natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The impact on the marine environment is already apparent: the sea level is rising, currents are changing course, the oceansare becoming more acidic, species' natural ranges are shifting, and so on.
Posledice za morsko okolje se že čutijo: gladina morja se dviga, morski tokovi se spreminjajo, oceani postajajo bolj kisli,območja porazdelitve vrst se premikajo …
The scientists of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have confirmed the reality of climate change andits consequences.
Znanstveniki Medvladnega foruma za spremembo podnebja (IPCC) potrjujejo resničnost podnebnih sprememb in njihovihposledic.
There are signs that the trend is accelerating.
Nekateri znaki kažejo, da so te spremembe vse hitrejše.
The 10 warmest years on record have all occurred since1990.
10 najtoplejših let smo zabeležili po letu 1990.
Concentrations of methane and CO2in the air have reached levels never equalled over 650 000 years…
Ravnimetana in CO2v ozračju še nikoli v zadnjih 650 000 letih niso bile tako visoke …
For these experts, global warming is inevitable.
Za te strokovnjake je segrevanje neizogibno.
The goal now is to limit its scope.
Odslej si bo treba prizadevati predvsem za zmanjšanje njegovega obsega.
A rise of more than 1.5-2.5 °C in the earth'saverage temperature would bring changes that would obviously be disastrous for biodiversity, but for human civilisationas well.
Čebi se povprečna temperatura na kopnem povečala za več kot 1,5–2,5 °C, bi to povzročilo spremembe, ki bi dokazanopomenile katastrofo za biotsko raznovrstnost in tudi za človeštvo.
Hence the need to limit the temperature increase: an objective of 2 °C was set by the 27 European Union countriesearly this year.
Zato je nujno treba omejiti dvig temperatur, kar je cilj, kiga je 27 držav Evropske unije v začetku tega leta določilo na 2 °C.
Ambitious target figures, going well beyond the EU's current international commitments, have thereforebeen set: cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 and increasing the share of renewable energy to 20%.
Določeni so bili torej visoko zastavljeni številčni cilji, kipresegajo trenutne mednarodne zaveze EU: do leta 2020 za 20 % zmanjšati emisije toplogrednih plinov in na 20 % povečatidelež obnovljive energije pri energetski porabi.
Achieving those targets means that combating climate change must become a priority in all European Union policies.
Da bi to dosegli, morajo ukrepi proti podnebnim spremembam postati prednostna naloga v vseh politikah Evropske unije.Med njimi je ribištvo.
The fisheries sector is no exception.
Kot vse gospodarske dejavnosti, ki porabljajo energijo, tudi ribištvo negativno vpliva na podnebje.
Like all energy-consuming economic activities, it has a negative impact on the climate.If the sector already starts analysing the energy performances of its fishing methods and gears, it can help reduceconsumption of fossil fuels, which produce greenhouse gases.
Čebi že danes začeli razmišljati o energetski učinkovitosti njegovih metod in ribolovnega orodja, bi lahko prispevali kzmanjšanju porabe fosilnih energij, ki proizvajajo toplogredne pline.
So it is essential to strengthen stocks to cope withthese changes.
Zato je nujno, da s povečanjem staležev kljubujemo tem spremembam. Boljkot kdaj koli je treba prenehati z njihovim siromašenjem in torej ustaviti prelov … o p i
The Editor
Uredništvo
Climate change What impact on fisheries?
Podnebne spremembe Kako vplivajo na ribištvo?
Climate change is already affectingmarine ecosystems.
Podnebne spremembe že vplivajo namorske ekosisteme.
Its impact can be seen in theacidification of the oceans, rising sea levels, an increase instorms and higher water temperatures.
Trenutno se to kaže v zakisljevanjuoceanov, dvigovanju gladine morja, večji pogostnostineviht in zviševanju temperature vode.
The earth's climate is heating up, primarily as a result of human activity. This realityis today widely recognised by the scientific community and most politicalauthorities.
Podnebje našega planeta se segreva, glavni razlog za to pa so človeške dejavnosti.To dejstvo danes v veliki meri priznavajo znanstveni krogi in večina političnihorganov.
The facts are unequivocal: ecosystems are already being affected byglobal warming. If we fail to react rapidly now, we open the door to major upheavalswhich will have serious consequences both for the environment and for all humanactivities.
Ugotovitev je nepreklicna: segrevanje je že vplivalo na ekosisteme in če sene bomo hitro odzvali, bo prišlo do velikih sprememb, ki bodo imele resne poslediceza okolje in vse človeške dejavnosti.
Sectors which depend on the exploitation of natural resources, such asfisheries, are particularly at risk.
Zlasti za tiste, ki so odvisne od izkoriščanjanaravnih virov, kot je ribištvo.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), madeup of scientists throughout the world, has assessed the current predict temperature increases of 1.5 °C or more by the end of thecentury.
napovedujejo zvišanje temperature za 1,5 °C ali več.
These developments will obviously not spare marineecosystems, which are already experiencing certain impacts ofclimate change1.
Te spremembe seveda ne bodo prizanesle morskim ekosistemom,ki so jih že prizadeli nekateri vplivi podnebnih sprememb1.
The following are some of the most important: per o u in E e
Naštejmo samo nekaj glavnih:
• and future impact of climate change.
Medvladniforum za spremembo podnebja (IPPC), ki združuje znanstvenike z vsega sveta, je proučil trenutni inprihodnji vpliv podnebnih sprememb.
The experts have released asynthesis report on their work.
Na podlagi svojega dela jeobjavil jedrnato poročilo.
Although this paper does not givedetails on marine ecosystems or fisheries the full report, to bepublished later this year, is expected to confirm the many studiesshowing that climate change has already had repercussions onmarine ecosystems, fish stocks and fisheries.
V njem niti morski ekosistem niti ribištvonista podrobno obravnavana, vendar se nadejamo, da bodo vneskrajšani različici poročila, ki bo objavljena še letos, potrjeneštevilne študije, ki dokazujejo, da so podnebne spremembe ževplivale na morske ekosisteme, staleže rib in ribištvo.
Marine warming – The increase in atmospheric temperaturehas repercussions on bodies of water.
•Segrevanje morja– Zvišanje temperature ozračja se prenaša navodna telesa. Temperatura površinskih voda se je od 60. letzvišala za približno 1,5 °C.
The temperature of the North Sea, for example,has risen by 1.1 °C over the last 30 years.
Na primer, temperatura Severnega morja se je v zadnjih 30 letih zvišala za 1,1 °C.
(1)See SEC(2007) 8, impact study of Communication COM(2007) 2 “Limiting global climate change to 2 degrees Celsius – The way ahead for 2020 and beyond.” (2) pH is a measure of acidity, with neutral solutions having a pH of 7.
(1)Glej SEC 8/2007, presoja vpliva Sporočila COM 2/2007 „Omejevanje globalnih podnebnih sprememb na 2 stopinji Celzija – Pot do leta 2020 in naprej“. (2) pH je enota za merjenje kislosti, nevtralna vrednost je pH 7.
Rise in sea level– Climate change is causing ice sheets – both polar caps and mountain glaciers – to melt.
•Dvigovanje globine morja– Segrevanje povzroča taljenje leduna polarnih ledenih ploskvah in gorskih ledenikih.
All that waterstored in solid form is now pouring into the oceans, whose levelinevitably rises.
Vsa ta voda,shranjena v trdni obliki, sedaj teče v oceane, katerih gladina seneizogibno dviguje.
Sea level has risen by 19.5 cm since 1870, withserious impacts on coastal regions.
Po letu 1870 se je dvignila za 19,5 cm, karpovzroča spremembe obalnega pasu.
•An increasing number of extreme weather events – Climate change is being seen in increasingly frequent periods of drought, heavy precipitation and storms.
njegovih stopinjah: njegov ulov se je v dvajsetih letih v Severnemmorju z 31 ton povečal na 558 ton in na območju zahodno od Britanskega otočja z 694 ton na 2 429 ton. Ne da bi dosegle takoizjemne rezultate, se tudi druge vrste, za katere velja, da živijo nanižjih zemljepisnih širinah, širijo nad 50. vzporednik, na primersardon, sardela, tun, balestra, morski bič, morska lisica in sinjimorski pes.
In the northwest Atlantic, events of extreme winds and high waves are on therise.
Povečanje ekstremnih vremenskih pojavov– Podnebnespremembe se trenutno izražajo v povečanju obdobij suše,nalivov in neurij.
A similar phenomenon can be seen to the south.
Vrste, ki običajno živijovzdolž afriških obal, se premikajo proti severu. Tropske vrste trske(Physiculus dalwigki),vrst Gaidropsarus grantiin Pisodonophissemicinctusso doslej zabeležili vse do Galicije.
The CIESM3Atlas of exoticspecies is continually adding to its list of tropical fish that havemoved into the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal or the Straits of Gibraltar, including sharks and sole from Senegal, two specieswith considerable commercial potential.
Tudi v Atlasutujerodnih vrst CIESM3se še kar podaljšuje seznam tropskih rib, ki so se prek Sueškega prekopa ali Gibraltarske ožine za stalnonaselile v Sredozemskem morju; med njimi sta svilnati morski pesin senegalski list, dve komercialno zanimivi vrsti.
These impacts, which have already been widely established, have observable consequences on certain species. Climatechange plays a role, for example, in the decline in North Sea and Baltic cod stocks.
Ti že zelo opazni vplivi imajo otipljive posledice za nekatere vrste.Segrevanje lahko na primer vpliva na zmanjšanje staležev trske v Severnem in Baltskem morju.
And this occurs for different reasons, given theextreme complexity of the climate's interaction with ecosystems.
Razlogi za to so različni, čeupoštevamo izredno zapletenost medsebojnega vplivanjapodnebja in ekosistemov.
These changes are not negative as such, since they sometimescreate new fishing activities.
Te spremembe same po sebi niso negativne, saj včasih odpirajonove možnosti za ribolovne dejavnosti.
However, their indirect effects on thefragile balance of marine ecosystems and on the species currentlymaking up part of such ecosystems are not yet well known.Permanent vigilance thus remains vital.
Vendar njihovi posredniučinki na občutljivo ravnovesje morskih ekosistemov in na vrste, ki v njih živijo sedaj, še niso dobro poznani. Zato je potrebnanenehna pazljivost.
Multiple effects
Številni učinki
In addition to species displacement, climate change puts othertypes of pressure on aquatic ecosystems.
Poleg tega, da povzročajo selitve vrst, podnebne spremembe tudiše drugače pritiskajo na vodne ekosisteme.
Here are a few examples:
Nekaj primerov.
In the North Sea, this decline seems to be caused by shifts in thegeographical ranges of plankton.
Zdi se, da so vzrok za zmanjševanje staležev v Severnem morjuselitve populacij planktona.Calanus finmarchicus,glavna vrsta, s katero se hranijo ličinke trske, se je v iskanju hladnejših voda iz Severnega morja preselila v Severno ledeno morje.
The dominant species, Calanusfinmarchicus,on which cod larvae feed, have shifted from the North Sea to the Arctic Ocean in search of colder waters.
Njena biomasav Severnem morju se je od 60. let prejšnjega stoletja zmanjšala za70 %.
Itsbiomass in the North Sea has dropped by 70% since the 1960s.Species of plankton from the south, which are replacing it, are lessabundant and do not seem suited to the larval stage of cod.
Planktonske vrste z juga, ki so jo nadomestile, so manjbogate in zdi se, da ne ustrezajo ličinkam trske.
So the decline in the favourite prey of cod larvae partially explainsthe problems of cod stocks in the North Sea.
Zmanjšanjenajljubšega plena njenih ličink naj bi torej delno pojasnilo težavetrske v Severnem morju.
Feeding on agricultural pollution and untreated wastewater,aquatic vegetation develops excessively, depleting water of itsoxygen.
V Baltskem morju so mile zime, zmanjšanje pritoka morske vode izožine Skagerrak ter povečanje količine padavin in rečnih pretokovpovzročili postopno razsoljevanje.
This phenomenon, known as eutrophication, is a type ofpollution that has long been present in all European coastalwaters.
Slano vodo, ki je težja od sladkevode, je torej treba iskati globlje.
For the last 30 years or so, however, eutrophication hasbecome more intense because of higher water temperatures andthe release into aquatic environments of eroded earth due torising sea levels.
Jajčeca trske, ki drsijo protimorskemu dnu, dokler ne najdejo določene gostote soli, ki jimomogoči, da se ustavijo, se torej spustijo globlje proti dnu, naglobine, kjer je njihovo preživetje zaradi pomanjkanja kisika velikotežje.
The phenomenon results in an increasingnumber of green, red and brown tides and excessive growth ofplankton on European coasts.
Če temu pojavu dodamo še onesnaženje, premikanjeplanktona in prelov, si lahko predstavljamo, pod kakšnim pritiskomje ta populacija, ki je že tako v težavah.
These imperil marine life bydepleting the water of oxygen and occasionally by releasing toxicsubstances.
Vodno rastlinstvo, ki se hrani s kmetijskimi odpadki in neočiščenoodpadno vodo, se prekomerno razvija, kar povzroča redčenjekisika v vodi.
In addition to the problems they create foraquaculture, they lead to high mortality among young marineorganisms living in coastal waters.
To imenujemo evtrofikacija, tj. oblika onesnaževanja,ki že dolgo ogroža vse obalne vode Evrope.
In the Baltic, mild winters, a reduced inflow of water from the Skagerrak and higher rainfall and river flows have resulted ingradual desalination.
Vendar se evtrofikacijav zadnjih tridesetih letih povečuje, in sicer zaradi zviševanjatemperature vode in naplavin zemeljskega materiala, ki soposledica izpodjedanja zaradi dvigovanja gladine morja.
Salt water, which is heavier than fresh water,is now found at deeper levels.
Zaraditega pojava se je povečala pogostnost nastanka zelene, rdeče alirjave plime in cvetenja alg ob evropskih obalah.
Cod eggs sink before reaching acertain salt density, which enables them to remain in suspension.Therefore they now sink further towards the sea bed, to depthswhere the lack of oxygen makes their survival much moredifficult.
Ti pojavi ogrožajopodvodno življenje, saj mu odvzemajo kisik, včasih pa tudisproščajo strupene snovi.
On top of that phenomenon come pollution, shifts inplankton ranges and overfishing, creating tremendous pressureon these stocks.
Poleg težav, ki jih prinašajo za gojenjerib, povzročajo tudi veliko smrtnost nedoraslih osebkov morskihorganizmov, ki živijo vzdolž obal.
For a number of decades, a process of coral bleaching has beenoccurring on a worldwide basis.
Že več desetletij smo povsod po svetu tudi priča procesu beljenjakoral.
This phenomenon is one of thefirst signs of acidification of sea water, which affects theseparticularly vulnerable organisms.
Gre za enega prvih znakov zakisljevanja morske vode, ki prizadene te še posebej občutljive organizme.
The experts are concernedabout the effects of acidification on the respiratory systems ofaquatic animals and on the development of those with calcareousskeletons or shells, like most molluscs.
Znanstveniki sozaskrbljeni zaradi posledic takega zakisljevanja za dihalne sistemevodnih živali in za razvoj tistih živali, katerih okostje ali školjkavsebuje apnenec, kar velja za večino mehkužcev.
Shellfish farmers will haveto take this factor into account.
Podatek, ki gabodo gojitelji mehkužcev morali upoštevati.
As described above with plankton, the most visible expression of climate change today is species displacement.
Kot smo videli pri planktonu, se podnebne spremembe danesnajopazneje izražajo v selitvi vrst.
Fish, molluscsand crustaceans are moving further north in search of colderwaters, either because their organism requires a specifictemperature range no longer provided by their natural habitat,which has become too warm, or because they are followingvegetation, plankton and other marine organisms on which theyfeed, and which are migrating north.
Ribe, mehkužci in lupinarji se viskanju hladnejših voda premikajo proti severu, bodisi ker njihovorganizem potrebuje določen temperaturni razpon, ki ga njihovonaravno življenjsko okolje, ki je postalo pretoplo, več nezagotavlja, bodisi ker sledijo rastlinam, planktonu in drugimmorskim organizmom, s katerimi se hranijo in ki se selijo protiseveru.
The decline of cod stocks is partly due to the impact of climate change on plankton in the North Sea and on the salinity ofthe waters of the Baltic.
Zmanjševanje staležev trske lahko deloma pripišemo učinkom podnebnih sprememb na populacije planktona v Severnem morju in na slanost vode v Baltskem morju.
In both cases, though, the main cause is overfishing.
Vendar je v teh dveh morjih glavni vzrok še naprej prelov.
Pressure on the environment from all sides
Cela vrsta pritiskov na okolje
How should we react?
Kako se odzvati?
Of course, today's climate change is not the first the Earth hasseen.
Seveda se s podnebnimi spremembami, ki smo jim priča, Zemljane srečuje prvič.
Successive periods of warming and glaciation have markedthe history of our planet and have even played a decisive role inthe evolution of the earth's flora and fauna.
Vrsta segrevanj in poledenitev, ki je določila smerzgodovine našega planeta, je tudi odločilno vplivala na razvojkopenskega rastlinstva in živalstva.
Fishing activity has a dual interaction with the climate: on the onehand, it contributes to climate change by burning fuel andproducing greenhouse gas emissions; on the other, it is affectedby climate change because it alters marine ecosystems, whichform the basis of fisheries resources.
Ribištvo je s podnebjem povezano na dva načina: po eni straniprispeva k podnebnim spremembam z izgorevanjem goriv intorej z emisijami toplogrednih plinov; po drugi strani podnebnespremembe ribištvo prizadenejo, saj spreminjajo morskeekosisteme, ki so nahajališča ribolovnih virov.
The action to be taken has totake on board both aspects of the problem.
Pri načrtovanjuprihodnjih ukrepov je torej treba upoštevati ta dva vidikaproblema.
Regarding the first, the fisheries sector can help attenuate climatechange by reducing its use of fossil fuel, which would also meancontributing at its own level to the general action decided by the European Union to cut greenhouse gas emissions (see article,page 8).
Kar zadeva prvi vidik, ribištvo lahko pomaga omiliti podnebnespremembe z zmanjšanjem svoje porabe fosilnih goriv in tako nasvoji ravni prispeva k splošnim ukrepom, ki jih je Evropska unijadoločila za omejitev emisij toplogrednih plinov (glej članek nastrani 8).
The present evolution, however, is of a different in nature.
Vendar je trenutni razvoj drugačen.
Presentday climate change is driven by human activity, with its artificialgreenhouse gas emissions.
Trenutne podnebnespremembe povzroča človek s svojimi umetno povzročenimiemisijami toplogrednih plinov.
This trend is occurring at anunprecedented speed: since the mid-19th century, the earth'stemperature has risen by 0.76 °C, and the last 10 years have beenthe warmest ever since meteorological record-keeping began.During previous climate changes, nature has always had thepossibility to adapt to the new conditions, to strike a new balance(animals migrate or change feeding habits; vegetation developsto absorb CO2, etc.).
Ta razvoj je hiter kot še nikoli: odsredine 19. stoletja se je globalna temperatura zvišala za 0,76 °C inzadnjih deset let je bilo najtoplejših, odkar beležimo temperature.Ob prejšnjih spremembah podnebja je imela narava vednomožnost, da se je prilagodila na nove podnebne razmere in našlanovo ravnovesje (živali se preselijo ali spremenijo prehranjevalnenavade, rastlinstvo se razvije, da lahko absorbira CO2 … ).
That is not the case today, though, becausehuman activity has weakened nature and prevented it fromevolving and adapting to a change that is occurring at a speednever before seen.
Danespa to več ne velja, saj človek siromaši naravo ter ji ne dovoli, da bise razvila in prilagodila na spremembe, ki se dogajajo hitreje kotkdaj koli …
As for fisheries management, maintaining sustainable fisheriesmeans helping ecosystems cope with climate change.
Kar zadeva upravljanje ribištva, je za ohranitev trajnostnegaribolova nujno, da pomagamo ekosistemom pri spopadanju zvelikimi spremembami, katerim morajo kljubovati.
Limitingpressure on weakened species and implementing ecosystembased fisheries management, based on the principle of"maximum sustainable yield" (MSY)4, are the most appropriateactions to enable marine ecosystems to adapt to climate change.
Omejitevpritiskov na osiromašene vrste in upravljanje ribištva, ki temelji naekosistemu, po načelu največjega trajnostnega donosa (RMD)4, sta najprimernejša ukrepa, s katerima lahko morskim ekosistemompomagamo pri prilagajanju podnebnim spremembam.
For marine environments, the different forms of water pollutionand overexploitation of certain fish stocks are creating a situationthat makes it difficult if not impossible for species to adapt to thenew conditions.
Kar zadeva morska okolja, različne oblike onesnaževanja voda inpreveliko izkoriščanje nekaterih staležev rib ustvarjajo položaj, vkaterem je lahko prilagoditev vrst novim razmeram težavna alicelo nemogoča.
The simultaneous observation within a singlehabitat of non-exploited and commercial species tends to showthat the former adapt better and more quickly than the latter tothe new conditions imposed by the climate.
Če v istem habitatu hkrati opazujemoneizkoriščene vrste in komercialne vrste, se običajno izkaže, da seprve bolje in hitreje od drugih prilagajajo novim razmeram, ki jihnarekuje podnebje.
(4)Maximum sustainable yield is an approach that determines the maximum amount of fish (referred to as maximum balanced catch) that can be taken from a stock over theyears without endangering its reproductive potential.
(4)Največji trajnostni donos je pristop, ki določa največjo količino osebkov (tako imenovani največji uravnoteženi ulov), ki se lahko v nekaj letih odvzame iz staleža, ne da bi s tem ogrozili njegovo zmožnost obnavljanja.
See: Fisheries and aquaculture in Europe No 32.
Glej: Ribištvo in ribogojstvo v Evropi, št. 32.
So many uncertainties
Veliko negotovosti
The impact of climate change on marine ecosystems is already being felt and alreadycausing major changes.
Učinek podnebnih sprememb na morske ekosisteme je že očiten in povzroča velikespremembe.
The question is knowing what the future holds...
Postavlja se vprašanje, kaj nas čaka v prihodnosti …
"That is an extremely difficult question," notes Keith Brander, coordinator of the GLOBECinternational programme at the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES)."The ICES expects to see a global temperature increase of 0.2° per decade.
„To vprašanje je izredno težko, ugotavlja Keith Brander, koordinator mednarodnega programa Globec znotraj Mednarodnega sveta za raziskovanje morja (ICES).IPCC računa, da se bo globalnatemperatura zvišala za 0,2 °C na desetletje.
It is therefore difficult to imagine species displacement and replacement patterns."It is hard tosay whether cod will be replaced in the North Sea, for example, because as a species with verygeneral feeding habits, it occupies a very specific niche," continues Keith Brander."Red mullet andhake could take its place, but mullet is a much smaller fish and hake has a more specific diet."
Težko je torej napovedati nadaljnje selitve in nadomestitve vrst.„Težko je na primer reči, ali botrska v Severnem morju nadomeščena, saj ima kot vrsta, ki se splošno uporablja v prehrani, zelospecifično mesto,“ nadaljuje Keith Brander.„Progasti bradač in oslič bi jo lahko nadomestila, vendarje bradač veliko manjša riba, oslič pa ima bolj specifične prehranjevalne navade … "
Keith Brander, researcher at the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, explains thatit is hard to know what the futureholds: "In addition to global warming,other parameters come into play inthe evolution of ecosystems, makingthings very complex."
Ketih Brander, raziskovalec v Mednarodnem svetu za raziskovanjemorja, meni, da je težko napovedati,kaj nas čaka v prihodnosti, „saj poleg segrevanja obstajajo šedrugi parametri, ki vplivajo na razvojekosistemov in otežujejo stvari“.