natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
At 2008 prices, these imports cost around €350 billion annually, or €700 for every EU citizen.
Po cenah iz leta 2008 stanejo ti uvozi okrog 350 milijard EUR letno oziroma 700 EUR na državljana EU.
Rising worldwide demand is likely to keep driving these costs upwards.
Zaradi naraščajočega svetovnega povpraševanja se pričakuje, da bodo ti stroški še naraščali.
The EU imports 61 % of its gas, and this is expected to rise to around 75 % by 2020.
EU uvozi 61 % plina, ki ga porabi, do leta 2020 pa naj bi ta delež narasel na 75 %.
Although there are several sources (mainly Russia, Norway and Algeria), many Member States are wholly or heavily dependent on a single supplier for their imports.
Čeprav je na voljo več virov (zlasti Rusija, Norveška in Alžirija), so mnoge države članice pri uvozu v celoti ali pretežno odvisne od enega samega dobavitelja.
WHAT TYPES OF FUEL ARE USED IN THE EU?
KATERE VRSTE GORIVA UPORABLJAMO V EU?
Share of fuels used to produce energy in the 27 Member States, 2008
Delež goriv, uporabljenih za proizvodnjo energije, v državah EU-27, leto 2008
Renewables8 %
Obnovljivi viri8 %
Many European citizens became victims of unreliability at the beginning of 2009, when a gas dispute between Russia and Ukraine left many homes in central and eastern Europe without heating (see below,‘International cooperation’); 80 % of Russian-imported gas comes to the EU via Ukraine, and some Member States rely on Russia for over three quarters of their gas supplies.
V začetku leta 2009 so mnogi evropski državljani utrpeli posledice nezanesljivosti, ko so zaradi plinskega spora med Rusijo in Ukrajino številni domovi v srednji in vzhodni Evropi ostali brez ogrevanja (glej „Mednarodno sodelovanje“ v nadaljevanju). 80 % plina, uvoženega iz Rusije, pride v EU prek Ukrajine, nekatere države članice pa iz Rusije uvozijo več kot tri četrtine svojega plina.
Conscious that a gas crisis on this scale could happen again as a result of commercial influences, an accident or technical problem on a major pipeline, the Commission acknowledged in a working document that ‘there is considerable scope to improve the level of preparedness at national and EU level’ (17) and that current early warning mechanisms at both national and EU level are inadequate.
Ob zavedanju, da bi zaradi tržnih vplivov, nesreče ali tehničnih težav na katerem od velikih plinovodov lahko znova doživeli plinsko krizo takšnega obsega, je Komisija v delovnem dokumentu priznala, da „bi se dalo še veliko narediti za izboljšanje ravni pripravljenosti na nacionalni ravni in ravni EU“ (17) ter da so obstoječi mehanizmi zgodnjega opozarjanja na nacionalni ravni in ravni EU nezadostni.
The EU has consequently been revising its planning for coping with — and where possible preventing — interruptions to supply.
EU je nato revidirala svoje načrte za spopadanje s prekinitvami oskrbe in nji- hovo preprečevanje, kadar je to mogoče.
In July, the Commission proposed improvements to the existing arrangements — including a way for Member States to signal a major disruption to supply
Komisija je julija predlagala izboljšave obstoječih ureditev, vključno z načinom, kako države članice opozorijo na večjo motnjo v oskrbi ob prenehanju delovanja
when a pipeline or production facility is out of action (18).
18 plinovoda ali proizvodnega obrata (
In addition, the plan incorporates a ‘supply standard’ to ensure that the most vulnerable customers, especially households, continue to receive gas even when supplies are low.
oskrbe“ za zagotovitev, da najranljivejši odjemalci, zlasti gospodinjstva, še naprej prejemajo plin tudi ob nizkih ravneh oskrbe.
Member States must also designate an authority responsible for security of gas supply and for setting up preventive action plans and emergency responses to crises, and work more closely together.
Države članice morajo imenovati tudi organ, odgovoren za varnost dobave plina in vzpostavitev preventivnih akcij- skih načrtov in ukrepanja v primeru krize, ter okrepiti medsebojno sodelovanje.
WHERE DOES THE GAS COME FROM?
), ki od držav članic zahtevajo, da vzdržujejo zasilne rezerve, ki ustrezajo
Source of the natural gas used in the 27 Member States, 2007
Izvor zemeljskega plina, uporabljenega v državah EU-27, leto 2007
Egypt1.1 % requiring Member States to control emergency reserves equivalent to at least 90 days of net imports, of which one third must be refined products.
Egipt1,1 % najmanj 90 dnem neto uvoza, od česar mora biti ena tretjina rafiniranih proizvodov.
The EU also gained additional powers to review and audit Member States’ stocks, making it easier to react more efficiently in a crisis.
EU je pridobila tudi dodatne pristojnosti za pregled in presojo zalog držav članic, kar omogoča učinkovitejše odzive na krizo.
The drive for greater reliability in supplies is widely supported across the EU’s institutions.
Vse institucije EU trdno podpirajo prizadevanja za večjo zanesljivost dobave.
In March, a resolution from the European Parliament called for more ‘financial support for investments in alternative energy sources’, and for a ‘more dynamic relationship between the European Union and the oil-producing countries’.
Resolucija Evropskega parlamenta je marca pozvala k„večji finančni podpori za naložbe v alternativne vire energije“ in k „bolj dinamičnim odnosom med Evropsko unijo in državami proizvajalkami nafte“.
Norway15.9 %
Norveška15,9 %
AN INTEGRAL PART OF EUROPE’S ENERGY MIX
JEDRSKA ENERGIJAVIROV
The EU has the largest number of nuclear power plants in the world, and nuclear energy is likely to remain an important part of the energy mix throughout the coming decades.
EU ima največ jedrskih elektrarn na svetu in jedrska energija bo tudi v prihodnjih desetletjih verjetno ostala pomemben del mešanice energetskih virov.
Nuclear safety remains a policy priority for the EU, and a solid legal framework dening basic obligations and principles governing nuclear safety throughout the EU was adopted in June (20).
Jedrska varnost je ena od prednostnih nalog politike EU in junija je bil sprejet trden zakonodajni okvir, ki določa osnovne obveznosti in načela za jedrsko varnost po vsej EU (20).
The focus is on national responsibility for nuclear safety and continuous improvement of nuclear safety — with clear roles for independent and strong regulators, and for licence holders.
V središče je postavljena nacionalna odgovornost za jedrsko varnost in stalno izboljševanje jedrske varnosti, z jasno določenimi vlogami za neodvisne in močne regulativne organe ter za imetnike licenc.
This enshrines the requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency Convention on Nuclear Safety and of the Safety Fundamentals, making the EU the first major regional nuclear actor to give binding legal force to these leading international nuclear safety instruments.
To uresničuje zahteve Konvencije Mednarodne agencije za atomsko energijo o jedrski varnosti in njenih varnostnih temeljev, s čimer je EU postala prvi pomembni akter na področju jedrske energije v regiji, ki je dal tem vodilnim mednarodnim instrumentom za jedrsko varnost pravno zavezujočo veljavnost.
In November, a Commission proposal to harmonise registration requirements for carriers of radioactive materials won the backing of Euratom scientic experts.
Novembra so znanstveni strokovnjaki Euratoma podprli predlog Komisije za uskladitev zahtev za registracijo prevoznikov radioaktivnih materialov.
NETWORKS
OMREŽJA
KEEPING ENERGY MOVING
ENERGIJA V GIBANJU
The gas crisis in the winter of 2008–09 was a sharp reminder of the EU’s vulnerability in terms of energy security.
Plinska kriza v zimi 2008–09 je ostro opozorila na ranljivost EU glede zanesljivosti oskrbe z energijo.
A number of European projects were aimed at strengthening energy security during the year, including:
Med letom je potekalo več evropskih projektov, namenjenih krepitvi zanesljivosti oskrbe z energijo, med drugim:
The EU worked hard to develop better links in energy networks between Member States.
EU si je močno prizadevala za razvoj boljših povezav med energetskimi omrežji držav članic.
Moving energy around Europe more eectively is an important way of ensuring reliable supplies.
Učinkovitejši prenos energije po Evropi je pomemben prispevek k zagotavljanju zanesljive oskrbe.
Properly linked networks are vital for the internal market for energy to function properly.
Ustrezno povezana omrežja so bistvena za dobro delovanje notranjega energetskega trga.
They are also indispensable for energy security, as they make it much easier to transfer energy to where it is most needed.
Nujno potrebna so tudi za energetsko varnost, saj omogočajo veliko lažje prenašanje energije tja, kjer jo najbolj potrebujejo.
Some €2.4 billion was allocated to electricity and gas interconnections under the European economic recovery plan.
V evropskem načrtu za oživitev gospodarstva je okrog 2,4 milijar- de EUR namenjenih povezavam za električno energijo in zemeljski plin.
4 EU involvement in the signature of an intergovernmental agreement between the ve transit countries involved in the Nabucco pipeline.
4EU je sodelovala pri podpisu medvladnega sporazuma med petimi tranzitnimi državami, vključenimi v projekt Nabucco.
The pipeline will import gas from the Caspian and Middle East regions;
Ta plinovod se bo uporabljal za uvoz plina s področja Kaspijskega morja in Bližnjega vzhoda.
The early-2009 interruptions to supplies via Ukraine conrmed the urgent need for the EU to make it easier to move fuel around the EU, for example by reversing the flow in pipelines.
Prekinitve oskrbe s plinom prek Ukrajine v začetku leta 2009 so potrdile, da mora EU nujno omogočiti lažji prenos plina po EU, na primer z usmerjanjem pretoka plina v plinovodih v obratno smer.
The Commission urged ‘the importance of robust and consistent regulation to ensure the adequacy of networks … to deal with widely diverging demand and supply and maintain services’.
Komisija je poudarila „pomen trdne in dosledne zakonodaje za zagotovitev ustreznih omrežij [...] za obvladovanje velikih razlik med povpraševanjem in ponudbo ter ohranjanje storitev.“
4 European Council endorsement of the Baltic energy market interconnection plan, which will strengthen regional networks and integrate currently isolated Baltic states into the European energy market.
4Evropski svet je potrdil načrt povezovanja baltskega energetskega trga, ki bo okrepil regionalne mreže in vključil trenutno izolirane baltske države na evropski energetski trg.
Planned/proposed gas pipeline
Načrtovani/predlagani plinovodi
Production area
Območje proizvodnje
Source: IEA.
Vir: Mednarodna agencija za energijo (IEA).
The June European Council endorsed the Baltic energy market interconnection plan, to improve the energy security of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which are at present isolated from other Member States’ networks.
Junijski Evropski svet je potrdil načrt povezovanja baltskega energetskega trga, da se izboljša zanesljivost oskrbe z energijo v Estoniji, Latviji in Litvi, ki so trenutno izolirane od omrežij ostalih držav članic.
The Baltic states will be integrated into the wider European energy market by strengthening these countries’ connections — and their market integration — with neighbouring countries.
Baltske države se bodo vključile na širši evropski energetski trg s krepitvijo njihovih povezav s sosednjimi državami, vključno s tržnim povezovanjem.
Another option for ensuring adequate availability of energy is to obtain supplies through new routes or from new providers.
Druga možnost za zagotovitev ustrezne razpoložljivosti energije je zagotavljanje oskrbe po novih poteh ali prek novih dobaviteljev.
The year 2009 saw progress on the ‘southern corridor’, a potential new route to bring energy to the EU.
V letu 2009 je bil dosežen napredek pri projektu južnega koridorja, možne nove poti za dobavljanje energije Evropski uniji.
In May, the EU met with partners from central Asia, the southern Caucasus and the Middle East.
Maja se je EU sestala s partnerji iz Srednje Azije, Južnega Kavkaza in Bližnjega vzhoda.
Obtaining natural gas supplies via this route is vital to the EU’s plans to improve energy security.
Vzpostavitev oskrbe s plinom po tej poti je ključna za načrte EU za izboljšanje zanesljivosti oskrbe z energijo.
The conference participants pledged political, technical and financial support to the construction of the southern corridor, ‘in order to support the diversification of energy sources, markets and transport routes, which will not only enhance the energy security of the participating countries, but also will simultaneously constitute fair and profitable opportunities for energy producers, consumers and transit countries’.
Udeleženci konference so se zavezali k politični, tehnični in finančni podpori gradnje južnega koridorja, da se omogoči diverzifikacija energetskih virov, trgov in prometnih poti, kar ne bo le izboljšalo zanesljivost oskrbe z energijo sodelujočih držav, temveč bo hkrati zagotavljalo tudi poštene in dobičkonosne možnosti za proizvajalce energije, potrošnike in tranzitne države.
Mirek Topolánek (left), Czech Prime Minister and President of the European Council in the first half of 2009, attended the Nabucco Gas Pipeline Conference in Budapest in January, hosted by Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány (right).
Mirek Topolánek (levo), češki predsednik vlade in predsednik Sveta EU v prvi polovici leta 2009, se je udeležil konference o plinovodu Nabucco, ki je potekala januarja v Budimpešti in jo je gostil madžarski predsednik vlade Ferenc Gyurcsány (desno).
The pipeline offers the EU the prospect of greater energy security.
Ta plinovod EU ponuja možnost zanesljivejše oskrbe z energijo.
In July, four EU Member States (Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria and Romania) and Turkey signed the Nabucco Intergovernmental Agreement in Ankara, setting out a framework for the export of gas from the rich fields of the Caspian Sea and the Middle East to Turkey and the EU, along a pipeline passing through Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary to the Austrian hub of Baumgarten.
Julija so v Ankari štiri države članice EU (Bolgarija, Madžarska, Avstrija in Romunija) s Turčijo podpisale medvladni sporazum Nabucco o določitvi okvira za izvoz plina z bogatih nahajališč ob Kaspijskem morju in na Bližnjem vzhodu v Turčijo in EU po plinovodu, ki bo potekal prek Bolgarije, Romunije in Madžarske do avstrijskega vozlišča Baumgarten.
European countries that currently rely entirely on one external supplier will gain dramatic increases in security of supply from Nabucco.
Za evropske države, ki so sedaj v celoti odvisne od enega samega zunanjega dobavitelja, bi se z Nabuccom bistveno izboljšala zanesljivost oskrbe s plinom.
Companies in Azerbaijan and Iraq have already expressed their interest in using the pipeline. ‘The Nabucco project is of crucial importance for Europe’s energy security and its policy of diversification of gas supplies and transport routes.
Zanimanje za uporabo plinovoda so že izrazile družbe v Azerbajdžanu in Iraku.„Projekt Nabucco je ključen za zaneslji- vost oskrbe z energijo v Evropi ter za njeno politiko diverzifikacije oskrbe s plinom in prometnih poti za plin.
The signature will show that we are determined to make this pipeline a reality as quickly as possible,’said Commission President José Manuel Barroso.
S podpisom bomo dokazali svojo odločenost, da projekt tega plinovoda uresničimo v najkrajšem možnem času,“ je dejal predsednik Komisije José Manuel Barroso.
MORE STEPS ALONG THE ROAD TO A FULLY LIBERALISED ENERGY MARKET
NADALJNJI KORAKI DO POPOLNOMA LIBERALIZIRANEGA ENERGETSKEGA TRGA
The EU has improved the rules of the EU energy market to ensure that energy users get the best deal possible and that the most efficient and competitive energy providers can prosper.The EU has been moving towards a fully-liberalised energy market for over a decade, and 2009 saw important developments in this area.
EU je izboljšala pravila energetskega trga EU, da bi zagotovila najboljše cene za porabnike energije ter uspešno poslovanje za najbolj učinkovite in konkurenčne dobavitelje energije. EU že več kot desetletje prehaja na popolnoma liberaliziran energetski trg in v letu 2009 je bil dosežen pomemben napredek na tem področju.
The opening up of the electricity and gas markets to competition will force suppliers to compete for customers through low prices and high service, and will allow households and businesses to switch to the supplier offering the best deal.
Odpiranje trgov z električno energijo in zemeljskim plinom konkurenci bo dobavitelje prisililo v tekmovanje za odjemalce z nizkimi cenami in visoko ravnijo storitev, gospodinjstvom in podjetjem pa bo omogočilo, da izberejo dobavitelja z najboljšo ponudbo.
At the same time, this competition drives energy efficiency, as electricity producers seek to reduce the amount of energy wasted during production and transmission.
Takšna konkurenca obenem spodbuja energetsko učinkovitost, saj si proizvajalci električne energije prizadevajo za zmanjšanje količine energije, ki se porabi med proizvodnjo in prenosom.
A LIBERALISED ENERGY MARKET
LIBERALIZIRANI ENERGETSKI TRG
In addition, the success of the emissions trading system depends on an energy market that functions effectively.
Poleg tega je tudi uspeh sistema za trgovanje z emisijami odvisen od učinkovito delujočega energetskega trga.
Greater competition in the market gives energy producers and network owners a greater incentive to invest in alternative sources of energy, including renewables.
Večja konkurenca na trgu daje proizvajalcem energije in lastnikom omrežij večjo spodbudo za naložbe v alternativne vire energije, vključno z obnovljivimi viri.
In July, legislation was published to liberalise the EU markets for electricity and gas, definitively separating production from supply.
Julija je bila objavljena zakonodaja za liberalizacijo trgov električne energije in plina v EU, ki dokončno ločuje proizvodnjo od dobave.
It established an Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (21), set out conditions for access to the network for crossborder exchanges in electricity (22) and natural gas transmission networks (23), and laid down common rules
S tem je bila ustanovljena Agencija za sodelovanje energetskih regulatorjev (21), določeni so bili pogoji za dostop do omrežja za čezmejne izmenjave električne energije (22) in prenosna omrežja za zemeljski plin (23) ter določena
24 for the internal market in electricity (
24 električno energijo (
One of the most important impacts of the new legislation is ‘unbundling’ — in other words, there will now be a separation between the producers of gas and electricity and the operation of gas pipelines and electricity networks.
V svežnju so različni modeli za ločitev oskrbovalnih in proizvodnih dejavnosti. Od povezanih energetskih podjetij se lahko zahteva, da prodajo svoje prenosne sisteme in ohranijo samo distribucijska omrežja.
In practice, this means that it will no longer be permissible for one company both to generate power and to own the grid — or it may do so only under very strict conditions.
Druge možnosti so, da upravlja- nje omrežij prenesejo na neodvisno podjetje ali da delujejo v skladu s strogimi pravili za zagotovitev neodvisnosti upravljanja in naložb.
and natural gas (25).
plinom (25).
The new framework, which will come fully into effect in 2011, will make the EU energy market more efficient, providing customers with wider choice and the benefits of more vigorous competition, and stimulating investment in improved infrastructure.
Novi okvir, ki se bo začel v celoti uporabljati leta 2011, bo energetski trg EU naredil učinkovitejši, porabnikom omogočil večjo izbiro in izkoriščanje ugodnosti ostrejše konkurence ter spodbujal naložbe v izboljšano infrastrukturo.
The result is that all operators will have non-discriminatory access to transmission networks at fair and transparent prices.
Na ta način bodo imeli vsi upravljavci nediskriminatoren dostop do prenosnih omrežij po poštenih in preglednih cenah.
All companies will compete on an equal footing, as non-EU companies will have to respect the same rules as companies based in the EU.
Vsa podjetja bodo v enakovrednem konkurenčnem položaju, saj bodo morala podjetja iz držav zunaj EU spoštovati ista pravila kot podjetja s sedežem v EU.
The measures should also make it easier for small energy producers, including those which use renewables, to get access to the grid.
Ti ukrepi bi morali tudi manjšim proizvajalcem energije, vključno s tistimi, ki uporabljajo obnovljive vire, omogočiti lažji dostop do omrežja.
EU rules came into force in 2009 to improve competition in the energy market by a separation between the producers of gas and the operation of gas pipelines.
Leta 2009 so začela veljati pravila EU za izboljšanje konkurence na energetskem trgu z ločevanjem proizvajalcev plina od upravljavcev plinovodov.
The new rules lay down universal service obligations and set out the rights of energy consumers — with special measures to protect the most vulnerable consumers and to address fuel poverty.
Nova pravila določajo obveznosti zagotavljanja univerzalne storitve in pravice porabnikov energije s posebnimi ukrepi za zaščito najbolj ranljivih porabnikov in za reševanje problema energetske revščine.
Liberalisation will help keep energy prices down, as companies compete with one another to offer the best deals to customers.
Liberalizacija bo pomagala ohranjati nizke cene energije, saj bodo podjetja med seboj tekmovala, da bi porabnike pritegnila z najboljšo ponudbo.
Between 2007 and 2008, energy prices rose by an average of 15 %.
Med letoma 2007 in 2008 so cene energije povprečno narasle za 15 %.
But energy prices vary widely between Member States, with consumers in some countries paying significantly more than those elsewhere.
Toda cene energije so med državami članicami zelo različne, tako da porabniki v nekaterih državah plačujejo veliko več kot v nekaterih drugih.
Prices in liberalised markets such as the UK and Spain have risen by just 6 % since 1998.
Cene na liberaliziranih trgih, kot jih imata Združeno kraljestvo in Španija, so od leta 1998 narasle za samo 6 %.
In comparison, prices in other markets have gone up by as much as 30 %.
V primerjavi s tem so cene na drugih trgih narasle za kar 30 %.
A new Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators will assist national regulatory authorities, help cooperation between transmission system operators, and promote crossborder infrastructure links.
Nova agencija za sodelovanje energetskih regulatorjev bo pomagala nacionalnim regulativnim organom, podpirala sodelovanje med upravljavci prenosnih omrežij in spodbujala čezmejne povezave med infrastrukturami.
The EU’s work in this field involves a lot more than creating new legislation.
Delo EU na tem področju vključuje veliko več kot samo ustvarjanje nove zakonodaje.
Action has also been taken to encourage Member States to fully implement legislation already in place in order to give consumers a better deal.
Sprejeti so bili ukrepi za spodbujanje držav članic, da v celoti izvajajo že sprejeto zakonodajo in tako porabnikom omogočijo boljšo ponudbo.
In June, the Commission took action against 25 countries for failure to comply with the electricity and gas regulations.
Junija je Komisija ukrepala proti 25 državam zaradi neskladnosti z uredbama o električni energiji in plinu.
The violations included:
Kršitve so bile med drugim naslednje:
4poor information from transmission system operators, preventing supply companies from accessing networks eectively;
4neustrezne informacije s strani upravljavcev prenosnih omrežij, kar je oskrbovalnim podjetjem preprečevalo učinkovit dostop do omrežij;
4lack of cooperation across borders by electricity transmission system operators and national authorities;
4nezadostno čezmejno sodelovanje med upravljavci prenosnih omrežij za električno energijo in nacionalnimi organi;
4lack of enforcement action by the authorities at national level in the event of violations;
4organi na nacionalni ravni so izrekli premalo izvršilnih ukrepov v primerih kršitev;
4inadequate dispute settlement procedures for consumers.
4neustrezni postopki za poravnavo sporov za porabnike.
Given the global scale of the challenges that the EU faces, international cooperation is crucial.
EU se spoprijema z izzivi na svetovni ravni, zato je mednarodno sodelovanje ključnega pomena.