natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The pattern of economic growth in 2004 wasalso influenced by specific external factors,including oil price and exchange ratedevelopments.
Letna stopnja rasti dogovorjenih plač je bilav letu 2004 2,2% v primerjavi z 2,4% v letu 2003.Nezanesljivi podatki iz kolektivnih pogodb,podpisanih v obdobju do konca leta 2004 v večdržavah evro območja, niso kazali na pojavljanjesekundarnih učinkov zaradi višjih cen nafte.
Euro area growth was affectednot only by the direct impact of oil priceincreases, in the form of increased productioncosts and reduced purchasing power ofconsumers’ income, but also indirectly via theimpact on the international environment.
Tudiletna stopnja rasti stroškov dela na uro se je v letu2004 postopoma umirili in so dosegli precej nižjepovprečje od leta 2003.
Thestrong expansion of global economic activityobserved at the beginning of 2004 wasdampened in the second half of the year.
Ob zmerni rasti realnega BDP in omejenega pritiska na trgih dela evroobmočja so gibanja plač v letu 2004 ostalaumirjena.
It wasaffected by, among other factors, oil priceincreases recorded from mid2004 onwards,which thus contributed to reducing the growthof foreign demand for euro area exports duringthe second half of the year.
Zmerna rast plač skupaj s ponovnim dvigomstopenj rasti produktivnosti na povprečje v višini 1,4% v prvih treh četrtletjih leta 2004je povzročila znatno znižanje rasti stroškov delana enoto.
Similarly, thesignificant appreciation of the euro exchangerate observed during most of 2003, despitehaving reduced the cost of oil for euro areaimporters, also had a lagged negative effect onthe competitiveness of the euro area as a whole.
Stroški dela na enoto so se v prvih trehčetrtletjih leta 2004 zvišali za povprečno 0,5%v primerjavi z 2,0% v letu 2003.
As regards the domestic side, quarter-on-quarter growth in private consumption was onaverage relatively weak during 2004, reflectingnot only subdued labour market developmentsbut also continuing uncertainty regarding theimplementation of necessary structural reforms(see Box 6 for more details on the progresswith structural reforms).
2003, se je v letu 2004 nadaljevalo. Ob stopnji1,8%, kar je najvišja stopnja rasti od leta 2000,je bila skupna rast BDPv letu 2004 bolj ali manjv skladu s pričakovanji iz konca leta 2003.Okrevanje je vodil močan izvoz, ki je bil v letu2004 za 5,6% višji kot v letu 2003.
This is likely to haveweighed on consumer confidence.
Prav tako jebilo višje domače povpraševanje, še zlastinaložbe.
Gross fixedcapital formation rose significantly during2004, despite the negative impact of significantdeclines in German construction investmentgrowth in the first half of the year and of falls ingeneral government investment in the secondhalf.
Vendar pa so razna gibanja, ki niso bilapovsem predvidena, preprečila, da bi seokrevanje v teku leta 2004 okrepi. Natančnejeje bila rast na medčetrtletni ravni v prvi polovicileta višja kot v drugi.
PROGRESS WITH STRUCTURAL REFORMS IN EU LABOUR AND PRODUCT MARKETS
NAPREDEK PRI STRUKTURNIH REFORMAH NA TRGIH DELA IN NA PROIZVODNIH TRGIH V EU
Structural reforms in product and labour markets are essential to enhance Europe’s economicgrowth potential, facilitate adjustment and increase resilience to shocks.
Strukturne reforme na proizvodnih trgih in trgih delovne sile so bistvenega pomena za okrepitevevropskega potenciala za gospodarsko rast, za pospeševanje prilagajanja in za povečanjeodpornosti na šoke.
Measures to raise thepotential rate of economic growth are all the more important in view of the downward impactthat population ageing is likely to have on future labour supply.
Ukrepi za zvišanje potencialne stopnje gospodarske rasti so toliko boljpomembni z ozirom na negativni vpliv, ki ga bo staranje prebivalstva verjetno imelo na ponudbodelovne sile v prihodnosti.
In March 2000 the Lisbon European Council introduced an ambitious reform agenda aimed at making the EU the mostcompetitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010.
Marca leta 2000 je Evropski svet v Lizboni sprejel visoko zastavljennačrt reform s ciljem, da bi EU do leta 2010 postala najbolj konkurenčno in dinamično ter naznanju temelječe gospodarstvo na svetu.
The November2004 report by the highlevel group chaired by Wim Kok1 formed the starting point for the midterm review of this strategy. In February 2005 the European Commission’s Spring Report tothe European Council called for increased national ownership of the Lisbon strategy, itssimplification and streamlining and an increased focus on growth and employment.
Poročilo, ki ga je novembra 2004 izdelala visokaskupina, ki ji predseduje Wim Kok1, je postavilo izhodišče za srednjeročni pregled te strategije.Februarja 2005 je Evropska komisija v spomladanskem poročilu Evropskemu svetu pozvala k večjemu nacionalnemu sprejemu, poenostavljenju in racionalizaciji lizbonskega načrta in k večji osredotosti na rast in na zaposlenost. Srednjeročni pregled strategije je Evropski svetzaključil marca 2005.
This boxbriefly reviews the progress made in implementing the EU’s reform agenda over recent yearsand particularly in 2004.
Ta okvir na kratko pregleduje napredek, ki je bil dosežen pri izvedbinačrta reform EU v zadnjih nekaj letih in še zlasti v letu 2004.
The EU defines overarching priorities for various fields of economic policy in the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines (BEPGs).
EU opredeljuje krovne prioritete za različna področja ekonomske politike v Širših smernicahekonomske politike (BEPG).
These priorities then form the basis of policyrecommendations which are made for each EU Member State.
Te prioritete nato predstavljajo osnovo za priporočila, ki seoblikujejo za vsako državo članico EU.
In the field of labour markets,the BEPGs for the period 2003-05, together with the update of the BEPGs carried out in 2004 toincorporate the new Member States, stress the need to: (i) improve the combined incentiveeffects of taxes and benefits in order to make work pay, (ii) ensure efficient, active labourmarket policies targeted towards the most disadvantaged groups, (iii) promote a more flexibleorganisation of work and review employment contract regulations, (iv) facilitate geographicaland occupational mobility, and (v) ensure that wage bargaining systems allow wages to reflectproductivity.
BEPG za obdobje 2003–2005, skupaj s posodobitvijo BEPG, ki se je izvedla leta 2004 za vključitev novih držav članic, na področju trgov delovnesilepoudarjajo potrebo po: (i) izboljšanju skupnih spodbudnih učinkov davkov in ugodnosti z namenom, da se poveča volja prebivalcev do dela, (ii) zagotovitvi učinkovite, dejavne politiketrga delovne sile, ki bo usmerjena k najbolj prikrajšanim skupinam, (iii) pospeševanju boljprilagodljive organizacije dela in revidiranju predpisov, ki se nanašajo na zaposlitvene pogodbe,(iv) omogočanju geografske in poklicne mobilnosti in (v) po zagotovitvi takšnih sistemov zapogajanja o plačah, ki bodo omogočali, da bodo plače odsevale produktivnost.
Over recent years a number of countries have implemented reforms in their tax and benefitsystems in order to reduce non-wage labour costs and encourage labour supply. Income taxrates have decreased in the bottom and middle income brackets and employees’ and employers’social security contributions have been reduced, particularly for the low-paid.
Vzadnjih letih so številne države izvedle reforme svojih davčnih sistemov in sistemov ugodnostiz namenom, da bi znižale tisti del stroškov dela, ki ni povezan s plačami, in da bi se spodbudilaponudba delovne sile.
Some Member States have strengthened the role of temporary work agenciesand relaxed employment protection legislation on temporary contracts.
Dohodkovne davčne stopnje za spodnje in srednje dohodkovne razredeso se znižale, obenem pa so se znižali tudi socialni prispevki zaposlenih in delodajalcev, še
1For more details, see Section 1.1 of Chapter 4.2For more details, see the box entitled “Developments in total hours worked in the euro area” in the October 2004 issue of the ECB’s Monthly Bulletin.
1Za več podrobnosti glej oddelek 1.1 v poglavju 4.
Most EU Member States introduced further labour market reforms in 2004, including thecontinued reform of income tax systems, the restructuring of social security and benefitsystems, and policies to increase the average retirement age.
Večina držav članic EU je v letu 2004 nadaljevala z reformami trga delovne sile, vključno z nadaljevano reformo davčnih sistemov, prestrukturiranjem sistemov socialnega zavarovanjain sistemov ugodnosti, ter politikami za povečanje povprečne upokojitvene starosti.
However, reforms seem to lagbehind what is implied in government announcements.
Vendar paizgleda, da reforme zaostajajo za vladnimi napovedmi.
Limited progress has been made inattracting more people into the labour market, investing in human capital accumulation andincreasing the adaptability of both workers and enterprises to changing macroeconomicconditions.
Omejen napredek je bil dosežen priprivabljanju večjega števila ljudi na trg delovne sile, naložbah v akumulacijo človeškegakapitala in povečani prilagodljivosti tako delavcev kot podjetij na spreminjajoče semakroekonomske pogoje.
Measures that aim to reduce longterm unemployment through retraining and seekto increase labour productivity through vocational and professional development and lifelonglearning continue to be priority areas for reform.
Ukrepi, ki so namenjeni zmanjšanju dolgoročne nezaposlenosti prekoprekvalificiranja in s katerimi se skuša povečati produktivnost dela preko poklicnega instrokovnega razvoja ter doživljenskega učenja, ostajajo še naprej prioritenta področja zareformo.
Moreover, further reforms are needed toencourage labour mobility by improving the transferability of pensions and healthcare rightsand by allowing wage differentiation according to local, regional and sectoral differences inproductivity.
Poleg tega so potrebne nadaljnje reforme za spodbuditev delovne mobilnosti prekoizboljšanja prenosljivosti pokojnin in zdravstvenovarstvenih pravic ter z upoštevanjem razlikv plačah glede na lokalne, regijske in sektorske razlike v produktivnosti.
The structural reform agenda for product markets covers a wide range of areas.
Načrt strukturnih reform za proizvodne trgeobravnava široko paleto področij.
Among otherthings, the BEPGs urge Member States to foster competition in goods and services markets by:(i) transposing internal market directives more quickly into national legislation, (ii) furtheropening up public procurement, (iii) giving adequate powers and resources to competitionand regulatory authorities and ensuring their independence, (iv) reducing state aid and(v) encouraging market entry and effective competition in network industries.
BEPG med drugim države članice nagovarjajo, da pospešujejo konkurenco na trgih blaga in storitev s temda: (i) hitreje prenesejo direktive, ki se nanašajo na interni trg, v nacionalno zakonodajo, (ii) še bolj odprejo javna naročila, (iii) regulativnim organom oblasti in organom za nadzorkonkurence podeljujejo zadostne pristojnosti in sredstva ter zagotovijo njihovo neodvisnost,(iv) zmanjšajo državno pomoč in (v) spodbujajo vstop na trg in učinkovito konkurenco v omrežnih panogah.
The percentage of EU internal market legislation which Member States had not yet transposedinto national law (known as the “transposition deficit”) increased further.
Odstotek zakonodaje EU, ki se nanaša na interni trg in ki je države članice še niso prenesle v nacionalne zakone (t. i. „deficit prenosa“), je še naprej rasel.
The European Commission has taken several steps to improve the functioning of the internal market, inparticular in the service sector, where some significant barriers to its functioning remain.
Evropska komisija je sprejelaveč ukrepov za izboljšanje delovanja internega trga, predvsem na področju storitev. Kljub temupa še zmeraj obstajajo nekatere pomembne ovire za njegovo delovanje, še zlasti v storitvenemsektorju.
Manyof these barriers appear to be due to national regulations, for example administrative burdensand procedures for setting up subsidiaries in other EU countries.
Mnoge od teh ovir izleda izhajajo iz nacionalnih predpisov, kot so na primeradministrativna bremena in postopki za ustanovitev hčerinskih družb v drugih državah članicah EU.
At the beginning of 2004 the Irish, Dutch, Luxembourg and British presidencies agreed upon a joint initiative to prioritiseregulatory reforms over the course of 2004 and 2005 and step up efforts to reduce theadministrative burden.
Na začetku leta 2004 se je Irsko, Nizozemsko, Luksemburško in Britansko predsedstvodogovorilo o skupni pobudi za prioritiziranje regulativnih reform v letih 2004 in 2005 in zapospešitev prizadevanj za zmanjšanje administrativnega bremena.
Many countries have taken steps to improve the efficiency andtransparency of public procurement procedures.
Mnoge države so sprejeleukrepe za izboljšanje učinkovitosti in preglednosti postopkov javnih naročil.
In addition, some countries have increased thepowers and independence of their competition and regulatory authorities.
Poleg tega sonekatere države povečale pristojnosti in neodvisnost svojih regulativnih organov oblasti inorganov za nadzor konkurence.
Moreover, the trendtowards reducing and redirecting state aid towards horizontal objectives seems to havecontinued over recent years, although state aid still plays an important role in some sectors,such as transport.
Nadalje izgleda, da se je trend zmanjševanja in preusmerjanjadržavne pomoči k horizontalnim ciljem v zadnjih letih nadaljeval.
Member States have continued to implement regulatory reforms in networkindustries, although the regulatory reform agenda in this area has not yet been completed.De facto competition in previously sheltered sectors, such as electricity and gas, should beincreased further.
Kljub temu državna pomočše zmeraj igra pomembno vlogo v nekaterih sektorjih, kot na primer v prometu. Države članice
As a result, the EU will mostlikely not be able to achieve the Lisbon targets unless Member States vigorously step up theirefforts to implement reform.
2Za več podrobnosti glej okvir z naslovom „Gibanja skupnih opravljenih ur v evro območju”, Monthly Bulletin, oktober 2004.
From a sectoral perspective, value addedgrowth tended to track overall real outputdevelopments over the cycle.
so nadaljevale z izvajanjem regulativnih reform v omrežnih panogah, vendar načrt regulativnihreform na tem področju še ni zaključen.
In particular,value added growth in both manufacturing andpurely market-related services was sustainedduring the first half of 2004 but moderated inthe second half.
Prav tako bi bilo treba povečati dejansko konkurencov predhodno zaščitenih sektorjih kot sta elektrika in plin.
The cyclical movement of theeconomy in the past year seems therefore tohave been driven mainly by aggregate, ratherthan sector-specific, disturbances.
Za povzetek je bil v letu 2004 dosežen nadaljnji napredek pri strukturnih reformah, še zlasti natrgih delovne sile, venar pa skupna hitrost reform ostaja pod pričakovanji.
however. This was partly in line with thelagged response of employment to economicactivity but also reflected the unusualresilience of employment (measured in termsof persons employed) during the economicslowdown in 2001-03, which lessened the needto hire labour at this stage of the upturn.
Zaradi tega EUnajverjetneje ne bo uspela doseči lizbonskih ciljev, razen če države članice bistveno ne pospešijosvojih prizadevanj za izvedbo reform.
Whiledevelopments in the number of personsemployed were relatively stable during therecent cyclical phases, available evidenceindicates that employment in terms of hoursworked was more responsive to the businesscycle.
Ponoven zagon v procesu strukturnih reform bo ne samopovečal skupno gospodarsko učinkovitost in izboljšal dolgoročne možnosti za rast, temveč botudi ojačal osnovo za trajen gospodarski vzpon.
This suggests that during the recentslowdown and subsequent recovery employersmay have decided to adjust employment morein terms of hours than in terms of personsemployed.
nafte za uvoznike evro območja, imela tudizakasnjen negativen učinek na konkurenčnostcelotnega evro območja.
Various dispersion measures indicate that thedivergence of real GDP growth rates amongeuro area countries declined in 2004.Reflecting in part the global economicupswing, average annual real GDP growthincreased in all euro area countries in 2004compared with the year before, except in Greece, where it nonetheless remainedrelatively strong.
Še zlasti je bila rast dodanevrednosti vztrajna v proizvodnji in čistih tržnopovezanih storitvah v prvi polovici leta 2004,vendar se je v drugi polovici leta umirila. Zatose zdi, da ciklično gibanje gospodarstva v preteklih letih ni bilo posledica sektorskospecifičnih motenj temveč motenj na ravnicelotnega gospodarstva.
IMPROVEMENT IN LABOUR MARKET ANDPRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN 2004Labour market conditions did not changesignificantly in the euro area in 2004, althoughsigns of a gradual improvement can bedetected.
Na to so med drugim vplivale višjecene nafte, zabeležene od sredine leta 2004dalje, ki so prispevale k zmanjšanju rasti tujegapovpraševanja po izvozu evro območja v drugipolovici leta.
After remaining broadly unchangedin 2003, employment rose throughout 2004 (see Table 4). The overall increase was moderate,
Podobno je znatna apreciacijadeviznega tečaja evra, zabeležena v večjem deluleta 2003, kljub temu, da je zmanjšala stroške
Labour productivity growth hadbeen increasing since mid-2003, reflectingusual cyclical developments in activity andemployment.
Različni kazalci razpršitve kažejo, da so serazlike v stopnjah rasti realnega BDPmeddržavami evro območja v letu 2004 zmanjšale.
(percentage changes compared with the previous period; percentages)
(odstotne spremembe v primerjavi s predhodnim obdobjem)
Labour force
Delovna sila
Employment Agriculture
Zaposlenost Kmetijstvo
– excl. construction– construction
– razen gradbeništva – gradbeništvo
Services
Storitve 3)
Rates of unemployment 4) Total Under 25 years25 years and over
Stopnje nezaposlenosti 4) Skupaj Pod 25 let 25 let in več
Sources: Eurostat and ECB calculations.1) Includes fishing, hunting and forestry.2) Includes manufacturing, construction, mining and quarrying, electricity, gas and water supply.3) Excludes extra-territorial bodies and organisations.4) Percentage of the labour force according to ILO recommendations.
Viri: Eurostat in izračuni ECB.1) Vključuje ribištvo, lov in gozdarstvo.2) Vključuje proizvodnjo, gradbeništvo, rudarstvo in kamnolome, elektriko, plin in dobavo vode.3) Ne vključuje eksteritorialnih organizacij.4) Odstotek od delovne sile v skladu s priporočili Mednarodne organizacije dela.
Chart 28 Unemployment
Graf28 Nezaposlenost
(annual percentage changes)
(letne odstotne spremembe)
(monthly data; seasonally adjusted) annual change in millions (left-hand scale) 1)percentage of the labour force (right-hand scale) whole economyindustry excl. construction
(mesečni podatki; desezonirano) celotno gospodarstvoindustrija razen gradbeništva letna sprememba v milijonih (lestvica na levi strani)1)odstotek delovne sile (lestvica na desni strani)
Source: Eurostat.Note: Data refer to the Euro 12 (including periods prior to 2001).1) Annual changes are not seasonally adjusted.
Vprimerjavi z letom poprej se je povprečnaletna rast realnega BDPv letu 2004 povečala vvseh državah evro območja, razen v Grčiji, kjerje ta kljub temu ostala relativno močna.
dispersion of unemployment rates among euroarea countries declined slightly in 2004.
To pomeni,da so se ob nedavni gospodarski zaustavitvi innaknadnemu okrevanju delodajalci odločiliprilagoditi bolj v smislu števila ur kot v smisluštevila zaposlenih oseb.
The unemployment rate in the euro arearemained broadly stable at 8.8% in 2004 (see Chart 28).
Po tem, ko jezaposlenost v letu 2003 ostala bolj ali manjnespremenjena, se je ta v letu 2004 povečevala(glej tabelo 4).
There was also no significant changerecorded in the unemployment rates by agegroup and by gender.
Vendar pa je bilo skupnopovečanje zaposlenosti skromno.
However, the number ofunemployed decreased by about 50,000persons overall in 2004, after having increasedmarkedly in 2003.
Skromna rastzaposlenosti je bila delno posledica zamudnegaodziva zaposlenosti na gospodarsko dejavnost,delno pa tudi posledica nenavadne odpornostzaposlenosti (merjeno v številu zaposlenihoseb) v času gospodarske zaustavitve med leti2001–03, kar je zmanjšalo potrebo po najemanju
These signs of improvement,albeit modest, were in line with otherindications of a turning-point in the labourmarket.
Vletu 2004 se je zaposlenost še naprejzmanjševala v industriji (razen gradbeništva),vendar z vsakim zaporednim četrtletjem manj,medtem ko je zaposlenost v storitvenemsektorju neprestano rasla.
These include developments in thenumber of vacancies, which increased in thesecond half of 2004 after having fallencontinuously since 2001.
Delovnaproduktivnost je v letu 2004 še naprej močnorasla (zlasti v industrijskem sektorju) (glej graf 27).
The unemployment rate in most euro areacountries was broadly unchanged on averagebetween 2003 and 2004, although theunemployment figures recorded in somecountries were affected to some extent bystatistical changes. All in all, the degree of
Rast delovne produktivnosti se jekrepila od sredine leta 2003 dalje in je odražala
Box 7
Okvir 7
POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN THE EURO AREA
POTENCIALNE POSLEDICE DEMOGRAFSKIH SPREMEMB V EVRO OBMOČJU
Recent and projected demographic dynamics in the euro area, as in many other industrialisedcountries, are characterised by decreasing population growth and a gradual ageing of thepopulation.
Nedavna in projektirana demografska dinamika evro območja je tako kot v številnih drugihindustrijsko razvitih državah zaznamovana s padajočo rastjo prebivalstva in postopnimstaranjem prebivalstva.
These developments are the result of low fertility rates in most euro area countriesand increasing life expectancy.
Ta gibanja so posledica nizkih stopenj rodnosti v večini državevroobmočja in povečani pričakovani življenski dobi.
Although considerable uncertainty surrounds all demographicprojections, these patterns seem to be common to most, including those by Eurostat and the United Nations.
Kljum temu, da vse demografskeprojekcije obkroža precejšnja stopnja negotovosti, pa izgleda, da so ti vzorci skupni vsemprojekcijam, vključno tistim, ki jih izvajata Evrostat in Združeni narodi.
This box discusses some of the main implications.
Ta okvir obravnavanekatere glavne posledice teh projekcij.
Demographic changes
Demografske spremembe
According to the most recent projections available for euro area countries (the United Nations2002 World Population Prospects1), total fertility rates in the euro area are expected to remainbelow the population replacement level of about two children per woman in the period to 2050.
Glede na najnovejše projekcije, ki so na voljo za države evro območja (United Nations 2002World Population Prospects)1, je pričakovati, da bodo skupne stopnje rodnosti v evroobmočjuv obdobju do leta 2050 ostale pod ravnjo obnove prebivalstva, ki znaša približno dva otroka nažensko.
Atthe same time, average life expectancy is expected to increase by five years between 2005 and2050 (see left-hand panel of the chart below).
Istočasno se pričakuje, da se bo med leti 2005 in 2050 povprečna pričakovana življenskastarost dvignila za pet let (glej levo stran grafa spodaj).
The combination of these two effects implies aslowdown in the euro area’s population growth rate and, from around 2015, a decline in its totalpopulation.
Kombinacija teh dveh učinkov pomeniupočasnitev stopnje rasti prebivalstva evro območja in od leta 2015 dalje zmanjševanjeskupnega števila prebivalcev.