natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Programme-based prevention implies standardised delivery in a defined number of sessions, each with exactly defined contents, and detailed teacher and pupil material.
Na programu temelječe preprečevanje vključuje standardizirano podajanje snovi v obliki določenega števila predavanj, pri čemer ima vsako točno določeno vsebino, ter podrobno gradivo za učitelje in učence.
This facilitates monitoring and evaluation and increases the accuracy, fidelity and consistency of interventions, leading to high-quality delivery.
To olajšuje spremljanje in ocenjevanje ter povečuje natančnost, zanesljivost in doslednost intervencij, katerih rezultat je kakovostno podajanje.
As a result, more Member States than before are monitoring school-based prevention interventions (the Czech Republic, Greece, Spain, Ireland, Italy, Cyprus, Hungary, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom).
Rezultat tega je, da se je povečalo število držav članic, ki spremljajo preventivne intervencije v šolah (Češka, Grčija, Španija, Irska, Italija, Ciper, Madžarska, Nizozemska in Združeno kraljestvo).
The first ever European drug abuse prevention trial (www.eudap.net) has shown promising results.
Prvi evropski poskus preprečevanja zlorabe drog (www.eudap.net) je pokazal spodbudne rezultate.
Funded by the European Commission, the project was implemented and crossevaluated in seven countries, nine regional centres and 143 schools and involved 7 000 students (3 500 in a trial group and 3 500 in a control group).
Projekt, ki ga financira Evropska komisija, se izvaja in navzkrižno ocenjuje v več državah, devetih regionalnih centrih in 143 šolah, vanj pa je vključenih 7 000 dijakov (3500 v poskusni skupini in 3500 v kontrolni skupini).
EU-Dap reports that, compared with the control group, students in the trial group had a 26 % lower probability of smoking daily, a 35 % lower probability of being frequently drunk and a 23 % lower probability of using cannabis.
EU-Dap poroča, da je v primerjavi s kontrolno skupino za dijake iz poskusne skupine veljala 26 % manjša verjetnost dnevnega kajenja, 35 % nižja verjetnost pogoste vinjenosti in 23 % nižja verjetnost uživanja konoplje.
A comparable programme-based research approach is Blueprint in the United Kingdom (30).
Primerljiv raziskovalni pristop, ki temelji na programu, je Blueprint v Združenem kraljestvu (30).
Additionally, more attention is now given to stricter technical guidance and to better coverage in the implementation of school-based prevention (e.g. in France and Ireland).
Zdaj se več pozornosti namenja tudi doslednejšim strokovnim smernicam in širšemu vključevanju v preprečevanje zlorabe drog v šolah (npr. v Franciji in na Irskem).
While health promotion — as a framework condition for prevention — strives to encourage people to adopt healthy lifestyles and to create healthy living conditions for all, the new term ‘public health prevention’ is increasingly mentioned by some Member States (Italy, Netherlands, Slovakia) and Norway.
Medtem ko se s promoviranjem zdravja – kot osnovnim pogojem za preprečevanje – skuša ljudi spodbuditi, da prevzamejo zdrav način življenja in s tem ustvarijo zdrave življenjske razmere za vse, pa nekatere države članice (Italija, Nizozemska, Slovaška) in Norveška vse pogosteje omenjajo nov izraz „javnozdravstvena preventiva“ (public health prevention).
Public health prevention entails a range of prevention measures aimed at improving the health of vulnerable sections of society, among which drug prevention is one element.
Javnozdravstvena preventiva pomeni vrsto preventivnih ukrepov, katerih namen je izboljšati zdravstveno stanje ranljivih skupin družbe in med katere sodi tudi preprečevanje zlorabe drog.
These measures are particularly suited to the needs of young people, whose problem behaviours, including drug use, are strongly conditioned by vulnerability (social and personal) and by living conditions.
Ti ukrepi so prilagojeni zlasti potrebam mladih, katerih problematično vedenje, vključno z uživanjem drog, je močno pogojeno z ranljivostjo (socialno in osebno) in življenjskimi razmerami.
Hence, as selective and indicated prevention strategies target social and personal risk conditions, they are naturally linked to other youth-relevant public health policies (adolescent mental
Ker so selektivne in indikativne strategije preprečevanja usmerjene v družbene in osebne okoliščine tveganja, so naravno povezane z drugimi javnozdravstvenimi politikami za mlade (strategije za duševno zdravje mladostnikov glede vedenjskih težav, motnje pomanjkanja pozornosti itd.), socialnimi politikami
The role of the police in school-based prevention is a controversial issue.
Vloga policije pri preprečevanju zlorabe drog v šolah je sporno vprašanje.
In Belgium, the French Community
Tudi v Združenem
Annual report 2006: the state of the drugs problem in Europe four countries (Belgium, Germany, Italy and Luxembourg) reporting on new projects in this area.
Letno poročilo 2006: stanje v zvezi s problemom drog v Evropi manjšinam.
Luxembourg reports that special attention is given to young people and to the biggest immigrant community, focusing on linguistic and sociocultural specificities.
Luksemburg poroča, da posebno pozornost namenjajo mladim in največji priseljenski skupnosti, pri čemer se osredotočajo na jezikovne in socialnokulturne posebnosti.
Selective prevention in schools
Selektivno preprečevanje v šolah
Young people at risk of dropping out of school and/or with behavioural problems are increasingly being addressed by selective drug prevention, for instance in Italy, where some 15 % of prevention interventions in schools are aimed at vulnerable subgroups of students (selective and indicated prevention).
Selektivno preprečevanje v šolah se vse bolj ukvarja z mladimi, ki jim grozi izpis iz šole in/ali imajo vedenjske težave, na primer v Italiji, kjer je približno 15 % intervencij preprečevanja v šolah namenjenih ranljivim podskupinam dijakov (selektivno in indikativno preprečevanje).
The main subgroups at which selective prevention in schools is aimed are students with social behavioural problems, school problems or family problems, immigrant students and those belonging to ethnic minorities.
Glavne podskupine, ki jim je namenjeno selektivno preprečevanje v šolah, so dijaki s socialnimi vedenjskimi težavami, šolskimi ali družinskimi težavami, dijaki priseljenci in pripadniki etničnih manjšin.
In fact, academic performance and school attendance are good predictors for drug problems, and monitoring these enables early and accurate intervention.
Dejansko sta učna uspešnost in obiskovanje pouka dobra napovednika težav zaradi drog, njuno spremljanje pa omogoča zgodnjo in pravilno intervencijo.
Also, in the United Kingdom, a policy paper (ACPO Drugs Committee, 2002) recommended that the police service act only within its areas of expertise (security, offences, order) and not get involved in specific drug education.
kraljestvu je dokument o politiki (Odbor za droge pri ACPO) priporočil, da naj policijska služba ukrepa samo v okviru svojih strokovnih področij (varnost, kazniva dejanja, javni red in mir)in naj se ne vključuje v posebno izobraževanje o drogah.
Following this line of action, Portugal continues to run a proximity policing programme, Escola Segura (safe school).
V skladu s tem Portugalska nadaljuje izvajanje programa za varovanje javnega reda in miru v soseski, imenovanega Escola Segura (varna šola).
During the 2004/05 school year a total of 320 police officers were specifically allocated to the school setting, with the aim of implementing proximity policing and offence dissuasion, both during the day and at night.
V šolskem letu 2004/2005 je bilo skupaj 320 policistov posebej dodeljenih šolam, da bi podnevi in ponoči varovali javni red in mir v njihovi okolici ter odvračali od kaznivih dejanj.
In France, experts trained by the law enforcement services to liaise with youth or grown-up populations visit schools or other services on request.
V Franciji strokovnjaki, ki so jih usposobile službe kazenskega pregona za navezovanje stikov z mladimi ali odraslimi, obiščejo šole ali druge službe na zahtevo.
However, despite recommendations that drug education should not be delivered by police officers in uniform, as it could in some cases be counterproductive, activities carried out by police services within schools are still common in several Member States.
Kljub priporočilom, da izobraževanja o drogah ne bi smeli izvajati uniformirani policisti, ker bi to lahko v nekaterih primerih povzročilo nasprotne učinke, so dejavnosti, ki jih izvajajo policijske službe v šolah, v več državah članicah še vedno pogoste.
With the recognition and development of the selective prevention approach by most Member States, vulnerable groups are increasingly being targeted.
S priznanjem in razvojem selektivnega pristopa preprečevanja v večini držav članic se vse več pozornosti namenja ranljivim skupinam.
For example, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, Austria, Finland and the United Kingdom report programmes targeting young offenders.
Tako na primer Nemčija, Grčija, Luksemburg, Avstrija, Finska in Združeno kraljestvo poročajo o programih, namenjenih mladim storilcem kaznivih dejanj.
School dropout is the focus of drug prevention programmes in several Member States.
Programi preprečevanja zlorabe drog se v več državah članicah osredotočajo na osip v šolah.
The HUP project in Storstrom County, Denmark, aims to increase the average rate of school completion from 75 % towards the national target of 95 % by focusing on vulnerable students.
Cilj projekta HUP v okrožju Storstrom na Danskem je povečati povprečno stopnjo dokončanja šolanja s 75 % na 95 %, kar je nacionalni cilj, namenjen pa je predvsem ranljivim dijakom.
Similar projects are reported in Ireland, Portugal (47 projects), Romania (one project) and Norway (brochures for teachers).
O podobnih projektih poročajo iz Irske, Portugalske (47 projektov), Romunije (en projekt) in Norveške (brošure za učitelje).
Reducing early school leaving is an official aim of Ireland’s national strategy, with the target of a 10 % reduction compared with 2005/06 rates in LDTF (local drug task force) areas.
Zmanjšanje stopnje prezgodnjega zapuščanja šole je uradni cilj irske nacionalne strategije, ki želi doseči zmanjšanje za 10 % v primerjavi z letom 2005/06 na področjih LDTF (lokalna projektna skupina za droge).
Students most at risk are targeted by selective prevention programmes in Malta, while in France and Slovakia counselling services are provided in schools on the basis of (self-)referral.
Najbolj ogroženim dijakom so namenjeni programi selektivnega preprečevanja na Malti, medtem ko v Franciji in na Slovaškem zagotavljajo svetovanje v šolah na podlagi (samo-)napotitve.
Family-based prevention
Preprečevanje v družini
With growing numbers of younger children initiating drug use, the improvement and intensification of family-based prevention are of increasing importance.
Z vse večjim številom mlajših otrok, ki začnejo uživati droge, se povečuje pomen izboljšanja in okrepitev preprečevanja v družini.
In pre-teenagers, family influence prevails over peer influence.
Pred najstniškim obdobjem je vpliv družine večji od vpliva sovrstnikov.
The role of the family in establishing norms and support for children is more relevant to prevention than imparting information on substances.
Naloga družine pri vzpostavljanju norm in zagotavljanju podpore otrokom je za preprečevanje pomembnejša od dajanja informacij o snoveh.
Several countries (e.g. Poland and Slovakia) have begun to put emphasis on vulnerable groups.
Več držav (npr. Poljska in Slovaška) je začelo poudarjati ranljive skupine.
In Sweden, the most obvious increase in activities compared with previous years has been in programmes for pre-school children at risk and school children with externalising behaviours.
Na Švedskem se kaže najbolj očitno povečanje obsega dejavnosti v primerjavi s predhodnimi leti v programih za ogrožene predšolske otroke in šolsko mladino z vedenjskimi težavami.
The number of municipalities implementing these programmes has approximately doubled.
Število občin, ki izvajajo te programe, se je skoraj podvojilo.
In addition, Norway is developing a national strategy for early intervention against problem drug and alcohol use in which prevention efforts will specifically target risk groups.
Poleg tega Norveška razvija nacionalno strategijo za zgodnje posredovanje pri problematičnem uživanju drog in alkohola, v skladu s katero bodo prizadevanja za preprečevanje usmerjena zlasti v ogrožene skupine.
Approaches not based on abstinence are effective in reducing not only consumption but also initiation among those groups in which incipient drug use is already occurring.
Pristopi, ki ne temeljijo na vzdržnosti, so učinkoviti ne samo pri zmanjšanju uživanja, temveč tudi pri zmanjševanju začetka uživanja med tistimi skupinami, v katerih se že začenjajo pojavljati zametki uživanja droge.
Thus, Poland has a nationwide programme to change the drugrelated behaviour of vulnerable children or children who are in the early stages of drug use.
Tako ima Poljska nacionalni program za spremembo z drogami povezanega vedenja ranljivih otrok ali otrok, ki so v zgodnjih fazah uživanja droge.
The specific objective of the Polish programme is to support the family in solving drug problems.
Poseben cilj poljskega programa je podpreti družine pri reševanju težav zaradi drog.
In this regard, it is helpful that the concept of selective prevention does not focus on drug use and does not stigmatise drug use; rather, its focus is on vulnerability in a broader sense.
Pri tem je koristno, da koncept selektivnega preprečevanja ni usmerjen v uživanje droge in ne ožigosa uživanja droge, temveč je usmerjen v ranljivost v širšem smislu.
Member States increasingly report targeting of specific ethnic groups in their selective prevention policies, with
V Italiji je zdaj prednostna naloga mnogih projektov zavarovati otroke, matere in priseljenske družine in tiste, ki pripadajo etničnim
Family-based prevention in the EU is becoming more targeted and more firmly needs-based.
V EU postaja preprečevanje v družinah vse bolj ciljno naravnano in vse bolj temelji na potrebah.
Several Member States (Germany, Spain, Ireland, Italy and the United Kingdom) have acknowledged that it can be difficult for institutions to contact problem families.
Več držav članic (Nemčija, Španija, Irska, Italija in Združeno kraljestvo) je priznalo, da imajo ustanove lahko težave pri navezovanju stikov s problematičnimi družinami.
As a result, in the United Kingdom the FRANK campaign has developed an action pack for drug and alcohol action teams and prevention practitioners on how to reach the family, and in several other Member States selective prevention programmes targeted at families
Zato je v Združenem kraljestvu kampanja FRANK pripravila sveženj ukrepov za akcijske skupine za droge in alkohol in strokovne delavce za preprečevanje, kako navezati stik z družino, v več drugih državah članicah pa se izvajajo programi selektivnega preprečevanja, namenjeni ogroženim družinam.
Chapter 2: Responding to drug problems in Europe — an overview at risk are now being implemented.
Poglavje 2: Odzivi na probleme drog v Evropi – pregled otrok), ki v glavnem temeljijo na Kumpferjevem programu za krepitev družin (Kumpfer et al., 1996).
semi-independent associations (Belgium, Germany, France, Hungary and Finland).
ustreznih programov preprečevanja in zagotavljanju minimalnih meril kakovosti (Danska, Francija, Litva, Madžarska, Slovaška, Združeno kraljestvo, Romunija in Norveška).
Accordingly, some Member States report on strategies to provide common quality criteria, standards and technical advisory services at the local level, supporting schools or communities in developing school policies (Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom), implementing adequate prevention programmes and assuring minimum quality criteria (Denmark, France, Lithuania, Hungary, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, Romania and Norway).
Grčija in Avstrija sta se odločili za določitev specifikacij za akreditacijo agencij ali strokovnjakov za preprečevanje.
Greece and Austria are leading the way in defining specifications for the accreditation of prevention agencies or prevention professionals.
Odzivi na zdravljenje in zmanjševanje škode
The ‘strengthening families programme’ (SFP) is being implemented in Spain (Palma de Mallorca and Barcelona), the Netherlands (two cities, evaluation study) and Sweden (two cities).
Program za krepitev družin (SFP) se izvaja v Španiji (Palma de Mallorca in Barcelona), na Nizozemskem (v dveh mestih, ocenjevalna študija) in Švedskem (v dveh mestih).
Training in Ireland and Italy is under way and it is envisaged in the latter that coverage will extend to several cities.
Usposabljanje poteka na Irskem in tudi v Italiji, kjer predvidevajo povečanje obsega delovanja in razširitev na več mest.
Norway is evaluating the similar MST programme in a randomised controlled trial.
Norveška ocenjuje podoben program MST z naključnim nadzorovanim preskusom.
These selective family-based programmes have similar features in all Member States where they have been implemented.
Ti selektivni družinski programi so si podobni v vseh državah članicah, kjer se izvajajo.
The context for EMCDDA data collection on harm reduction and treatment responses to the drug problem is provided by two main EU instruments:
Okvir za zbiranje podatkov centra EMCDDA o načinih zdravljenja in zmanjševanja škode zaradi težav z drogami nudita dva glavna instrumenta EU:
Some countries are focusing increasingly on the children of alcoholics (Belgium, Germany, Austria).
Programi za zapostavljene otroke in mlade iz disfunkcionalnih družin potekajo na Poljskem in v nekaterih avstrijskih provincah.
The remaining countries still focus solely on the children of drug users.
Ti programi se izvajajo na prizoriščih lokalnih skupnosti, kot so skupni prostori za socialno terapijo, vzgojnih ustanovah, mladinskih klubih in centrih za preprečevanje.
• the EU drug strategy 2005–12 and its first action plan 2005–08, which present a framework for national policies as well as detailed recommendations for actions in the Member States aiming at the prevention of drug use and at increasing the coverage and quality of treatment and harm reduction services;
Strategija EU na področju drog 2005–2012 in njen prvi akcijski načrt 2005–2008, ki predstavlja okvir za nacionalne politike in podrobna priporočila za ukrepe v državah članicah, katerih cilj je preprečevanje uživanja drog ter povečanje obsega in kakovosti storitev zdravljenja in zmanjševanja škode.
• the Council Recommendation of 18 June 2003 (
Preprečevanje v skupnosti
), which gives further specific recommendations on measures that Member States should consider implementing, in order to prevent and reduce healthrelated harm associated with drug dependence and to provide for a high level of health protection.
Priporočilo Sveta z dne 18. junija 2003 (31), ki vsebuje dodatna posebna priporočila glede ukrepov, o uvedbi katerih bi morale razmisliti države članice, če želijo preprečiti in zmanjšati škodo za zdravje, povezano z odvisnostjo od drog, in zagotoviti visoko raven varovanja zdravja.
This recommendation has been reinforced by its inclusion in the EU action plan as objective 14.
To priporočilo se je okrepilo, ko so ga vključili v akcijski načrt EU kot cilj 14.
Most selective prevention programmes are operated at the level of the community.
Večina programov selektivnega preprečevanja poteka na ravni skupnosti.
Partly, this is because the various social services involved are usually coordinated at this level.
Deloma zato, ker se razne zadevne socialne službe ponavadi usklajujejo na tej ravni.
However, in countries where communities have the power and will to enforce local norms, the community is a natural unit for environmental strategies.
V državah, v katerih imajo skupnosti moč in voljo uresničevati lokalne norme, je skupnost naravna enota okoljskih strategij.
Community-based selective prevention is common in the Nordic countries and in Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom, and is increasing in countries that have made less use of this approach in the past (France, Italy, Hungary, Portugal).
Selektivno preprečevanje v skupnosti je pogosto v nordijskih državah ter v Belgiji, na Nizozemskem, Poljskem in v Združenem kraljestvu, vse pogostejše pa je tudi v državah, ki so ta pristop v preteklosti manj uporabljale (v Franciji, Italiji, na Madžarskem in Portugalskem).
By establishing community norms on the availability and methods of consumption of legal drugs, and by optimising local services, local environmental prevention strategies are a good starting point for effective drug prevention programmes.
Z vzpostavitvijo norm skupnosti o razpoložljivosti in načinih uživanja dovoljenih drog ter z optimiziranjem lokalnih služb so lokalne okoljske strategije preprečevanja dobro izhodišče za učinkovite programe preprečevanja zlorabe drog.
In order to evaluate the level of implementation of the strategy, it is important to determine levels of service provision and the extent to which the services are being used.
V osemletnem obdobju izvajanja strategije Center podpira Komisijo v postopku vrednotenja z zagotavljanjem podatkov iz sistema EU za epidemiološke indikatorje ter razvijanjem in izvajanjem mnogih posebnih orodij za zbiranje podatkov, da se določi izvajanje storitev ter uporaba storitev zdravljenja in zmanjševanja škode.
Ultimately, however, sound estimates of the coverage — the extent to which the intended target group is reached by treatment and harm reduction measures — will be needed to evaluate the action plan objectives and for creating a basis for assessing the impact of the strategy.
V primerjavi z dobrim pregledom epidemiološkega stanja, ki je bil dosežen z razvojem in izvajanjem spremljanja na podlagi indikatorjev, katerega pobudnik je bil Center, je standardizirano poročanje o načinih zdravljenja in zmanjševanja škode omejeno.
Quality control in prevention
Zdravljenje z opioidi kot nadomestno snovjo
Quality control in prevention is of increasing importance, especially as many Member States have devolved the competences and responsibilities for prevention to the local level (Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and Slovenia) and/or delegated responsibility for drug prevention to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) or
Obvladovanje kakovosti pri preprečevanju je vse pomembnejše, zlasti ker so mnoge države članice prenesle pristojnosti in odgovornosti za preprečevanje na lokalno raven (Danska, Italija, Nizozemska, Poljska, Portugalska in Slovenija) ali pa so prenesle odgovornosti za preprečevanje zlorabe drog na nevladne organizacije ali polsamostojna združenja (Belgija, Nemčija, Francija, Madžarska in Finska).
Throughout the eight-year implementation period of the strategy, the EMCDDA supports the Commission in the evaluation process by providing data from the EU system of epidemiological indicators and by developing and implementing a number of specific data collection tools to determine service provision and utilisation of treatment and harm reduction services. Compared with the good overview
Metadonsko vzdrževalno zdravljenje so za uživalce heroina v Evropi prve uvedle Švedska (leta 1967), Nizozemska in Združeno kraljestvo (1968) ter Danska (1970), vendar je bila njegova uporaba več let omejena.
) Council Recommendation 2003/488/EC.
) Priporočilo Sveta 2003/488/ES.
Annual report 2006: the state of the drugs problem in Europe of the epidemiological situation that has been achieved by the EMCDDA-driven development and implementation of indicator-based monitoring, standardised reporting on responses is limited.
Letno poročilo 2006: stanje v zvezi s problemom drog v Evropi od katerih mnogi uživajo ali so v preteklosti uživali tudi heroin (glej tudi poglavje 5).