natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
There are examples, such as Berlin, of successful integrated approaches to reducing both local air pollution and noise levels (32).
Obstajajo primeri, kot npr. Berlin, kjer so uspešno združili ukrepe za zmanjševanje lokalnega onesnaževanja zraka in ravni hrupa (32).
The reported long-term (yearly average) exposure to day-evening-night noise (L
35 vodo, težko oceniti, a je najverjetneje podcenjeno (
5 dB in EU-27 agglomerations with more than
) nad 55 db v EU-27 v aglomeracijah z več d en kot 250 000 prebivalci
250 000 inhabitants
) v aglomeracijah nad 250 000 prebivalcev
) in agglomerations > 250 000 inhabitants Noise exposure ( > 55 dB Lden Number of people in millions
Izpostavljenost hrupu ( > 55 dB Lden Št. prebivalcev v milijonih
Regional variation in wastewater treatment between 190 and 2007
Regionalne razlike v čiščenju odpadne vode v obdobju 1997–2007
% of national population connected to urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs)
% prebivalstva države, priključenega na komunalne čistilne naprave prebivalci, obstaja potencialno večje tveganje za zdravje na nekaterih podeželskih območjih Evrope, predvsem v povezavi s higienskimi razmerami.
( ) Number of countries
( ) Število držav zdravju škodljive snovi, kot so denimo kemikalije (44) ali farmacevtski proizvodi (45) (46),kilahkopovzročajomotnjedelovanjažlezz
Only countries with data for virtualy all of each period were included, the numbers of countries are given in parentheses.
Vključene so bile le države, ki imajo podatke za vsa obdobja v celoti, število držav je podano v oklepajih.
Regional percentages have been weighted by country population.
Deleži regij so bili obteženi glede na število prebivalcev posameznih držav.
North: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland.
notranjim izločanjem.
For Denmark no data have been reported to the joint questionnaire since 1998.
Srednja: Avstrija, Danska, Anglija in Wales, Škotska, Nizozemska, Nemčija, Švica, Luksemburg in Irska Iz Danske po letu 1998 podatki za skupni vprašalnik niso bili posredovani.
However, according to the European Commision, Denmark has achieved 100 % compliance with secondary treatment and 88 % compliance with more stringent treatment requirements (with respect to load generated) under the UWTD.
Po podatkih Evropske komisije Danska 100-odstotno izpolnjuje zahteve po sekundarnem čiščenju, 88-odstotno pa izpolnjuje strožje zahteve po čiščenju (glede na ustvarjeno obremenitev) skladno z UWWTD.
This is not accounted for in the figure.South: Cyprus, Greece, France, Malta, Spain and Portugal (Greece only up to 1997 and then since 2007).
To ni upoštevano v tem diagramu. Jug: Ciper, Grčija, Francija, Malta, Španija in Portugalska (Grčija le do leta 1997 in po letu 2007).
East: Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia.
Vzhod: Češka, Estonija, Madžarska, Latvija, Litva, Poljska, Slovenija, Slovaška.
South-east: Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.
Jugovzhod: Bolgarija, Romunija in Turčija.
Source: EEA, ETC Water (CSI 24, based on OECD/Eurostat Joint Questionnaire 2008).
EEA, ETC za vodo (CSI 24, po podatkih skupnega vprašalnika OECD/EUROSTAT, 2008).
Pesticides in the environment have potential for unintended impacts to wildlife and humans
Okolje, zdravje in kakovost življenja
Pesticides disrupt essential biological processes, for example through affecting nerve transmission or mimicking hormones.
Pesticidi povzročajo motnje v ključnih bioloških procesih, na primer krnijo delovanje živčnega sistema ali posnemajo hormone.
Thus, human health concerns related to exposure via water, food, or close proximity
Zato se zaradi izpostavljenosti pesticidom, ki so lahko prisotni v vodi, hrani
Due to their intrinsic properties, to spraying have been raised ( pesticides can also be harmful to organisms in the wider environment,
Pesticidi ali škropivih, povečuje zaskrbljenost za zdravje ljudi (
52 including freshwater organisms (
) ( lahko zaradi svojih negativnih lastnosti škodujejo tudi organizmom v širšem okolju, vključno s sladkovodnimi organizmi (52
Mixtures of pesticides are common both in the human food supply (
Kakovost vode, zraka, hrane, potrošniških izdelkov in zraka v zaprtih prostorih lahko vpliva na izpostavljenost ljudi kemikalijam, in sicer preko zaužitja, vdihavanja ali stika s kožo.
) and in the aquatic environment.
kot v vodnem okolju.
Though assessment of mixture toxicity has been a challenge, a single-chemical approach is likely to underestimate ecological risk, including impacts of mixture of
Čeprav je ocenjevanje toksičnosti mešanic težavno, se pri pristopu, ko je upoštevana ena sama kemikalija, verjetno podcenjuje ekološko tveganje, vključno z vplivom mešanice
55 pesticides on fish (
55 pesticidov na ribe (
The EU Thematic Strategy on the sustainable use of pesticides (56) sets objectives to minimise the hazards and risks to health and the environment stemming from the use of pesticides, and to improve controls on the use and distribution of pesticides.
Tematska strategija EU o trajnostni rabi pesticidov (56) se zavzema zakarnajvečjezmanjšanjenevarnostiintveganjzazdravjeinokolje,ki izvirajo iz uporabe pesticidov, in za izboljšanje nadzora njihove uporabe in distribucije.
Full implementation of the associated Pesticides Directive will be required to support the achievement of good chemical status under the Water Framework Directive (49).
Če bomo v prihodnje želeli ohraniti dobro stanje na področju kemikalij, ki je bilo doseženo v okviru izvajanja Vodne direktive, bo potrebno dosledno izvajanje Direktive o pesticidih (49).
Information on pesticides in surface and ground waters in Europe is limited; however, the reported levels, including pesticides classified as priority substances, can exceed environmental quality standards.
Informacije o pesticidih v površinskih vodah in podtalnici v Evropi so omejene, vendar pa je na podlagi dostopnih podatkov mogoče sklepati, da koncentracije pesticidov, vključno s tistimi, ki so označeni kot prednostne snovi, presegajo standarde kakovosti okolja.
Some pesticide impacts are not captured by routine monitoring programs — for example fatal exposure of aquatic species to short-term contamination during rainfall events immediately after pesticide application to cropland (57).
Nekateri vplivi pesticidov, kot je na primer izpostavljenost sladkovodnih vrstkratkoročnismrtnikoncentracijipesticidovvčasupadavinneposredno po njihovi uporabi na kmetijskih površinah, se ne spremljajo v okviru rednega monitoringa (57).
These limitations combined with growing concerns about potential adverse effects strengthen the case for a more precautionary approach to their use in agriculture, horticulture and to control unwanted plant growth in public spaces close to where people live.
Te omejitve skupaj z vsevečjozaskrbljenostjogledepotencialnihškodljivihučinkovsozadosten razlog za previdnejšo uporabo pesticidov v kmetijstvu, vrtnarstvuinprizatiranjunezaželenihrastlinnajavnihpovršinahvbližinibivališč.
The European Commission has been asked to take account of 'chemical cocktails' and to apply the precautionary principle in considering effects of chemical combinations when drafting new legislation (60).
Okolje, zdravje in kakovost življenja
Good management plays a crucial role in preventing and reducing exposures.
Žal celovita zakonodaja s področja trajnostne kemije še ne obstaja.
A combination of legal, market-based and informationbased instruments to support consumer choices is critical, given public concerns about the possible health effects of exposure to chemicals in consumer products.
Vse bolj prevladuje prepričanje, da je potrebna ocena skupnega tveganja, s čimer bi se izognili podcenjevanju tveganj, do katerega lahko pride pri uporabi sedanje paradigme.
For example, Denmark has published guidelines on how to reduce children's exposure to chemical cocktails, focusing on phthalates, parabens, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (61).
Ta namreč obravnava posamične snovi oz. kemikalije neodvisno od drugih (59).
In the EU rapid alert system for non-food dangerous products, operating since 2004, chemical risks represented 26 % of almost 2 000 notifications in 2009 (62).
Evropski komisiji so bile zato postavljene zahteve, naj upošteva 'kemične koktajle' in pri snovanju nove zakonodaje uporablja previdnostno načelo, ko obravnava kombinirane vplive kemikalij (60).
The Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of
Vpliv podnebnih sprememb na zdravje postaja za Evropovsevečjiizziv
Chemical regulation (REACH) (47) aims to improve the protection of human health and the environment from the risks of chemicals. Manufacturers and importers are required to gather information on the properties of chemical substances and propose risk management measures for safe production, use and disposal — and to register the information in a central database.
Skorajvsividikivplivovpodnebnihspremembnaokoljeindružbo(glej 2. poglavje) lahko škodujejo zdravju ljudi preko spremenjenih vremenskih vzorcev in sprememb v kakovosti in količini vode, zraka in hrane ter v ekosistemih, kmetijstvu, virih preživljanja in infrastrukturi (63).
REACH also calls for the progressive substitution of the most dangerous chemicals once suitable alternatives have been identified.
Zato v zvezi s podnebnimi spremembami govorimo o povečanju tveganja za zdravje ljudi.
However, the regulation does not address simultaneous exposure to multiple chemicals.
Njihovi morebitni učinki na zdravje so močno odvisni od ranljivosti populacij in njihove zmožnosti prilagajanja.
The efforts to better protect human health and the environment through safer chemical substitutes need to be complemented by a systemic approach to chemicals assessment.
Vročinski val, ki je prizadel Evropo poleti 2003 in zaradi katerega je umrlo več kot 70 000 ljudi, je dobro ponazoril potrebo po
2 other emissions, as well as waste generation through the life cycle of different chemicals.
Ključnovlogopripreprečevanjuinzmanjševanjuizpostavljenostikemikalijam ima dobro upravljanje.
Such a 'sustainable chemistry' approach requires new, resource-efficient production processes and the development of chemicals that use fewer raw materials and are of high quality, with limited impurities to reduce or avoid waste — however, there is no comprehensive legislation on sustainable chemistry in place as yet.
Zaradi zaskrbljenosti javnosti glede možnih negativnih zdravstvenih vplivov izpostavljenosti kemikalijam v potrošniških izdelkih je ključnega pomena dobra podpora potrošnikom pri odločanju, običajno kot kombinacija pravnih, tržnih in informacijskih inštrumentov.
Nearly all the environmental and social impacts of climate change (Chapter 2) may ultimately affect human health through altering weather patterns, and through changes in water, air and food quality and quantity, ecosystems, agriculture, livelihoods and infrastructure (63).
Danska je denimo objavila smernice, kako zmanjšatiizpostavljenostotrokkemičnimmešanicam,spoudarkomna ftalatih, parabenih in polikloriranih bifenilih (PCB) (61).
Climate change can multiply risks and existing health problems: potential health effects depend largely on populations' vulnerability and their ability to adapt.
V sistemu hitrega opozarjanja na v prehrani prisotne nevarne proizvode, ki deluje v okviru EU od leta 2004 dalje, so tveganja, povezana s
The elderly and people with particular diseases climate (
Večjim tveganjem kemikalijami, leta 2009 predstavljala 26 % od skoraj 2000 obvestil (
) ( are at higher risk, and deprived population groups are more
prilagajanju spreminjajočemu se podnebju (
In congested urban areas with high soil sealing and vulnerable ( heat absorbing surfaces, the effects of heat waves can be exacerbated
Na gosto poseljenih, strnjeno pozidanih urbanih območjih, kjer so segrevanju izpostavljene večje površine, se lahko učinki vročinski valov še okrepijo zaradi
67 due to insufficient nocturnal cooling and poor air exchange (
67 nezadostnega nočnega ohlajanja in slabe prevetrenosti (
For populations in the EU, mortality has been estimated to increase by 1 to 4 % for each degree increase of temperature above a (locally-specific) cut-off point (68).
Ocenjeno je bilo, da se v EU smrtnost v populacijah poveča za 1–4 % pri vsaki dodatni stopinji, ki preseže (lokalno specifično) kritično
An anticipated impact of climate change on the spread of water, food-and vector-borne (K) diseases in Europe emphasises the need for tools to address such threats to public health (70).
Cilj uredbe EU o registriranju, vrednotenju , potrjevanju in omejevanju kemikalij (REACH) (47) je bolje zavarovati zdravje ljudi in okolje pred tveganji, ki jih povzročajo kemikalije.
Transmission patterns of communicable diseases are also influenced by ecological, social and economic factors, such as changing land-use patterns, declining biological diversity, alterations in human mobility and outdoor activity, as well as access to health care and population immunity.
Od proizvajalcev in uvoznikov se zato zahteva, da zbirajo informacije o lastnostih kemičnih snovi, jih posredujejo v osrednjo podatkovno bazo in predlagajo ukrepe za zmanjševanje tveganja, ki naj bi privedli do varne proizvodnje, uporabe in odlaganja kemikalij.
This can be exemplified by the shift in the distribution of ticks, vectors of the lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
Uredba REACH poziva tudi k vztrajnejšemunadomeščanjunajnevarnejšihkemikalijvprimeruugotovljenih ustreznih alternativ.
conditions (
K ki se prenašajo z vodo, hrano in prenašalci (
Climate change may also exacerbate existing environmental problems, such as particulate emissions and high ozone concentrations, and pose additional challenges to providing sustainable water and sanitation
Na vzorce prenašanja nalezljivih bolezni vplivajo ekološki,družbeniingospodarskidejavniki,npr.spremembevzorcevrabe tal, upadanje biotske raznovrstnosti, spremembe v mobilnosti in aktivnosti na prostem, kakor tudi dostop do zdravstvenega varstva in odpornost prebivalstva proti boleznim.
S y n the he si s iss services.
Strnjeno poročilo
Natural environments provide multiple benefits to health and well-being, especially in urban areas
Okolje, zdravje in kakovost življenja
Nearly 75 % of European citizens live in urban areas, and this is expected to increase to 80 % by 2020.
Okolje, zdravje in kakovost življenja
The benefits of contacts with wildlife and access to safe green spaces for a child's exploratory, mental and social development have been shown both in urban and rural settings (75
Delež zelenih urbanih površin v mestnih središčih (L) območje razširjenosti azijskega tigrastega komarja v Evropi, prenašalca več virusov, zmožnostjo nadaljnjega prenašanja in širjenja v razmerah, ki
) ( of green urban areas has been shown to reduce annoyance due to
72 jih povzroča spreminjanje podnebja (
Percentage of green urban areas in core cities
Delež zelenih urbanih površin v mestnih središčih
Outside data coverage
Zunaj pokritostis podatki
A broader perspective is needed to address ecosystem and health links and emerging challenges
Okolje, zdravje in kakovost življenja
Preserving and extending the benefits provided by the environment for human health and wellbeing will require continuous effort to improve the quality of the environment.
Okolje, zdravje in kakovost življenja
The European environment _BAR_ State and outlook 2010
) ( akcijskega načrta za obdobje 2010–2015 ( tudi, da se zdi ljudem, ki imajo občutek, da imajo dostop do zelenih urbanih površin, hrup manj nadležen (78
, hea he alt lth and h and qua quality of lity of life life
Za razumevanje vplivov ekosistemov na zdravje ljudi inspopadanjeznovimiizzivinatempodročjubopotreben širši zorni kot
The increasing awareness of multi-causality, complexity, and uncertainties also means that the EU Treaty principles of precaution and prevention are even more relevant than before.
Vse večja ozaveščenost o večvzročnosti, kompleksnosti in negotovostih tudi pomeni, da sta danes načeli previdnosti in preprečevanja iz Pogodbe o Evropski uniji še bolj aktualni kot v preteklosti.
More recognition of the limits of what we can know, in time to prevent harm, is called for, as is the need to act on sufficient, rather than overwhelming, evidence of the potential harms to health, given the pros and cons of action versus inaction.
Pogosteje bi tudi morali ukrepati na podlagi dokazov o morebitni škodljivosti za zdravje, ki sicer niso povsem neizpodbitni, a so zadostni, pri tem pa upoštevati pozitivne in negativne posledice svojega ukrepanja v primerjavi z neukrepanjem.
Harmful effects of ecosystem change on human health
Škodljivi vplivi ekosistemskih sprememb na zdravje ljudi
Environmental changes and ecosystem impairment
Spremembe v okolju in negativni vplivi na ekosisteme
Direct health impacts Floods, heatwaves, water shortage, landslides, increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, exposure to pollutants
Neposredni vplivi na zdravje Poplave, vročinski valovi, pomanjkanje vode, zemeljski plazovi, povečana izpostavljenost ultravijoličnemu sevanju, izpostavljenost onesnaževalom
Forest clearance and land-cover change
Krčenje gozdov in spremembe pokrovnosti tal
Land degradation and desertification
Slabšanje kakovosti tal in širjenje puščav
Wetlands loss and damage
Uničevanje in spreminjanje mokrišč
'Ecosystem-mediated' health impacts Altered infectious diseases risk, reduced food yields (malnutrition, stunting) depletion of natural medicines, mental health (personal, community), impacts of aesthetic/cultural impoverishment
Vplivi na zdravje ljudi, povezani z zdravjem ekosistemov'Spremenjeno tveganje infekcijskih bolezni, zmanjšan pridelek hrane (podhranjenost, zavrt razvoj), pomanjkanje naravnih zdravilnih snovi, duševno zdravje (na osebni ravni in ravni skupnosti), vplivi estetskega/kulturnega osiromašenja
Freshwater depletion and contamination
Čezmerno črpanje in onesnaževanje celinskih voda
Indirect, deferred, and displaced health impacts Diverse health consequences of livelihood loss, population displacement (including slum dwelling), conflict, inappropriate adaptation and mitigation
Posredni vplivi na zdravje ljudi ter njihova povezava s časovnim odlogom in in razseljevanjem Različne zdravstvene posledice zaradi izgube sredstev za preživljanje, selitev prebivalstva (vključno z bivanjem v barakarskih četrtih), konflikti, neustrezno prilagajanje in blaženje
Damage to coastal reefs and ecosystems
Škoda, povzročena obalnim koralnim grebenom in ekosistemom
Not all ecosystem changes are included.
Niso vključene vse ekosistemske spremembe.
Some changes can have positive effects (food production, for example).
Nekatere spremembe imajo lahko tudi pozitiven učinek (npr. proizvodnja hrane).
Source: Milennium Ecosystem Asesment (
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Ocena ekosistemov ob prelomu
Links between environmental challenges
Medsebojna povezanost okoljskih vprašanj
Links between environmental challenges point towards increasing complexity
Povezave med okoljskimi vprašanji postajajo vse bolj zapletene
From the analyses presented in previous chapters, it is clear that the growing demands for natural resources in recent decades are putting pressures on the environment in increasingly complex and wide-ranging ways.
Iz analiz, predstavljenih v prejšnjih poglavjih, je razvidno, da vse večje povpraševanje po naravnih virih v zadnjih desetletjih povzroča pritiske na okolje, ki postajajo vse kompleksnejši in obsežnejši.
Generally speaking, specific environmental issues, often with local effects, have in the past been dealt with through targeted policies and single-issue instruments, such as the approaches to waste disposal and species protection.
Splošno gledano so se posamezni okoljski problemi, katerih posledice so se pogosto kazale lokalno, v preteklosti reševali z ozko zastavljenimipolitikamiininštrumenti,usmerjenivposamičneprobleme. Primer takšnega pristopa je npr. reševanje problematike odlaganja odpadkov in varstva vrst.
Since the 1990s, however, the recognition of diffuse pressures from different sources has led to an increased focus on the integration of environmental concerns within sectoral policies, for example in transport or agricultural policies.
Potem ko je v 90. letih dozorelo spoznanje,dasopritiskinaokoljerazpršeniindaizhajajoizrazličnihvirov, pa se je okrepilo prizadevanje, da bi okoljsko problematiko vključilivsektorskepolitike,npr.prometnoinkmetijsko.
Today's main environmental challenges are systemic in character and cannot be tackled in isolation.
Danes so glavni okoljski izzivi po svoji naravi sistemski in jih ni mogoče reševati posamično.
The assessments of four environmental priority areas — climate change, nature and biodiversity, use of natural resources and waste, and environment and health — point to a series of direct and indirect links between environmental challenges.
Ocene štirih prednostnih področij na področju varstva okolja — podnebne spremembe, narava in biotska raznovrstnost, rabanaravnihvirovinodpadkiterokoljeinzdravje—kažejonavrstoneposrednih in posrednih povezav med okoljskimi problemi.
Climate change, for example, impacts all other environmental issues. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect agricultural production as well as plant and animal distribution and phenology, and thus exert additional pressures on biodiversity (Chapter 3).
Podnebne spremembe denimo vplivajo na vsa druga okoljska vprašanja.Spremembetemperaturnihinpadavinskihrežimovvplivajo na kmetijsko proizvodnjo, pa tudi na razporeditev rastlinstva inživalstvaternafenološkefaze,zaradičesarjebiotskaraznovrstnostizpostavljena dodatnim pritiskom (3. poglavje).
This may lead to species extinctions, particularly in arctic, alpine and coastal zones (Chapter 2).
To lahko vodi v izumiranje vrst, zlasti na območju Arktike ter v gorskih in obalnih območjih (2. poglavje).
Similarly, changes in climatic conditions across Europe are projected to alter existing health risks by changing the occurrence of heat waves, cold spells and vector-borne diseases (Chapters 2 and 5).
Podobno se bodo zaradi podnebnih sprememb v Evropi predvidoma spremenila zdravstvena tveganja, saj bo prišlo dospremembvpojavljanjuvročinskihvalov,obdobijhudegamrazainbolezni, ki se širijo s prenašalci (2. in 5. poglavje).
Nature and biodiversity are the basis for virtually all ecosystem services, including food and fibre provisioning, nutrient circulation and climate regulation — forests, for example, provide carbon sinks that help absorb greenhouse gas emissions (Chapter 3).
Narava in biotskaraznovrstnost sta osnova tako rekoč vseh ekosistemskih storitev, vključno s preskrbo s hrano in vlakni, kroženjem hranil in uravnavanjem podnebja — gozdovi so recimo ponori ogljika,
Reflecting on environmental challenges
Preglednica 6.1 Razmislek o okoljskih izzivih
Policy approach example
Ključne značilnosti
In the spotlight in
V središču pozornosti
Characterisation of the type of challenge
Opredelitev vrste iziva
Targeted policies and single-issue instruments
Zdravje in okolje
Linear cause-effect;large (point) sources; often local
Raba naravnih virov in odpadki
1970s/1980s(and continuing today)
Narava in biotska raznovrstnost
Diffuse
Specifičen
Cumulative causes;multiple sources;often regional
Linearen vzročnoposledičen, veliki (točkovni) viri, pogosto lokalni
Policy integration and raising public awareness
Ciljno usmerjene politike in v en sam problem usmerjeni inštrumenti
Systemic
Razpršen
Systemic causes;interlinked sources;often global
Povezovanje politik in ozaveščanje javnosti
1990s/2000s(and continuing today)
80. in 90. leta preteklega stoletja (in tudi še danes)
Source: EEA.
Sistemski
In addition, loss of natural infrastructure has been shown to have various harmful effects on human health (Chapter 5).
Neposredne povezave:spremenjene rastne razmere za biomaso
In addition, waste management is a key sector with regard to greenhouse gas emissions (Chapter 2).
Sistemski vzroki, med seboj povezani viri, pogosto globalni
How we use natural resources and dispose of wastes also links directly to several health aspects and contributes to the environmental burden of disease (Chapter 5).
90. leta in prvo Celovite politike desetletje 21. stoletja in drugi sistemski (in tudi še danes)pristopi