natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The provision ofbuprenorphine treatment in Europe is described, andcomparisons are made between Member States in whichbuprenorphine is the principal substance used in thetreatment of opiate dependency and those where medicallyassisted treatment (MAT) is mainly carried out withmethadone.
Opisano je zagotavljanjezdravljenja z buprenorfinom v Evropi in narejenaprimerjava med državami članicami, v katerih jebuprenorfin glavna snov, ki se uporablja za zdravljenjeodvisnosti od opiatov, ter v katerih se z zdravili podprtozdravljenje v glavnem izvaja z metadonom.
Among the findings is that around 20% ofclients in MAT in the EU today receive buprenorphine,although most of these clients are in one country (France).Overall, buprenorphine has spread to many countries, but
Ena odugotovitev je, da okoli 20% oseb, ki se zdravijo z zdraviliv EU danes, prejema buprenorfin, čeprav je večina tehoseb v eni državi (Francija). Na splošno se je buprenorfinrazširil v mnoge države, vendar je dejansko število osebvvečini držav članic še vedno omejeno.
This selected issue is available in print and on the Internetin English only (http://issues05.emcdda.eu.int).
To izbrano poglavje je na voljo v tiskani obliki in namedmrežju samo v angleškem besedilu („Buprenorphine:treatment, misuse and prescription practices“, EMCDDAannual report 2005: Selected issues.http://issues05.emcdda.eu.int).
)See Table PPP-2 (part i) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Table PPP-6 (part i) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)Small sample number for Norway (n= 8).
)Glej tabelo SZR-3 (del i) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej tabelo PPP-2 (del i) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej tabelo PPP-6 (del i) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Majhno vzorčno število za Norveško (n= 8).
Chapter 7Crime and prison issues
Poglavje 7Vprašanja v zvezi s kriminalom in zapori
Drug use and crime: some data
Uživanje drog in kriminal: nekaj podatkov
Drugrelated crime is taken as referring to crimescommitted under the influence of drugs; those committed inorder to finance drug use; those occurring in the context ofthe functioning of illicit drug markets; and those againstdrug legislation.
Z drogo povezan kriminal se nanaša na kazniva dejanja,storjena pod vplivom drog; kazniva dejanja, storjenazaradi pridobitve denarja za uživanje drog; kaznivadejanja, storjena v okviru delovanja trgov s prepovedanimidrogami, ter kazniva dejanja, storjena v nasprotjuzzakonodajami o drogah.
Routine data are available in the EU onlyon the last type of crime — drug law offences.
Rutinski podatki so v EU navoljo samo za zadnjo vrsto kaznivih dejanj – kršitvezakonov o drogah.
In a survey carried out in 2004 in the Czech Republic,police officers working in regional headquarters estimatedthat approximately 40% of ordinary thefts andapproximately 30% of burglaries had been committed inorder to buy drugs.
V raziskavi, ki je bila izvedena leta 2004 na Češkem,sopolicijski uradniki, ki delajo na regionalnih postajah,ocenili, da je bilo okoli 40% običajnih tatvin in okoli30%vlomov storjenih z namenom nakupa drog.
In the same country, routine data onrecorded crime showed that, in 2003, 0.7% of all offenceswere committed while the offenders were under theinfluence of narcotic or psychotropic substances, alcoholexcluded (Czech national report).
V istidržavi so rutinski podatki o prijavljenem kriminalupokazali, da je bilo leta 2003 0,7% vseh kaznivihdejanjstorjenih, ko so bili storilci pod vplivomnarkotičnihali psihotropnih snovi (alkohol izključen)(češkonacionalno poročilo).
‘Reports’(171) of drug law offences reflected differences innational legislation, in the ways in which the laws areapplied and enforced and in the priorities and resourcesallocated by criminal justice agencies to specific crimes.
„Poročila“ (171) o kršitvah zakonov o drogah odražajorazlike v nacionalnih zakonodajah, prav tako pa tudirazlične načine uporabe in uveljavljanja zakonov terrazlike v prioritetah in sredstvih, ki jih organi kazenskegapravosodja namenijo določenim kaznivim dejanjem.
Inaddition, information systems on drug law offences varyconsiderably between countries, especially in relation toreporting and recording practices, i.e. what is recordedand when and how.
Polegtega se informacijski sistemi o kršitvah zakonov o drogahod države do države močno razlikujejo, predvsem karzadeva postopke prijavljanja in beleženja, tj. kaj sezabeleži, kdaj in kako.
These differences make comparisonsbetween EU countries difficult.
Zaradi teh razlik je primerjava meddržavami EU precej otežena.
Although the presence of drugs in robbery offencesseems to have increased in the last decade, the presence ofalcohol in robbery offences is still more common (43% ofrobbery offences involve alcohol compared with 9% thatinvolve drugs).
V obdobju med letoma 1998 in 2003 je število „poročil“okršitvah zakonov o drogah naraslo v večini držav EU.Povečanja so bila še posebej opazna (dvakratno ali več) v Estoniji in na Poljskem.
Malta, Austria and Slovenia (since 2002)(172
Vendar pa je število „poročil“ v letu2003 upadlo v Belgiji, Španiji, Italiji (od leta 2001), na Madžarskem, Malti, v Avstriji in Sloveniji (od leta 2002) (172).
In most EU Member States, the majority of reported druglaw offences continued to be related to drug use or possession for use(173
V večini držav članic EU je večina prijavljenih kršitevzakonov o drogah povezanih z uživanjem drog ali
In Germany, ‘direct economic compulsive crimes’ —criminal offences committed in order to obtain narcoticdrugs or substitute or alternative drugs — decreased in2003 to 2 568 cases, of which over 70% were relatedtoforgery of prescriptions or theft of prescription forms(BKA, 2004).
V Nemčiji je leta 2003 število „neposrednih kompulzivnihgospodarskih kaznivih dejanj“ – kaznivih dejanj, storjenihzaradi pridobitve drog ali nadomestkov ali alternativnihdrog – naraslo na 2568 primerov, od tega jih je bilo 70%povezanih s ponarejanjem receptov ali krajo obrazcev zarecept (BKA, 2004).
offences in Poland to 87% in Austria and the United Kingdom. In the Czech Republic and Luxembourg, 91%and 46%, respectively, of reported drug law offenceswere related to dealing or trafficking, whereas in Italy and Spain — where drug use and possession for use are notcriminal offences — all drug offences were related to
V Latviji so rutinski podatki ministrstva za notranje zadevepokazali, da je bilo leta 2003 2,8% (3,1% leta 2002)vseh kaznivih dejanj storjenih, ko so bili storilci podvplivomnarkotičnih ali psihotropnih snovi (latvijskonacionalno poročilo).
In Latvia, routine data from the Ministry of the Interiorshowed that 2.8% of all detected crimes in 2003 (3.1% in2002) were committed by offenders who were under theinfluence of narcotic substances (Latvian national report).
posedovanjem za uživanje (173), v razponu od 39% vsehkršitev zakonov o drogah na Poljskem do 87% v Avstriji in Združenem kraljestvu.
)The term ‘reports’ for drug law offences is in quotation marks because it describes different concepts in different countries (police reports of suspected drug law offenders, charges for drug law offences, etc.).
)Izraz „poročila“ o kršitvah zakonov o drogah je v narekovajih, ker opisuje različne pojme v različnih državah (policijska poročila o osumljenih storilcih kršitev zakonov o drogah, stroški za kršitve zakonov o drogah itd.).
For an exact definition for each country, refer to the methodological notes on definitions of ‘reports’for drug law offences in the 2005 statistical bulletin.
Glede natančne opredelitve za vsako državo posebej se obrnite nametodološke opombe o opredelitvah „poročil“ o kršitvah zakonov o drogah v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
(NB: The term ‘arrests’ was used in annual reports until 2001.)
(Opomba: Izraz „arrests“ („aretacije“) se jeuporabljal v letnih poročilih do leta 2001.)
)See Table DLO-1 (part i) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.
)Glej tabelo DLO-1 (del i) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
Data on ‘reports’ for drug law offences in 2003 were not available for Denmark, Germany,
Podatki o „poročilih“ o kršitvah zakonov o drogah v letu 2003 niso bili na voljo za Dansko,
Ireland, Latvia, Slovakia and the United Kingdom.
Nemčijo, Irsko, Latvijo, Slovaško in Združeno kraljestvo.
(173 (174 (175 offences are related to ‘drug use’ alone.
)Glej tabelo DLO-2 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
Chapter 7: Crime and prison issues
) in Norveškem (175
Drug users and prison
V vseh državah, za katere so bili na voljo podatki, z izjemo
In all countries from which data are available, except Portugal, the proportion of all drug law offences accountedfor by those related to drug use or possession for use
1 76 ) zvsemi z drogo povezanimi kaznivimi dejanji od leta 1997skokainom povezana kazniva dejanja narasla v vsehdržavah, ki so poslale podatke, z izjemo Nemčije, od
Drug users in prison increased over the fiveyear period 1998–2003(176
Portugalske, se je v petletnem obdobju 1998–2003 (delež vseh kršitev zakonov o drogah, ki so zajemale koder poročajo o trendih upadanja (183).
National routine information on type and pattern of druguse among prisoners is scarce and patchy.
Uživalci drog v zaporu kršitve, povezane z uživanjem/posedovanjem drog zauživanje, povečal.
Much of thedata available in the EU comes from ad hoc studies basedon samples of varying size, the results of which (andtrends) are very difficult to extrapolate.
Povečevanje je v glavnem potekalopočasi, navzgor usmerjeni trendi pa so bili bolj izraženi v Belgiji, Luksemburgu in Sloveniji ter na Irskem do leta2001.
In Portugal, theproportion of use-related offences started to decrease in2000, one year before drug use and possession for use were decriminalised in July 2001(177
Na Portugalskem se je leta 2000 delež kršitev,povezanih z uživanjem, začel zmanjševati, kar je bilo letodni prej, preden so posedovanje za uživanje julija 2001dekriminalizirali (177).
Drug users are strongly overrepresented among the prisonpopulation compared with the general population.
Nacionalne rutinske informacije o vrsti in vzorcu uživanjadrog med zaporniki so redke in neenotne.
In moststudies in the EU, lifetime prevalence of drug use amongprisoners is reported to be over 50%; however, it varieswidely, from 22% to 86%, between prison populations,
Veliko podatkov,ki so na voljo v EU, izvira iz priložnostnih študij, ki temeljijona vzorcih različnih velikosti, katerih rezultate (in trende) jeizredno težko ekstrapolirati.
In most of the Member States, cannabis continued to be theillicit drug most often involved in reported drug law offences (178 detention centres and countries(184). In the EU, the
V večini držav članic je konoplja še vedno tistaprepovedana droga, ki je najpogosteje predmet prijavljenih kršitev zakonov o drogah (178
In the imprisonment ranges from 8% to 73%(185).
V državah,
The majority of drug users reduce or stop their drug use onadmission to prison.
V primerjavi s populacijo na splošno je zastopanostuživalcev drog med populacijo v zaporih veliko večja.Vvečini študij v EU je delež zapornikov, ki so kdajvživljenju že zaužili drogo, nad 50%; vendar pa medpopulacijami zapornikov, pripori in državami obstajajovelike razlike, od 22% do 86% (184).
However, many prisoners continue touse drugs after incarceration, and some start using drugs(and/or injecting drugs) in prison.
V EU se razširjenostrednega uživanja drog ali odvisnost pred prestajanjem kazni v zaporu giblje med 8% in 73% (185).
Netherlands, offences involving ‘hard drugs’(179) werepredominant (58%), whereas in the Czech Republic themajority of drug law offences related to amphetamines(48%).
Na Nizozemskem prevladujejokazniva dejanja, ki vključujejo „trde droge“ (179) (58%),medtem se je na Češkem večina kršitev zakonov o drogahnanašala na amfetamine (48%).
The relative proportion of drug law offencesrelated to any specific drug is influenced by a number offactors, including the operational priorities of lawenforcement agencies and explicit or implicit strategicdecisions to target different types of drug law offencesdifferentially.
Na relativni delež kršitevzakonov o drogah, povezanih z določeno drogo, vplivajoštevilni dejavniki, med njimi operativne prednostne nalogeuradnikov organov pregona ter eksplicitne ali implicitnestrateške odločitve o različni obravnavi različnih kršitevzakonov o drogah.
Since 1998, the proportion of drug offences involving cannabis (180
Od leta 1998 je delež z drogo povezanih kaznivih dejanj, ki vključujejo konopljo (180
) has been increasing in Germany, Spain,
), narasel v Nemčiji, Španiji,
Lifetime prevalence of injecting drug use among prisonersis generally reported to be between 15% and 50%;however, some studies have reported values as low as 1%or as high as 69%.
Večina uživalcev drog ob sprejemu v zapor zmanjšauživanje drog ali z njim preneha.
Where comparable data areavailable (Austria 1999, England and Wales 1997–98),they show that young offenders are less likely to inject thanadults and that, among the prison population, women are
Vendar pa mnogozapornikov nadaljuje svoj vzorec uživanja drog po zaprtju,nekateri pa začnejo droge uživati (in/ali si jih vbrizgavati)v zaporu.
France, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta and Portugal, whereas it has remained stable overall in Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Slovenia,Sweden and the United Kingdom, and has been more likely to inject than men(187
Razpoložljive študije kažejo, da naj bi med 8%in 60% zapornikov med bivanjem v zaporu užilo droge,10–42% pa jih poroča, da so droge redno uživali (186).
in the EU, Bird and Rotily (2002) have shown that aroundone third of adult male prisoners are drug injectors.
V istem obdobju je v vseh državah EU, iz katerih so bili navoljo podatki, delež s heroinom povezanih kaznivih dejanj
Over the same period, the proportion of heroin-relatedoffences decreased in all EU countries from which data areavailable, except Austria and the United Kingdom, where
Po poročilih se delež zapornikov, ki so kdaj v življenju žezaužili drogo z vbrizgavanjem, giblje med 15% do 50%,nekatere študije pa poročajo celo o nižjih (1%) ali višjihvrednostih (69%).
0.2% and 34% of inmates(188) have injected drugs while it increased(182
Kjer so na voljo primerljivi podatki(Avstrija za leto 1999, Anglija in Wales za leti 1997–98),ti kažejo, da so mlajši prestopniki manj nagnjenikvbrizgavanju kot starejši in da so med zaporniki ženske
In contrast, cocainerelated offences have increased as a proportion of all drug offences since 1998in all countries providing data except Germany, which in prison.
)Na Portugalskem se ostale kršitve zakonov o drogah nanašajo na „preprodajo/promet z drogami“, saj so kršitve uživanja droge /posedovanja za uživanje dekriminalizirali julija 2001.
(176)See Table DLO-4 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.(177)The law to decriminalise drug use and possession for use was passed in November 2000 and came into effect in July 2001.(178)See Table DLO-3 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.(179)In the Netherlands, ‘hard drugs’ are defined as drugs that pose unacceptable public health risks, such as heroin, cocaine, ecstasy and LSD.(180)The following countries provided a breakdown by drug or drug offences over time: Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy,Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands (only ‘soft drugs’/cannabis and ‘hard drugs’), Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
(176)Glej tabelo DLO-4 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(177)Zakon o dekriminalizaciji uživanja drog in posedovanja drog za uživanje je bil sprejet novembra 2000 in je začel veljati julija 2001.(178)Glej tabelo DLO-3 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(179)Na Nizozemskem so „trde droge“ opredeljene kot droge, ki nedovoljeno ogrožajo javno zdravje, na primer heroin, kokain, ekstazi in LSD.(180)Naslednje države so podale časovne analize kršitev zakonov o drogah, razvrščene po drogah: Belgija, Češka, Nemčija, Španija, Francija, Irska, Italija,Litva, Luksemburg, Malta, Nizozemska (le za „mehke droge“/konopljo in „trde droge“), Avstrija, Portugalska, Slovenija, Švedska in Združeno kraljestvo.
)See Table DLO-5 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Table DLO-6 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Table DLO-7 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Table DUP-1 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Table DUP-5 (annex) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Table DUP-3 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Table DUP-2 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Table DUP-4 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.
)Glej tabelo DLO-5 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej tabelo DLO-6 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej tabelo DLO-7 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej tabelo DUP-1 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej tabelo DUP-5 (prilogo) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej tabelo DUP-3 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
Annual report 2005: the state of the drugs problem in Europe
Poglavje 7: Vprašanja v zvezi s kriminalom in zapori bolj nagnjene k vbrizgavanju kot moški (187
In most EU and candidate countries,such activities have been carried out for both drug users inprisons and prison staff.
Enote brez drog so bile ustanovljenevvečini „novih“ držav.
Among the countries reportingsuch activities are Estonia, Spain, Cyprus, Hungary,Slovenia and Romania (Reitox national reports).
Ocena območja brez drog v enemod avstrijskih zaporov je pokazala, da so bili zaporniki,izpuščeni iz območja brez drog, ponovno kaznovani velikomanjkrat kot zaporniki, izpuščeni iz običajnih enotvzaporih (35% v primerjavi z 62%).
In all Member States and candidate countries, there aresystems of one kind or another in place to ensure thatassistance for drug users in prison is available, althoughthe variety of services and their availability differsconsiderably.
Najpogostejša oblika zdravljenja v zaporih je zdravljenjebrez drog, ki obstaja v vseh državah članicah (razen na Cipru in v Latviji), čeprav razpoložljivost ni enaka.Vmnogih državah centri za zdravljenje odvisnosti od drogvskupnosti zagotavljajo podporo in zdravljenje ter oskrbopo zdravljenju, npr. v Belgiji, na Češkem, v Grčiji,Luksemburgu in Združenem kraljestvu.
A notable trend is the increasingacknowledgement of the fact that prisoners have the samerights as the rest of the population concerning access tohealthcare, including assistance and treatment for drugusers (WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2002; Irish,Lithuanian and Finnish national reports).
V vseh državah članicah in državah kandidatkah sovzpostavljeni takšni ali drugačni sistemi, ki zagotavljajo, daimajo uživalci drog v zaporu na voljo pomoč, čeprav sevrste storitev in njihova razpoložljivost močno razlikujejo.Opazen trend je večje priznavanje dejstva, da imajozaporniki enake pravice kot preostalo prebivalstvo glededostopa do zdravstvenega varstva, vključno s pomočjo inzdravljenjem za uživalce drog (Svetovna zdravstvenaorganizacija, Regionalna pisarna za Evropo, 2002; irsko,litovsko in finsko nacionalno poročilo).
Among theservices that should be made available to prisoners arestrategies for prevention, including drugfree programmes,detoxification treatments, methadone and other substancestreatments, counselling and education.
Med storitvami,kibijih morali zaporniki imeti na voljo, so strategije zapreprečevanje, vključno s programi zdravljenja brez drog,zdravljenjem z detoksikacijo, zdravljenjem z metadonom indrugimi snovmi, svetovanjem in izobraževanjem.
However, countries report various problems with theprovision of adequate assistance.
V večini držav razpoložljivost nadomestnegavzdrževalnega zdravljenja v zaporu ni enaka kot njegovarazpoložljivost zunaj zapora.
For instance, theavailability of services is precarious in Estonia; no specificservices are available for drug users in Latvia; Poland has
Vzdrževalno zdravljenje jerazširjeno samo v Španiji, saj to zdravljenje prejema 18%vseh zapornikov ali 82% problematičnih uživalcev drogvzaporih.
Another preventive element is the establishment of drugfree units within prisons.
Tudi Luksemburg je dobro pokrit.
Participation is on a voluntarybasis, generally after written declarations to accept certainconditions, for example periodic urine testing, have beensigned by imprisoned drug users.
Državi, kiporočata o večjem povečanju razpoložljivosti z zdravilipodprtega zdravljenja, sta Francija, zlastizbuprenorfinom, in Irska (nacionalna poročila Reitox).
Often, informal cooperation mechanisms at locallevel have been forerunners to more stable institutionalisedforms.
Novi razvojni dosežki v boju proti širjenju nalezljivih bolezni v zaporu
Prison is a particularly detrimental environment for problemdrug users and there is a broad political consensus on theprinciple of treatment as an alternative to prison.
Vendar države poročajo o različnih težavah prizagotavljanju ustrezne pomoči.
Thealternatives to prison that may be offered to drug-usingoffenders cover a range of sanctions that may delay, avoid,replace or complement prison sentences for those drugusers who have committed an offence normally sanctionedwith imprisonment by national law.
Na primer, razpoložljivoststoritev je v Estoniji dvomljiva; za uživalce drog v Latviji nina voljo nobenih posebnih storitev; Poljska ima dolgečakalne sezname za zdravljenje; Švedska poročaoprenatrpanih zaporih in pomanjkanju osebja v njih;medtem ko imajo v Romuniji na tem področju pomanjkljivozakonodajo.
The selected issuefocuses on those measures that have a drug-relatedtreatment component.
Čeprav na Cipru ni nobenega integriranegaprograma podpore za uživalce drog v zaporih, so bilisprejeti nekateri preventivni ukrepi.
Recourse to alternatives to prison increased during the lastdecades in the EU-15 Member States and has recently evenstagnated in some, whereas legislation and implementationof alternatives began later in the new Member States.Usually, the mainstream treatment system is called on toensure the treatment of offenders with problematic druguse.
V Estoniji se je položaj v zvezi s preprečevanjem širjenjavirusa HIV leta 2003 izboljšal. Število primarnih testov na HIV se je povečalo za 2,6-krat v primerjavi z letom 2002,čeprav se je število pozitivnih testov samo rahlo povečalo.Tudi svetovalne storitve pred testiranjem in po njem so seizboljšale z vidika količine in kakovosti.
In most countries, treatment is usually provided inresidential settings, but the possibility also exists to followoutpatient treatment programmes.
V Romuniji so seprogrami za preprečevanje širjenja HIV/aidsavpoboljševalnicah in med zaporniki razvili v sodelovanjuznekaterimi mednarodnimi nevladnimi organizacijami.
Since the 1960s, UN and EU agreements, strategies andaction plans have several times reaffirmed andstrengthened the principle of providing treatment,education and rehabilitation as an alternative to convictionand punishment for drugrelated offences.
Splošne preventivne strategije vključujejo dejavnostiizobraževanja in usposabljanja.
This has beentranslated into national legislation in EU Member States,and the criminal justice systems as well as health and socialservices systems have been adapted accordingly.
V večini držav članic EU indržav kandidatk take dejavnosti potekajo za uživalce drogv zaporih in uslužbence zaporov.
Youngdrug users are especially vulnerable to getting into avicious circle of drugs and crime, and there is a particulardetermination to avoid imprisonment for young offenders.
Države, ki so poročaleotakih dejavnostih, so Estonija, Španija, Ciper, Madžarska,Romunija in Slovenija (nacionalna poročila Reitox).
European evaluation studies of treatment as an alternativeto prison are rare and partly inconclusive.
Drug preventivni element je ustanovitev enot brez drogvsamih zaporih.
Evidence suggests that it is the quality of treatmentprovided and not the route of the client into treatment that isimportant for treatment success.
Sodelovanje je prostovoljno, običajnopotem, ko zaprti uživalci drog podpišejo pisne izjave, dasprejemajo določene pogoje, na primer periodično
The implementation of alternative measures toimprisonment, however, faces certain difficulties due to thedifferent administrative systems involved and their differentunderlying principles.
Španija je edina država, ki v zaporih sistematično izvajaprograme zamenjave injekcijskih igel in brizg za enkratnouporabo.
Efforts are made to bridge the gap
Leta 2003 so v okviru teh programov razdeliliskupaj 18260 brizg.