natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The most significant development relating to new psychoactive substances in recent years is the spread of various novel piperazine derivatives, a number of which appeared in Europe between 2004 and 2006.
Najpomembnejši razvoj v zvezi z novimi psihoaktivnimi snovmi v preteklih letih je širjenje raznih novih derivatov piperazina, od katerih so se v Evropi številni pojavili med letoma 2004 in 2006.
There is some evidence about health risks related to BZP, which appears to have a narrow safety margin when used recreationally.
Na voljo je nekaj dokazov o zdravstvenih tveganjih, povezanih z BZP, za katerega se zdi, da ima pri rekreativnem uživanju ozko mejo varnosti.
In the United Kingdom, there have been reported incidents where BZP intoxications have been clinically observed and BZP has been toxicologically confirmed as the only consumed psychoactive substance in which users suffered serious side-effects, some resulting in medical emergencies.
V Združenem kraljestvu so poročali o primerih, pri katerih so bile klinično ugotovljene zastrupitve z BZP, ki je bil toksikološko potrjen kot edina zaužita psihoaktivna snov, pri čemer so uživalce prizadeli resni stranski učinki, nekateri pa so potrebovali nujno zdravniško pomoč.
There are, though, no fatal cases that can be directly attributed to BZP.
Vendar pa BZP ni mogoče neposredno pripisati nobenega smrtnega primera.
In March 2007, the EU responded to rising concern over the use of BZP by
Marca 2007 se je EU odzvala na vedno večjo zaskrbljenost zaradi uživanja BZP in
This group of synthetic substances is derived from the parent compound piperazine and includes BZP (1-benzylpiperazine) and mCPP (1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine).
Ta skupina sintetičnih snovi izhaja iz izhodne spojine piperazina in vključuje BZP (1-benzilpiperazin) ter mCPP (1-(3-klorofenil)piperazin).
These two substances are largely available from chemical suppliers and on the Internet, and illicit production is mainly limited to producing tablets or capsules.
Ti snovi sta večinoma na voljo pri dobaviteljih kemikalij ali na internetu, nezakonita proizvodnja pa je omejena na proizvodnjo tablet ali kapsul.
Chapter 7: New and emerging drug trends and action on new drugs formally requesting a risk assessment of the health and social risks posed by this substance (137
Poglavje 7: Novi in pojavljajoči se trendi uživanja drog ter ukrepi v zvezi z novimi drogami je uradno zaprosila za oceno zdravstvenega in socialnega
mCPP has been described as producing stimulant and hallucinogenic effects similar to those of ecstasy (MDMA).
Razširjenost in vzorci uživanja mCPP se opisuje kot snov, ki povzroča stimulativne in halucinogene učinke, podobne ekstaziju (MDMA).
Tablets containing mCPP are often designed to look like ecstasy and are almost always traded as such and the drugs are sometimes found in combination.
Tablete, ki vsebujejo mCPP, so pogosto oblikovane tako, da so videti kot ekstazi in se skoraj vedno tudi prodajajo kot take, ti drogi pa sta včasih tudi združeni.
It might be assumed that the addition of mCPP is intended to potentiate or ameliorate the effects of MDMA.
Lahko se domneva, da je dodajanje mCPP namenjeno povečevanju ali izboljšanju učinkov MDMA.
No serious intoxications or fatal cases related to mCPP have been reported in the European Union.
Od leta 2004 so mCPP odkrili v 26 državah članicah (vseh razen na Cipru) in na Norveškem.
There is little evidence that it is a particularly dangerous substance in terms of acute toxicity, though the chronic (prolonged use) toxicity has not been established.
Tako postaja najpogosteje odkrita nova psihotropna snov v EU, odkar se je leta 1997 začelo spremljanje v okviru sistema zgodnjega opozarjanja.
GHB is easily manufactured from its precursors gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), solvents widely used in industry and commercially available.
Spletna raziskava, opravljena v Združenem kraljestvu, je pokazala, da se GHB pogosteje uživa doma (67 %) kot na prizoriščih nočnega življenja (26 %) (Sumnall et al., 2007).
Some countries, recognising the potential for misuse of these precursor substances have chosen to control one or both of them under drug control or equivalent legislation (Italy, Latvia, Sweden).
Raziskava med 408 obiskovalci barov v Amsterdamu leta 2005 je pokazala ocene, da so stopnje tistih, ki so že kdaj poskusili GHB, precej večje med obiskovalci barov za homoseksualce in modnih lokalov (17,5 oziroma 19 %) kakor med obiskovalci običajnih in študentskih barov ter lokalov (5,7 oziroma 2,7 %) (Nabben et al., 2006).
Because GBL is not controlled in most Member States and online chemical suppliers offering it provide an easy access, some GHB users appear to have switched to consuming GBL.
V Evropski uniji ni poročil o nobenih resnih zastrupitvah ali smrtnih primerih zaradi mCPP.
Qualitative analyses of online GHB and drug forums based in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands suggest that users obtain GBL from chemical suppliers who market GBL for various legitimate purposes.
Zelo malo je dokazov, da gre za posebej nevarno snov, kar se tiče akutne toksičnosti, vendar pa kronična toksičnost (toksičnost pri daljši uporabi) ni bila dognana.
Prevalence and patterns of use
Podatki iz raziskav o plesni glasbi v Belgiji, na Nizozemskem in v Združenem kraljestvu kažejo, da je bilo uživanje GHB morda na najvišji točki med letoma 2000 in 2003, pozneje pa je upadalo.
Open Internet sales of GHB (138
Vendar pa ni jasno, v kolikšnem obsegu velja ta ugotovitev za druge podskupine.
) have been curtailed since this substance was added to Schedule IV of the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances in March 2001 and therefore all EU countries are bound to control it under
Morda je treba omeniti, da so telefonske linije za pomoč v zvezi z drogami na Finskem leta 2005 prvič poročale o telefonskih klicih glede GBL (FESAT, 2005).
Drug facilitated sexual assault
Spolne zlorabe s pomočjo drog
All information sources available suggest that general prevalence of GHB use is low, with significant levels of use limited to some specific subpopulations.
Prosta prodaja GHB prek interneta (138) se je zmanjšala od marca 2001, ko je bila ta snov dodana na seznam IV Konvencije ZN o psihotropnih snoveh, tako da jo morajo vse države članice EU nadzorovati v skladu s svojo zakonodajo o psihotropnih snoveh.
An Internet survey conducted in the United Kingdom found that GHB was more commonly used within the home (67 %) compared with nightlife environments (26 %) (Sumnall et al., 2007).
GHB se je v Franciji in Nemčiji terapevtsko uporabljal pri anesteziji, v Avstriji in Italiji pa pri blaženju simptomov, ki nastanejo pri odtegnitvi od alkohola.
A survey of 408 pub-goers in Amsterdam in 2005 reported lifetime prevalence estimates for GHB which were significantly higher among the clientele of gay bars and trendy cafes (17.5% and 19 % respectively) than in mainstream and student pubs and cafes (5.7% and 2.7% respectively) (Nabben et al., 2006).
Junija 2005 je Odbor za zdravila za uporabo v humani medicini (CHMP) pri Evropski agenciji za zdravila priporočil odobritev dovoljenja za promet za zdravilo Xyrem (pri katerem je zdravilna učinkovina GHB), ki se uporablja za zdravljenje katapleksije pri odraslih bolnikih z narkolepsijo (EMEA, 2005) (139).
Cases of sexual assault by means of covertly adding a drug to a drink in order to incapacitate a victim have been increasingly reported in the media and medical literature since the 1980s.
Mediji in medicinska literatura so od osemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja vedno pogosteje poročali o primerih spolnih zlorab s prikritim dodajanjem droge v pijačo, da bi onesposobili žrtev.
However, forensic evidence for this type of crime is notoriously difficult to obtain.
Vendar pa je forenzične dokaze za take zločine zelo težko pridobiti.
Forensic studies do reveal that high concentrations of alcohol and also prescription benzodiazepine drugs are commonly identified in cases of alleged sexual assault (in over 80 % of French cases and 30 % of United Kingdom cases), but the narrow window of detection for drugs such as GHB is a limitation in establishing evidence in cases of alleged offences that are not quickly reported.
Forenzične študije kažejo, da se v primerih domnevnih spolnih zlorab pogosto odkrijejo visoke koncentracije alkohola in tudi benzodiazepini na recept (v več kot 80 % primerov v Franciji in 30 % v Združenem kraljestvu), vendar pa je kratek čas, v katerem je mogoče odkriti droge, kakršna je GHB, ovira pri pridobivanju dokazov v primerih domnevnih zlorab, ki se ne prijavijo dovolj hitro.
The forensic evidence that is available from studies conducted since 2000 (in the United Kingdom, France, United States and Australia) indicate that covert administration of drugs for the purpose of sexual assault appears uncommon, although true incidence may be higher than identified due to non- or delayed reporting.
Forenzični dokazi, ki so na voljo iz študij, opravljenih od leta 2000 (v Združenem kraljestvu, Franciji, Združenih državah in Avstraliji), kažejo, da je prikrita uporaba drog z namenom spolne zlorabe redka, čeprav je v resnici morda pogostejša od ugotovljene, ker se ti primeri ne prijavijo ali se prijavijo prepozno.
A lack of information makes trends in GHB use difficult to assess, although the available evidence suggests that use of GHB remains limited to some small subpopulation groups.
Nekatere države, ki so prepoznale možnosti za zlorabo teh predhodnih sestavin, so se odločile, da bodo eno ali obe snovi nadzorovale v okviru zakonodaje o nadzorovanju drog ali druge ustrezne zakonodaje (Italija, Latvija, Švedska).
Data from dance music surveys from Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom suggest that use of GHB may have peaked around 2000–03 and declined subsequently.
Ker se GBL v večini držav članic ne nadzoruje, spletni dobavitelji kemikalij pa omogočajo preprost dostop do njega, se zdi, da so nekateri uživalci GHB začeli namesto tega uživati GBL.
However, the extent to which this finding would apply to other subgroups is unclear.
Kvalitativne analize internetnih forumov, namenjenih GHB in drugim drogam, v Združenem kraljestvu, Nemčiji in Nizozemski, kažejo, da uživalci nabavljajo GBL
) See http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/?nnodeid=1346) The term GHB is used to include the possible use of GBL or 1,4-BD.)
137) Glej http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/?nnodeid=1346138) Izraz GHB vključuje možno uporabo GBL ali 1,4-BD.
See ‘Procedure for European marketing authorisation for medicinal products’, p. 68.
139) Glej „postopek za evropsko dovoljenje za promet z zdravili“, str. 68.
Internet as a source of information on emerging drug trends hallucinogenic mushrooms (70 cases), ecstasy (63 cases), amphetamine (three cases) and LSD (one case).
Internet kot vir informacij o pojavljajočih se trendih uživanja drog gob (70 primerov), zaradi uživanja ekstazija (63 primerov), amfetamina (trije primeri) in LSD-ja (en primer), tako kot v preteklih letih.
Compared with other substances, a high proportion of GHB cases (84 %) required transportation to a hospital.
V primerjavi z drugimi snovmi je bilo treba zaradi GHB v bolnišnico pripeljati veliko primerov (84 %).
GHB information requests to the National Poisons Information Centre in the Netherlands increased by 27 % (constituting 241 of the 1 383 requests made) in 2005 compared with 2004.
Število poizvedb po informacijah o GHB pri Nacionalnem centru za informacije o strupih na Nizozemskem se je v letu 2005 v primerjavi z letom 2004 povečalo za 27 % (241 od 1 383 poizvedb).
Risk reduction
Zmanjševanje tveganja
In 2004, over a third of young people in the EU stated that they would turn to the Internet if they wanted to know more about drugs (Eurobarometer, 2004).
Leta 2004 je več kot tretjina mladih v EU izjavila, da bi uporabili internet, če bi želeli vedeti več o drogah (Eurobarometer, 2004).
If young people do go online seeking drug information, a real question arises as to the extent to which the information they access will be unbiased and accurate.
Če mladi dejansko iščejo informacije o drogah na internetu, se postavlja resno vprašanje o tem, v kolikšni meri so informacije, ki jih poiščejo, nepristranske in točne.
Numerous sites cover drug use issues, some of them government-sponsored, others run by lobby groups, consumer or advocacy networks.
Veliko spletnih strani se ukvarja z vprašanji uživanja drog, nekatere podpirajo vlade, druge urejajo interesne skupine, mreže uživalcev ali zagovornikov.
In addition to acting as a source of information on drugs, the Internet has created a marketplace for both licit and illicit drugs, with sites offering for sale illicit drugs and legal alternatives.
Poleg tega, da internet deluje kot vir informacij o drogah, se je na njem oblikoval tudi trg za dovoljene in prepovedane droge, na spletnih straneh pa se prodajajo prepovedane droge in zakoniti nadomestki zanje.
Online drug retailers increasingly have the potential to spread new drug-taking practices or products by exploiting the marketing potential of the Internet by using online marketing strategies that are very responsive to users’ demands and to changing legal and market situations.
Z izkoriščanjem tržnih možnosti interneta prek spletnih tržnih strategij, ki se zelo hitro odzivajo na povpraševanje uživalcev in na spreminjajoče se pravne in tržne okoliščine, imajo spletni prodajalci vedno večje možnosti za širjenje novih načinov uživanja drog in samih proizvodov.
Responses to the use of GHB are most commonly provided by national or community projects targeting nightlife settings, and usually consist of training club staff and disseminating information about the risks of using GHB (Germany, France, the Netherlands, Austria, the United Kingdom).
Odzivi na uživanje GHB so najpogosteje zagotovljeni preko projektov v skupnosti ali nacionalnih projektov, katerih cilj so prizorišča nočnega življenja, ponavadi pa vključujejo usposabljanje osebja v klubih in širjenje informacij o tveganjih pri uživanju GHB (Nemčija, Francija, Nizozemska, Avstrija, Združeno kraljestvo).
Advice on precautions to be taken in nightlife settings to avoid having drinks ‘spiked’ and measures to be taken in the case of a potential overdose are central in information disseminated about GHB.
Pri razširjanju informacij o GHB so zelo pomembni nasveti o previdnostnih ukrepih, ki jih je treba upoštevati na prizoriščih nočnega življenja, da bi se izognili mešanju GHB v pijačo, in o ukrepih pri možnem prevelikem odmerku.
Teams that provide first aid support for drug and alcohol problems are increasingly deployed at large events to respond to incidents involving GHB or other drug-related.
Ekipe, ki nudijo prvo pomoč pri težavah z drogami in alkoholom, so vse pogosteje napotene na prizorišča velikih dogodkov, da lahko takoj posredujejo pri incidentih, ki vključujejo GHB ali druge droge.
Within the framework of the E-POD (European perspectives on drugs) project, the EMCDDA is exploring ways to use the Internet as a source of information on emerging drug trends.
V okviru projekta E-POD (Evropske perspektive o drogah) EMCDDA raziskuje načine za uporabo interneta kot vira informacij o pojavljajočih se trendih uživanja drog.
At the EU level there are also developments to provide reliable information on public health matters: the new EU public health portal provides a gateway into a range of European public health resources including drug-related information (1
Na ravni EU nastajajo tudi spremembe pri zagotavljanju zanesljivih informacij o zadevah javnega zdravstva: novi javnozdravstveni portal EU daje vpogled v vrsto evropskih virov o javnem zdravstvu, vključno z informacijami o drogah (1).
Health risks
Zdravstvena tveganja
Ketamine has been monitored in the EU since concerns first arose in 2000 about its misuse (EMCDDA, 2002).
V EU se ketamin spremlja, odkar se je leta 2000 prvič pojavila zaskrbljenost v zvezi z zlorabo te snovi (EMCDDA, 2002).
At national level, ketamine is subject to controlled drugs legislation (as opposed to medicine regulations) in almost half of the EU Member States, and in Sweden and the United Kingdom, ketamine was listed as a narcotic substance in 2005 and 2006 respectively.
Na nacionalni ravni v skoraj polovici držav članic EU ketamin ureja zakonodaja o nadzorovanih drogah (in ne predpisi o zdravilih), na Švedskem in v Združenem kraljestvu pa je bil ketamin leta 2005 oziroma 2006 uvrščen med psihotropne snovi.
Recently, a critical review of ketamine conducted by the WHO concluded that international controls would create problems with the availability of the substance for use in human medicine in remote areas of the world and in veterinary medicine, because there is no appropriate replacement (WHO, 2006).
SZO je po kritični presoji ketamina pred kratkim sklenila, da bi mednarodni nadzor povzročil težave z razpoložljivostjo te snovi za uporabo v zdravstvu in veterini v oddaljenih predelih sveta, ker zanjo ni ustreznega nadomestila (WHO, 2006).
Following this review, in March 2007, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs draft resolution on responding to the
Po tej presoji je marca 2007 Komisija ZN za droge v osnutku resolucije o odzivu na nevarnost zlorabe in preusmerjanja ketamina spodbudila države članice, naj razmislijo o uvedbi sistema previdnostnih ukrepov, ki bi vladnim agencijam olajšal pravočasno odkrivanje zlorab ketamina.
The main health risk associated with the use of GHB appears to be the high risk of loss of consciousness, especially when the drug is combined with alcohol or other sedative drugs.
Kaže, da je glavno tveganje za zdravje pri uživanju GHB velika nevarnost izgube zavesti, zlasti kadar se ta droga zaužije hkrati z alkoholom ali drugimi pomirjevali.
GHB use can also result in other problems including coma, decrease in body temperature, hypotonia, hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, bradycardia and respiratory depression.
Uživanje GHB lahko povzroči tudi druge težave, vključno s komo, padcem telesne temperature, hipotonijo, halucinacijami, slabostjo, bruhanjem, bradikardijo in respiratorno depresijo.
Physical dependence to GHB has been observed following prolonged use, and additional health risks may be posed due to the possible presence of solvents or heavy metal contaminants.
Po daljšem uživanju GHB je bila ugotovljena fizična odvisnost, možna prisotnost topil ali onesnaževalcev v obliki težkih kovin pa lahko povzroči dodatno tveganje za zdravje.
Since 1993, five Member States and Norway have reported GHB-related deaths to the EMCDDA: Denmark and Italy (one case each), Finland and Norway (three cases each) as well as Sweden and the United Kingdom (around 40 GHB-related deaths).
Od leta 1993 je o smrtnih primerih, povezanih z GHB, Centru poročalo pet držav članic in Norveška: Danska in Italija (vsaka po en primer), Finska in Norveška (vsaka po tri primere), prav tako pa tudi Švedska in Združeno kraljestvo (okrog 40 smrtnih primerov, povezanih z GHB).
Council Decision 2005/387/JHA of 10 May 2005 on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances establishes a mechanism for the rapid exchange of information on new psychoactive substances that may pose public health and social threats.
Iz Amsterdama so leta 2005 poročali o 76 nujnih primerih brez smrtnega izida zaradi uživanja GHB, kar je bilo več od nujnih zdravstvenih primerov zaradi uživanja halucinogenih
The EMCDDA and Europol, in close collaboration with their networks — the Reitox national focal points and Europol national units respectively — are assigned a central role in implementing an early-warning system for detection of new psychoactive substances (1).
O uživanju ketamina ni veliko epidemioloških podatkov, čeprav je bilo v nedavni raziskavi med šolsko mladino v Združenem kraljestvu ugotovljeno, da je stopnja tistih, ki so že kdaj zaužili to drogo, nižja od 0,5 %.
In Amsterdam, the reported number of non-fatal emergencies due to the use of GHB was 76 in 2005, exceeding, as in previous years, the medical emergencies attributed to use of
Stopnje oseb, ki so že kdaj zaužile ketamin, po poročanju znašajo od 7 % pri češki študiji do 21 % v madžarskem vzorcu.
Chapter 7: New and emerging drug trends and action on new drugs threat posed by the abuse and diversion of ketamine encouraged Member States to consider adopting a system of precautionary measures for use by their government agencies to facilitate the timely detection of the diversion of ketamine.
Poglavje 7: Novi in pojavljajoči se trendi uživanja drog ter ukrepi v zvezi z novimi drogami
Some data is also available from surveys carried out in dance music settings, and among the different studies on this high-risk population, rates of ever in lifetime use of ketamine were reported to range from 7 % in a Czech study to 21 % in a Hungarian sample.
Sklep Sveta 2005/387/PNZ z dne 10. maja 2005 o izmenjavi podatkov, oceni tveganja in nadzoru nad novimi psihoaktivnimi snovmi določa mehanizem hitre izmenjave podatkov o novih psihoaktivnih snoveh, ki lahko ogrožajo javno zdravje ali družbo. Centru in Europolu je bila v tesnem sodelovanju z njunima
Chapter 8Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths
Poglavje 8Z drogami povezane nalezljive bolezni in smrtni primeri
Drug-related infectious diseases identified may be influenced by differences in testing and reporting rates between countries or over time.
Nalezljive bolezni, povezane z drogami okužbe niso nujno posledica vbrizgavanja drog, na število ugotovljenih primerov pa lahko vplivajo razlike pri testiranju in stopnjah poročanja med državami ali v časovnih obdobjih.
Data provided to the EMCDDA and the European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS (EuroHIV, 2006) suggest that, by the end of 2005, the transmission of HIV among injecting drug users (IDUs) was low in most countries of the European Union.
Podatki, predloženi EMCDDA in Evropskemu centru za epidemiološko spremljanje aidsa (EuroHIV, 2006), kažejo, da je bilo prenašanje virusa HIV med injicirajočimi uživalci drog v večini držav Evropske unije do konca leta 2005 redko.
This may at least partly follow from the increased availability of prevention, treatment and harm-reduction measures including substitution treatment and needle and syringe programmes, although other factors, such as the declines in injecting drug use observed in several countries, may also have played an important role.
Vsaj delno bi lahko bil razlog za to večja razpoložljivost ukrepov za preprečevanje, zdravljenje in zmanjševanje škodljivih učinkov, vključno z nadomestnim zdravljenjem ter programi injekcijskih igel in brizg, čeprav bi lahko imeli pomembno vlogo tudi drugi dejavniki, na primer upadanje uživanja drog z vbrizgavanjem, ki so ga opazili v več državah.
In several EU countries and regions, however, it is likely that IDU-related HIV transmission still continued at relatively high rates in 2005 (140), underlining the need to ensure the coverage and effectiveness of local prevention practice.
Vendar pa je bilo prenašanje virusa HIV, povezano z uživanjem drog z vbrizgavanjem, v več državah in regijah EU v letu 2005 še vedno na razmeroma visoki ravni (140), zaradi česar je treba poudariti potrebo po zagotavljanju pokritja in učinkovitosti lokalne prakse preprečevanja.
Surveillance of drug-related infectious diseases among IDUs in Europe is currently focused on HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis (B and C).
Nadzor z drogami povezanih nalezljivih bolezni med injicirajočimi uživalci drog v Evropi se trenutno osredotoča na HIV/aids in virusni hepatitis (B in C).
It consists of two complementary systems, case reporting (or ‘notifications’: absolute counts of newly reported/notified cases) and ‘seroprevalence monitoring’ (or ‘sentinel surveillance’: percentage testing positive in samples of IDUs) (Figure 11) (141
Sestavljata ga dva dopolnilna sistema, poročanje o primerih (ali „obveščanje“: absolutno število na novo sporočenih/prijavljenih primerov) in „spremljanje razširjenosti seropozitivnosti“ (ali „varnostni nadzor“: odstotek v vzorcu injicirajočih uživalcev drog, katerih testi so pozitivni) (prikaz 11) (141).