natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
It reported that the conditions of the detention centres in Pavchino and Chop (the old part of the building) were inhuman and degrading, not meeting the minimum standards set by the Council of Europe, the European Court of Human Rights and the Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman Treatment.
Poročala je, da so razmere v centrih za pridržanje Pavchino in Chop (stari del stavbe) nečloveške in ponižujoče in ne izpolnjujejo minimalnih standardov, ki so jih določili Svet Evrope, Evropsko sodišče za človekove pravice in Evropski odbor za preprečevanje mučenja in nečloveškega ali ponižujočega ravnanja ali kaznovanja.
Furthermore the Delegation found evidence that the humanitarian aid delivered by the project did not always reach the targeted migrants. is led to corrective action by the Ukrainian authorities.
Poleg tega je delegacija našla dokaze, da humanitarna pomoč, zagotovljena s projektom, ni vedno dosegla migrantov, ki jim je bila namenjena. Zato so ukrajinski organi uvedli popravne ukrepe.
18 The Zakarpattya region borders with Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia and is a transit corridor in Ukraine for migrants on their way to Western Europe.
18 Regija Zakarpatje meji na Madžarsko, Poljsko, Romunijo in Slovaško ter je tranzitni koridor v Ukrajini za migrante, namenjene v zahodno Evropo.
close to Ukraine where there is a thriving community of Afghan refugees.
blizu Ukrajine, kjer je cvetoča skupnost afganistanskih beguncev.
The sustainability of detention and accommodation centres is jeopardised in Ukraine bythelack ofstatefundsforrunning and maintenance costs and becausethereis an unclear division ofresponsibilities betweenthe State Border Guard Service andthe Ministry of Interior.
Trajnost centrov za pridržanje in namestitvenih centrov v Ukrajini je ogrožena zaradipomanjkanjadržavnihsredstevzatekočeinvzdrževalnestroške ternejasneločitveodgovornosti medslužbodržavne mejnestražein ministrstvom za notranje zadeve.
Difficulties with regard to project registration, tax exemption, land ownership andfunding were alsofoundintheconstruction of atemporary accommodation centre for asylum seekers (25 people) in Belarus19 .
Težave v zvezi z registracijo projekta, davčno oprostitvijo, lastništvom zemljišča in financiranjem so bile ugotovljene tudi pri izgradnji začasnega namestitvenega centra za prosilce za azil (25 ljudi) v Belorusiji19.
On the other hand,in Moldovathe situation was better.
Po drugi strani je bil položaj v Moldaviji boljši.
Atemporary accommodation centre in Chisinau was already fully operational in November 2005, offering 160 places.
Začasni namestitveni center v Kišinjevu, kijerazpolagals 160 mesti,je novembra 2005 že v celoti deloval.
At the time of the audit in November 2006 the capacity (320) in Pavchino was exceeded by about 100 people. e local project partners reported that in summer time overcrowding had been far worse and reached 700 people with corresponding negative consequences for hygiene and health.
V času revizije novembra 2006 je bila zmogljivost (320) centra v Pavchinu presežena za približno 100 ljudi. Lokalni projektni partnerji so poročali, da je bila poleti prenatrpanost še veliko hujša in je zajela 700 ljudi, kar je imelo ustrezne negativne posledice v zvezi s higieno in zdravjem.
e migrants interviewed by the Court hesitated to speak openly.
Migranti, s katerimi je Sodišče opravilo razgovore, so se obotavljali govoriti brez zadržkov.
Complaints were still expressed, concerning medicine not passed on and the practice of searches by masked persons.
Kljub temu pa so bile izražene pritožbe o nerazdeljevanju zdravil in o preiskavah, ki so jih izvajale osebe z zakritimi obrazi.
It also became clear that the project still did not cover basic needs (e.g. sufficient heating, sufficient clean and hot water supply, adequate clothing including shoes).
Jasno je postalo tudi, da projekt še vedno ni pokrival osnovnih potreb (npr. zadostno ogrevanje, zadostna oskrba s čisto in toplo vodo, ustrezna oblačila, vključno s čevlji).
Furthermore, there was insufficient interpretation available in the camps, making communication difficult between the migrants and the authorities.
Poleg tega v kampih ni bilo na voljo dovolj tolmačev, kar je oteževalo sporazumevanje med migranti in organi oblasti.
FIGHT AGAINST ORGANISED CRIME: MIXED RESULTS
BOJ PROTI ORGANIZIRANEMU KRIMINALU: RAZLIČNI REZULTATI
The general post-communist transition process in the countries of central and eastern Europe was accompanied by a considerable rise in organised crimesuchastraffickinginhumanbeings,drugtraffickingand money laundering.
Splošni proces postkomunistične tranzicije je v državah osrednje in vzhodne Evrope spremljal precejšen porast organiziranega kriminala, kot so trgovina zljudmi,trgovina z drogamiin pranje denarja.
Ukraine and Moldova are major source countries for the trafficking of women and children for the purpose of forced prostitution in Europe.
Ukrajina in Moldavija sta državi, ki sta velik vir trgovine z ženskami in otroki, ki so v Evropi prisiljeni v prostitucijo.
Recent years have seen also a growth in the trafficking of men, who are compelled, for instance, to work as labourers.
V zadnjih letih je bil opažen tudi porasttrgovinez moškimi, kiso na primer prisiljeni delati kot manualni delavci.
The full scale of the practice remains relatively unknown, duetothe very nature of organised crime, and because few people are willing or able to report what has happened to them to the authorities.
Zaradi same narave organiziranega kriminalain kerje maloljudi pripravljenih ali zmožnih poročati organom oblasti, kaj se jim je zgodilo, ostaja celoten obseg te prakse relativno neznan.
Thisis aggravated by alack of witness protection measures.
Ker ni ukrepov za zaščito prič, je to stanje še slabše.
Concerningdrugtrafficking,Belarus, Ukraineand Moldovaareseenas transit routes towards EU Member States.
V zvezi s trgovino z drogami se Belorusija, Ukrajina in Moldavija obravnavajo kot tranzitne poti v države članice EU.
The banking systems have been increasingly usedtolaunderthe proceeds ofserious crime.
Bančni sistemi se vse bolj uporabljajo za pranje prihodkoviz težjih oblik kriminala.
The fight against organised crime accounted for 19,2 million euro (11,6 %) ofthetotalfunds allocatedforthe area offreedom, security andjustice from programmes for the period 2000–05.
Za boj proti organiziranemu kriminalu je bilo namenjenih 19,2 milijona EUR (11,6 %) od skupnih sredstev, ki so bila v programih za obdobje 2000–2005 dodeljena za področje svobode, varnostiin pravice.
The Court audited 10 contracts with atotal EU contribution of 18,6 million euro.
Sodiščeje revidiralo 10 pogodb, pri katerihjeskupni prispevek EU znašal 18,6 milijona EUR.
Discussions were still ongoing about fundamental aspects of the refurbishment, e.g. how the site would be heated and what solution would be found for waste water. e steering committee also decided to limit the numbers to be housed to 250. is means that the EU funded capacity would be reduced by around 1 000 places in comparison to the original planning.
Usmerjevalni odbor je odločil tudi, da bo namestitev omejil na 250 mest. To pomeni, da bi bila zmogljivost, ki jo financira EU, v primerjavi z začetnim načrtovanjem manjša za približno 1 000 mest.
20 The anti-trafficking projects
20 Projekti za boj proti trgovini
The projects to combat trafficking in human beings had weak criminalisation and prosecution components20 had three standard components: protection and reintegration; criminalisation and prosecution; and raising awareness.
z ljudmi so imeli tri standardne komponente: zaščita in ponovna vključitev v družbo, kaznivost in pregon ter osveščanje.
The term criminalisation is commonly used in the project documentation.
Izraz kaznivost se pogosto uporablja v projektni dokumentaciji.
(see paragraphs34and35).
Kljub številnim uspehom je splošni napredek v boju proti organiziranemu kriminalu še vedno nezadosten (glej Prilogo III).
Overlappingisa majorfeature,since many donors are keen to fund projects in this area (see paragraph 36).
Ker so mnogi donatorji pripravljeni financirati projekte na tem področju, je pomembna značilnost prekrivanje (glej odstavek 36).
Concerning drug control, projects progressed slowly in the areas of legislation and of policeintelligence(see paragraph40).
V zvezi z nadzorom nad drogami so na področjih zakonodaje in policijskih obveščevalnih dejavnosti projekti napredovali počasi(glej odstavek 40).
Asregards preventing money launderingandterroristfinancing,a majorchallengeistoachievesuc-cessful prosecution(see paragraph 44).
Velikizziv pri preprečevanju pranja denarjain financiranja terorizmaje doseči uspešen kazenski pregon(glej odstavek 44).
Combatingtraffickingin human beings
Boj protitrgovini zljudmi
The Governments of Ukraine and Moldova expressed their commitment to combatingtraffickinginhumanbeingsinnationalpolicypapers. One project was auditedin Ukraine(EU contribution of 1,9 million euro) and three projects (including a rehabilitation centre for victims of trafficking) in Moldova(total EU-contribution of 1,2 million euro).
Vladi Ukrajine in Moldavije sta v nacionalnih dokumentih o politikah izrazili svojozavezanostbojuprotitrgovinizljudmi.V Ukrajinijebilrevidiran en projekt (prispevek EU v vrednosti 1,9 milijona EUR)in v Moldaviji trije projekti(vključno z rehabilitacijskim centrom za žrtve trgovine zljudmi) (skupni prispevek EU v vrednosti 1,2 milijona EUR).
UNDERUTILISATION OF NEWLY CONSTRUCTED CENTRES FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS
PREMAJHNA UPORABA NOVO ZGRAJENIH CENTROV ZA PROSILCE ZA AZIL
Meanwhile, those asylum seekers lacking private means were living in tents and other short-term facilities run by the border guards.
Medtem so prosilci za azil brez lastnih sredstev živeli v šotorih ali drugih začasnih bivališčih, ki jih je upravljala mejna straža.
communications system operating 24 hours a day.
komunikacijski sistem, ki deluje 24 ur na dan.
With the help of the projects, large-scale public awareness campaigns were carriedoutin Moldovaand Ukraine (e.g. theatre performances, numerous publications, toll-free hotlines), and humanitarian assistance was delivered to hundreds of victims of trafficking (e.g. legal support, medical assistance, housing allowance, transport assistance, vocational training, ’in-kind’ grantsfor small business start-up).
V Moldaviji in Ukrajini so bile s pomočjo projektov izvedene obsežne kampanje ozaveščanja javnosti (npr. gledališke predstave, številne publikacije, brezplačnetelefonskelinije), več sto žrtvamtrgovine zljudmi paje bila priskrbljena humanitarna pomoč(npr. pravna podpora, zdravstvena pomoč, stanovanjski dodatek, pomoč pri prevozu, poklicno usposabljanje, nepovratna sredstva “v naravi“ za zagon malih podjetij).
Thusthe aspects of prevention andreintegration were well covered bythe projects.
Tako so projekti dobro pokrivali vidika preprečevanjain ponovne vključitve v družbo.
22 The amount budgeted for food and lodging was more than double the amount budgeted for comparable services at the equivalent Rehabilitation Centre in Kiev.
nastanitev je bil več kot dvakrat višji od predvidenega zneska za primerljive storitve v enakovrednem rehabilitacijskem centru v Kijevu.
Results wereless positive regarding the criminalisation and prosecution components,inparticularasregardsinformationsharingbetweenlaw enforcement agencies. In Ukraine, the TACIS monitors noted that the State Border Guard Service was not cooperating in information exchanging initiatives.
Manj pozitivni so bili rezultati v zvezi s komponentama kaznivosti in kazenskega pregona, zlasti glede izmenjave informacij med organi kazenskega pregona.V Ukrajini so opazovalci programa TACIS ugotovili, da služba državne mejne straže ni sodelovala pri pobudah za izmenjavo informacij.
The measure to equip border checkpoints with the i24/7 system21failed whenthetenderingprocess wascancelledduetothe Ukrainian stakeholdersinsistingonasupplier whoseprices werefarhigherthan the marketrate.
Ukrep za opremljanje mejnih kontrolnih točk s sistemomi24/721je spodletel, ko je bil razpisni postopek razveljavljen, ker so ukrajinske zaintere-siranestrani vztrajale pri dobavitelju, kateregaceneso bile precej višje odtržne cene.
Nationalauthoritiesblamedtheslowness of other countriestorespondtorequestsfor mutual assistance.
Pridobivanje dokazovje velikizziv, saj se kaznivo dejanje pogosto zgodi zunaj Moldavijeali Ukrajine.
To help circumvent such procedural blockages,the projects paidfor networking visits for law enforcement officers to countries of transit and destination of victims.
Nacionalniorganisokrivilidrugedržave za počasnost pri odzivu na prošnje za vzajemno pomoč.
In addition, police officers took part in workshops on investigative techniques and anti-trafficking legislation was reviewed.
Da bi seizognili takimproceduralnimoviram,soprojektifinanciraliobiskeuslužbencev organovpregonavtranzitnihinciljnihdržavahžrtev.Polegtegasose policisti udeležili delavnic o preiskovalnih tehnikah in pregledana je bila zakonodaja na področju boja proti trgovini zljudmi.
Weaknesses persistin mutual assistance arrangements.
Pri ureditvah vzajemne pomočisoše vedno prisotneslabosti.
There are concerns relating to efficiency and economy.
Zaskrbljenost vzbujata učinkovitost in gospodarnost.
As many donor organisations are ready to fund the fight against trafficking in persons, it is achallengetoavoidunnecessaryduplicationofactionsandtoensure cost effective use ofresources.In Moldova,forinstance, certain project activities had to be changed, and an unusually high rent was paid for the Rehabilitation Centre’s premises in Chisinau22.
Ker so številne donatorske organizacije pripravljene financirati boj proti trgovini z ljudmi, se jetežkoizognitinepotrebnemupodvajanjudejavnostiinzagotavljanju stroškovno učinkovite porabe sredstev. V Moldaviji je bilo na primer treba spremeniti določene projektne dejavnosti in za prostore rehabilitacijskega centra v Kišinjevu je bila plačana nenavadno visoka najemnina22 .
In addition, it is not always possibleto distinguish clearlytheresults ofthe EU supportfromthat of other organisations, makingit difficult to assess the effectiveness of the EUspending.
Polegteganivedno možnojasnorazlikovati med rezultati podpore EU inrezultatidrugihorganizacij,zaradičesarjetežkoocenitiuspešnost porabesredstev EU.
23 The first programme, CADAP,
23 Prvi program, CADAP, se je začel
began in Central Asia in 2000, the second, SCAD, in the Southern Caucasus in 2001.
leta 2000 v osrednji Aziji, drugi program, SCAD, leta 2001 na južnem Kavkazu.
Another significant projectin thefight against organised crimeis called “Drug control multisectoral assistance and institution building in Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus” (BUMAD).
Drug pomemben projekt v boju proti organiziranemu kriminalu se imenuje „Večsektorskapomočprinadzorunaddrogamiinizgradnjainstitucijv Ukrajini, Moldaviji in Belorusiji“ (BUMAD).
BUMAD is a multi-annual activity in three phases which started in 2003 and is expected to finish at the end of 2008 (overall EU-contribution of 6,5 million euro).
BUMAD je večletni program dejavnostivtrehfazah,kisejezačelleta2003,končan panaj bi bilob konculeta 2008(skupni prispevek EU v vrednosti 6,5 milijona EUR).
This programme, covering Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus, is the third in a series of EU-funded regional programmes designed to filter the traffic of heroinflowing westwardsfrom Afghanistan towards the EU 23.
Ta program, v katerega so zajete Ukrajina, Moldavija in Belorusija, je tretji v vrstiregionalnih programov, kijihfinancira EU, oblikovanih za zaustavljanje trgovine s heroinom, ki iz Afganistana potuje proti zahodu in EU23.
The over- allobjectiveistoreducedrug-traffickingfrom,andthrough,thethree countriestowards EU Member States.
Skupni cilj je zmanjšati trgovino z drogami, ki iz teh treh držav in skoznje poteka proti državam članicam EU.
Most of the activities foreseen under the different sub-projects were carried out (e.g.legal assistance, seaport control (Ukraine),land border control, policeandcommunityprevention).Thegeneralpictureattheendof thesecondphase(January2007)isthatgoodprogresshasbeen made insettingupnationalanti-drugsstructures,forexamplethenational drugs observatories, courses in drugs prevention in the respective police academies ortrainingin drugs demandreductionto numerous NGOsin thethree countries.
Večina dejavnosti, predvidenih v različnih podprojektih, je bila izvedena (npr. pravna pomoč,kontrola pristanišč(Ukrajina),kopenska mejnakontrola, preprečevanje s strani policije in skupnosti). Splošna slika ob koncu druge faze(januar2007)je, daje bil dosežen dober napredek privzpostavitvi nacionalnih struktur za boj proti trgovini z drogami, na primer nacionalnih observatorijevzapodročjedrog,tečajevpreprečevanjauporabedrog, izvedenihnarazličnihpolicijskihakademijah,aliusposabljanjvzveziz zmanjšanjem povpraševanja po drogah, kiso potekala vštevilnih nevladnih organizacijah vtehtreh državah.
Imbalances in investigative powers are a further complication.
Dodatnotežavo predstavlja neuravnoteženost preiskovalnih pooblastil.
A particular obstaclein Belarusisthe security service’s apparent reluctanceto acceptforeign analytical software.
V Belorusiji posebno oviro predstavlja, da varnostna služba očitno ne želi sprejeti analitične programske opreme iz tujine.
The Commission, when planningtheproject,underestimatedthetimeneededtochange ways ofoperationalthinkingandtoovercomerivalrybetweenenforcement bodies.
Ob načrtovanju projekta je Komisija podcenila čas, potreben za spremembo načinarazmišljanja na operativnem področjuin preseganje tekmovalnosti med organi pregona.
24 The Non-cooperative countries
24 Pobudo v zvezi z nekooperativnimi
Up to the completion date of BUMAD 2 (January 2007), heroin and cocaine seizures were modest.
Do zaključka programa BUMAD 2 (januar 2007) so bili zasegi heroina in kokaina skromni.V Ukrajinistabilaodkritasamodva mednarodnaposkusapre-prodaje heroina s pomočjo programske opreme, priskrbljene s projektom.
Onlytwointernationalattemptstotraffichero-inein Ukraine wereuncovered, withthehelpofsoftwaredeliveredby theproject.Seizuresofdrugsinallthreecountriesconcerned mainly locally-produced poppy seed and cannabis. However the Ukrainian Security Service reported in July 2007thatin cooperation withthe U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency and Turkishlaw enforcement organisations 174kg of heroin were confiscated in Illichevsk seaport.
Zasegi drog v vseh treh državah so v glavnem zadevalilokalno pridelana makovosemeinkonopljo.Vendarjejulija2007ukrajinskavarnostna služba poročala, daje bilovsodelovanjuzagencijo Združenih državza boj proti drogam in turškimi organizacijami pregona v pristanišču Iličevsk zaplenjenih 174 kg heroina.
and territories (NCCT) initiative was developed by an intergovernmental financial action task force (FATF) to ensure that measures for the prevention, detection and punishment of money laundering according to internationally recognised standards are applied.
državami in ozemlji (NCCT) je oblikovala medvladna projektna skupina za finančno ukrepanje (FATF), da se zagotovi, da se uporabljajo ukrepi za preprečevanje, odkrivanje in kaznovanje pranja denarja, skladni z mednarodno priznanimi standardi.
Projects against moneylaundering/terroristfinancing
Projekti za boj proti pranju denarja/financiranjuterorizma
The overall objective of the “Project against money laundering in Ukraine” (EU-contribution of 1 million euro) was to prevent the use of the financial system tolaunder the proceeds of serious crime and to enable Ukrainian authoritiesto cooperateinfighting moneylaundering.
Splošni cilj „Projekta za boj proti pranju denarja v Ukrajini“ (prispevek EU v vrednosti 1 milijona EUR) je bil preprečiti uporabo finančnega sistema za pranje prihodkov iz težjih oblik kriminala in ukrajinskim organom omogočiti sodelovanje v boju proti pranju denarja.
“Non-cooperative countries and territories”24 list in February 2004 and the acceptance of Ukraine as a member by the Egmont Group25in June 2004.
Projekt je pomagal doseči, da je bila Ukrajina februarja 2004 odstranjena s seznama “nekooperativnih državin ozemelj“24, karje zelo pomembno,in dajebila Ukrajina junija 2004 kot članica sprejeta v skupino Egmont25 .
Furthermore by the end of the project the State Committeefor Financial Monitoring(SCFM) wasfunctioningas Ukraine’s Financial Intelligence Unit(FIU)26.Indeed, overthe years until 2006,the number of caserefer- rals, submitted by the SCFM to law enforcement authorities, increased considerably(18in 2003; 446in 2006).
Poleg tega je državni odbor za finančno spremljanje (State Committee for Financial Monitoring–SCFM)šepredkoncemprojektadelovalkot ukrajinskaenotazafinančninadzor(FIU)26.Vletihdo2006sejedejan- sko precej povečalo število primerov, ki jih je SCFM predložil organom kazenskega pregona(18 vletu 2003; 446 vletu 2006).
inherent in the development of a FIU network, in 1995, a group of FIUs at the Egmont Arenberg Palace in Brussels decided to establish an informal group for the stimulation of international cooperation.
Ob spoznanju koristi, ki jih prinaša razvoj mreže FIU, se je skupina FIU leta 1995 v palači d’Egmont- Arenberg v Bruslju odločiila, da ustanovi neformalno skupino za spodbujanje mednarodnega sodelovanja.
Now known as the Egmont Group, these FIUs meet regularly to find ways to cooperate, especially in the areas of information exchange, training and the sharing of expertise.
Te FIU, ki so zdaj znane pod nazivom skupina Egmont, se redno srečujejo, da najdejo načine za sodelovanje, zlasti na področjih izmenjave informacij, usposabljanja in izmenjave strokovnega znanja.
There are around 100 countries with recognised operational FIUs.
Priznane in delujoče FIU so v približno 100 državah.
26 It is the responsibility of a FIU to
26 FIU so odgovorne za zbiranje in
collect and analyse suspicious and threshold transactions.
analiziranje transakcij, ki so sumljive in pri katerih je bila presežena zgornja meja.
Investigative powers lie with law enforcement agencies.
Preiskovalna pooblastila imajo organi kazenskega pregona.
Setting up a FIU is only a first important condition for combating money laundering.
Vzpostavitev FIU je samo prvi pomemben pogoj za boj proti pranju denarja.
Thereis alsothe needfor effectively operatinglaw enforcement agenciesandtrainedjudges.
Obstaja tudi potreba po uspešno delujočih organih kazenskega pregona in ustrezni usposobljenosti sodnikov.
A majorproblemisthelackofsuccessful prosecution.
Glavno težavo predstavlja pomanjkanje uspešnegakazenskegapregona.
Untiltheendof2006onlythreeverdictsfor moneylaun-dering were made bythe courts.
Dokoncaleta2006sosodiščaizrekla samo tri sodbe zaradi pranja denarja.
Thelack of a modernregime ofseizure and confiscation of assets was alsoidentified as a serious gapin the anti money laundering system.
Kot velika vrzel v sistemu za boj proti pranjudenarjajebilougotovljenotudipomanjkanjesodobneureditve za zasegin zaplembo premoženja.
However Ukraine is more advanced in the fight against moneylaunderingandterroristfinancingthan Moldova, where serious concerns exist regarding the effectiveness of the systemin place (e.g. weaknesses in the Centre for Combating Economic Crime and Corruption orinsufficient use of provisionstoseize,freeze and confiscate)27.
Vendarje v boju proti pranju denarja infinanciranjuterorizma Ukrajinaboljnapredovalakot Moldavija,kjer obstajajoresneskrbi o uspešnostisistema(npr.slabosti v Centruza boj proti gospodarskemu kriminalu in korupciji ali nezadostna uporaba določb o zasegu, zamrznitviin zaplembi)27.
27 Third Round Mutual Evaluation Report on Moldova, September 2007, prepared by moneyval (Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-money Laundering Measures, under the auspices of the Council of Europe).
tretjega cikla o Moldaviji, september 2007, ki ga je pripravil Moneyval (Odbor strokovnjakov za ocenjevanje ukrepov proti pranju denarja, pod okriljem Sveta Evrope).
JUDICIARY AND GOOD GOVERNANCE: MIXED RESULTS
SODSTVOINODGOVORNO VODENJE: RAZLIČNI REZULTATI
28 Including one contract which
28 Vključno z eno pogodbo, ki
was finally not signed, see paragraph 52(c).
nazadnje ni bila podpisana, glej odstavek 52(c).