natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In May 1998 an EU summit meeting in Brussels confirmed that 11 of the then 15 EU Member States – Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland – had met the criteria for the adoption of the single currency.
EU je maja 1998 na srečanju na vrhu v Bruslju potrdila, da 11 od takratnih 15 držav članic EU – Belgija, Nemčija, Španija, Francija, Irska, Italija, Luksemburg, Nizozemska, Avstrija, Portugalska in Finska – izpolnjuje pogoje za uvedbo enotne valute.
On 1 January 1999 these countries adopted the euro as their common currency.
Omenjene države so 1. januarja 1999 euro tudi sprejele kot skupno valuto.
Greece joined this group of countries on 1 January 2001 after fulfilling the criteria.
Grčija se jim je pridružila 1. januarja 2001, potem ko je izpolnila pogoje.
Other Member States have since complied with the convergence criteria and also joined the euro area – Slovenia on 1 January 2007, and Cyprus and Malta on 1 January 2008.
Konvergenčne kriterije za vstop v EMU so kasneje izpolnile še tri države. Tako je Slovenija euro uvedla 1. januarja 2007, Ciper in Malta pa 1. januarja 2008.
One member state, Sweden, did not fulfil all the see Glossary
Ti državi sta v skladu s protokoloma, ki sta priložena Pogodbi o ustanovitvi Evropske skupnosti, pridobili gl. glosar
conditions. Moreover, Denmark and the United Kingdom are “Member States with a special status”.
pravico, da se sami odločita, ali želita sodelovati v tretji fazi EMU oz. sprejeti euro.
In protocols annexed to theTreaty establishing the European Community, the two countries were granted the right to choose whether or not to participate in StageThree of EMU, i.e. to adopt the euro.
S tem ko sta državi obvestili Svet EU, da še ne nameravata preiti v tretjo fazo oz. da se zaenkrat ne želita pridružiti euroobmočju, sta uporabili tako imenovano »zavrnilno klavzulo«.
Sweden as well as nine of the 12 countries that have joined since 2004 count as members with a “derogation” since they have not yet met all the requirements to adopt the euro.
Za Švedsko in devet od dvanajstih držav, ki so se EU pridružile od leta 2004, velja, da so članice z »odstopanjem«, saj še niso izpolnile vseh zahtev za sprejetje eura.
Having a derogation means that a Member State is exempt from some, but not all, of the provisions which normally apply from the beginning of StageThree of EMU.
Odstopanje pomeni, daje država članica izvzeta iz nekaterih, ne pa vseh določb, ki se običajno uporabljajo od začetka tretje faze EMU.
It includes all provisions which transfer responsibility for monetary policy to the Governing Council of the ECB.
Odstopanje torej velja za določbe, s katerimi se odgovornost za denarno politiko prenesena Svet ECB.
Two Member States have “opted out”
Dve državi članici sta se izrekli proti euru
Like Sweden, the other Member States of the EU which have not yet adopted the euro have no “opt-out” clauses, such as those negotiated by the United Kingdom and Denmark.
Tako kot Švedska tudi druge države članice, ki še niso uvedle eura, nimajo takšnih »zavrnilnih« klavzul, kot sta jih s pogajanji dosegla Združeno kraljestvo in Danska.
New EU Member States are committed to ultimately adopting the euro
Nove države članice EU morajo prej ali slej sprejeti euro
This implies that, by joining the EU, the new Member States commit themselves to ultimately adopting the euro when they fulfil the convergence criteria.
To pomeni, da so se z vstopom v EU zavezale, da euro sprejmejo takoj, ko izpolnijo konvergenčne kriterije .
1.4 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EURO AREA
KLJUČNE ZNAČILNOSTI EUROOBMOČJA
The individual countries that now comprise the euro area were relatively open economies before they joined the euro area.
1.4 odprto gospodarstvo, sedaj pa so del večjega in precej bolj samozadostnega gospodarstva.
However, they are now part of a larger, much more self-contained economy.The size of the euro area makes it comparable with major economies such as the United States and Japan.
Euroobmočje lahko zaradi njegove velikosti primerjamo z najpomembnejšimi gospodarstvi, kot so Združene države Amerike ali Japonska.
One of the world's largest economies
Eno največjih gospodarstev na svetu
The euro area is one of the largest economies in the world, with a population of 318 million in 2006.The European Union as a whole has 27 Member States and a population of 493 million.
Euroobmočje je eno največjih gospodarstev na svetu, saj je leta 2006 obsegalo 318 milijonov ljudi, celotna Evropska unija, ki zajema 27 držav članic, pa šteje 493 milijonov prebivalcev.
By comparison, the United States and Japan have 299 and 128 million inhabitants respectively.
Za primerjavo povejmo, da v Združenih državah Amerike živi 299 milijonov ljudi, na Japonskem pa 128 milijonov.
In terms of gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in purchasing power parities , the United States was the largest economy in 2006, with 19.7% of world GDP, followed by the euro area with 14.3%.
Leta 2006 so bile Združene države Amerike po bruto domačem proizvodu (BDP) , izraženem s pariteto kupne moči , največje gospodarstvo in so predstavljale 19,7% svetovnega BDP.
Japan’s share was 6.3%.The shares of the individual euro area countries are significantly smaller: the largest accounted for 3.9% of world GDP in 2006.
Euroobmočje je bilo na drugem mestu s 14,3%, delež Japonske pa je znašal 6,3%. Deleži posameznih držav euroobmočja so občutno manjši: delež največje države v svetovnem BDP je leta 2006 znašal 3,9%.
Limited dependence on foreign trade
Omejena odvisnost od mednarodne menjave
Although the euro area can be significantly affected by developments in the global economy, the fact that the euro area has a less open economy means that movements in prices of foreign goods have only a limited impact on domestic prices.
Čeprav lahko gibanja v svetovnem gospodarstvu precej vplivajo na euroobmočje, pa manjša odprtost njegovega gospodarstva pomeni, da imajo gibanja cen tujega blaga omejen vpliv na domače cene.
However, it is more open than either the United States or Japan.
Vseeno pa je gospodarstvo euroobmočja bolj odprto kot gospodarstvo Združenih držav Amerike ali Japonske.
Euro area exports of goods and services as a share of GDP were significantly higher in 2006 (21.6%)2 than the corresponding figures for the United States (11%) and Japan (16.8%).
Leta 2006 je bil izvoz blaga in storitev euroobmočja2, ki je kot delež BDP znašal 21,6%, občutno višji kot v Združenih državah Amerike (11%) in na Japonskem (16,8%).
BENEFITS OF THE EURO
PREDNOSTI UVEDBE IN UPORABE EURA
With the establishment of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
EU je z ustanovitvijo ekonomske in monetarne unije (EMU) pomembno
A real single market for goods and services the EU has made an important step towards completing the internal market.
Resničen enotni trg za blago in storitve prispevala k zaokrožitvi notranjega trga.
Consumers and firms can now easily compare prices and find the most competitive suppliers in the euro area.Moreover,EMU is providing an environment of economic and monetary stability all over Europe which is favourable to sustainable growth and job creation, and the single currency has done away with disruptions caused by sharp movements in the exchange rates of the former national currencies.
Potrošniki in podjetja lahko sedaj v euroobmočju brez težav primerjajo cene in poiščejo najbolj konkurenčne dobavitelje. EMU poleg tega omogoča stabilno gospodarsko in denarno okolje po celi Evropi, kar ugodno vpliva na trajnostno rast in odpiranje novih delovnih mest, z uvedbo enotne valute pa so bile odpravljene motnje, ki so jih povzročale velike spremembe deviznih tečajev nekdanjih nacionalnih valut.
The introduction of euro banknotes and coins on 1 January 2002 has made travelling simpler within the euro area.
Ko so bili 1. januarja 2002 uvedeni eurobankovci in eurokovanci, je bilo potovanje po euroobmočju poenostavljeno.
Prices for goods and services can be compare data glance and payments can be made with the same money in all the countries.
Cene blaga in storitev je sedaj mogoče enostavno primerjati, prav tako pa lahko v vseh državah plačujemo z istim denarjem.
2 The figure for the euro area excludes Cyprus and Malta.
2 Euroobmočje brez Cipra in Malte.
With the birth of the euro, foreign exchange transaction costs and foreign exchange risks were eliminated within the euro area.
Z uvedbo eura so bili v euroobmočju odpravljeni stroški deviznih transakcij in tečajna tveganja.
In the past, these costs and risks hindered competition across borders. Increased competition makes it more likely that available resources will be used in the most efficient way.
Ti stroški so v preteklosti ovirali čezmejno konkurenco, zaradi večje konkurence pa je verjetneje, da bodo razpoložljivi viri najbolj učinkovito uporabljeni.
With a single currency, investment decisions are much easier, as fluctuations in the exchange rate can no longer influence the return on investment across national borders within the euro area.
Enotna valuta precej olajša sprejemanje naložbenih odločitev, saj nihanje deviznih tečajev ne vpliva več na donosnost čezmejnih naložb med državami euroobmočja.
Before the introduction of the euro, financial markets were, as a rule, national in character.
Pred uvedbo eura so bili finančni trgi praviloma nacionalnega značaja.
Financial instruments, such as government bonds and shares were denominated in national currencies.The launch of the euro was a major step towards the integration of the financial markets in the euro area.
Finančni instrumenti, kot so državne obveznice in delnice, so bili izraženi v nacionalnih valutah.
It will continue to influence the structure of the euro area economy.
Uvedba eura pa je pomenila velik korak k povezovanju finančnih trgov v euroobmočju in bo še naprej vplivala na strukturo njegovega gospodarstva.
Evidence of integration can be found, to varying degrees, in all parts of the financial structure:
Povezovanje je prisotno v vseh delih finančnega sistema, vendar v različnem obsegu:
• The euro area’s interbank money market is fully integrated. • The euro-denominated bond market is well integrated, deep and liquid, and provides a wide choice of investments and funding. • The euro area equity market is increasingly viewed as a single market. • Domestic and crossborder mergers and acquisitions have increased among banks in the euro area.
• medbančni denarni trg euroobmočja je v celoti povezan; • trg obveznic , izraženih v eurih, je dobro povezan, globok in likviden ter omogoča različne vrste naložb in financiranja; • trg delnic euroobmočja vse bolj postaja enotni trg; • povečalo se je število domačih ter čezmejnih združitev in prevzemov med bankami v euroobmočju.
The depth and quality of an integrated financial market facilitate the financing of economic growth and thereby the creation of jobs.
Globina in kakovost povezanega finančnega trga olajšujeta financiranje gospodarske rasti, s tem pa tudi odpiranje novih delovnih mest.
People have a broader range of choices for their decisions on savings and investments. Companies can tap a very large capital market to finance their business and use new financial instruments to protect themselves against various financial risks and to enhance the management of their investments.
Posamezniki lahko pri odločitvah glede varčevanja in naložb izbirajo med več dodatnimi možnostmi, podjetja pa lahko velik kapitalski trg izkoristijo za financiranje poslovanja in se z novimi finančnimi instrumenti zaščitijo pred raznimi finančnimi tveganji ter izboljšajo upravljanje svojih naložb.
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is established by Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
Belgija, Nemčija, Francija, Italija, Luksemburg in Nizozemska ustanovijo Evropsko skupnost za premog in jeklo (ESPJ).
Greece joins the European Communities.
Grčija se pridruži Evropskim skupnostim.
Spain and Portugal join EC.
Španija in Portugalska se pridružita Evropskim skupnostim.
Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Communities (EC).
Danska, Irska in Združeno kraljestvo se pridružijo Evropskim skupnostim (ES).
Delors Committee presents report on Economic and Monetary Union.
Delorsov odbor predstavi poročilo o ekonomski in monetarni uniji.
Euro banknotes and coins are put into circulation.
uporabljati se začnejo eurobankovci in eurokovanci.
Start of StageTwo of EMU.
začetek druge faze EMU. V Frankfurtu na Majni je ustanovljen Evropski monetarni inštitut (EMI).
Austria, Finland and Sweden join EU
Avstrija, Finska in Švedska pristopijo k EU.
Ten more countries join EU on 1 May.
1. maja se deset novih držav pridruži EU.
Slovenia joins euro area.
Slovenija vstopi v euroobmočje.
Treaty of Lisbon is signed in December.
Decembra je podpisana Lizbonska pogodba.
Cyprus and Malta join euro area, which now has 15 members.
Ciper in Malta vstopita v euroobmočje, ki se tako poveča na 15 držav članic.
Start of StageThree of EMU with 11 participating countries; introduction of the euro as a single currency
11 držav začne tretjo fazo EMU; euro postane enotna valuta. veljati začne spremenjena Pogodba o Evropski uniji (Amsterdamska pogodba).
The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) was established in accordance with the MaastrichtTreaty and the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank .
Evropski sistem centralnih bank (ESCB) je bil ustanovljen v skladu z Maastrichtsko pogodbo in Statutom Evropskega sistema centralnih bank in Evropske centralne banke.
It comprises the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks (NCBs) of all EU Member States.
Sestavljajo ga Evropska centralna banka (ECB) in nacionalne centralne banke (NCB) vseh držav članic EU.
The Eurosystem comprises the ECB and the NCBs of the EU Member States which have adopted the euro (currently 15).
Eurosistem obsega ECB in nacionalne centralne banke držav članic EU, ki so že sprejele euro (teh je trenutno 15).
The ECB’s decisionmaking bodies are the Governing Council and the Executive Board.
Organa odločanja ECB sta Svet in Izvršilni odbor ECB.
The ECB’s monetary policy decisions are taken by the Governing Council.
Svet ECB sprejema sklepe o denarni politiki, Izvršilni odbor pa jih izvaja in skrbi za dnevno upravljanje ECB.
The Executive Board implements the decisions and is responsible for the daily management of the ECB.The third decisionmaking body of the ECB is the General Council, which will continue to exist as long as there are EU Member States which have not yet adopted the euro as their currency.
Tretji organ odločanja ECB je Razširjeni svet , ki bo svoje naloge opravljal, dokler ne bodo vse države članice EU uvedle eura kot svoje valute.
The ECB was established in June 1998 in Frankfurt am Main, taking
ECB je bila ustanovljena junija 1998 v Frankfurtu na Majni in je s tem
The ECB is a supra-national organisation over from its predecessor, the European Monetary Institute (EMI).
ECB je nadnacionalna organizacija prevzela delo svojega predhodnika – Evropskega monetarnega inštituta.
It is a supra-national institution with its own legal personality.
Je nadnacionalna ustanova s svojo pravno osebnostjo.
The ECB is based in three buildings in the heart of Frankfurt but will move to its new headquarters, currently under construction in the eastern part of the city, in 2011.
ECB domuje v treh stavbah v središču Frankfurta, v vzhodnem delu mesta pa gradi svoj novi sedež, kamor se bo preselila leta 2011.
The staff of the ECB is truly European; its members come from all 27 countries of the European Union.
Osebje ECB je evropsko v pravem pomenu besede, saj zaposleni prihajajo iz vseh 27 držav članic Evropske unije.
2.1 The European System of Central Banks and the Eurosystem 2.2 The European Central Bank 2.3 Tasks of the Eurosystem
2.4 Neodvisnost 2.5 Nacionalne centralne banke 2.6 Organi odločanja ECB 2.7 Odbori ESCB
2.4 Independence 2.5 National central banks 2.6 Decisionmaking bodies of the ECB 2.7 ESCB Committees
2.1 Evropski sistem centralnih bank in Eurosistem 2.2 Evropska centralna banka 2.3 Naloge Eurosistema
TASKS OF THE EUROSYSTEM
NALOGE EUROSISTEMA
The Eurosystem has four main tasks.The first task is to carry out the
Eurosistem ima štiri glavne naloge. Prva je izvajanje denarne politike, ki
Governing Council decides on key interest rates monetary policy adopted by the Governing Council of the ECB – e.g. decisions on the key ECB interest rates (the minimum bid rate on the main refinancing operations as well as interest rates on the marginal lending facility and the deposit facility and, where appropriate, decisions relating to monetary objectives and the supply of reserves).The Executive Board is responsible for implementing the monetary policy, a responsibility it exercises by giving instructions to the NCBs.
Svet ECB določi ključne obrestne mere jo sprejme Svet ECB. Eurosistem tako na primer izvaja sklepe o ključnih obrestnih merah ECB (izklicna obrestna mera za operacije glavnega refinanciranja ter obrestni meri za odprto ponudbo mejnega posojila in odprto ponudbo mejnega depozita ), po potrebi pa tudi sklepe v zvezi s cilji denarne politike in zagotavljanjem rezerv.
For example, the Executive Board decides once a week on the allotment of liquidity to the banking sector via the main refinancing operations.
Za izvajanje denarne politike je odgovoren Izvršilni odbor, ki jo izvršuje tako, da daje navodila nacionalnim centralnim bankam.
The second and third tasks of the Eurosystem are to conduct foreign exchange operations and to hold and manage the official reserves of the euro area countries.
Druga in tretja naloga Eurosistema sta, da opravlja devizne posle in upravlja uradne devizne rezerve držav euroobmočja.
Foreign reserve assets held by the ECB and by NCBs
Devizne rezerve, ki jih hranijo ECB in nacionalne centralne banke
The Eurosystem NCBs have transferred foreign reserve assets to the ECB totalling some €40 billion (85% in foreign currency holdings and 15% in gold). In exchange, the NCBs have received interest-bearing claims on the ECB, denominated in euro.
Nacionalne centralne banke Eurosistema so na ECB prenesle devizne rezerve v skupni vrednosti približno 40 milijard EUR (od tega 85% v deviznih sredstvih in 15% v zlatu) in v zameno pridobile obrestonosne terjatve do ECB, izražene v eurih.
Eurosystem NCBs are involved in the management of the ECB’s foreign reserves: they act as agents for the ECB, in accordance with portfolio management guidelines set by the ECB.The remaining Eurosystem foreign reserve assets are owned and managed by the NCBs.
Nacionalne centralne banke Eurosistema sodelujejo pri upravljanju deviznih rezerv ECB, saj v skladu s smernicami za upravljanje portfelja, ki jih določi ECB, delujejo kot njene izpostave.
Transactions in those reserve assets are regulated by the Eurosystem.
Preostale devizne rezerve Eurosistema imajo in upravljajo nacionalne centralne banke, vendar posle z njimi ureja Eurosistem.
In particular, transactions above certain thresholds require prior approval from the ECB.
ECB mora predhodno odobriti zlasti posle, ki po obsegu presegajo določen prag.
A fourth main task of the Eurosystem is to promote the smooth operation of payment systems. Furthermore, the Eurosystem contributes to the conduct of financial supervision: it advises legislators in its field of competence and it compiles monetary and financial statistics.
Četrta naloga Eurosistema je podpiranje nemotenega delovanja plačilnih sistemov, Eurosistem pa poleg tega prispeva tudi k opravljanju finančnega nadzora, saj zakonodajalcem svetuje o zadevah, ki sodijo v njegovo področje pristojnosti, ter pripravlja denarno in finančno statistiko.
The MaastrichtTreaty also specifies that the ECB has the exclusive right to authorise the issue of euro banknotes.
Maastrichtska pogodba prav tako določa, da ima ECB izključno pravico odobriti izdajanje eurobankovcev.
When performing Eurosystem-related tasks, the ECB and the national central banks must not seek or take instructions from Community institutions or bodies, from any government of an EU country or from any other body.
ECB in nacionalne centralne banke pri opravljanju nalog, povezanih z Eurosistemom, ne smejo zahtevati ali sprejemati informacij od institucij ali organov Skupnosti, vlad držav članic EU ali drugih organov.
Likewise, the Community institutions and bodies and the governments of the Member States must not seek to influence the members of the decisionmaking bodies of the ECB or of the NCBs in the performance of their tasks.
Prav tako pa tudi institucije in organi Skupnosti ter vlade držav članic ne smejo vplivati na člane organov odločanja ECB ali nacionalnih centralnih bank pri opravljanju njihovih nalog.
The Statute of the ESCB and of the ECB provides for security of tenure for governors of NCBs and members of the Executive Board as follows:
V statutu ESCB in ECB je varnost mandata guvernerjev nacionalnih centralnih bank in članov Izvršilnega odbora ECB določena, kot sledi:
• a minimum term of office for NCB governors of five years; • a non-renewable term of office of eight years for members of the Executive Board of the ECB; • removal of the Members of the Executive Board from office only in the event of incapacity or serious misconduct; in this respect the Court of Justice of the European Communities is competent to settle any disputes.
• najmanj petletni mandat za guvernerje nacionalnih centralnih bank; • enkratni osemletni mandat za člane Izvršilnega odbora ECB;
The Eurosystem is also functionally independent.The ECB and the NCBs have at their disposal all instruments and competencies necessary for the conduct of an efficient monetary policy and are authorised to decide autonomously how and when to use them.
Eurosistem je tudi funkcionalno neodvisen. ECB in nacionalne centralne banke imajo vse potrebne instrumente in pristojnosti za izvajanje učinkovite denarne politike ter imajo pravico, da jih samostojno uporabijo ali uveljavijo kadar koli ali kakor koli se jim zdi primerno.
The Eurosystem is prohibited from granting loans to Community bodies or national public sector entities, which further enhances its independence by shielding it from any influence exercised by public authorities.
Eurosistem ne sme odobriti posojil organom Skupnosti ali subjektom iz javnega sektorja držav članic. S tem se zaščiti pred vplivom državnih organov in dodatno okrepi svojo neodvisnost.
Moreover, the ECB’s Governing Council has the right to adopt binding regulations to carry out the tasks of the ESCB and in certain other cases, as laid down in specific acts of the EU Council.
Poleg tega ima Svet ECB pravico, da za namene izvajanja nalog ESCB in v nekaterih drugih primerih sprejme zavezujoče uredbe, kot je določeno v posebnih aktih Sveta EU.
The national central banks of the Eurosystem have a legal personality
Nacionalne centralne banke Eurosistema so pravne osebe (v skladu z zakonodajo svoje države) in kot take ločene od pravne osebnosti ECB.
(under the law of the irrespective country) which is separate from that of the ECB.At the same time, they are an integral part of the Eurosystem, which is responsible for price stability in the euro area; they operate in line with the ECB’s guidelines and instructions in the performance of the Eurosystem’s tasks.
Vendar so hkrati tudi sestavni del Eurosistema, ki je odgovoren za stabilnost cen v euroobmočju, pri opravljanju nalog Eurosistema pa delujejo v skladu s smernicami in navodili ECB.
NCBs carry out monetary policy operations
Nacionalne centralne banke izvajajo operacije denarne politike
The NCBs are involved in conducting the single monetary policy of the euro area.They carry out monetary policy operations, such as providing central bank money to credit institutions, and they ensure settlement of cashless domestic and crossborder payments.
Nacionalne centralne banke sodelujejo pri izvajanju enotne denarne politike euroobmočja. Tako izvršujejo operacije denarne politike, kot je oskrbovanje kreditnih institucij s centralnobančnim denarjem, in zagotavljajo poravnavanje domačih in čezmejnih brezgotovinskih plačil.
Moreover, they undertake foreign reserve management operations on their own account and as agents for the ECB.
Poleg tega za se in za ECB izvajajo operacije upravljanja z deviznimi rezervami.