natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
• Cordis Life sciences, genomics and biotechnology for health: www.cordis.lu/lifescihealth
Da bi se soočili s tem vseevropskim problemom, je Evropska komisija sprožila program Evropska platforma za ukrepanje pri prehrani in telesni dejavnosti: www.europa.eu.int/comm/ health/ph_determinantslife_style/nutrition/platform/ platform_en.htm.
This publication was produced by: European Commission Directorate-General for Research E-mail: research@cec.eu.int www.europa.eu.int/comm/ research
Za nadaljnje informacije se prosim obrnite na: Evropska Komisija Generalni direktorat za raziskave www.europa.eu.int/comm/research
Science in the serof public health
Znanost v službi dravstvajavnega z
Adolescence is one of the trickiest periods in our lives because of all the changes it involves.
Najstništvo je zaradi vseh sprememb v tej fazi odraščanja eno od najtežavnejših obdobij našega življenja.
But this high-speed biological race towards adulthood carries massive long-term implications.
Toda ta hitra biološka tekma k odraslosti prinaša pomembne dolgoročne posledice.
This means that dietary and lifestyle choices made at this sensitive age can affect people for the rest of their lives.
To pomeni, da lahko izbira prehrambnega in življenjskega načina v tej občutljivi starosti vpliva na ljudi do konca njihovih življenj.
For the first time in Europe, HELENA will provide comparable data on food intake, dietary preferences and physical activity among European teenagers of both sexes.
Prvič v Evropi bo projekt HELENA priskrbel primerljive podatke o vnosu prehrane, prehrambnih preferencah in telesni aktivnosti med evropskimi najstniki obeh spolov.
It will use this information to develop a lifestyle education programme for adolescents, as well as healthy new foods. www.helenastudy.com
S pomočjo teh informacij bodo oblikovali izobraževalni program za najstnike o življenjskem načinu ter o novih zdravih živilih. www.helenastudy.com
© European Communities, 2005 - Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.Printed in Belgium
© Evropske skupnosti, 2005 - Ponatis je dovoljen samo skupaj z navedbo vira.
Prevention, the best diet
Razumevanje metaboličnega stroja
Nature versus nurture in our waistlines
Preventiva, najboljša prehrana
Understanding the metabolic machine
Prirojeni proti priučenim dejavnikom pri našem obsegu pasu
Losing weight is much harder than gaining it, so prevention really is better than cure.
Problem debelosti ni tako enostaven, kot izgleda na prvi pogled.
And prevention starts with a healthy diet and regular exercise.
Ker je vključenih veliko dejavnikov, ne moremo vedno izpeljati enostavne enačbe, kjer je nadzor teže le stvar vnosa hrane in telesne aktivnosti.
Fat is a valuable and necessary part of our body’s make-up.
Izgubljanje telesne teže je veliko težje kot pridobivanje, zato je preventiva veliko boljša kot kurativa.
We need it to store energy for future use.
Preventiva pa se začne z zdravo prehrano in redno vadbo.
However, as a person’s weight climbs, the scales begin to tip and fat goes from being useful to being potentially harmful.
Maščoba je dragocena in potrebna sestavina pri oblikovanju našega telesa.
Once we accumulate too much fat for our physical needs, we become overweight.
Potrebujemo jo za shranjevanje energije za prihodnjo uporabo.
The problem of obesity is not as easy as it may appear.
Toda ko človekova telesna teža narašča, se tehtnica prevesi in maščoba ni več koristna, temveč postane potencialno škodljiva.
With the large number of factors at play, it does not always boil down to a simple zero sum equation in which controlling weight is a matter of matching food intake with activity.
Ko se v našem telesu nakopiči več maščobe, kot jo potrebujemo za fizične potrebe, pridobimo prekomerno telesno težo.
Weight gain, up to a certain extent, is manageable, depending on the quality of a person’s diet and the amount of physical activity they engage in.
To je delno posledica tega, da ne razumemo povsem kompleksnega mehanizma v našem telesu, saj ima hrana in telesna aktivnost na vsakega človeka različen vpliv.
However, once weight pushes past a certain critical threshold, a person becomes obese, and the associated health risks multiply exponentially.
Poleg tega pa ne vemo natančno, koliko je nagnjenost k debelosti rezultat prirojenih oz. priučenih (način prehrane) dejavnikov.
Mothers know instinctively that what they eat during pregnancy and what they feed their babies is vital to their growth and well-being. Some may also be aware that nutrition in these early stages will influence their children’s health and capabilities as adults.
Matere instinktivno vedo, da je njihova prehrana med nosečnostjo in živila, s katero hranijo svoje dojenčke, ključnega pomena za njihovo rast in dobrobit – nekatere se tudi zavedajo, da prehrana v teh zgodnjih fazah življenja vpliva na otrokovo zdravje in sposobnosti v fazi odraslosti.
Recent studies have backed this view.
Najnovejše študije so podprle ta razmišljanja.
In one study, improved early nutrition and infant weight led to a sharp reduction in high blood pressure among adults.
V neki študiji je izboljšana prehrana v zgodnji fazi življenja in telesna teža dojenčka imela za posledico občutno znižanje visokega krvnega pritiska med odraslimi.
Involving scientists from 16 countries, EARNEST is finding ways public health practices can influence foetal and infant nutrition to reduce the prevalence of certain conditions, including obesity, in later life and to improve the development of the brain and social skills. www.metabolic-programming.org
EARNEST, ki vključuje znanstvenike iz 16 držav, išče načine, kako lahko prakse javnega zdravstva vplivajo na fetusovo in dojenčkovo prehrano, da bi zmanjšali razširjenost določenih stanj (vključno z debelostjo) v kasnejšem obdobju življenja ter da bi izboljšali razvoj možganov in družbenih veščin. www.metabolic-programming.org
As the obesity crisis takes on increasingly worrying proportions, a debate is brewing about how much of this is down to diet and how much is written in people’s genes.
Ko kriza debelosti dobiva zaskrbljujoče razsežnosti, se krešejo mnenja, koliko k temu prispeva naša prehrana in koliko je leta posledica človeških genov. V težnji, da bi osvetlili ta problem, projekt DiOGenes (Diet, Obesity and Gene - Prehrana, Debelost in Geni) raziskuje vpliv interakcije genov in prehrane na razvoj debelosti.
It will carry out “the most comprehensive study yet of dietary components and the genetic and behavioural factors influencing weight gain”. www.diogenes-eu.org
Izvedli bodo “do sedaj najbolj popolno raziskavo prehrambnih sestavin ter genetskih dejavnikov in vedenja, ki vplivajo na povečanje telesne teže”. www.diogenes-eu.org
In addition, modern lifestyles – both at work and at play – are becoming more sedentary, while our diets have become richer to match our rising prosperity.
Povečanje telesne teže je do določene mere obvladljivo – glede na kakovost prehrane človeka in njegovo telesno aktivnost.
Public health initiatives are being launched across Europe to get people, especially children, eating healthily and taking up active pursuits.
Toda ko teža preseže določeno kritično točko, postane oseba debela in zdravstvena tveganja, povezana s tem stanjem, se množijo eksponentno.
Tracing the X factor back to the womb
Sledenje faktorja X do maternice
• A person is considered obese if (s)he has 20% extra body fat for his or her age, height, sex and bone structure.
• Za debelo smatramo osebo, ki ima 20 % več telesne maščobe, kot je značilno za njegovo/njeno starost, telesno višino, spol in strukturo kosti.
This is often calculated using what is known as the body mass index (BMI = weight (kg)/height (m) 2 )• More than a third of EU citizens are overweight (25 > BMI > 29.9) and one in ten is obese (BMI > 30)• Every year, some 400 000 schoolchildren join the ranks of the overweight• Poor diet and lack of exercise are among the leading causes of avoidable deaths in Europe, with obesity making up as much as 8% of healthcare costs
To se ponavadi izračuna z uporabo t.i. indeksa telesne mase (ITM = telesna teža (kg) / višina (m)2).• Več kot tretjina EU državljanov ima prekomerno telesno težo. (25 < ITM < 29.9) in eden od desetih je debel (ITM > 30).• Vsako leto okoli 400 000 šolo obveznih otrok pade v kategorijo oseb s prekomerno telesno težo.• Slaba prehrana in pomanjkanje telesne aktivnosti sta med glavnimi vzroki smrti v Evropi, ki bi jih lahko preprečili (s tem, da debelost povzroči 8 % stroškov zdravstva).
Chewing over the link between diet and genes
Raziskovanje povezav med prehrano in geni
Obesity, or excessive weight gain, can affect a person’s quality of life by making physical activity difficult and even perilous.
Poleg tega pri modernem načinu življenja – tako v službi kot v prostem času – večino časa presedimo, medtem ko naša prehrana postaja bogatejša v skladu z našo blaginjo.
It can also lead to a number of health complications, such as heart disease and diabetes.
Razne pobude javnega zdravstva pozivajo ljudi, predvsem otroke, po vsej Evropi, naj se prehranjujejo bolj zdravo in se aktivno udejstvujejo.
Fighting the ‘globesity’ challenge
EU financira nekaj precedenčnih raziskav, s katerimi poskušajo razumeti povezavo med debelostjo, prehrano in genetsko zasnovo ter najti genetsko povezavo za prepoznavanje ogroženih skupin.
The EU is funding a number of groundbreaking research efforts that seek to understand the link between obesity, nutrition and genetic make-up, and when there is a genetic link to identify groups at risk.
Debelost ali prekomerna pridobitev telesne teže lahko vpliva na kakovost življenja osebe tako, da oteži telesno aktivnost ali jo celo naredi zdravju škodljivo. Prav tako lahko povzroči številne zdravstvene zaplete, kot so na primer bolezni srca ali sladkorna bolezen.
Although obese people are well-fed, they are often malnourished.
Boj proti izzivu“globalne debelosti”
Obesity has reached such massive proportions in industrialised countries and some parts of the developing world that the World Health Organisation (WHO) has warned of what it calls a globesity epidemic.
Raziskave, podprte s strani Evropske unije, prav tako odkrivajo, kako naša telesa presnavljajo hrano in kako reagirajo na različne vrste hrane. Tako znanje bo pomagalo pri izboljšanju prehrane in hranilne vrednosti živil.
Metabolic syndrome is the tendency of several disorders to occur together – including high blood pressure, glucose intolerance, obesity, high lipids or insulin resistance – multiplying the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Metabolični sindrom je težnja, da se več motenj pojavi skupaj – vključno z visokim krvnim pritiskom, netoleranco za glukozo, debelostjo, visoko odpornostjo na inzulin in lipide – ki povečajo nevarnost nastanka sladkorne bolezni in bolezni srca in ožilja.
The world is currently on the verge of a Syndrome X epidemic, with up to a quarter of American and more than 15% of European adults already suffering from it.
Svet je trenutno na robu epidemije sindroma X, s tem, da četrtina Američanov in več kot 15 % odraslih Evropejcev že trpi zaradi le-tega.
Experts in the field are beginning to link poor diet in the womb with the emergence of degenerative diseases in later life.
Strokovnjaki na tem področju že povezujejo slabo prehrano v maternici s pojavom degenerativnih bolezni kasneje v življenju.
The NUTRIX project has sought to pinpoint this suspected foetal origin so as to formulate nutritional recommendations for pregnant and nursing mothers. www.biol.ucl.ac.be/nutrix
Projekt NUTRIX poskuša izpostaviti te verjetne izvore, ki nastanejo v fetalni fazi, da bi oblikovali prehranska priporočila za noseče in doječe matere. www.biol.ucl.ac.be/nutrix
European Union-backed research is also exploring how our bodies metabolise food and how they deal with different types of nutrition. Such knowledge will help enhance diets and the nutritional value of food.
Da bi preprečili debelost, moramo bolje razumeti, kako naša prehrana, telesna aktivnost in metabolizem vplivajo druga na drugo ne samo na populacijo kot celoto, temveč tudi na določene podskupine.
According to the European Association for the Study of Obesity, almost a third of people living in the European Union are overweight and more than one in ten is now clinically obese.
Debelost je v industrializiranih državah in nekaterih državah v razvoju dosegla tako velike razsežnosti, da Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) opozarja na globalno epidemijo debelosti.
Are some people more prone to obesity than others is a question that the NUGENOB project is trying to answer.
Odgovor na vprašanje, ali so nekateri ljudje bolj nagnjeni k debelosti kot drugi, poskuša najti projekt NUGENOB.
It aims to improve our understanding of the interaction between fat intake and genetic variations and functions.
Poskuša izboljšati naše razumevanje o interakciji med vnosom maščob in genetskimi variacijami in funkcijami.
It is studying obese and lean volunteers from eight European cities.
Preučuje debele in vitke prostovoljce iz osmih evropskih mest.
After investigating their dietary and lifestyle habits, NUGENOB feeds the participants specially designed high-fat and low-fat diets.
Po temeljiti raziskavi njihovih prehrambnih in življenjskih navad, NUGENOB hrani udeležence s posebej sestavljeno prehrano z visoko in nizko vsebnostjo maščob.
It monitors how their bodies respond and whether this relates to a genetic predisposition to obesity. www.nugenob.com
Nadzoruje, kako se njihova telesa odzivajo in če je leto kako povezano z genetsko zasnovano nagnjenostjo k debelosti. www.nugenob.com
In this way, specific diets and exercise programmes can be designed and solutions found for others who – through a genetic disposition or simple inability – find it difficult to lose the weight that is putting them at risk of disease.
Na ta način se lahko sestavi posebej določena prehrana in programi telovadbe in najde rešitev za druge, ki zaradi genetske dispozicije ali nezmožnosti, težko izgubijo telesno težo, zaradi katere je ogroženo njihovo zdravje.
The number of European children who are overweight is set to rise from the current level of about a fifth to a quarter by 2008, some analysts say.
Nekateri analitiki napovedujejo, da se bo število evropskih otrok s prekomerno telesno težo do leta 2008 povečalo iz ene petine na eno četrtino.
These sobering figures have led to highprofile national initiatives to combat our expanding waistlines, such as the UK’s Fat Nation campaign.
Ti zaskrbljujoči podatki so bili povod za obsežne nacionalne pobude za boj proti vedno širšemu obsegu naših pasov – ena takih je na primer kampanja «Fat Nation» (Debel narod) iz Velike Britanije.
Such campaigns should be and usually are informed by science, and EU research is helping expand our understanding of obesity and its related health challenges.
Take kampanje bi morale biti in ponavadi tudi so podprte s strani znanosti in EU raziskave pomagajo pri našem razumevanju debelosti in posledicah le-te za zdravje.
This leaflet outlines some of that research work.
Ta brošura predstavlja nekaj ugotovitev tega raziskovalnega dela.
The search for new HIV/AIDS drug treatments
Iskanje novih zdravljenj za HIV/AIDS
Cohort studies: improving existing treatments
Kohortne raziskave: Izboljšanje obstoječih zdravljenj
Under the Seventh Framework Programme, set to begin in 2007, the European Union will extend its research activities on HIV/AIDS.
V sklopu Sedmega okvirnega programa, ki naj bi se začel leta 2007, bo Evropska unija razširila svoje dejavnosti na področju raziskovanja HIV/AIDS-a.
Finding new preventive technologies, vaccines and microbicides will continue to be a key aspect of the overall EC research strategy.
Iskanje nove preventivne tehnologije, cepiv in mikrobicidov bo še vedno ostal glavni vidik vseh raziskovalnih strategij Evropske komisije.
While HIV/AIDS treatment has dramatically improved during the last ten years, current therapeutic options are still limited.
Medtem ko se je zdravljenje HIV/AIDS-a v zadnjih desetih letih dramatično izboljšalo, pa so sedanje terapevtske zmožnosti še vedno omejene.
Current treatments do not eradicate the virus.
Sedanja zdravljenja ne uničijo virusa.
They are expensive, complicated and not available everywhere.
So draga, zapletena in niso povsod dosegljiva.
Many treatments have side effects and induce viral resistance.
Mnoga zdravljenja imajo stranske učinke in vodijo k odpornosti virusov.
The Commission will further strengthen its strategic partnerships with global initiatives on HIV/AIDS, including the Alliance for Microbicide Development, a global coalition for the promotion of microbicides to protect both men and women from HIV infection.
Zaradi tega obstaja stalna potreba po novih in boljših zdravilih proti virusu HIV.
The European Commission is also a key partner in the Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise, promoting HIV vaccine research and encouraging European researchers to collaborate with their international colleagues in the development of an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine.
Lahko se oblikujejo v nove spojine, ki napadajo znane ali nove tarče v razmnoževalnem ciklu virusa HIV ali pa motijo celične kofaktorje, ki so potrebni za razmnoževanje virusa HIV.
Consequently, there is a continuing need for new and better anti-HIV drugs. These can take the form of novel chemical compounds that attack known or new viral targets in the HIV replication cycle, or that interfere with cellular co-factors required for HIV replication.
Komisija bo še bolj okrepila svoje strateško partnerstvo z globalnimi pobudami v boju proti HIV/AIDS-u, vključno z Združenjem za razvoj mikrobicidov (Alliance for Microbicide Development), globalnim združenjem za spodbujanje raziskav mikrobicidov za zaščito moških in žensk pred okužbami z virusom HIV.
In addition, the Commission will continue supporting people living with HIV/AIDS, financing research on new and better drugs, drug combinations and treatments.
Evropska komisija je prav tako glavni partner v združenju «Global HIV/AIDS Vaccine Enterprise», ki podpira raziskave o cepivu proti virusu HIV in spodbuja evropske raziskovalce, naj sodelujejo z njihovimi mednarodnimi kolegi pri razvoju učinkovitega cepiva proti HIV/AIDS-u.
TRIoH –Targeting Replication and Integration of HIV
TRIoH – Ciljno razmnoževanje in integracija virusa HIV
Scientists from more than 100 of the best clinical research groups in Europe have joined forces to evaluate the best treatment options for HIV-infected children, pregnant women, and other adults, and to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the virus.
Znanstveniki iz več kot 100 najboljših kliničnih skupin v Evropi so združili moči, da bi ocenili najboljše možnosti zdravljenja za otroke, nosečnice in druge odrasle, okužene z virusom HIV, in da bi preprečili prenos virusa z matere na otroka.
Through a number of projects, researchers are testing combinations of new and existing drugs in order to optimise HIV/AIDS therapy.
Raziskovalci v številnih projektih preskušajo kombinacije novih in obstoječih zdravil, da bi čim bolj izboljšali zdravljenje HIV/AIDS-a.
They are also investigating how to overcome the ever-growing threat posed by the emergence of resistance to anti-HIV drugs.
Poleg tega pa bo Komisija s financiranjem novih in boljših zdravil, kombinacij zdravil in zdravljenj podpirala ljudi, ki živijo s HIV/AIDS-om.
The European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP)
Projekt evropskih držav in držav v razvoju na področju kliničnih študij (EDCTP)
The EDCTP is a major long-term initiative to accelerate the development of new clinical interventions to fight HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in developing countries, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa.
Projekt EDCTP je velika dolgoročna pobuda za pospeševanje razvoja novih kliničnih posredovanj v boju proti HIV/AIDS-u, malariji in tuberkulozi v državah v razvoju, še posebej podsaharski Afriki.
Work includes:
Delo zajema:
The EU-funded TRIoH project brings together European researchers working on novel molecules that target viral replication and/or integration.
Projekt TRIoH , ki ga financira EU, združuje evropske raziskovalce, ki razvijajo nove molekule z učinkom na razmnoževanje in/ali integracijo virusa.
The consortium gathers academic and industrial partners, including small and medium-sized enterprises, all linked by a central scientific strategy, aimed at blocking the molecular pathway from HIV viral entry and early replication to HIV integration.
Konzorcij združuje partnerje iz akademskega in industrijskega področja, vključno z malimi in srednje velikimi podjetji, ki jih povezuje osrednja znanstvena strategija. Ta si prizadeva ustaviti molekularno pot od vstopa in zgodnje replikacije virusa HIV do njegove integracije.
• Stepping up clinical trials of new and improved products, in particular drugs, vaccines and microbicides;
• pospeševanje kliničnih študij o novih in izboljšanih proizvodih, predvsem zdravil, cepiv in mikrobicidov;
• Addressing the specific needs and priorities of developing countries with respect to research on HIV/AIDS;
• obravnavanje posebnih potreb in prioritet držav v razvoju, v povezavi z raziskavami o virusu HIV/AIDS-u;
The TRIoH project is following a multidisciplinary approach, combining basic science, biotechnology and innovative chemistry.
Projekt TRIoH ima multidisciplinarni pristop, ki združuje osnovno znanost, biotehnologijo in inovativno kemijo.
It represents a major new lead in the study of HIV replication and integration, with the ultimate aim of developing new and better HIV/AIDS treatments.
Je vodilna raziskava na področju raziskav o replikaciji in integraciji virusa HIV, katere končni cilj je razvoj novih in boljših zdravljenj HIV/AIDS-a.
www.kuleuven.ac.be/molvirgen/projects/trioh/indextr.htm
• vzpostavljanje mreže evropskih poskusov za pospeševanje raziskav o HIV/AIDS-u v Afriki; www.kuleuven.ac.be/molvirgen/projects/trioh/indextr.htm elu
• Networking European efforts for promoting HIV/AIDS research in Africa;• Strengthening HIV/AIDS clinical trial capacities;• Encouraging investment and participation by the private sector;• Mobilising additional funds to fight HIV and AIDS.
• okrepitev kapacitet za klinične študije o virusu HIV/AIDS;• spodbujanje vlaganja in sodelovanja privatnega sektorja;• mobilizacijo dodatnih sredstev za boj proti HIV in AIDS-u.
For more information contact: rtd-diseases@cec.eu.int This publication was produced by: European Commission Directorate-General for Research E-mail: research@cec.eu.intwww.europa.eu.int/comm/research
Evropska Komisija Generalni direktorat za raziskave www.europa.eu.int/comm/research globalnega boja
Supported by €200 million in European Union funding within the Sixth Framework Programme, the EDCTP will continue to link European and African researchers, providing research capacity in developing countries.
Projekt EDCTP, ki ga z 200 milijoni evrov podpira Evropska unija v okviru Šestega okvirnega programa, bo še naprej povezoval evropske in afriške raziskovalce, in tako ustvaril kapacitete za raziskovanje v deželah v razvoju.
Living with HIV/AIDS
Živeti s HIV/AIDS-om
New measures to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission
Novi ukrepi za preprečitev prenosa virusa HIV/AIDS
An effective vaccine would be the ideal weapon in the fight against HIV infection.
Učinkovito cepivo bi bilo idealno orožje v boju proti okužbi z virusom HIV.
Unfortunately, global efforts in this direction have so far been unsuccessful.
Žal pa so bila globalna prizadevanja v tej smeri do sedaj neuspešna.
In order to provide new impetus, the European Union is funding new innovative approaches to develop an HIV/AIDS vaccine.
Da bi spodbudila ta prizadevanja, Evropska unija financira inovativne pristope pri razvijanju cepiva proti HIV/AIDS-u.
While the development of an HIV/AIDS vaccine remains a hopeful avenue of research, there is a real and pressing need to expand the range of preventive measures against the disease.
Medtem ko so raziskave na področju razvoja cepiva proti HIV/AIDS-u obetavne , pa je nujno potrebno povečati obseg preventivnih ukrepov proti bolezni.