natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The challenge is clearly global, and we need a global debate on how to halt loss of biodiversity and address climate change at the same time, while taking into account the global need for increased food production and the daunting price increase in oil.EEA researchers believe that Europe should actively seek to generate as much bioenergy as possible domestically whilst sustaining a balance between food, fuel and fibre production, and without compromising ecosystem services.
Izziv je brez dvoma vsesplošen, potrebna pa je globalna razprava o tem, kako zaustaviti zmanjševanje biotske raznovrstnosti in se obenem spopasti s podnebnimi spremembami, pri tem pa upoštevati svetovno potrebo po večji proizvodnji hrane in zaskrbljujoče povečanje cene nafte. Raziskovalci agencije EEA menijo, da bi si morala Evropa aktivno prizadevati za proizvodnjo čim večjih količin bioenergije v okviru Evrope, obenem pa ohranjati ravnotežje med proizvodnjo hrane, goriv in vlaken, ne da bi ogrozila storitve ekosistema.
We should move on from biofuels, and begin serious research and development of advanced biofuels (see box).
Preiti moramo z biogoriv in sprožiti temeljite raziskave in razvoj naprednih biogoriv (glejte okno).
And let's do it in a way that considers all the environmental impacts, including effects on soil, water and biodiversity as well as greenhouse gas emissions.
Storimo to z upoštevanjem vseh vplivov na okolje, vklučno z vplivi na tla, vode in biotsko raznovrstnost kot tudi na emisije toplogrednih plinov.
In this way the EU can take the lead in building a truly sustainable bioenergy sector.
Na ta način lahko EU prevzame vodstvo v vzpostavljanju resnično trajnostnega bioenergetskega sektorja.
Corn-based ethanol production compromises goal of reducing nitrogen expert by the Mississippi river.
J., 2008.Proizvodnja etanola iz koruze ogroža cilj zmanjšanja izvoza dušika z reko Mississippi.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105: 4 513–4 518.
Poročila Nacionalne akademije znanosti, del 105: 4 513–4 518.
Second generation biofuel production processes can use a variety of non-food feedstocks.
Druga generacija procesov za proizvodnjo biogoriv lahko uporablja različne neprehrambene polproizvode.
These include waste biomass, wood, the stalks of wheat or corn, and special energy or biomass crops such as Miscanthus.
Mednje sodijo odpadna biomasa, les, stebla pšenice ali koruze ter posebne energetske ali biomasne kulture, kot je Miscanthus.
How much bioenergy can Europe produce without harming the environment.
Koliko bioenergije lahko Evropa proizvede brez ogrožanja okolja.
EEA Report No 7/2006.
Poročilo EEA št. 7/2006.
Economic assessment of biofuel support policies.
Ekonomska ocena politik za podporo biogoriv.
Organisation for Economic Development and Cooperation, Paris.
Organizacija za gospodarsko sodelovanje in razvoj, Pariz.
Second generation biofuels can lead to more substantial greenhouse gas emission reductions and can reduce other adverse effects such as fertiliser use but it is unlikely that they will be available in time to make a substantial contribution to the target of 10 % transport biofuels by 2020.
prvotno namenjen za raziskovanje trgov obnovljive električne energije, analizirala, kako ta „potencial biomase″, združljiv z okoljem, uporabiti na najbolj stroškovno učinkovit način na okolju prijazen način.
A lot more research is needed on these production processes and their impacts and opportunities. Moreover, competition for land and water between dedicated energy crops and food crops will likely remain.
Raziskava predlaga, da bi stroškovno najbolj učinkovito uporabili „modelirani″ potencial biomase, če bi Evropi z njim do leta 2030 zagotovili 18 % toplote, 12,5 % električne energije in 5,4 % motornih goriv.
designed to study renewable electricity markets, to analyse how to use this environmentally compatible 'biomass potential' in the most cost-effective way from an environmental point of view.The study suggests that the most cost-effective way of using the 'modelled' biomass potential would be to supply 18 % of Europe's heat, 12.5 % of its electricity and 5.4 % of its transport fuel from biomass by 2030.By decreasing fossil fuel use in all three sectors, this could cut 394 million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions by 2020.
Zmanjšanje uporabe fosilnih goriv v vseh treh sektorjih bi povzročilo 394 milijonov ton manj emisij ogljikovega dioksida do leta 2020.
Even greater emissions reductions would be achieved if policies were put in place to prioritise the use of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology in electricity and heat generation.
Emisije bi lahko zmanjšali še bolj, če bi izvajali politike za uporabo tehnologije za skupno proizvodnjo toplotne in električne energije.
This process harnesses the heat that is a by-product of energy production.
V tem procesu se toplota uporablja kot stranski produkt proizvodnje energije.
There are costs, of course.
Brez stroškov seveda ne gre.
Enhancing bioenergy use is around 20 % more expensive than a similar model of conventional energy by 2030.
Povečanje uporabe bioenergije bo do leta 2030 okoli 20 % dražje kot na osnovi podobnega modela konvencionalne energije.
Ultimately, consumers would bear this cost.
Na koncu bodo stroške nosili potrošniki.
Developments since this work was started, especially increases in global food prices, indicate that the 'biomass potential' estimates are on the high side: less land is likely to be available in Europe for growing bioenergy crops.
Razvoj dogodkov odkar se je to delo začelo – posebej povečanje cen hrane na svetu – kaže, da je bil „potencial biomase″ ocenjen velikodušno: v Evropi bo za pridelovanje posevkov za bioenergijo verjetno na voljo manj zemljišč.
Also, high oil prices could also affect the results.
Na rezultate pa lahko vplivajo tudi visoke cene nafte.
However, a clear message still emerges from the exercise: it would be better, in terms of costs and climate mitigation, to prioritise bioenergy for electricity and heat generation using CHP plants rather than focus on fuel for transport.
Toda sporočilo je jasno: z vidika stroškov in ublažitve podnebnih sprememb bi bilo bolje dati prednost bioenergiji za proizvodnjo elektrike in toplote v obratih soproizvodnje, kot pa se osredotočiti na gorivo za prevoz.
International shipments of waste and the environment
Mednarodno pošiljanje odpadkov in okolje
Waste without borders
Odpadki brez meja
Zhang Guofu, 35, makes EUR 700 a month, a huge wage in provincial China, sifting through waste that includes shopping bags from a British supermarket chain and English-language DVDs.
Zhang Guofu, 35, zasluži 700 EUR na mesec, kar je na kitajskem podeželju ogromna plača. Prisluži si jo z brskanjem po odpadkih, kjer so med drugim nakupovalne vrečke iz britanske verige supermarketov in DVD-ji v angleškem jeziku.
The truth is that waste placed in a bin in London, can quite easily end up 5 000 miles away in a recycling factory in China's Pearl River delta.
Resnica je, da lahko odpadki, odvrženi v koš v Londonu, zlahka pristanejo do 5000 milj daleč stran, v reciklažnem obratu v kitajski regiji delte reke Pearl.
EEA SIGNALS 2009 / WASTE SHIPMENTS / 35 disposal from EU Member States nearly quadrupled between 1997 to 2005, this aim has yet to be fulfilled.
EEA SIGNALI 2009 / ODPADKI / 35 in 2005 skoraj početverile, cilj ostaja neizpolnjen.
The factors driving the export and import of waste vary: availability of special treatment technology; a shortage of materials; differences in prices for disposal or recovery.
Dejavniki, ki so gonilo izvoza in uvoza odpadkov, so različni: dostopnost tehnologije za posebno obdelavo, pomanjkanje materialov, razlike v cenah odstranjevanja ali predelave.
EU policy, setting targets for recycling, also leads to waste shipments from Member States who cannot meet their targets at home.
Politika EU, ki določa cilje za recikliranje, predvideva tudi pošiljke odpadkov iz držav članic, ki ciljev znotraj države ne morejo doseči.
The volumes of waste on the market keep costs low for a country like China, which needs cheap raw materials.
Zaradi količin odpadkov na trgu so stroški nizki za države, kot je Kitajska, ki potrebujejo poceni surovine.
As long as this waste is not for disposal at its destination and does not contain hazardous materials, it is deemed to be an acceptable trade.
Če na cilj prispeli odpadki niso namenjeni za odstranjevanje in ne vsebujejo nevarnih snovi, se šteje, da so primerni za trgovanje.
Is your old TV better travelled than you are?
Ali vaš stari televizijski sprejemnik potuje bolje kot vi?
contamination of food, soil, and surface water.We do not have a clear picture when it comes to waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) shipped within and out of the EU partly because ambiguous codes are used for the reporting of shipments of electronic waste.
Nimamo jasne slike o odpadni električni in elektronski opremi, ki se pošilja izven EU in znotraj nje, deloma zato, ker se pri poročanju o pošiljkah elektronskih odpadkov uporabljajo dvoumne kode.
It is difficult to tell if a television is being exported as a second hand device, which is acceptable or as waste for disposal, which is not.
Težko je ugotoviti, ali se televizijski sprejemnik izvaža kot rabljena naprava, kar je sprejemljivo, ali kot odpadek za odstranjevanje, kar ni sprejemljivo.
In general, export of WEEE from the EU to non-OECD countries is prohibited.
Na splošno je izvoz odpadne električne in elektronske opreme iz EU v države, ki niso članice OCED, prepovedan.
However, the export of a TV that still works is perfectly acceptable.
Toda izvoz televizijskega sprejemnika, ki še deluje, je povsem sprejemljiv.
There have been well documented cases that break this ban.
Obstajajo dobro dokumentirani primeri, ki ne upoštevajo te prepovedi.
Indeed, it appears that a significant portion of the exported used television sets, computers, monitors and telephones to non-OECD countries are waste purchased with the intentions of retrieving the components and elements mentioned above.If the EU cannot sufficiently enforce its own prohibition on exporting WEEE to non-OECD countries, this could seriously undermine the ratification of the ban at the global level under the Basel Convention.
Dejansko se zdi, da velik delež izvoženih uporabljenih televizijskih sprejemnikov, računalnikov, monitorjev in telefonov v države, ki niso članice OECD, predstavlja odpadke, kupljene z namenom ponovne uporabe sestavnih delov in zgoraj omenjenih elementov. Če EU ne more v zadostni meri uveljaviti prepovedi izvoza odpadne električne in elektronske opreme v države, ki niso članice OECD, lahko to resno spodkoplje ratifikacijo prepovedi na globalni ravni skladno z Baselsko konvencijo.
Tracking down good data on electric and electronic waste
Pridobivanje dobrih podatkov o odpadni električni in elektronski opremi
Europe has a body of legislation in place regarding the shipment of hazardous and problematic waste.
Kljub težavam, povezanim z iskanjem, preverjanjem in analiziranjem podatkov o odpadkih, je agencija EEA v sodelovanju z »Evropskim
However, further evidence is required as to the effectiveness of the legislation in terms of easing pressure on the environment.Electronic waste, which is considered hazardous, is an important case.
Evropa ima sklop zakonodaje, ki ureja pošiljanje nevarnih in težavnih odpadkov. Potrebni pa so dodatni dokazi o učinkovitosti zakonodaje v zvezi s pritiska na okolje.
In Africa and Asia it is often dismantled with little or no personal protection equipment or pollution control measures.
Elektronski odpadki, ki veljajo za nevarne, so pomemben primer. V Afriki in Aziji jih pogosto razstavijo z malo ali brez osebne zaščite ali meritev za nadzor onesnaževanja.
Components are often burnt in the open to retrieve metals and fly ash particulates laden with heavy metals and other toxic materials are usually emitted, resulting in increased human exposure, as well as
Da bi lahko ponovno uporabili kovine, se sestavni deli pogosto sežgejo na odprtem, pri čemer običajno nastajajo elektrofiltrski pepel in drugi strupeni materiali, čemur so ljudje bolj izpostavljeni, prav tako pa je večja verjetnost kontaminacije hrane, prsti in površinskih voda.
Waste of all descriptions is on the move.
Odpadki vseh vrst so v gibanju.
Increasing amounts, especially of waste paper, plastics and metals are being shipped from developed countries to countries where environmental standards are less stringent.
Vse večje količine, predvsem odpadnega papirja, plastike in kovin, se pošiljajo iz razvitih držav v države, kjer so okoljski standardi manj strogi.
Huge ships steam around the high seas everyday carrying goods from emerging markets in Asia to the West.
Ogromne ladje vsak dan plujejo po odprtih morjih, natovorjene z blagom iz nastajajočih trgov v Aziji, ki ga peljejo na zahod.
Rather than sail back empty, and needing something to provide ballast, the ship owners are only too happy to take waste products from Europe to be recycled back in Asia.
Namesto da bi ladje plule nazaj prazne ter bi morali nekako zagotoviti balast, so lastniki ladij še veseli, da lahko odpeljejo odpadne proizvode iz Evrope nazaj v Azijo za recikliranje.
That does not mean that shipments of waste are not regulated.
To ne pomeni, da pošiljke odpadkov niso urejene.
Both the UN and the EU have strict rules on what can be shipped where.
Tako ZN kot EU imata stroga pravila o tem, kaj se lahko prepelje kam.
At the global level international trade of 'hazardous wastes' (waste that is potentially dangerous for people or the environment) is regulated by the UN's Basel Convention.
Na svetovni ravni mednarodno trgovino z „nevarnimi odpadki″ (odpadki, ki so lahko nevarni za ljudi ali okolje) ureja Baselska konvencija ZN.
The ban contained in this Convention has not been signed by enough countries to bring it into force globally.
Prepovedi, ki jih določa ta konvencija, ni podpisalo dovolj držav, da bi jo lahko uveljavili na globalni ravni.
However, the EU does have restrictions in place and only allows 'hazardous waste' be exported to 'developed countries' where the necessary technologies exist and sufficient safety and environmental laws are in place.
Vendar pa je EU uvedla omejitve in dovoljuje, da se „nevarni odpadki″ izvažajo samo v „razvite države″, kjer obstajajo potrebne tehnologije in je zagotovljena zadostna varnost ter vpeljana okoljska zakonodaja.
A 'developed country', for the purpose of the restrictions, is defined as a member of the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).The EU's long term aim is that each Member State should dispose of its own waste domestically (the 'proximity principle').
„Razvita država″ je za namen omejitev opredeljena kot članica Organizacije za gospodarsko sodelovanje in razvoj (OECD).
However, as shipments of hazardous and problematic waste for
Dolgoročni cilj EU je, da bi vsaka država članica odstranjevala svoje odpadke znotraj države („načelo bližine″).
Despite the difficulties associated with finding, checking and analysing data on waste, the EEA in partnership with the 'European Topic Centre on Resource and Waste management' has carried out an analysis of shipments of waste from the EU to other regions.
Ker pa so se pošiljke nevarnih in težavnih odpadkov za odstranjevanje iz držav članic EU v obdobju med 1997
36 / EEA SIGNALS 2009 / WASTE SHIPMENTS
36 / EEA SIGNALI 2009 / ODPADKI več plastičnih odpadkov na azijski trg, kot jih je bilo poslanih znotraj EU.
Driving forces behind recycling regions is expected to be significantly higher.
Ker ti podatki zajemajo samo televizijske sprejemnike, naj bi bil po pričakovanjih skupen izvoz rabljenih računalnikov, mobilnih telefonov, CD predvajalnikov itd. v te regije bistveno večji.
This suggests that the EU ban on the trade of hazardous waste with non-OECD countries is being broken.
To pomeni, da se krši prepoved EU o trgovini z nevarnimi odpadki z državami, ki niso članice OECD.
Using European trade statistics it is possible to identify the amounts, size and value of exports of used electronic and electrical products shipped from the EU to other regions (Figure 1).
Na podlagi evropske statistike o trgovini je mogoče določiti količino, obseg in vrednost izvoza uporabljenih elektronskih in električnih proizvodov, ki se iz EU pošljejo v druge regije (slika 1).
In 2005, more than 15 000 tonnes of colour television sets were exported from the EU to African countries.
Leta 2005 je bilo iz EU izvoženih v afriške države več kot 15 000 ton barvnih televizijskih sprejemnikov.
In Nigeria, Ghana and Egypt alone about 1 000 TV sets arrived every day.
Samo v Nigerijo, Gano in Egipt je vsak dan prispelo okoli 1 000 televizijskih sprejemnikov.
The average value of exported colour television sets to Africa is very low: for Africa as a whole the price per unit was EUR 64 and EUR 28 on average for the three countries mentioned above.
Povprečna vrednost barvnih televizijskih sprejemnikov, izvoženih v Afriko, je zelo majhna: v Afriki nasploh je bila cena za enoto 64 EUR, v treh zgoraj omenjenih državah pa je bilo povprečje 28 EUR.
In comparison, TV sets traded within Europe have an average value of EUR 350.
Za primerjavo: televizijski sprejemniki, ki se prodajajo v Evropi, imajo povprečno vrednost 350 EUR.
The low value per unit for TV sets sent to Africa suggests that many of these exports are in fact used products, much of which is likely to be waste.As these figures are for television sets only, the total export of used computers, mobile phones, CD players etc. to these
Nizka vrednost na enoto za televizijske sprejemnike, ki so bili poslani v Afriko, kaže, da gre v številnih primerih za izvoz rabljenih proizvodov, ki so verjetno večinoma odpadki.
Between 1995 and 2007 (Figure 2), shipments of non-hazardous waste such as paper, plastic and metals shipped out of the EU also increased dramatically, mostly to Asia, particularly China.
V obdobju od 1995 in 2007 (slika 2) so se dramatično povečale tudi pošiljke nenevarnih odpadkov, kot so papir, plastika in kovine, iz EU predvsem v Azijo, zlasti na Kitajsko.
The amount of waste paper exported to Asia increased by a factor of ten.
Količina odpadnega papirja, izvoženega v Azijo, se je podeseterila. Količina plastičnih odpadkov se je povečala za enajstkrat in kovin za petkrat.
The shipped waste has also increased within the EU, but at much lower level.
Prav tako se je povečala količina odpadkov, poslanih znotraj EU, vendar precej manj.
In 2007 as much waste paper was shipped to Asia as was shipped from one EU country to another.
Leta 2007 je bilo v Azijo poslanega ravno toliko odpadnega papirja kot iz ene države EU v drugo. Količina kovin, poslanih znotraj EU, je presegla količino, poslano v Azijo.
However, the EU shipped more plastic waste to the Asian market than within the EU.
Vendar pa je EU poslala
For over a decade, the cost of raw materials has been very high and this, in turn, has increased the value of secondary raw materials reclaimed through recycling.
Že več kot desetletje so cene surovin zelo visoke, zato se je povečala vrednost sekundarnih surovin, pridobljenih z recikliranjem.
For example, the amount of paper and cardboard 'packaging waste' that is recycled increased from about 24 to 30 million tonnes between 1997 and 2005.
Na primer, količina recikliranega papirja in kartona iz odpadne embalaže se je v obdobju med letoma 1997 in 2005 povečala z okoli 24 na 30 milijonov ton.
The amount of plastic packaging recycled has increased from about 10 to 14 million tonnes in the same period.
Količina reciklirane plastične embalaže pa je v enakem obdobju narasla s približno 10 na 14 milijonov ton.
Is it good for the environment?The use of recycled waste materials instead of virgin materials is generally good for the environment.
Ali je to dobro za okolje? Uporaba recikliranih odpadnih materialov namesto novih, še nerabljenih materialov je na splošno dobra za okolje.
For example, a kilo of paper made from recycled raw materials uses half the energy of production using virgin materials.
Na primer, za kilogram papirja iz recikliranih surovin se porabi polovica manj energije kot pri proizvodnji z uporabo novih materialov.
Aluminium produced from recycled aluminium can use as little 5 % of the energy needed using virgin materials.
Za proizvodnjo aluminija iz recikliranega aluminija se lahko porabi vsega 5 % energije, potrebne za njegovo proizvodnjo iz novih materialov.
In general, recycling therefore contributes substantially to the reduction of energy-related emissions of COst and
EUR na enoto prispeva k zmanjšanju emisij CO
Middle East
Srednji vzhod
Within the EU, transboundary shipments of waste for disposal, as well as 'hazardous and problematic' waste for recovery, must be notified to the national authorities.
V EU je treba čezmejne pošiljke odpadkov za odstranjevanje kot tudi „nevarne in težavne″ odpadke za predelavo priglasiti državnim organom.
This 'national' notification is very detailed.
Ta „nacionalna″ prijava je zelo podrobna.
However, a summarised version of the data on the shipments is all that is passed onto the European
Vendar pa Evropska komisija prejme samo povzetek podatkov o pošiljkah, zato je pregled na ravni EU nejasen.
Commission, so the overview at an EU level is unclear.If more detailed information, especially on the types of waste shipped, were reported, the overview would allow a much better assessment of the environmental and economic consequences of the shipments.
Če bi bile sporočene podrobnejše informacije, zlasti o vrstah poslanih odpadkov, bi lahko na podlagi poročil mnogo bolje ocenili okoljske in gospodarske posledice pošiljk.
It could help us to tell whether waste shipments
Lažje bi ugotovili, ali so razlog za pošiljanje odpadkov boljše možnosti obdelave, večja zmogljivost ali učinkovito določanje cen. Bolje bi razumeli vlogo
The EU — a common market for waste
EU – skupen trg za odpadke manj strogih standardov, pomanjkljive zakonodaje in njenega nezadostnega uveljavljanja kot razloge za pošiljanje odpadkov v manj razvite regije.
Europe's environment — The fourth assessment, 2007.
Boljše upravljanje komunalnih odpadkov bo zmanjšalo emisije toplogrednih plinov.
Waste paper from EU Member States to non-EU countries
Odpadni papir iz držav članic EU v druge države članice EU in države, ki niso članice EU
ETC/RWM, 2008.
ETC/RWM Evropski tematski center za upravljanje virov in odpadkov, 2008.
Transboundary shipments of waste in the EU.
Čezmejne pošiljke odpadkov v EU.
Waste paper from EU Member States to Asia
Odpadni papir iz držav članic EU v države, ki niso članice EU
The EU Member States reporting according to Commission Decision 99/412/EEC of 3 June 1999 concerning a questionnaire for the reporting obligation of Member States pursuant to Article 41(2) of Council Regulation No 259/93.
Poročanje držav članic EU v skladu z Odločbo Komisije 99/412/EGP z dne 3. junija 1999 o vprašalniku za obveznost poročanja držav članic skladno s členom 41(2) Uredbe Sveta št. 259/93.
IMPEL (The European Union Network for the Implementation and Enforcement of Environmental Law), 2005.
IMPEL (Omrežje EU za izvajanje in uveljavljanje okoljskega prava), 2005.
Threat Assessment Project, the illegal shipments of waste among IMPEL Member States, May 2005.
Projekt ocene nevarnosti, nezakonite pošiljke odpadkov med državami članicami IMPEL, maj 2005.
The EU is increasingly acting like a common market in terms of hazardous and problematic waste treatment.
EU vse bolj deluje kot skupen trg za obdelavo nevarnih in težavnih odpadkov.
Indeed, from 1997 to 2005 the export of these types of waste from one EU Member State to another quadrupled.
Namreč, v obdobju med 1997 in 2005 se je izvoz tovrstnih odpadkov iz ene države članice EU v drugo početveril.
Within the EU it is possible to ship all kinds of wastes for disposal or recovery between Member States.
V EU je med državami članicami mogoče poslati vse vrste odpadkov za odstranjevanje ali predelavo.