natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The high prevalence of hepatitis C infection among injectors points strongly for the need to develop more effective responses to this disease, for which vaccination is not an option.
Slabo zdravstveno stanje zapornikov lahko vpliva na širše javno zdravje, ko uživalci drog pridejo na prostost ter so spet v stiku s svojo družino in drugimi člani skupnosti.
A number of countries have specific programmes aimed at hepatitis C prevention and some interesting work is developing in this area, for example the ‘stop hepC’ campaign, which has run in Oslo since 2003, aims at reaching drug users before they have started injecting or while they are still new to the practice.
Zato lahko odkrivanje resnih nalezljivih bolezni, na primer okužb z virusom HIV in tuberkulozo, skupaj z ustreznim zdravljenjem in ukrepi za zmanjševanje škodljivih učinkov veliko prispeva k zdravstvenemu stanju skupnosti, iz katerih prihajajo zaporniki in v katere se bodo vrnili. Za odvisnike od drog lahko programi zdravljenja v zaporih pomenijo priložnost, ki lahko koristi ne samo zdravju posameznikov, temveč se lahko zaradi tega zmanjša tudi verjetnost kaznivih dejanj v prihodnosti.
The poor health status of prisoners can have implications for wider public health, when drug users are released and resume contact with their family and others in the community.
Za obravnavanje problema neugotovljenih okužb z virusom HIV so bile letos objavljene nove smernice (WHO/UNAIDS, 2007).
Therefore, the detection of serious communicable diseases such as HIV infection and tuberculosis, accompanied by adequate treatment and harm-reduction measures can contribute significantly to the health status of the communities from which the prisoners come and to which they will return.
Predlaga se bolj proaktiven pristop izvajalcev zdravstvenega varstva k priporočanju testiranja na HIV in svetovanja, predvsem v ustanovah, namenjenih populacijam z največjim tveganjem, na primer injicirajočim uživalcem drog, da bi dosegli več prostovoljnega testiranja na HIV.
For those who are drug-dependent, treatment programmes in prison can provide an opportunity that may benefit not only the individual’s health, but may also reduce the likelihood of future offending.
Iz dela, ki ga je Center opravil na tem področju, izhaja sporočilo, da so redni prostovoljni zdravniški pregledi, vključno s testiranjem in svetovanjem glede virusa HIV in drugih okužb, še zlasti primerna storitev, ki jo je treba zagotoviti injicirajočim uživalcem drog.
In order to increase our knowledge of the prison health situation and of the specific responses, the public health programme of the European Commission supports the Health in Prisons Project, World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, to establish a database for the collection of relevant prison health indicators and other health determinants.
Da bi izboljšali znanje o zdravstvenem stanju v zaporih in o posameznih odzivih, program javnega zdravja Evropske komisije podpira projekt regionalne pisarne za Evropo pri Svetovni zdravstveni organizaciji z nazivom Zdravje v zaporih, katerega namen je oblikovanje zbirke podatkov za zbiranje pomembnih kazalnikov zdravja v zaporih in drugih dejavnikov zdravja.
The EMCDDA is involved in the joint development of the database together with WHO Europe and the European Network on Drugs and Infections Prevention in Prison (Endipp) (1).
Center sodeluje pri skupnem razvoju zbirke podatkov s SZO v Evropi in Evropsko mrežo za droge in preprečevanje okužb v zaporih (ENDIPP) (1).
Drug treatment and harm-reduction services also need to develop responses to the risks posed by the sexual behaviour of their clients.
Pri preprečevanju hepatitisa A in B ima pomembno vlogo cepljenje.
Women drug users may be particularly vulnerable, though concerns also exist about the interaction between drug use and high-risk sexual behaviour among some groups of men who have sex with men.
Nekatere države zagotavljajo cepljenje proti hepatitisu B za celotno prebivalstvo, druge pa se osredotočajo samo na osebe, ki veljajo za populacijo s posebej velikim tveganjem.
In addition to HIV, drug users may also be at higher risk of acquiring other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and drug treatment services may be able to play an important role in diagnosing undetected STDs.
Na Norveškem so cepljenje proti hepatitisu A in B razširili, potem ko so epidemije teh okužb jeter pokazale, da se je vbrizgavanje drog razširilo na manjše občine.
For example, a recent Maltese study reported undetected human papilloma virus infections among women screened at an outpatient treatment unit.
drog, preden začnejo vbrizgavanje ali dokler tega še ne počnejo dolgo.
Needle and syringe programmes reduce risks; voluntary counselling and testing of infectious diseases; vaccination and treatment of infectious diseases.
Velika razširjenost okužbe s hepatitisom C med injicirajočimi uživalci kaže, da je nujno treba razviti učinkovitejše ukrepe proti tej bolezni, proti kateri cepljenje ni mogoče.
The integration of needle and syringe exchange or distribution schemes within services provided by drugs agencies and the combined offer of risk counselling and advice services, as well as of referral of drug users to treatment are common in the EU. Needle and syringe
Številne države imajo posebne programe, ki se ukvarjajo s preprečevanjem hepatitisa C, in na tem področju se razvijajo zanimive dejavnosti, na primer kampanja „ustavimo hepC“, ki v Oslu poteka od leta 2003, njen cilj pa je doseči uživalce
Regardless of the balance of these elements in different national policies, there is clear agreement that a coordinated and comprehensive public health approach is vital to reduce the spread of infectious diseases among drug users.
Pri storitvah zdravljenja odvisnosti in zmanjševanja škode je treba razviti tudi odzive na tveganje zaradi spolnega vedenja uživalcev. Poleg samega vbrizgavanja so lahko uživalci drog izpostavljeni tudi večjemu tveganju za okužbo
Chapter 8: Drug-related infectious diseases and drug-related deaths injecting-related risks of infectious diseases, testing and counselling services, and referral to treatment.
Poglavje 8: Z drogami povezane nalezljive bolezni in smrtni primeri
Provision of clean needles and syringes is reported by all countries except Cyprus, where this measure has, in 2006, been recommended by an expert group to curb a possible increase in injecting-related infections.
Široka razpoložljivost lekarn v skupnosti pomeni, da lahko programi zamenjave brizg prek lekarn zelo izboljšajo geografsko razpoložljivost brizg in tako dopolnjujejo delo specializiranih služb.
The distribution of other sterile equipment such as alcohol pads and dry wipes, water, filters and cookers together with clean syringes is becoming a general approach among service providers.
Na primer, na Škotskem so v letu 2004 prek mreže 116 sodelujočih lekarn razdelili 1,7 milijona brizg, na Portugalskem pa se je programu pridružilo 1 300 lekarn, ki so razdelile 1,4 milijona brizg (153).
While the distribution of sterile injecting material through NSPs is generally no longer regarded as a controversial issue, not all countries prioritise these programmes, and some consider pharmacy sales as largely sufficient.
O formalno organiziranih programih zamenjave ali razdeljevanja brizg v lekarnah poročajo iz osmih evropskih držav (Belgija, Danska, Španija, Francija, Nizozemska, Portugalska, Slovenija, Združeno kraljestvo).
The geographic coverage of NSPs and the provision of injecting material through them vary greatly between countries.
z virusom HIV zaradi svojega spolnega vedenja – zaradi slabših sposobnosti odločanja, povezanosti nekaterih drog z zelo tveganim spolnim vedenjem ali pa zaradi vpletenosti v prostitucijo ali menjavo spolnih uslug za droge.
However, a growing number of countries have nationwide networks of NSPs.
Ranljive so lahko zlasti ženske, ki uživajo droge, čeprav je skrb vzbujajoča tudi povezanost med uživanjem drog in tveganim spolnim vedenjem nekaterih skupin moških, ki imajo spolne odnose z moškimi.
Countries reporting good national coverage of NSPs include: Luxembourg and Malta, two small countries; Italy, where NSPs are commonly or often implemented in about 70 % of all local health districts; the Czech Republic, where they are available in all 77 districts and in the capital city of Prague; and Finland, where legislation obliges municipalities to provide relevant services to prevent infectious diseases, including NSPs.
Poleg virusa HIV so lahko uživalci drog izpostavljeni tudi večjemu tveganju, da se bodo okužili z drugimi spolno prenosljivimi boleznimi, tako da imajo lahko storitve zdravljenja odvisnosti pomembno vlogo tudi pri odkrivanju spolno prenosljivih bolezni.
Portugal estimates that its pharmacy-based and outreach NSPs cover about 50 % of the territory, and in Denmark, 10 of the 13 counties run NSPs.
Nedavna študija na Malti je na primer poročala o neodkritih okužbah s humanim papiloma virusom med ženskami, ki so jih pregledali v izvenbolnišničnem centru.
All Austrian cities with a significant injecting drug scene have at least one needle and syringe outlet, and in Bulgaria, services are available in 10 cities with relatively high levels of problem drug use.
V državah, kjer so lekarne pogost vir pripomočkov za vbrizgavanje za uživalce drog, bi lahko imele tudi večjo vlogo pri oskrbi uživalcev z drugimi ukrepi za spodbujanje zdravja, vključno z razširjanjem informacij o tveganju okužb s spolnimi in nalezljivimi boleznimi, povezanimi z vbrizgavanjem, ter storitvami, kot so testiranje in svetovanje ter napotitve na zdravljenje.
In Estonia, it was estimated in 2005 that 37 % of IDUs were in contact with NSPs, while the coverage of the target groups in Slovakia and Romania was estimated to be considerably lower (20 % and 10–15 %, respectively).
O dejavnostih za spodbujanje lekarn, naj se pridružijo programom brizg, in o podpiranju sodelujočih pri teh programih trenutno poročajo samo iz Francije, s Portugalske in iz Združenega kraljestva.
The nature and range of provision of sterile injecting material vary between countries.
V EU so pogosti vključevanje programov izmenjave ali razdeljevanja injekcijskih igel in brizg v storitve, ki jih zagotavljajo uradi za droge, združena ponudba storitev svetovanja in nasvetov o tveganju ter napotitve uživalcev drog na zdravljenje.
In general, syringe provision outlets are located in specialised drugs agencies, and in all but three countries this type of provision is complemented by mobile services that can reach out to groups of drug injectors in marginalised neighbourhoods.
O zagotavljanju čistih igel in brizg poročajo iz vseh držav razen s Cipra, kjer je ta ukrep leta 2006 priporočila skupina strokovnjakov, da bi omejili možno povečanje okužb, povezanih z vbrizgavanjem drog.
Syringe vending machines complement the available NSP services in 10 countries (152), but data on turnover are scarce and research about the effectiveness of this type of provision is lacking.
Splošen pristop med izvajalci storitev postaja tudi razdeljevanje druge sterilne opreme, na primer alkoholnih blazinic, robčkov, vode, filtrov in kuhalnikov skupaj s sterilnimi injekcijskimi iglami.
Luxembourg has now joined Spain and Germany among the few countries offering needle and syringe exchange in prisons; although provision in Germany is limited to one prison in Berlin.
Medtem ko razdeljevanje sterilnih pripomočkov za vbrizgavanje v okviru programov injekcijskih igel in brizg na splošno ne velja več za sporno, ti programi niso prednostna naloga v vseh državah, v nekaterih državah namreč menijo, da večinoma zadošča prodaja v lekarnah.
Between 2003 and 2005, increases in the total number of syringes exchanged or distributed through specialised NSPs were reported by several countries (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Austria, Slovakia,
Vendar pa ima vedno več držav nacionalne mreže programov injekcijskih igel in brizg. Med državami, ki poročajo o dobri nacionalni pokritosti s programi injekcijskih igel in brizg, so: dve majhni državi, Luksemburg in Malta, Italija, kjer se programi injekcijskih igel in brizg pogosto izvajajo v približno 70 % vseh lokalnih zdravstvenih okrožij, Češka, kjer so ti programi na voljo v vseh 77 regijah in v glavnem mestu Pragi, in Finska, kjer so občine po zakonu dolžne zagotavljati ustrezne storitve za preprečevanje nalezljivih bolezni, vključno s programi injekcijskih igel in brizg.
The widespread availability of community-based pharmacies means that syringe exchange schemes operated through pharmacies can considerably improve the geographical availability of syringes and, therefore, complement provision by specialist agencies.
Na Portugalskem ocenjujejo, da programi injekcijskih igel in brizg s pomočjo lekarn in terenskega dela, pokrivajo približno 50 % ozemlja, na Danskem pa ti programi potekajo v desetih od trinajstih okrožij.
For example, in Scotland, 1.7 million syringes were distributed through a network of 116 participating pharmacies in 2004, and in Portugal more than 1 300 pharmacies took part in the scheme and distributed 1.4 million syringes (153).
V vseh avstrijskih mestih z večjim številom injicirajočih uživalcev drog imajo vsaj po eno enoto za razdeljevanje injekcijskih igel in brizg, v Bolgariji pa so storitve na voljo v desetih mestih s sorazmerno visoko ravnijo problematičnega uživanja drog.
Formally organised pharmacy-based syringe exchange or distribution schemes are reported in eight European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, the United Kingdom).
Po ocenah je bilo leta 2005 v Estoniji 37 % injicirajočih uživalcev drog v stiku s programi injekcijskih igel in brizg, medtem ko je bila na Slovaškem in v Romuniji ocenjena pokritost ciljnih skupin precej nižja (20 % oziroma 10–15 %).
In countries where pharmacies represent a common source for drug users to obtain their injecting equipment, they could play a more important role in delivering other health-promoting measures to drug users, including the dissemination of information about sexual and
Od leta 2003 do 2005 je o povečanju skupnega števila zamenjanih ali razdeljenih brizg v okviru posebnih programov injekcijskih igel in brizg poročalo več držav
Specialised agencies that provide needle and syringe programmes can have other important public health roles, for example, assessing and raising the awareness for risk behaviour among clients, motivating them to get tested and vaccinated, as well as providing a conduit to primary healthcare and drug treatment.
Vrsta in obseg zagotavljanja sterilnih pripomočkov za vbrizgavanje se razlikujeta med državami.
While the extent to which these agencies deliver these services is unclear, the need for this type of service development is underlined by the findings of a national audit recently conducted in England. This audit report found that levels of awareness of infectious diseases among clients were relatively low, and that agencies could be more proactive in offering counselling, testing and vaccination.
Na splošno so enote za zagotavljanje brizg na voljo v specializiranih uradih za droge, v vseh državah, razen v treh, pa tako zagotavljanje dopolnjujejo tudi mobilne storitve, ki lahko dosežejo skupine injicirajočih uživalcev drog v soseskah na obrobju.
) See Figure 11 in the 2006 annual report.) See Table HSR-2 in the 2007 statistical bulletin.)
V desetih državah storitve v okviru programov injekcijskih igel in brizg dopolnjujejo avtomati za brizge (152), vendar so podatki o prometu redki, raziskave o učinkovitosti tovrstne ponudbe pa pomanjkljive.
See Table HSR-4 in the 2007 statistical bulletin.) See Table HSR-3 in the 2007 statistical bulletin.
Luksemburg se je zdaj pridružil Španiji in Nemčiji kot ena od redkih držav, ki ponujajo zamenjavo injekcijskih igel in brizg v zaporih, čeprav je zagotavljanje v Nemčiji omejeno le na en zapor v Berlinu.
The EMCDDA definition of drug-related deaths refers to those that are caused directly by the consumption of one or more drugs.
Od leta 1990 do 2004 so države članice EU vsako leto poročale o od 6 500 do več kot 9 000 smrtnih primerih, kar je v tem obdobju skupaj pomenilo več kot 122 000 smrtnih
In general, drug-related deaths occur shortly after the consumption of the substance(s).
15 6 primerov. Te številke je treba šteti za najnižjo oceno (
Other terms used to describe these deaths include ‘overdoses’, ‘poisonings’,
Umrljivost prebivalstva zaradi z drogo povezanih smrtnih primerov se med državami zelo razlikuje, saj znaša med 3 in
1 400 deaths in 2003 (EuroHIV, 2006) (159), although this is possibly an underestimate.
) do več kot 50 smrtnih primerov na milijon prebivalcev
The number of deaths from other causes indirectly related to drug use (e.g. hepatitis, violence, suicide or accidents) is more difficult to assess.
Specializirane službe, ki skrbijo za programe injekcijskih igel in brizg, imajo lahko tudi druge pomembne vloge na področju javnega zdravstva, na primer ocenjevanje in ozaveščanje uživalcev o tveganem vedenju, spodbujanje uživalcev, naj se testirajo in cepijo, prav tako pa lahko nudijo pot do osnovne zdravstvene oskrbe in zdravljenja odvisnosti.
It has been estimated that, in at least some European cities, 10–20 % of mortality among young adults could be attributed to opioid use, directly or indirectly (Bargagli et al., 2006) (see below).
Obseg, v katerem ti uradi zagotavljajo take storitve, je sicer nejasen, vendar potrebo po razvoju takih storitev poudarjajo ugotovitve nacionalne presoje, pred kratkim opravljene v Angliji.
Mortality related to other forms of drug use (e.g. cocaine) would add to this figure, but is more difficult to quantify.
Pri presoji je bilo ugotovljeno, da so bile stopnje ozaveščenosti o nalezljivih boleznih med uživalci razmeroma nizke ter da bi lahko bile službe bolj proaktivne pri zagotavljanju svetovanja, testiranja in cepljenja.
‘drug-induced deaths’ and ‘acute drug deaths’ (155).
(povprečje 18,3), pri čemer so bile stopnje, višje od 20, ugotovljene v 11 evropskih državah.
The number of drug-related deaths in a community will depend on the number of people using drugs associated with overdose (particularly opioids).
Med moškimi v starosti od 15 do 39 let so stopnje umrljivosti po navadi trikrat višje (povprečno 61 smrtnih primerov na milijon prebivalcev).
Other factors that will also be important include: the proportion of injectors, prevalence of polydrug use, availability and policy of treatment services and emergency services.
V letih 2004 in 2005 so z drogo povezani smrtni primeri predstavljali 4 % vseh smrti med Evropejci v starosti 15 do 39 let, v devetih državah pa več kot 7 % (158).
An attempt at such an exercise on a national scale is reported in the Dutch national report.
Z drogami povezani smrtni primeri in umrljivost
Acute deaths related to opioids
Z drogami povezani smrtni primeri
Although the comparability of European data has improved in recent years, differences in the quality of reporting between countries still mean that direct comparisons should be made with caution.
Poleg prevelikih odmerkov uživalci drog umirajo tudi zaradi razlogov, ki so posredno povezani z uživanjem drog.
The extent of drug-related deaths can be expressed in terms of the number of cases reported, by population rates or by proportional mortality.
Na primer, smrti zaradi aidsa, povezanih z uživanjem drog z vbrizgavanjem, je bilo v letu 2003 skoraj 1 400 (EuroHIV, 2006) (159), čeprav je to verjetno prenizka ocena.
While differences in the quality of reporting exist between countries, if methods are unchanged over time, trends in numbers and characteristics of overdose cases may be observed.
Druge vzroke za smrtne primere, ki so posredno povezani z uživanjem drog (npr. hepatitis, nasilje, samomori in nezgode), je težje oceniti.
Between 1990 and 2004, from 6 500 to over 9 000 deaths were reported each year by EU Member States, adding up to more than 122 000 deaths during this period.
Ocenjeno je bilo, da bi lahko vsaj v nekaterih evropskih mestih od 10 do 20 odstotkov umrljivosti med mladimi odraslimi posredno ali neposredno pripisali uživanju opioidov (Bargagli et al., 2006) (glej spodaj).
These figures should be considered as a minimum estimate (156
Umrljivost, povezana z drugimi oblikami uživanja drog (npr. kokaina) bi to številko še povečala, vendar jo je težje oceniti.
Opioid overdose is one of the leading causes of death among young people in Europe, particularly among males in urban areas.
Centrova opredelitev izraza „z drogami povezani smrtni primeri“ se nanaša na tiste smrtne primere, ki jih je neposredno povzročilo uživanje ene ali več drog.
Opioids are present in most cases of acute drug-related deaths due to illegal substances reported in the EU, accounting for 46 % to 100 % (Figure 12), mainly heroin or its metabolites.
Med drugimi izrazi, uporabljenimi za opis takih smrtnih primerov, so „preveliki odmerki“, „zastrupitve“, „smrtni primeri, ki jih povzročijo droge“ ali „akutni smrtni primeri zaradi uživanja drog“ (155).
In Europe, most opioid deaths are related to heroin, but often other substances are also identified as having possibly played a role, in particular alcohol, benzodiazepines, or other opioids and, in some countries, cocaine.
Število z drogami povezanih smrtnih primerov v skupnosti je odvisno od števila ljudi, ki uživajo droge, povezane s prevelikimi odmerki (predvsem opioidov).
A voluntary data collection on substances involved in drug deaths in which nine countries participated in 2006 (161) has confirmed that in opioid overdoses, more than one drug is usually mentioned (60–90% of cases) and they could be considered ‘polydrug deaths’.
Drugi dejavniki, ki so prav tako pomembni, vključujejo: delež injicirajočih uživalcev, razširjenost uživanja več različnih drog, razpoložljivost ter politiko storitev zdravljenja odvisnosti in storitev v nujnih primerih.
Population mortality due to drug-related death varies widely between countries, ranging from 3–5 (157) to over 50 deaths per million inhabitants (average 18.3), with rates of over 20 per million being found in 11 European countries.
Čeprav se je primerljivost evropskih podatkov v zadnjih letih izboljšala, razlike v kakovosti poročanja med državami še vedno pomenijo, da je treba biti previden pri neposrednih primerjavah.
Among males aged 15–39 years, mortality rates are typically three times higher (averaging 61 deaths per million).
Razširjenost z drogo povezanih smrtnih primerov se lahko izrazi s številom prijavljenih primerov, z odstotki populacije ali s sorazmerno umrljivostjo.
In 2004–05, drug-related deaths accounted for 4 % of all deaths among Europeans aged 15–39 years, and for more than 7 % in nine countries (158
Medtem ko obstajajo razlike v kakovosti poročanja med državami, je
In addition to overdoses, drug users die from causes indirectly related to drug use.
O takem poskusu na nacionalni ravni poroča Nizozemska v svojem nacionalnem poročilu.
For instance, AIDS deaths related to injecting drug use accounted for almost
Z ekstrapolacijo podatkov iz lokalne študije je bila ocenjena stopnja umrljivosti, neposredno ali posredno povezana s problematičnim uživanjem drog, pri čemer so bile upoštevane regionalne razlike.
Men account for the majority of opioid overdose deaths (59–100%), with the highest proportions of females occurring in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia and the lowest in Italy, Lithuania and Luxembourg.
Čeprav je potrebno nadaljnje metodološko delo, je s takimi študijami poleg merjenja razširjenosti smrtnih primerov, posredno povezanih z uživanjem drog, možno odpraviti verjetno pomanjkljivo poročanje o smrtnih primerih zaradi prevelikih odmerkov.