natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea provides the scientific advice on the biologically safe levels.
Mednarodni svet za raziskovanje morja (ICES) nudi znanstvene nasvete o biološko varnih ravneh.
Fisheries survey data, fish catch statistics and environmental monitoring of oceanographic conditions provide invaluable data in terms of assessing the health of the most fished commercial species.
Podatki iz anket o ribištvu, statistični podatki o ulovu rib in okoljsko spremljanje oceanografskih pogojev zagotavljajo neprecenljive podatke za ocenjevanje zdravja komercialnih vrst rib, ki se lovijo v največjem obsegu.
In particular, the number of fish of a certain age in an area is important.
Pomembno je zlasti število rib določene starosti na nekem območju.
The more young fish that survive in a year, the more fish can be expected to be caught two to five years later when the fish are mature. And the more mature
Čim več mladih rib preživi v letu, tem večji ulov rib lahko pričakujemo dve do pet let kasneje, ko odrastejo.
This has lead to increased phytoplankton growth and fish production (more phytoplankton means more food for fish).
In čim več je odraslih rib, tem več jajčec izležejo.
Bornholm, an idyllic Danish island situated at the entrance of the Baltic Sea more or less between Sweden, Germany and Poland, is well known for its smoked herring.
Bornholm, idiličen danski otok, ki se nahaja ob vstopu v Baltsko morje, bolj ali manj med Švedsko, Nemčijo in Poljsko, je poznan po prekajenih slanikih.
For centuries the abundance of fish was the cornerstone of the local economy.
Več desetletij je izobilje rib predstavljalo temelj lokalnega gospodarstva. V sedemdestihih letih je okoli polovica ribiških prihodkov izvirala iz ulova polenovke.
By the end of the 1980s cod fisheries had increased to 80 % of the total value.
Do konca osemdesetih je polenovka predstavljala že 80 % skupne vrednosti.
Many fishermen imagined a bright future and invested in new vessels.
Mnogi ribiči so videli svetlo prihodnost in so kupili nova plovila.
However, by 1990 the catch was on a steep decline.
Toda do leta 1990 je ulov strmo padal. Trend se ni nikoli obrnil.
This collapse put huge financial pressure on the local community.
Ta upad je povzročil izjemen finančni pritisk na lokalno skupnost.
Since the mid-1980s there have been fewer major inflows from the North Sea, leading to poor conditions for egg survival, and fewer juvenile fish.
Od sredine osemdesetih let je bilo manj velikih dotokov iz Severnega morja, zaradi česar je so bili pogoji za preživetje jajčec slabi in preživelo je manj mladic.
The reduced salinity has also led to reduced abundance of copepods, a staple food for larvae.
Zaradi nižje slanosti je bilo tudi manj ceponožcev, glavne hrane za ličinke.
Although the limit for biologically safe levels for fishing was reduced in the following years, the politically agreed catch (TAC's) has normally exceeded this level (Figure 1).
Čeprav se je omejitev ribištva naslednjih letih znižala v prid bolj biološke varne ravni, je ulov, dogovorjen na politični ravni (celotni dovoljeni ulov), običajno presegal to raven (slika 1).
Cod in the Baltic (1 000 tonnes cod)
Polenovka v Baltskem morju (1000 ton polenovke)
ICES advice
Nasvet ICES
In almost every year when the cod stock has been assessed, the TAC has been set higher than the recommended level.
Skoraj vsako leto se je ugotavljal stalež polenovke, dogovorjen celotni dovoljeni ulov pa je bil višji kot priporočena raven.
The TAC exceeds the recommended level by more than 100 % in some of the most recent years.
V nekaj zadnjih letih dogovorjeni celotni dovoljeni ulov presega priporočeno raven za več kot 100 %.
Interestingly, the actual catch is commonly higher that the TAC because estimated illegal fisheries are also included in the figures.
Zanimivo je, da je dejanski ulov večinoma večji od dogovorjenega celotnega dovoljenega ulova, ker podatki zajemajo tudi predvideno nezakonito ribarjenje. Vir: EEA, 2008.
The high survival rate of cod eggs and larvae from 1978–1983 is explained by four factors.
Visoko stopnjo preživetja polenovke iz jajčec in ličink v obdobju 1978–1983 pojasnjujejo štirje dejavniki. Osnovna razlaga je, da se je pritisk ribištva v poznih sedemdesetih letih zmanjšal.
Secondly, climatic conditions brought inflows of high salinity water from the North Sea.
Baltsko morje je bilo v bistvu od nekdaj sladkovodno jezero, dokler se pred okoli 8000 leti niso dvignile morske gladine, kar je povzročilo, da je Severno morje steklo v to jezero.
The Baltic was actually a freshwater lake until sea levels rose about 8 000 years ago, allowing the North Sea to flow into the lake.
„Vdori″ slane vode so še vedno pomembni zaradi ohranjanja ravni slanosti in kisika.
Saltwater 'intrusions' into the Baltic are still important in terms of maintaining salinity and oxygen levels.
Ti dotoki so povzročili višje koncentracije kisika na območjih drstenja polenovke, zato je preživelo več jajčec in se izleglo več rib. Tretjič, ličink ceponožcev (pseudocalanus acuspes) je bilo
Projections for the future ocean climate of the Baltic are for continuing increases in rainfall and decreases in inflows from the North Sea.
Upanje za prihodnost V odgovor na zapletene in resne
It has been estimated that an additional 30 % is landed illegally in this part of the Baltic Sea.
Po ocenah se v tem delu Baltskega morja nezakonito ulovi dodatnih 30 % rib.
In the summer of 2007 the illegal landings by the Polish fishing fleet were so extensive that Polish fisheries were stopped by the European Commission in the second half of 2007.
Poleti leta 2007 je bil nezakonit ulov poljske ribiške flote tako velik, da je Evropska komisija v drugi polovici leta 2007 poljski ribolov ustavila.
Hope for the future
In nato podnebne spremembe!
In response to the complex and severe environmental problems in the Baltic Sea, the countries in the region have agreed a 'Baltic Sea Action Plan' to develop national actions towards integrating agricultural, fisheries and regional policies.
Slanost v Baltskem morju enakomerno pada od sredine okoljske težave v Baltskem morju so se države iz te regije dogovorile o „Akcijskem načrtu za Baltsko morje″, s katerim bi pripravile nacionalne ukrepe za integracijo kmetijskih, ribiških in regionalnih politik.
This plan, adopted in
Ta načrt, sprejet novembra 2007, predstavlja pomembno osnovo za učinkovitejše izvajanje politike EU na tem področju.
Climate change is affecting both the temperature and the salt balance of the Baltic.
Zajema novo Okvirno direktivo o morski strategiji, v skladu s katero morajo mejne države doseči „dobro okoljsko stanje″ baltskega morja do leta 2020 in ki predpisuje, da je treba povrniti „dobro stanje″ populacije rib.
Temperature rise in the deep water will increase the metabolic demand for oxygen and reduce solubility of oxygen in the water. In turn, this
Poleg tega Evropska komisija pripravlja regionalno strategijo za osemdesetih let zaradi obsežnejših padavin in manjših dotokov iz Severnega morja v Baltsko morje.
Both factors are driven by climate.
Na oba dejavnika vpliva podnebje.
Quite a small reduction in the salinity is already tipping the balance and changing the composition of the Baltic habitat.
Že majhno zmanjšanje slanosti lahko prevesi tehtnico in spremeni sestavo baltskega habitata.
Of the three major fished species, cod, herring, and sprat, cod is particularly sensitive to reduced salinity because salinity affects both their reproductive capacity and the availability of the preferred food for cod larvae.
Izmed glavnih treh ribjih vrst – polenovka, slanik in sprat – je polenovka še posebej občutljiva na nižjo slanost, saj ta vpliva na njeno sposobnost razmnoževanja kakor tudi na dostopnost najljubše hrane za ličinke polenovke.
Extent of hypoxic and anoxic bottom water,Autumn 2007
Razširjenost hipoksične in anoksične vode na dnu, jesen 2007 zaliv
Sampling stations
Vzorčevalna mesta
West
Vzhodni
K d East a n h t
Zahodni n r e a tl
When this reaction occurs, oxygen concentrations are considered negative) in Autumn 2007.
Ko pride do te reakcije, se koncentracije kisika štejejo za negativne) jeseni 2007.
Over time, there has been a steady increase in the area affected by hydrogen sulphide in the East and West Gotland Basins, and the outer Gulf of Finland.
S časom se je vodikov sulfid na prizadetem območju vztrajno povečeval v vzhodnem in zahodnem Gotlandu in zunanjem pasu Finskega zaliva.
Water from the Gulf of Finland does not enter into the Gulf of Bothnia.
Voda iz Finskega zaliva ne vstopa v Botnijski zaliv.
As a result, despite its depth, it remains well oxygenated, even during autumn.
Zato je le’ta kljub globini dobro oskrbljen s kisikom, tudi jeseni. Vir: http://www.helcom.fi/environment2/ifs/ifs2007/en_GB/HydrographyOxygenDeep/.
Impact of 21st century climate change on the Baltic Sea fish community and fisheries.
Vpliv podnebnih sprememb 21. stoletja na ribjo populacijo v Baltskem morju in ribištvo. Global Change Biology, del 13, 7, str. 1 348–1 367.
Climate change will alter the Baltic Sea and its ability to support exploitable cod populations.
Podnebne spremembe bodo spremenile Baltsko morje in njegovo sposobnost, da zagotavlja preživetje populacij polenovke, ki jih je možno izkoriščati.
Management will need to accommodate these changes if the stock is to stay at a commercially relevant level Professor Brian MacKenzie, DTU-Aqua, Technical University of Denmark
Upravljanje bo moralo te spremembe uravnotežiti, če naj stalež ostane na gospodarsko pomembni ravni
In addition, the European Commission is developing a Baltic Sea Regional strategy which will lead to an action plan defining the key players, the financial instruments to be deployed, as well as a work schedule.
Baltsko morje, na podlagi katere bo oblikovan akcijski načrt z opredelitvijo ključnih akterjev, finančnih inštrumentov, ki jih je treba pripraviti, in delovnega načrta.
This strategy's adoption by Member States will constitute one of the priorities of the Swedish EU Presidency, in the second half of 2009.
Sprejem te strategije s strani držav članic bo predstavljal eno izmed prednostnih nalog švedskega Predsedstva EU v drugi polovici leta 2009.
Sweden has identified the Baltic Sea environment as one of its top priorities.
Švedska je okolje Baltskega morja uvrstila med svoje najpomembnejše prednostne naloge.
The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)was designed to regulate fishing activities from an environmental, economic and social point of view.
Skupna ribiška politika (SRP) je bila oblikovana z namenom, da uredi ribolovne dejavnosti z okoljskega, gospodarskega in socialnega vidika.
However, many of the most commercially valuable fish species in Europe have been heavily over fished and their populations are now below safe biological numbers.
Vendar pa se je v Evropi izvajal prekomeren ribolov številnih gospodarsko pomembnih vrst rib, zato je njihovo število zdaj pod varno biološko ravnjo Uspešen pregon držav članic, ki izvajajo prekomerni ribolovje bil zaradi narave zakonodaje drag in težak.
The nature of the legislation makes it costly and difficult to successfully prosecute Member States who over-fish.The obvious lack of success in sustainable management of many of its fish stocks has led marine experts to call for major revisions to the policy, which is clearly the product of compromise between countries.
Zaradi očitno neuspešnega trajnostnega upravljanja številnih ribjih staležev morski strokovnjaki pozivajo h korenitim spremembam politike, ki je brez dvoma rezultat kompromisa med državami. Morsko okolje je treba obravnavati kot ekosistem in ne kot sektorje, ki jih je mogoče izrabljati.
The marine environment should be treated as an ecosystem rather than as sectors to be exploited.The EU Commissioner for Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Joe Borg has even said that the CFP 'does not encourage responsibility by fishermen or politicians' and launched an immediate review of the policy in September 2008, four years ahead of schedule.
Komisar EU za pomorske zadeve in ribištvo, Joe Borg, je celo izjavil, da SRP ne spodbuja odgovornosti ribičev ali politikov ter je sprožil takojšnjo revizijo politike v septembru 2008, štiri leta pred načrtovanim datumom.
If bioenergy goes boom
Če bioenergija vzcveti
The switch from oil to bioenergy is not risk free
Prehod z nafte na bioenergijo ni brez tveganj
For millennia, people have been burning wood.
Ljudje kurijo les že več tisočletij.
The industrial revolution in the mid-1800s brought so called 'fossil fuels', mainly coal and oil, to the fore.
Industrijska revolucija sredi 19. stoletja je v ospredje prinesla tako imenovana „fosilna goriva″, predvsem premog in nafto.
However, fossil fuels are becoming more difficult to find and extract, more expensive, and subject to intense political debate.
Toda fosilna goriva je vse težje najti in pridobivati, obenem pa so tudi vse dražja in predmet zaostrene politične debate.
Biomass: refers to living and recently dead biological matter.
Biomasa: pomeni živ in nedavno umrli biološki material.
This can be from crops, trees, algae, agricultural, forest residues or waste streams.
To lahko predstavlja posevek, drevesa, alge, kmetijske, gozdne ostanke ali materiale iz tokov odpadkov.
Bioenergy: all types of energy derived from biomass, including biofuels.
Bioenergija: vse vrste energije, pridobljene iz biomase, vključno z biogorivi.
Biofuel: liquid transport fuels made from
Biogorivo: tekoča motorna goriva iz
Bioenergy is on the verge of becoming big business.
Posredni učinki, imenovani „posredne spremembe rabe zemljišč″, bi se pojavili povsod po svetu: ker bi Evropa zmanjšala izvoz hrane, bi se na drugih območjih po svetu povečala proizvodnja hrane, da bi zapolnili vrzel.
It is already the dominant renewable energy source (1) in Europe and its production is likely to increase greatly in the coming decades.
Vplivi na svetovne cene hrane bi bili precejšnji.
Biofuels have been hailed as a good way of greening transport and avoiding expensive oil imports.The subject of biofuels made world headlines for negative reasons in 2008, mainly in association with rising food prices.
Vendar pa bi bilo mogoče tveganja v Evropi zmanjšati s pravo izbiro posevkov in upravljanjem.
The EEA's work on biofuels is restricted to the environmental pros and cons.
Biogoriva iz odpadkov, na primer iz posevkov ali gozdnih ostankov, nudijo okoljske prednosti.
Even here, there is controversy. A move towards large scale bioenergy production bears considerable environmental risks, mainly in terms of land-use change.
V tem smislu EEA analizira kako bi se neizbežen razcvet bioenergije utegnil razviti ter razmišlja, ali lahko energijo, ki jo potrebujemo, zagotovmo brez škodovanja okolju.
Knock-on effects, so-called 'indirect land-use changes', would impact elsewhere in the world: as Europe cuts back on food exports, other areas of the world would increase food production to fill the gap.
Je namreč že prevladujoč obnovljivi vir energije (1) v Evropi, njena proizvodnja pa se bo v naslednjih desetletjih verjetno močno povečala.
Impacts on global food prices could be significant.
Biogoriva so pozdravljali kot dober način za bolj zeleni prevoz, in v izogib dragemu uvozu nafte.
However, risks within Europe could be lessened with the right choice of crops and management.
Leta 2008 so bila biogoriva predmet nenaklonjenih poročanj v svetu, predvsem v povezavi z naraščajočimi cenami hrane.
Biofuels made from waste, from crop or forestry residues for example, do offer environmental advantages.
Delo Agencije EEA na področju biogoriv je omejeno na okoljske prednosti in pomanjkljivosti.
In this context, the EEA has been looking at how the impending bioenergy boom might develop, and considering whether it can provide the energy we need without damaging the environment.
Tudi tu so mnenja deljena. Prehod na obsežno proizvodnjo biogoriv prinaša precejšnja okoljska tveganja, zlasti kar zadeva spremembo rabe zemljišč.
the two largest stores of COst
Prst in rastline so med največjimi skladišči CO na zemlji —
Rushing to renewables containing twice as much carbon as our atmosphere.
Hitro naproti obnovljivim virom vsebujejo dvakrat toliko ogljika kot naše ozračje.
Converting forest, peat or grasslands en masse to biofuel crops would release more COst than it
S pretvarjanjem tako gozdov kot šote ali travišč v posevke za biogoriva bi se sprostilo več CO
The European Commission has proposed a mandatory target: 20 % of all European energy should come from renewables (that's all renewable sources: wind, solar, wave, etc. as well as bioenergy) by 2020.
Evropska komisija je predlagala obvezen cilj: do leta 2020 bi morali 20 % vse evropske energije pridobiti iz obnovljivih virov (mišljeni so vsi obnovljivi viri: veter, sončna energija, energija valovanja itn. kot tudi bioenergija).
At the moment, renewables account for 6.7 % of European energy consumption.
Trenutno obnovljivi viri energije predstavljajo 6,7 % porabe energije v Evropi.
Two thirds of this comes from biomass.The European Commission is also keen to promote biofuels — fuel for transport — as diversification is particularly important in transport because of its dependence on oil.
Dve tretjini sta pridobljeni iz biomase. Evropska komisija si prizadeva spodbujati uporabo biogoriv – goriv za prevoz – saj je raznolikost v prevozu izjemno pomembna, ker je sedaj prevoz predvsem odvisen od nafte.
The transport sector is also increasing greenhouse gas emissions and eating up emissions savings achieved by other sectors.
Transportni sektor obenem tudi povečuje emisije toplogrednih plinov in porablja prihranek emisij, ki ga dosegajo drugi sektorji.
The Commission has therefore proposed that biofuels make up 10 % of road transport fuel by 2020, providing they can be certified as sustainable.
Komisija je zato predlagala, da bi do leta 2020 biogoriva predstavljala 10 % goriv za cestni prevoz, pod pogojem,
Renewable energy includes energy derived from wind, sea, sun, hydropower, etc.The term biofuel can be used for all fuels (solid, liquid or gas) for any purpose derived from biomass.
1) Obnovljiva energija zajema energijo, pridobljeno iz vetra, morja, sonca, hidroenergijo itn.2) Izraz biogoriva se lahko uporablja za vsa goriva (trda, tekoča ali plin), ki so za katerikoli namen pridobljena iz biomase.
However, in the context of this analysis it refers specifically to fuels for transport.
Vendar se v okviru te analize nanaša posebej na goriva za prevoz.
32 / EEA SIGNALS 2009 / ENERGY: BIOENERGY AND LAND-USE CHANGE is leading to an expansion of world cropland at the expense of natural grasslands and tropical rainforest.
32 / EEA SIGNALI 2009 / ENERGIJA pomembno, saj izsekavanje gozdov in obdelovalne prakse zemljišč trenutno prispevajo okoli 20 % globalnih emisij toplogrednih plinov.
This is important because deforestation and farming practices are currently responsible for an estimated 20 % of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Obsežna pretvorba gozdov v obdelovalna zemljišča ta delež še povečuje in ima resne vplive na biotsko raznovrstnost.
Large scale conversion of forests to cropland increases this share and has serious impacts on biodiversity.Wildlife, and water quantity and quality could also suffer if large areas are converted from natural habitats or traditionally farmed areas, and brought into intensive production for bioenergy.
Če se bodo velika območja spreminjala iz naravnih habitatov ali območij, kjer se tradicionalno kmetuje, v območja za intenzivno proizvodnjo bioenergije, bodo trpele tudi prostoživeče rastlinske in živalske vrste ter kakovost in količina vode.
The EU biofuel target is surrounded by more and more debate.
Ciljna vrednost biogoriv v EU je vse bolj predmet razprav.
The European Parliament has recently called for a guarantee that 40 % of the 10 % target will come from sources that do not compete with food production.
Evropski parlament je nedavno zahteval jamstvo, da bo 40 % od 10 % ciljne vrednosti pridobljenih iz virov, ki ne tekmujejo s proizvodnjo hrane.
The EEA's own Scientific Committee has warned that increasing the share of biofuels used in transport to 10 % by 2020 is overambitious and should be suspended.
Znanstveni odbor agencije EEA opozarja, da je povečanje deleža biogoriv, ki se uporabljajo v transportu, na 10 % do leta 2020 previsok cilj in bi ga bilo treba preložiti.
Global impacts — food prices and land-use change
Globalni vplivi – cene hrane in sprememba rabe zemljišč manj repičnega olja za proizvodnjo hrane v Evropi in zunaj nje.Vrzel bo deloma verjetno zapolnilo palmovo olje.
Promoting biofuels and other bioenergy in Europe inevitably triggers direct and indirect effects elsewhere.
Iz gobalnega zornega kota je povpraševanje po biogorivih eden od številnih dejavnikov, ki so prispevali k nedavnemu zvišanju cen hrane, poleg suš v ključnih državah proizvodnicah, naraščanja porabe mesa in vse višjih cen nafte itd.
For example, in Europe we could produce biodiesel from rapeseed oil in a sustainable manner, but less rapeseed oil would be available for food production inside and outside Europe.
Spodbujanje uporabe biogoriv in druge bioenergije v Evropi neizogibno sproža posredne in neposredne učinke drugod.
The gap is likely to be filled in part by palm oil.
Na primer, v Evropi bi lahko na trajnosten način proizvajali biodizel iz repičnega olja, toda s tem bi bilo na voljo
Source: Eurostat, 2007; figure is derived from EurObserv'ER, 2008.
Vir: Eurostat, 2007; podatek izhaja iz EurObserv'ER, 2008.
Converting them to a crop type suitable for producing biofuel would
2 bi jih spremenili v pridelek, primeren
Looking ahead conditions protecting biodiversity and minimising waste to ensure the 'biomass potential' was not damaging to the environment.Following this, in 2008 the EEA used the Green-X model, originally
Raziskava je upoštevala niz pogojev za zaščito biotske raznovrstnosti in čim večje zmanjšanje odpadkov, s čimer bi zagotovili, da „potencial biomase″ ne škoduje okolju. Zatem je Agencija leta 2008 na podlagi modela Green-X
ENVIRONMENT do away with this storage function.
Koristi več desetletij ne bi odtehtale negativnih učinkov. Vplive na biotsko raznovrstnost in naravne vire, kot je voda, je težje izmeriti.
Increased corn production in the mid-West United States, for example, threatens marine life in the Gulf of Mexico, where a dead zone more than 20 000 km2 has been created by the high nutrient inputs from the Mississippi.
Na primer, večja proizvodnja koruze na srednjem zahodu ZDA ogroža morsko življenje v Mehiškem zalivu, kjer je zaradi velikega vnosa hranilnih snovi iz reke Mississippi nastala mrtva cona, ki presega 20 000 km2.
According to one recent study, meeting the 2022 targets in the US energy bill will increase nitrogen loads in the Mississippi by 10–34 %.
Nedavno izvedena raziskava kaže, da bi se ob izpolnitvi ciljev, zastavljenih v energetskem zakonu ZDA, do leta 2022 obremenitev z dušikom v Mississippiju povečala za 10–34 %.
Modelling the future
Izoblikovanje prihodnosti
In 2006 an EEA study estimated that 15 % of projected European energy demand in 2030 could be met with bioenergy derived from agricultural, forestry and waste products, using only European resources.
Leta 2006 je EEA na podlagi raziskave ocenila, da bi lahko 15 % predvidenih potreb po energiji v Evropi leta 2030 zadovoljili z bioenergijo, pridobljeno iz kmetijskih, gozdarskih in odpadnih proizvodov, izključno z uporabo evropskih virov.
This estimate is referred to as Europe's 'biomass potential'.
Ta ocena se omenja kot evropski „potencial biomase″.
The study imposed a set of
Obeti naslednje generacije
To avoid the negative impacts of a switch to bioenergy described above, we need strong policies at international level to prevent land-use changes adding to environmental problems in the pursuit of bioenergy.
Pogled v prihodnost Če se želimo izogniti negativnim vplivom prehoda na bioenergijo, kot so opisani zgoraj, potrebujemo trdne politike na nacionalni ravni, da bi preprečili spremembe rabe zemljišč, ki bi še dodatno povečale okoljske težave v iskanju bioenergije.