natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Leaving aside debatable precedents 23and premonitory rhetoric, 24social secur- ity applies to risks which are characterised by their widespread occurrence and by the shared belief that such risks need to be dealt with collectively and jointly. 25
Če opustim zgodnje sporne navedbe 23in poznej�e retorične zapise 24, se soci- alna varnost nana�a na rizike, za katere je značilno, da imajo splo�ne pomen, in prepričanje, ki ga prav tako delim, da se jih je treba lotiti skupaj in solidarno. 25
However, nearly all the current systems combine aspects of both models and there is a tendency for the two to converge.
Kljub temu imajo skoraj vsi veljavni sistemi značilnosti obeh modelov, pri čemer se opaža nagnjenje k zbliževanju.
28 In that connection, it is interesting to refer to the second report by William Beveridge, which placed under the umbrella of social security all the measures adopted by the State to protect its citizens against risks which affect individuals and can never be avoided, no matter how advanced the society in which those individuals live. 29
28V zvezi s tem je zanimivo drugo poročilo Williama Beveridgea, v katerem je socialno varnost primerjal s celoto ukrepov, ki jih sprejme država, za za�čito državljanov pred nevarnostmi, ki ovirajo osebne neizpolnitve, ki se jim nikoli ni mogoče izogniti, ne glede na to, kako napredna je družba, v kateri živijo. 29
22 — The lack of a Community definition is evident in all types of legislation.
22 – Odsotnost pojma Skupnosti je opazna v vseh vrstah zakonodajnih dokumentov.
For example, the 1968 Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ 1972 L 299, p.
Na primer Konvencija z dne 27. septembra 1968 o pristojnosti in priznavanju ter izvr�evanju sodnih odločb v civilnih in gospodarskih zadevah (UL 1972, L 299, str. 32; preči�čeno besedilo v DO 1998, C 27, str.
1) excluded social security from its scope (point 3 of the second paragraph of Article 1) but did not define the term since, according to the Jenard Report (OJ 1979 C 59, p.
1) je iz svojega področja uporabe izključila socialno varnost (člen 1, drugi odstavek, (3)), ne da bi jo opredelila, saj je glede na Jenardovo poročilo (UL 1979, C 59, str. 1) „pojem, ki se stalno razvija“.
26 — Watt’s invention of the steam engine in 1769 marks the starting point.
26 – Izhodi�če je Wattov izum parnega stroja leta 1769.
A mere 15 years later, in 1784, Cartwright adapted that invention for use in one of the industries at the forefront of the development of capitalism, the textile industry.
Le petnajst let pozneje, leta 1784, je Cartwright to odkritje uporabil v tekstilni industriji, eni od temeljnih industrijskih panog kapitalističnega razvoja.
14, recalls that Don Quixote explained to the goatherds that the ‘order of knights errant’ was founded ‘to defend maidens, relieve widows, and succour the orphans and the needy’ (M. de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quixote, translated by J.M. Cohen, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1986, The First part, Chapter XI, p. 87).
14, opozarja, da je sam Don Kihot iz Manče priznal kozarjem, da je bil ustanovljen „red popotnih vitezov, ki naj bi branili deve, �čitili vdove in pomagali sirotam in njim, ki so v stiski“ (Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1973), Veleumni plemič don Kihot iz Manče. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, prvi del, poglavje XI, str. 91, prevedel Niko Ko�ir).
27 — In the Imperial Message to the Reichstag of 17 November 1881, Bismarck stated that ‘… the healing of social wrongs must be sought not solely through the repression of … excesses but by seeking moderate mechanisms by which the well-being of the workers can be improved’, and he created a number of social insurances: for sickness (1883), for accidents at work (1884), for invalidity and old age (1889), and for survivors (1911).
27 – Bismarck je v Cesarskem sporočilu Reichstagu dne 17. novembra 1881 zapisal, da „[…] socialnih stisk ni mogoče premagati z brzdanjem presežkov […], temveč z iskanjem zmernih re�itev, ki bodo dopu�čale izbolj�anje blaginje delavcev“ z ustanavljanjem vrste socialnih zavarovanj: zdravstvenega (1883), za nesreče pri delu (1884), za primer invalidnosti in starosti (1889) ali za preživele osebe (1911).
24 — In a speech given in Angostura on 15 February 1819 (published in Correo del Orinoco, nos 19 to 22, from 20 February to 13 March 1819), Simón Bolívar, renowned figure of the Latin American independence movement, declared that ‘the ideal system of government is one which produces the highest possible levels of happiness, social security and political stability’.
24 – Simón Bolívar, začetnik ameri�ke neodvisnosti, je v govoru, ki ga je imel v Angosturi dne 15. februarja 1819 (objavljen v Correo del Orinoco, �t. od 19 do 22 z dne od 20. februarja 1819 do 13. marca 1819) izjavil, da „je najbolj�i sistem vladanja tisti, ki prina�a največjo možno količino sreče, socialne varnosti in politične stabilnosti“.
OPINION OF MR RUIZ-JARABO — CASE C-267/06
SKLEPNI PREDLOGI RUIZ-JARABOJA – ZADEVA C-267/06 mednarodnosti 32
In that regard, a number of features stand out: internationalisation, 32the material scope of social security now has a certain degree of stability and there is evidence of undeniable progress in the Community interest it provokes. 33
V tem zapisu izstopajo nekatere navedbe: trenutno uživa določeno stabilnost, pri čemer je mogoče ugotoviti nesporen napredek pri interesu Skupnosti, ki ga socialna varnost povzroča. 33
— it is the responsibility of the State to enact protective measures, either directly or indirectly; 30
– javni organi morajo, neposredno ali posredno, sprejeti varovalne ukrepe; 30
The three features referred to also demonstrate that social security is autonomous with respect to employment law, 34a fact which is evident in a number of areas, namely, the individuals covered, the protection provided, and the way in which the system is financed and administered. 35
Omenjene tri navedbe kažejo tudi na samostojnost socialne varnosti v primerjavi z delovnim pravom, 34 ki se kaže na različne načine: v osebah, na katere se nana�a, v varstvu, ki ga ponuja, ter v financiranju in upravljanju sistema. 35
— the status of beneficiary is accorded merely by virtue of citizenship;
– se pridobi z status upravičenca državljanstvom;
That autonomy from employment law has a bearing on the definition of pay developed by the Court.
To ločevanje od delovnega prava se ujema s pojmom plačila, kot ga je izoblikovalo Sodi�če.
— the aim is to prevent and remedy unavoidable ills.
– posku�a se preprečiti in pomagati pri tveganjih, ki se jim ni bilo mogoče izogniti.
32 — Article 25(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, provides that ‘Everyone has the right to … medical care and … to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.’
32 – Člen 25(1) Splo�ne deklaracije človekovih pravic iz leta 1948 določa: „Vsakdo ima pravico do […] zdravni�k[e] oskrb[e] in […] varstva v primeru brezposelnosti, bolezni, delovne nezmožnosti, vdovstva ter starosti ali druge nezmožnosti pridobivanja življenjskih sredstev zaradi okoli�čin, neodvisnih od njegove volje.“ Konvencija �t.
However, the ratifying states are required to provide protection in respect of only three of those branches.
128, v skromnej�em obsegu, čeprav učinkoviteje razvr�ča varstvene ukrepe v devet skupin: medicinska pomoč, denarni prejemki v primeru bolezni, za brezposelnost, za starost, v primeru nesreč pri delu in poklicnih bolezni, za družino, za materinstvo, za invalidnost in za preživele osebe; ne da bi bile države zavezane ratificirati več kot tri od teh skupin.
At European level, the following are relevant: the European Social Charter (points 3 and 11 to 17), the European Code of Social Security, 1964, and the European Convention on Social Security, 1972.
V evropskem prostoru je treba oceniti �e Evropsko socialno listino (točke 3 in od 11 do 17), Evropski kodeks o socialni varnosti iz leta 1964 in Evropska konvencija o socialni varnosti iz leta 1972.
Those features are qualified by reference to a particular time or a particular country, because each period in history aspires to a ‘protection ideal’.
Slednje možnosti se oblikuje glede na čas ali državo, saj vsako zgodovinsko obdobje teži k „idealnemu financiranju“.
30 — The special nature of the manner in which protection is provided serves to distinguish social security from other forms of assistance, such as care from within the family or from religious and trades-union organisations.
30 – Posebnost načina oskrbe financiranja predvideva določeno razliko od drugih oblik pomoči, kot so tiste, ki izvirajo iz lastne družine ali verskih in poklicnih subjektov.
34 — An approach shared by academic writers in the field of social security.
34 – Enako kot pravna disciplina, ki se ukvarja s socialno varnostjo. Durand, P., La politique contemporaine de sécurité sociale, izd.
B — The concept of pay relationship, 36 which explains the broadness of the expression in Article 141(2) EC: ‘the ordinary basic or minimum wage or salary and any other consideration, whether in cash or in kind, which the worker receives directly or indirectly, in respect of his employment, from his employer’.
B – Pojem plačila razsežnost, ki jo člen 141(2) ES pripisuje izrazu „običajn[a] osnovn[a] ali minimaln[a] mezd[a] ali plač[a] ter kakr�n[i] koli drug[i] prejemk[i] v denarju ali v naravi, ki jih delavec prejme iz naslova zaposlitve neposredno ali posredno od svojega delodajalca“.
Directive 2000/78 applies to all persons in relation to ‘employment and working conditions, including dismissals and pay’, but it does not define any of those concepts.
Direktiva 2000/78 se nana�a na vse osebe glede na „zaposlitev in delovne pogoje, vključno z odpustitvijo in plačilom“, vendar ne opredeli nobenega od teh pojmov.
It would be appropriate, therefore, to refer to the definition of pay in Article 141 EC and the caselaw in which that definition has been interpreted.
Dobro bi bilo torej uporabiti določbo o „plačilu“ iż člena 141 ES in sodno prakso, ki jo je razlagala.
Article 141 EC requires the Member States to guarantee equal pay between male and female workers, and, as is clear from its title, preamble and Article 1, the Directive shares that aim of combating discrimination in the workplace, although it does not concern solely discrimination based on sex.
Ta določba države članice zavezuje, da morajo zagotoviti enako plačilo za delavce obeh spolov, čemur glede na njen naslov, uvodne izjave in člen 1 sledi direktiva, ki se bojuje proti diskriminaciji na področju dela, četudi ne le glede na spol.
Moreover, recital 13 to the Direct- ive refers specifically to Article 141 EC for the purpose of delimiting the social security benefits to which it applies.
Poleg tega se trinajsta uvodna izjava izrecno sklicuje na člen 141 ES za določitev razlik glede ugodnosti s področja socialne varnosti.
38 — Case 12/81 Garland [1982] ECR 359.39 — Case 171/88 Rinner-Kühn [1989] ECR 2743.
Kot je bilo opisano v predhodnih sklepnih predlogih, 37je Sodi�če izoblikovalo pravno
The existence of pay is fundamental to the formation of the employment
Tam lahko najdete vrače, ki bolnika, katerega zdravijo, ubijejo, pa hočejo biti plačani za svoje delo, tudi če ne narede nič drugega, le nekaj zdravil nakracajo na listek, in �e teh ne zvarijo sami, temveč lekarnar; kar naglej se jih sleparjev!
51 employer in respect of his employment , even if the employment relationship has already been terminated, 52and irrespective of whether such consideration is paid under a contract of employment, by virtue of legislative provisions or on a voluntary basis.
Iz vseh teh odločitev je možno razbrati posamezne skupne elemente, ki potrjujejo idejo, da „plačilo“ pomeni vsako izplačilo, v denarju ali naravi, zdaj�nje ali prihodnje, ki ga, lahko tudi posredno, delodajalec 50 izplača delavcu na podlagi delovnega razmerja, 51čeprav je morebiti že prenehalo, 52 zaradi pogodbe, pravnih predpisov ali prostovoljno.
53 redundancy; 40compensation paid to staff council members, in the form of paid leave or overtime pay, for attendance of training courses which impart the knowledge necessary for working on staff councils, even though during the training courses they do not perform any of the work provided for in their contract of employment; 41 the right to join an occupational pension scheme; 42benefit paid by an employer under legislation or collective agreements to a female employee on maternity leave; 43the end-of- year bonus paid by an employer under a law or collective agreement; 44compensation paid for the termination of employment; 45a Christmas bonus, which is voluntary and
53 razlogov; 40nadomestilo, ki se članom sveta delavcev izplača v obliki plačanega dopusta ali plačila nadur za njihovo udeležbo na tečajih usposabljanja, na katerih pridobijo znanje, potrebno za dejavnosti omenjenega sveta, čeprav v času teh tečajev ne opravljajo nobene od nalog, ki jih določa njihova pogodba o zaposlitvi; 41 pravico do vključitve v pokojninski načrt podjetja; 42 dajatev, ki jo delodajalec plača delavki med njenim porodni�kim dopustom na podlagi zakonskih določb ali kolektivnih pogodb; 43 nagrada ob koncu leta, ki jo delodajalec plača na podlagi zakona ali kolektivne pogodbe; 44nadome-stilo zaradi prenehanja delovnega razmerja; 45trinajsta plača, ki je prostovoljno in z možno-
Pensions may be revoked at any time, and which is paid as an incentive for future work and loyalty to the undertaking; 46 a monthly salary supplement; 47calculation, for the purposes of length of service, with the resulting financial implications, of the duration of military service; 48and a bridging allowance, paid in addition to a redundancy payment, following the restructuring of an undertaking. 49
Pokojnine stjo preklica plačana kot spodbuda za prihodnje delo in zvestobo podjetju; 46mesečno nadomestilo plače; 47upo�tevanje trajanja voja�kega roka za izračun delovne dobe, vključno s finančnimi posledicami; 48ali premostitveni dodatek, ki se ga poleg odpravnine plača med preoblikovanjem podjetja. 49
When applying Article 141 EC to pensions, the Court has qualified the usual criteria.
Z uporabo člena 141 ES za pokojnine je sodna praksa oblikovala splo�ne kriterije.
Thus, the Court excluded from the concept of pay retirement pensions directly governed by legislation — hence without any element of agreement — where those
Tako je iz pojma plačila izključila prejemke zaradi upokojitve, ki jih neposredno ureja zakon – kar prepreči kakr�no koli domnevo dogovora – kadar bi se jih
40 — Barber.41 — Case C-360/90 Bötel [1992] ECR I-3589.
41 – Sodba z dne 4. junija 1992 v zadevi Bötel (C-360/90, Recueil, str. I-3589).
42 — Case C-57/93 Vroege [1994] ECR I-4541 and Case C-128/93 Fisscher [1994] ECR I-4583.
50 – Sodba z dne 27. junija 1990 v zadevi Kowalska (C-33/89, Recueil, str.
43 — Case C-342/93 Gillespie and Others [1996] ECR I-475; Case C-411/96 Boyle and Others [1998] ECR I-6401; and Case C-147/02 Alabaster and Others [2004] ECR I-3101.
43 – Sodbe z dne 13. februarja 1996 v zadevi Gillespie in drugi (C-342/93, Recueil, str. I-475); z dne 27. oktobra 1998 v zadevi Boyle in drugi (C-411/96, Recueil, str.
44 — Case C-281/97 Krüger [1999] ECR I-5127.45 — Case C-249/97 Gruber [1999] ECR I-5295.46 — Case C-333/97 Lewen [1999] ECR I-7243.47 — Case C-381/99 Brunnhofer [2001] ECR I-4961.
45 – Sodba z dne 14. septembra 1999 v zadevi Gruber (C-249/97, Recueil, str. I-5295).
52 — Barber, paragraph 12; Seymour-Smith and paragraphs 23 and 24; and Hlozek, paragraph 35.
I-12575), točka 56; ter zgoraj navedene Barber, točka 12, Alabaster in drugi, točka 42, in Vergani, točka 22.
53 — Garland, paragraph 10; Barber, paragraph 20; and Lewen, paragraph 21.
52 – Zgoraj navedene sodbe Barber, točka 12; Seymour-Smith in Pérez, točki 23 in 24; in Hlozek, točka 35.
49 — Case C-19/02 Hlozek [2004] ECR I-11491.
49 – Sodba z dne 9. decembra 2004 v zadevi Hlozek (C-19/02, ZOdl., str. I-11491).
MARUKO and to survivors’ pensions, 62 holding that pensions are applicable to general categories of worker and the contributions are determined by considerations of social policy.
MARUKO so odvisne od zasedenega delovnega mesta 61in pokojnine za preživele osebe 62, ne da bi na podelilo splo�nim kategorijam delavcev in bi se prejemke določilo z merili socialne politike.
54 the fact that the pension is not paid to the employee has no effect on the latter. 63
54 slednje vplivalo dejstvo, da se z njimi ne plača delavca. 63
The Court has put forward a number of distinctive guidelines:
Sodna praksa je torej poudarila nekaj ločevalnih smernic:
However, the Court has held that the concept of pay extends to occupational pension schemes which, although adopted in accordance with statutory provisions, are based on an agreement between the employer and the employees’ representatives, are an integral part of the contracts of employment, and supplement the benefits provided for in national legislation with other benefits financed entirely by the employer.
Kljub temu pa je vključila pokojnine podjetja, ki kljub temu, da so bile sprejete v skladu s pravnimi normami, izhajajo iz dogovora med delodajalcem in predstavniki delavcev, zajemajo pogodbe o delu in prejemke, določene v nacionalni ureditvi, dopolnjujejo s prejemkom, ki ga financira le delodajalec; 55enako, kadar pokojninska
55In the same way, the Court has included in the concept contracted-out pension schemes which apply only to the employees of certain undertakings, even though the employees pay contributions. 56
– shema ni del splo�ne ureditve in zadeva uslužbence v določenih družbah, čeprav prispevke plačujejo zaposleni. 56
— The statutory origin of the scheme is an indication that the benefits are in the nature of social security, 64 although that is not sufficient to exclude Article 141 EC. 65
Pravni vir sheme je kazalec lastnosti socialne varnosti prejemkov, 64 čeprav ni dovolj za neuporabo člena 141 ES. 65
— The fact that the pension is supplementary in nature in relation to a benefit provided by a statutory social security scheme is not a conclusive criterion either. 66
Dopolnilnost pokojnine v primerjavi z izplačili iz zakonskega sistema pravne varnosti prav tako ni odločujoč pogoj.
54 — Defrenne I, paragraphs 7 and 8.
54 – Zgoraj navedena sodba Defrenne I, točki 7 in 8.
55 — Case 170/84 Bilka [1986] ECR 1607, paragraphs 20 to 23, and Joined Cases C-234/96 and C-235/96 Deutsche Telekom [2000] ECR I-799, paragraph 32.
1607), točke od 20 do 23; in z dne 10. februarja 2000 v zdruŽenih zadevah Deutsche Telekom (C-234/96 in C-235/96, Recueil, str. I-799), točka 32.
62 — Case C-50/99 Podesta [2000] ECR I-4039 and Case C-379/99 Menauer [2001] ECR I-7275.
62 – Sodbi z dne 25. maja 2000 v zadevi Podesta (C-50/99, Recueil, str. I-4039) in z dne 9. oktobra 2001 v zadevi Menauer (C-379/99, Recueil, str. I-7275).
63 — Ten Oever, paragraphs 12 and 13; Coloroll Pension Trustees, paragraph 18; Evrenopoulos, paragraph 22; and Menauer, paragraph 18.
63 – Zgoraj navedene sodbe Ten Oever, točki 12 in 13; Coloroll Pension Trustees, točka 18; Evrenopoulos, točka 22; in Menauer, točka 18.
56 — Barber, paragraphs 22 to 30.57 — Case C-7/93 Beune [1994] ECR I-4471.58 — Case C-366/99 Griesmar [2001] ECR I-9383.59 — Case C-351/00 Niemi [2002] ECR I-700760 — Schönheit and Becker.
58 – Sodba z dne 29. novembra 2001 v zadevi Griesmar (C-366/99, Recueil, str. I-9383).
64 — Defrenne I, paragraphs 7 and 8, and Ten Oever, paragraph 9.65 — Beune, paragraph 26, and Niemi, paragraph 41.
64 – Zgoraj navedeni sodbi Defrenne I, točki 7 in 8; in Ten Oever, točka 9.
61 — Case C-109/91 Ten Oever [1993] ECR I-4879; Case C-200/91 Coloroll Pension Trustees [1994] ECR I-4389; and Case C-147/95 Evrenopoulos [1997] ECR I-2057.
59 – Sodba z dne 12. septembra 2002 v zadevi Niemi (C-351/00, Recueil, str. I-7007).
66 — Barber, paragraph 27; Beune, paragraph 37; Griesmar, paragraph 37; and Niemi, paragraph 42.
66 – Zgoraj navedene sodbe Barber, točka 27; Beune, točka 37; Griesmar, točka 37; in Niemi, točka 42.
C — The characteristics of the survivor’s pension at issue
C – Sestava sporne pokojnine za preživele osebe
— The arrangements for funding and managing must be taken into account but are not decisive for the purposes of determining whether the pension falls within the scope of Article 141 EC. 67
Upo�tevati je treba oblike financiranja in upravljanja, čeprav niso odločilne za razvrstitev. 67
The VddB relies on a number of judgments of German courts in support of its contention that it administers a scheme similar to a statutory social security scheme.
VddB se je skliceval na več odločitev nem�kih sodi�č v podporo svoji trditvi, da upravlja shemo, ki je podobna zakonski shemi socialnega varstva.
— It is necessary to assess whether the pension concerns only a particular category of workers, and if its amount is calculated by reference to the period of service completed and based on the worker’s last salary, since those factors preclude considerations of social policy, of State organisation, of ethics, or budgetary concerns from prevailing. 68
Treba je oceniti, ali zadeva zgolj določeno kategorijo delavcev in ali se znesek izračuna glede na dopolnjeno delovno dobo na podlagi zadnje plače, saj te okoli�čine preprečujejo, da bi prevladali razlogi socialne politike ali organizacijski, etični ali proračunski razlogi. 68
Nevertheless, it is necessary to determine whether the pension at issue comes within the concept of ‘pay’, as defined in the Community legislation, without analysing in full the scheme administered, because the Court must examine questions referred for a preliminary ruling in the light of Community law, according to the information supplied in the order for reference.
Kljub temu je treba ugotoviti, ali sporna pokojnina spada v pojem „plačila“, kot je opredeljen v evropskih predpisih, ne da bi v celoti presojali upravljano shemo, zato mora Sodi�če preučiti vpra�anja za predhodno odločanje v luči prava Skupnosti glede na podatke, navedene v predložitvenem sklepu.
— Accordingly, the decisive factor is not the legal nature of the benefits 69 but rather the relationship with the employment, 70the sole criterion which, albeit not exclusive, may prove decisive. 71
Posledično odločujoč dejavnik ne izvira iz pravne narave ekonomske ugodnosti, 69 temveč iz odnosa do dela, 70 ki je edino merilo, čeprav ne izključno, ki se lahko izkaže za odločilno. 71
Analysis of the pension pursuant to caselaw
Preučitev pokojnine glede na sodno prakso
67 — Beune, paragraph 38; Griesmar, paragraph 37; and Niemi, paragraph 43.
67 – Zgoraj navedene sodbe Beune, točka 38; Griesmar, točka 37; in Niemi, točka 43.
68 — Beune, paragraph 45; Evrenopoulos, paragraph 21; Griesmar, paragraph 30; Niemi, paragraph 47; and Schönheit and Becker, paragraph 58.
68 – Zgoraj navedene sodbe Beune, točka 45; Evrenopoulos, točka 21; Griesmar, točka 30; Niemi, točka 47; ter Schönheit in Becker, točka 58.
69 — At the hearing, the Commission asserted categorically that a survivor’s pension constitutes pay.
69 – Na obravnavi je Komisija v celoti pritrdila, da se pokojnine za preživele �tejejo za plačila.
70 — Garland, paragraph 10; Gillespie and Others, paragraph 12; Alabaster and Others, paragraph 42; Schönheit and Becker, paragraph 56.
70 – Zgoraj navedene sodbe Garland, točka 10; Gillespie in drugi, točka 12; Alabaster in drugi, točka 42; Schönheit in Becker, točka 56.
71 — Case C-457/98 Commission v Greece [2000] ECR I-11481, paragraph 11; Beune, paragraphs 43 and 44; Evrenopoulos, paragraphs 19 and 20; Podesta, paragraph 26; Griesmar, paragraph 28; and Niemi, paragraphs 44 and 46.
71 – Sodba z dne 14. decembra 2000 v zadevi Komisija proti Grčiji (C-457/98, Recueil, str. I-11481), točka 11; ter zgoraj navedene Beune, točki 43 in 44; Evrenopoulos, točki 19 in 20; Podesta, točka 26; Griesmar, točka 28; in Niemi, točki 44 in 46.
Socialism, agreements between management and labour were replaced with regulations laying down working conditions, known as Tarifverordnungen.
MARUKO in delodajalci s predpisi, ki so določali pogoje dela – Tarifverordnungen.