natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Goals for life and skills for living
Doživljenjski cilji in veščine za življenje
– Introspective competence– Own preconditions– Impulse control
– Iskanje dražljajev– Sprejemanje tveganja– Norme skupine– Pritisk sovrstnikov
Lifestyle, age, group, culture, social position, etc.vs. driving behaviour
Življenjski slog, starost, skupina, kultura, družbeni položaj itd. proti vedenju med vožnjo
– Sensation-seeking– Risk-acceptance– Group norms– Peer pressure
– Introspektivna ocena usposobljenosti– Lastni predpogoji– Obvladovanje prenagljenega vedenja
– Own motives influencing choices– Self-critical thinking
– Lastni motivi, ki vplivajo na izbire– Samokritično mišljenje
– Modal choice– Choice of time– Role of motives– Route planning
– Izbira načina– Izbira časa– Vloga motivov– Načrtovanje poti
Mastery of traffic situations
Obvladovanje okoliščin v prometu
– Traffic rules– Co-operation– Hazard perception– Automatization
– Neupoštevanje predpisov– Preveliko približevanje– Nizka raven konfliktov– Ranljivi uporabniki cest
– Disobeying rules– Following too closely– Low friction– Vulnerable road users
– Prometni predpisi– Sodelovanje– Zaznavanje nevarnosti– Avtomatizacija
Calibration of car-control skills
Umerjanje sposobnosti obvladovanja avtomobila
– Car functioning– Protection systems– Vehicle control– Physical laws
– Ni varnostnih pasov– Okvara sistemov vozila– Obrabljene gume
– No seatbelts– Breakdown of vehicle systems– Worn-out tyres
– Delovanje avtomobila– Varnostni sistemi– Nadzor vozila– Zakoni fizike
) on young drivers recommends: in relation to increasing the‘self awareness’of the candidate about his/her difficulties, reactions, etc., with regard to the driving task.
NAJBOLJŠEPRAKSE NAPODROČJU VARNOSTI VCESTNEMPROMETU kandidata osebno in čustveno.To je zlasti primerno za veča-nje „zavedanja samega sebe“ glede težav kandidata, njegovih/njenih reakcij itd. med vožnjo.
Accompanied driving for practice.
Vožnja s spremljevalcem
Accompanied driving should be performed in cooperation with the driving school and both the driving school instructor and the accompanying persons (parents) must be aware of the important coaching role they play.
Cilj vožnje s spremljevalcem je ponuditi mladim voznikom novincem višjo raven izkušenj, preden pridobijo vozniško dovoljenje, kot bi jim jih ponudili zgolj uradni učitelji vožnje v avto šolah.
The aim of accompanied driving is to offer young, novice drivers a higher level of experience before they receive their driving licence than with just formal driver trainers in driving schools.
Pomanjkanje izkušenj velja za enega izmed treh glavnih dejavnikov, ki pojasnjujejo visoko tveganje prometnih nesreč med vozniki novinci (druga dva sta starost in spol).
Lack of experience is considered to be one of the three main factors explaining the high crash risk amongst novice drivers (the other two being age and gender).The Joint OECD/ECMT Transport Research Centre report recommendations on this issue are:
Priporočila iz poročila Skupnega prometno-raziskovalnega središča OECD/ECMT v zvezi s tem problemom so: n ul l
Currently, learner drivers have been taking less hours of accompanied practice.
NAJBOLJŠEPRAKSE NAPODROČJU VARNOSTI VCESTNEMPROMETU
Insight-based driver training
Cilj tega je prizadevati si h končnemu cilju usposabljanja voznikov, t.j. ustvariti voznike, ki so varni in osredotočeni na varnost in ne samo tehnično usposobljeni.
Traditionally, driver training has focused on manoeuvring skills and formal traffic regulations.
Usposabljanje voznikov je od nekdaj osredotočeno na obvladovanje veščin in formalne prometne predpise.
In addition, it is important to provide insight into the reasons behind the need for risk awareness, skills, rules and regulations, for example by demonstrating the physical and mental limitations of the human being in general and a novice driver in particular.This aims to work towards the ultimate goal of driver training, i.e. to create drivers who are safe and safety-oriented, and not just technically competent.
Poleg tega je pomembno omogočiti tudi globlje poznavanje razlogov, ki se skrivajo za potrebo po zavestnem sprejemanju tveganja, veščinah in predpisih, na primer s prikazovanjem fizičnih in psihičnih
It is widely recognised that enhanced enforcement – especially when it is targeted to speeding, drink driving and nonuse of seatbelts – is a very important (and cost-effective) way to achieve substantial improvement in road safety within a relatively short period.
Splošno priznano je, da je temeljitejše izvrševanje – zlasti, kadar je usmerjeno na prehitro vožnjo, vožnjo pod vplivom alkohola in neuporabo varnostnih pasov – zelo pomemben (in stroškovno učinkovit) način za doseganje večjega izboljšanja (na področju) varnosti v cestnem prometu v razmeroma kratkem obdobju.
It has been estimated that full compliance with traffic law could reduce road crashes by 50%.
Ocene so pokazale, da lahko popolno upoštevanje prometnega zakona zmanjša število prometnih nesreč za 50 %.
Empirical evidence on the potential effects of intensified enforcement suggests smaller but still substantial crash reductions between 10 % and 25%. %.
Empirični dokazi o možnih učinkih temeljitejšega izvrševanja kažejo manjša, toda še vedno bistvena zmanjšanja prometnih nesreč od 10 % do 25 %.
For a maximum safety effect, it is important that police enforcement focus on traffic offences that have a direct, proven relationship with road safety (e.g. speeding, drink driving, seatbelt usage, close following), and at locations and at times where violations are expected to have the most effect on safety.
Da bi bil učinek na varnost kar največji, je pomembno, da se policija pri izvrševanju osredotoči na prometne prekrške, ki so neposredno in dokazano povezani z varnostjo v cestnem prometu (npr. prehitra vožnja, uporaba varnostnih pasov, premajhna varnostna razdalja) in ki se zgodijo na lokacijah in v času, ko imajo lahko prekrški največje posledice za varnost.
To increase the acceptance and credibility of enforcement it is important to avoid the impression that enforcement is performed to generate income for general local, regional or national purposes.
Da bi se povečala sprejemljivost in verodostojnost izvrševanja, je pomembno izogniti se vtisu, da se izvrševanje izvaja samo za namen ustvarjanja prihodka za lokalne, regionalne in nacionalne namene.
Ideally, the generated income from fines should flow back to road safety activities and regular feedback should show the positive effects of enforcement on safe traffic behaviour to the general public.
V najboljšem primeru bi se moral zbrani prihodek iz kazni stekati nazaj v dejavnosti na področju varnosti v cestnem prometu, redne povratne informacije pa bi morali javnosti pokazati pozitivne učinke izvrševanja na varno vedenje v prometu.
General principles of traffic law enforcement
Splošna načela izvrševanja prometne zakonodaje
Traffic law enforcement aims to prevent traffic offences by increasing the objective and subjective chance of getting caught.
Cilj izvrševanja prometne zakonodaje je preprečiti prometne prekrške tako, da se povečata objektivna in subjektivna možnost, da storilca pri prekršku dobijo.
The number and frequency of actual police controls along the road determine the objective chance of being caught.
Število in pogostnost dejanskih policijskih kontrol ob cesti vzpostavlja objektivno možnost za to.
Based on the objective chance and what they read in newspapers or hear from friends or colleagues, drivers estimate their own chance of being stopped for a traffic offence.
Na podlagi objektivne možnosti in tega, kar preberejo v časopisih ali slišijo od prijateljev ali sodelavcev, vozniki sami pri sebi ocenijo, kolikšna je možnost, da bi jih ustavili zaradi prometnega prekrška.
This is the subjective chance of being caught. When drivers see this chance as being sufficiently high, they will avoid traffic offences.
Ko vozniki spoznajo, da je ta možnost dovolj visoka, se bodo prometnim prekrškom izognili.
To increase the subjective chance and hence, the effectiveness of enforcement, it is important that police controls:
Da bi se povečala subjektivna možnost in s tem učinkovitost izvrševanja, je pomembno, da so policijske kontrole: n ul l
There is a clear relationship between the speed on a particular road and the number and severity of crashes.
Med hitrostjo na določeni cesti in številom in resnostjo prometnih nesreč obstaja jasna povezava.
Reducing speed limit violations will directly affect the safety level.
Zmanjšanje kršitev omejitve hitrosti bo neposredno vplivalo na raven varnosti.
There are various methods to enforce speed limit compliance.
Za uveljavljanje omejitev hitrosti obstajajo različne metode.
Automatic speed enforcement is by far the most effective, since the enforcement density, and hence the objective chance of being detected, can be very high.
Do sedaj se je za najbolj učinkovito izkazalo avtomatično uveljavljanje hitrosti, saj je lahko gostota njenega izvajanja in s tem objektivna možnost, da kršitelja ujamejo pri prekršku, zelo visoka.
Efficiency of automatic enforcement is higher if the vehicle owner and not the vehicle driver is held liable, since it is easier and faster to identify the owner than the driver.
Učinkovitost avtomatičnega uveljavljanja je večja, če odgovornost leži na lastniku vozila in ne vozniku, saj je lastnika mogoče lažje in hitreje identificirati kot voznika.
Efficiency is further enhanced if the handling of fines for detected violations is largely automated.
Učinkovitost se lahko še poveča, če je obravnavanje kazni za ugotovljene kršitve v veliki meri avtomatizirano.
Fixed and mobile speed cameras are a well known method of automatic speed enforcement that is applied in many European (and nonEuropean) countries.
Nepremične in premične hitrostne kamere so dobro znana metoda avtomatičnega uveljavljanja hitrosti, ki se uporablja v številnih evropskih (in neevropskih) državah.
Consequently, the estimated cost-benefit ratio is 1:2.7.
NAJBOLJŠEPRAKSE NAPODROČJU VARNOSTI VCESTNEMPROMETU
In the same period, the number of fatalities decreased by over 30%.
Avtomatsko uveljavljanje omejitev hitrosti v Franciji n ul l
HANDBOOKFOR MEASURES AT THECOUNTRYLEVEL when it leaves it, and recording the travel time between those two points.
VODNIKPO UKREPIH NA DRŽAVNIRAVNI
Drink driving is another major road safety problem in many countries.
Vožnja pod vplivom alkohola je drug velik problem varnosti v cestnem prometu v številnih državah.
The legal limit differs between countries.
Z zakonom določena meja se razlikuje od države do države.
The majority of the European countries have a blood-alcohol limit of 50 millilitres (a blood-level content of 0.5) or lower.
V večini evropskih držav znaša meja alkohola v krvi 50 mililitrov (vsebnost alkohola v krvi 0,5) ali manj.
This is also recommended by the European Commission.
To priporoča tudi Evropska komisija.
Random breath testing is the most commonly used method of drink driving enforcement.
Medtem ko je vožnja pod vplivom alkohola manj pogost prekršek od
RBT is common in many European countries.
Naključen preskus z alkotestom n ul l
Seatbelts and child restraints
Varnostni pasovi in otroški varnostni sedeži
Seatbelts considerably reduce the chance of severe and fatal injury.
Varnostni pasovi bistveno zmanjšujejo možnost resne poškodbe ali smrti.
They work better in preventing fatal injury than severe injury.
Njihova učinkovitost je večja pri preprečevanju smrtnih izidov kot resnih telesnih poškodb.
This is because a fatal crash is closely associated with head injury and internal torso injury and it is mainly these types of injuries that seatbelts prevent.The effect of seatbelts is partly dependent on the collision speed.
To je zato, ker so prometne nesreče s smrtnim izidom tesno povezane s poškodbami glave in notranjimi poškodbami trupa, varnostni pasovi pa preprečujejo v glavnem tovrstne poškodbe. Učinek varnostnih pasov je deloma odvisen od hitrosti pri trčenju.
Effects are greater at lower speeds.
Učinki so večji pri nižjih hitrostih.
This is why it is also important to wear seatbelts on urban roads.
Zaradi tega je prav tako pomembno, da se s pasom pripnemo tudi med vožnjo po mestnih cestah.
The effect of child restraint devices is even greater than that of seatbelts.
Učinek otroških varnostni sedežev je celo večji kot učinek varnostnih pasov.
Based on several studies, the injury reduction effects are estimated to be (1):
Na podlagi ocen nekaj študij so učinki na zmanjšanje telesnih poškodb naslednji (1):
Seatbelt in front seat
Otroški varnostni sedež
Seatbelt in rear seat
Varnostni pas na sprednjem sedežu
Child restraint devices
Varnostni pas na zadnjem sedežu
Police enforcement, in combination with information campaigns can help.
Telesna poškodba s smrtnim izidom
Whereas in many countries the usage of seatbelts and child restraints has been on the rise, there is still considerable room for improvement, in particular for back seat car passengers and
Medtem ko v številnih državah uporaba varnostnih pasov in otroških varnostnih sedežev narašča, je še dovolj prostora za izboljšave, zlasti pri zadnjih sedežih potnikov v avtomobilu in pri voznikih in potnikih v kombijih.
What is it about? In Denmark, there are police controls that are specifically targeted at drivers who do not wear their seatbelts.
Obetajoča praksa Usmerjeno uveljavljanje uporabe varnostnih pasov na Danskem n ul l
Measuring the effects of penalty point systems is complex and the positive effect is assumed to be obvious.
Merjenje učinkov točkovnega sistema kaznovanja je kompleksen postopek, pozitivni učinki pa naj bi bili očitni.
The indications are that their contribution is only modest, and mainly limited to the first months after the introduction.
Vse kaže na to, da je prispevek sistema zgolj skromen in v glavnem omejen na prve mesece po uvedbi.
This is because drivers find out quickly that the chance of a violation being detected is actually rather small.
Gre namreč za to, da vozniki hitro ugotovijo, da je možnost odkritja prekrška dejansko bolj majhna.
In order to increase the effect, the system must be strict and the chance of being detected must be great.
Da bi se povečal njegov učinek, mora biti sistem strog, možnosti za odkritje kršitelja pa velike.
Penalty point systems aim at prosecuting repeat offenders.
Cilj točkovnega sistema kaznovanja je pregon večkratnih kršiteljev.
When a traffic violation is detected, the violator receives one or more penalty points (or looses one or more bonus points).
Pri odkritju prometnega prekrška kršitelj prejme eno ali več kazenskih točk (ali izgubi eno ali več bonus točk).
When a certain point limit is exceeded, this results in a temporary licence suspension.
Ko je določena meja točk presežena, se vozniško dovoljenje začasno odvzame.
Often there is also the possibility of participating in a rehabilitation programme so as to get rid of (some of) the penalty points.
Pogosto to vključuje tudi možnost udeležbe v programu rehabilitacije, s čimer se je mogoče znebiti (nekaj) kazenskih točk.
Many European countries already have a penalty point system in force.
V številnih evropskih državah je točkovni sistem kaznovanja že uveljavljen.
The measure is popular amongst the population, probably because people see it as fair to tackle recidivist violators more strictly.
Ukrep je priljubljen med prebivalci, najbrž zato, ker se ljudem zdi pošteno, da večkratne kršitelje obravnavajo bolj strogo.
Penalty points in Latvia
Kazenske točke v Latviji n ul l
Rehabilitation measures refer to measures to restore fitness to drive after offences (e.g. warning letters, single- and several-day courses, group discussions, sometimes in combination with a technical measure such as the Alcohol Ignition Interlock).
Rehabilitacijski ukrepi se nanašajo na ukrepe za ponovno usposabljanje za vožnjo po prekrških (npr. pisni opomini, eno ali večdnevni tečaji, skupinske razprave, včasih v kombinaciji s tehničnim ukrepom, kot je sistem za blokiranje vžiga motorja v primeru vinjenosti voznika (Alcohol Ignition Interlock)).
Rehabilitation programmes must be seen as complementary to other behavioural measures like campaigns, police controls and education.
Rehabilitacijski programi morajo dopolnjevati druge, v vedenje usmerjene ukrepe, kot so kampanje, policijske kontrole in izobraževanje.
Diagnostic measures refer to measures to identify people at risk of committing traffic offences or behaving in an unsafe way (e.g. self-declaration sheet when applying for a driving licence, compulsory diagnostic clarifications).
Diagnostični ukrepi se nanašajo na ukrepe za identifikacijo ljudi, za katere velja tveganje, da bodo storili prometni prekršek ali se vedli na nevaren način (npr. obrazec za samoprijavo pri prošnji za pridobitev vozniškega dovoljenja, obvezna diagnostična pojasnila).
For example, drink driving rehabilitation courses could also lead to a decline in the number of alcohol-related diseases and an improvement of the quality of life of those affected.
Večina rehabilitacijskih dejavnosti je osredotočena na voznike, ki so vozili pod vplivom alkohola ali mamil.
Based on European experiences with rehabilitation measures and on the literature, the following best practice guidelines have been developed by the SUPREME experts:
Razmeroma malo aktivnosti je osredotočenih na voznike, ki so storili druge resne prometne prekrške, npr. prekoračitev omejitve hitrosti, agresivna in nevarna vožnja.
Rehabilitation programmes should not be organised and conducted by the authorities. The exchange of information between the authorities and rehabilitation programme organisers should be clearly defined (protection of participants).
Švicarska študija je ocenila, da bi uvedba nacionalnega, obveznega programa za dodatno usposabljanje voznikov, povzročila zmanjšanje smrtnih žrtev in resnih telesnih poškodb za približno 0,5% v vsaki skupini kršiteljev.
In terms of training and social skills, course leaders should be highly qualified.
Na drugi strani bi koristi lahko bile večje od zgolj varnosti v prometu.
Course meetings must be held over a longer period or several weeks. However, at an earlier stage, particularly for people with drink driving problems, short interventions are also recommended outside the legal system.
Na primer, rehabilitacijski tečaji zaradi vožnje pod vplivom alkohola bi lahko povzročili tudi upad števila bolezni, povezanih z alkoholom, in izboljšanje kakovosti življenja ljudi, ki jih to prizadeva.
Completion of a rehabilitation programme should be conditional for re-licensing. Rehabilitation programmes should never replace licence suspension but always only supplement it.
Na podlagi evropskih izkušenj z rehabilitacijskimi ukrepi in literature, so strokovnjaki iz projekta SUPREME razvili naslednje smernice najboljše prakse: n ul l
Behaviour patterns are developed, tested and rudimentarily stabilised.
NAJBOLJŠEPRAKSE NAPODROČJU VARNOSTI VCESTNEMPROMETU
How effective and costly is it?
Obvezno dodatno usposabljanje voznikov v Avstriji n ul l
The decrease of drink driving crashes can be attributed to multiple measures.
Prometno-psihološka ocena alkohola v Avstriji n ul l
Of all victims killed in a road crash, 57 % die in the first minutes after the crash, before the arrival of the emergency services.
Oskrba po prometni nesreči se izvaja, ko se prometne nesreče že zgodijo, njen namen pa je čimbolj izboljšati možnosti zdravstvenega in psihološkega okrevanja žrtev.
Immediate first aid action provided on the spot in these vital first minutes saves lives and provides psychological support for the victim and other people involved. The ‘ideal’ first aid education system in a country would consist of:
Običajno vsebuje več integriranih korakov: prva pomoč, klic v sili, učinkoviti sistemi ukrepanja ob nesreči, zavarovanje in varovanje kraja prometne nesreče, prevozna sredstva in zdravniška oskrba, ki omogočajo prevoz žrtev, nadaljnja oskrba v zdravstvenih ustanovah in psihološka pomoč žrtvam in njihovim sorodnikom.
Post accident care takes place after a crash has occurred and deals with optimising the chances of medical and psychological recovery of the victims.
Izmed vseh žrtev, ki umrejo v prometnih nesrečah, jih 57 % umre v prvih minutah po trčenju, pred prihodom reševalnih služb.
The care after a crash usually consists of several, integrated steps: first aid, emergency call, efficient response of emergency systems, security and safeguarding of the crash site, transportation and medical treatment to enable the transport of the victims, further treatment at medical centres and psychological support of victims and their relatives.
Takojšnja prva pomoč, zagotovljena na kraju samem v teh ključnih prvih minutah, rešuje življenja in zagotavlja psihološko pomoč žrtvi ter drugim ljudem, udeleženim v nesreči.
Re-certification of‘first aid’for drivers at regular intervals. Optional: first aid campaigns to motivate non-driving adults.
„Idealni“ sistem izobraževanja na področju prve pomoči v državi naj bi vseboval: n ul l
One single EU emergency number (112) is one step.
Klici v sili je enotna številka EU za klic v sili (112).
The next step is automatic emergency calls in case of a crash (eCall).
Naslednji način je avtomatični klic v sili v primeru prometne nesreče (eKlic).
It also opens a voice connection between the vehicle occupants and the operator of the emergency response centre. Thus, the eCall system enables faster and more adequate responses to road crashes.
Hitre in zanesljive informacije o kraju prometne nesreče in vrsti prometne nesreče ter po možnosti številu žrtev in vrsti poškodb pomagajo reševalnim službam, da ustrezno ukrepajo.
How effective and costly is it?
Spodbujanje izvajanja sistemov eKlic na Finskem n ul l
Efficient emergency responses infrastructural measures, by clear instructions to road users about what to do when emergency vehicles have to pass and by good organisation and co-ordination at the crash scene.
Učinkovito ukrepanje ob nesreči jasnimi navodili za uporabnike cest o tem, kaj storiti, ko se mimo njih pelje reševalno vozilo, in dobro organizacijo in koordinacijo na kraju prometne nesreče.
The response to emergency calls must be efficient, ensuring a fast arrival of the right emergency services at the crash scene.
Ukrepanje ob klicih v sili mora biti učinkovito, pri čemer se zagotovi hiter prihod reševalnih služb na kraj prometne nesreče.
The time gap between crash and arrival of rescue services (response time) can be shortened by technical measures, by
Čas med prometno nesrečo in prihodom reševalnih služb (odzivni čas) se lahko skrajša s tehničnimi ukrepi, infrastrukturnimi ukrepi,
Who is involved? The measure is based on a legal agreement (covenant) between the Ministry of Transport and insurance companies.
Vlečna vozila na avtocestnem omrežju na Nizozemskem n ul l
First treatment and transportation of victims
Takojšnja oskrba in prevoz žrtev
The professional handling of injuries during the first critical hour after an injury event (the Golden Hour) is crucial.
Strokovna oskrba poškodb v prvi kritični uri po tem, ko je do poškodbe prišlo (zlata ura), je ključnega pomena.
If the critical trauma patient does not receive appropriate medical care within the first 60 minutes, the odds of his successful recovery diminish dramatically.
Če pacient v kritičnem stanju ni deležen ustrezne medicinske oskrbe v prvih 60. minutah, se možnosti za njegovo uspešno okrevanje drastično zmanjšajo.
Professional treatment at the crash site, stabilising patients for transportation, and fast and safe transport to a trauma centre increases the chances of survival and decreases the chances of permanent injury.
Strokovna pomoč na kraju prometne nesreče ter hiter in varen prevoz na travmatološke oddelke večajo možnosti preživetja in zmanjšujejo možnosti nastanka trajnih poškodb.
MICU is available 24 hours a day and works in a two-tier system together with ordinary ambulances.
Uporaba mobilne enote za intenzivno oskrbo na Danskem n ul l
More information? www.swov.nl/uk/research/swovschrift/inhoud/10/victim_assistance_by_helicopter_results_in_less_deaths.htm
Prevoz žrtev prometnih nesreč s helikopterjem na Nizozemskem n ul l
Psychosocial support may be needed, either by professionals or by volunteers.
Psihosocialna pomoč pomoč, ki jo nudijo bodisi strokovnjaki bodisi prostovoljci.