natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The parameters which are important for optimal fish well-being are fully known, but Appendix 1 gives recommended maximum concentrations of a number of parameters for fresh and marine test waters. The water should be of constant quality during the period of a test.
De parametrar som är viktiga för fiskens optimala välstånd är fullt ut kända, men i bilaga 1 anges rekommenderade maximala koncentrationer för ett antal parametrar för söt- och havsvattenprover.
Rev. Environ.
Bestående kemikaliers bioackumulationsheteende i vattenorganismer), Rev. Environ.
1 μg/l
l μg/l
Leiostomus xanthurus
Leiostomus xantburus
Weissberger ed.: Technique of Organic Chemistry, Physical Methods of Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed. Chapter IX, Interscience Publ., New York, 1959, vol. I, Part I.
Weissberger ed.: Technique of Organic Chemistry, Physical Methods of Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed.,kapitel IX, Interscience Publ., New York, 1959, vol. I, del 1.
Lists of fragment constants and correction terms ate available (b)(c)(d)(e);. Some are regularly updated (b).
En lista med fragmentkonstanter och korrektionsuttryck finns i hänvisningarna b, c, d och e. Vissa av dem uppdateras regelbundet (hänvisning b).
Rekker, H.M. de Kort, Eur. J. Med. Chem.
Rekker och H. M. de Kort, Euro.
pKa = 3,89 cis 4,44 trans
pKa = 3,89 cis 4,44 träns
Stallard, N., Whitehead, A and Ridgeway, P. (2002) Statistical evaluation of the revised fixed dose procedure. Hum.
Stallard, N., Whitehead, A. and Ridgeway, P. (2002), Statistical evaluation of the revised fixed dose pro cedure.
Chan P.K. and A.W. Hayes.
Chan P.K. and Hayes A.W.
Venitt and J.M. Parry (Eds).
Venitt och J. M. Parry (eds).
After weighing test animals, the test substance is administered by an appropriate route. If considered relevant, animals may be fasted before the test substance is administered.
Sedan försöksdjuren vägts tillförs testämnet på lämpligt sätt.. Vid behov kan kan man låta djuren fasta innan testämnet tillförs.
Observation period Observation period should be 21 days.
Förfarande
the mean disc dye content is well below the mean disc dye content of the 10M HCl positive control obtained concurrently. The test substance is considered to be corrosive to skin:
TER-medelvärdet är lägre än eller lika med 5 kΩ och
Other solvents of low cytotoxicity may be appropriate. Prior to use, all solvents should be assessed for specific properties, e.g. reaction with the test chemical, quenching of the phototoxic effect, radical scavenging properties and/or chemical stability in the solvent.
Andra lösningsmedel med låg cytotoxicitet kan vara lämpliga men måste före användning utvärderas med avseende på specifika egenskaper, t.ex. reaktionsbenägenhet med testkemikalien, dämpning av den fototoxiska verkan eller benägenhet att fånga upp radikaler och/eller kemisk stabilitet i lösningsmedlet.
Pharmacol. Exp.
Pharmacol.
Part 2: Semi-static method.
Del 2: Semi-static method.
Litchfield, J. T.and Wilcoxon, F., A simplified method for evaluating dose effects experiments, J. Pharm, tExp. Therap., 1949, vol. 96,99.
Litchfield, J. T. and Wilcoxon, E, A simplified method for evaluating dose effects experiments, J. Pharm, Exp. Therap., vol. 96, 1949, s. 99.
However, data on the adsorption on the surface of the test vessels gained from this experiment cannot be directly extrapolated to soil/solution experiment. The presence of soil will affect this adsorption.
Dessa resultat gällande adsorption på testkärlets yta kan dock inte direkt extrapoleras till testet med jord och lösning, eftersom adsorptionen i det senare fallet påverkas av att jord ar närvarande.
Weed Res. 21, p. 227-231.
21, s. 227–231.
The estimates are of higher reliability than those from QSAR calculations (9). As an estimation method it cannot fully replace batch equilibrium experiments used in the test method C18.
Dessa uppskattningar är tillförlitligare än resultaten från QSAR-beräkningar (9).
Software (Program CLOGP-3).
Software (Program CLOGP - 3).
Mutation Res., 189, p. 123-133.
Mutation Res., 189, s. 123–133.
Pre-conditioning consists of aerating activated sludge in mineral medium or secondary effluent for five to seven days at the test temperature. Pre-conditioning sometimes improves the precision of the test methods by reducing blank values.
Förbehandlingen består i luftning av aktivt slam i oorganiskt medium eller av sekundärt avloppsvatten i 5–7 dagar vid rumstemperatur.
PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD A measured volume of mineral medium containing a known concentration of the test substance (10-40 mg DOC/litre) as the nominal sole source of organic carbon is inoculated with 0,5 ml effluent per litre of medium.
TESTMETODSPRINCIP
Keniga E.E., and Goring, C.A.I. (1980) ‘Relationship between water solubility, soil sorption, octanol-water partitioning and concentration of chemicals in the biota’ in Aquatic Toxicology (eds J.G.
Keniga E. E., and Goring, C. A. I. (1980), ”Relationship between water solubility, soil sorption, octanol-water partitioning and concentration of chemicals in the biota” in Aquatic Toxicology (eds J.G.
Reich. J. Vac.
Reich, J. Vac.
Hayes, Editor. Raven Press Ltd. New York, USA.
Hayes, Raven Press, Ltd. New York, USA.
At least three dose levels are required with a control or a vehicle control if a vehicle is used. The exposure period should be at least six hours per day.
Till testet ska användas minst tre dosnivåer samt en kontrollgrupp eller en vehikelkontroll, om vehikel används.
EPS 1/RM/11. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
EPS 1/RM/11, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada.
Paris 2000.
Paris, 2000.
In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation (edited by F.I. Mayer and J.L. Hamelink).
In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation (edited by F. I. Mayer och J. L. Hamelink).
Spiking from an organic solution may suffer from volume unreproducibility. Thus, an additional error may be introduced as the test substance and co-solvent concentration would not be the same in all tests.
Tillsats från en organisk lösning kan innebära att reproducerbarheten går förlorad i fråga om volymen, dvs. ett nytt fel kan komma in eftersom testämnets och hjälplösningsmedlets koncentration inte är samma i alla test.
Density, specific gravity or API gravity of crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products by hydrometer method
Density, specific gravity or API gravity of crude petroleum and liquid petro-leum products by hydrometer method
mg/kg b. w. EU/chemicals Liquid pesticides
EU/kemikalier, bekämpningsmedel i vätskeform
Mutation Res., 189, p. 103-112.
Mutation Res., 189: s. 103–112.
Appropriate culture media are used for the determination of survival and the frequency of mitotic recombination. Use of negative and positive controls
Användningen av andra arter, vävnader, post-mitokondriala faktorer, eller förfaranden kan också vara lämplig för metabolisk aktivering.
Schnell and T.S. Miya, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 555-558.
Hayes, R. C. Schnell and T. S. Miya, Elsevier, Amsterdam, s. 555–558.
For Balb/c 3T3 cells grown in 96-well plates, the recommended cell seeding density is 1 × 104 cells per well. For each test chemical cells are seeded identically in two separate 96-well plates, which are then taken concurrently through the entire test procedure under identical culture conditions except for the time period where one of the plates is irradiated (+Irr) and the other one is kept in the dark (-Irr).
För varje testkemikalie sås celler ut på samma sätt på två separata 96-hålsplattor som därefter parallellt används genom hela testförfarandet under identiska odlingsförhållanden, med undantag av den tidsperiod då den ena plattan bestrålas (+ UVA/synligt ljus) och den andra hålls i mörker (– UVA/synligt ljus).
(-Irr)
(-UVA)
=mg IC flask - mg IC blank MG TOC added as test chemical
Den procentuella nedbrytningen beräknas genom
Test Method for Distillation (Distillation Yield and Distillation Range)
Test Method for Distillation (Distillation Field and Distillation Range)
Statistical Analysis of In Vivo Cytogenetic Assays.
UKEMS Sub-Comntittee on Guidelines for Mutagenicity Testing.
All skin reactions and any unusual findings, including systemic reactions, resulting from induction and challenge procedures should be observed and recorded according to the Magnusson/Kligman grading scale (See Appendix). Other procedures, e.g. histopathological examination, the measurement of skin fold thickness, may be carried out to clarify doubtful reactions.
Alla hudreaktioner och ovanliga resultat, inbegripet systemiska reaktioner, som följer av induktions- och provokationsförfarandena bör observeras och noteras i enlighet med graderingsskalan enligt Magnusson/Kligman (se tillägget), övriga förfaranden, t.ex. histopatologisk undersökning eller mätning av hudvecks tjocklek, får utföras för att klargöra tveksamma reaktioner.
Evaluation of selected lipid methods for normalising pollutant bioaccumulation.
(1991), Evaluation of selected lipid methods for normalising pollutant bioaccumulation.
Schlede E., Mischke U., Roll R. and Kayser D., (1992). A National Validation Study of the Acute-Toxic- Class Method — An Alternative to the LD50 Test.
Schlede E., Mischke U., Roll R. and Kayser D. (1992), A National Validation Study of the Acute-Toxic- Class Method – An Alternative to the LD50 Test.
Measurements of additional enzymes (of hepatic or other origin) and bile acids may provide useful information under certain circumstances. Optionally, the following urine analysis determinations could be performed during the last week of the study using timed urine volume collection; appearance, volume, osmolality or specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose and blood/blood cells.
Mätningar av ytterligare enzymer (från lever eller av annat ursprung) och gallsyror kan under vissa förhållanden ge användbar information.Följande urinanalysbestämningar kan utföras frivilligt under sista veckan av försöket med samling av urin på fasta tider: utseende, volym, osmolalitet eller specifik vikt, pH, protein, glukos och blod eller blodceller.
Results should be evaluated by an appropriate statistical method. Any recognised statistical method may be used.
Utvärderingen av resultaten ska ske på grundval av en lämplig statistisk metod, Alla erkända statistiska metoder får användas.
Robb, G.W. et al., (1978). Daily Sperm Production and Epididymal Sperm Reserves of Pubertal and Adult Rats.
Robb, G.W. et al.
Seed, J. et al., (1996). Methods for Assessing Sperm Motility, Morphology, and Counts in the Rat, Rabbit, and Dog: a Consensus Report.
Seed, J. et al.
Tinois E, Tiollier J, Gaucherand M, Dumas H, Tardy M, Thivolet J (1991). In vitro and post–transplantation differentiation of human keratinocytes grown on the human type IV collagen film of a bilayered dermal substitute.
Tinois E, Tiollier J, Gaucherand M, Dumas H, Tardy M, Thivolet J (1991), In vitro and post -transplantation differentiation of human keratinocytes grown on the human type IV collagen film of a bilayered dermal substitute.
Furthermore, the LLNA does not require the use of an adjuvant, as is the case for the guinea pig maximisation test. Thus, the LLNA reduces animal distress.
Trots fördelarna med LLNA jämfört med traditionella test på marsvin, bör man vara medveten om att LLNA har vissa begränsningar.
Johnson, B.L., (1980) Electrophysiological Methods in neurotoxicity Testing. In: Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology.
Johnson (1980), ”Electrophysiological Methods in neurotoxicity Testing”, Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology. red.
The flow rates of stock solutions and dilution water should be checked both 48 h before and then at least daily during the test. In this check the determination of the flow-rate through each test chamber is included and ensured that it does not vary by more than 20 % either within or between chambers.
Förrådslösningens och lösningsvattnets flöden ska kontrolleras både 48 timmar före och minst en gång dagligen under pågående provning, Denna kontroll ska omfatta fastställande av flödeshastigheten genom varje provningskammare, samt ska den garantera att flödeshastigheten inte varierar med mer än 20 % inom eller mellan kärlen.
Danish Water Quality Institute.
Danska vattenkvalitetsinstitutet.
Method for the determination of melting point and/or melting range
Method for determination of melting point and/or melting range
the cooling temperature is not low enough. In this case liquid nitrogen is used as the cooling agent.
nedkylningstemperaturen inte är tillräckligt låg, varvid flytande kväve används som kylmedel;
Jitschin. J. Vac.
Jitschin, J. Vac.
Commercially available tensiometers are adequate for this measurement. They consist of the following elements:
Denna mätning kan göras med kommersiellt tillgängliga tensiometrar och består av följande delar:
According to its definition the π-method is applicable predominantly for aromatic substitution. π-values for a large number of substituents have been tabulated (b)(c)(d). They are used for the calculation of log Pow for aromatic molecules or substructures.
där Pow (PhX) är fördelningskoefficienten av ett aromatiskt derivat och Pow (PhH) är moderföreningens fördelningskoefficient
Ther.
Chem,.
The threaded collar is slipped onto the tube from below, the appropriate orifice plate is inserted and the nut tightened after applying some molybdenum disulphide based lubricant. It is essential to check that none of the substance is trapped between the flange and the plate, or in the threads.
Vätskor och geléaktiga ämnen fylls i röret till en höjd av 60 mm varvid försiktighet iakttas med geléaktiga ämnen för att undvika luftbubblor under påfyllning.
The burners are located around the test chamber as shown in figure 1. The four burners have a combined consumption of about 3,2 litres of propane per minute.
Det är viktigt att kontrollera att inget ämne har fastnat mellan flänsen och plattan eller i gängorna.
Alternative fuel gases and burners may be used but the heating rate must be as specified in figure 3. For all apparatus, the heating rate must be checked periodically using tubes filled with dibutyl phthalate as indicated in figure 3.
Uppvärmningen sker med propan, som från en industriell cylinder med tryckreglator (60–70 mbar) leds genom en mätare och fördelas jämnt till fyra brännare genom en anslutning (vilket kontrolleras genom visuell inspektion av brännarnas lågor).
If a positive event is obtained during these six tests, a further series of six tests must be performed with a 120 N loading. In other apparatus, the sample is compared with the chosen reference substance using an established procedure (e.g. up-and-down technique, etc.).
Om en explosion förekommer i ett av dessa sex försök utförs en ny serie med sex försök med en belastning av 120 N. I andra apparater jämförs proven med det valda referensämnet med hjälp av ett fastställt förfarande (t.ex. up- and down-teknik).
End-group analysis To use this method, knowledge of both the overall structure of the polymer and the nature of the chain terminating end groups is needed (which must be distinguishable from the main skeleton by, e.g. NMR or titration/derivatisation).
Ändgruppanalys
Examples of results [18] Substance [19]
Ämne [18]
(See the Humane Endpoint Guidance Document (8) for more details). 1.3. PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST METHOD
LD50-värdet uttrycks som vikten testämne per viktenhet försöksdjur (mg/kg).
Clinical signs and conditions associated with pain, suffering, and impending death, are described in detail in a separate OECD Guidance Document (8). Further groups of animals may be dosed at higher or lower fixed doses, depending on the presence or absence of signs of toxicity or mortality.
Förutsägbar död: Förekomsten av kliniska tecken som tyder på död vid en känd framtida tidpunkt som infaller före försökets planerade avslutningstidpunkt, exempelvis oförmåga att nå vatten eller föda (närmare uppgifter finns i vägledningen om konsekvenserna för människors hälsa, se hänvisning 8).
British Toxicology Society Working Party on Toxicity (1984) Special report: a new approach to the classification of substances and preparations on the basis of their acute toxicity. Human Toxicol., 3, p. 85-92.
British Toxicology Society Working Party on Toxicity (1984), ”Special report: a new approach to the classification of substances and preparations on the basis of their acute toxicity”, Human Toxicol., 3, 85–92.
Fd. Chem. Toxicol.
Springer och R.C. Myers (1995), ”Comparison of the Up-and-Down, Conventional LD50, and Fixed-Dose Acute Toxicity Procedures”, Fd. Chem.
Whitehead, A. and Curnow, R.N (1992) Statistical evaluation of the fixed-dose procedure. Fd. Chem.
Whitehead och R.N. Curnow (1992), ”Statistical evaluation of the fixed-dose procedure”, Fd.
Stallard, N. and Whitehead, A (1995) Reducing numbers in the fixed-dose procedure. Human Exptl. Toxicol. 14, p. 315-323.
Stallard och A. Whitehead (1995), ”Reducing numbers in the fixed-dose procedure”, Human Exptl.Toxicol., 14, 315–323.
OECD (2001) Guidance Document on Acute Oral Toxicity Testing. Environmental Health and Safety Monograph Series on Testing and Assessment No 24. Paris
OECD (2001), ”Guidance Document on Acute Oral Toxicity Testing”, Environmental Health and SafetyMonograph Series on Testing and Assessment, 24, Paris.
OECD (2000) Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation. Environmental Health and Safety Monograph Series on Testing and Assesment No 19.
OECD (2000), ”Guidance Document on the Recognition”, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation, Environmental Health and SafetyMonograph Series on Testing and Assesment, 19.
Edition. A.W.
A.W.
Diener W., Sichha L., Mischke U., Kayser D. and Schlede E (1994) The Biometric Evaluation of the Acute-Toxic-Class Method (Oral). Arch.
Diener W., Sichha L., Mischke U., Kayser D. and Schlede E. (1994), The Biometric Evaluation of the Acute-Toxic-Class Method (Oral), Arch.
OECD (2000). Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation.
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation.
EPA (1990). Atlas of Dermal Lesions, (20T-2004).
EPA (1990), Atlas of Dermal Lesions, (20T-2004).
This approach represents both best practice and an ethical benchmark for in vivo testing for skin irritation/corrosion. The testing method provides guidance for the conduct of the in vivo test and summarises the factors that should be addressed before initiating such a test.
BESKRIVNING AV UTVÄRDERINGS- OCH TESTNINGSSTRATEGIN
It also recommends the performance of validated and accepted in vitro or ex vivo tests for skin corrosion/irritation under specific circumstances. DESCRIPTION OF THE EVALUATION AND TESTING STRATEGY
Alla relevanta data om det berörda ämnets (eller analoga ämnens) verkningar bör utvärderas genom beslut som grundas på en weight-of-the-evidence-analys, och en motivering för beslutet bör anges.
Prior to undertaking tests as part of the sequential testing strategy (Figure), all available information should be evaluated to determine the need for in vivo skin testing. Although significant information might be gained from the evaluation of single parameters (e.g. extreme pH), the totality of existing information should be considered.
Huvudvikten bör läggas vid existerande data om ämnet (både i fråga om människor och djur).
Primary emphasis should be placed upon existing human and animal data on the substance, followed by the outcome of in vitro or ex vivo testing. In vivo studies of corrosive substances should be avoided whenever possible. The factors considered in the testing strategy include:
Till de faktorer som bör beaktas inom ramen för testningsstrategin hör följande:
Animal, Human, and In Vitro Test Methods for Predicting Skin Irritation, in: Francis N. Marzulli and Howard I. Maibach (editors): Dermatotoxicology. Fifth Edition ISBN 1-56032-356-6, Chapter 31, p. 411-436.
Maibach (1996), ”Animal, Human, and In Vitro Test Methods for Predicting Skin Irritation”, Francis N. Marzulli och Howard I. Maibach (red.), Dermatotoxicology, femte utgåvan ISBN 1-56032-356-6, kapitel 31, 411–436.
OECD, (1996) OECD Test Guidelines Programme: Final Report of the OECD Workshop on Harmonisation of Validation and Acceptance Criteria for Alternative Toxicological Test Methods. Held in Solna, Sweden, 22-24 January 1996 (http://www.oecd.org/ehs/test/background.htm).
OECD (1996), OECD Test Guidelines Programme: Final Report of the OECD Workshop on Harmonization of Validation and Acceptance Criteria for Alternative Toxicological Test Methods, Solna, Sverige, den 22–24 januari 1996 (http://www.oecd.org/ehs/test/background.htm).
OECD, (2000) Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation. OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications.
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation, OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment, No.
OECD, (1996) OECD Test Guidelines Programme: Final Report of the OECD Workshop on Harmonisation of Validation and Acceptance Criteria for Alternative Toxicological Test Methods. Held in Solna, Sweden, 22-24 January 1996 (http://www.oecd.org/ehs/test/background.htm).
OECD (1996), OECD Test Guidelines Programme: Final Report of the OECD Workshop on Harmonization of Validation and Acceptance Criteria for Alternative Toxicological Test Methods, Solna, Sverige, den 22–24 januari 1996 (http://www1.oecd.org/ehs/test/background.htm).
Worth, A.P. and Fentem J.H., (1999). A General Approach for Evaluating Stepwise Testing Strategies.
Worth och J.H.
All skin reactions and any unusual findings, including systemic reactions, resulting from induction and challenge procedures should be observed and recorded according to the grading scale of Magnusson/Kligman (See Appendix). Other procedures, e.g. histopathological examination, the measurement of skin fold thickness, may be carried out to clarify doubtful reactions.
Alla hudreaktioner och ovanliga resultat, inbegripet systematiska reaktioner, som orsakas av induktions- och provokationsförfarandena bör observeras och noteras i enlighet med graderingsskalan enligt Magnusson/Kligman (se tillägget), övriga förfaranden t.ex. histopatologisk undersökning eller mätning av hudvecks tjocklek, bör utföras för att klargöra tveksamma reaktioner.
TREATMENT OF RESULTS The experimental unit is the cell, and therefore the percentage of cells with structural chromosome aberration(s) should be evaluated.
BEHANDLING AV RESULTATEN
Different types of structural chromosome aberrations should be listed with their numbers and frequencies for experimental and control cultures. Gaps are recorded separately and reported but generally not included in the total aberration frequency.
Den experimentella enheten utgörs av cellen, och därför bör den procentandel av cellerna som uppvisar strukturella kromosomavvikelser utvärderas.
Additionally, all data should be summarised in tabular form. There is no requirement for verification of a clear positive response.
Luckor i DNA-strängen noteras separat och rapporteras men inkluderas inte generellt i den totala frekvensen för avvikelser.
Equivocal results should be clarified by further testing preferably using modification of experimental conditions. The need to confirm negative results has been discussed in 1.4.3.3.
Samtidiga mätningar av cytotoxicitet för alla behandlade och negativa kontrollkulturer i huvudexperimenten avseende avvikelser bör även samlas in.
In: de Serres, F.J., Fouts, J.R., Bend, J.R. and Philpot, R.M. (eds) In Vitro Metabolic Activation in Mutagenesis Testing, Elsevier, North-Holland, p. 85-88.
In: de Serres, F. J., Fouts, J. R., Bend, J. R. och Philpot, R. M. (eds) In Vitro Metabolic Activation in Mutagenesis Testing, Elsevier, North-Holland, s. 85–88.