natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
IFOK –The Institute for Organisational Communication prepared the interim study,coordinated the conference refered to above,and used the discussions to formulateits final report
IFOK – Inštitut za organizacijsko komunikacijo je vodil študijo,koordiniral zgoraj omenjeno konferenco in uporabil razprave pri izdelavi sklepnega poročila
R & D –Research and development
R in R – raziskovanje in razvoj
RTD –Research and Technological Development
RTD – raziskovanje in tehnološki razvoj
Science and Society Action Plan –Agreed by the Commission in 2001,theaction plan aims to mobilise people and resources from across the European Union.
Akcijski načrt znanosti in družbe – cilj akcijskega načrta,sprejetega na Komisijiv letu 2001,je mobilizacija ljudi in virov po vsej Evropski uniji.
S & T –Science and technology
Z in T – Znanost in tehnologija
White Paper on European Governance –Released by the Commission in 2001,it contains a set of recommendations on how to enhance democracy in Europe andincrease the legitimacy of the institutions
Bela knjiga o evropskem upravljanju – izdala jo je Komisija v letu 2001.Vsebuje niz priporočil za izboljšanje demokracije v Evropi in povečanje legitimnostiustanov.
FUSION ENERGY FOR THE FUTURE
Na kakšen način bi lahko na zemlji izrabljali energijo, ki se sprošča pri fuziji, da bi bila koristna za človeštvo?
How can we harness fusion power on earth to benefit mankind?
Pričujoča brošura pojasnjuje, zakaj in na kakšen način EU finančno podpira raziskave na tem področju trajnostne proizvodnje energije za prihodnost.
Energy is vital
, Fuzija je nekakšna elektrarna vesolja.
Energy is used everywhere: for transport, heating, lighting,and in industry and agriculture.
S koraku: v prometu, za ogrevanje, razsvetljavo ter v industriji In kmetijstvu.
Atthemoment, most of this energy is produced byburning fossil fuelssuch as coal, oil and gas,some comes from nuclear fission, and asmallamountis produced by renewablesources,mostly hydroelectric and biomass.
Trenutno pridobimo večino te energije zizgorevanjem fosilnih goriv, na primer premoga, nafte in plina, nekaj energije pridobi­vamo z jedrsko fisijo in majhen delež iz obnovljivih virov, v glavnem z izrabo vodne energije in biomase.
(Courtesy of NASA)
(Z dovoljenjem vesoljske agencije NASA)
Energy demand isincreasing ven with considerable efforts on energy saving, world
Povpraševanje po energiji narašča ljub znatnimnaporom, da bi zmanjšali porabo energije, se lahko zgodi, da se bo povpraševanje po energiji
E energy demand may double over the next 50 years.
K v naslednjih 50 letih podvojilo.
This is because per capita consumption is increasing andthe world’s population is expected to grow from 6 billion today to almost 10 billion in 2050.
Vzrok tiči v naraščanju porabe energije na osebo in v dejstvu, da bo število prebivalstva do leta 2050 predvidoma naraslo z današnjih 6 na skoraj 10 milijard.
Most of this rise in energy demand, and the growthin population, will occur in developing countrieswhere rapid urbanisation is increasing the need forlarge-scale electricity generation.
V največji meri bo povečanje povpraševanja po energiji - in porast števila prebivalstva- prizadelo države v razvoju, kjer zaradi hitre urbanizacije narašča tudi potreba po obsežni proizvodnji električne energije.
Developing Countries Industrialised Countries
Države v razvoju Industrijsko razvite države
Projected growth in world energy consumption
Predvidena porast porabe energije v svetu
T carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas which traps solar radiation.
P ri izgorevanju fosilnih goriv nastaja ogljikov dioksid - toplogredni plin, ki zadržuje toplotno sevanje.
There are growing concerns about theresulting global warming and otherdamaging effects on the environment.
To povzroča segrevanje zemeljske površine in ima še druge škodljive vplive na okolje.
Action is needed now to ensure a mix of long-term,secure and sustainable energy supplies, able to reducethe environmental impact and satisfy growing energydemand.
Zato je potrebno čimprej ukrepati, da se zagotovi dolgoročna, zanesljiva in trajnostna oskrba z energijo, ki bi nekoliko zmanjšala škodljivi učinek na okolje ¡n obenem zadovoljila naraščajočo potrebo po energiji.
Fusion: an option for safe and sustainable energy supply usion offers the possibility of an emission-free and
Fuzija nudi možnost dolgoročne ¡n zanesljive oskrbe z energijo brez emisij in ima poleg tega sledeče prednosti:
• Day-to-day operation of a fusion power station does notrequire the transport of radioactive materials;
• pri vsakodnevnem delovanju take elektrarne ni treba prevažati radioaktivnih materialov;
F reliable long-term energy supply with some important advantages:
• pri tem ne nastajajo toplogredni plini, in
How fusion works toms of light elements, such as hydrogen, collide and
Kako poteka fuzija tomi elementov z majhno atomsko maso, na primer vodika, trčijo in se združijo pri izjemno visokem pritisku ¡n tempe
A fuse together at the extremely high pressures and temperatures which exist at the centre of the sun (about15 million degrees Celsius).
A raturi, kakršna je na primer v središču sonca (približno 15 milijonov stopinj Celzija).
This process releases alarge amount of energy but at a rather slow rate.
Pri tem procesu se dokaj počasi sprosti ogromna količina energije.
To increase this rate on Earth, scientists have succeeded in producing gas with temperatures ten timeshigher in fusion devices.
Zato da bi strokovnjaki skrajšali čas sproščanja, so v fuzijskih napravah segreli plin do desetkrat višjih temperatur.
Megawatts of power have beenproduced for a few seconds.
Na ta način so se za nekaj sekund sprostili megavati moči.
In Europe, this has been achieved in the Joint European Torus (JET), the world's largest fusion device whichcurrently holds the world record for fusion power.
V Evropi je ta podvig uspel v največji fuzijski napravi na svetu, imenovani Joint European Torus (JET), ki je tako trenutno vodilna v proizvodnji fuzijske moči.
The Next Step urope and its international partners are looking for
Naslednji korak vropa skuša skupaj s partnerji z vsega sveta poiskati najboljši način, kako zgraditi veliko eksperimentalno napravo
E the best way forward to construct a large ‘Next Step’ experimental facility, called ITER.
E v okviru programa 'Naslednji korak', imenovano ITER.
This will build on thesuccess of ground-breaking experiments conducted on JET and on medium-sized devices in laboratories across Europe.
Nadaljnje delo bo slonelo na uspehu, ki je bil dosežen s poskusi, izvedenimi v napravi JET in v srednje velikih napravah v laboratorijih po celi Evropi.
ITER will be the next step on the path to safe and sustainable fusion power.
ITER bo naslednji korak na poti do varne in trajnostne fuzijske energije.
It will generate 500MWof powerfor periods of initially up to ten minutes, and should beable to sustain steady-state operation.
Proizvajal bo 500 MW električne energije za obdobja, ki bodo na začetku trajala največ deset minut, in sposoben naj bi bil vzdržati enakomerno delovanje.
It will thus demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusionpower in a device of power station dimensions.
Na ta način bo mogoče dokazati, da je z znanstvenega in tehničnega vidika možno proizvesti fuzijsko energijo v napravi, ki bo po velikosti enaka elektrarni.
(Courtesy of ITERinternational team)
(Z dovoljenjem mednarodne skupine ITER)
F ciated countries is coordinated in a single European programme.
O evropskega programa.
This has allowed the realisation of projectssuch as the Joint European Torus (JET), which are toolarge for any one country to undertake.
To je omogočilo uresničitev projektov kakršen je na primer Joint European Torus (JET), ki bi bili sicer preobsežni za eno samo državo.
Nearly 2000 scientists and engineers are currently working on abroad range of fusion R & D projects in more than 20 laboratories, including JET.
Trenutno se skoraj 2000 znanstvenikov ¡n inženirjev ukvarja z vrsto raziskovalnih in razvojnih projektov na področju fuzije v več kot 20 laboratorijih, vključno z JET.
The Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) has abudget of 750 million for fusion research, includingup to 200 million for the possible construction of ITER.
Šesti okvirni program (2002-2006) razpolaga s proračunom, ki znaša 750 milijonov evrov za raziskave s področja fuzije, vključno s proračunom do 200 milijonov evrov za morebitno izgradnjo ITER.
Looking forward n its decision on the Sixth Framework Programme, theCouncil of Ministers said:
Pogled v prihodnost vet ministrov je v svojem sklepu o Posebnem programu dejal:
‘Fusion energy could contribute in the second half of thecentury to the emission-free large-scale production ofbase-load electricity.
'Energija, ki nastane pri fuziji, bo lahko v drugi polovici tega stoletja prispevala k obsežni proizvodnji električne energije za pokrivanje osnovnih potreb brez emisij.
The advances made in fusionenergy research justify the further pursuit of a vigorouseffort towardsthe long-termobjective of a fusion powerplant.’
Napredek pri raziskavah na področju fuzijske energije opravičuje nadaljnja vlaganja za dosego dolgoročnega cilja - fuzijske elektrarne.'
The results from the next major experiment will form thebasis for the construction of a first power station, producing significant amounts of electricity, to demonstrate the safe and reliable operation of a fusion powerplant.
Rezultati naslednjega pomembnega poskusa bodo podlaga za izgradnjo prve elektrarne, ki bo proizvajala znatne količine električne energije, s čimer naj bi se dokazalo, da je delovanje elektrarne povsem varno in zanesljivo.
By the second half of the 21st century fusion could makesignificant contribution to the world’s energy production.
Lahko se zgodi, da bo fuzija do druge polovice 21. stoletja bistveno prispevala k proizvodnji energije na svetu.
New freephone number:
Brezplaãen vzorãni izvod ali brezplaãno naroãnino lahko dobite na naslovu:
The views expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.
Generalni direktorat za raziskave Direktorat C – Znanost in druÏba Enota C3 – Etika in znanost Pomoã uporabnikom: research@cec.eu.int
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004ISBN 92-894-7308-8© European Communities, 2004Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Za dodatne informacije o Znanosti in druÏbi poglejte na naslednjo spletno stran: http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/science-society/index_en.html
Introduction
Bruselj, 2004
The EC Expert Group Working methods The 25 recommendations Preliminary remark
Strokovna skupina Evropske komisije Delovne metode25 priporoãil Predhodna pripomba
The 25 recommendations
25 priporoãil
Need for universal standard definitions2.
Potreba po univerzalnih standardnih definicijah2.
Germinal and somatic genetic testing3.
Zarodno in somatsko gensko testiranje3.
“Genetic exceptionalism”4.
Izjemnost genskih podatkov4.
Public information and education5.
Obve‰ãanje in izobraÏevanje javnosti5.
Public dialogue
Javni dialog
Implementation of genetic testing in healthcare systems
Izvajanje genskega testiranja v sistemih zdravstvene oskrbe
Medical genetic testing and its context7.
Zdravstveno gensko testiranje in njegovo ozadje7.
Quality assurance8.
Zagotavljanje kakovosti8.
Population screening programmes9.
Programi presejanja prebivalstva9.
Genetic counselling10.
Gensko svetovanje10.
Data protection: confidentiality, privacy and autonomy11.
Varovanje podatkov: zaupnost, zasebnost in samostojnost11.
Protection from discrimination12.
Za‰ãita pred diskriminacijo12. Sestav po narodnosti in genetika13. Vpra‰anja o spolu in genetiki14. DruÏbene, kulturne in ekonomske posledice15.
Professional development16.
Strokovni razvoj16.
Partnerships and collaborations17.
Partnerstva in sodelovanja17.
Regulatory framework and criteria for test development and use18.
Regulatorno ogrodje in merila za razvoj ter uporabo testov18.
Rare diseases19. Pharmacogenetics
Redke bolezni19. Farmakogenetika
Genetic testing as a research tool
Gensko testiranje kot raziskovalna metoda
Existing and new ‘biobanks’21.
Obstojeãe in nove "biolo‰ke banke"21.
Collections of human biological material and associated data and their uses22. Cross-border exchange of samples23.
Zbirke ãlove‰kega biolo‰kega materiala in s tem povezanih podatkov ter njihova uporaba 22. âezmejna izmenjava vzorcev23. Obve‰ãeno soglasje24.
Samples from the deceased 25.
Vzorci umrlih25.
Consent procedures for children and vulnerable individuals in human genetic research
Postopki soglasja za otroke in ranljive posameznike pri ãlove‰kem genskem raziskovanju
THE25 RECOMMENDATIONS
25 PRIPOROâIL
When the news about deciphering the human genome, the so-called ‘book of life’, wasannounced, news channels predicted that this step in scientific analysis would make it possibleto “banish inherited disorders, screen people for their vulnerability to diseases, tailor treatmentto an individual’s genetic make-up, create thousands of new drugs and extend human lifespan”(BBC, 27 June 2000).
Ko je bila objavljena novica o razvozlanju ãlove‰kega genoma, t.i. "knjige Ïivljenja", so informacijski kanali napovedali, da bo ta korak v znanstveni analizi omogoãil "iztrebljenjepodedovanih bolezni, presejalni test ljudi glede njihove dovzetnosti za bolezni, prilagoditevzdravljenja posameznikovi genetski zasnovi, iznajdbo na tisoãe novih zdravil in podalj‰anje Ïivljenjske dobe ãloveka" (BBC, 27. junij 2000).
Today, just four years later, a range of genetic tests has been developedand the possibility of genetic testing is profoundly changing the methodologies and strategiesused in medical therapy and healthcare.
Danes, le 4 leta kasneje, so razvili vrsto genskihtestov in moÏnost genskega testiranja korenito spreminja metodologije in strategije, ki jihuporabljamo pri zdravljenju bolezni in zdravstveni oskrbi.
As these medical applications also encompassconsideration of ethical, legal and social implications, careful reflection is needed to put anappropriate strategy into place to ensure the maximum potential of healthcare innovation.
Ker tovrstne zdravstvene uporabeobsegajo tudi upo‰tevanje druÏbenih, etiãnih in pravnih implikacij, je za umestitev ustreznestrategije potrebna skrbna preuãitev, da zagotovimo najveãji potencial zdravstvene inovacije.
At the moment, only a small group of informed people are familiar with the kind of decisionmaking and consequences these new technologies may infer.
Trenutno je le majhna skupina obve‰ãenih ljudi seznanjena z vrsto odloãanja in posledicami, ki bi jih te nove tehnologije lahko povzroãile.
These people are familiar with genetictests either because of their professional background or because they, or their families, have alreadybeen involved with such new and promising diagnostic tools as patients.
Ti ljudje so z genskimi testi seznanjeni zaradisvojega poklica ali ker so Ïe bili sami, ali njihove druÏine, vpleteni v take nove in obetavnediagnostiãne metode kot bolniki.
Genetic testing will soonbecome part of everyday healthcare systems, and patients and professionals will have to learnto make decisions on the need for a test as well as understanding its consequences.
Kmalu bo gensko testiranje postalo del vsakdanjih sistemovzdravstvene oskrbe, bolniki in strokovnjaki pa se bodo morali nauãiti odloãati o potrebi potestiranju in tudi razumeti njegove posledice.
When integrating these technologies into the healthcare system, it is important to implement theirapplication within a responsible framework of accompanying measures and activities.
Pri vkljuãevanju teh tehnologij v sistem zdravstvene oskrbe je pomembno vgraditi njihovouporabo v zanesljiv okvir spremljajoãih ukrepov in dejavnosti.
Trust andconfidence should prevail when developing new testing capacities.
Pri razvoju novih testnihzmogljivosti naj prevladata zanesljivost in zaupanje.
In order to help decision-makersat all levels to introduce the necessary requirements rapidly, the European Commission’s Research Directorate-General has invited a group of experts from various backgrounds to discuss theethical, legal and social implications of genetic testing and to draw up relevant and urgently neededrecommendations.
V pomoã posameznikom, ki sprejemajoodloãitve na vseh ravneh, da bi lahko hitro uvedli potrebne zahteve, je generalni direktorat Evropske komisije za raziskave (Research Directorate General of the European Commission)povabil skupino strokovnjakov razliãnih strok k razpravi o etiãnih, druÏbenih in pravnihimplikacijah genskega testiranja, da bi zasnovali ustrezna in nujno potrebna priporoãila.
What has to be considered when creating such a frame of responsibilities? Whatdo decision-makers need to understand and to do now in order to give these new technologiesa successful start as a powerful diagnostic and research and development tool?
Kaj je treba upo‰tevati pri postavljanju takega okvira odgovornosti? âesa se morajo posamezniki, ki sprejemajo odloãitve, zavedati in kaj morajo zdaj storiti, da bi tem novim tehnologijamomogoãili uspe‰no uvedbo kot moãnemu diagnostiãnemu, raziskovalnemu in razvojnemuorodju?
The EC Expert Group
Strokovna skupina Evropske komisije
The Expert Group invited by the European Commission to discuss the topic over the course ofone year was multidisciplinary and included various stakeholders who were already involved orpersonally interested in the topic.
Strokovna skupina, povabljena s strani Evropske komisije k enoletni razpravi o tej temi, je bilamultidisciplinarna.
Representatives came from the industry that produces or usesgenetic tests, from NGOs (in particular, patient organisations with clear interests in the subject),and scientists and representatives from academic institutions with different backgroundsspecialised in the field (law, philosophy, ethics, and medicine).
V njej so sodelovali razliãni zainteresirani udeleÏenci, ki so bili v temo Ïevkljuãeni ali jih je leta osebno zanimala.
The participants came from variousnational backgrounds within Europe and numbers were well balanced between men andwomen.
Pri‰li so predstavniki industrije, ki opravlja ali uporabljagenske teste, predstavniki nevladnih organizacij (zlasti organizacije bolnikov z jasnimi interesi pri zadevi), znanstveniki in predstavniki akademskih ustanov razliãnih strok, specializirani na tempodroãju (pravo, filozofija, etika in medicina).
Eryl McNally, Member of the European Parliament, acted as Chair of the Group andensured that the experts achieved the necessary and agreed recommendations which shouldbe useful for decision-makers in Europe. The discussion in the Group was both stimulating andencouraging.
Sodelujoãi so pri‰li iz razliãnih narodnostnih sredinv Evropi in so bili dobro ‰tevilãno uravnove‰eni med mo‰kimi in Ïenskami. âlanica Evropskegaparlamenta Eryl McNally je predsedovala skupini in zagotovila, da so strokovnjaki doseglipotrebna in dogovorjena priporoãila, ki bodo koristila tistim, ki v Evropi sprejemajo odloãitve.Razprava v skupini je bila spodbudna in ohrabrujoãa.
Concentrating on genetic testing as a healthcare tool, the Group recognised the importance of anumber of other areas which they did not address, such as issues regarding patenting, the use ofgenetic testing in insurance, judicial uses and forensic medicine (e.g. criminal, police), paternity testing,human gene therapy, fundamental research such as genome evolutionary studies, gene expressionstudies, and genomic and post-genomic applications, although all of them were addressed briefly.
Skupina se je osredotoãila na gensko testiranje kot metodo zdravstvene oskrbe in priznalapomen ‰tevilnih drugih podroãij, s katerimi se sicer niso ukvarjali, kot so vpra‰anja o patentiranju,uporabi genskega testiranja v zavarovalni‰tvu, o sodni uporabi in sodni medicini (npr.kriminalistika, policija) ter o testiranju oãetovstva, ãlove‰ki genski terapiji, temeljnemraziskovanju, kot so evolucijske ‰tudije genoma, o raziskavah genskega izraÏanja ter genomskiin postgenomski uporabi, ãeprav so se vsem na kratko posvetili.
The Group limited its discussion to issues and perceptions surrounding the application ofgenetic methodologies and technologies in health research, healthcare and related activities.
Skupina je svojo razpravo omejila na vpra‰anja in predstave glede uporabe genskih metodologijin tehnologij v zdravstvenem raziskovanju, zdravstveni oskrbi in s tem povezanih dejavnostih.
The ethical, social and legal criteria that played an important role when developing the following25 recommendations were: reliability, quality and quality assurance, transparency, autonomy,education, respect of personal choice, information and consent, protection of vulnerablegroups, protection of confidentiality, the right to know and not to know, the duty to discloseand the duty to warn in relation to liability, equity in access to healthcare, gender and minoritiesissues, control over human samples and data use in research and development, legal protection,and legal uncertainty.
Etiãna, druÏbena in pravna merila, ki so imela pri razvoju naslednjih 25 priporoãil pomembnovlogo, so bila: zanesljivost, kakovost in zagotavljanje kakovosti, transparentnost, samostojnost, izobraÏevanje, upo‰tevanje izbire posameznika, obve‰ãanje in soglasje, za‰ãita ranljivih skupin,varovanje zaupnosti, pravica vedeti in ne vedeti, dolÏnost razkriti in dolÏnost opozoriti v povezaviz odgovornostjo, enakost v dostopnosti zdravstvene oskrbe, vpra‰anja glede spola in manj‰in,nadzor nad ãlove‰kimi vzorci in uporabo podatkov pri raziskovanju in razvoju, pravna za‰ãita inpravna negotovost.
The following 25 recommendations are organised into three chapters addressing:• General framework; • Implementation of genetic testing in healthcare systems; and • Genetic testing as a research tool.
Naslednjih 25 priporoãil je razdeljenih v 3 poglavja, ki obravnavajo:• splo‰en okvir, • uporabo genskega testiranja v sistemih zdravstvene oskrbe in • gensko testiranje kot raziskovalno metodo.
The 25 recommendations try, where possible, to address the relevant actors.
25 priporoãil se posku‰a, kjer je mogoãe, obrniti na ustrezne akterje.
Sometimes theyalso take the tone of a ‘code of conduct’.
Vãasih tudi privzamejo ton «kodeksa obna‰anja«.
Hence these recommendations should function partlyas a ‘code of conduct’ for any actor in the field of genetic testing and partly as an ‘action planfor genetic testing’ to be implemented by policy-makers in the near future.
Zato naj ta priporoãila delujejo deloma kot «kodeks obna‰anja« za vsakega akterja na podroãju genskega testiranja in deloma kot «naãrt delovanja za genskotestiranje«, ki naj bi ga odgovorni izvedli v bliÏnji prihodnosti.
The stakeholderconference, to be organised by the European Commission on 6-7 May, 2004 in Brussels, willdiscuss these recommendations further and will test whether or not they are understood, andwhich fields have yet to be adequately addressed.
Na konferenci zainteresiranih udeleÏencev, ki jo 6. in 7. maja 2004 organizira Evropska komisija v Bruslju, bodo nadaljerazpravljali o teh priporoãilih in preverili, ali so razumljena in katera od podroãij ‰e niso bilazadostno obravnavana.
The Group considered its own discussions between the different parties as very fruitful and asa successful experiment in productive dialogue between various stakeholders.
Skupini se je zdela razprava med razliãnimi stranmi zelo plodna in uspe‰en poskusproduktivnega dialoga med razliãnimi zainteresiranimi udeleÏenci.
Consequently, socialdialogue and its organisation have also been made a subject of the recommendations.
DruÏbeni dialog in njegovaorganizacija sta tako tudi postala predmet priporoãil.
Preliminary remark
Predhodna pripomba
The Expert Group shared the view that genetic testing represents progress in healthcare and anopportunity with the potential to lead to developments in preventive medicine.
Strokovna skupina je bila enotnega mnenja, da gensko testiranje pomeni napredek v zdravstvenioskrbi in priloÏnost, ki morda vodi v nov razvoj prepreãevalne medicine.