natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Research and development agreements and technology transfer agreements are therefore often compatible with competition law. is may also be the case for other cooperation agreements (concerning joint production, purchasing or commercialisation, or standardisation), but will normally depend on a detailed analysis of circumstances and economic benefits of these agreements.
Na splošno je bolj verjetno, da bodo sporazumi dopustni, če niso sklenjeni med konkurenti ali če imajo udeležena podjetja le majhen del trga.
VIDEO GAMESBetween 1991 and 1998, Japanese video games maker Nintendo and seven of its official distributors in Europe worked together to maintain artificially high price differences across the EU.
V obdobju med 1991 in 1998 je japonski proizvajalec video iger Nintendo in sedem njegovih uradnih distributerjev v Evropi sodelovalo z namenom umetnega ohranjanja visokih cenovnih razlik med državami EU.
Each distributor was obliged to prevent exports from its territory to another through unofficial distribution channels (so-called parallel trade).Under Nintendo’s leadership, the companies collaborated intensively to find the source of any such exports.
Vsak distributer je bil dolžan preprečiti izvoz s svojega na drugo ozemlje po neuradnih distribucijskih kanalih (tako imenovana vzporedna trgovina). Pod vodstvom Nintenda so podjetja intenzivno sodelovala, da bi ugotovila izvor vsakega takega izvoza.
Traders who allowed these exports were punished by being given smaller shipments or by being boycotted altogether.As a result, prices for play consoles and games differed widely from one European Union country to another, with the United Kingdom being up to 65 % cheaper than Germany and the Netherlands.
Trgovci, ki so tak izvoz dovoljevali, so bili kaznovani z dodelitvijo manjših pošiljk ali celo z bojkotom.Zaradi tega so se cene za igralne konzole in igre med posameznimi državami Evropske unije zelo razlikovale, tako da so bile v Združenem kraljestvu za do 65 % cenejše kot v Nemčiji in na Nizozemskem.
The European Commission imposed a total fine of EUR 168 million on Nintendo and the distributors.
Evropska komisija je naložila Nintendu in njegovim distributerjem globe v skupni višini 168 milijonov EUR.
Other types of agreement which may restrict competition are those between suppliers and retailers.
Druga vrsta sporazumov, ki lahko omejijo konkurenco, so sporazumi med dobavitelji in trgovci na drobno.
Not all agreements which restrict competition are necessarily illegal.
Po drugi strani ti sporazumi zagotavljajo, da lahko potrošniki kupujejo v okolju, ki ustreza izdelku, in da so deležni osebnega svetovanja.
Agreements which have more positive than negative effects are allowed.
Prav tako preprečujejo, da bi se lahko en distributer brezplačno okoriščal s promocijskimi prizadevanji drugega
Generally speaking, agreements are more likely to be allowed when they are not concluded between competitors or where the companies involved have only a small part of the market.
Sporazumi med konkurenčnimi podjetji lahko omejijo konkurenco, vendar so prav tako lahko potrebni zaradi izboljšanja izdelkov ali storitev, razvoja novih izdelkov ali odkrivanja novih in boljših načinov za posredovanje
ANTITRUST certain customers or by offering discounts only to those customers which obtain all or most of their supplies from the dominant company;
PRODAJA AVTOMOBILOV MED DRŽAVAMI ČLANICAMI EU
• forcing unjustified trading conditions on trading partners, for example where a dominant company makes the sale of one product conditional on the sale of another product.
• vsiljevanje nepoštenih pogojev poslovanja trgovinskim partnerjem, če, na primer, prevladujoče podjetje prodajo določenega izdelka pogojuje s prodajo nekega drugega izdelka.
CAR SALES BETWEEN EU MEMBER STATESIn 1998, following many complaints from consumers, the European Commission fined Volkswagen AG EUR 90 million for banning its Italian dealers from meeting orders from German and Austrian customers attracted by lower prices in Italy.
Leta 1998 je po mnogih pritožbah potrošnikov Evropska komisija podjetju Volkswagen AG naložila globo v višini 90 milijonov EUR, ker je prepovedalo svojim italijanskim trgovcem izpolnjevati naročila nemških in avstrijskih kupcev, ki so jih pritegnile nižje cene v Italiji.
It is illegal for car manufacturers to discourage their dealers from selling to customers resident in other EU Member States.
Proizvajalcem avtomobilov je prepovedano odvračanje svojih trgovcev od prodaje kupcem, ki imajo stalno prebivališče v drugih državah članicah EU.
The European Commission publishes a six-monthly review of pretax car prices in each of the EU Member States to help consumers to identify the country in which the car they might want to buy is cheapest.
Evropska komisija vsakih šest mesecev objavlja pregled cen avtomobilov pred obdavčitvijo v vsaki državi članici EU, da bi potrošnikom pomagala ugotoviti, v kateri državi je želeni avtomobil najcenejši.
• charging unrealistically low prices, which may be used to drive competitors out of a market or to make it more difficult for competitors to enter the market;
• zaračunavanje nerazumno visokih cen, ki bi lahko izkoriščale potrošnike;
• discriminating between trading partners, for example by refusing to deal with
• zaračunavanje nerealistično nizkih cen, ki se lahko uporabijo, da se konkurente izloči s trga ali da se jim otežkoči vstop nanj;
If a company (or group of companies) has a large proportion of the business in a particular market, it is likely to have a dominant position in the market.
Če ima podjetje (ali skupina podjetij) velik poslovni delež na določenem trgu, je verjetno, da ima na tem trgu prevladujoč položaj.
Dominant companies have the economic strength to act without having to take account of either their competitors or their consumers. is is why it is illegal for companies to abuse their dominant position.
• diskriminacija med trgovinskimi partnerji, na primer z odklanjanjem poslovanja z določenimi strankami ali z nudenjem popustov le tistim strankam, ki pridobijo vse ali večino svojih nabav od prevladujočega podjetja;
ANTITRUST restrict competition to be stopped and fine companies that have broken EU competition law.
Kdo uveljavlja konkurenčno pravo EU na področju poslovnih ravnanj, ki omejujejo konkurenco?
e European Commission applies and enforces EU law.
Evropska komisija uporablja in uveljavlja pravo EU.
It can require companies to provide information and, if necessary, carry out surprise inspections in the offices of companies and, with a court order, in the homes of company personnel.
Od podjetij lahko zahteva predložitev informacij in po potrebi izvaja nenapovedane preglede v prostorih podjetij ter s sodnim nalogom na domovih zaposlenih v podjetju.
As part of their close cooperation in the European Competition Network (ECN), the European Commission and the national competition authorities inform each other about new cases to avoid multiple investigations. ey also inform each other before taking a decision in their cases to ensure that the law is applied consistently regardless of who enforces it.
V okviru svojega tesnega sodelovanja v Evropski mreži za konkurenco (ECN) se Evropska komisija in nacionalni organi, pristojni za konkurenco, medsebojno obveščajo o novih primerih, da bi se izognili večkratnim preiskavam. Prav tako drug drugega obveščajo pred sprejetjem odločb v svojih primerih, da bi zagotovili dosledno uporabo prava ne glede na to, kdo ga uveljavlja.
More information on the ECN can be found below.
Več informacij o ECN je na voljo v nadaljevanju.
Can national courts be asked to apply EU competition rules?
Ali se lahko od nacionalnih sodišč zahteva uporaba pravil EU o konkurenci?
TYRESIn 2001, the European Commission fined French tyre-maker Michelin EUR 20 million for abusing its dominant position in the market for heavy vehicle replacement tyres in France during most of the 1990s.
Leta 2001 je Evropska komisija francoskemu izdelovalcu pnevmatik Michelin naložila globo v višini 20 milijonov EUR, ker je zlorabljal svoj prevladujoči položaj na trgu za nadomestne pnevmatike za težka vozila v Franciji skorajda celotno prejšnje desetletje.
Over 50 % of new replacement tyres for heavy vehicles and an even higher share of retread tyres were made by Michelin.
Preko 50 % novih pnevmatik za težka vozila in celo višji odstotni delež obnovljenih pnevmatik je izdelal Michelin.
None of its competitors were comparable in size so it was difficult for dealers to avoid doing business with Michelin.
Nobeden od njegovih konkurentov ni bil primerljive velikosti, zato se je bilo trgovcem težko izogniti sklepanju poslov s podjetjem Michelin.
Michelin used a system of rebates and bonuses to make dealers dependent on its tyres and prevented them from choosing their suppliers freely.
Michelin je uporabljal sistem rabatov in bonusov, da bi napravil trgovce odvisne od prodaje svojih pnevmatik, in jim je preprečil, da bi svobodno izbirali svoje dobavitelje.
If the European Commission finds evidence of illegal business practices which restrict competition, it can act to prohibit such behaviour.
Če Evropska komisija najde dokaze o nezakonitih poslovnih ravnanjih, ki omejujejo konkurenco, lahko ukrepa tako, da taka ravnanja prepove.
It can also fine companies up to 10 % of their annual turnover if the companies have, for example, participated in a cartel that fixed prices or agreed how to share out the market between them.
Prav tako lahko podjetjem naloži globo do 10 % njihovega letnega prometa, če so na primer sodelovala v kartelu, ki je določil cene, ali so se dogovorila, kako si med seboj razdeliti trg.
Does the Commission enforce EU competition law alone?
Ali Komisija uveljavlja konkurenčno pravo EU sama?
Like the competition authorities, national courts have the power to determine whether a particular agreement complies with the requirements of EU competition law or not.
Tako kot organi, pristojni za konkurenco, so nacionalna sodišča pristojna, da odločijo, ali je določen sporazum skladen z zahtevami konkurenčnega prava EU ali ne.
Companies and consumers can claim damages if they have been the victim of illegal behaviour which restricts competition.
Podjetja in potrošniki lahko zahtevajo odškodnino, če so bili žrtev nezakonitega obnašanja, ki omejuje konkurenco.
MICROSOFTIn 2004, the European Commission fined Microsoft EUR 497 million for abusing its dominant position in the market for operating systems for personal computers (PCs) between 1998 and 2004.
Leta 2004 je Evropska komisija Microsoftu naložila globo v višini 497 milijonov EUR za zlorabo prevladujočega položaja na trgu operacijskih sistemov za osebne računalnike od leta 1998 do leta 2004.
Microsoft’s Windows operating system holds a 95 % share of the market.
Microsoftov operacijski sistem Windows ima 95 % tržni delež.
Microsoft was found to have:(i) withheld information which rival server software would have needed to ’talk’properly with Windows-based PCs.
Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je Microsoft:(i) zadržal informacije, ki bi jih konkurenčna strežniška programska oprema potrebovala, da bi se lahko pravilno„pogovarjala“ z osebnimi računalniki, ki uporabljajo operacijski sistem Windows.
This meant that rivals could not compete fairly in the market; and(ii) made the purchase of Windows conditional on the simultaneous acquisition of Microsoft’s separate Windows media player product.
To je pomenilo, da konkurenti niso mogli enakopravno tekmovati na trgu; in(ii) nakup operacijskega sistema Windows vezal na hkratni nakup ločenega izdelka Windows media player.
This had the effect of populating virtually all PCs with Windows media player, and hence distorting competition by artificially driving content providers and applications developers to the Windows media platform.Microsoft has appealed to the European Court of First Instance against this decision.
Posledica tega je bila, da so bili skoraj vsi osebni računalniki opremljeni z izdelkom Windows media player, in je zato izkrivljal konkurenco s tem, da je umetno prisilil ponudnike vsebin in razvijalce aplikacij k uporabi medijske platforme Windows.Na odločitev se je Microsoft pritožil na Evropsko sodišče prve stopnje.
Legislation: Article 81 of the EC Treaty (restrictive agreements)
Zakonodaja: člen 81 Pogodbe ES (omejevalni sporazumi)
The European Competition Network
Evropska mreža za konkurenco
The European Commission and the national competition authorities in all EU Member States cooperate with each other through the European Competition Network (ECN) by:
Evropska komisija in nacionalni organi vseh držav članic EU, pristojni za konkurenco, sodelujejo med seboj v okviru Evropske mreže za konkurenco (ECN) z:
• informing each other of new cases and decisions;• coordinating investigations, where necessary;• helping each other with investigations; and• exchanging evidence.
• medsebojnim obveščanjem o novih primerih in odločbah;• usklajevanjem preiskav, če je potrebno;• vzajemno pomočjo pri preiskavah; in• izmenjavo dokazov.
Agreements between companies or ‘undertakings’which lead to an appreciable restriction of competition are prohibited.
Sporazumi med gospodarskimi družbami ali„podjetji“, ki privedejo do znatnega omejevanja konkurence, so prepovedani.
In fact, they are automatically void, so that the normal rule‘agreements need to be respected’does not apply.
Pravzaprav so samodejno nični, tako da ne velja običajno pravilo„sporazume je treba spoštovati“.
The European Commission or a national competition authority can order companies to end such illegal agreements and impose fines on companies for having concluded them.
Evropska komisija ali nacionalni organ, pristojen za konkurenco, lahko podjetjem ukaže, da take nezakonite sporazume prekinejo, in podjetjem naloži globe, ker so jih sklenila.
This applies also to unwritten agreements, as well as to concerted practices.
To prav tako velja za nepisne sporazume in za usklajena ravnanja.
This creates an effective mechanism to counter companies which engage in cross-border practices restricting competition.
Na ta način je vzpostavljen učinkovit mehanizem za boj proti podjetjem, ki omejujejo konkurenco s čezmejnimi ravnanji.
© D ig and effective application of the law, the European Commission may decide to deal with a case itself.
© D ig določajo nakupne ali prodajne cene ali druge pogoje poslovanja; omejujejo proizvodnjo, trge, tehnični razvoj ali naložbe;razdelijo trge ali vire nabave med konkurente; ali uvajajo neenake pogoje za podjetja, ki niso podpisniki sporazuma, s čimer jih postavijo v konkurenčno neugodnejši položaj.
In this way, the ECN allows the competition authorities to pool their experience and identify best practices.
Na ta način ECN omogoča, da organi, pristojni za konkurenco, združujejo svoje izkušnje in prepoznavajo najboljša ravnanja.
The main objective of the ECN is to ensure that EU competition law is applied consistently across the EU.
Glavni cilj ECN je zagotoviti, da se konkurenčno pravo EU dosledno uporablja po vsej EU.
Through the ECN, the competition authorities inform each other of proposed decisions and take on board comments from the other competition authorities.
Preko ECN se organi, pristojni za konkurenco, medsebojno obveščajo o predlaganih odločbah in pridobivajo pripombe drugih organov, pristojnih za konkurenco.
Where it is necessary to ensure consistent
Kjer je potrebno zagotoviti dosledno in učinkovito uporabo prava, se lahko Evropska komisija odloči, da bo primer sama obravnavala.
Within the ECN, groups of experts in certain sectors (for example, insurance and railways) discuss p fix purchase or selling prices or other trading conditions;p limit production, markets, technical development or investment;p share markets or sources of supply between competitors; orp apply discriminatory conditions to companies that are not parties
Vendar so nekateri omejevalni sporazumi med podjetji dovoljeni, ker lahko spodbujajo konkurenco, na primer s spodbujanjem tehničnega napredka ali z izboljšanjem
However, some restrictive agreements between companies are allowed as they may encourage competition, for example by promoting technical progress or by improving distribution.
P R številne uredbe o skupinskih izjemah, ki se nanašajo na določene sektorje (zavarovalništvo, promet).
Restrictive agreements that fulfil the conditions of a block exemption regulation are allowed under Article 81.
Zakonodaja: člen 82 Pogodbe ES (zloraba prevladujočega položaja)
Furthermore, a number of block exemption regulations relating to particular sectors (insurance, transport) are in place.
Evropska komisija ali nacionalni organ, pristojen za konkurenco, lahko zlorabo prepove in podjetju kršitelju naloži globo.
Regulations and guidelines are published in the Official Journal of the European Union.
A izboljša proizvodnjo ali distribucijo blaga ali pospešuje tehnični ali gospodarski napredek;
its own distribution network and whether the company has favourable access to raw materials; all are factors which allow the company to evade normal competition;p the company dominates the European market or a‘substantial part’of it;p the company abuses its position by, for example, overcharging customers, charging excessively low prices designed to squeeze out competitors or bar new entrants from the market, or granting discriminatory advantages to some customers.
Ta člen prepoveduje zlorabo prevladujočega položaja in se uporablja pod naslednjimi pogoji: zagotavlja potrošnikom pravičen delež dosežene koristi; omejevanje konkurence mora biti nujno potrebno za doseganje obeh zgoraj navedenih ciljev; ne sme izključiti konkurence glede znatnega dela izdelkov ali storitev.
Legislation: Article 82 of the EC Treaty (abuse of dominant position)
podjetje ima prevladujoč položaj, pri čemer se upoštevajo njegov tržni delež in drugi dejavniki, kot so: ali obstajajo verodostojni konkurenti, ali ima podjetje svojo lastno distribucijsko mrežo in ali ima ugoden dostop do surovin; vse to so dejavniki, ki podjetju omogočajo, da se izogne običajni konkurenci;
The European Commission or a national competition authority can prohibit an abuse and fine the offending company.
podjetje prevladuje na evropskem trgu ali na njegovem„znatnem delu“;
On that basis, the European Commission has adopted so-called block exemption regulations which spell out the conditions to be fulfilled by certain categories p the company holds a dominant position, taking into account its market share and other factors, such as whether there are credible competitors, whether the company has
Na podlagi tega je Evropska komisija sprejela tako imenovane uredbe o skupinskih izjemah, ki določajo pogoje, ki jih morajo izpolnjevati določene vrste sporazumov. Omejevalni sporazumi, ki izpolnjujejo pogoje uredbe o skupinskih izjemah, so po členu 81 dovoljeni.
The European Commission also issues guidance on how it will apply the conditions mentioned above in order to help companies to distinguish between agreements that are compatible with competition law and those which are not.
Sedanje uredbe o skupinskih izjemah pokrivajo predvsem sporazume o raziskavah in razvoju, sporazume o specializaciji in sporazume o prenosu tehnologije, kakor tudi sporazume o distribuciji – tako na splošno kot bolj specifično v avtomobilskem sektorju.
Commission guidelines on the assessment of horizontal agreements (mainly between competitors) and of vertical agreements (such as distribution agreements) are a case in point.
Poleg tega so bile sprejete podjetje zlorablja svoj položaj s tem, da na primer zaračunava kupcem previsoke cene, zaračunava pretirano nizke cene z namenom izriniti s trga svoje konkurente ali onemogočiti novim ponudnikom dostop nanj, ali da nekaterim kupcem daje diskriminatorne ugodnosti.
These guidelines discuss how the
Uredbe in smernice se objavijo v Uradnem listu Evropske unije.
Examining mergers
Presoja združitev podjetij
Why are mergers examined at the European level?
Zakaj se združitve presojajo na evropski ravni?
While companies combining forces(referred to below as mergers) can expand markets and bring benefits to the consumer, some combinations may reduce competition and harm consumers.
Cilj presoje predlaganih združitev je preprečiti škodljive vplive na konkurenco. Združitve, ki presegajo nacionalne meje katere koli države članice, se presojajo na evropski ravni.
Combining the activities of different companies may allow the companies, for example, to develop new products more efficiently or to reduce production or distribution costs. rough their increased efficiency, the market becomes more competitive and consumers benefit from higher-quality goods at fairer prices.
To omogoča podjetjem, ki trgujejo v različnih državah članicah EU, da pridobijo dovoljenje za svoje združitve v enem samem postopku.
ese rules apply to all mergers no matter where in the world the merging companies have their registered office, headquarters, activities or production facilities. is is so because even mergers between companies based outside the European Union may affect markets in the EU if the companies do business in the EU.
Čeprav lahko podjetja, ki združujejo svoje moči (v nadaljevanju združitve), širijo trge in potrošnikom prinašajo koristi, lahko nekatere združitve zmanjšajo konkurenco in škodijo potrošnikom.
Mergers going beyond the national borders of any one Member State are examined at European level. is allows companies trading in different EU Member States to obtain clearance for their mergers in one go.
Zaradi njihove povečane učinkovitosti postane trg bolj konkurenčen in potrošniki imajo na voljo blago boljše kakovosti po zmernejših cenah.
Which mergers are examined by the European Commission?
Katere združitve presoja Evropska komisija?
However, some mergers may reduce competition in a market, usually by creating or strengthening a dominant player. is is likely to harm consumers through higher prices, reduced choice or less innovation.
Evropska komisija lahko prav tako preveri združitve, ki jih nanjo napotijo nacionalni organi držav članic EU, pristojni za konkurenco. To se lahko opravi na podlagi zahteve podjetij, ki se združujejo, ali na podlagi zahteve nacionalnega organa, pristojnega za konkurenco v državi članici EU.
Increased competition within the European single market and globalisation are among the factors which make it attractive for companies to join forces.
Vendar pa lahko nekatere združitve zmanjšajo konkurenco na trgu, običajno z ustvarjanjem ali krepitvijo prevladujočega udeleženca.
Such reorganisations are welcome to the
Potrošnikom bo to verjetno povzročilo škodo zaradi višjih cen, manjše izbire ali manj inovacij.
If the annual turnover of the combined businesses exceeds specified thresholds in terms of global and European sales, the proposed merger must be notified to the European Commission, which must examine it.
Če letni promet združenih podjetij presega pragove, določene za promet od prodaje na svetovni in evropski ravni, je treba predlagano združitev priglasiti Evropski komisiji, ki jo mora presoditi.
Below these thresholds, the national e European Commission may also examine mergers which are referred to it from the national competition authorities of the EU Member States. is may take place on the basis of a request by the merging companies or based on a request by the national competition authority of an EU Member State.
Pod temi pragovi lahko združitev preverijo nacionalni organi, pristojni za konkurenco v državah članicah EU.
Under certain circumstances, the European Commission may also refer a case to the national competition authority of an EU Member State.
Temu je tako zato, ker lahko celo združitve med podjetji, ki imajo sedež zunaj Evropske unije, vplivajo na trge v EU, če podjetja poslujejo v EU.
When are mergers prohibited or approved?
ZDRUŽITVE V SEKTORJU BLAGA ZA ŠIROKO PORABO/ŽIVIL
When does the European Commission approve mergers conditionally?
ZDRUŽITVE V FARMACEVTSKEM SEKTORJU
in development which would compete with Pfizer’s Viagra, thereby allowing the deal to be cleared.
Kdaj Evropska komisija pogojno odobri združitve?
MERGERS
Kdaj se združitve prepovejo ali odobrijo?