natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
handbook (1) and the Road safety manual (2) Two central requirements for a safe design are (3): the design characteristics need to be consistent with the function of a road and the behavioural requirements (e.g. speed); the design characteristics need to be consistent along a particular stretch of road.
Prožni ali blažilni elementi, kot so svetlobni drogovi in znaki, zmanjšujejo možnost resnih telesnih poškodb v primeru trčenja.
When safety is considered from the beginning in the stages of the planning and design, the chance that remedial measures are required after implementation is small.
Kadar se varnost upošteva že na samem začetku načrtovanja in projektiranja, je možnost, da bodo po izvedbi potrebni še popravni ukrepi, majhna.
Nevertheless, it is advisable to monitor the crash statistics in order to identify high risk locations.
Kljub temu je priporočljivo spremljati statistiko prometnih nesreč, da bi se prepoznale lokacije, kjer je tveganje visoko.
Further inspection of those sites often clarifies the problem and the ways to improve safety, if possible through low-cost engineering measures.
Nadaljnji inšpekcijski pregledi navedenih krajev pogosto pojasnijo problem in načine za izboljšanje varnosti, po možnosti s pomočjo cenovno ugodnih tehničnih ukrepov.
Specific tools and procedures are needed to prioritise the remedial measures and implement the most cost-efficient ones at the appropriate hazardous locations (4).
Da bi se dala prednost popravnim ukrepom in da bi se na ustreznih nevarnih lokacijah izvedli najbolj stroškovno učinkoviti ukrepi, so potrebna posebna orodja in postopki (4).
HANDBOOKFOR MEASURES AT THECOUNTRYLEVEL the implementation of roundabouts has proven to be a safe and efficient option which has gained popularity in many Member States over the last years.
VODNIKPO UKREPIH NA DRŽAVNIRAVNI to ni izvedljivo ali upravičeno, je problem mogoče rešiti s krožišči, ki so dokazano varna in učinkovita možnost, ki je v preteklih letih postala priljubljena v številnih državah članicah.
Junctions often have much higher accident frequencies than other road sections because of their numerous potential points of conflict.
Na križiščih so prometne nesreče veliko bolj pogoste kot na drugih cestnih odsekih, in sicer zaradi številnih mogočih navzkrižnih točk.
Who is involved?
Krožišča n ul l
Elvik, R. & Vaa, T. (Eds.) (2004) The handbook of road safety measures. Pergamon, Amsterdam. Page 18
NAJBOLJŠEPRAKSE NAPODROČJU VARNOSTI VCESTNEMPROMETU bo največ posegov potrebnih na že obstoječih cestah.
Collisions between motor vehicles and unforgiving roadside objects such as trees, poles, road signs and other street fixtures represent an important safety problem.
V tem primeru je treba umetne predmete odstraniti, jih preoblikovati v manj nevarne ali jih zavarovati z odbojnimi ograjami, v kolikor ni izvedljiva nobena druga možnost.
Research and experience indicate that the positioning and design of off-road objects can play a major role in reducing such collisions and the severe consequences that are typically associated with them.
Drevesom ob cestah se lahko pripiše okoljska, estetska, zgodovinska ali celo emocionalna vrednost.
Ideally, roads should be designed without dangerous off-road objects.
V teh primerih in če to dovoljuje prostor, je bolje postaviti odbojne ograje, kot pa drevesa odstraniti.
However, this is clearly not possible in all situations and most of the interventions will have to be made on already existing roads.
Trčenja motornih vozil z nevarnimi obcestnimi predmeti, kot so drevesa, drogovi, prometni znaki in drugi ulični elementi, predstavljajo pomemben varnostni problem.
In such a case, man-made objects should be removed, made more forgiving or protected with crash barriers where none of the other options are possible.
Raziskave in izkušnje kažejo, da lahko primerna postavitev in oblikovanje obcestnih predmetov bistveno prispeva k zmanjšanju takšnih trčenj in resnih posledic, ki so običajno z njimi povezane.
However, environmental, aesthetic, historical or even emotional value may be attached to roadside trees.
V najboljšem primeru bi bilo treba ceste projektirati brez nevarnih obcestnih elementov.
In those cases, putting up crash barriers may be preferable to removing the trees, if the space available permits it.
Vendar pa to seveda ni možno v vseh primerih, zato
Measures against tree collisions in France
Ukrepi za preprečevanje trkov v drevesa v Franciji n ul l
The search for accident clusters belongs to the basic safety tasks of road authorities.
Iskanje območij, kjer so prometne nesreče posebej pogoste, spada med temeljne naloge uradov za ceste na področju varnosti.
Across Europe, there are many practices for the identification and treatment of such high risk sites, but as yet there are no common classifications or methodologies defined.
V Evropi obstajajo številni načini prepoznavanja in obravnave takšnih območij z visokim tveganjem, vendar do zdaj niso bile opredeljene še nobene skupne klasifikacije ali metodologije.
Given the lack of properly designed evaluation studies, no best practice could be identified.
Zaradi pomanjkanja ustrezno zasnovanih ocenjevalnih študij ni bilo mogoče opredeliti nobene najboljše prakse.
Hence, a list of good practice features of a sound high risk site management system was compiled.
Zato je bil sestavljen seznam značilnosti dobre prakse na področju dobro zastavljenega sistema upravljanja območij z visokim tveganjem.
Good practice
Obetajoča praksa
Who is involved? Road authorities at national, regional and local levels with support from accident database experts.
Upravljanje območij z visokim tveganjem n ul l
Signing and marking checked regularly to avoid them being hidden by overgrown trees or blurred by sunlight.The use of retro-reflective material is needed to ensure night-time visibility.
Označevanje ali da ne bi zbledeli zaradi sončne svetlobe. Da bi se zagotovila vidljivost ponoči, je treba uporabiti retroodsevni material.
They regulate, warn and guide road users.
Obcestne znake je treba uporabljati poredko.
By letting people know what to expect, chances are greater that they will react and behave appropriately.
Uporabniki cest lahko v določenem času predelajo samo omejeno količino informacij.
Signs and markings need to be applied in a consistent way, to be placed at logical locations, and be easy to understand and visible.
Preveliko število znakov na določenem kraju lahko zmede uporabnike cest in jim preusmeri pozornost, namesto da bi jim bili v pomoč.
This also means that underlying traffic regulations such as local speed limits need to be established on clear and consistent principles.
Preveliko število znakov lahko povzroči tudi neupoštevanje predpisov in nespoštljivost.
Road side signs must be used sparsely. Road users are only able to process a limited amount of information at a time.
Znaki in označbe lahko zagotovijo pomembne informacije za namen izboljšanja varnosti v cestnem prometu.
Too many signs at a particular spot may confuse and distract road users rather than help them.
Namenjene so urejanju in opozarjanju ter usmerjanju uporabnikov cest.
Too many signs may also result in non-compliance and disrespect.
Če ljudje vedo, kaj lahko pričakujejo, so možnosti, da se bodo ustrezno odzvali in vedli, večje.
What is it about? Rumble strips are milled into the asphalt surface of a road shoulder or between lanes in opposite directions in combination with ordinary road markings.
Znaki in označbe morajo biti uporabljeni dosledno, postavljeni morajo biti na samoumevnih lokacijah in biti razumljivi in vidni.
Rumble strips vibrate and make a noise when a vehicle passes over them and alert drivers to the potential crash danger changing lanes poses.
To pomeni tudi, da je treba osnovne prometne predpise, kot je lokalna omejitev hitrosti, določiti na jasnih in doslednih načelih.
Crashes resulting from lane departure, head-on collisions and off-road crashes mostly have severe consequences and contribute to a large segment of severely injured or killed road users.
Vidljivost znakov in označb je treba redno preverjati, da jih ne bi prerasla drevesa
Who is involved?
Informacijski portali nad voziščem n ul l
Maintenance of existing roads is necessary to keep them up to standard.
Vzdrževanje so obsežnejša vzdrževalna dela pogosto združena z rekonstrukcijskimi deli.
Maintenance relates to pavement, signs and markings as well as the road side.
Med vzdrževanjem in rekonstrukcijo je normalni promet oviran.
Maintenance plans based on observation and measurement procedures ensure that the key safety features are never out of order.
Če ni sprejetih dovolj previdnostnih ukrepov, lahko to pripelje do začasnega povečanja prometnih nesreč na delovnih območjih in v njihovi okolici.
In Nordic countries with regular snow and ice in winter time, winter maintenance also helps to keep roads operational in these adverse conditions.
Da bi opredelili takšne previdnostne ukrepe in zagotovili njihovo sistematično uporabo, je treba uporabiti standardne postopke.
For efficiency reasons, more extensive maintenance work is often combined with reconstruction work.
Vzdrževanje obstoječih cest je potrebno, da se jih ohrani v skladu s standardom.
When maintenance and reconstruction takes place, normal traffic is disturbed.
Vzdrževanje se nanaša na cestno konstrukcijo, znake in označbe, kakor tudi na obcestno območje.
Unless sufficient precautions are taken, this can lead to a temporary increase in crashes at and around the work zones.
Vzdrževalni načrti, ki so utemeljeni na opazovanju in merilnih postopkih, zagotavljajo trajno pravilno delovanje glavnih varnostnih lastnosti.
Standard procedures are needed to define such precautions and to ensure they are applied systematically.
V nordijskih državah z rednim sneženjem in ledom v zimskem času vzdrževanje cest pozimi pomaga pri njihovi funkcionalnosti v teh slabih pogojih. Zaradi učinkovitosti
However, the consistency and reliability of winter maintenance for a particular road is at least as important as keeping the roads in good condition, on the whole.
Omejitve hitrosti in vzdrževanje v zimskem obdobju na Finskem n ul l
How effective and costly is it?
Presoja varnosti v cestnem prometu n ul l
Vehicles and safety devices
Vozila in varnostni pripomočki
The requirements regarding car design are set at an international (UN-ECE) and a European level (EC).
Zahteve v zvezi z oblikovanjem avtomobila so določene na mednarodni (UN-ECE) in evropski ravni (ES).
However, there is a clear gap between the minimum requirements set by these international bodies and what is potentially possible from a safety perspective.
Vendar pa obstaja očitna vrzel med minimalnimi zahtevami, ki so jih določila ta mednarodna telesa, ter tistim, kar je potencialno možno z vidika varnosti.
Hence, there are also substantial differences in the safety performances for different cars.
Zaradi tega obstajajo bistvene razlike pri varnostni zmogljivosti različnih avtomobilov.
Informing the consumers on the safety performance of a car seems to have two consequences.
Obveščanje potrošnikov o varnostni zmogljivosti avtomobila ima očitno dve posledici.
It creates a consumer demand for safer cars and it stimulates car manufacturers to take safety into account as a marketing strategy.
Ustvarja povpraševanje potrošnikov po varnejših avtomobilih in spodbuja proizvajalce avtomobilov, da pri tržni strategiji upoštevajo varnost.
Vehicles and vehicle safety devices play an important role in traffic safety, since they can generate an enduring, sustainable effect.
Vozila in varnostni pripomočki igrajo pomembno vlogo pri prometni varnosti, saj lahko ustvarijo dolgotrajen, trajnosten učinek.
The design of a vehicle affects the protection of occupants in case of a crash and the chance of serious injury to unprotected, vulnerable road users.
Oblika vozila vpliva na zaščito potnikov v primeru prometne nesreče in na možnost resnih telesnih poškodb pri nezaščitenih, ranljivih uporabnikih cest.
Additional safety devices, such as seatbelts and airbags offer additional protection to car occupants.
Dodatni varnostni pripomočki, kot so varnostni pasovi in zračne blazine, nudijo dodatno zaščito potnikom v avtomobilu.
For two-wheelers, protective clothing and helmets help to mitigate the consequences of a crash.
Zaščitna obleka in čelade pomagajo pri blažitvi posledic prometne nesreče z motornimi dvokolesi.
And last but not least, intelligent driver support systems, including in-vehicle, between-vehicle and roadvehicle technologies, help the driver to perform his task safely, preventing errors and violations which may otherwise have resulted in a crash.
In nenazadnje, inteligentni sistemi podpore voznikom, vključno s tehnologijo v vozilih, tehnologijo, ki povezuje vozila, in tehnologijo, ki povezuje vozilo s cesto, pomagajo vozniku, da svojo nalogo opravi varno, s čimer preprečujejo napake in prekrške, ki bi sicer lahko povzročili prometno nesrečo.
Mandatory bicycle helmet use
VODNIKPO UKREPIH NA DRŽAVNIRAVNI
Although the safety potential of bicycle helmets is high and well documented, the helmet wearing rates are currently very low. In Austria, it appears that bicycle helmet wearing campaigns did not result in a desirable wearing rate, neither among children nor among adults.
Za motorna dvokolesa so čelade obvezne v vseh državah članicah, razen za lahke mopede ( < 25 cc) na Nizozemskem. Uporaba čelad za kolesarje na splošno ni obvezna. Zlasti ranljiva so dvokolesa, ne samo kadar trčijo z drugim motornim vozilom, ampak tudi v primeru prometnih nesreč, v katerih so udeležena sama.Takšne prometne nesreče so precej pogoste, zlasti med mladimi in starejšimi ljudmi.
Mandatory helmet wearing for cyclists would be necessary to reach a desirable wearing rate.
Čelade so zelo učinkovite pri preprečevanju resnih poškodb glave,
4.1 or 2.1 when looking at bicycle crashes only.
Obvezna uporaba kolesarskih čelad n ul l
How effective and costly is it?
Luči za dnevno vožnjo n ul l
Driver support systems when he or his passengers forget to use a safety belt (Seatbelt Reminders) or when he is about to lose control of the vehicle (Electronic Stability Control). Most of these measures will be made available in new cars by car manufacturers, or as an after market (retrofit) product.
Sistemi podpore voznikom hitrosti ali Intelligent Speed Assistance), ko voznik ali njegovi sopotniki pozabijo uporabiti varnostni pas (opozorilo o uporabi varnostnega pasu ali Seatbelt Reminders), ali ko je tik pred tem, da izgubi nadzor nad vozilom (elektronsko uravnavanje stabilnosti ali Electronic Stability Control).Večino teh elementov bodo proizvajalci avtomobilov vgradili v nove avtomobile, na voljo pa bodo tudi v prosti prodaji (deli za nadomestno vgradnjo).
Driver support systems help drivers to drive their vehicle safely, e.g. by warning or intervening when a driver crosses the side line of his driving lane (Lane DepartureWarning System), when he approaches too close to the car ahead of him (Adaptive Cruise Control or Collision Avoidance systems), when he exceeds the speed limit in force (Intelligent Speed Assistance),
Sistemi podpore voznikom pomagajo voznikom, da varno upravljajo s svojim vozilom, npr. z opozarjanjem ali poseganjem, ko voznik prepelje stransko črto svojega voznega pasu (opozorilo o izhodu iz voznega pasu ali Lane Departure Warning System – LDWS), ko se preveč približa avtomobilu pred seboj (prilagodljiv tempomat ali Adaptive Cruise Control – ACC ter sistemi za izogibanje trkom ali Collision Avoidance Systems), ko preseže veljavno omejitev hitrosti (sistem za prilagoditev
Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA)
Sistem za prilagoditev hitrosti (ISA) n ul l
This can be realised, for example, by a smart card.
NAJBOLJŠEPRAKSE NAPODROČJU VARNOSTI VCESTNEMPROMETU
Alcolocks originate from overseas (US, Australia, Canada). In Europe, Sweden introduced the Alcolock over 10 years ago.
Najboljša praksa Sistem za blokiranje vžiga motorja v primeru vinjenosti voznika (Alcolock) n ul l
It appears that EDR have a preventive effect.
Zapisovalniki podatkov (črne skrinjice) n ul l
Road safety education and campaigns
Izobraževanje in kampanje o varnosti v cestnem prometu
Secondary school children, and certainly people beyond that age are less often involved in road safety education.
Izobraževanje o varnosti v cestnem prometu
Road safety education aims to promote knowledge and understanding of traffic rules and situations, to improve skills through training and experience, and to strengthen or change attitudes towards risk awareness, personal safety and safety of other road users.
Cilj izobraževanja o varnosti v cestnem prometu je spodbujati poznavanje in razumevanje predpisov in okoliščin v prometu, izboljšati veščine z usposabljanjem in izkušnjami ter okrepiti ali spremeniti odnos do zavestnega sprejemanja tveganj, osebne varnosti in varnosti drugih uporabnikov cest.
Education is generally directed at groups of pupils and normally in a school setting (as opposed to driver training).
Izobraževanje je na splošno namenjeno skupinam učencev in se ponavadi odvija v šolskem okolju (v nasprotju z usposabljanjem voznikov).
Whereas road safety campaigns eventually want to result in a behaviour change, they are often directed at either improving knowledge about a road safety problem or at changing attitudes towards particular road behaviour, e.g. drink driving or speeding.
Kampanje za varnost v cestnem prometu želijo sčasoma ustvariti spremembo vedenja, zato so pogosto osredotočene na izboljšanje znanja o problemu varnosti v cestnem prometu ali spreminjanju odnosa do določenih oblik vedenja na cesti, npr. vožnje pod vplivom alkohola ali prehitre vožnje.
Road safety education is generally performed in a school setting, focusing on the different transport modes and traffic roles that the pupils at different ages encounter actively or passively.
Izobraževanje o varnosti v cestnem prometu se na splošno odvija v šolskem okolju in je osredotočeno na različne načine prevoza ter vloge prometa, s katerimi se učenci različnih starosti srečujejo bodisi aktivno bodisi pasivno.
In general, educational measures that address the combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes are considered better than measures that focus exclusively on one of these three components.
Medtem ko številne države zagovarjajo tako imenovano trajno izobraževanje, od zibke do groba, je v praksi večina izobraževalnih programov za varnost v cestnem prometu usmerjena v osnovnošolce.
The relative weight of all three components needs to be adapted to the goal of the measure.
Gimnazijci in zlasti starejši so manj pogosto vključeni v izobraževanje o varnosti v cestnem prometu.
Furthermore, it is important that road safety education is embedded in other road safety measures, e.g. enforcement and infrastructure and in a wider context in school (if it is an action within the school system).
Izčrpne smernice o dobri praksi na področju izobraževanja o varnosti v cestnem prometu za mlade ljudi lahko najdete v končnem poročilu projekta EU ROSE 25 (1), na katerega se sklicujemo.
Involving parents (e.g. development of an information system for parents; parents as crossing patrols); 4.
Relativno težo vseh treh sestavin je treba prilagoditi cilju ukrepa.
Performing various practical training and projects.The project has a ´facilitating´ character in providing an organisational structure and professional support. For all topics, guidance, proposals and material exist in various forms (books, booklets, films, CD-ROMs).
Poleg tega je pomembno, da se izobraževanje o varnosti v cestnem prometu umesti v ukrepe na tem področju, npr. v izvrševanje in infrastrukturo, v širšem kontekstu pa tudi v šole (če gre za ukrep znotraj šolskega sistema).
How effective and costly is it?
Vzgojni kontinuum v Franciji n ul l
However, campaigns are crucial as a support for other measures such as legislation and enforcement. Campaigns generally aim to explain new legislation, to inform about a specific road safety problem and why particular measures are necessary.
Kampanje za varnost v cestnem prometu neposredno usmerjeni v spreminjanje vedenja (npr. proti hitri vožnji, uporabljati varnostne pasove, prižgati luči na kolesu itd.).
It is important that the message be short, clear and unambiguous.
Pomembno je, da je sporočilo kratko, jasno in nedvoumno.
Furthermore, it is important that a campaign make use of different media, e.g. bill boards, radio and television, leaflets, etc., and is repeated several times.
Poleg tega je pomembno tudi, da si kampanja pomaga z različnimi mediji, npr. plakati, radiem in televizijo, letaki itd., in da se večkrat ponovi.
What is it about? The Bob campaign has been present in Belgium since 1995.
Kampanje za varnost v cestnem prometu kot samostojni ukrep na splošno nimajo velikega učinka na varnost v cestnem prometu.
15 EU Member States have copied it or have adapted it to their specific situation.The European Commission has supported these activities for several years.
Vendar pa so te kampanje ključnega pomena kot pomoč drugim ukrepom, kot sta zakonodaja in izvrševanje.
Bob is the name of a person who does not drink when (s)he has to drive and who brings his/her friends home safely. The aim of the campaign is to convince people not to drink and drive.
Na splošno je njihov cilj predstaviti novo zakonodajo, obveščati o določenih problemih na področju varnosti v cestnem prometu in pojasniti, zakaj so določeni ukrepi potrebni.
The Bob campaigns are always combined with more extensive enforcement during the campaign period.
Obetajoča praksa Dobra praksa: Kampanja proti vožnji pod vplivom alkohola Kampanja BOB iz Belgije n ul l
More information? www.gekopgoochem.nl
Pasavec Goochem iz Nizozemske n ul l
Often, young people are afraid to speak out due to peer pressure.
NAJBOLJŠEPRAKSE NAPODROČJU VARNOSTI VCESTNEMPROMETU
How effective and costly is it?
Spregovori! iz Norveške n ul l
Essential elements of driver training
Temeljni elementi usposabljanja voznikov
Young, inexperienced drivers have a much higher risk of getting involved in a crash than older, more experienced drivers.
Mladi, neizkušeni vozniki so izpostavljeni veliko večjemu tveganju udeležbe v prometni nesreči od starejših, bolj izkušenih voznikov.
Driver training is an important tool for preparing people to drive safely and for raising awareness of the risks of driving motorised vehicles.
Usposabljanje voznikov je pomembno orodje za pripravo ljudi na varno vožnjo in za ozaveščanje o tveganjih, ki jih predstavlja vožnja motornega vozila.
Whereas minimum requirements for the driving test are already laid down in EU Directives, driver training itself has not yet been addressed by European-level regulations and hence remains the full responsibility of individual countries.
Medtem ko so v direktivah EU minimalne zahteve za izpitne vožnje že določene, samo usposabljanje voznikov še ni bilo predmet predpisov na evropski ravni, zato je zanj v celoti odgovorna vsaka država posebej.
There is considerable variation in national legislation and regulations in the area of driver training.
V nacionalnih zakonodajah in predpisih obstajajo velike razlike na področju usposabljanja voznikov.
The most common approach is professional training by certified instructors, followed by a (practical and theoretical) test and, if passed, a driving licence.
Najpogostejši pristop je strokovno usposabljanje, ki ga izvajajo certificirani učitelji vožnje, čemur sledi (praktični in teoretični) preskus znanja in, če je ta uspešno opravljen, izdaja vozniškega dovoljenja.
In an increasing number of countries, professional training has been supplemented with accompanied practice with parents or other licensed adults.
V čedalje več državah se strokovno usposabljanje dopolnjuje s prakso v spremstvu staršev ali drugih odraslih z ustreznim dovoljenjem.
Some countries apply a multiphase approach in driver training, involving mandatory training both before and after the driving test.
Nekatere države uporabljajo večstopenjski pristop pri usposabljanju voznikov, ki vključuje obvezno usposabljanje pred in po opravljenem preskusu vožnje.
GDE matrix: essential elements of driver training
Goals for Driver Education), ki je bila uporabljena v projektu EU GADGET (1):
Knowledge & Skills Risk-increasing factors
Matrica GDE: temeljni elementi usposabljanja voznikov