natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Among those entering treatment for the first time, primary use of cannabis is reported by 67% of those aged 15–19 years and 80% of those younger than 15 years (56).
V Franciji, ki poroča o največjem deležu uživalcev konoplje v Evropi, so pred kratkim ustanovili
See Figure TDI-2 (part ii) in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
) Glej prikaz TDI-2, del (ii), v Statističnem biltenu 2008.)
See Table TDI-5 (part ii) in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej preglednico TDI-5, del (ii), v Statističnem biltenu 2008. )
See Table TDI-4 (part ii) in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej preglednico TDI-4, del (ii), v Statističnem biltenu 2008. )
See Table TDI-24 in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej preglednico TDI-24 v Statističnem biltenu 2008.)
See Tables TDI-22 and TDI-23 (part i) and (part iv) in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej preglednici TDI-22 in TDI-23, del (i) in del (iv), v Statističnem biltenu 2008. )
See Figures TDI-1 and TDI-2 and Tables TDI-3 (part iv) and TDI-5 (part ii) in the 2008 statistical bulletin. See Tables TDI-10 and TDI-21 (part ii) in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Glej prikaza TDI-1 in TDI-2 ter preglednici TDI-3, del (iv), in TDI-5, del (ii), v Statističnem biltenu 2008.
Annual report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe
Letno poročilo 2008: stanje na področju problematike drog v Evropi spremembami v sistemu zdravljenja ali spremembami vrst napotitev na zdravljenje.
Most cannabis clients appear to be relatively well socially integrated in comparison to those seeking help for problems with some other types of drug.
Večina uživalcev konoplje, ki se zdravijo, je razmeroma dobro socialno integriranih v primerjavi s tistimi osebami, ki iščejo pomoč zaradi težav z drugimi vrstami drog.
Many are still in education and living in stable accommodation, often with their parents; however, recent research also reports a social profile of cannabis patients differing from the general population of the same age group and reporting a more disadvantaged background (EMCDDA, 2008a).
Veliko se jih še vedno izobražuje in ima stalno bivališče, pogosto pri starših, vendar pa nedavna raziskava kaže, da se tudi socialni profil bolnikov, ki se zdravijo zaradi konoplje, razlikuje od splošne populacije v enaki starostni skupini in da izhajajo iz slabšega okolja (EMCDDA, 2008a).
German randomised controlled trial examining a treatment programme for adolescents with cannabis disorder ‘Candis’ started in 2004.
Leta 2004 se je začela nemška nadzorovana randomizirana študija „Candis“, ki preučuje program zdravljenja za mladostnike z motnjo, povezano s konopljo.
The programme is based on motivational enhancement, cognitive behavioural therapy and psychosocial problem solving.
Program temelji na motivacijski izboljšavi, kognitivnovedenjski terapiji in reševanju psihosocialnih težav. Prvi rezultati kažejo, da je do zaključka zdravljenja konopljo prenehala uživati polovica bolnikov. 30 % jih je konopljo uživalo v manjši meri.
Furthermore, a noticeable decrease in associated mental and social problems was reported.
Poleg tega so poročali o znatnem upadu povezanih duševnih in socialnih težav.
A follow-up study is planned.
Načrtuje se nadaljevalna študija.
Overall, primary cannabis users entering treatment can be divided in to three groups, in terms of frequency of use: those who use it occasionally (30%), those using it once to several times a week (30%) and those using it daily (40%) (57).
Na splošno je primarne uživalce konoplje, ki se začnejo zdraviti, mogoče razdeliti v tri skupine glede na pogostnost uživanja: tiste, ki jo uživajo občasno (30 %), tiste, ki jo zaužijejo enkrat do večkrat na teden (30 %), in tiste, ki jo uživajo vsakodnevno (40 %) (57).
However, considerable differences are observed between countries, particularly in the proportion of regular cannabis users entering treatment.
Vendar pa med državami obstajajo velike razlike, zlasti v deležu rednih uživalcev konoplje, ki se začnejo zdraviti.
In those countries where cannabis clients are more numerous, the proportion of daily users varies from over 70% in the Netherlands and Denmark, to 40–60% in Spain, France and Italy, and 20–30% in Germany and Hungary.
V državah, kjer je oseb, ki se zdravijo zaradi konoplje, več, je delež dnevnih uživalcev večji od 70 % na Nizozemskem in Danskem, od 40 do 60 % v Španiji, Franciji in Italiji ter od 20 do 30 % v Nemčiji in na Madžarskem.
Initiatives to provide treatment for young cannabis users have been reported by several countries.
Več držav je poročalo o pobudah za zagotavljanje zdravljenja za mlade uživalce konoplje.
In France, about 250 cannabis consultation centres, providing counselling and support to users and their families, have been set up throughout the country since 2005.
V Franciji so od leta 2005 ustanovili približno 250 svetovalnih centrov za uživalce konoplje, ki nudijo svetovanje in podporo uživalcem in njihovim družinam.
In Denmark, special funds have recently been allocated for the development of targeted programmes for young cannabis users.
Na Danskem so pred kratkim namenili posebna sredstva razvoju usmerjenih programov za mlade uživalce konoplje.
In addition, Belgium, Germany, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland are collaborating in an international study of the effectiveness of a comprehensive family-based treatment for problematic cannabis use (Incant) (58).
Poleg tega Belgija, Nemčija, Francija, Nizozemska in Švica sodelujejo v mednarodni študiji učinkovitosti celovitega zdravljenja problematičnih uživalcev konoplje, v katerem sodeluje vsa družina (Incant) (58).
In Germany, there are attempts to transfer the Internet- based cannabis cessation programme ‘Quit the shit’ (59), which provides interactive counselling in collaboration with outpatient treatment facilities, to municipal structures of youth welfare and drug care or facilities of drug dependence prevention.
V Nemčiji poskušajo spletni program za prenehanje uživanja konoplje „Quit the shit“ (59), ki ponuja interaktivno svetovanje v sodelovanju z izvenbolnišničnimi ustanovami za zdravljenje, prenesti na občinske strukture za dobrobit mladih in skrb za uživalce drog ali ustanove za preprečevanje odvisnosti od drog.
A survey commissioned by the EMCDDA on the provision of cannabis treatment in a sample of drug treatment services in 19 Member States found that half of the surveyed services did not have programmes specifically dedicated to cannabis problems (EMCDDA, 2008a).
Raziskava o zagotavljanju zdravljenja zaradi konoplje na vzorcu služb za zdravljenje odvisnosti od drog v 19 državah članicah, ki jo je naročil Center, je razkrila, da polovica pregledanih služb nima programov, posebej namenjenih težavam s konopljo (EMCDDA, 2008a).
This finding suggests that many cannabis users are treated within the same settings as the users of other drugs, which may present difficulties, both to treatment staff and to clients.
Ta ugotovitev pomeni, da se veliko uživalcev konoplje zdravi v istih okoljih kot uživalci drugih drog, kar pa lahko predstavlja težave tako pri zdravstvenem osebju kot pri uživalcih, ki se zdravijo.
The use of information and communications technology in drug demand reduction interventions continues to grow in Europe.
Uporaba informacijske in komunikacijske tehnologije pri intervencijah za zmanjšanje povpraševanja po drogah v Evropi še naprej narašča.
In 2006/07, the availability of counselling and advice on drug use was mentioned by nine Member States, with eight reporting the use of the Internet (Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Netherlands, Portugal, Austria, Slovakia, United Kingdom), while Denmark reported the use of SMS.
V letu 2006/2007 je razpoložljivost svetovanja in nasvetov v zvezi z uživanjem drog omenilo devet držav članic: osem jih je poročalo o uporabi spleta (Češka republika, Nemčija, Estonija, Nizozemska, Portugalska, Avstrija, Slovaška, Združeno
Of the specialist services surveyed, most offered short courses of treatment for cannabis use of usually less than 20 sessions.
Izmed preverjenih specialističnih storitev večina ponujenih kratkih tečajev zdravljenja zaradi uživanja konoplje obsega manj kot 20 srečanj.
Treatment generally took the form of individual counselling and therapy or counselling about the possible implications of cannabis use.
Zdravljenje običajno poteka v obliki individualnega svetovanja in terapije ali svetovanja o možnih posledicah uživanja konoplje.
Although most studies on the efficacy of cannabis treatment have been carried out in the United States and Australia, European studies are now beginning to be launched or reported. A
) Glej preglednici TDI-10 in TDI-21, del (ii), v Statističnem biltenu 2008. ) Glej preglednico TDI-18 v Statističnem biltenu 2008.) http://www.incant.eu) http://www.drugcom.de
Chapter 3: Cannabis further development of drug use and re-offending, and may include family, school or psychological counselling.
Poglavje 3: Konoplja kraljestvo), medtem ko je Danska poročala o uporabi kratkih besedilnih sporočil (SMS-ov).
With many drug law offenders being young cannabis users, who might otherwise not come in to contact with drug services, there have been reports of increasing cooperation between judicial authorities and prevention and counselling services in schools and youth welfare facilities.
Uživalci konoplje v stiku s kazensko-sodnim sistemom odvisnosti, obstaja po poročanju vedno večje sodelovanje med sodišči in službami za preprečevanje in svetovanje v šolah ter ustanovami za dobrobit mladih.
Germany, Spain (Catalonia), Luxembourg and Austria have implemented protocols and programmes for young people breaking drug laws or who have been convicted for the use or possession of drugs, mostly cannabis.
Nemčija, Španija (Katalonija), Luksemburg in Avstrija so uvedli protokole in programe za mlade, ki kršijo zakone o drogah, ali ki so bili obsojeni zaradi uživanja ali posedovanja drog, predvsem konoplje.
The offender may be given the choice of completing a course, instead of paying a fine.
Storilci se lahko odločijo, da namesto plačila globe končajo tečaj.
The programmes offered in the various countries aim to prevent
Število kaznivih dejanj, povezanih s to drogo, se je v Evropski uniji med letoma 2001 in 2006 v povprečju povečalo za 34 % (prikaz 2).
A follow-up evaluation of the German FReD programmes for young offenders (100 respondents) found that 44% of the ex-participants reduced their use of alcohol and tobacco, 79% reduced or stopped the consumption of illicit drugs and 69% reported no re-offending since concluding the course.
Nadaljnja ocena nemških programov FReD za mlade prestopnike (100 anketirancev) je pokazala, da je 44 % nekdanjih udeležencev zmanjšalo uživanje alkohola in tobaka, 79 % je zmanjšalo ali prenehalo uživati prepovedane droge, 69 % pa jih je poročalo, da od zaključka tečaja niso več kršili zakonov o drogah.
An evaluation of the similar youth offending teams (YOT) in the UnitedKingdom found that this approach had considerable potential benefits (Matrix Research, 2007).
Med ocenjevanjem podobnih skupin mladih prestopnikov (YOT) v Združenem kraljestvu je bilo ugotovljeno, da ima ta pristop velike potencialne koristi (Matrix Research, 2007).
Smoking bans and cannabis regulatory tobacco policies could favourably influence perceived norms, which are predictors for both tobacco and cannabis use.
Prepovedi kajenja in konoplja stroge regulativne politike na področju tobaka pa bi lahko ugodno vplivale na sprejete norme, ki napovedujejo uživanje tobaka in konoplje.
The possible links between tobacco policies and cannabis smoking is an issue meriting attention.
Možna povezava med politikami na področju tobaka in kajenjem konoplje je vprašanje, vredno pozornosti.
Smoking bans are becoming more widespread in Europe, and nine Member States now have full smoking bans (public and workplaces including restaurants and bars) in place, and Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Portugal have recently introduced at least partial smoking bans.
Prepovedi kajenja so v Evropi vedno bolj razširjene, v devetih državah članicah velja popolna prepoved kajenja (v javnih prostorih in na delovnih mestih, vključno z restavracijami in bari), Belgija, Danska, Nemčija, Nizozemska in Portugalska pa so pred kratkim uvedle vsaj delne prepovedi kajenja.
There is also some evidence that cannabis is an economic complement (i.e. responding in the same direction to price and availability) to cigarettes (Cameron and Williams, 2001).
Obstajajo tudi dokazi o tem, da je konoplja ekonomsko dopolnilo (tj. enako odzivanje na ceno in razpoložljivost) cigaretam (Cameron in Williams, 2001).
Isolated studies found that higher cigarette taxes appear to decrease the intensity of marijuana use and may have a modest negative effect on the probability of use among males (Farrelly et al., 2001).
V izoliranih študijah je bilo ugotovljeno, da višji davki na cigarete zmanjšajo intenzivnost uživanja marihuane in imajo lahko skromen negativen vpliv na verjetnost uživanja med moškimi (Farrelly et al., 2001).
The link between tobacco use and later illicit drug use tends to fall away when adjusting for underlying risk factors, as has been shown by a review of prospective studies (Mathers et al., 2006).
Povezava med uživanjem tobaka in kasnejšim uživanjem prepovedanih drog je pri ugotavljanju dejavnikov tveganja večkrat spregledana, kot je to pokazal pregled predvidenih študij (Mathers et al., 2006).
However, in Europe, cannabis use is more prevalent among tobacco smokers than among non-smokers and strong
Pa vendar je v Evropi uživanje konoplje bolj razširjeno med kadilci tobaka kot med nekadilci,
Finally, it is worth noting that the Dutch ban on smoking tobacco in restaurants and bars applies also to coffee shops, and that the city of Amsterdam has decided to ban cannabis smoking in public.
Vredno je tudi opozoriti, da se nizozemska prepoved kajenja v restavracijah in barih nanaša tudi na lokale, imenovane „coffee shops“, in da se je mesto Amsterdam odločilo za prepoved kajenja konoplje v javnosti.
Of the two drugs, amphetamine is by far the more commonly available in Europe, whereas significant methamphetamine use appears to be restricted to the CzechRepublic and Slovakia.
Uvod ko se zdi, da je pomembnejše uživanje metamfetamina omejeno na Češko republiko in Slovaško.
Globally, after cannabis, amphetamines (a generic term that includes both amphetamine and methamphetamine) and ecstasy are among the most commonly consumed illicit drugs.
V svetu so amfetamini (splošen izraz, ki označuje amfetamine in metamfetamine) in ekstazi za konopljo najpogosteje uporabljene prepovedane droge.
In Europe today, in terms of the absolute numbers, cocaine use may be higher, but the geographic concentration of cocaine in a few countries means that for most of the European Union, some form of synthetically produced drug remains the second most commonly used illicit substance.
Danes je v Evropi, v absolutnih številkah, uživanje kokaina morda pogostejše, vendar geografska razširjenost kokaina v nekaj državah pomeni, da v večini Evropske unije določena oblika sintetično pridobljene droge ostaja druga najpogosteje uporabljena prepovedana snov.
Moreover, in parts of Europe, use of amphetamines constitutes an important part of the drug problem, accounting for a substantial proportion of those in need of treatment.
Poleg tega predstavlja uživanje amfetaminov v nekaterih delih Evrope pomemben del problemov z drogami, saj predstavlja velik delež tistih, ki potrebujejo zdravljenje.
Ecstasy refers to synthetic substances that are chemically related to amphetamines, but which differ to some extent in their effects.
Izraz ekstazi se nanaša na sintetične snovi, ki so kemično sorodne amfetaminom, vendar se nekoliko razlikujejo po učinkih.
The best-known member of the ecstasy group of drugs is 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), but other analogues are also sometimes found in ecstasy tablets (MDA, MDEA).
Najbolj znana snov iz skupine ekstazija je 3,4-metilendioksimetamfetamin (MDMA), v tabletah ekstazija pa je včasih mogoče najti tudi druge podobne snovi (MDA, MDEA).
Ecstasy use was virtually unknown in Europe before the late 1980s, but increased dramatically during the 1990s.
Ekstazi je bil v Evropi do konca 80. let prejšnjega stoletja skoraj neznan, vendar se je njegovo uživanje v 90. letih močno povečalo.
Its popularity has historically been linked with the dance-music scene and, in general, synthetic drug use at high prevalence is associated with particular cultural sub-groups or social settings.
Njegova priljubljenost je bila v preteklosti povezana z disko sceno, na splošno pa je velika razširjenost uživanja sintetičnih drog povezana s posebnimi kulturnimi podskupinami ali socialnimi okolji.
However, there appears to be a growing interest among young people in naturally occurring hallucinogenic substances.
V Evropi je amfetamin precej bolj običajen, medtem
On the illicit drugs market, the main representatives of the amphetamines group are amphetamine and methamphetamine (and their salts) — two closely related synthetic substances, members of the phenethylamine family.
Ocene uživanja dietilamid lisergične kisline (LSD) v Evropi, daleč najbolj znane halucinogene droge, so že nekaj časa nizke in precej ustaljene.
Amphetamine is less potent than methamphetamine, but in uncontrolled situations the effects are almost indistinguishable.
Vendar pa se med mladimi pojavlja vedno večje zanimanje za naravne halucinogene.
Amphetamine and methamphetamine products mostly consist of powders, but ‘ice’, the pure crystalline hydrochloride salt of methamphetamine is also used.
Glavna predstavnika skupine amfetaminov na trgu prepovedanih drog sta amfetamin in metamfetamin (ter njune soli) – sorodni sintetični snovi, članici družine fenetilaminov.
Tablets containing either amphetamine or methamphetamine may carry logos similar to those seen on MDMA and other ecstasy tablets.
Obe snovi stimulirata centralni živčni sistem in imata enak mehanizem delovanja, podobne učinke na vedenje in toleranco ter posledice ob odtegnitvi in daljšem (kroničnem) uživanju.
Given the physical forms in which they are available, amphetamine and methamphetamine may be ingested, snorted, inhaled and, less commonly, injected.
Amfetamin ni tako močan kot metamfetamin, vendar so razlike med učinki v nenadzorovanih okoliščinah skoraj neprepoznavne.
Global amphetamine production, estimated at 126 tonnes in 2006, remains concentrated in Europe, which accounted for 79% of all amphetamine laboratories reported in 2006 (UNODC, 2008), though it is spreading to other parts of the world, notably North America and south-east Asia (61).
Čeprav se je svetovna proizvodnja amfetamina, ki je leta 2006 po ocenah znašala 126 ton, razširila tudi na druge dele sveta, predvsem v Severno Ameriko in jugovzhodno Azijo (61), je še vedno najbolj razširjena v Evropi, kjer je bilo po poročanju leta 2006 79 % vseh laboratorijev za izdelavo amfetaminov (UNODC, 2008).
Globally, over 19 tonnes of amphetamines was seized in 2006, most of which was intercepted in the Near and Middle East (67%), linked to
Leta 2006 je bilo na svetu zaseženih 19 ton amfetaminov, večinoma na Bližnjem in Srednjem vzhodu (67 %), v povezavi s tabletami
‘Captagon’ tablets (62
„Captagon“ (62), proizvedenimi v jugovzhodni Evropi,
followed by amphetamine seizures made in western and central Europe (27%), reflecting Europe’s role as both a
Večina amfetamina, zaseženega v Evropi, se proizvaja (v vrstnem redu glede na pomembnost) na Nizozemskem, Poljskem in v Belgiji, v manjšem obsegu pa v Estoniji in Litvi.
For information on the sources of data for drug supply and availability, see p.36.
) Za informacije o virih podatkov za ponudbo in razpoložljivost drog glej str. 36.)
Methamphetamine major producer and consumer of this drug (CND, 2008; UNODC, 2008).
(Europol, 2007a); UNODC (2008) pa poroča, da je bilo v evropskih državah uničenih 123 laboratorijev.
In 2006, 40 sites involved in the production, packaging or storage of amphetamines were discovered in the European Union (Europol, 2007a); and the UNODC (2008) reports that 123 laboratories were dismantled in European countries.
Severna Amerika, v Evropi pa je bilo opravljenih manj kot 1 % zasegov (UNODC, 2007, 2008).
Production of methamphetamine is concentrated in North America and east and south-east Asia. In 2006, global production of methamphetamine was estimated at 266 tonnes, exceeding that of any of other illicit synthetic drug.
V Evropi je prepovedana proizvodnja metamfetamina večinoma omejena na Češko republiko, kjer so leta 2006 odkrili več kot 400 manjših „kuhinjskih laboratorijev“.
International action against the manufacture and diversion of synthetic drug precursors
Po poročanju to drogo proizvajajo tudi na Slovaškem in v manjšem obsegu v Litvi (INCB, 2008a).
Turkey reported seizures of about 20 million amphetamine tablets with the logo ‘Captagon’.
Turčija je poročala o zasegih približno 20 milijonov tablet amfetamina z logotipom „Captagon“.
Production of amphetamine in this form is reported in both Bulgaria and Turkey, and is thought to be largely intended for exportation to consumer countries in the Near and Middle East.
O proizvodnji amfetamina v tej obliki poročajo iz Bolgarije in Turčije, namenjen pa naj bi bil za izvoz v države potrošnice na Bližnjem vzhodu.
Law enforcement efforts increasingly target the precursor chemicals necessary for illicit drug production as an additional counter-measure, and this area is one in which international cooperation is particularly valuable.
Leta 2006 so iz 17 evropskih držav poročali o približno 3 000 zasegih metamfetamina, kar pomeni 154 kg te droge.
Information on activities in this area are reported to the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB, 2008b).
Na Norveškem so opravili največ zasegov in
In Europe, an estimated 38 000 seizures amounting to 6.2 tonnes of amphetamine powder were made in 2006.
Leta 2006 je bilo v Evropi po ocenah opravljenih 38 000 zasegov, v katerih je bilo zaseženo 6,2 tone amfetamina v prahu.
While the provisional figures for 2006 suggest a decline from the higher levels reported in 2004 and 2005, both seizures and the amount of amphetamines intercepted have increased over the five-year period 2001–06 (63).
Medtem ko začasni podatki za leto 2006 kažejo na upad v primerjavi z ravnmi v letih 2004 in 2005, pa sta se število zasegov in količina prestreženih amfetaminov v petletnem obdobju 2001–2006 povečala (63).
However, this conclusion is provisional as the most recent data from the United Kingdom, the country in Europe which typically reports the most seizures, are not yet available.
Vendar pa je ta ugotovitev začasna, saj najnovejši podatki iz Združenega kraljestva, evropske države, ki običajno poroča o največ zasegih, še niso na voljo.
Seizures of amphetamine tablets, as opposed to powder, are increasingly being reported by a few countries, with a total of 390 000 tablets seized in the European Union (mostly in Spain) in 2006.
Nekaj držav vse pogosteje poroča o zasegih tablet amfetamina, v nasprotju s prahom; leta 2006 je bilo v Evropski uniji (največ v Španiji) skupno zaseženih 390 000 tablet.
Globally, reports suggest that over 11 tonnes of ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine, key precursors of methamphetamine, were seized in 2006.
Poročila kažejo, da je bilo leta 2006 na svetu zaseženih več kot 11 ton efedrina in psevdoefedrina, glavnih predhodnih sestavin za metamfetamin.
China accounted for around half of this total followed by Canada and Myanmar.
Približno polovica teh snovi je bila zasežena na Kitajskem, sledita pa ji Kanada in Mjanmar.
EU Member States (mainly Belgium and Hungary) together with the Russian Federation and Ukraine accounted for only 0.3 tonnes, although Europol (2008) reports a recent increase in the exportation, transhipment and diversion of these chemicals in the European Union.
V državah članicah EU (predvsem v Belgiji in na Madžarskem) ter v Ruski federaciji in Ukrajini je bilo zaseženih samo 0,3 tone, čeprav Europol (2008) poroča o nedavnem porastu izvoza, pretovarjanja in preusmeritev teh kemikalij v Evropsko unijo.