natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
New patterns of drug use are difficult to detect because, typically, they first emerge at low levels, and in specific localities or among restricted sub-groups of the population.
Nove vzorce uživanja drog je težko odkriti, saj se običajno najprej pojavijo na nižjih ravneh in na posebnih krajih ali med omejenimi podskupinami prebivalcev.
Few countries have monitoring systems that are sensitive to this kind of behaviour and the methodological difficulties presented by monitoring this kind of drug use are considerable.
Le malo držav ima sisteme spremljanja, ki so občutljivi za to vrsto vedenja, metodološke težave, ki jih predstavlja spremljanje tovrstnega uživanja drog, pa so velike.
Nonetheless, the importance of identifying potential new threats is widely recognised, and it is indirect response to this that the European Union, through the Council decision on new psychoactive substances, developed an earlywarning system that provides a quick-response mechanism to the emergence of new psychoactive substances on the European drug scene.
Kljub temu pa je pomembnost ugotavljanja morebitnih novih groženj široko priznana in Evropska unija je kot neposreden odziv na to s Sklepom Sveta o novih psihoaktivnih snoveh razvila sistem za zgodnje opozarjanje, ki nudi mehanizme za hitro odzivanje na pojav novih psihoaktivnih snovi na evropskem prizorišču drog.
Activities in support of the earlywarning system form an important part of the work of the EMCDDA and fit within a broader perspective of using a wide variety of data sources to improve the timeliness and sensitivity of the European drug monitoring system.
Dejavnosti za podporo sistemov za zgodnje opozarjanje tvorijo pomemben del dela Centra in spadajo v širšo perspektivo uporabe različnih podatkovnih virov za izboljšanje pravočasnosti in občutljivosti evropskega sistema za spremljanje drog.
EU action on new psychoactive substances
Ukrep EU glede novih psihoaktivnih snovi
During 2007, a total of 15 new psychoactive substances were notified for the first time through the earlywarning system to the EMCDDA and Europol.
V letu 2007 je bilo prek sistema za hitro opozarjanje Centru in Europolu prvič prijavljenih 15 novih psihoaktivnih snovi.
The group of newly notified substances is diverse and, besides new synthetic drugs, includes medicinal products and naturally occurring substances.
Skupina na novo prijavljenih snovi je raznolika in poleg novih sintetičnih drog vključuje tudi zdravila in naravne snovi.
Nine of the newly reported compounds were synthetic drugs similar to those listed in Schedules I and II of the 1971 United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
Devet izmed novo prijavljenih zmesi je bilo sintetičnih drog, podobnih tistim v seznamih I ali II Konvencije ZN o psihotropnih snoveh iz leta 1971.
They included substances from known chemical groups such as phenethylamines, tryptamines and piperazines, as well as substances with a less common chemical make-up.
Vključevale so snovi iz znanih kemičnih skupin, kot so fenetilamini, triptamini in piperazini, pa tudi snovi z manj običajno kemično sestavo.
The group is equally divided between substances that have pronounced hallucinogenic effects and those that exhibit predominantly stimulant properties.
Ta skupina je enakovredno porazdeljena med snovi, ki imajo izrazit halucinogen učinek, in tiste, ki izkazujejo predvsem stimulativne lastnosti.
submitted to the Council and the European Commission (158
Zagotavlja tudi oceno tveganj, povezanih s temi novimi snovmi, z namenom, da bi se ukrepi, ki se v državah članicah uporabljajo za nadzor drog in psihotropnih snovi, lahko uporabljali tudi za nove snovi.
For the first time, in 2007, three naturally occurring substances have been reported through the information
) Sklep Sveta 2005/387/PNZ z dne 10. maja 2005 o izmenjavi podatkov, oceni tveganja in nadzoru nad novimi psihoaktivnimi snovmi (UL L 127, 20.5.2005, str. 32).) http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/risk-assessments/bzp) http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index16775EN.html) Glej „Nove nadzorovane snovi“, str. 91.
Online shops
Nove nadzorovane snovi
Since January 2006, 12 countries have reported additions or changes to their lists of controlled substances. mCPP (1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine) has been added to the list of controlled substances in six countries (Belgium, Germany, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Slovakia) and BZP (1-benzylpiperazine) has been added in four countries (Estonia, Italy, Lithuania, Malta).
Poročila navajajo naraščajoče število spletnih trgovin, ki ponujajo psihoaktivne alternative nadzorovanim drogam, kot so LSD, ekstazi, konoplja in opioidi.
Of these substances, mCPP had been actively monitored by the EMCDDA and Europol, and BZP had been the subject of a risk assessment in 2007.
Čeprav so snovi, ki jih ponujajo spletne trgovine, pogosto označene kot „zakonita mamila“ ali „zeliščna mamila“, pa v nekaterih evropskih državah za te droge veljajo enaki zakoni in enake kazni kot za nadzorovane droge.
Other substances being brought under control in the period include the hallucinogens DOC (4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine), DOI (4-iodo-2,5- dimethoxyamphetamine) and bromo-dragonfly (bromo- benzodifuranyl-isopropylamine) in Denmark and Sweden, and ketamine in Estonia.
Od januarja 2006 12 držav poroča o dodatkih ali spremembah seznamov nadzorovanih snovi. Šest držav (Belgija, Nemčija, Litva, Madžarska, Malta, Slovaška) je na seznam nadzorovanih snovi dodalo mCPP (1-(3-klorofenil)piperazin), BZP (1-benzilpiperazin) pa so dodale štiri države (Estonija, Italija, Litva, Malta).
There are reports of an increasing number of online shops selling psychoactive alternatives to controlled drugs such as LSD, ecstasy, cannabis and opioids.
Od teh snovi Center in Europol aktivno spremljata mCPP, BZP pa je bil leta 2007 predmet ocene tveganja.
While the substances offered for sale by the online shops are often referred to as ‘legal highs’ or ‘herbal highs’, in some European countries these drugs a recovered by the same laws as controlled drugs, and may incur the same penalties.
Druge snovi, ki so bile v tem obdobju pod nadzorom, so halucinogeni DOC (4-kloro-2,5-dimetoksi amfetamin), DOI (4-jodo-2,5-dimetoksi amfetamin) in bromo-dragonfly (bromo-benzodifuranil-izopropilamin), in sicer na Danskem in Švedskem, ter ketamin v Estoniji.
Within the European Union, the majority of online shops identified in the snapshot study are based in the UnitedKingdom and the Netherlands and, to a lesser extent, Germany and Austria.
V Evropski uniji se večina spletnih trgovin, identificiranih v kratki študiji, nahaja v Združenem kraljestvu in na Nizozemskem, v manjšem obsegu pa tudi v Nemčiji in Avstriji.
Online shops often specialise in certain types of drugrelated products, for example some mainly sell drug paraphernalia, some specialise in hallucinogenic mushrooms or ‘party pills’, while others market a wide range of herbal, semi-synthetic and synthetic substances.
Spletne trgovine so pogosto specializirane za določene vrste z drogo povezanih izdelkov, nekatere na primer prodajajo predvsem opremo za uživanje drog, nekatere so specializirane za halucinogene gobe ali „tabletke za zabavo“, spet tretje pa prodajajo široko paleto zeliščnih, polsintetičnih in sintetičnih snovi.
Online shops based in Europe advertise over 200 psychoactive products.
Spletne trgovine v Evropi oglašujejo več kot 200 psihoaktivnih izdelkov.
The most commonly encountered ‘legal highs’ are Salvia divinorum, kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), Hawaiian baby woodrose (Argyreia nervosa), hallucinogenic mushrooms (EMCDDA, 2006), and a variety of ‘party pills’.
Najpogostejša „zakonita mamila“ so Salvia divinorum, kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), havajska drevesna roža (Argyreia nervosa), halucinogene gobe (EMCDDA, 2006) in vrsta „tabletk za zabavo“.
Various plants with psychoactive properties are also being controlled.
Nadzorujejo se tudi različne rastline s psihoaktivnimi lastnostmi.
To this end, Belgium has restructured its legislation on psychotropic substances to include a new category that lists plants or parts of plants under control, rather than just their psychoactive ingredients as before.
V ta namen je Belgija spremenila zakonodajo o psihotropnih snoveh in vključila novo kategorijo, ki navaja rastline ali dele rastlin pod nadzorom in ne le njihove psihoaktivne sestavine kot v preteklosti.
Among the plants placed on the list are khat (qat, Catha edulis) and Salvia divinorum.
Med rastlinami na seznamu sta khat (qat, Catha edulis) in Salvia divinorum.
Khat is now controlled by 11 countries in Europe (a 2005 risk assessment in the UnitedKingdom recommended against control).
Khat je zdaj nadzorovan v 11 državah v Evropi (ocena tveganja iz leta 2005 v Združenem kraljestvu je nadzor odsvetovala).
In 2006, Sweden added salvinorine-A, the main active principle of Salvia divinorum, to its list; the plant has also been put under control in Germany in 2008.
Leta 2006 je Švedska na seznam dodala salvorin-A, glavno aktivno sestavino Salvia divinorum; rastlino je leta 2008 začela nadzorovati tudi Nemčija.
In the same period, Tabernanthe iboga has been added to the list of controlled substances in France, following legal control of the active ingredient, ibogaine, in Belgium, Denmark and Sweden.
V istem obdobju je bila na seznam nadzorovanih snovi v Franciji dodana Tabernanthe iboga, po pravnem nadzoru aktivne sestavine ibogaina v Belgiji, na Danskem in na Švedskem.
Finally, in response to deaths associated with hallucinogenic mushrooms, Ireland and the Netherlands have both moved to close earlier loopholes that had allowed sale and possession of fresh mushrooms containing psilocin; in Ireland the law came in to force in January 2006, while in the Netherlands it is in the parliamentary process at the time of writing.
Kot odziv na smrtne primere, povezane s halucinogenimi gobami, sta Irska in Nizozemska zapolnili prejšnje vrzeli, ki so omogočale prodajo in posedovanje svežih gob, ki vsebujejo psilocin; na Irskem je zakon začel veljati januarja 2006, na Nizozemskem pa je zakon v času sestave tega poročila v parlamentarnem postopku.
Internet study methodology
Metodologija spletnih študij
For further information, a list of substances controlled across the EU and Norway is presented in the ‘Substances and classifications table’ in the European Legal Database on Drugs (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/ legal-reports).
Za dodatne informacije je seznam snovi, ki so nadzorovane v EU in na Norveškem, predstavljen v „Substances and classifications table“ v Evropski pravni zbirki podatkov o drogah (http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/legal-reports).
Internet — a marketplace for psychoactive substances
Svetovni splet – trg za psihoaktivne snovi
To obtain a snapshot, Internet searches were conducted in January 2008 using multilingual keywords and the search engine Google (http://www.google.com).
Za analizo trenutnega stanja so bila januarja 2008 izvedena spletna iskanja z uporabo večjezikovnih ključnih besed in spletnega brskalnika Google (http://www.google.com).
A total of 68 EU-based online shops were identified selling various types of ‘legal highs’.
Najdenih je bilo 68 spletnih trgovin iz EU, ki prodajajo različne vrste „zakonitih mamil“.
They were stratified according to their country of origin.
Razvrščene so bile glede na državo izvora.
EU country code domains (e.g. ES, FR, DE) or other indications of being EU-based (e.g. contact address) were used for the identification of the country of origin.
Za prepoznavanje države izvora so bile uporabljene kode držav EU (npr. ES, FR, DE) ali druge oznake izvora iz EU (npr. kontaktni naslovi).
More than half of the shops (52%) were located in the United Kingdom, 37% in the Netherlands, 6% in Germany, 4% in Austria and 1% in other countries (e.g. Ireland, Poland).
Več kot polovica trgovin (52 %) se je nahajala v Združenem kraljestvu, 37 % na Nizozemskem, 6 % v Nemčiji, 4 % v Avstriji in en odstotek v drugih državah (npr. na Irskem, Poljskem).
A random sample of 25 online shops was selected for detailed analysis.
Za podrobno analizo je bil izbran naključni vzorec 25 spletnih trgovin.
Sampling fractions in each stratum (country of origin) were proportional to those of the total sample of online shops.
Vzorčene skupine v vsakem sloju (država izvora) so bile sorazmerne s tistimi iz celotnega vzorca spletnih trgovin.
Online shops that sold exclusively to the trade, rather than to the consumer, were excluded as were those that sold only hallucinogenic mushrooms.
Spletne trgovine, ki so se ukvarjale izključno s prodajo podjetjem in ne potrošnikom, so bile izključene, prav tako pa tudi tiste, ki so prodajale samo halucinogene gobe.
The Internet offers a window on the world of the drug user through online forums and chat rooms as well as the sites of online shops selling psychoactive alternatives to controlled substances.
Internet uživalcu drog ponuja okno v svet, in sicer s pomočjo spletnih forumov in klepetalnic, ponuja pa tudi strani s spletnimi trgovinami, ki prodajajo psihoaktivne alternative nadzorovanim snovem.
Information available can give insights in to different aspects of the online marketplace in drugs, for
Da bi določil trenutni razvoj na spletnem trgu z drogami, je Center v začetku leta 2008 izvedel kratko študijo, ki je vključevala 25 spletnih trgovin.
See ‘New substances under control’.
Rezultati študije so predstavljeni tukaj.
Annual report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe in the body, and there is currently no readily available toxicological test to determine which of the two substances has been consumed.
Letno poročilo 2008: stanje na področju problematike drog v Evropi dostopnosti lahko GBL postane dostopen preprodajalcem drog in uživalcem po cenah in ob tveganjih, ki so precej manjša od tistih, prisotnih na evropskih trgih s prepovedanimi drogami.
For example, the average price of a 1 gram dose of GBL purchased in bulk on the Internet varies from EUR 0.09 to EUR 2.
Na primer, povprečna cena enega grama GBL, kupljenega na debelo na spletu, znaša od 0,09 do 2 EUR.
The ‘party pills’ on offer may contain plant material or semi-synthetic or synthetic substances.
„Tabletke za zabavo“ lahko vsebujejo rastlinski material ali polsintetične ali sintetične snovi.
The main ingredient of synthetic ‘party pills’ is often benzylpiperazine (BZP), though the online shops appear to have replacement substances ready for when BZP becomes subject to control measures in the EU Member States.
Glavna sestavina sintetičnih „tabletk za zabavo“ je pogosto benzilpiperazin (BZP), čeprav se zdi, da imajo spletne trgovine pripravljene nadomestne snovi za čas, ko bo BZP v državah članicah EU postal predmet ukrepov nadzora.
The advertised prices of substances on offer vary from EUR 1 to EUR 11 for the equivalent of one dose.
Oglaševane cene ponujenih snovi znašajo od 1 do 11 EUR za en odmerek.
Health risks
Tveganja za zdravje
GHB and its precursor GBL: follow-up
GHB in njena predhodna sestavina GBL: nadaljevanje
In Europe, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) has been under surveillance since 2000, when a risk assessment of the substance was conducted under the terms of the 1997 joint action on new synthetic drugs (EMCDDA, 2002).
V Evropi je gama hidroksibutirična kislina (GHB) pod nadzorom od leta 2000, ko je bila izvedena ocena tveganja te snovi pod pogoji skupnega ukrepa o novih sintetičnih drogah iz leta 1997 (EMCDDA, 2002).
The addition of GHB to Schedule IV of the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances, in March 2001, obliged all EU Member States to control the drug under their legislation addressing psychotropic substances, and new controls rapidly curtailed the previously open sale of GHB.
Ko so GHB marca 2001 dodali na seznam IV Konvencije ZN o psihotropnih snoveh iz leta 1971, so morale države članice to drogo nadzorovati v skladu s svojo zakonodajo o psihotropnih snoveh, nov nadzor pa je hitro zmanjšal prejšnjo prosto prodajo GHB.
Both GHB and GBL have a steep dose–response curve, with rapid onset of symptoms, which greatly increases the risks associated with illicit use.
GHB in GBL imata strmo krivuljo odziva odmerka, s hitrim pojavom simptomov, kar močno poveča tveganja, povezana s prepovedanim uživanjem.
Nausea, vomiting and various degrees of impaired consciousness are the main adverse affects in most reported cases of GHB intoxication.
Slabost, bruhanje in različne stopnje motnje zavesti so glavni škodljivi učinki v večini sporočenih primerov zastrupitve z GHB.
However, the frequent presence of other drugs may complicate the clinical presentation.
Vendar pa lahko pogosta prisotnost drugih drog oteži klinično pojavnost.
A Dutch study of 72 GHB users reported that the majority had passed out at least once while on GHB and some had done so frequently (Korf et al., 2002).
V nizozemski študiji 72 uživalcev GHB je bilo ugotovljeno, da je večina uživalcev pod vplivom GHB omedlela vsaj enkrat, nekaj pa jih omedlelo večkrat (Korf et al., 2002).
In a survey of GHB and GBL users in the United Kingdom, adverse reactions were reported to be more common in club settings than in private homes (Sumnall et al., 2008).
V raziskavi GHB in GBL v Združenem kraljestvu so poročali, da so škodljive reakcije pogostejše na klubskih prizoriščih kot v zasebnih domovih (Sumnall et al., 2008).
In London and Barcelona, the patient profile for GHB intoxications has been described as mainly young and male, with the majority presenting at weekends, usually with concomitant consumption of alcohol or illicit drugs (Miro et al., 2002; Wood et al., 2008).
V Londonu in Barceloni so osebo, ki se zastrupi z GHB, največkrat opisali kot mlajšega moškega, pri čemer se največ zastrupitev zgodi ob koncih tedna ter običajno ob hkratnem uživanju alkohola ali prepovedanih drog (Miro et al., 2002; Wood et al., 2008).
GHB occurs naturally in the human body, but is also used as a medicine and as a recreational drug.
GHB naravno nastaja v človeškem telesu, vendar se uporablja tudi kot zdravilo in rekreativna droga.
Non-medical use of GHB surfaced on the recreational nightlife scene in some parts of Europe, the USA and Australia during the 1990s, specifically in nightclubs where many other drugs were being commonly used.
Nemedicinska uporaba GHB se je v 90. letih pojavila na prizoriščih nočnega življenja v nekaterih delih Evrope, ZDA in Avstralije, zlasti v nočnih klubih, kjer so se pogosto uživale tudi številne druge droge.
Concerns quickly arose about the health risks associated with its use.
Kmalu so se pojavila vprašanja o tveganjih za zdravje, povezanih z uživanjem GHB.
In particular, anxieties arose about the potential for surreptitiously adding GHB to drinks (commonly referred to as ‘drink spiking’) to facilitate sexual assault.
Pojavile so se zlasti skrbi glede morebitnega prikritega dodajanja GHB v pijačo (splošno znanega kot „drink spiking“ oz. primešanje v pijačo) z namenom spolne zlorabe.
However, there is a lack of forensic evidence for this, and establishing it is difficult due to the narrow time window for detecting GHB in body fluids.
Vendar pa za to ni dovolj forenzičnih dokazov in takšne zločine je zaradi kratkega časa, v katerem je mogoče odkriti GHB v telesnih tekočinah, težko dokazati.
However, the association of GHB with drug-facilitated sexual assault may have contributed to a relatively ‘negative image’ of the substance (EMCDDA, 2008c).
Kljub temu pa je povezovanje GHB s spolno zlorabo s pomočjo droge, pripomoglo k precej „negativni podobi“ te snovi (EMCDDA, 2008c).
Intoxications and emergencies associated with GHB have been reported in the scientific literature and to the EMCDDA since the late 1990s, albeit not systematically, in Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, the UnitedKingdom and Norway.
Zastrupitve in nujni primeri, povezani z GHB, se v strokovni literaturi in v poročilih, poslanih centru EMCDDA, pojavljajo od konca 90. let, čeprav ne sistematično, in sicer iz Belgije, Danske, Španije, Luksemburga, Nizozemske, Finske, Švedske, Združenega kraljestva in Norveške.
Although GHB is associated with only a very small proportion of all drug intoxication emergencies requiring hospital or ambulance emergency services, numbers appear to have increased since 2000.
Čeprav je GHB povezan z majhnim številom vseh zastrupitev z drogami, ki zahtevajo bolnišnično ali nujno pomoč, se zdi, da so se številke od leta 2000 zvišale.
In Amsterdam, in 2005, the proportion of requests for emergency assistance that required transportation to hospital was higher for cases related to GHB/GBL than to those involving other drugs.
Leta 2005 je bil delež potreb po nujni pomoči, ki so zahtevale prevoz v bolnišnico, večji pri primerih, povezanih z GHB/GBL, kot pri primerih, povezanih z drugimi drogami.
Concerns are now arising about reports of consumption of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), a precursor of GHB, which is not a scheduled substance in any of the UN drug control conventions.
V zadnjem času skrbi vzbujajo poročila o uživanju gamabutirolaktona (GBL), predhodne sestavine GHB, snovi, ki ni na nobenem seznamu konvencij ZN o nadzoru drog.
GBL is rapidly converted in to GHB
GBL se v telesu hitro pretvori v GHB, trenutno pa ni na voljo toksikološkega testa za ugotavljanje, katera od teh snovi je bila zaužita.
In the United Kingdom, one London hospital emergency department — with a catchment area that includes local club venues which typically, but not exclusively, cater for the gay club scene — recorded a total of 158 GHB and
GHB je mogoče pridobiti iz GBL in 1,4-butanediola (1,4-BD), ti snovi pa se širše in zakonito uporabljata v veliko industrijskih panogah (npr. v kemikalijah, umetnih snoveh, farmacevtskih proizvodih), zato ju je mogoče kupiti pri komercialnih dobaviteljih. Zaradi svoje komercialne
Chapter 8: New drugs and emerging trends
Poglavje 8: Nove droge in nastajajoči trendi smrtnih primerov in nujnih primerov brez smrtnega izida zaradi uživanja GHB in njene predhodne sestavine.
Due to its rapid elimination from the body, it is difficult to establish GHB/GBL as a cause of intoxication or death.
ukrepi spremljanja za preprečitev, da bi se njuna uporaba preusmerila iz dovoljene industrijske uporabe.
Some Member States (Italy, Latvia, Sweden) have chosen to control GBL (or GBL and the other precursor
Nekatere države članice (Italija, Latvija, Švedska) so se odločile nadzorovati GBL (ali GBL in drugo predhodno sestavino 1,4-BD) z zakonodajo o nadzoru drog ali drugo ustrezno zakonodajo, v Združenem kraljestvu pa potekajo razprave o možnem nadaljnjem nadzoru.
Interventions for prevention and harmreduction in response to the use of GHB/GBL are commonly provided by national and community drugs projects that target nightlife settings.
Intervencije za preprečevanje in zmanjševanje škode kot odziv na uživanje GHB/GBL običajno zagotavljajo nacionalni in skupnostni projekti na področju drog, ki so namenjeni prizoriščem nočnega življenja.
These interventions usually consist of training club staff and disseminating information about the risks of using GHB and other drugs.
Te intervencije običajno vključujejo usposabljanje osebja v klubih ter razširjanje informacij o tveganjih uživanja GHB in drugih drog.
Such interventions often take place in conjunction with other interventions related to ‘club drugs’ and use of alcohol and drug combinations (EMCDDA, 2008e).
Takšne intervencije se običajno izvajajo skupaj z drugimi intervencijami, povezanimi s „klubskimi drogami“ ter uživanjem alkohola in kombinacij drog (EMCDDA, 2008e).
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