natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Feminist movements in Yugoslavia were creating an alternative politicalspacein the crisis of the socialist system and beforethe traumatic beginning of civil and ethnic wars inthe 1990s.
Feminističnagibanja so v Jugoslaviji oblikovala alternativnipolitični prostorv času, ko je nastopila krizasocialističnega sistema, preden so tok zgodovineprekinile državljanske vojne in etnični spopadidevetdesetih let.
Besides the institutional and legal support providedby the federal State for gender equality, feministmovement started to develop already in the 1970sin Zagreb, Belgrade and Ljubljana.
V nekdanji Jugoslaviji je zvezna država nudilaenakosti spolov institucionalno in zakonskopodporo. Feministična gibanja so se začelaoblikovati že v sedemdesetih letih 20. stoletja v Zagrebu, Beogradu in Ljubljani.
Feminists weremarginalised, but not really forbidden, due to thefact that Yugoslavia was rather open to the West andvery much under the influence of Westernintellectual developments.
Feministke sobile sicer odrinjene na rob, njihovo delovanje pani bilo prepovedano, ker je bila Jugoslavija precejodprta na zahod in kot takšna pod precejšnjimvplivom tamkajšnjih intelektualnih dosežkov.
The first internationalfeminist conference in communist countries wasorganized in Belgrade (1978), as well as the firstpost-communist feminist conference (1994).
Prvamednarodna feministična konferencavkomunističnih državah je potekala v Beogradu(1978), prav tako pa tudi prva postkomunističnafeministična konferenca (1994).
In the1980s women’s issue became part of the publicdiscourse and scientific debate.
V osemdesetihletih 20. stoletja so se z vprašanjem žensk začeliukvarjati v javnosti in znanosti.
In the second halfof the 1980s feminist publications, translations oreven original feminist contributions, were edited.
V drugi poloviciosemdesetih let je bilo objavljenih večfeminističnih publikacij in prevedenih del, pa tudiizvirnih prispevkov.
In this decade also a scientific journal, Zena, waspublished in Zagreb, where different researches on
V tem desetletju je v Zagrebuizhajala strokovna revija Žena, v kateri so bile vir: Blagojević, 2003
kg407785_016 13/07/04 10:50 Page 33 greater psychological pressures on their family members under rapidlychanging life conditions) and on their working activity (to cope with economic hardships in the family, to keep their jobs after the right to workhad been eliminated).
ph605336_016 8/09/06 11:10 Page 33 položaje, postajali pa so tudi ekonomsko in socialno vse močnejši od žensk.Obremenitev žensk pa je, po drugi strani, po padcu komunizma postajala vsevečja.
Thus the previous division of roles acquired newdimensions - men concentrating more than before on public success,women thus bearing the responsibility of the well-being of their familiesalso under new conditions and new hardships.
Družbene spremembe so s sabo prinesle povečane zahtevedo ženskna področju njihove družinske in vzgojne vloge, saj so se morale zaradi hitrospreminjajočih se življenjskih razmer spoprijeti z večjimi psihološkimipritiski na posamezne družinske člane, in na področju njihovega dela, saj sose morale soočiti z ekonomskimi težavami znotraj družine, predvsem paobdržati delovna mesta, potem ko je bila odpravljena pravica do dela.Nekdanja delitev vlog je tako pridobila nove razsežnosti: moški so se vsebolj osredotočali na javni uspeh, ženske pa so prevzele odgovornost zadobrobit družine v novonastalih okoliščinah in stiskah.
All this is true in particular for families with children as well as for womenand men whose formative years were spent under the grasp of communism which inevitably influenced their personalities, values, social andprofessional organisation, etc.
Navedeno še posebej velja za družine z otroki in za tiste ženske in moške,ki so odraščali v komunizmu, ki je neizogibno vplival na oblikovanje njihoveosebnosti, vrednot, družbene in poklicne organiziranosti itn.
Cognitive patterns of the youngest generation are more complex, being partly rooted in local gender culture, partlynew and different, responding to the changed social conditions.
Miselni vzorcimlajših generacij so kompleksnejši, saj delno izhajajo iz krajevne tradicionalneobravnave spolov, delno pa so novi in drugačni, kar ustreza spremenjenimdružbenim razmeram. Preobrazba je prinesla možnosti, ki jih poprej nismopoznali.
As a result of this transformation, a generation gap, which has resulted in wide-ranging changes inbehaviour and sometimes in values, is increasingly evident.
Tako se spremembe v gospodarskem položaju odražajo v drugačnihpreferencah in vrednotah posameznikov.
In addition, itis clear that the liberalisation of the economy, which has also led tochanges in society, has brought about new opportunities especially foryoung women and women without families.
Med posledicami preobrazbe jetudi vse očitnejši medgeneracijski prepad, ki je pripeljal do vse večjihrazhajanj v obnašanju, včasih pa tudi v vrednotah.
Young women’s life strategieshave changed, they get married later and have fewer children, but according to opinion polls, the higher value of family and children over professional career still prevails in the rhetoric and mentalities of society.The inherited (more or less unified) model, in which women were usednot to have to choose between career and family, has persisted and can beregarded as positive.
Poleg tega lahko vidimo,da je gospodarska liberalizacija, ki je privedla do sprememb v družbi, s saboprinesla nove možnosti še posebej za mlajše ženske in ženske brez družine.Življenjske strategije mlajših žensk so se spremenile.
At the same time, social differentiationamong thefemale population is dramatically growing. According to some sociologists, the influence of ageand educationon economic status tends to be
Tako se danes poročajopozneje in imajo manj otrok, čeprav raziskave javnega mnenja kažejo, dase v političnem govoru in v družbeni mentaliteti še vedno bolj vrednotidružino in otroke kot poklicno kariero.
Starting to understand… (I)
Prva spoznanja (I)
Starting to understand… (II)
Prva spoznanja (II)
In the new job, I also began dealing with women’sissues.
Na novem delovnem mestu sem se začelaukvarjati z ženskimi vprašanji.
Under communism, women’s issues werean absent topic and I never got the idea to eventhink about them.
V času komunizmase o tem ni govorilo, zato mi še na misel ni prišlo,da bi o tem razmišljala.
Yet the opening of the countryhad brought also new impulses from abroad and I soon realised how important an issue this is andhow the power of totalitarian system was able to letpeople forget to reflect even upon their everydaylives.
Ko pa se je moja državaodprla različnim pobudam iz tujine, sem se začelazavedati, kako pomembno je vprašanje žensk inkakšno moč je imel totalitarni sistem, če so ljudjepozabili razmišljati o svojem vsakdanu.
I regarded it also as my professional duty to catch up this terrible debt towards the genderproblematic.
Naenkratsem si kot poklicno dolžnost zadala, da popravimzamujeno.
Biographical statement by Hana Havelková, Czech member of the Enwise Expert Group.
biografska izjava Hane Havelkové, češke članice strokovneskupine Enwise
However, during the last 15 years that I have beenworking in research management, I started to noticethe signs of gender inequality in science.
Zadnjih 15 let, odkar delam na področjuraziskovalnega menedžmenta, sem začelaopažati znake neenakosti spolov v znanosti.Včasih sem primerjala število moških in žensk,kiso naši organizaciji oddali prošnje za dodelitevmednarodnih raziskovalnih finančnih sredstev,inopazila, da se med seboj močno razlikujejo.Počasi sem razumela, da predstojniki večineinstitucij oddajajo prošnje v svojem imenu,njihove sodelavke – ki so s partnerskimiinstitucijami v resnici sodelovale – pa smejoprošnjo pripraviti, pozneje pa sodelovati priposameznih dejavnostih.
Sometimes I compared the number of men and womensubmitting proposals to our organisation forinternational research grants and I observed thatthere was a shocking difference in numbers.
Na podlagi opažanj semse začela vse bolj zavzemati za iniciativo žensk inznanosti in sem nenazadnje postala madžarskačlanica strokovne skupine Enwise.
Biographical statement by Dóra Groó, Hungarian member of the Enwise Expert Group.
biografska izjava Dóre Groó, madžarske članice strokovneskupine Enwise
FROM NATIONAL ICONS TO SUPERWOMEN even greater among the female than among the male population.
OD ZNAMENITIH ŽENSK DO SUPERŽENSK
Therehas also been an increase of singles, both male and female, and cohabitation as the increasingly preferred family model.
Podedovani (bolj ali manj enotni) model, znotraj katerega ženski ni bilotreba izbirati med poklicno kariero in družino, se je ohranil in ga lahkoocenimo kot pozitivnega.
It has to be stressed thatthe Enwise societies are still not yet settled: young women, who have beenso far prepared to postpone starting a family, still ask themselves whetherand how to manage both career and family is possible in the new, competitive society and whether negotiation with their male partners will bepossible, given the persistence of conservative views (more so on men’sside).
Istočasno pa opažamo, da se socialne razlikemedžensko populacijo dramatično povečujejo. Po mnenju nekaterih sociologovdejavniki, kot sta starostin izobrazba,neprimerno bolj vplivajo na ekonomskistatus med ženskami kot med moškimi.
Young women scientistsstart to reflect on these hardships.
Povečalo se je tudi število samskih,bodisi moških bodisi žensk, vedno bolj zaželena oblika družine pa postajazunajzakonska skupnost.
The cultural impact of cognitive experience of the new generation is very much influx at present and there will be certainlya great diversity among the individual social groups and regions.
Poudariti moramo, da se družbe Enwise še nisoustalile v svojem razvoju.
The explanation of demographic trendsneeds more research focusing on qualitative analysis - for the time being,general conclusions can not yet be stated with complete authority.Public discourses (theories, media, literary, art, etc.) are changing onlyslowly, but their change can not be stopped.
Tako se mlajše ženske, ki so bile doslej pripravljenepreložiti osnovanje družine, sprašujejo, ali (in kako) je mogoče obvladovatipoklicno kariero in družino v novi kompetitivni družbi in ali se lahkospartnerjem dogovorijo o njunih vlogah glede na vztrajno ohranjanjekonservativnih pogledov, še posebej na strani moških.
Newwomen’s organisations started dealing in the first place with the most serious social problems concerning women such as domestic violence and violence against women in general or with discrimination in the labour market.
Kulturni učinek, ki ga prinašajokognitivne izkušnje nove generacije, je podvržen nenehnim spremembamin bo zagotovo prinesel velike razlike med posameznimi družbenimiskupinami in pokrajinami.
In Poland, it was especially the passage of the law prohibiting abortion that triggered the mobilisation of women’s organisations.
Potrebne so raziskave, ki bi razložile demografsketežnje in bi se osredotočile na kvalitativno analizo. Zaenkrat namreč nemoremo podati veljavnejših splošnejših zaključkov.
Two pointsmust be enumerated from the comparative point of view: the historicalinterruptionbetween precommunist and postcommunist women’s movements was so long that the postcommunist women’s movement can notrely much on its precommunist history.
Javne razprave (teorije, sredstva javnega obveščanja, literatura, umetnost itn.)se le počasi spreminjajo, vendar pa njihove spremembe ni več moč zaustaviti.Ženski aktivizemje oživel v vseh obravnavanih državah takoj po padcukomunizma, v bivši Jugoslaviji že celo prej.
Though it does have some symbolic supportive affect in terms of the realisation of women’s own history,the world has moved elsewhere in the meantime.
Nove ženske organizacije sose najprej začele ukvarjati z resnimi socialnimi problemi, ki zadevajo ženske,kot so nasilje v družini, splošno nasilje nad ženskami in diskriminacija natrgu delovne sile.
So the new wave had tostart virtually from zero.
Na Poljskem je aktiviranje ženskih organizacij sprožilpredvsem sprejem zakona, ki je prepovedal splav.
That said, however, it should be noted, secondly,that the new women’s organisations are not isolated given that they receive
S primerjalnega stališčamoramo navesti dvoje: zaradi dolge zgodovinske prekinitvemedpredkomunističnimi in postkomunističnimi ženskimi gibanji se
Learning early… from abroad
Zgodnji začetki … v tujini
I shifted my identity from a traditional marriedwoman to a self-made woman, who is defined byothers (but not by Western colleagues) as afeminist.
Svojo identiteto tradicionalne poročene ženskesem zamenjala z identiteto ženske, ki se jeizoblikovala sama in ki jo drugi (ne pa zahodnikolegi in kolegice) opisujejo kot feministko.
I have to say that my profession, especiallymy involvement in gender studies, offers me thepossibility to understand and, what it is moreimportant for me, to claim that I have the right tolive without a man and children.
Mojpoklic, še posebej pa delo na področju ženskihštudij, mi omogoča razumeti in, kar je šepomembneje, zavedati se, da imam pravico živetibrez moškega in otrok. Življenje je moje.
It is my own life.Yet my specialisation in gender studies restricts mycareer, preventing me to access to higher scientificpositions at my institute.
Res paje, da me specializacija (ženske študije) omejujena poklicni poti, saj zaradi nje znotraj svojegainstituta ne morem do prestižnejših znanstvenihpoložajev.
Biographical statement by Alina Zvinkliene, Lithuanian member ofthe Enwise Expert Group.
biografska izjava Aline Zvinkliene, litvanske članice strokovneskupine Enwise
I became associated with a university groupof dissentingwomen professors, displeased with the differences in the system of promotion andsalary gaps between female and male professors atthe State University of New York at Buffalo.
Bivanje v ZDA je bilo pomemben mejnik v mojiznanstveni karieri. Pridružila sem se skupiniuniverzitetnih profesoric, ki so bile nezadovoljnezaradi sistema napredovanja in razlik v osebnihdogodkih med profesoricami in profesorji nanewyorški državni univerzi v Buffalu.
Eachmonth, we met at one of the professors’ houses to discuss the promotion criteria and pay rolls and,towards the end of that year, wrote a report of oursessions to the President.
Enkrat namesec smo se dobile na domu ene izmedprofesoric, da bi razpravljale o kriterijih zanapredovanje in plačilnih seznamih. Proti konculeta smo na podlagi srečanj napisale poročilopredsedniku države.
I revisited Buffalo 5 yearslater to find out that our efforts had not been invain.
Pet let pozneje semponovno obiskala Buffalo in ugotovila, da našedelo ni bilo zaman.
My scientific career has changed considerablysince then.
To spoznanje je močnovplivalo na mojo znanstveno pot. Odtlej pišemznavdihom feminizma, v zadnjem času pa podvplivom teorije spolov.
Biographical statement by Elz˙bieta Oleksy, Polish member of the Enwise Expert Group.
biografska izjava Elżbiete Oleksy, poljske članice strokovneskupine Enwise
kg407785_016 13/07/04 10:50 Page 35 direct help from many women’s organisations and worldwide legitimisation of a whole set of gender issues as public and political issues of highimportance that has affected changes in gender culture in the West.These have been imported to the Enwise countries through literature,journals, films, etc. or through personal experience after 1989, with someexceptions.
ph605336_016 8/09/06 11:10 Page 35 postkomunistično žensko gibanje ne more nasloniti na predkomunističnoizkušnjo.
Thus these cultural changes can be accelerated through contact with the world, yet there is still a long way to go.
Predkomunistično žensko gibanje na sedanje sicer simboličnovpliva, saj se ženske nenadoma zavedajo svoje zgodovine, vendar pa je svetv tem času doživel veliko sprememb.
Mediaand advertis-ingare replete with gender stereotyping images and of outspoken sexistutterances, which are not recognised as such by audiences.
Novi val ženskega gibanja je torejmoral začeti praktično iz nič.
Not many people are really sensitive to cases of misogyny in the media, nor are boardsin charge of supervising the correctness of media contents.
Po drugi strani pa moramo omeniti, da noveženske organizacije niso osamljene, saj dobivajo neposredno podporo sstraništevilnih ženskih organizacij.
Towards EU membership International mechanisms designed to prevent all forms of discriminationagainst women (as formulated in CEDAW) and/or equal opportunitypolicy (as conceived by the EU), have formed an essential role of makingthe governments of the Enwise countries deal with gender issues after1989.
Poleg tega pa se po vsem svetu vse boljzavedajo, da je vrsta javnih in političnih vprašanj, vezanih na enakost spolov,zelo pomembnih, saj so na zahod prinesla veter sprememb v kulturi spolov.Spremembe so se v države Enwise prikradle skozi književna dela, časopisjein strokovne revije, filme itn., oziroma, z nekaterimi izjemami, skozi osebneizkušnje po letu 1989.
Unfortunately, governments of the Enwise countries have notbeen particularly influenced by UN recommendations and, moreover, theinformation prepared under the aegis of the UN has not been sufficiently disseminated.
Le malo je ljudi, ki bi razvili pristno občutljivost zaprimere mizoginije v sredstvih javnega obveščanja, podobno pa velja tudiza odbore, ki nadzirajo korektnost vsebin, ki jih mediji obravnavajo.
Developments at the EU level have, by contrast, broughtabout greater practical reform.
Na poti v Evropsko unijo Mednarodni mehanizmi, katerih namen je preprečiti vse oblike diskriminaciježensk (kot je opisano v Konvenciji Združenih narodov o odpravi vseh oblikdiskriminacije žensk), in politika enakih možnosti (ki jo je zasnovala EU)so odigrali pomembno vlogo pri pripravi vlad v državah Enwise, da so sepo letu 1989 začele ukvarjati z vprašanjem enakosti spolov.
The adoption by local governments ofequal opportunity policies within a process of harmonisationof the legislation of the accession countries with that of the EU has proved to be the
Že vladna poročila, ki jih je treba po podpisu Pekinške platforme dostavljati Komisiji Združenih narodov za ženske pravice, niso od vlad zahtevala zgolj zbiranja podatkov, oblikovanja delovnih ekip javnih uslužbencev in sporazumevanjaz ženskimi organizacijami, temveč so omogočila, da so krajevni bralci prek
Misogynist image in the Polish media
Negativne podobe v poljskih sredstvih javnega obveščanja
This advertisementprovoked protests by Polish women's organisations.
Oglas jenaletel na nasprotovanje pri poljskih ženskihorganizacijah.
Misogynist images in the Estonian media
Negativne podobevestonskih sredstvihjavnega obveščanja
“Oh mirror, mirror on the wall … Who is the fairest (woman scientist) of them all (in Tartu*)?”PS: Tartu is the main university and knowledgetown in Estonia.
"Zrcalce, zrcalce na steni, povej … Kdonajlepša znanstvenica na univerzi je tej?"PS: Tartu je najpomembnejša univerza v Estoniji. V mestu je tudi veliko drugihinstitucij.
necessary catalyst to transform their positions. Despite the adoption oflegal changes, however, the problem of their implementation remains anissue.
"Bog je ustvaril prvo govorečo napravo…Edison pa prvo govorečo napravo, ki jolahko ugasnete…" kritičnih komentarjev mednarodnih odborov in komisij dobili povratnoinformacijoin izvedeli, kaj – s stališča mednarodnih primerjav – manjkavvladnem načrtu.
Women as yet have to recognise themselves when the law is violated to their disadvantage, but thanks to the existence of legal amendments, the first cases have come to court, women’s organisations havestarted to train certain groups of women who are the most vulnerable tobecome aware of their new rights.
Žal priporočila s strani Združenih narodov niso posebnovplivala na delovanje vlad v državah Enwise, pa tudi podatki, ki so jihpripravila razna telesa pod okriljem Združenih narodov, širšemu krogu nisobila dovolj predstavljena.
Last but not least, since the new legislative changes, such as the explicit prohibition of harassment and discrimination at the workplace, or of discriminatory advertisements, havebeen discussed by the national parliaments and amply reported in themedia, they contribute strongly to opening up a general public discussionabout these topics.
Zato pa so spremembe, ki so se odvijale na ravni EU, prinesle večjo in praktičnejšo reformo. Znotraj procesa harmonizacijezakonodaje držav pristopnic z že obstoječo zakonodajo EU so lokalne vladesprejele politiko enakih možnosti, to pa je sprožilo potrebno spremembovstališčih.
The effect on local cultural patterns and ways ofbehaviour can not be denied.
Navzlic sprejetim zakonskim spremembam pa ostaja vprašanjenjihovega uveljavljanja v praksi. Ženske se morajo počasi naučiti prepoznavatisituacije, v katerih je zakon kršen v njihovo škodo.
Misogynist statement in the Estonian media
Negativne podobevestonskih sredstvihjavnega obveščanja
Source: Monthly magazine “Eesti Naine”(Estonian Woman), No. 9/1989.
Predavatelj začne predavanjeznaslednjimi besedami:"Govorili bomo o stvareh, ki jih Kitajci in ženske seveda nemorejo razumeti..." vir: mesečnik "Eesti Naine" (Estonka),št.9/1989
Concluding remarks Before the communist takeovers in the Enwise countries, the situation ofwomen, from the comparative perspective, can be summarised as follows:their basic civic rights, as well as the right for education and property,were achieved in a process similar to that in Europe and at about the sametime, being in most cases even accelerated due to the process of nationalliberation movements.
Sklepna opažanja Položaj žensk v državah Enwise pred komunističnim prevzemom oblastilahko primerjamo s položajem žensk drugje v Evropi.
Women’s activism was originating both as part ofthe national movements and, importantly in our context, as part of aninternational women’s movement, being in touch with other Central and Eastern European countries as well as the all-European women’s networks.
Ženske so dosegletemeljne državljanske pravice, pravico do izobraževanja in lastnine v približnoenakem časovnem obdobju kot drugje v Evropi, večinoma celo prej, saj sonacionalna osvobodilna gibanja opisani proces le še pospešila.
Yet traditional cultural gender patterns have of course persisted aswell. Although in an international comparison, the level of patriarchalismis mostly difficult to assess and measure, it can be assumed that it woulddiffer from country to country in both East and West: therefore, it wouldnot be correct to produce stereotypical images on the East and West asblocks.
Ženskiaktivizem je delno nastal na podlagi nacionalnih gibanj, delno pa – kar jeznotraj konteksta pričujoče študije pomembnejše – kot del mednarodnegaženskega gibanja, saj je bil v stiku z drugimi vzhodno- in srednjeevropskimidržavami ter z vseevropskimi ženskimi mrežami.
kg407785_016 13/07/04 10:50 Page 37 cratic regime, which should be also theorised as a jump from culturaliso-lationto a globalisedculture.
ph605336_016 8/09/06 11:10 Page 37 primerjave najteže ovrednotiti in izmeriti prisotnost patriarhalnih vzorcev,lahko sklepamo, da se ta med posameznimi državami tako na vzhodu kot nazahodu razlikuje.
All these social changes included their gender dimension, implicitly and explicitly.
Države Enwise so doživeledve koreniti makrosocialni in makropolitični spremembi.
Communist gender patterns havebeen changed relatively slowly so far, yet the cognitive experience with thenewly established competitive society, the new life strategies in young generation and the impact of international standards of gender equality policies, do result in an increasingly visible cultural shift.
Najprej so prešleiz delno tradicionalnih, delno meščanskih v komunistične družbe, potem paso doživele prehod iz komunističnega režima v demokratično družbo, karbi teoretično lahko opisali kot preskok iz kulturne izolacijev globaliziranokulturo. Vse družbene spremembe so seveda vsebovale tudi implicitne ineksplicitne spremembe na področju obravnave spolov.