natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change The Kyoto Protocol
Kaj delajo vlade Okvirna konvencija ZN o podnebnih spremembah Kjotski protokol
What the EU is doing What businesses are doing What you can do
Kaj dela EU Kaj delajo podjetja Kaj lahko narediš ti
Looking to the future
Pogled v prihodnost
Useful websites on climate change
Uporabne spletne strani o podnebnih spremembah
Climate change is happening, and its impact on all of us is growing.
Podnebje se spreminja in te spremembe vedno bolj vplivajo na nas.
Have you noticed storms and floods becoming more frequent around your area, or on television?
Ali ste v svoji okolici ali na televiziji opazili, da so neurja in poplave vedno pogostejše?
Does it seem to be warmer in the winter, with less snow and more rain?
Ali se vam zdijo zime toplejše, z manj snega in več dežja?
Do you feel that spring is coming a little earlier each year, with flowers blooming or birds arriving before you expect them?
Se vam zdi, da je pomlad vsako leto prej, da rože cvetijo in da se ptice vračajo prej, kot ste pričakovali?
These are all signs of accelerating climate change — or global warming, as it is sometimes known.
Vse to so znaki pospešenih podnebnih sprememb – ali globalnega segrevanja, kot to včasih imenujemo.
If we don’t take action to stop it, it is going to damage the world we live in, and alter the ways of life we now take for granted.
Če podnebnih sprememb ne bomo poskušali ustaviti, bodo povzročile škodo svetu, v katerem živimo, in spremenil se bo način življenja, ki je za nas običajen.
The climate is changing because of the way people live these days, especially in richer, economically developed countries — and that includes the European Union.
Podnebje se spreminja zaradi današnjega načina življenja, zlasti v bogatejših in gospodarsko razvitih državah – mednje spada tudi Evropska unija.
The power plants that create energy to provide us with electricity and to heat our homes, the cars and planes that we use, the factories that produce the goods we buy, agriculture to grow our food — all these play a part in changing the climate.
Elektrarne, ki proizvajajo energijo za zagotavljanje električne energije in ogrevanje domov, avtomobili in letala, ki jih uporabljamo, tovarne, v katerih proizvajamo stvari, ki jih kupujemo, kmetijstvo, ki nam zagotavlja hrano – vse to vpliva na spreminjanje podnebja.
Our atmosphere acts as a transparent, protective covering around the Earth.
Naše ozračje je kot prozoren zaščitni ovoj okrog Zemlje. Prepušča sončno svetlobo in zadržuje toploto.
Without it, the sun’s heat would immediately rebound off the Earth’s surface and go back into space.
Brez njega bi se sončna toplota takoj odbila od površine Zemlje in se vrnila v vesolje.
In that case, it would be some 30° Celsius colder on Earth — everything would freeze.
Temperatura na Zemlji bi bila zato nižja za 30 °C – in vse bi zmrznilo.
The atmosphere therefore acts a bit like the glass walls of a greenhouse.
Zato ozračje učinkuje podobno kot steklena površina pri topli gredi.
This is why people talk about the ‘greenhouse effect’.
Prav zato se uporablja izraz „učinek tople grede“.
Responsible for this effect are the ‘greenhouse gases’ in the atmosphere, which trap heat.
Povzročajo ga „toplogredni plini“ v ozračju, ki zadržujejo toploto.
Most of the greenhouse gases occur naturally.
Večina toplogrednih plinov nastane v naravi.
However, since the industrial revolution in the 18th century, human society too has been producing greenhouse gases — in ever-increasing amounts.
Vendar od industrijske revolucije v 18. stoletju tudi človeška družba proizvaja toplogredne pline – v vse večjih količinah. Njihova koncentracija v ozračju je zdaj višja, kot je bila kadar koli v 420 000 letih.
They make the greenhouse effect stronger. This means rising temperatures on Earth — climate change.
Zato je učinek tople grede še večji, kar pomeni, da se temperature na Zemlji višajo – in nastajajo podnebne spremembe.
teanada Climate Change Websi
anade.Vir: Spletna stran o klimatskih spremembah vlade K
The greenhouse gases we produce
Toplogredni plini, ki jih proizvajamo
The principal greenhouse gas generated by human activities is carbon dioxide.
Glavni toplogredni plin, ki nastaja pri človekovih dejavnostih, je ogljikov dioksid.
It accounts for some 75 % of all the ‘greenhouse gas emissions’ in the world.
Predstavlja približno 75 % vseh „emisij toplogrednih plinov“ na svetu.
This term describes all the releases of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as part of the smoke, the steam and the fumes from exhaust pipes, chimneys, fires and other sources.
Ta izraz opisuje vse izpuste toplogrednih plinov v ozračje, ki so v dimu, pari in hlapih iz izpušnih cevi, dimnikov, ognja in drugih virov.
Carbon dioxide is mainly released when fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas, are burnt.
Ogljikov dioksid se sprošča zlasti pri gorenju fosilnih goriv, kot so premog, nafta in zemeljski plin.
And fossil fuels are still the most used energy source.
Prav fosilna goriva pa so vir energije, ki se še vedno najpogosteje uporablja.
We burn them to produce electricity and heat, and we use them as fuel for our cars, ships and planes.
Uporabljamo jih za proizvodnjo električne energije in toplote ter kot gorivo za avtomobile, ladje in letala.
Most of us know carbon dioxide (CO) from soda drinks — the bubbles in carbonated drinks and beer are actually CO bubbles.
Večina ljudi pozna ogljikov dioksid (CO) v gaziranih pijačah – mehurčki v pijačah z dodanim ogljikovim dioksidom in pivu so dejansko mehurčki CO.
It also plays an important role in breathing: we take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, while trees and plants absorb CO to produce oxygen.
Pomembno vlogo ima tudi pri dihanju: ljudje vdihujemo kisik in izdihujemo ogljikov dioksid, drevesa in rastline pa absorbirajo CO in proizvajajo kisik.
This is why the world’s forests are so important.
Zato so gozdovi na svetu tako pomembni.
They help soak up some of the excess CO that we are producing.
Vsrkavajo del presežnega CO, ki gaproizvajamo.
However, deforestation — the logging, clearing and burning of forests — is taking place on every continent.
Vendar pa se na vseh celinah gozdovi krčijo – gozdove sekajo, izsekavajo in požigajo.
Other greenhouse gases released by human activities are methane and nitrous oxide.
Toplogredna plina, ki nastajata pri človekovih dejavnostih, sta tudi metan in dušikov oksid.
They are part of the invisible fumes from waste landfills, cattle breeding, rice cultivation and certain agricultural fertilisation methods.
Sta del nevidnih hlapov, ki nastajajo na odlagališčih odpadkov, pri govedoreji, gojenju riža in nekaterih načinih gnojenja v kmetijstvu.
We also artificially manufacture some greenhouse gases, the so-called fluorinated gases.
Nekatere toplogredne pline, in sicer tako imenovane fluorirane pline, ustvarjamo tudi umetno.
They are used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, but find their way into the atmosphere due to leakages and if the appliances are not properly treated when they become waste.
Uporabljajo se v zamrzovalnih in klimatskih sistemih, v ozračje pa pridejo, če naprave puščajo ali če se z njimi ne ravna pravilno, ko jih odvržemo kot odpadke.
GRID Arendal ramme (UNEP) & r o g vironment P Source: United Nations En
Svetovna koncentracija CO v atmosferi
Climate change has already begun.
Podnebne spremembe so se že začele.
Over the last century, the average global temperature has increased by 0.6° Celsius, while the average temperature in Europe has increased by almost 1° Celsius.
V zadnjem stoletju se je povprečna temperatura na svetu povečala za 0,6 °C, povprečna temperatura v Evropi pa za skoraj 1 °C.
Globally, the five hottest years ‘on record’ (since around 1860 when we designed instruments that can measure temperatures fairly accurately) have been, in this order:
Pet najtoplejših let v svetovnem merilu, ki so „zabeležena“ (od približno leta 1860, ko so začeli izdelovati instrumente, s katerimi je mogoče izmeriti temperaturo precej natančno), so po vrstnem redu:
The warming trend is due to the growing amount of greenhouse gases released by human activities.
Takšen trend segrevanja je posledica vedno večje količine toplogrednih plinov, ki nastajajo pri človekovih dejavnostih.
Climate experts project that this trend will accelerate, with the average global temperature increasing by between 1.4° and 5.8° Celsius by 2100, and temperatures in Europe by between 2° and 6.3° Celsius.
Strokovnjaki za podnebje predvidevajo, da se bo ta trend še pospešil, tako da se bo do leta 2100 povprečna svetovna temperatura povišala za 1,4 °C do 5,8 °C, temperature v Evropi pa se bodo povišale za 2 °C do 6,3 °C.
These temperature increases may not seem much.
Takšna povišanja temperature se morda ne zdijo velika.
But one need only remember that during the last Ice Age, which ended 11 500 years ago, the average global temperature was just 5° Celsius lower than today.
Vendar je treba vedeti, da je bila povprečna svetovna temperatura med zadnjo ledeno dobo, ki se je končala pred 11 500 leti, le 5 °C nižja kot danes.
Yet polar ice covered much of Europe.
Večji del Evrope pa je bil pokrit s polarnim ledom.
A few degrees make a lot of difference for our climate.
Le nekaj stopinj pomeni veliko razliko za podnebje.
0 The current change in climate is already having an impact in Europe and around the globe (see next page).
Sedanje spremembe podnebja že vplivajo na Evropo in ves svet (glej naslednjo stran).
In the longer term, it could even trigger catastrophic events, such as rapidly rising sea levels and floods, big storms, and food and water shortages in some parts of the world.
Dolgoročno bi lahko sprožile katastrofalne dogodke, kot so hitro dvigovanje morske gladine, poplave, huda neurja ter pomanjkanje hrane in vode v nekaterih delih sveta.
Climate change will affect all countries, but developing countries are the most vulnerable.
Podnebne spremembe bodo vplivale na vse države, najbolj ranljive pa so države v razvoju.
They often depend on climate-sensitive activities such as agriculture and do not have much money to adapt to the consequences of climate change.
V teh državah pogosto igrajo pomembno vlogo dejavnosti, ki so odvisne od podnebja, kot je kmetijstvo, in nimajo veliko denarja, da bi se lahko prilagodile posledicam podnebnih sprememb.
Climate change and its effects
Podnebne spremembe in njihovi učinki
The area of sea covered by the Arctic ice at the North Pole has shrunk by 10 % in recent decades, and the thickness of the ice above the water by about 40 %.
Območje morja, ki ga pokriva arktični led na Severnem tečaju, se je v zadnjih desetletjih zmanjšalo za 10 %, debelina ledu nad vodno gladino pa za približno 40 %.
On the other side of the world, the ice sheet above the Antarctic continent has become unstable.
Na drugi strani sveta, na Antarktiki, je plast ledu postala nestabilna.
• Climate change causes extreme weather events, such as storms, floods, droughts and heat waves.
vremenske pojave, kot so neurja, poplave, suše in vročinski valovi.
In the last decade, there were three times more weather-related natural catastrophes — mostly floods and windstorms — in the world than in the 1960s.
V zadnjem desetletju se je na svetu zgodilo trikrat več naravnih katastrof, povezanih z vremenom – večinoma poplave in neurja – kot v 60. letih prejšnjega stoletja.
These disasters not only create a lot of damage, they also drive up insurance costs.
Takšne nesreče ne povzročijo le velike škode, ampak se zaradi njih povečajo tudi zavarovalni stroški.
• Glaciers are retreating.
• Ledeniki se krčijo.
It is likely that 75 % of the glaciers in the Swiss Alps will disappear by 2050.
Do leta 2050 bo verjetno izginilo 75 % ledenikov v švicarskih Alpah.
Managers of the Andermatt ski resort in Switzerland are now planning to cover the Gurschen glacier, a popular skiing area, with a huge insulating plastic sheet during the summer to stop it from melting and sliding.
Upravitelji smučarskega središča Andermatt v Švici načrtujejo, da bi ledenik Gurschen, ki je priljubljeno smučišče, poleti pokrili z ogromno izolacijsko plastično površino ter tako preprečili topljenje in drsenje.
• Water is already scarce in many regions of the world.
• Vode že primanjkuje v številnih regijah na svetu.
Almost a fifth of the world population, 1.2 billion people, do not have access to clean drinking water.
Skoraj petina svetovnega prebivalstva, 1,2 milijarde ljudi, nima dostopa do čiste pitne vode.
If global temperatures increase by 2.5° Celsius above pre-industrial levels, an additional 2.4 to 3.1 billion people worldwide are likely to suffer from water scarcity.
Če se svetovne temperature povečajo za 2,5 °C nad predindustrijsko stopnjo, je verjetno, da bo vode začelo primanjkovati še 2,4 do 3,1 milijardi ljudi.
• A 2.5° Celsius temperature rise would also leave 50 million people at risk of hunger, in addition to the 850 million people suffering from chronic hunger today.
• Če bi se temperatura povišala za 2,5 °C, bi bilo nevarnosti lakote izpostavljenih dodatnih 50 milijonov ljudi, poleg 850 milijonov, ki zdaj živijo v stalnem pomanjkanju hrane.
In Europe, the growing season lengthened by ten days between 1962 and 1995.
V Evropi se je med letoma 1962 in 1995 rastna sezona podaljšala za deset dni.
While this has been beneficial for agriculture in northern Europe, even there yields will start declining once temperatures rise beyond 2° Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
Čeprav je to ugodno vplivalo na kmetijstvo v severni Evropi, bo tudi tam začel upadati donos, ko se bodo temperature povišale za več kot 2 °C nad predindustrijsko stopnjo.
They have already gone up by 10–25 centimetres over the last century (depending on the measurement) and are projected to rise further by up to 88 centimetres by 2100.
V zadnjem stoletju se je dvignila za 10–25 centimetrov (odvisno od merjenja), po predvidevanjih pa se bo do leta 2100 dvignila za do 88 centimetrov.
This would flood low-lying islands and coastal areas, such as the Maldives, the Nile Delta in Egypt, and Bangladesh.
Morje bi zato poplavilo nizko ležeče otoke in obalna območja, kot so Maldivi, Nilova delta v Egiptu in Bangladeš.
In Europe, some 70 million coastal dwellers would be at risk.
V Evropi bi bilo ogroženih približno 70 milijonov prebivalcev obalnih predelov.
Even further away from the coast, sea water would penetrate and contaminate agricultural soil and freshwater supplies.
Morska voda bi prodrla tudi v notranjostter onesnažila kmetijsko zemljo in zaloge pitne vode.
• Tropical diseases like malaria might spread because the area where the climate conditions are suitable for the malaria-carrying mosquito will expand.
• Razširile bi se lahko bolezni, kot je malarija, ker se bo razširilo območje, kjer so ugodni podnebni pogoji za življenje komarjev, ki prenašajo malarijo.
A 2° Celsius temperature increase could put 210 million more people at risk.
Povišanje temperature za 2 °C bi tako lahko ogrozilo dodatnih 210 milijonov ljudi.
• If the huge Greenland ice sheet melts, which might happen over the next few centuries, sea levels could rise by as much as seven metres.
• Če bi se stopila ogromnaplast ledu na Grenlandiji, kar se bi lahko zgodilo v naslednjih nekaj stoletjih, bi se lahko morska gladina dvignila tudi za sedem metrov.
• From around 2070 onwards, Europe could experience a heatwave like in 2003 every second year.
9 in povzročilo izgube v kmetijstvu, ki presegajo 10 milijard EUR.
• Another worst-case scenario would be the shutdown of the Gulf Stream that carries warm water northwards in the Atlantic — a storyline used in the 2003 movie The Day After Tomorrow.
• Drug najslabši možni potek dogodkov predvideva, da bi se ustavil Zalivski tok, ki prinaša toplo vodo v severni Atlantski ocean – tak scenarij je bil osnova za film Dan po jutrišnjem iz leta 2003.
While this is unlikely to happen during this century, scientists agree that it would annul the warming trend in northern Europe and result in much colder weather there ().
Čeprav ni verjetno, da bi se to zgodilo v tem stoletju, znanstveniki soglašajo, da bi to ustavilo trend segrevanja v severni Evropi in povzročilo precej hladnejše vreme (1).
• Many animals and plants will not be able to cope with changed temperatures, or to move to regions where the climate is suitable for them.
• Veliko živali in rastlin ne bo sposobno preživeti v spremenjenih temperaturnih razmerah ali se preseliti v regije, kjer je podnebje ugodnejše.
One alarming study finds that climate change could lead to the extinction of a third of the Earth’s species by 2050.
Po eni od zaskrbljujočih študij bi zaradi podnebnih sprememb do leta 2050 lahko izumrla ena tretjina vrst na Zemlji.
Cold weather mammals and birds like polar bears, seals, walruses and penguins are especially vulnerable.
Zlasti ranljivi so sesalci in ptiči, ki živijo v mrazu, kot so polarni medvedi, tjulnji, mroži in pingvini.
In the Amazon forest, scientists have noted that bigger, faster-growing trees that absorb more COst are flourishing at the expense of others.
V Amazonskem gozdu so znanstveniki opazili, da večja in hitreje rastoča drevesa, ki absorbirajo več CO, bujno rastejo na račun drugih dreves.
() This and many more interesting facts and figures are from the European Environment Agency report ‘Impacts of Europe’s changing climate’, August 2004, available at: http://reports.eea.eu.int/climate_report_2_2004/en, and the European Commission’s background paper‘Winning the battle against climate change’, February 2005, to be found at: http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/ staff_work_paper_sec_2005_180_3.pdf
() Te informacije in veliko več zanimivih dejstev in številčnih podatkov so na voljo v poročilu Evropske agencije za okolje „Učinki podnebnih sprememb v Evropi“, avgust 2004, na spletnem naslovu: http://reports.eea.europa.eu/climate_report_2_2004/en, in osnovnem dokumentu Evropske komisije „Uspešen boj proti svetovnim podnebnim spremembam“, februar 2005, na spletnem naslovu: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/staff_work_ paper_sec_2005_180_3.pdf
How climate scientists work
Delo klimatologov
Modern climate science is all about studying the past and accurately observing and interpreting what is happening now.
Pri sodobni klimatologiji znanstveniki preučujejo preteklost ter natančno opazujejo in razlagajo današnje dogajanje.
Scientists use a surprising array of sources to find out about past conditions.
Za ugotavljanje razmer v preteklosti uporabljajo presenetljivo številne vire.
For example, they drill through the top of the ice caps at the poles down to the bedrock and extract ice cylinders known as ice cores.
Na polih na primer vrtajo skozi plasti ledu do trdne podlage in tako pridobijo valje ledu, ki se imenujejo izvrtine ledu.
In the Antarctic, a team of European researchers recently removed ice cores from a depth of more than 3 km, which have not been touched by light or air in more than 900 000 years ()!
Na Antarktiki je skupina evropskih raziskovalcev nedavno izvrtala led iz globine več kot 3 km, ki ni bil izpostavljen svetlobi ali zraku več kot 900 000 let ()!
The physical properties of the ice and the air contained in small bubbles tell the researchers what the climate and atmosphere were like at that time.
Na podlagi fizikalnih lastnosti ledu in zraka, ujetega v mehurčkih, lahko raziskovalci ugotovijo, kakšna sta bila takrat podnebje in ozračje.
Other sources that provide clues about the past are the rings in trees and corals from ancient times, stalagmites, and old pollen, seeds and leaves.
Drugi viri, ki znanstvenikom odkrivajo preteklost, so drevesne letnice in korale iz davne preteklosti, stalagmiti ter star pelod, semena in listi.
Based on these studies, we know that ice ages have alternated with warmer periods, and that temperatures on Earth have moved up and down between about 9° and 22° Celsius (current average global temperature is 15° Celsius).
Iz takšnih študij vemo, da so se izmenjevale ledene dobe in toplejša obdobja ter da se je temperatura na Zemlji spreminjala od približno 9 °C do 22 °C (sedanja povprečna svetovna temperatura je 15 °C).
These fluctuations were due to natural causes, such as variations in the Earth’s orbit around the sun and in the Earth’s axis, changes in the sun’s activity and volcanic eruptions.
Ta nihanja so se pojavljala zaradi naravnih vzrokov, kot so spremembe Zemljine orbite okoli Sonca in Zemljine osi, spremembe dejavnosti Sonca in izbruhi vulkanov.
For the past 8 000 years, the climate has been fairly stable, with small changes of less than 1° Celsius per century.
Zadnjih 8 000 let je bilo podnebje precej stalno in temperature so se spreminjale le za manj kot 1 °C na stoletje.
These stable conditions have enabled society and ecosystems as we know them today to develop.
Te stalne razmere so omogočile razvoj družbe in ekosistemov, kot jih poznamo danes.
But now things are hotting up fast.
Zdaj pa postaja vse bolj vroče.
Natural causes alone cannot account for such rapid warming, which is unprecedented for at least 1 000 — some studies say 2 000 — years.
Tako hitrega segrevanja, kot ga ni bilo v zadnjih 1 000 letih – po nekaterih študijah celo 2 000 letih – ne moremo pojasniti samo z naravnimi vzroki.
Much of the information that scientists have discovered is used to predict future climate and the effects of climate change. This
Veliko informacij, do katerih so prišli znanstveniki, se uporablja za napovedovanje podnebja v prihodnosti in učinkov podnebnih sprememb.
() For more information about this European project called EPICA, go to http://www.esf. org/esf_article.php?activity=1 & article=85 & domain=3
() Več informacij o tem evropskem projektu, ki se imenuje EPICA, je na voljo na spletnem naslovu http://www.esf.org/esf_article.php?activity=1 & article=85 & domain=3.
11 e) then hemispher ears (nor xt 100 years
Temperatura v zadnjih 1000 letih (se emperature v naslednjih 100 letih višanje t in predvideno po na
Temperature over the last 1 000 y ature rise in the ne and projected temper is done through computer modelling and simulations.
(modro), izravnani podatki (črno) in i m odčitani termometr območje napake (sivo).
We are not talking about simple PCs — the computers that are used to look 100, 200 or 300 years into the future are complex systems that take in many variables.
Leta računalnikov – računalniki, s katerimi je mogoče pogledati 100, 200 ali 300 let v prihodnost, so zapleteni sistemi, pri katerih je mogoče določiti veliko spremenljivk.
For example scientists still do not know exactly how sensitive our climate is to the rising greenhouse gas concentrations, that is which concentrations trigger which temperature changes.
Znanstveniki na primer še vedno ne vedo natančno, kako občutljivo je podnebje za vedno višje koncentracije toplogrednih plinov, kar pomeni, da ne vedo, pri kakšnih koncentracijah se sprožijo določene temperaturne spremembe.
This also depends on other factors like air pollution and cloud formation.
To je odvisno tudi od drugih dejavnikov, kot sta onesnaženost zraka in nastajanje oblakov.
So, the scientists run simulations based on different presumptions.
Simulacije, ki jih opravljajo znanstveniki, torej temeljijo na različnih domnevah.
Source: European Environment Agency
lje.Vir: Evropska agencija za oko
They must also make many other presumptions, for example how much fossil fuel we will burn in the future, how many people will live on Earth, and how economies will develop.
Predvidevati morajo tudi druge okoliščine, na primer koliko fosilnih goriv bomo porabili v prihodnosti, koliko ljudi bo živelo na Zemlji in kako se bodo razvijala različna gospodarstva.
This is why all projections of future climate developments operate within ranges.
Zato so vsa predvidevanja o dogajanju v zvezi s podnebjem izražena v razponih.
In 1988, the United Nations set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which brings together thousands of scientists from around the world.
Leta 1988 so Združeni narodi ustanovili Medvladni forum o podnebnih spremembah (IPCC), ki združuje več tisoč znanstvenikov iz vsega sveta.
Their task is to assess existing research and knowledge about climate change and its effects, and to report on it.
Oceniti morajo obstoječe raziskave in védenje o podnebnih spremembah in njihovih učinkih ter o njih poročati.