natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In these countries, transition mechanisms are important and still evolving.
V teh državah so prehodni mehanizmi pomembni in se še vedno razvijajo.
Governments have managed costs in various ways, for example through tax transfers and higher contribution rates.
Vlade obvladujejo stroške na raz-lične načine, na primer preko davčnih trans-ferjev in višjih prispevnih stopenj. V nekate-
In some Member States, these reforms have
EU sodeluje z državami članicami, da bi svojim državljanom zagotovila primerne in trajnostne pokojnine.
The EU works with the Member States towards ensuring adequate and sustainable pensions for its citizens.
Shematični prikaz razvoja teoretičnih stopenj nadomestil, daljše delovne dobe in zagotavljanja zasebnih pokojninskih shem
Source: Stylised illustration of ISG projections (statutory pensions also include funded tiers), based on 2006 ISG report on theoretical replacement rates.
Vir: Shematični prikaz projekcij podskupine pri Eurostatu za kazalnike (ISG) (obvezne pokojnine vključujejo tudi financirane stebre), ki temelji na poročilu ISG o teoretičnih stopnjah nadomestil.
had the added bonus of increasing compliance and reducing the size of the informal economy.
rih državah članicah so te reforme dodatno prispevale k večjemu spoštovanju zakona in zmanjšanju obsega sive ekonomije.
Governments are also defining the rules for private schemes.
Vlade tudi opredeljujejo pravila za zasebne sheme.
These include pay-out conditions, appropriate supervision of fund operations and investments, and transparent public information.
Ta vključujejo pogoje za izplačila, ustrezen nadzor nad operacijami in vla-ganjem sklada ter pregledne javne infor-macije.
These are all geared towards ensuring adequate payments for pensioners.
Vse to je namenjeno zagotavljanju ustreznih plačil za upokojence.
Just under two-thirds of employees now make additional provisions using company pension contracts.
Dodatna dolgoročno rezervirana sredstva s pogodbami za podjetniško pokojninsko zavarovanje zdaj ustvarja le malo manj kot dve tretjini zaposlenih.
In addition, uptake of the voluntary Riester pension, a privatefunded pension scheme publicly supported has increased dramatically, reaching around 10.8 million citizens by end 200713(compared to around 5.5 million at end 2005).
Poleg tega se je vključevanje v prostovoljno pokojnino Riester, zasebno financirano javno podprto pokojninsko shemo, izjemno povečalo in do konca leta 2007 doseglo okrog 10,8 milijona državljanov (13) (v primerjavi s približno 5,5 milijona ob koncu leta 2005).
The Riester pension has successfully attracted low earners, women and families in particular, with attractive targeted fiscal incentives.
Pokojnina Riester je s privlačnimi ciljnimi davčnimi spodbudami uspešno pritegnila zlasti ljudi z nizkimi dohodki, ženske in družine.
Financial literacy
Dobra praksa – Nizozemska (
Good Practice – Netherlands14
Zasebni pokojninski sistemi pomenijo večjo izbiro in večjo kompleksnost.
Private pensions systems mean more choice and more complexity.
Tako je na primer dobra praksa, če se pred upokojitvijo preusmerite v sklade, ki vlagaj o v trdnejše obveznice.
The public must be aware of the financial issues so they can make informed decisions, especially the close correlation between risks and returns.
Donosi bodo manjši, a pokojninski kapital bo varnejši.
The Dutch authorities are boosting confidence in their pension system through the introduction of a new Financial Assessment Framework (FTK).
Nizozemski organi so izredno povečali zaupanje v pokojninski sistem z uvedbo novega Okvira finančne ocene (Financial Assessment Framework – FTK).
The FTK makes the pensions system more secure by guaranteeing solvability.
Zaradi FTK, ki jamči za plačilno sposobnost, je pokojninski sistem varnejši.
Liabilities are to be valued at the market rate with a minimum coverage ratio of 105%.
Obveznosti so vred-notene po tržni vrednosti s stopnjo kritja najmanj 105 %.
Tests will also be implemented that should encourage more investments in stable assets like fixed income.
Izvedeni bodo tudi preskusi, ki bi morali spodbuditi večje vlaganje v sta-bilna sredstva, kot so fiksni dohodki.
Good Practice – Germany12
Dobra praksa – Nemčija (
The FTK also imposes requirements about the reserve size and the break-even contribution rate.
FTK postavlja zahteve tudi glede velikosti rezerv in stopnjo prispevka nad pragom dobička.
These measures may put additional burdens on pension funds, but they will encourage them to concentrate on liabilities as well as assets and adopt a more risk management approach.
Ti ukrepi lahko povzročijo dodatno breme za pokojninske sklade, vendar jih bodo spodbudili, da se bodo osredotočili na obveznosti in sredstva ter sprejeli pris-top, ki bo bolj usmerjen v obvladovanje tveganja.
As well as addressing the sustainability of the state pensions and increasing the age of retirement, the German authorities are expanding additional old age pensions as company and/or private capital-based pensions, reaching people with low and average incomes in particular.
Nemške oblasti se ukvarjajo s trajnostjo državnih pokojnin in zviševanjem starosti za upokojitev, poleg tega pa širijo dodatne starostne pokojninske sheme, ki temeljijo na kapitalu podjetij in/ali zasebnem kapitalu, in dosežejo zlasti ljudi z nizkimi in povprečnimi dohodki.
13 Figures from Germany Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs.14 “National Strategy Report on Social Protection and Inclusion in the Netherlands 2006-2008” & 2007 update. 11
) Vrednosti so z nemškega ministrstva za delo in zaščiti in socialni vključenosti 2006”.
How can health be unequal?
Zakaj neenakosti na zdravstvenem področju?
•The decreased prevalence of certain diseases, like heart diseases;•Extension of care to day care, schools and community centres;•More effective prevention activities, like screening and vaccination;•The broader development of information systems to monitor health.
•dejavnosti, ki spodbujajo zdrav način življenja (npr. tiste, ki obravnavajo škodljivo uživa-nje alkohola in debelost),
Despite the good health care systems, there are still striking inequalities in the health of European citizens.
•razširitev varstva na dnevno varstvo, šole in centre skupnosti,
Those with less education, wealth or a worse job status tend to suffer more from disease and illness, while inequalities can also appear along geographic, ethnic or gender lines.
Tisti z nižjo izobrazbo, manjšim premoženjem ali slabšim zaposlitve-nim statusom bolj trpijo zaradi bolezni, neenakosti pa se pojavljajo tudi glede na geografski položaj, etnično pripadnost in spol.
The areas identified that still need to be improved include:
•učinkovitejše preventivne dejavnosti, npr. preventivni pregledi in cepljenje,
Life expectancy is higher for the better educated and for those with professional rather than manual occupations: 4-6 years for men and 2-4 years for women15
Pričakovana življenjska doba je daljša pri bolj izobraženih in tistih z intelektualnimi poklici kot pri osebah, ki opravljajo fizično delo, in sicer
Member States this gap can rise to 10 years, and the gap has been increasing.
V nekaterih državah članicah lahko ta razkorak dosega celo do 10 let in se še povečuje.
These inequalities are avoidable, therefore not acceptable.
•odprava finančnih ovir in širjenje kritja zdravstvenega zavarovanja na skupine, ki še ki nimajo dostopa,
They aggravate social exclusion and economic inequality and represent a loss of human potential.
Poslabšujejo socialno izključenost in ekonomsko neenakost in pomenijo izgubo človeškega potenciala.
The EU supports high quality, accessible and sustainable health care for its citizens.
EU podpira visokokakovostno, dostopno in trajnostno zdravstveno varstvo za svoje državljane.
•Addressing financial barriers and extending health insurance coverage to groups not yet covered;•Tackling geographic disparities, for example by defining minimum distances to care and allowing cross-border care;•Enhancing promotion and preventive care vis-à-vis curative treatment;•Understanding the needs of specific groups and adapting care provision accordingly;•Improving access by reducing waste and thus releasing resources – greater efficiency through both market forces and better coordination.
•premagovanje geografskih razlik, na primer z opredelitvijo najmanjših razdalj do zdravstvene oskrbe in dopuščanjem čezmejne oskrbe,
Actions to reduce health inequality
•močnejše uveljavljanje preventivnega varstva v primerjavi s kurativnim zdravljenjem,
Governments are pursuing a number of measures to reduce these inequalities, combining general policies with those targeted at lower socio-economic groups:
•razumevanje potreb posebnih skupin in ustrezna prilagoditev zagotavljanja varstva,
•Health promotion activities (like those addressing alcohol use and obesity);
Vlade izvajajo številne ukrepe za zmanjšanje teh neenakosti in povezujejo splošne politike
Austria is implementing healthcare reforms to ensure a more integrated healthcare system. Provincial health platforms have been set up, and greater coordination between the federal state, provinces and the social
•izboljšanje dostopa z zmanjševanjem izgub in s tem izkoriščanje novih virov – večja učinkovitost s tržnimi silami in boljšo koor-dinacijo.
Percentage of EU citizens with unmet medical needs by income group, 2005
Odstotek državljanov EU z neizpolnjenimi medicinskimi potrebami po dohodkovnih skupinah, 2005
Source: Eurostat health insurance system to ensure “onestop financing”: joint control, planning, and funding of benefits and services at the various levels of healthcare.
Vzpostavljene so bile podeželske zdravstvene platforme in večja koordinacija med zvezno državo, deže-lami in socialno-zdravstvenim sistemom zavarovanja za zagotovitev „financiranja na enem mestu“: skupni nadzor, načrtovanje in financiranje dajatev ter storitve na različnih ravneh zdravstvenega varstva.
been introduced targeting those earning less than €7 046 per year.
Za tiste, ki letno zaslužijo manj kot 7 046 EUR, je bilo uvedeno dopolnilno splošno zdravstveno kritje (CMU-C).
The CMU-C is free, and beneficiaries do not have to pay for a range of services, like medicines, eyeglasses, dental prosthetics and hearing aids.
To je brezplačno in upravičencem ni treba plačati za celo vrsto storitev, npr. za zdravila, očesne leče, zobno protetiko in slušne aparate.
Equitable access is being further improved through performance quantity standards that ensure a more uniform regional distribution of services.
Pravičen dostop je še izboljšan s standar-di količinske učinkovitosti, ki zagotavljajo enotnejšo regionalno razporeditev storitev.
Outpatient centres with needs-oriented healthcare packages have been set up to improve healthcare in rural areas, and incentives are being created for participants in family-doctor programmes.
Za izboljšanje zdravstvenega varstva na podeželskih območjih so bili vzpostavljeni ambulantni centri z zdravstveno-varstveni-mi paketi, usmerjenimi v potrebe, uvedene pa so tudi spodbude za povečanje udelež-be v programih splošne medicine.
The CMU-C has succeeded in reducing the number of people renouncing medical treatment, and has increased the coverage ratio of complementary insurance from 84% to 92%.
CMU-C je uspelo zmanjšati število ljudi, ki se odpovedujejo medicinskemu zdravljenju in je povečalo stopnjo kritja dopolnilnega zavarovanja s 84 % na 92 %.
For those who do not qualify for the free CMU-C but still struggle to afford their own complementary insurance, tax credits are available.
Za tiste, ki niso upravičeni do brezplačnega CMU-C, vendar si kljub temu težko privoščijo lastno dopolnilno zavarovanje, so na voljo davčne olajšave.
Good Practice – France17
) Avstrijsko „Nacionalno poročilo o strategijah
Despite the fact that public health insurance takes on three-quarters of the cost, many poor people in France still used to forego medical treatment.
) Francosko „Poročilo o strategijah za socialno zaščito in socialno vključenost 2006–2008“, Priloga 4.1.
Better Care for the Needy
Boljša oskrba za tiste, ki so potrebni pomoči
Why the focus on longterm care?
Obvladovanje stroškov
The costs of longterm care are expected to increase substantially. One focus is on prevention: encouraging healthier lifestyles that reduce the need for care in old age.
poudarkov je na preventivi, spodbujanju bolj zdravega življenjskega sloga, ki zmanjšuje potrebo po oskrbi na stara leta.
Higher life expectancy and socio-econo-mic changes are driving demand for longterm care.
Daljša pričakovana življenjska doba in social-no-ekonomske spremembe povečujejo zahteve po dolgotrajni oskrbi.
Member States are committed to ensuring access to quality longterm care, irrespective of income, and are searching for a sustainable mix between public and private financing.
Države članice so se zavezale, da bodo zagotovile dostop do kakovostne dolgotrajne oskrbe ne glede na dohodek, in iščejo trajnostno kombinacijo javnega in zasebnega financiranja.
Support is being given for more residential community-based systems, while the quality of the workforce is also being addressed.
Podpora se daje sistemom, ki bolj temeljijo na bivalni skupnosti, obravnavana pa je tudi kakovost zdravstvenih delavcev.
The EU supports high quality, accessible and sustainable longterm care for its citizens.
Osredotočajo se na primer tudi na boljšo koordinacijo med medicinskimi in socialnimi storitvami ter zasebno oskrbo, najuspešnejše politike pa sprejemajo celostni pristop do dolgotrajne oskrbe.
Some Member States are ensuring sufficient resources through universal social insurance schemes or taxation.
EU podpira visokokakovostno, dostopno in trajnostno zdravstveno varstvo za svoje državljane.
Health care expenditure on Long-Term Care, 2004
Izdatki zdravstvenega varstva za dolgotrajno oskrbo, 2004
The Network ensures continuity and coordination in care treatment, the promotion of family participation and home care, better use of resources, and a care model based on the individual.
Omrežje skrbi za nepretrganost in koordinacijo nege in zdravljenja, spodbuja sodelovanje družine in oskrbe na domu, boljšo uporabo virov in model nege, prilagojen posamezniku.
The ultimate aim is to ensure better longterm care for dependent people through a better connected system tailored to their needs.
Končni cilj je zagotoviti boljšo dolgotrajno oskrbo za vzdrževane ljudi z bolje povezanim sistemom, prilagojenim njihovim potrebam.
Good Practice – Slovakia19
Dobra praksa – Slovaška (
The emphasis is moving from institutional to home and community care.
Poudarek je na premiku od institucionalne oskrbe k oskrbi na domu in v skupnosti.
The goal is to help individuals remain at home for as long as possible.
Cilj je pomagati posameznikom, da ostanejo čim dlje doma.
This reflects most individuals’ preferences.
To je večini najbolj všeč.
It is also considered cheaper than institutional care, and it could be enhanced through e-health solutions like tele-monitoring.
Šteje se, da je tudi cenejše kot institucio-nalna oskrba in se lahko še izboljša z elek-tronskimi zdravstvenimi rešitvami, kot je telemonitoring.
Institutions will be kept mostly for those with severe disabilities and conditions.
Zdravstvene ustanove se bodo ohranile večinoma za huje prizadete in bolne ljudi.
Workforce training
Usposabljanje zdravstvenega osebja
In Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, the local authorities have taken a holistic approach to their disabled citizens.
V Banski Bystrici na Slovaškem so lokalni organi uvedli celostni pristop pri pomoči invalidnim državljanom.
A community planning approach has been adopted that involves all stakeholders, helping to identifying local needs and channelling resources to where they are most needed.
Sprejet je bil pristop načrtovanja skupnosti, ki vključuje vse zainteresirane strani in pomaga ugotoviti lokalne potrebe in usmeriti vire tja, kjer so najbolj potrebni.
Partnerships have also been created with NGOs to enrich the scope of intervention.
Vzpostavljeno je bilo tudi partnerstvo z nevladnimi organizacijami, ki naj bi obogatilo obseg intervencij.
Equally important is the issue of the longterm care workforce.
Enako pomembno je vprašanje delovne sile za dolgotrajno oskrbo.
Particularly in countries facing shortages, adequate recruitment, training, and retraining remain a challenge as does the coordination of formal and informal care.
Zlasti v državah, ki se soočajo s pomanjkanjem delovne sile, osta-ja izziv ustrezno kadrovanje, usposabljanje in prekvalifikacija, pa tudi usklajevanje med formalno in zasebno oskrbo.
The improvement of working conditions and social security formalisation are possible ways to ensure high level of quality in informal provision.
Možna načina za zagotovitev visoke ravni kakovosti pri zasebni ponudbi sta izboljšanje delovnih pogojev in formalizacija socialne varnosti.
Good Practice – Portugal18
Dobra praksa – Portugalska (
The approach used has focused on improving the quality of life for handicapped individuals and their families.
Uporabljeni pristop se osredotoča na izboljšanje kakovosti življenja prizadetih posa-meznikov in njihovih družin.
Basic care is provided, but other negative impacts of handicapped life are also addressed: education, employment, the provision of accessible housing and transportation and leisure activities.
Zagotovljena je osnovna nega, obravnavani pa so tudi negativni vplivi na življenje prizadetih: izo-braževanje, zaposlitev, zagotavljanje dostop-nih stanovanj in prevoz ter dejavnosti v prostem času.
The National Network of Integrated Continuous Care has been established as an integrated model between the health and social sectors.
Vzpostavljeno je bilo nacionalno omrežje celovite nadaljevalne oskrbe kot model, ki povezuje zdravstveni in socialni sektor.
The Network provides care through various institutional units (e.g. convalescence or rehabilitation), as well as home care service teams providing primary care, social support and palliative care.
Omrežje zagotavlja oskrbo v različnih insti-tucionalnih enotah (npr. okrevanje ali reha-bilitacijo), pa tudi ekipe za storitve oskrbe na domu, ki zagotavljajo primarno nego, socialno podporo in paliativno oskrbo.
19 Slovakia’s “National Report on the Strategies for Social Protection and Social Inclusion 2006-2008”, annex 4.2.
socialno zaščito in socialno vključenost 2006–2008“, priloga 4.2.
All for One and One for All
Vsi za enega in eden za vse
Preparing national strategic reports
Priprava poročil o nacionalnih strategijah
Member States face similar challenges in economic, employment and social policy.
Države članice se soočajo s podobnimi izzivi v ekonomski, zaposlitveni in socialni politiki.
Greater collaboration is therefore a natural choice.
Večje sodelovanje je zato naravna izbira.
Member States submit reports every three years, outlining their strategies and progress, and highlighting examples of good practice.
Države članice predložijo poročila vsaka tri leta, opišejo svoje strategije in napredek ter izpostavijo primere dobre prakse.
Evaluating these strategies
Ocena teh strategij
A framework for this collaboration was adopted in March 2000, called the Open Method of Coordination (OMC).
Okvir za to sodelovanje je bil sprejet marca 2000, imenuje pa se odprta metoda koordinacije (OMC).
It provides a structure whereby Member States can learn from each other, identifying the most effective policies.
Zagotavlja strukturo, s katero se lahko države članice učijo druga od druge ob opredeljevanju najučinkovitejših politik.
These are achieved through the following methods.
Te se dosegajo z naslednjimi metodami.
The European Commission and the Council provide a joint analysis of these national reports, assessing progress, setting priorities and identifying innovative approaches.
Svet in Evropska komisija pripravita skupno analizo nacionalnih poročil, s katero se oceni napredek, določijo prednostne naloge in opredelijo inovativni pristopi.
These reports are published annually21.
Ta poročila se objavljajo letno (21).
The Joint reports published in the years without full national reporting have a thematic focus.
Skupna poročila, objavljena v letih brez celovitega nacionalnega poročanja, imajo tematski poudarek.
The OMC is being reinforced, so that the coordination can result in better policymaking.
OMC se krepi, tako da lahko koordinacija vodi v boljše oblikovanje politike.
The overall objectives agreed upon in 2006 relate to social cohesion, gender equality and equal opportunities; effective interaction between economic, social and sustainable development priorities; and good governance, transparency and policy participation.
Skupni cilji, ki so bili dogovorjeni leta 2006, se nanašajo na socialno kohezijo, enakost med spoloma in enake možnosti, učinkovito vzajemno delo-vanje med ekonomskimi, socialnimi in traj-nostnimi razvojnimi prednostnimi naloga-mi ter na odgovorno vodenje, preglednost in udeležbo politike.
In addition there are specific objectives for each strand of the OMC, i.e. social inclusion, pensions and healthcare, and long term care20.
Poleg tega obstajajo posebni cilji za vsako področje OMC, to je za socialno vključenost, pokojnine in zdravstveno varstvo ter dolgotrajno oskrbo (20).
Establishing common indicators
Oblikovanje skupnih kazalnikov
Common indicators have been developed – for example, “people living in jobless households” or “percentage of individuals with perceived unmet medical needs”.
Razviti so bili skupni kazalniki, na primer „ljudje, ki živijo v gospodinjstvih s člani brez zaposlitve“ ali „odstotek posamezni-kov z zaznanimi neizpolnjenimi medicinskimi potrebami“.
These measure progress across Member States towards common objectives and allow comparisons to be made.
Ti merijo napredek držav članic v smeri skupnih ciljev in omogočajo izvedbo primerjav.
Common threats – a common goal
Skupna ogroženost – skupni cilj
The 2008 Joint Report confirms the importance of integrated solutions, i.e. those that approach a problem from multiple perspectives.
Skupno poročilo za leto 2008 potrjuje pomembnost celostnih rešitev, se pravi tistih, ki se lotevajo problema z več vidikov.
Modernising social protection, ensuring adequacy and financial stability, and tackling poverty and social exclusion are fundamental to Europe’s sustainable development.
Za trajnostni razvoj Evrope so temeljni posodabljanje socialne zaščite, zagotavljanje ustreznosti in finančne stabilnosti ter odprava revščine in socialne izključenosti.
The 2008 edition of the Joint Report recognises that progress has been made.
Skupno poročilo, izdaja 2008, ugotavlja, da je bil dosežen napredek.
Social protection systems are being modernised to ensure adequate and universal access.
Sistemi socialne zaščite so se posodobili, da bi zagotovili ustrezen in splošen dostop.
Efforts are being undertaken by many Member States, notably through comprehensive Active Inclusion strategies, aiming to integrate the most vulnerable into society.
Številne države članice si prizadevajo, zlasti s celovitimi stra-tegijami dejavne vključenosti, ki se usmerja-jo v vključitev najranljivejših v družbo.
Main findings
Glavne ugotovitve
But much work still needs to be done.
Vendar je treba opraviti še veliko dela.
Member States are comparing and contrasting their experiences through the Open Method of Coordination.
Države članice primerjajo in vzporejajo svoje izku-šnje s pomočjo odprte metode koordinacije.
In that way, emerging problems can be noticed early and good practices in policymaking shared.
Na ta način se lahko hitro opazijo nastajajoči problemi in medsebojno izmenjujejo dobre prakse pri oblikovanju politik.
By learning from each other, Member States work towards the common goal:
Države članice se s tem, ko se učijo druga od druge, pribli-žujejo skupnemu cilju, ki je:
A more cohesive, and thereby a stronger, Europe.
Bolj povezana in s tem močnejša Evropa.