natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Annual report 2004: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway one exception (Latvia), approximately one quarter(19–33%) of those who had used cannabis in the last month recent users (use in the last 30 days) are typically youngmales living in urban areas.
Letno poročilo 2004: O stanju na področju drog v Evropski uniji in na Norveškem
were doing so on a daily or almost daily basis (167
136% leta 2002(165 drogo uživalo vsak dan ali skoraj vsak dan(167)(
Inthese countries, daily users represented 0.5–2.3%ofthetotal population (169) and 0.9–3.7%of young adults(15–34 years) (Figure 31).
državah so vsakodnevni uživalci predstavljali 0,5–2,3%celotnega prebivalstva(169) in 0,9–3,7% mlajših odraslih(15–34 let) (Slika31).
Most people (76–92%) whoadmitted having used cannabis in the previous month werebetween 15 and 34 years old, and consequently daily userswere also concentrated in this age range.
Večina ljudi (76–92%), ki jepriznala, da je užila konopljo v prejšnjem mesecu, je bilastara od 15 do 34 let, zato so tudi vsakodnevni uživalcipredvsem iz te starostne skupine.
In addition, dailyusers are predominantly male, although the proportionvaries from 62%in the Netherlands to 92%in Greece.
Poleg tega sovsakodnevni uživalci večinoma moški, čeprav se deležgiblje od 62% na Nizozemskem do 92% v Grčiji.
‘Use in the last 30 days’ is an indicator of current use andincludes those who are using the drug intensively.
“Uživanje v zadnjih 30 dneh” je kazalec redne uporabein zajema tiste, ki drogo intenzivno uživajo.
In recentsurveys, if Sweden (0.1%) is excluded, 1–7%of all adultsand 3–12%of young adults report having used the drug inthe last 30 days.
V zadnjihraziskavah, če ne štejemo Švedske (0,1%), je 1–7%vseh odraslih in 3–12% mlajših odraslih povedalo, da soužili drogo v zadnjih 30 dneh.
There are differences between countries,however, and current use is most common in the Czech Republic, Spain, France, Ireland and the United Kingdom.In countries where it is possible to analyse trends in recentuse over time, an increase is found, although not adramatic one.
Med državami paobstajajo razlike in redno uživanje je najbolj prisotno v Češki republiki, v Španiji, na Irskem in v Združenemkraljestvu. V državah, kjer je mogoče časovno analiziratitrende uživanja v zadnjem času, je ugotovljenopovečanje, čeprav ni tako veliko.
Data enabling frequency of cannabis use in the last30days to be examined in detail are available from ninecountries — Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,the Netherlands, Portugal and Finland (not presented). With
Podatki, ki omogočajo podrobno preučitev pogostostiuživanja konoplje v zadnjih 30 dneh, so na voljo za devetdržav – Grčija, Španija, Francija, Irska, Italija, Latvija,Nizozemska, Portugalska in Finska (niso predstavljeni).Zizjemo ene države (Latvija) je približno ena četrtina(19–33%) tistih, ki so konopljo užili v zadnjem mesecu, to
From these data, a crude estimate can be made of thenumber of people using cannabis intensively in Europe.Assuming that roughly 1%of the population usescannabison a daily basis, then, in a country with25million inhabitants (age 15–64 years), there wouldbe250000 daily cannabis users.
Domneva se, da je povečanje učinkovitosti konoplje delnokrivo za povečanje problemov in s tem za večje številosprejemov na zdravljenje. Pri razlaganju problematike,povezane z močjo konoplje, odmerkom, ki ga posamezniuživalci jemljejo, in njegovim verjetnim učinkom na akutnein kronične probleme, se sprožajo številna zapletena
Figure 31:Proportion of ‘daily users or almost daily users’ of cannabis among all adults and young adults in some EU countries, measuredby national population surveys
)Glej Sliko 27 OL: Vir napotitve pri vseh osebah, ki se zdravijo, 2000-2002.)Glej Sliko 28 OL: Pogostost uživanja pri vseh osebah, ki se zdravijo zaradi uživanja konoplje in TDI_Tab 8 v Statističnem biltenu 2004.)V tem delu se informacije nanašajo na “uživanje v 20 ali več dneh v zadnjih 30 dneh”, kar se imenuje tudi “vsakodnevno ali skoraj vsakodnevnouživanje”.
All adults (15–64 years)
Vsi odrasli (15–64 let)
NB:Daily or almost daily users = use on 20 days or more during the month previous to the interview.Data are from the most recent national surveys available in each country.The age range for all adults is 15–64 years (Italy 44 years) and for young adults 15–34 years.
Opombe:Dnevni ali skoraj dnevni uživalci = uporaba v 20 dneh ali več v mesecu pred intervjujem.Podatki so iz najnovejših nacionalnih raziskav, ki so na voljo v posameznih državah.Starostni razpon za vse odrasle je 15–64 let (Italija 44 let) in za mlajše odrasle 15–34 let.
Variations in age ranges may result in small disparities between countries.Sources: Reitox national reports 2003, taken from population survey reports or scientific articles.
Razlike v starostnih razponih lahko povzročijo majhnanesorazmerja med državami.Viri:Nacionalna poročila Reitox za leto 2003, pridobljena iz poročil o raziskavah prebivalstva ali znanstvenih člankov.
See also standard epidemiological tables in the 2004 statistical bulletin.
Glej tudi Standardno epidemiološkotabelo v Statističnem biltenu 2004.
)In this section, the information will refer to ‘use on 20 days or more during the past 30 days’, expressed also as ‘daily or almost daily use’.
Odzivanje na potrebe ljudi, ki imajo s konopljo povezane probleme vprašanja.
The European model questionnaire foresees collection of the exact number of days of use, but for reporting of national figures, the frequency of use was grouped into fourdiscrete categories, the highest one being ‘20 days or more’.
Za preučitev znanstvenih dokazov, ki so navoljo v zvezi z močjo konoplje, je Center opravil posebnoštudijo, katere ključni rezultati so podani na strani 90.
Selected issue 2: Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands with a total population of 302 million people aged 15–64years, the prevalence would be around 3 million.
Razumevanje potreb ljudi, ki iščejo pomoč zaradiproblemov, povezanih s konopljo, je osnovnega pomenaza razvoj učinkovitih odzivov.
indicator data suggests that both cannabis users referredfor treatment and users as a whole constitute aheterogeneous population with correspondinglyheterogeneous needs.
Analiza potreb pozdravljenju in drugi podatki kažejo, da tako uživalcikonoplje, ki so napoteni na zdravljenje, kot uživalci nasplošno predstavljajo raznoliko populacijo z ustreznoraznolikimi potrebami.
This suggests that a continuum ofresponses is necessary, ranging from prevention and riskreduction activities through to formal treatment activity.
To pomeni, da so potrebni stalniodzivi, od dejavnosti preprečevanja in zmanjševanjatveganja do dejavnosti uradnega zdravljenja. Ena odmožnih skrbi je, ali je primerno napotiti mlade ljudi, ki leobčasno uživajo konopljo, v specializirane centre zazdravljenje odvisnosti od drog.
The answer to this question verymuch depends on how services are configured and theextent to which clients mix with chronic users of othersubstances.
Odgovor na to vprašanjeje odvisen predvsem od tega, kako so oblikovane storitvein v kolikšni meri se osebe, ki se zdravijo, mešajo skroničnimi uživalci drugih snovi.
Cannabis potency and dose issues
Vsekakor pa je določitev
Cannabis potency is only one factor in calculating the dosean individual will receive over any given period (Hall et al.,2001).
Moč konoplje je le en dejavnik pri izračunavanjuodmerka, ki ga posameznik užije v katerem koli danemobdobju (Hall et al., 2001).
Mode of administration, smoking technique, theamount of cannabis used in any session and the number ofsmoking sessions an individual engages in are all equally,or even more, important in terms of calculating individualexposure levels.
Način dovajanja, tehnikakajenja, količina konoplje, ki se jo užije med vsakimjemanjem, in število kajenj, ki jih opravi posameznik, soenako ali celo bolj pomembni dejavniki pri izračunavanjuravni izpostavljenosti posameznika.
High-potency cannabis has always beenavailable to some extent, and concern about this topic isnot new.
Zelo močna konopljaje bila v določenem obsegu vedno na razpolago inzaskrbljenost zaradi te teme ni nič novega.
It is also important to note that it is not understoodif cannabis users modify their behaviour to reach a desireddose effect.
Pomembno jepoudariti tudi, da ni jasno ali uživalci konoplje spremenijosvoje vedenje, da bi dosegli želen učinek odmerka.
Therefore, the extent to which high potencycannabis necessarily results in high doses requires furtherinvestigation.
Zatobodo za določitev, do katere meje zelo močna konopljanujno izzove visoke odmerke, potrebne nadaljnjeraziskave.
In the Netherlands, locally produced cannabis resin hasa particularly high THC content, but this material is stilluncommon in that country and almost unknownelsewhere.
7.Na Nizozemskem ima lokalno pridelan hašiš posebejvisoko vsebnost THC, vendar je ta proizvod v zadevnidržavi še vedno redek in drugod skorajda neznan.
EU countries fall into two distinct groups depending onwhether herbal cannabis or cannabis resin is the mostcommonly consumed product.
1.Države članice EU se razvrščajo v dve različni skupiniglede na to, ali se v njih največ uporablja marihuanaali hašiš.
Of the countries for whichinformation was available, cannabis resin was morecommon in Germany, Ireland, Portugal and the United Kingdom, whereas herbal cannabis was more commonin Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, the Netherlandsand Austria.
Od držav, za katere so bili na voljo podatki,se je hašiš največ uporabljal v Nemčiji, na Irskem,Portugalskem in v Združenem kraljestvu, medtem ko jebila v Belgiji, v Češki republiki, v Estoniji, na Nizozemskem in v Avstriji bolj razširjena marihuana.
Statements in the popular media that the potency ofcannabis has increased by 10 times or more in recentdecades are not supported by the limited data that areavailable from either the United States or Europe.
8.Omejeni podatki, ki so na voljo iz ZDA ali iz Evropene podpirajo izjav v popularnih medijih, da se je močmarihuane v zadnjih desetletjih povečala za desetkratali več.
Thegreatest longterm changes in potency appear to haveoccurred in the United States, but it has to be borne inmind that before 1980 cannabis potency in the United States was low by European standards.
Zdi se, da je do največjih povečanj v daljšemčasovnem obdobju prišlo v ZDA, vendar se je trebazavedati, da je bila pred letom 1980 moč marihuanev ZDA po evropskih standardih nizka.
There has been no longterm marked upward trend inthe potency of herbal cannabis or cannabis resinimported into Europe.
2.Že dlje časa ni opaziti, da bi moč v Evropo uvoženemarihuane ali hašiša rasla.
In all EU countries, with thepossible exception of the Netherlands, most cannabisconsumed is imported, although systematic data on theavailability of home-produced herbal cannabis arecurrently lacking.
V vseh državah članicah EU, z izjemo Nizozemske, se večina užite konopljeuvozi, čeprav trenutno niso na voljo sistematičnipodatki o razpoložljivosti doma pridelane marihuane.
Indoor cultivation of cannabis occurs to some extent inall European countries.
3.Marihuana se v zaprtih prostorih v majhnem obseguprideluje v vseh evropskih državah.
In the Netherlands, it isestimated that this product represents over half of thecannabis consumed, but in most countries importedproducts are more important.
Ocenjuje se, da taproizvod predstavlja več kot polovico porabljenekonoplje na Nizozemskem, vendar je v večini državdelež uvoženih snovi mnogo pomembnejši.
The overall conclusion of the study is that there havebeen some modest changes in THC levels that arelargely confined to the relatively recent appearance onthe market of intensively cultivated domestically growncannabis in the EU.
9.Splošna ugotovitev študije je, da je bilo opazitimajhne spremembe v vsebnosti THC, kar gre v velikimeri pripisati relativno nedavnemu pojavu domapridelane konoplje na tržišču v EU.
In addition, it is noted that the THCcontent of cannabis products is extremely variable.Aclear information need exists to develop monitoringsystems that can assess the market share of differentcannabis products and track changes over time.Currently, this information is to a great extent lacking.
Poleg tega jeopaziti, da je vsebnost THC v proizvodih iz konopljeizjemno različna. Obstaja potreba po jasnihinformacijah, kar pomeni, da je treba razviti sistemespremljanja, ki lahko ocenijo tržni delež različnihproizvodov iz konoplje in sledijo spremembam skozičas.Te informacije sedaj največkrat niso na voljo.
Herbal cannabis grown indoors using intensive methods(e.g. hydroponic systems with artificial lighting,propagation by cuttings and control of day length)usually has a higher THC content than the importeddrug.
4.Marihuana, pridelana v zaprtih prostorih z uporabointenzivnih metod (npr. hidroponski sistemi z umetnoosvetlitvijo, razmnoževanje s podtaknjenci in nadzordolžine dneva), ima navadno višjo vsebnost THC kotuvožena droga.
Although the potency range of home-grownherbal cannabis may overlap with that of importedcannabis, the average potency of homegrown cannabiscan be two or three times greater.
Čeprav lahko moč doma pridelanemarihuane sovpada z uvoženo, je lahko povprečnamoč doma pridelane marihuane dvakrat ali trikratvečja od moči uvožene marihuane.
The overall increases in cannabis potency that havebeen reported in some countries can be almost entirelyattributed to an increase in the proportion of homegrown cannabis consumed.
5.Povečanje moči, o kateri se je poročalo v nekaterihdržavah, se lahko skorajda v celoti pripiše povečanjudeleža doma pridelane porabljene marihuane.
Taking into account the market share of differentcannabis products, the effective potency has remainedrelatively stable in nearly all countries for many years,
6.Ob upoštevanju tržnih deležev različnih proizvodov izkonoplje, je učinkovita moč, ki znaša okoli 6–8%,precej let ostala relativno stabilna v skoraj vsehdržavah.
10.The study identifies a number of important areas thatrequire attention if cannabis potency issues are to beproperly evaluated.
10.Študija opredeljuje številna pomembna področja, kijim je treba posvetiti pozornost, če naj se vprašanjamoči konoplje ustrezno ovrednotijo.
These include: consensus on thenomenclature of cannabis products; improvedmonitoring of market information, improvement inlaboratory analytical standards, data collection andpresentation at European level; studies to explore therelationship between potency, smoking behaviour andblood THC/metabolite levels in Europe; and the need toinvestigate the extent to which high-potency cannabisresults in increased dose exposure and any possiblerelationship to health problems.
Ta vključujejosoglasnost v nomenklaturi proizvodov iz konoplje,izboljšano spremljanje informacij o tržišču, izboljšanjestandardov laboratorijskih analiz, zbiranja podatkovter predstavitev na evropski ravni, študije zaraziskovanje razmerja med močjo, kadilskim vedenjemin stopnjami THC/metabolitov v krvi, in potrebo poraziskavi obsega, v katerem moč vpliva naizpostavljenost povečanim odmerkom konoplje ter stem povezane možne zdravstvene težave.
It is noted that the costsand benefits of responding differently to differentcannabis products merits consideration.
Upoštevase, da stroški in koristi, ki jih ima različnoobravnavanje različnih proizvodov iz konoplje,zahtevajo premislek.
), problems and increasing concern regarding the negativehealth impact of intensive cannabis use, interventions aimedat reducing harm associated with cannabis use remainpoorly developed in comparison with those aimed at usersof other drugs.
družbenega zaznavanja uživanja konoplje kotnormativnega vedenja z množičnimi in ciljnousmerjenimi medijskimi kampanjami.
when heavy cannabis users hold group meetings at whichthe consequences of intense use and the potential forbehavioural change are discussed.
Kar zadeva preprečevanje, je bilo le malo pobudposebej namenjenih odzivu na povečano uživanjekonoplje med mladimi, saj je preprečevanje le redkonamenjeno točno določeni snovi.
To some extent, these approaches take a harm-reduction aswell as a prevention-orientated approach. However, despitethe well-known link between smoking and respiratory
V Nemčiji, Grčiji, na Irskem, Finskem in v Združenemkraljestvu so uvedli ukrepe za zmanjšanje psihosocialnihposledic prvih kaznivih dejanj zaradi uživanja konopljemed mladostniki.
Treatment options available to those with cannabisproblems are mostly to be found in treatment centresoffering care for clients addicted to licit or illicit drugs orwith other kinds of addictive behaviours.
Nedavni primer (po letu 2000) jeprogram FRED v Nemčiji, ki zdaj deluje v osmih deželahin ponuja mladim uživalcem drog zgodnjo in kratkotrajnointervencijo na prostovoljni podlagi(170).
Services that are
V Združenemkraljestvu na podobni podlagi delujejo skupine za mlade,
Selected issue 2: Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands designed for cannabis users are reported by some countries(Denmark, Germany, Greece, France, the Netherlands,Austria, Sweden and Norway), but, in general, specialistcare of this sort appears to be extremely limited.
Izbrano poglavje 2: Problem konoplje v kontekstu – razumeti povečanje potreb po zdravljenju v Evropi ki storijo kazniva dejanja.
In manycountries, treatment services for problem cannabis users areintegrated with facilities for the treatment of generic drugproblems (Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark,Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia and Norway).
Po tem, ko je sistem kazenskegapravosodja spremenil način obravnave nekaterih vidikovkonoplje, in po ponovni razvrstitvi drog (iz razreda Bvrazred C) je posedovanje in ne uživanje kršitev;posedovanje je sankcionirano z opozorilom. Združenokraljestvo je prek sredstev javnega obveščanja uvedloakcijo, da bi ponovno potrdilo negativno in nezakonitonaravo konoplje.
Cannabis clients have different patterns of drug use thanthose consuming other substances; moreover, there areimportant differences among cannabis clients.
Še ena od nedavnih pobud si je prizadevala zapreprečevalne akcije v lokalih (“coffee shops”), kjer sonavoljo majhne količine konoplje.
The profilesof different sub-groups of cannabis users in treatment islikely to be directly relevant to understanding their needsand thus to the provision of appropriate responses.Important dimensions here are frequency of use, currentand past use of other drugs and referral source.
Take intervencije seizvajajo v obliki tečajev in priročnikov za lastnike lokalovz namenom, da se v teh okoljih preprečijo problemi,povezani z drogo.
• younger users, often students, referred to treatmentservices by family or school and consuming cannabisalone or sometimes together with alcohol or stimulants;
kaotične in marginalizirane populacije, je sporna njihovaprimernost za zdravljenje ljudi z manj akutnimi potrebami,kar velja za večino uživalcev konoplje.
• polydrug users, who are typically older and less sociallyintegrated, referred to treatment more often by legalauthorities or health and social services, andoverlapping with the chronic drug-using population.
Programe, ki so posebej namenjeniuživalcem konoplje, je lažje oblikovati izvenbolnišnično.Avstrija v nacionalnem poročilu predlaga, da bi bilobolnišnično zdravljenje, če je treba, bolje izvajati v okvirusplošnega psihiatričnega oddelka za mladostnike kot naspecialistični enoti za droge.
In addition, there is some evidence of a further groupreferred to treatment by legal authorities who are not usingother drugs and appear to be only occasional users ofcannabis.
Med nedavnimi inovacijamivdržavah članicah na področju odzivanja na potrebeuživalcev konoplje omenimo “priročnik za kognitivnozdravljenje” za kronične uživalce konoplje na Švedskem,spletno stran za samopomoč, namenjenoproblematičnemu uživanju konoplje, ki je bila postavljenana Nizozemskem, ter uvedbo akupunkturnega zdravljenjana Finskem.
• increased numbers referred from the criminal justicesystem in some countries;
V določeni meri je namen teh ukrepov zmanjševanješkode, pa tudi preprečevanje.
• increased referrals from family and other social supportnetworks (family, friend, social services, school);
Namen tega pregleda je postaviti v širši analitični kontekstopaženo povečanje prijavljenih potreb po zdravljenjuzaradi problemov s konopljo.
• an increased proportion of intensive (daily) cannabisuse, although daily users remain in the minority;
Jasno je tudi, da razpoložljivi dokazine opravičujejo pretiranega preplaha, niti niso razlog zazadovoljstvo.
For the most part, those with a cannabis-related problemare treated alongside clients being treated for problem useof other illicit drugs, typically opioids.
V nekaterih državah je delež ljudi s problemi, povezanimis konopljo, pri potrebah po zdravljenju v specializiranihustanovah dokaj velik in ti ljudje tvorijo pomembnopodskupino večje populacije, ki se zdravi.
As many of thesespecialised drug treatment centres are configured to meetthe needs of an often chaotic and marginalised population,their suitability for those with less acute needs, such as mostcannabis users, is debatable.
Večinoma so tomladi moški, stari okoli 20 let, večina pa jih je navedla,da so drogo začeli uživati v starosti 16 ali 17 let.
Treatment services in Member States are aware of these issues, and a number ofcountries, in their Reitox national reports, observed that itcould be counterproductive and disadvantageous to mixproblem cannabis users with problem heroin users orpolydrug users and cited this as one reason why cannabisusers should not receive inpatient care.
Ljudje, ki imajo probleme zaradi uživanja konoplje,selahko v glavnem odločijo za zdravljenje v centrih zazdravljenje, kjer nudijo pomoč posameznikom, zasvojenimz dovoljenimi ali prepovedanimi drogami, oziroma ljudemz drugimi vrstami zasvojenosti.
It is easier to designprogrammes specifically for cannabis users on anoutpatient basis. The Austrian national report suggests thatinpatient care, if required, should preferably take placewithin a generic adolescent psychiatry department ratherthan a specialist drug unit.
Nekatere države poročajoo službah, ki so namenjene uživalcem konoplje (Danska,Nemčija, Grčija, Francija, Nizozemska, Avstrija, Švedskain Norveška), vendar se na splošno zdi, da je tovrstnospecialistično zdravljenje izredno omejeno.
Recent innovations reported by Member States in responding to the needs of cannabisusers include a ‘cognitive treatment manual’ for chroniccannabis users produced in Sweden, an Internet self-helpsite for problem cannabis use established in the Netherlands and the introduction of acupuncture treatmentin Finland.
V mnogihdržavah so službe za zdravljenje problematičnih uživalcevkonoplje povezane s službami za zdravljenje splošnihproblemov zaradi drog (Belgija, Češka republika,Danska, Nemčija, Španija, Francija, Irska, Italija,Luksemburg, Nizozemska, Avstrija, Portugalska, Slovenijain Norveška).
Conclusions increasing levels of social and educational problems insome countries, although data in this area are weak.
Osebe, ki se zdravijo zaradi konoplje, kažejo drugačnevzorce uživanja drog od tistih, ki uživajo druge snovi,poleg tega pa so prisotne tudi pomembne razlike medsamimi osebami, ki se zdravijo zaradi konoplje.
The objective of this review is to place the observedincrease in reported cannabis treatment demands in abroader analytical context. In doing so it is apparent thatmany important questions that are fundamental to aninformed policy debate on this controversial topic remainunanswered.
Značilnostirazličnih podskupin uživalcev konoplje, ki se zdravijo, soverjetno neposredno pomembne za razumevanje njihovihpotreb in s tem za zagotavljanje ustreznih odzivov.Pomembni vidiki so pogostost uživanja, uživanje drugihdrog v sedanjosti in preteklosti ter vir napotitve.
What is also apparent is that the availableevidence does not justify an alarmist position but nor is itcause for complacency.
Čepovzamemo nacionalna poročila in podatke TDI, lahko nasplošno zaznamo dva profila oseb, ki se zdravijo: