natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Framework Directive 89/391/EEC (Articles 10, 11, 12) requires the employer to take suitable measures to inform, consult, train and ensure the participation of workers and/or their representatives in all matters relating to worker health and safety in the workplace, in accordance with national laws and/or practices.
Okvirna direktiva 89/391(EGS (členi 10, 11, 12) zahteva, da delodajalec sprejme ustrezne ukrepe za obveščanje in usposabljanje delavcev ter posvetovanje z njimi in zagotovi sodelovanje delavcev in/ali njihovih predstavnikov v vseh zadevah, ki so povezane z varnostjo in zdravjem delavcev na delovnem mestu, v skladu z nacionalno zakonodajo in/ali prakso.
in order to eliminate or reduce to a minimum the risks from noise, including the circumstances in which the measures apply;(c) the exposure limit values and the exposure action values laid down in Article 3 of this Directive;(d) the results of the assessment and measurement of the noise carried out in accordance with Article 4 of this Directive together with an explanation of their significance and potential risks;(e) the correct use of hearing protectors;(f) why and how to detect and report signs of hearing damage;(g) the circumstances in which workers are entitled to health surveillance and the purpose of health surveillance, in accordance with Article 10 of this Directive;(h) safe working practices to minimise exposure to noise.
(a) vrsti takih tveganj; (b) ukrepih, sprejetih za izvajanje te direktive, da se odpravi ali na najnižjo možno raven zniža tveganja zaradi hrupa , vključno z okoliščinami, v katerih se ukrepi uporabljajo; (c) mejnih vrednostih izpostavljenosti in opozorilnih vrednostih izpostavljenosti iz člena 3 te direktive; (d) rezultatih ocen in meritev hrupa, opravljenih v skladu s členom 4 te direktive, skupaj s obrazložitvijo njihovega pomena in potencialnih tveganj;(e) pravilni uporabi opreme za varovanje sluha; (f) tem, zakaj in kako zaznati ter obvestiti o znakih okvare sluha;(g) okoliščinah, v katerih imajo delavci pravico do zdravstvenega nadzora, in namenu zdravstvenega nadzora v skladu s členom 10 te direktive; (h) varnih načinih dela, ki izpostavljenost hrupu omejijo na najnižjo možno raven.
In particular, Directive 2003/10/EC (Articles 8 and 9) states the following:
Zlasti Direktiva 2003/10/ES (člena 8 in 9) navaja naslednje:
Consultation and participation of workers and/or of their representatives shall take place in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 89/391/EEC on the matters covered by this Directive, in particular:
Posvetovanje z delavci in/ali njihovimi predstavniki ter njihovo sodelovanje se opravi v skladu s členom 11 Direktive 89/391/EGS o zadevah, na katere se nanaša ta direktiva, zlasti o:
Without prejudice to Articles 10 and 12 of Directive 89/391/EEC the employer shall ensure that workers who are exposed to noise at work at or above the lower exposure action values, and/or their representatives, receive information and training relating to risks resulting from exposure to noise concerning, in particular:
Brez poseganja v člena 10 in 12 Direktive 89/391/EGS mora delodajalec zagotoviti, da so delavci, ki so pri delu izpostavljeni hrupu, ki je enak ali presega spodnjo opozorilno vrednost izpostavljenosti, in/ali njihovi predstavniki obveščeni in se usposabljajo v zvezi s tveganji zaradi izpostavljenosti hrupu, zlasti o:
•the assessment of risks and identification of measures to be taken, referred to in Article 4;•the actions aimed at eliminating or reducing risks arising from exposure to noise, referred to in Article 5;•the choice of individual hearing protectors referred to in Article 6(1)(c).
•ocenjevanju tveganj in določanju ukrepov iz člena 4, ki jih je treba sprejeti, •ukrepih za odpravo ali znižanje tveganj zaradi izpostavljenosti hrupu iz člena 5, •izbiri osebne varovalne opreme za varovanje sluha iz člena 6(1)(c).
CHAPTER 3 Workplace design
POGLAVJE 3: Zasnova delovnega mesta
DIRECTIVE REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................................................. 58
ZAHTEVE DIREKTIVE............................................................................................................................................................... 58
Direct and reverberant field ....................................................................................................................................... 59
Neposredno in odmevno polje ................................................................................................................................ 59
Reverberation time ......................................................................................................................................................... 60
Odmevni čas ..................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Spatial sound distribution curve ............................................................................................................................... 60
Krivulja porazdelitve prostorskega zvoka ............................................................................................................. 60
SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE WORKPLACE PERFORMANCE ........................................................................................... 61
REŠITVE ZA IZBOLJŠANJE UČINKOVITOSTI DELOVNEGA MESTA........................................................................... 61
Workplace alterations .................................................................................................................................................... 61
Spremembe delovnega mesta .................................................................................................................................. 61
Installation of absorbing materials and devices .................................................................................................. 61
Namestitev absorpcijskih materialov in naprav ................................................................................................. 61
NOISE PREDICTION CALCULATION ................................................................................................................................... 62
IZRAČUN PREDVIDENEGA HRUPA .................................................................................................................................... 62
CHAPTER 3: WORKPLACE DESIGN
POGLAVJE 3: ZASNOVA DELOVNEGA MESTA
(b) decide on the protective measures to be taken and, if necessary, the protective equipment to be used.
(b) odločati o varnostnih ukrepih, ki jih je treba sprejeti, in če je treba, o osebni varovalni opremi, ki se mora uporabljati;
Finally, Article 5 of Noise Directive 2003/10/EC
Člen 5 Direktive o hrupu 2003/10/ES25 vključuje tudi
Article 6 of Framework Directive 89/391/EECgeneral obligations on employers:
Člen 6 Okvirne direktive 89/391/EGS24 delodajalcem določbe, namenjene preprečevanju ali zmanjševanju izpostavljenosti: nalaga splošne obveznosti:
Taking account of technical progress and of the availability of measures to control the risk at source, the risks arising from exposure to noise shall be eliminated at their source or reduced to a minimum.
Ob upoštevanju tehničnega napredka in razpoložljivosti ukrepov za obvladovanje tveganja pri viru se tveganja zaradi izpostavljenosti hrupu odstranijo pri viru ali zmanjšajo na najnižjo možno raven.
Within the context of his responsibilities, the employer shall take the measures necessary for the safety and health protection of workers, including prevention of occupational risks and provisions of information and training, as well as provision of the necessary organisation and means.
V okviru svojih odgovornosti delodajalec sprejme ukrepe, potrebne za zagotovitev varnosti in zaščito zdravja delavcev, vključno s preprečevanjem poklicnih tveganj, zagotavljanjem obveščanja in usposabljanja ter zagotavljanjem potrebne organizacije in sredstev.
The employer shall be alert to the need to adjust these measures to take account of changing circumstances and aim to improve existing situations.
Delodajalec mora paziti na potrebo po prilagajanju teh ukrepov, da bi upoštevali spreminjajoče se okoliščine in bili namenjeni izboljšanju obstoječih razmer.
The reduction of such risks shall be based on the general principles of prevention and take into account in particular:(a) other working methods that require less exposure to noise;(b) the choice of appropriate work equipment, taking account of the work to be done, emitting the least possible noise, including the possibility of making available to workers work equipment subject to Community provisions with the aim or effect of limiting exposure to noise;(c) the design and layout of workplaces and work situations.
Znižanje takih tveganj temelji na splošnih načelih preprečevanja, določenih v členu 6(2) Direktive 89/391/EGS, in upošteva zlasti: (a) druge metode dela, pri katerih je izpostavljenost hrupu manjša; b) ob upoštevanju dela, ki ga je treba opraviti, izbiro primerne delovne opreme, ki oddaja najmanjši možni hrup, vključno z možnostjo, da imajo delavci na voljo delovno opremo v skladu z določbami Skupnosti, katere cilj ali učinek je omejitev izpostavljenosti hrupu; c) načrtovanje in ureditev delovnih mest in delovnih postaj;
All sounds emitted in a workshop reflect on the room walls.
Vsi zvoki, ki se oddajajo v delavnici, se odbijajo od sten prostora.
These reflected sounds then increase the sound exposure in the room.
Ti odbiti zvoki nato povečajo izpostavljenost zvoku v prostoru.
The employer shall implement the measures referred to above on the basis of the following general principles of prevention:(a) avoiding risks;(b) evaluating the risks, which cannot be avoided;(c) combating the risks at source;(d) adapting the work to the individual, especially as regards the design of work places, the choice of work equipment and the choice of working and production methods, with a view, in particular, to alleviating monotonous work and work at a predetermined work-rate and to reducing their effects on health;(e) adapting to technical progress;(f) replacing the dangerous by the non-dangerous or the less dangerous;(g) developing a coherent overall prevention policy which covers technology, organisation of work, working conditions, social relationships and the influence of factors related to the working environment;(h) giving collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures;(i) giving appropriate instructions to the workers.
Delodajalec izvaja zgoraj navedene ukrepe na podlagi naslednjih temeljnih načel:(a) izogibanje tveganjem;b) ovrednotenje tveganj, katerim se ni mogoče izogniti;c) obvladovanje tveganj pri viru;d) prilagajanje dela posamezniku, še posebno glede načrtovanja delovnih mest, izbire delovne opreme ter delovnih in proizvodnih metod, da se olajša monotono delo in delo z vnaprej določeno delovno hitrostjo ter zmanjša njihov učinek na zdravje;e) prilagajanje tehničnemu napredku;f) zamenjava nevarnega z nenevarnim ali manj nevarnim;g) razvijanje skladne celovite preventivne politike, ki zajema tehnologijo, organizacijo dela, delovne razmere, socialne odnose in vpliv dejavnikov, povezanih z delovnim okoljem;h) dajanje prednosti kolektivnim zaščitnim ukrepom pred individualnimi;i) dajanje ustreznih navodil delavcem.
The employer must observe the following provisions of Article 9 of Framework Directive 89/391/EEC:
Delodajalec mora upoštevati naslednje določbe člena 9 Okvirne direktive 89/391/EGS:
The employer shall:(a) be in possession of an assessment of the risks to safety and health at work, including those facing groups of workers exposed to particular risks;
Delodajalec mora: (a) oceniti tveganja za varnost in zdravje pri delu, tudi tista, s katerimi se soočajo skupine delavcev, izpostavljene posebnim tveganjem;
•Every time sound reaches a wall, part of its energy is reflected•The room therefore influences the acoustic atmosphere; this phenomenon is called ‘reverberation’–The total exposure results from the combined sound emitted directly by equipment and multiple reflections reaching the same location–Absorbing devices may be placed on room surfaces or baffles may be suspended on the sound path to damp reflected sound; these systems are further detailed below (see Section 4.2).
•Vsakič, ko zvok doseže zid, se odbije del njegove energije. •Prostor zato vpliva na akustično okolje; ta pojav se imenuje „reverberacija“ (odmevni čas). –Popolna izpostavljenost je posledica skupnega zvoka, ki ga neposredno oddaja oprema, in več odbojev, ki dosežejo isto mesto. –Na površine prostora se lahko namestijo absorpcijske naprave ali pa se za zadušitev odbitega zvoka na pot zvoka namestijo lopute; ta sistema sta podrobneje obravnavana spodaj (glej razdelek 4.2).
89/391/EEC Council Directive of 12 June 1989, on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, O.J. n° L 183, of 29.06.1989, page 1.
Direktiva 2003/10/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 6. februarja 2003 o minimalnih zahtevah za varnost in zdravje v zvezi z izpostavljenostjo delavcev fizikalnim dejavnikom (hrup), UL L 42, 15.2.2003, str. 38.
Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003, on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise), O.J. n° L 42 of 15.02.2003, page 38.
Direktiva Sveta 89/391/EGS z dne 12. junija 1989 o uvajanju ukrepov za spodbujanje izboljšav varnosti in zdravja delavcev pri delu, UL L 183, 29.6.1989, str. 1.
Direct and reverberant field
Neposredno in odmevno polje
The room influence on sound exposure varies widely according to distance from the noise source.
Vpliv prostora na izpostavljenost zvoku se močno razlikuje glede na razdaljo od vira hrupa.
Room effects dominate far from the source.
Vplivi prostora so najmočnejši daleč od vira.
Two extreme acoustic room influences are a cathedral (highly reverberant) and a small office lined with acoustic materials and carpets, whilst the most absorbent area is of course the open air!
Dva primera izjemnega vpliva prostora na akustičnost sta katedrala (močno odmevna) in majhna pisarna, polna akustičnih materialov in preprog, območje z največjo absorpcijo pa je seveda odprt prostor.
•The further away from equipment, the greater the influence of reflected sound; the room can therefore be divided into different areas based on distance from the source:–direct sound dominates near the source; this area is called the ‘direct field’–reflected sound dominates far from the source; this area is called the ‘reverberant field’; within the reverberant field the noise level is quite constant.•Acoustic absorption in a room is quite effective within the reverberant field, but it is relatively useless within the direct field.
•Večja kot je oddaljenost od opreme, večji je vpliv odbitega zvoka; prostor lahko zato razdelimo v različna območja glede na oddaljenost od vira: –blizu vira prevladuje neposredni zvok: to območje se imenuje „neposredno polje“, –daleč stran od vira prevladuje odbiti zvok: to območje se imenuje „odmevno polje“; znotraj odmevnega polja je raven hrupa dokaj stalna. •Akustična absorpcija v prostoru je precej učinkovita znotraj odmevnega polja, vendar dokaj neučinkovita znotraj neposrednega polja.
Figure 3.1 Sound emitted by an acoustic source is reflected on workplace walls.
Slika 3.1: Zvok, ki ga oddaja akustični vir, se odbija od sten delovnega mesta.
Worker exposure combines reflected sound and direct sound
Izpostavljenost delavca je kombinacija odbitega zvoka in neposrednega zvoka.
The direct field usually extends a few metres from the machine.
Neposredno polje se običajno razteza nekaj metrov od stroja.
A working tool user is usually in the direct noise field area of his tool; absorptive treatment of adjacent walls would be more effective for surrounding workers than for the tool user himself.
Uporabnik delovnega orodja se običajno nahaja v območju neposrednega polja hrupa; obložitev sosednjih sten z absorpcijskimi materiali bi bila bolj učinkovita za delavce v bližini kot pa za samega uporabnika stroja.
Figure 3.2 Absorbing materials and devices reduce the reflected sound and so allow a reduction in room effect
Absorpcijski material
Figure 3.3 Near to the sound source, most noise comes directly from the source itself: this area is called the ‘direct field’.
Slika 3.2: Absorpcijski materiali in naprave zmanjšajo odbiti zvok in tako omogočijo zmanjšanje vpliva prostora.
Far from the sound source, reflected sound dominates: this area is called the ‘reverberant field’
Slika 3.3 V bližini zvočnega vira prihaja večina hrupa neposredno iz samega vira: to območje se imenuje „neposredno polje“, Daleč stran od zvočnega vira prevladuje odbiti zvok: to območje se imenuje „odmevno polje“,
Sound insulation between a source and a listener attenuates the sound heard. (cf.
Pregrade zagotovijo zvočno izolacijo.
Chapter 4: ‘How do we reduce noise exposure?’).
Zvočna izolacija med virom in poslušalcem oslabi slišani zvok (prim. s poglavjem „Metode za zmanjševanje hrupa“).
If a workshop is divided by partitions into separate areas, each area should be studied separately in relation to its reverberation.
Če je delavnica s pregradami razdeljena na ločena območja, je treba posebej preučiti vsako območje v zvezi z reverberacijo.
Figure 3.4 Room acoustic influences may be assessed by interrupting a sound and measuring its decay due to surface reflections.
Slika 3.4 Akustične vplive prostora lahko ocenimo tako, da prekinemo zvok in izmerimo njegovo upadanje zaradi odbojev na površini.
‘Reverberation time’ (Tr) is the time taken for a 60 dB decrease in sound level
„Odmevni čas“ (Tr) je čas, potreben za zmanjšanje ravni zvoka za 60 dB.
Many software packages are dedicated to analysing workplace absorption; they allow us to determine the most appropriate quantity and positioning of absorbing materials based on comparing acoustic benet and cost involved.
Veliko programske opreme je namenjene analizi absorpcije delovnega mesta; z njo lahko na podlagi primerjave akustičnih koristi in vključenih stroškov določimo najustreznejšo količino in položaj absorpcijskih materialov.
Spatial sound distribution curve
Krivulja porazdelitve prostorskega zvoka
Furnishings, screens and large equipment also contribute to workplace acoustic eects; they act in reection, insulation and absorption.
Oprema, zasloni in večje naprave prav tako prispevajo k akustičnim učinkom delovnega mesta; vplivajo na odbijanje, izolacijo in absorpcijo.
They should be considered in acoustic analysis if they are large compared with the room volume.
Če so v primerjavi s prostornino prostora veliki, jih je treba upoštevati v akustični analizi.
The spatial acoustic influence of a room may be considered by the sound decay over distance in relation to the overall room dimensions.
Prostorski vpliv na akustičnost prostora je mogoče določiti z upadanjem zvoka na določeni razdalji glede na vse dimenzije prostora.
This can be evaluated by decay rate per unit length or by noise amplification at some points.
To je mogoče oceniti s stopnjo upadanja zvoka na dolžino enote ali z ojačitvijo zvoka na določenih točkah.
•If a continuous steady noise source is placed at the end of a room, the sound level reduction along a room centreline can be measured; the result is then plotted as a ‘spatial sound distribution curve’.
•Če se enakomeren stalen hrup nahaja na koncu prostora, lahko izmerimo zmanjšanje ravni zvoka vzdolž simetralne ravnine prostora; rezultat lahko nato prikažemo kot „krivuljo porazdelitve prostorskega zvoka“.
•Room influence may be evaluated by the DL param-
•Vpliv prostora lahko ocenimo s parametrom DL
2 eter. This represents the rate of sound level reduction, when the distance from the source is doubled. DL
2 predstavlja stopnjo zmanjšanja ravni zvoka, ko je odd- aljenost od vira podvojena. DL se imenuje „stopnja
2 is called the ‘rate of spatial decay per distance dou-
2 prostorskega upadanja zvoka na podvojeno razdaljo“.
Reverberation time bling’.•In open air (in a so-called ‘free field’), the rate of sound level decay is 6 dB per distance doubling (i.e. DL
•V odprtem prostoru (t. i. „prostem polju“) je stopnja upadanja ravni zvoka 6 dB na podvojeno razdaljo (tj.
Measurement of reverberation time provides an estimate of a room’s overall acoustic influence.
Meritev odmevnega časa poda oceno splošnega vpliva prostora na akustičnost.
•The difference in the sound level at a point in the room and that expected in a free-field (DL
•Razlika v ravni zvoka na točki v prostoru in na točki, pričakovani v prostem polju (DL
) is called f the ‘room noise amplification’ or ‘excess of sound pressure’.
„povečanje hrupa v prostoru“ ali „presežek zvočnega tlaka“.
General considerations for different room acoustic parameters are as follows:
Splošne ugotovitve za različne akustične parametre prostora so, kot sledi:
•Low noise amplification of room corresponds to a high DL value and low DL and T values.
Vpliv prostora na akustičnost lahko torej ocenimo kot čas upadanja ravni zvoka, vrednosti DL ter nizkim vrednostim DL in T
2 f r be given for octave bands.
, DL in T se spreminjajo s frekvenco; r
The room acoustic influence can therefore be estimated as a sound level decay time, which is called the ‘Reverberation time’ (Tr) and is defined for a 60 dB decrease or decay in sound level.
2 f r zmanjšanje ali upadanje ravni zvoka za 60 dB.
EN ISO 11690 – 1 recommends the following values:
EN ISO 11690 – 1 priporoča naslednje vrednosti:
< 1.3 s for a r r 3 room volume < 1000 m and DL 2 > 3 or 4 for a greater room volume. Average reverberation times are around 0.5 s for a bedroom, 1 - 2 s for a concert hall and 4 - 8 s for a cathedral.
< 1.3 s za r r 3 prostornino prostora < 1000 m in DL Povprečni odmevni časi se gibljejo med 0,5 za spalnico, 1–2 za koncertno dvorano in 4–8 za katedralo.
Spatial distribution sound curve
Krivulja prostorske poradelitve zvoka
105 workshop with no
105 delavnica brez absorpcije
75 open air (6 dB treatment per distance
75 odprt prostor (6 dB) na podvojeno razdaljo
Distance in m
Razdalja v m
Figure 3.5 Sound decay in a workshop may be measured along a line from the noise source to the end of the room.
Slika 3.5 Upadanje zvoka v delavnici lahko merimo vzdolž linije od vira hrupa do konca prostora.
Room acoustic influence is then considered in two ways: ‘average rate’ of sound decay or by comparison with an equivalent decay in open air (free field). (null
),, eq ki ustreza območju s popolno absorpcijo in zagotavlja enako absorpcijo zvoka kot v samem prostoru.
As we saw above, the room acoustic eect is dierent when we are close to or far from the noise source.
Kot smo videli zgoraj, je vpliv prostora na akustičnost različen, odvisen od bližine oziroma oddaljenosti od vira hrupa.
The benet provided by room absorption diers in the same way: it may be between 1 and 3 dB near the source and between 5 and 12 dB far away from it (ref.
Zmanjšanje hrupa zaradi absorpcije prostora je prav tako lahko različno: lahko je med 1 in 3 dB v bližini vira ter med 5 in 12 dB daleč stran od njega (ref. EN ISO 11690).
Figure 3.6 Porous materials may be placed on workshop walls or used as ‘baffles’ suspended from the ceiling to attenuate high-frequency sound
Slika 3.6 Porozne materiale lahko namestimo na stene delovnega mesta ali jih uporabimo kot „lopute“, ki visijo s stropa, za zmanjšanje visokofrekvenčnega zvoka.
Surface contours have a signicant eect on the sound absorption.
Oblike površine imajo pomemben vpliv na vpijanje zvoka.
This is taken into account by an average absorption value measured for an area much larger than the contour geometry.
Upoštevane so pri povprečni vrednosti vpijanja zvoka, izmerjeni za prostor, ki je veliko večji od geometrijske oblike.
A wall is seldom uniform in other respects: it includes windows, doors, local coverings, etc.
Poleg tega je stena redko enotna: vključuje okna, vrata, obloge itd.