dwell head down, ingesting sediment particles utilising the associated microorganisms and organic debris.
5–8 (4, 14, 29)
The posterior portion usually undulates in the overlying water for respiration purposes.
0–2 (4, 29)
Although this species inhabits a wide range of sediment types all over the northern hemisphere, Tubifex tubifex prefers relatively fine grain sizes (59).
1,8–2,5 (14)
The suitability of this species for ecotoxicological testing is described for example in (8)(29)(31)(39)(60)(62)(63).
3,6–7 (14, 29)
A system consisting of artificial sediment based on the artificial soil according to Test Method C.8 (40) and reconstituted water according to test method C.1 is recommended for T. tubifex culture (8).
1,3–1,5 (4, 14, 19)
The depth of the sediment layer should allow for natural burrowing behaviour of the worms (2 cm minimum depth for T. tubifex).
1,5–2 (14, 19, 29)
The water body is gently aerated (e.g. 2 bubbles per second with 0,45 μm-filtered air) via a pasteur pipette positioned 2 cm above the sediment surface.
7–9 (14, 19)
A higher loading may cause a reduction in growth and reproduction rates (43).
3 (19)
A diet consisting of finely ground fish food, e.g. TetraMin® can serve as additional nutrition (8);
Boutin, C., Elmegaard, N. och Kjaer, C. (2004).
Klerks 1994, personal communication.
Breeze, V., Thomas, G. och Butler, R. (1992).
Practical experience has shown that application of food suspended and homogenised in deionised water may facilitate homogeneous food distribution on the sediment surface in the culture containers.
Fletcher, J. S., Johnson, F. L. och McFarlane, J. C. (1990).
To avoid accumulation of ammonia, the overlying water should be exchanged using a flow-through system, or, at least once a week, manually.
Fletcher, J. S., Pfleeger, T. G., Ratsch, H. C. och Hayes, R. (1996).
Sediment should be changed every three months in the stock cultures.
Seed Information Database (utgåva 6.0, oktober 2004) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/sid)
Sampling of worms from the culture can be done by sieving the culture sediment through a 1 mm sieve if only adults are required.
Grime, J. P., Mason, G., Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R., Mowforth, M. A. G., Neal, A. M. och Shaw, S. (1981).
For retaining cocoons a 0,5 mm mesh, and for juvenile worms a 0,25 mm sieve is suitable.
Grime, J. P., Hodgson, J. G. och Hunt, R. (1988).
The sieves can be placed into reconstituted water after the sediment has passed through.
Kjaer, C. (1994).
Only intact and clearly identified specimens of Tubifex tubifex (e.g. (64)) are used to start a test or new cultures.
Marrs, R. H., Frost, A. J., Plant, R. A. och Lunnis, P. (1993).
New culture vessels are set up in the chosen intervals (e.g. every two weeks), starting with animals of a certain age (e.g. cocoons).
(National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada).
At the culture conditions described here the worms are adult after 8 - 10 weeks.
Zwerger, P. och Pestemer, W.
Lumbriculus variegatus (MÜLLER), Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta
Jonckheere-Terpstra (30) (31) eller Shirley (32) (33)), och är i allmänhet att föredra framför t-tester med ojämn varians (se även diagrammet i tillägg 7).
Lumbriculus variegatus (Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta) is also an inhabitant of freshwater sediments worldwide and is widely used in ecotoxicological testing.
Entwicklung eines Reproduktionstests an Bodenorganismen – Enchytraeen.
Information on the biology, culture conditions, and sensitivity of the species can be obtained from (1)(6)(9)(36).
Römbke J. och Moser, T. (1999).
Lumbriculus variegatus can also be cultured in the artificial sediment recommended for T. tubifex according to (8) within certain limitations.
Westheide, W. och Bethge-Beilfuss, D. (1991).
Since, in nature L. variegatus prefers more coarse sediments than T. tubifex (59), laboratory cultures with the artificial sediment used for T. tubifex may cease after 4 to 6 months.
Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Practical experience has shown that L. variegatus can be held in a sandy substratum (e.g. quartz sand, fine gravel) in a flow-through system using fish food as nutritional source over several years without renewing the substratum.
Dirven-Van Breemen, E., Baerselmann, R. och Notenboom, J. (1994).
A major advantage of L. variegatus over other aquatic oligochaete species is its quick reproduction, resulting in rapidly increasing biomass in laboratory-cultured populations (1)(6)(9)(10).
ISO (Internationella standardiseringsorganisationen) (1999).
, ASTM (2000) (1), U.S.
Markundersökningar – Föroreningars effekt på daggmaskar (Eisenia fetida).
The worms can be cultured in large aquaria (57 - 80 l) at 23 °C with a 16L:8D photoperiod (100 - 1000 lux) using daily renewed natural water (45 - 50 l per aquarium).
ISO (Internationella standardiseringsorganisationen) (1999).
New substrate in the tank will generally last for about two months.
Rundgren, S. och A. K. Augustsson.
Each worm culture is started with 500 - 1000 worms, and fed a 10 ml suspension containing 6 g of trout starter food 3 times per week under renewal or flow-through conditions.
Römbke, J. (1996).
Static or semi-static cultures should receive lower feeding rates to prevent bacterial and fungal growth.
Enchytraeen (Oligochaeta) als Bioindikator, UWSF – Z. Umweltchem.
Under these conditions the number of individuals in the culture generally doubles in about 10 to 14 d.
Didden, W.
Injuries or autotomy in the worms should be prevented, e.g. by using pipettes with fire polished edges, or stainless steel picks for handling these worms.
Römbke, J. och Federschmidt, A. (1996).
An issue to be regarded critically when using L. variegatus in sediment bioaccumulation tests is its reproduction mode (architomy followed by morphallaxis).
Römbke, J., Riepert, F. och Achazi R. (2000).
This asexual reproduction results in two fragments, which do not feed for a certain period until the head or tail part is regenerated (e.g. (36)(37)).
ISO (Internationella standardiseringsorganisationen) (1994).
This means that in L. variegatus sediment and contaminant uptake via ingestion may not take place continuously as in tubificids, which do not reproduce by fragmentation.
Markundersökningar – Bestämning av pH, nr 10390.
Such variation can occur, when some individuals, which have fragmented and therefore do not feed for a certain time period, are less exposed to the test substance than other individuals, which do not fragment during the test, e.g. (38).
Bell, A. W.
10 to 14 days before the start of exposure, the worms should be artificially fragmented (synchronisation) (65).
Nielsen, C.O. och Christensen, B. (1959).
This means, that when regeneration by morphallaxis occurs in synchronised worms during the test, virtually all animals are expected to be equally exposed to the spiked sediment.
Korinkova, J. och Sigmund, J. (1968).
Feeding of the synchronised worms should be done as soon as the worms are starting to burrow in the substrate, or 7 d after dissection.
The colouring of bottom-fauna samples before sorting, Vestnik Ceskoslovensko Spolecnosti Zoologicke 32, 300–305.