natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
According to the psychopharmacological model, the acute or chronic use of psychoactive substances may result in aggression and violence.
Po psihofarmakološkem modelu lahko akutna ali kronična uporaba psihoaktivnih snovi pripelje do agresivnosti in nasilja.
The effects of such drugs include excitability, irritability, fear/paranoia, disinhibition, drastic mood swings, cognitive distortions and impaired judgement, any of which may lead to criminal behaviour.
Učinki takih drog vključujejo razdražljivost, preobčutljivost, strah/paranojo, disinhibicijo, močno nihanje razpoloženja, kognitivne motnje in slabšo zmožnost presoje – vsak izmed teh učinkov pa lahko vodi v kriminalno vedenje.
It is also important to include in this category crimes induced by the victim’s own drug use.
V to kategorijo je treba vključiti tudi kazniva dejanja, ki jih sproži žrtvina uporaba drog.
Such crimes are less visible, because many go unreported.
Taka kazniva dejanja so manj opazna, saj pogosto niso prijavljena.
Thus, psychopharmacological crimes should also include crimes such as sexual assault committed while the victim is under the influence of alcohol or other psychoactive substances, but also robbery or mugging that is made possible because of the victim’s incapacitation and fights instigated under the influence of drugs.
Psihofarmakološka kazniva dejanja, vključno z nasiljem, ki ga spodbudijo droge, morajo zato vključevati kazniva dejanja, kot je spolni napad na žrtev pod vplivom psihoaktivne snovi in ropi ter napadi, ki jih je omogočila nesposobnost žrtve zaradi uporabe drog.
Any attempt to impose a standard definition on such a complex phenomenon as drug-related crime is necessarily reductive.
Vsak poskus standardne opredelitve tako zapletenega pojava, kot je kriminal, povezan z drogami, je omejevalen.
However, such a definition of drug-related crime is essential to any attempt to assess its extent, patterns and trends.
Vseeno pa je taka opredelitev kriminala, povezanega z drogami, bistvena, če želimo oceniti njegov obseg, vzorce in trende.
A number of different explanatory models for the drugs–crime nexus have been proposed: crime leads to drugs; drugs lead to crime; drugs and crime are correlated through co-occurrence; drugs and crime are mediated by a range of other variables and share a common cause.
Za pojasnitev povezave med drogami in kriminalom so bili predlagani različni obrazložitveni modeli: kriminal vodi k drogam; droge vodijo h kriminalu; med drogami in kriminalom obstaja medsebojna odvisnost, ki temelji na njuni sopojavnosti; na droge in kriminal, ki imajo skupni vzrok, vpliva vrsta drugih spremenljivk.
In practice, each model is sometimes valid and can be applied to some subgroups of the population of drug-using offenders or to some types of drug-related crime.
V praksi se glede na okoliščine obnesejo vsi ti modeli in jih je mogoče uporabiti za nekatere podskupine znotraj populacije storilcev kaznivih dejanj, ki so uporabniki droge, ali nekatere vrste kriminala, povezanega z drogami.
It is important to remember that the relationship between drugs and crime can be a dynamic one and may vary even in the same person over time.
Vedeti pa je treba, da je lahko povezava med drogami in kriminalom dinamična in se lahko pri isti osebi čez nekaj časa celo spremeni.
Dependence on an expensive substance can lead users to engage in criminal acts to obtain the money they use to fund their drug habit.
Zaradi odvisnosti od drage snovi so lahko uporabniki pripravljeni storiti oz. sodelovati pri kaznivih dejanjih, da bi pridobili denar za kritje svojih potreb glede drog.
They may resort to both consensual crimes, such as drug selling or prostitution (where criminalised), and acquisitive crimes (e.g. shoplifting, robbery, burglary).
Zatečejo se lahko k prostovoljnim kaznivim dejanjem, kot sta prodaja drog ali prostitucija (kjer je to kaznivo dejanje), in pridobitvenim kaznivim dejanjem (npr. kraja po trgovinah, ropi, vlomi).
Such offenders are sometimes paid in drugs.
Storilci takih kaznivih dejanj so včasih plačani z drogami.
This category of drug-related crime also includes the forging of prescriptions and the burgling of pharmacies by drug users, both of which provide medicines that can be used as substitutes for illicit products.
Ta kategorija kriminala, povezanega z drogami, vključuje tudi ponarejanje receptov in vlome v lekarne, s čimer si uporabniki drog zagotovijo zdravila, ki jih je mogoče uporabiti kot nadomestke za prepovedane proizvode.
Much of the existing research supports the view that there is a strong association between alcohol intoxication and psychopharmacologically induced crime, especially violence.
Večina obstoječih raziskav podpira stališče, da obstaja močna povezava med zastrupitvijo z alkoholom in psihofarmakološko pogojenimi kaznivimi dejanji, še posebej to velja za nasilje.
Following a long way behind alcohol in this regard are the stimulants — cocaine/crack and amphetamines.
Daleč za alkoholom so v zvezi s tem poživila – kokain/crack in amfetamini.
The use of opiates and cannabis is usually considered to be unlikely to lead to psychopharmacologically induced crime, and may even contribute to reducing it in some individuals, as these drugs (and tranquillisers) tend to reduce violent impulses and aggression.
Glede uporabe opiatov in kanabisa obstaja prepričanje, da po vsej verjetnosti ne vodijo do psihofarmakološko pogojenih kaznivih dejanj, saj te droge znižujejo agresivnost; vendar pa so razdražljivost, povezana z odtegnitvenim sindromom, in iz tega izhajajoče duševne težave lahko povezane z višjo stopnjo nasilja.
However, irritability associated with the withdrawal syndrome, as well as related mental health problems, may be linked to increased violence.
Nekatere droge (npr. heroin, pomirjevala) pa lahko celo znižajo nasilne impulze in agresijo pri nekaterih posameznikih.
Although many acquisitive crimes committed by drug users are opportunistic, some require more skill and others involve some specialisation.
Čeprav so številna pridobitvena kazniva dejanja, ki jih storijo uporabniki drog, priložnostna, nekatera zahtevajo več spretnosti, druga pa vključujejo nekaj specializacije.
For example, fraud and embezzlement are white-collar crimes that require a specific professional environment.
Goljufije in poneverbe so na primer gospodarska kazniva dejanja, ki zahtevajo posebno strokovno okolje.
While the term ‘compulsive’ suggests that a state of dependence is necessary, offenders in this category include all
Izraz „kompulziven“ sicer nakazuje, da gre za stanje odvisnosti, vendar so v to
An increasingly common approach in empirical studies has been to apply the tripartite conceptual framework proposed by Goldstein for the relationship between drugs and crime.
Empirične študije vse bolj uporabljajo pristop tristranskega konceptualnega okvira, ki ga je za povezavo med drogami in kriminalom predlagal Goldstein.
In this model, drugs lead to violence through an integration of the psychopharmacological, economiccompulsive and systemic models.
Gre za inetegriran model, katerega trditev, da droge vodijo k nasilju, temelji na povezovanju psihofarmakološkega, kompulzivno gospodarskega in sistemskega modela.
Although it may not encompass all the possible relationships between drugs and crime, this approach does provide a useful conceptual framework for the analysis of drug-related crime.
Čeprav ta pristop ne zajema vseh možnih povezav med drogami in kriminalom, pa zagotavlja koristen konceptualen okvir za analizo kriminala, povezanega z drogami.
Additionally, from a policy perspective, it is helpful to include a legal definition model, in which crimes against drug laws are considered to be another type of drug-related crime.
Poleg tega je s političnega vidika koristno vključiti model pravne opredelitve, v katerem se kazniva dejanja zoper zakonodajo o drogah štejejo kot druga vrsta kriminala, povezanega z drogami.
The resulting conceptual model, composed of four categories of drug crimes, is the basis for the definition of the term ‘drugrelated crime’ used here, the individual components of which are discussed below.
Iz tega izhajajoč konceptualni model, sestavljen iz štirih kategorij kaznivih dejanj, povezanih z drogami, je podlaga za opredelitev izraza „kriminal, povezan z drogami“, ki
Measuring drug-related crime — issues and challenges likely that systemic criminality follows a cyclical course, responding to changes in the dynamics of specific drug markets such as changes in drug demand and drug supply, in profitability and in community norms related to acceptance or rejection of violent behaviours.
Merjenje kriminala, povezanega z drogami – vprašanja in izzivi poteka ciklično in se odziva na spremembe dinamike specifičnih trgov z drogami, kot so spremembe povpraševanja po drogah in dobave droge, dobičkonosnosti in norm skupnosti, povezane s sprejemanjem ali zavračanjem nasilnega vedenja.
Many studies have been carried out on the links between drug use/traffi cking and crime, mostly in the United States.
Izvedene so bile številne študije o povezavah med uporabo drog/prometom s prepovedanimi drogami in kaznivimi dejanji, predvsem v Združenih državah Amerike.
Typically studies have looked at offending patterns in captive populations, such as those in drug treatment or arrestees and therefore provide a restricted view of the complex relationships between drugs and crime in a total population.
Študije so običajno preučevale vzorce kaznivih dejanj pri populaciji zapornikov, kot na primer tiste pri zdravljenju odvisnosti pri aretirancih, in zato ponujajo omejen pogled na zapletene povezave med drogami in kaznivimi dejanji pri celotni populaciji.
those whose drug use needs to be supported by illegal income, which will be determined by their type and pattern of substance use, socioeconomic situation and extent of deviant lifestyle.
kategorijo vključeni vsi tisti storilci kaznivih dejanj, pri katerih je treba uporabo drog podpirati z nelegalnimi prihodki, ki so odvisni od vrste in vzorca uporabe drog, družbenoekonomskega položaja in obsega deviantnega načina življenja.
Indeed, not all those who are dependent on expensive drugs commit economic crime — they may regulate their use according to their financial resources and drug prices, attempt to increase their legitimate income (social benefits, employment, pawning goods) or avoid expenditures by maximising income ‘in kind’ (accommodation, meals, etc.).
Vsi, ki so odvisni od dragih drog, pa v resnici niso storilci gospodarskih kaznivih dejanj – svojo uporabo drog lahko prilagodijo svojim finančnim sredstvom in cenam drog, poskušajo povečati svoje zakonite prihodke (socialni prejemki, zaposlitev, zastavljanje stvari) ali se izogibajo izdatkom s povečevanjem prihodkov „v naravi“ (namestitev, obroki itd.).
Many drug users utilise a combination of all these means.
Številni uporabniki drog uporabljajo kombinacijo vseh teh sredstev.
Systemic crimes
Sistemska kazniva dejanja
Violations of drug-related legislation may include drug law offences such as drug use, possession, cultivation, production, importation and trafficking, but also other related offences such as the illicit manufacture and trafficking of precursors or money laundering.
Kršitev zakonodaje, povezane z drogo, lahko vključuje kršitve zakonov o drogah, kot so uporaba drog, posedovanje, pridelovanje, proizvodnja, uvoz in promet s prepovedanimi drogami, vendar tudi druga povezana kazniva dejanja, kot so prepovedana proizvodnja in promet s predhodnimi sestavinami, ali pranje denarja.
Drug driving (driving under the influence of drugs) offences are also included in this category of drug-related crime.
V to kategorijo kriminala, povezanega z drogami, so vključene tudi kršitve, povezane z vožnjo pod vplivom drog.
Estimating the true total volume of any type of crime, the ‘dark figure’, based on the fraction that is reported, is always difficult, and this is especially the case for drug-related crime.
Ocenjevanje dejanskega skupnega obsega vseh vrst kaznivih dejanj na podlagi prijavljenega deleža, je vedno težko, to pa še zlasti drži za kriminal, povezan z drogami.
With the obvious exception of drug law offences, whether or not a reported crime can be reasonably considered drug-related is neither assessed nor recorded, making official statistics on crime of limited value in estimating the size of the drug-related crime problem when taken on their own.
Z jasno izjemo kršitev zakonov s področja drog se dejstvo, ali je prijavljeno kaznivo dejanje mogoče razumno šteti kot povezano z drogami ali ne, ne ocenjuje ali evidentira. To pa pomeni, da imajo uradni statistični podatki o kaznivih dejanjih omejeno vrednost pri ocenjevanju obsega kriminala, povezanega z drogami, ko jih obravnavamo samostojno.
However, some studies have attempted to estimate the proportion of different types of offence that are drug-related and then apply this fraction to produce overall estimates of drug-related crime.
Nekatere študije so poskušale oceniti delež različnih vrst kaznivih dejanj, ki so povezana z drogami, in nato uporabiti ta delež za oblikovanje skupnih ocen kriminala, povezanega z drogami.
Systemic criminality refers mainly to violent acts (e.g. assaults, homicides) committed within the functioning of illicit drug markets, as part of the business of drug supply, distribution and use.
Sistemski kriminal se nanaša predvsem na nasilna dejanja (npr. napade, umore), v okviru delovanja trgov s prepovedanimi drogami kot del dobave, distribucije in uporabe droge.
Violence as a strategy of control is used in various situations including territorial disputes, punishment for fraud, debt collection and clashes with the police.
Nasilje kot strategija nadzora se uporablja v različnih situacijah, vključno z ozemeljskimi spori, kaznovanjem zaradi goljufij, izterjavo dolgov in spopadi s policijo.
In drug production and transit countries where the rule of law is challenged, systemic crimes may also encompass, for example, corruption of businesses, governments and banking systems or crimes against humanity by drug traffickers. ckers.
V državah, v katerih se proizvajajo droge, in v tranzitnih državah, kjer je na preizkušnji pravna država, lahko sistemska kazniva dejanja vključujejo tudi na primer podkupovanje podjetij, vlad in bančnih sistemov ali zločine proti človeštvu, ki jih storijo preprodajalci drog.
Studies of drug-related crime have often overlooked drug law offences as the link between drugs and crime is of a very different nature — in this case drugs and crime are linked by definition in the law, rather than by any effect of one behaviour on the other.
V študijah kriminala, povezanega z drogami, so bile pogosto spregledane kršitve zakonov o drogah, ker je povezava med drogami in kriminalom popolnoma drugačna – v tem primeru so droge in kriminal povezani z opredelitvijo v zakonu in ne z učinkom enega vedenja na drugo.
Such offences are indeed intrinsically dependent on the prohibition of a set of psychoactive substances.
Taka kazniva dejanja so dejansko neločljivo odvisna od prepovedi vrste psihoaktivnih snovi.
However, it is important to consider the illicit status of these drugs as it is a factor in drug market violence and may exacerbate economically motivated offending by increasing drug prices.
Vseeno je treba obravnavati prepovedan položaj teh drog, saj je to dejavnik nasilja na trgu z drogami in lahko poslabša ekonomsko motivirana kazniva dejanja z zvišanjem cen drog.
In addition, drug law offences account for a substantial share of law enforcement and criminal justice system activities and resources.
Poleg tega so kršitve zakonov o drogah bistven del dejavnosti in sredstev kazenskega pregona in kazenskega pravosodnega sistema.
It is especially difficult to determine the nature of the link between drugs and crime, and particularly whether one behaviour is sufficient for the other to occur (a strict causal relationship) or merely necessary (a weak causal relation).
Še posebej težko je določiti naravo povezave med drogami in kriminalom in zlasti to, ali ena oblika vedenja zadošča, da se druga oblika vedenja zgodi (strogo vzročno razmerje) ali je zgolj potrebna (šibko vzročno razmerje).
However, it is important in any study of drugs and crime to distinguish between a causal link between the two behaviours in terms of overall life pathway (linked to temporal order) and one that pertains only to the specific situation in which a crime is committed.
Pri vseh študijah drog in kriminala je treba razlikovati med vzročno povezavo med obema oblikama vedenja v smislu splošne življenjske poti (povezanih z začasnim stanjem) in obliko vedenja, ki je značilna samo za posebne razmere, v katerih je bilo storjeno kaznivo dejanje.
Systemic violence is linked to prohibition as it stems mainly from the illicit nature of a market characterised by huge profits and whose participants cannot resort to standard business law.
Sistemsko nasilje je povezano s prepovedjo, saj izhaja predvsem iz nezakonite narave trga, za katerega so značilni ogromni dobički in na katerem udeleženci ne morejo uporabljati standardnega poslovnega prava.
There is no intrinsic connection with drug use, and it is less clear in general whether drugs (trafficking and use) lead to systemic crime or the reverse, or even whether they are just part of the same general lifestyle.
Ni neločljive povezave z uporabo drog in na splošno je manj jasno, ali droge (promet z drogami in uporaba) vodijo k sistemskemu kriminalu ali nasprotno, ali pa so samo del splošnega načina življenja.
However, the pervasiveness of violence in drug markets may increase the likelihood of drug users becoming perpetrators or victims of violent crimes.
Razširjenost nasilja na trgih z drogami lahko poveča možnost, da uporabniki drog postanejo storilci ali žrtve nasilnih kaznivih dejanj.
The four categories of drug-related crime suggested, and the models on which they are derived, are not mutually exclusive.
Nekateri komentatorji so trdili, da je velik delež kriminala, povezanega z drogami, zlasti nasilnega kriminala, posledica tržnih sil.
Both the models and the categories of crime can overlap, as can the populations to which they refer.
Predlagane štiri kategorije kriminala, povezanega z drogami, in modeli, iz katerih so izpeljane, se medsebojno ne izključujejo.
Rather, the categorisation should be considered to demonstrate ‘ideal types’ that allow drug-related crime to be conceptualised and facilitate comparisons.
Modeli in kategorije kriminala se lahko prekrivajo, tako kot populacije, na katere se nanašajo.
Some commentators have argued that a large percentage of drug-related crime, especially violent crime, is the result of market forces. However, it is more
Namesto tega je treba to kategorizacijo obravnavati za prikaz „idealnih tipov“, ki omogočajo konceptualizacijo kriminala, povezanega z drogami, in poenostavljajo primerjave.
Drug use may also have an indirect impact on crimes other than drug law offences.
Uporaba drog ima lahko tudi posreden vpliv na kazniva dejanja, ki niso kršitve zakonov s področja drog.
Indeed, from an economic perspective, which views crime as a reaction to prices and incentives, any increase in the proportion of available resources allocated to the enforcement of drug laws would reduce the resources allocated to other crimes.
Z ekonomskega vidika, ki kriminal obravnava kot odziv na cene in spodbude, bi dejansko vsako zvišanje deleža razpoložljivih sredstev, dodeljenih izvajanju zakonov o drogah, znižalo sredstva, dodeljena za boj proti drugim kaznivim dejanjem.
This would make such crimes relatively less costly (through reduced probability of arrest and shortened incarceration) and therefore may increase their incidence.
Zaradi tega bi bila taka kazniva dejanja manj draga (z manj možnostmi za aretacijo in skrajšano zaporno kaznijo), kar bi lahko povečalo njihovo pogostnost.
EN C others, particularly in eastern Europe, treatment for opioid users, there are report only very limited use.
Evropi, poročajo o zelo omejeni uporabi.
no proven effective substitution or pharmacological treatment options currently available for cocaine users.
ali farmakološkega zdravljenja, kot je to na voljo pri zdravljenju uporabnikov opiatov.
An estimated 12 million (3.5 %) European adults aged 15–64 have tried cocaine and 4.5 million (1.3 %) have used it in the last year.
Uporaba kokaina pred evropske storitve zdravljenja odvisnosti od drog postavlja nove izzive.
Overall, cocaine supply, use and related problems in Europe have risen over the last decade, and prices have dropped.
Čeprav je te storitve mogoče izboljšati na podlagi izkušenj, pridobljenih med
However, this overall trend masks considerable inter-country variation.
Ta prispevek obravnava vrsto pomembnih vprašanj, povezanih z zagotavljanjem storitev oz.
Some countries, such as the UK, Spain and Italy, have seen considerable increases in cocaine use while
reševanjem drugih vrst težav z drogo, pomoči uporabnikom kokaina.
This paper addresses a number of important issues for the delivery of services for cocaine users.
Ocenjuje se, da je v lanskem letu kokain poskusilo 12 milijonov Evropejcev (3,5 %) v starosti od 15 do 64 let, 4,5 milijona (1,3 %) pa ga je uporabljalo.
How can the different groups of users be reached and helped?
Na splošno so se v zadnjem desetletju povečale ponudba in uporaba kokaina ter s tem povezane težave, cene pa so padle.
What type of treatment should be made available for dependent cocaine users?
V nekaterih državah, kot so Združeno kraljestvo, Španija in Italija, se je uporaba kokaina precej povečala, medtem ko drugod, zlasti v vzhodni farmakologija kokaina, socialna raznolikost uporabnikov in hkratna uporaba drugih psihoaktivnih snovi otežujeta razvoj in ciljno usmerjenost odzivov.
Are new specialised services needed, or should existing ones be adapted?
Poleg tega za uporabnike kokaina ni na voljo dokazano učinkovite možnosti nadomestnega
Cocaine use presents new challenges for Europe’s drug treatment services.
Kako je mogoče doseči različne skupine uporabnikov kokaina in jim pomagati?
Cocaine is the hydrochloride salt produced from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca Lam) which is cultivated mainly in South America.
Kokain je hidrokloridna sol, pridobljena iz listov rastline koke (Erythroxylon coca Lam), ki jo gojijo predvsem v Južni Ameriki.
Powder cocaine is typically snorted (insufflated) and, less frequently, injected.
Kokain v prahu se najpogosteje njuha (vdihava), manj pogosto se injicira.
It produces euphoria and appetite suppression, and has multiple negative effects on health (see ‘Health issues’).
Povzroča evforijo, zmanjšuje tek in ima številne negativne učinke na zdravje (glejte „Zdravstvena vprašanja“).
Crack is the smokable form of cocaine and is manufactured from cocaine hydrochloride.
Crack kokain je oblika kokaina, ki se pridobiva iz kokainovega hidroklorida.
It is known for immediate effects and association with problematic patterns of use.
Znan je po takojšnjem učinku, poleg tega je povezan s problematičnimi vzorci uporabe.
Key issues at a glance
Kratka predstavitev ključnih dejstev
These groups differ in drug use patterns, health and living conditions.
Te skupine se razlikujejo po vzorcih uporabe droge, zdravstvenih in življenjskih razmerah.
Their needs range from access to information about cocaine-related risks to specific treatment or harm reduction interventions.
Trenutni odzivi na težave, povezane s kokainom, se opirajo predvsem na obstoječe oblike pomoči oz. storitve, usmerjene v uporabo opiatov in uporabo drog v sprostitvenih okoljih.
Some 4.5 million European adults (1.3 %) have used cocaine in the last year.
V preteklem letu je kokain uporabljalo 4,5 milijona odraslih Evropejcev (1,3 %).
Last year cocaine prevalence has shown an overall upward trend over the last decade, although with variations between EU Member States, ranging from 0.1 % to 3.0 % of the population.
V splošnem se uporaba kokaina v zadnjem desetletju povečuje, vendar med državami članicami obstajajo razlike, in sicer kokain v posameznih državah uporablja od 0,1 % do 3,0 % populacije. 2.
Cocaine use can lead to dependence and treatment demand related to cocaine has increased.
Uporaba kokaina lahko povzroči odvisnost.