natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
While amphetamine deaths are also infrequently reported in Europe, in the CzechRepublic a substantial number of druginduced deaths have been attributed to pervitin (methamphetamine).
Sicer pa se zdi, da je večina smrtnih primerov zaradi
In Finland, however, buprenorphine is present in most druginduced deaths, usually in combination with sedative medicines or alcohol or taken by injection (147).
Nekaj držav poroča o prisotnosti metadona v večjem deležu z drogami povezanih smrtnih primerov, čeprav je zaradi pomanjkanja skupnih standardov poročanja vloga te snovi pogosto nejasna.
See Table DRD-108 in the 2008 statistical bulletin and the 2007 annual report for further information.
) Glej preglednico DRD-108 v Statističnem biltenu 2008.) National Drug Intelligence Center, „Methadone Diversion, Abuse and Misuse: Deaths Increasing at Alarming Rate“, november 2007. Dokument 2007-Q0317-001 (http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs25/25930/index.htm#Key).)
See Table DRD-108 in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej preglednico DRD-108 v Statističnem biltenu 2008.
Trends in druginduced deaths
Vloga kokaina v teh smrtnih primerih ni vedno opredeljena in ti primeri morda niso prijavljeni kot povezani z njim.
Druginduced deaths increased sharply in Europe during the 1980s and early 1990s, possibly paralleling the increase in heroin use and drug injection, and thereafter remained at high levels (149).
Razlaga podatkov o smrtnih primerih, povezanih s kokainom, je v veliko primerih še bolj zapletena zaradi prisotnosti drugih snovi, zaradi česar je ugotavljanje vzročnih povezav težavno.
However, data from countries with long time series suggest differentiated trends: in some (e.g. Germany, Spain, France, Italy), deaths peaked in the early to mid1990s, with a later decrease; in other countries (e.g. Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, Norway), the number of deaths peaked around the year 2000, before decreasing; and in some others (e.g. Denmark, Netherlands, Austria, United Kingdom), an upward trend was observed, but without a clear peak (150).
V letu 2006 je 14 držav članic poročalo o več kot 450 smrtnih primerih, povezanih s kokainom – vendar pa obstaja verjetnost, da je število smrtnih primerov v EU zaradi prevelikega odmerka kokaina podcenjeno.
Europe had a very high mortality rate compared to peers of the same age (see EMCDDA, 2006).
O smrtnih primerih, pri katerih je prisoten ekstazi, ni veliko poročil.
Other cohort studies have found mortality rates between six and 54 times higher among drug users than among the general population.
O večini smrtnih primerov, kjer je „prisoten ekstazi“, poročajo iz Združenega kraljestva, vendar pa v številnih primerih ta droga ni opredeljena kot neposredni vzrok smrti.
These differences are mainly due to drug overdose, although other factors are also important, and in some countries AIDS deaths play a significant role. Darke et al.
Tudi poročila o smrtnih primerih zaradi amfetaminov so v Evropi redka, vendar pa je bilo v Češki republiki veliko smrtnih primerov zaradi prevelikega odmerka pripisanih pervitinu (metamfetamin).
Among diseases, conditions related to blood-borne viruses (HIV, HCV and HBV, see above), neoplasms, liver diseases and diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems can be associated with drug use.
Podatki so iz študije, ki temelji na vzorcu 501 uživalca drog, sprejetega na zdravljenje zaradi odvisnosti od drog v obdobju med letoma 1981–91.
Trauma involves mostly accidents homicides and other violence.
Do leta 2003 je bilo zabeleženih 189 smrtnih primerov, pri čemer v 14 primerih ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti vzroka smrti. Ødegard, E., Amundsen, E. J. in Kielland, K. B. (2007), „Fatal overdoses and deaths by other causes in a cohort of Norwegian drug abusers: a competing risk approach“, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 89, str. 176–82.
15 1 in 2001, 14% in 2002 and 7% in 2003 (
Trendi smrtnih primerov, ki jih povzročijo droge za 3 % leta 2001, 14 % leta 2002 in 7 % leta 2003 (151).
A number of factors could be associated with this, including: increases in polydrug use, a possible growth in the availability of heroin or an ageing population of chronic drug users (152
S tem je mogoče povezati več dejavnikov, vključno s povečanim uživanjem več drog hkrati, morebitno večjo razpoložljivostjo heroina ali starajočo se populacijo kroničnih uživalcev drog (152).
In the absence of data from some of the larger countries, overall estimates of the number of druginduced deaths for 2006 remain provisional.
Ker za nekatere večje države ni na voljo podatkov, so splošne ocene števila smrtnih primerov zaradi drog za leto 2006 začasne.
However, the available data from 18 countries are suggestive of a small decrease compared to 2005.
Vendar pa razpoložljivi podatki iz 18 držav kažejo na manjši porast v primerjavi z letom 2005.
The number of druginduced deaths in those younger than 25 years of age has seen a moderate overall decrease in Europe, whereas in those Member States joining the European Union after 2004, until recently there has been an increase in the number of deaths among this age group (153).
Število smrtnih primerov, ki jih povzročijo droge, se je v Evropi v 80. in na začetku 90. let prejšnjega stoletja močno povečalo, verjetno zaradi hkratnega povečanega uživanja heroina in vbrizgavanja droge, po tem obdobju pa je število ostalo na visoki ravni (149).
However, an increase in the proportion of younger cases has been observed in recent years in Greece, Luxembourg and Austria, and to a lesser extent in Bulgaria, Latvia and the Netherlands (154
Vendar pa podatki iz držav z dolgoročnimi nizi nakazujejo različne trende: v nekaterih državah (npr.
This observation requires further investigation, as it could point to increases in the numbers of young people using opioids in these countries.
Nemčiji, Španiji, Franciji, Italiji) je bilo število smrtnih primerov največje v začetku in sredi 90. let, nato pa se je zmanjšalo; v drugih državah (npr. na Irskem, v Grčiji, na Portugalskem, Finskem, Švedskem in Norveškem) je bilo število primerov največje okoli leta 2000, nato pa se je zmanjšalo; spet v drugih državah (npr. na Danskem, Nizozemskem, v Avstriji, Združenem kraljestvu) je bil zabeležen trend naraščanja, vendar brez očitnega vrhunca (150).
Cohort studies area valuable tool for estimating and understanding the overall mortality related to drug use, but other approaches can help improve the understanding of the issue and provide an overview at national level. Several new methods in this area are currently being explored by the EMCDDA, in close collaboration with Member States, with the aim of implementing them at EU level.
V Evropi se je število smrtnih primerov zaradi drog pri osebah, mlajših od 25 let, rahlo zmanjšalo, v državah članicah, ki so se EU pridružile po letu 2004, pa se je do pred kratkim število smrtnih primerov v tej starostni skupini povečevalo (153).
In another approach, drug-attributable fractions, derived from various studies, are applied to the causes of death that are most frequently related to drug use (e.g. AIDS, accidents, suicides and poisonings) and which are recorded in the general population mortality registers.
Vendar pa je bil v zadnjih letih v Grčiji, Luksemburgu in Avstriji zabeležen porast deleža primerov med mlajšimi, v manjšem obsegu pa tudi v Bolgariji, Latviji in na Nizozemskem (154).
Overall drugrelated mortality
To ugotovitev je treba nadalje
Deaths indirectly related to drug use
Za obdobje od leta 2001 do 2005–2006 je trende smrtnih primerov, ki jih povzročijo droge, težje opisati.
AIDS deaths attributed to injecting drug use is another important cause of death. Based on data from Eurostat
V prvih letih tega desetletja (2000–2003) je veliko držav EU poročalo o upadu, število smrtnih primerov, ki jih povzročijo droge, pa se je na splošno zmanjšalo preiskati, saj lahko kaže na povečanje števila mladih, ki uživajo opioide, v teh državah.
See Figure DRD-8 in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
) Glej prikaz DRD-8 v Statističnem biltenu 2008.
For historical reasons, this trend refers to the EU-15 and Norway.
Iz zgodovinskih razlogov se ta trend nanaša na EU-15 in Norveško.)
See Figure DRD-11 in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej prikaz DRD-11 v Statističnem biltenu 2008. )
Figures reported here differ from those reported in previous years because of changes in case definition or coverage in Denmark, Spain, France and the United Kingdom, and updates in several countries.
Tukaj poročani podatki se razlikujejo od podatkov iz prejšnjih let, in sicer zaradi sprememb v opredelitvi primera ali pokritosti na Danskem, v Španiji, Franciji in Združenem kraljestvu ter zaradi posodobitev v več državah. )
See ‘Opioid indicators are no longer decreasing’, p.
Glej „Kazalniki uživanja opioidov se ne zmanjšujejo več“, str.
71, and Table DRD-2 (part i) and Figure DRD-12 in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
71; in preglednico DRD-2, del (i), in prikaz DRD-12 v Statističnem biltenu 2008.)
See Figure DRD-13 (part i) in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej prikaz DRD-13, del (i), v Statističnem biltenu 2008. )
See Figure DRD-9 in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej prikaz DRD-9 v Statističnem biltenu 2008.
Figure 12: Known causes of death among a cohort of drug users in Norway
Splošna umrljivost, povezana z drogami mogoče oceniti, da je leta 2003 več kot 2 600 ljudi umrlo zaradi aidsa, povezanega z uživanjem drog (155).
The reduction of drugrelated deaths is a goal of most national drug strategies, but few countries have adopted action plans or provided systematic guidance on measures to be taken.
O večini teh smrtnih primerov je poročalo nekaj držav, pri čemer se jih več kot 90 % zgodilo v Španiji, Franciji, Italiji in na Portugalskem.
However, in 2007, the United Kingdom’s Department of Health issued new guidelines on clinical management of drug misuse and dependence, setting out specific actions for the prevention of drugrelated deaths.
Umrljivost zaradi aidsa je bila največja sredi 90. let, po uvedbi in večji pokritosti HAART-a pa se je zelo zmanjšala.
The contribution that treatment, including substitution along with psychosocial care and psychotherapy, can make to reduce mortality among drug users was shown in a prospective long-term study in Italy (Davoli et al., 2007).
Razen v Španiji, Italiji in zlasti na Portugalskem so stopnje umrljivosti med prebivalstvom zaradi aidsa, povezanega z vbrizgavanjem drog, zelo nizke.
The study was conducted among a cohort of 10 454 heroin users entering public treatment services from 1998 to 2001, and evaluated retention in treatment and overdose mortality.
V veliko državah je umrljivost zaradi prevelikega odmerka med uživalci drog precej večja kot umrljivost zaradi aidsa (156).
The risk of death among the cohort was, on average, increased by a factor of 10 compared to the general population; though, among drug users undergoing treatment, the risk of death was four times that of the general population, and those who had stopped treatment were 20 times more likely to die.
Število smrtnih primerov zaradi drugih vzrokov (npr. posledic drugih nalezljivih bolezni, nasilja, nesreč) je trenutno težje oceniti, obstaja pa tudi potreba po izboljšavi zbiranja podatkov in ocen na tem področju (glej prejšnji razdelek).
The data are from a study based on a sample of 501 drug users admitted for treatment for drug addiction during the period 1981–91.
Nedavna študija je pokazala, da je bila stopnja umrljivosti med uživalcih opioidov, sprejetih na zdravljenje na osmih lokacijah (sedem mest in ena država) v Evropi, zelo visoka v primerjavi z njihovimi vrstniki (glej EMCDDA, 2006).
A total of 189 deaths were recorded up to 2003, of which the cause of death could not be identified in 14 cases.
Te razlike so predvsem posledica prevelikih odmerkov, čeprav so pomembni tudi drugi dejavniki, v nekaterih državah pa ima pomembno vlogo tudi AIDS. Darke et al.
Ødegard, E., Amundsen, E.J. and Kielland, K.B. (2007), ‘Fatal overdoses and deaths by other causes in a cohort of Norwegian drug abusers: a competing risk approach’, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 89, pp. 176–82.
Med boleznimi lahko z uživanjem drog povežemo stanja, povezana z virusi, ki se prenašajo s krvjo (HIV, HCV in HBV, glej zgoraj), neoplazme, bolezni jeter ter bolezni obtočil in dihalnih sistemov. Travma zajema predvsem nesreče, umore in drugo nasilje.
and EuroHIV (End-year report for 2005, 2006), it can be estimated that, in 2003, over 2 600 people died of
Pregled literature (Darke in Ross, 2002) je pokazal, da je stopnja samomorov med uživalci heroina 14-krat večja kot med splošnim prebivalstvom.
AIDS attributable to drug use (155
Zmanjševanje števila z drogami povezanih smrtnih primerov
AIDS mortality peaked in the mid-1990s and has decreased substantially following the introduction and increased coverage of HAART.
Treba je opozoriti, da je lahko delež smrtnih primerov zaradi aidsa precej večji v državah z veliko razširjenostjo aidsa med uživalci drog.
With the exception of Spain, Italy and, in particular, Portugal, population mortality rates due to AIDS attributable to drug injection are low.
Zmanjšanje števila z drogami povezanih smrtnih primerov je cilj večine nacionalnih strategij boja proti drogam, nekaj držav pa je sprejelo akcijske načrte ali sistematične smernice za ukrepe, ki jih je treba sprejeti.
The targeted dissemination of information on overdose risks and management via leaflets, brochures and posters is common practice in most countries.
Center trenutno proučuje več novih metod na tem področju, in sicer v tesnem sodelovanju z državami članicami, cilj pa je njihova uvedba na evropski ravni.
Furthermore, training workshops to increase knowledge and skills in overdose management competence are now reported from half of all Member States.
V enem izmed teh pristopov so stopnje umrljivosti iz kohortnih študij ekstrapolirane na lokalne (Bargagli et al., 2005) ali nacionalne ocene problematičnih uživalcev drog (Cruts et al., 2008).
This training can address drug users and relatives, as well as staff, and typically includes: information on specific risks, including decreased tolerance after periods of abstinence; the effects of polydrug use, in particular concomitant alcohol use, and of using drugs when no other person is present; and skills in first aid.
V drugem pristopu se deli, ki jih je mogoče pripisati drogam in so izpeljani iz različnih študij, uporabijo pri vzrokih smrtnih primerov, ki so najpogosteje povezani z uživanjem drog (npr.
In Italy, a combination of overdose response training with takehome dispensing of naloxone is reported to be used in half of the addiction care departments under public health service coordination.
AIDS, nesreče, samomori in zastrupitve) in ki so zabeleženi v registrih umrljivosti med splošno populacijo.
than AIDS-related mortality among drug users (156).
Dolgotrajna študija v Italiji (Davoli et al., 2007) je pokazala, da lahko zdravljenje, vključno z nadomestnim zdravljenjem in psihosocialno oskrbo ter psihoterapijo, pripomore k zmanjšanju umrljivosti med uživalci drog.
The number of deaths from other causes (e.g. consequences of other infectious diseases, violence, accidents) is more difficult to assess at present and there is a need to improve data collection and estimation in this area (see preceding section).
Študija je bila izvedena v kohorti 10 454 uživalcev heroina, ki so se začeli zdraviti v javnih ustanovah med letoma 1998 in 2001, ocenila pa je zadržanje na zdravljenju in umrljivost zaradi prevelikega odmerka.
The proactive monitoring of the psychosocial wellbeing of drug users, including of those in substitution treatment, may have value as drug overdoses are in many cases triggered by previous health or social events, and rates of intentional overdose might be high (Oliver et al., 2007).
Tveganje smrti v kohorti je bilo v primerjavi s splošnim prebivalstvom v povprečju desetkrat večje. Med uživalci na zdravljenju je bilo tveganje smrti štirikrat večje od tveganja med splošnim prebivalstvom, med tistimi, ki pa so se prenehali zdraviti, je bilo tveganje dvajsetkrat večje.
A further challenge, in many countries, is that health and social services are dealing with an ageing population of long-term drug users, who may be more vulnerable
Smrtni primeri, posredno povezani z uživanjem drog
Suicide appears to be a frequent cause of death among drug users.
AIDS, povezan z vbrizgavanjem drog, je drug pomemben vzrok smrti.
A literature review (Darke and Ross, 2002) found that the suicide rate among heroin users was 14 times higher than that found in the general population.
V večini držav sta usmerjeno razširjanje informacij o tveganjih prevelikega odmerka ter nadzor s pomočjo letakov, brošur in plakatov splošna praksa. Poleg tega
The year 2003 was taken as the most recent year for which information from almost all Member States regarding causes of death is available through Eurostat.
) Leto 2003 je bilo vzeto kot tisto preteklo leto, za katerega so informacije iz skoraj vseh držav članic v zvezi z vzroki smrti na voljo prek Eurostata.
For detailed information on sources, numbers and computations see Table DRD-5 in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Za podrobne informacije o virih, številkah in izračunih glej preglednico DRD-5 v Statističnem biltenu 2008. )
See Figure DRD-7 (part ii) in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej prikaz DRD-7, del (ii), v Statističnem biltenu 2008.
Annual report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe to both drug overdose and a range of negative health consequences.
Letno poročilo 2008: stanje na področju problematike drog v Evropi
Drug injectors, in particular, may suffer from high levels of somatic disease, notably chronic infections of the liver, which further increase their vulnerability.
Zlasti injicirajoči uživalci lahko trpijo zaradi visokih ravni somatskih bolezni, predvsem kroničnih okužb jeter, kar še dodatno poveča ranljivost teh oseb.
Elevated risk of druginduced death on completion of prison sentences or treatment attributed to drug overdoses or, more generally, to substance use disorders.
Povečano tveganje smrtnih primerov zaradi prevelikega odmerka po končani zaporni kazni ali po zdravljenju v uživanju snovi.
Coroners’ records cited the involvement of opioids in 95% of the druginduced deaths, benzodiazepines in 20%, cocaine in 14% and tricyclic antidepressants in 10% of cases.
Zapiski mrliškega oglednika so navajali prisotnost opioidov v 95 % vseh smrtnih primerov zaradi droge, benzodiazepina v 20 %, kokaina v 14 % in tricikličnih antidepresivov v 10 % primerov.
The risk of druginduced death in the immediate period after release from prison or on relapse after treatment is substantially elevated, according to studies carried out in Europe and elsewhere.
Študije, izvedene v Evropi in drugje, kažejo, da je tveganje smrti zaradi droge neposredno po izpustu iz zapora ali zaradi ponovnega uživanja po zdravljenju precej povečano.
The VEdeTTE study in Italy (Davoli et al., 2007) observed a death rate from overdose of one per 1 000 among heroin users in treatment and 23 per 1 000 in the first month after treatment, corresponding to a risk of overdose death 27 times higher in the first month out of treatment, after adjustment for possible confounders.
Študija VEdeTTE v Italiji (Davoli et al., 2007) je zabeležila stopnjo umrljivosti zaradi prevelikega odmerka pri enem na 1 000 uživalcev heroina na zdravljenju in 23 na 1 000 uživalcev v prvem mesecu po zdravljenju, kar ustreza 27-kratnemu tveganju smrti zaradi prevelikega odmerka v prvem mesecu po zdravljenju, po prilagoditvi možnih odstopanj.
A recent study carried out in the UnitedKingdom (England and Wales) compared the records of almost 49 000 prisoners released during 1998–2000 with all deaths recorded up to November 2003 (Farrell and Marsden, 2008).
Nedavna študija, izvedena v Združenem kraljestvu (Anglija in Wales), je primerjala podatke skoraj 49 000 zapornikov, izpuščenih med letoma 1998 in 2000, z vsemi smrtnimi primeri, zabeleženimi do novembra 2003 (Farrell and Marsden, 2008).
Of the 442 deaths that occurred among the sample during this period, the majority (59%) were drug-related.
Od 442 smrtnih primerov, do katerih je v tem obdobju prišlo v vzorcu, je bila večina povezana z drogami.
In the year following release, the druginduced mortality rate was 5.2 per 1 000 men and 5.9 per 1 000 women.
V letu po izpustu je bila stopnja umrljivosti zaradi drog 5,2 na 1 000 moških in 5,9 na 1 000 žensk.
In the period immediately after release, expected rates were exceeded by more than 10 times for women and more than eight times for men.
V obdobju neposredno po izpustu so bile pričakovane stopnje presežene za več kot desetkrat pri ženskah in več kot osemkrat pri moških.
All female and 95% of male deaths that occurred during the first fortnight outside prison were drug-related, and could be
Vse smrti pri ženskah in 95 % smrti pri moških, do katerih je prišlo v prvih dveh tednih po končani zaporni kazni, so bile povezane z drogo in jih je mogoče pripisati prevelikemu odmerku ali, bolj splošno, motnjam
Despite the observed connection between druginduced deaths and prison release or treatment termination, few countries are systematically investing in educating prisoners or those in treatment on the risk of overdose.
Kljub ugotovljeni povezavi med smrtnimi primeri zaradi droge in izpustom iz zapora ali prenehanjem zdravljenja le malo držav sistematično investira v izobraževanje zapornikov ali bolnikov na zdravljenju o tveganju prevelikega odmerka.
Continuity of care and rehabilitation of drug users that are released from prison are also undeveloped in many countries.
V veliko državah je nadaljnja oskrba in rehabilitacija uživalcev drog, ki so izpuščeni iz zapora, premalo razvita.
Improvements in these two areas could represent valuable opportunities to prevent drugrelated deaths.
Izboljšave na teh dveh področjih bi lahko pomenile dragocene možnosti za preprečevanje z drogami povezanih smrtnih primerov.
Chapter 8 New drugs and emerging trends
Poglavje 8Nove droge in nastajajoči trendi
In March 2008, the Council adopted a decision defining BZP as a new psychoactive substance which is to be made subject to control measures and criminal provisions.
Marca 2008 je Svet sprejel sklep, ki BZP opredeljuje kot novo psihoaktivno snov, ki mora postati predmet ukrepov nadzora in kazenskih določb.
Member States have one year to take the necessary measures, in accordance with their national law, to submit BZP to control measures, proportionate to the risks of the substance, and criminal penalties, as provided for under their legislation complying with their obligations under the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
Države članice imajo v skladu z nacionalno zakonodajo leto dni časa za sprejem potrebnih ukrepov, da BZP podvržejo ukrepom nadzora, sorazmernim s tveganji, povezanimi s to snovjo, in kaznim za kazniva dejanja, kot to predvideva njihova zakonodaja, skladno z obveznostmi po Konvenciji ZN o psihotropnih snoveh iz leta 1971.
In March 2007, the EMCDDA and Europol reported to the Commission on the active monitoring of 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) (159).
Marca 2007 sta Center in Europol Komisiji poročala o aktivnem spremljanju 1-(3-klorofenil)piperazina (mCPP) (159).
This report was produced for information purposes only and concluded that ‘mCPP was unlikely to become established as a recreational drug in its own right’ due to its indistinct psychoactive properties and some adverse effects.
To poročilo je bilo sestavljeno samo za namene obveščanja in v njem je bilo ugotovljeno, da se „mCPP verjetno ne bo uveljavil kot samostojna rekreativna droga“, in sicer zaradi neizrazitih psihoaktivnih lastnosti in nekaterih škodljivih učinkov.
Since it appears that mCPP has no particular appeal to users, it is likely that its market in the European Union is driven by supply push rather than demand pull.
Ker se zdi, da mCPP ni posebej zanimiv za uživalce, je verjetno, da je gonilo evropskega trga s to snovjo večja ponudba in ne večje povpraševanje.
The use of new psychoactive substances can have important public health and policy implications, but monitoring emerging trends is a considerable challenge.
Uživanje novih psihoaktivnih snovi ima lahko pomembne posledice za javno zdravje in politiko, vendar pa je spremljanje nastajajočih trendov velik izziv.