natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Among the other countries reporting repeated surveys over a similar time span (Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Netherlands, Slovakia, Finland), the trends are largely stable (Figure 7).
V drugih državah, ki so poročale o ponovnih raziskavah v podobnem časovnem obdobju (Nemčija, Grčija, Španija, Francija, Nizozemska, Slovaška, Finska), so trendi večinoma nespremenjeni (prikaz 7).
During the 5-year period 2002–07, of the 11 countries with sufficient data on last year prevalence of amphetamine use among the 15–34 age group, four report a decrease of at least 15 % of the initial value, three report stabilisation and four report an increase.
V petletnem obdobju med letoma 2002 in 2007 izmed 11 držav z zadostnimi podatki o razširjenosti uživanja amfetaminov v zadnjem letu v starostni skupini 15–34 let štiri države poročajo o upadu v višini vsaj 15 % začetne vrednosti, tri poročajo o nespremenjenem stanju, štiri pa poročajo o povečanju.
ESPAD and other school surveys conducted in 2007 suggest, overall, little change in the levels of experimentation with amphetamine and ecstasy among students aged 15 to 16 years.
Pri uživanju ekstazija med mlajšimi odraslimi (15–34 let) je stanje bolj raznoliko.
Drug and alcohol use is sometimes associated with certain recreational settings where young people congregate (e.g. dance events, music festivals).
Raziskave ESPAD in druge raziskave med šolsko mladino, opravljene leta 2007, na splošno kažejo malo sprememb ravni eksperimentiranja z amfetaminom in ekstazijem med 15- in 16-letnimi dijaki.
Studies on drug use in these settings can provide a window on the behaviour of those
Če upoštevamo razlike najmanj dveh odstotnih točk med letoma 2003 in 2007, se je razširjenost uživanja amfetamina kadar koli v življenju povečala v devetih državah.
For ecstasy use among young adults (15–34), the picture is more mixed.
Na podlagi istega merila se je uživanje ekstazija povečalo v sedmih državah.
After general increases in use in some European countries in the late 1980s and early 1990s, leading to similar levels of ecstasy use in Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom in the mid-1990s, last year prevalence of use has decreased to an estimated European average of 1.6 %. Among countries with more recent surveys, prevalence remains higher in the United Kingdom compared to other countries (88).
Zmanjšanje razširjenosti uživanja amfetamina kadar koli v življenju je bilo opaženo samo v Estoniji, medtem ko so Češka, Portugalska in Hrvaška poročale o zmanjšanju uživanja ekstazija.
Figure 7: Trends in last year prevalence of use of amphetamines (left) and ecstasy (right) among young adults (aged 15–34)
Prikaz 7: Trendi razširjenosti uživanja amfetaminov (levo) in ekstazija (desno) v zadnjem letu med mlajšimi odraslimi (starimi od 15 do 34 let)
(1) England and Wales.NB: Only data for countries with at least three surveys in the period 1998 to 2008 are presented.
(1) Anglija in Wales.Opomba: Predstavljeni so le podatki za države z najmanj tremi raziskavami v obdobju 1998–2008.
See Figures GPS-8 and GPS-21 in the 2009 statistical bulletin for further information.Sources: Reitox national reports, taken from population surveys, reports or scientific articles.
Za več informacij glej prikaza GPS-8 in GPS-21 v Statističnem biltenu 2009. Viri: Nacionalna poročila Reitox, vzeta iz raziskav med prebivalstvom, poročil ali znanstvenih člankov.
) In Denmark in 1994 the information refers to ‘hard drugs’, which was considered mainly amphetamines. )
) Na Danskem se za leto 1994 podatki nanašajo na „trde droge“, zlasti amfetamine.)
See Figure GPS-21 in the 2009 statistical bulletin.
Glej prikaz GPS-21 v Statističnem biltenu 2009.
This measure is not available in Greece, Cyprus and Romania.
Amfetamini in ekstazi v sprostitvenih okoljih: uživanje in ukrepi
using amphetamines and ecstasy or other drugs such as ketamine and GHB.
Študije o uporabi drog v teh okoljih lahko ponudijo vpogled v vedenje oseb, ki uživajo amfetamine in ekstazi ali druge droge, kot sta ketamin in GHB.
Estimates of drug use in these settings are typically high, but are not generalisable to the wider population, and much of the drug use tends to occur on weekends and during holiday periods (EMCDDA, 2006b).
Ocene uporabe drog v teh okoljih so običajno visoke, vendar pa jih ni mogoče posplošiti na širšo populacijo, saj jemanje droge običajno poteka ob koncih tedna in med počitnicami (EMCDDA, 2006b).
Users of amphetamines generally receive treatment in outpatient drug services which, in countries with histories of significant levels of the use of amphetamines, can be specialised in treating this type of drug problem.
Pet držav poroča, da je prva pomoč na voljo takoj v večini zadevnih nočnih klubov (Luksemburg, Portugalska, Slovenija, Združeno kraljestvo, Norveška).
Treatment for the most problematic users of amphetamines may be provided in inpatient drug services or in psychiatric clinics or hospitals.
Ukrep je na voljo le v nekaj zadevnih nočnih klubih v 15 državah, ni pa na voljo v Grčiji in na Švedskem.
Prevalence data from studies conducted in recreational settings in 2007 are available from five countries (Belgium, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria).
Podatki o razširjenosti iz študij, izvedenih v sprostitvenih okoljih leta 2007, so na voljo v petih državah (v Belgiji, na Češkem, v Latviji, Litvi in Avstriji).
Lifetime prevalence estimates ranged from 15 % to 71 % for ecstasy use and from 17 % to 68 % for amphetamines.
Ocene razširjenosti kadar koli v življenju so znašale od 15 do 71 % za uživanje ekstazija in od 17 do 68 % za amfetamine.
Four of these studies also reported lifetime prevalence estimates for hallucinogenic mushrooms, ranging from 4 % to 64 %.
V štirih od teh študij se poroča tudi o ocenah razširjenosti kadar koli v življenju za halucinogene gobe, ki so znašale od 4 do 64 %.
Frequent use of ecstasy or amphetamines can also be found in these settings but it is generally much lower.
V teh okoljih je lahko pogosto tudi uživanje ekstazija ali amfetaminov, vendar je na splošno precej manjše.
An indication of the extent to which the use of these drugs may be concentrated among the young, club-going population can be gleaned from the 2007/08 British Crime Survey.
Na podlagi britanskega pregleda kaznivih dejanj (British Crime Survey) za obdobje 2007–2008 je mogoče oceniti, koliko je uživanje teh drog prisotno med mlado populacijo, ki obiskuje klube.
Among 16- to 24-year-olds, those who reported visiting a nightclub four or more times in the last month were more than three times as likely to have used ecstasy (8 %) in the last year than those not attending nightclubs (2.3 %) (Hoare and Flatley, 2008).
Med mladimi, starimi od 16 do 24 let, je bila pri tistih, ki so poročali, da so v zadnjem mesecu nočni klub obiskali štirikrat ali večkrat, trikrat večja verjetnost, da so zaužili ekstazi (8 %) v zadnjem letu, kot pri tistih, ki ne obiskujejo nočnih klubov (2,3 %) (Hoare in Flatley, 2008).
Specific treatment programmes for problem amphetamines users are reported in nine countries (Germany, Estonia, Spain, Italy, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia, United Kingdom).
Devet držav poroča o posebnih programih zdravljenja za problematične uživalce amfetaminov (Nemčija, Estonija, Španija, Italija, Avstrija, Portugalska, Slovenija, Slovaška, Združeno kraljestvo).
The availability of these programmes varies between countries.
Razpoložljivost teh programov se med državami razlikuje.
Only three of these countries (Portugal, Slovenia, United Kingdom) report that specialised programmes are available to the majority of amphetamines users who actively seek treatment.
Samo tri od teh držav (Portugalska, Slovenija, Združeno kraljestvo) poročajo, da so na voljo specializirani programi za večino uživalcev amfetaminov, ki se izrecno želijo zdraviti.
In the other six countries, national experts estimate that specialised amphetamines treatment is available to less than half of the users seeking it.
Nacionalni strokovnjaki v drugih šestih državah ocenjujejo, da je specializirano zdravljenje odvisnosti od amfetaminov na voljo manj kot polovici uporabnikov, ki ga želijo.
The content of these specific programmes for users of these drugs is often not well documented.
Vsebina teh posebnih programov za uživalce teh drog je pogosto slabo dokumentirana.
The health and safety of people who attend nightclubs and use drugs is a growing public health concern.
Zdravje in varnost oseb, ki obiskujejo nočne klube in uživajo droge, je čedalje bolj pereča javnozdravstvena težava.
Guidelines, such as the ‘Safer dancing’ guidelines developed in the United Kingdom, have become an important tool in this field.
Smernice, kot so smernice za „varno plesno zabavo“, ki so jih pripravili v Združenem kraljestvu, so postale na tem področju pomemben pripomoček.
However, while 12 countries now report having developed such guidelines for nightlife venues, only the Netherlands, Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom report that they are monitored and enforced.
Čeprav že 12 držav poroča, da so oblikovale take smernice za prizorišča nočnega življenja, pa samo Nizozemska, Slovenija, Švedska in Združeno kraljestvo poročajo, da jih spremljajo in izvajajo.
Therapeutic options with robust evidence of effectiveness are generally lacking to guide the treatment of dependence on psychostimulants, such as amphetamines. Promising results have been reported for recent investigations on pharmacological agents to manage abstinence or reduce the cravings associated with amphetamines dependence, which up to now have been lacking.
Cilj smernic za varno obiskovanje klubov je zmanjšati možnosti za nastanek težav, povezanih z drogami, vključujejo pa dostop do brezplačne hladne vode, takojšnjo prvo pomoč in dejavnosti preprečevanja na terenu.
And, a recent literature review showed positive results both for methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in the treatment of methamphetamine dependence (Elkashef et al., 2008).
Poročila o razpoložljivosti takih ukrepov v nočnih klubih z dovolj velikimi ciljnimi populacijami, ki omogočajo izvajanje ukrepa, so predložili nacionalni strokovnjaki.
Dexamphetamine has long been available for the treatment of highly problematic users of amphetamines in England and Wales, where it may be prescribed by any doctor.
Na splošno je iz njih razvidna omejena razpoložljivost preprostih ukrepov za preprečevanje ali zmanjšanje tveganj za zdravje in uživanja drog v evropskih okoljih nočnega življenja.
However, information on this practice in the United Kingdom is limited.
Dejavnosti preprečevanja na terenu
Safe-clubbing guidelines aim to reduce opportunities for drugrelated problems to occur and include the accessibility of free cold water, immediate availability of first aid, and outreach prevention work.
Dokazano učinkovitih terapevtskih oblik, da bi z njimi zdravili odvisnost od psihostimulantov, kot so amfetamini, pa na splošno primanjkuje.
Reports on the availability of such measures, in nightclubs with sufficiently large target populations for the intervention to be implemented, were provided by national experts.
Nedavne raziskave o farmakoloških učinkovinah, ki pomagajo pri nadzoru abstinence ali zmanjšanju želje, povezane z odvisnostjo od psihostimulantov, ki jih doslej ni bilo na voljo, so dale obetavne rezultate.
Five countries report immediate availability of first aid in the majority of relevant nightclubs (Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovenia, United Kingdom, Norway); the measure is available only in a minority of relevant nightclubs in 15 countries, and is unavailable in Greece and Sweden. Finally, free cold water is available in the majority of
Tudi nedavni pregled literature je pokazal pozitivne rezultate za metilfenidat in deksamfetamina pri zdravljenju odvisnosti od metamfetamina (Elkashef et al., 2008).
Annual report 2009: the state of the drugs problem in Europe treatment, reduction in drug consumption) have been observed only in interventions that included contingency management as a component.
Letno poročilo 2009: stanje na področju problematike drog v Evropi
However, this approach is rarely used in Europe, though there have been some pilot projects (see Chapter 5).
Vendar se ta pristop v Evropi redko uporablja, čeprav so bili izvedeni nekateri pilotni projekti (glej poglavje 5).
all from doctors working in the National Health Service (NHS).
Večino receptov so izdali zdravniki, zaposleni v bolnišnicah ali klinikah, in skoraj vsi zdravniki, ki delajo v nacionalni zdravstveni službi (National Health Service, NHS).
A survey of 265 NHS specialist services, carried out in 2000, revealed that dexamphetamine prescribing was available in about one third of the services surveyed (Rosenberg et al., 2002).
V raziskavi, ki je bila leta 2000 izvedena v 265 specializiranih službah NHS, se je pokazalo, da je bilo izdajanje deksamfetamina na recept na voljo v približno tretjini služb, zajetih v raziskavo (Rosenberg et al., 2002).
However, the United Kingdom guidelines on clinical management of drug dependence recommend against substitute prescribing of dexamphetamine, due to a lack of demonstrated effectiveness (NTA, 2007).
V smernicah Združenega kraljestva za klinični nadzor odvisnosti od drog nadomestno predpisovanje deksamfetamina ni priporočeno, saj njegova učinkovitost ni bila dokazana (NTA, 2007).
As yet, no one psychosocial intervention has shown strong evidence of effectiveness in helping psychostimulant users to maintain abstinence.
Kar zadeva pomoč uživalcem psihostimulantov pri vzdrževanju abstinence, se doslej noben psihosocialni ukrep ni izkazal za posebej učinkovit.
In the literature, the interventions that have demonstrated the most efficacy in treating users of stimulant drugs are cognitive behavioural approaches such as relapse prevention.
Ukrepi, ki so se glede na literaturo izkazali za najbolj učinkovite pri zdravljenju uživalcev stimulativnih drog, so bili kognitivni vedenjski pristopi, kot je preprečevanje ponovnega uživanja.
The effectiveness of other types of intervention is not well supported.
Učinkovitost drugih vrst ukrepov ni dobro potrjena z dokazi.
The literature is particularly hindered by the paucity of wellconducted studies among primary amphetamine users, especially treatment outcome studies (Baker et al., 2004).
V literaturi primanjkuje zlasti dobro izvedenih študij med primarnimi uživalci amfetamina, zlasti študij o rezultatih zdravljenja
Further research into psychosocial and pharmacological treatment for those with problems related to the use of amphetamines, especially injectors, is needed.
Potrebne so nadaljnje raziskave o psihosocialnem in farmakološkem zdravljenju za osebe s težavami, povezanimi z uživanjem amfetaminov, zlasti uživalcev, ki si to drogo vbrizgavajo.
Current treatment practices and treatment coverage in Europe also needs to be better documented, and much remains to be done in the sharing of best practice.
Prav tako je treba bolje dokumentirati sedanje prakse zdravljenja in njihovo razširjenost ter bistveno izboljšati izmenjavo najboljših praks.
The lack of dedicated programmes might be failing to encourage amphetamine or methamphetamine users to seek treatment, especially at early stages of use.
Uživalci amfetamina ali metamfetamina morda ne dobijo dovolj spodbude, da bi poiskali zdravljenje, zlasti v zgodnjih fazah uživanja, ker ni na voljo dovolj namenskih programov.
In addition, the availability of such programmes could help bring more users into treatment; as was found for problem cannabis users in Germany and France, when these countries expanded the availability of dedicated treatment programmes.
Če bi bili taki programi na voljo, bi lahko v zdravljenje vključili več uživalcev kar je bilo ugotovljeno pri problematičnih uživalcih konoplje v Nemčiji in Franciji, ko sta ti državi poskrbeli, da je bilo na voljo več namenskih programov zdravljenja.
Such measures may be particularly useful in those countries that have recently seen a growth in the numbers of problem amphetamine and methamphetamine users, especially injectors (Talu et al., 2009).
Taki ukrepi so lahko še zlasti koristni v državah, v katerih je bilo nedavno ugotovljeno povečanje števila problematičnih uživalcev amfetamina in metamfetamina, zlasti tistih, ki si drogo vbrizgavajo (Talu et al., 2009).
Cultivation of coca bush, the source of cocaine, continues to be concentrated in a few countries in the Andean region (89).
V zadnjem desetletju je bilo v Evropski uniji ugotovljeno splošno povečanje uživanja in zasegov kokaina, čeprav je ta trend v glavnem omejen na zahodne države članice, med državami pa so velike razlike.
The UNODC (2009) estimated for the year 2008 that the total cultivation of coca bush translated into a potential production of 845 tonnes of pure cocaine hydrochloride, with Colombia accounting for 51 %, Peru 36 % and Bolivia 13 %.
Podatki, ki so na voljo, prav tako kažejo na velike razlike med uživalci kokaina, kar zadeva vzorce uživanja in sociodemografske podatke.
Global cocaine production is estimated to have fallen by 15 % in 2008, mainly due to falling cocaine production in Colombia — from 600 tonnes in 2007 to 430 tonnes in 2008.
Največja skupina so tisti, ki eksperimentirajo s to drogo samo enkrat ali nekajkrat.
Cocaine production in Peru and Bolivia, in contrast, continued to increase slightly.
Druga skupina so socialno integrirani redni uživalci, v katero se v nekaterih državah uvršča razmeroma veliko mladih.
An overall increase in cocaine use and cocaine seizures has been observed in the European Union during the last decade, although this has been largely confined to western Member States, and major differences exist between countries.
Nekateri začnejo kokain uživati intenzivneje ali ga uživajo dlje, kar lahko povzroči kronične zdravstvene in socialne težave ter potrebo po zdravljenju.
The data available also indicate considerable diversity among cocaine users, both in terms of patterns of use and in terms of sociodemographics.
Tretja skupina uživalcev vključuje pripadnike socialno izključenih skupin, med katerimi so tudi zdajšnji in nekdanji uživalci opioidov.
Those who only experiment with the substance on one or a few occasions make up the largest group. Another group includes socially integrated regular users who, in some countries, account for a relatively large number of young people.
Za večino teh uživalcev so značilni intenzivni vzorci uživanja kokaina, po možnosti uživanje cracka ali vbrizgavanje droge, zaradi česar se lahko obstoječe zdravstvene in socialne težave nadaljujejo ali zaostrijo, zdravljenje odvisnosti od opioidov pa
Some of them will intensify their use of cocaine, or use it over a long period, which may lead to chronic health and social problems and to the need for treatment.
Gojenje grmov koke, ki je vir kokaina, je še vedno najbolj razširjeno v nekaterih državah andske regije (89).
A third set of users includes members of socially excluded groups, including current and former opioid users.
Po oceni UNODC (2009) je v letu 2008 gojenje grmov koke morda omogočilo proizvodnjo 845 ton čistega kokaina hidroklorida, od česar je Kolumbija prispevala 51 %, Peru 36 % in Bolivija 13 %.
Most of them have intensive patterns of cocaine use, possibly using crack or injecting the drug, which may perpetuate or exacerbate existing health and social problems, and may complicate their treatment for opioid use. Because of the diversity of
Ocenjuje se, da se je leta 2008 svetovna proizvodnja kokaina zmanjšala za 15 %, zlasti zaradi upadajoče proizvodnje kokaina v Kolumbiji – s 600 ton leta 2007 na 430 ton leta 2008.
Most of the process to convert coca leaves into cocaine hydrochloride remains located in Colombia, Peru and
V nasprotju s tem se proizvodnja kokaina v Peruju in Boliviji še naprej rahlo povečuje.
Table 7: Production, seizures, price and purity of cocaine and crack cocaine
Preglednica 7: Proizvodnja, zasegi, cena in čistost kokaina in crack kokaina
Range of mean purity (%)
Razpon povprečne čistosti (%)
UNODC World drug report (2009) for global values, Reitox national focal points for European data.
Svetovno poročilo o drogah UNODC (2009) za svetovne vrednosti, nacionalne kontaktne točke Reitox za evropske podatke.
(1) (2) (3) NB: Sources:
(1) (2) (3) Opomba: Viri:
Chapter 5: Cocaine and crack cocaine
Poglavje 5: Kokain in crack kokain o največji količini zaseženega kokaina in največjem številu zasegov – skoraj polovici – te droge v Evropi.
Laws to counter drug trafficking in the high seas
Leta 2007 je bila povprečna čistost kokaina v Evropi med 22 in 57 % (91
Bolivia, although it may also occur in other South American countries.
Večji del procesa predelave listov koke v kokain hidroklorid še naprej poteka v Kolumbiji, Peruju in Boliviji, čeprav ga je mogoče najti tudi v drugih južnoameriških državah.
Colombia’s importance in the production of cocaine is corroborated by information on laboratories dismantled and seizures of potassium permanganate, a chemical reagent used in the synthesis of cocaine hydrochloride.
Pomen Kolumbije pri proizvodnji kokaina potrjujejo informacije o uničenih laboratorijih in zasegih kalijevega permanganata, kemijskega reagenta, ki se uporablja pri sintezi kokain hidroklorida.
In 2007, 2 471 cocaine laboratories were dismantled (78 % of the world total) and a total of 144 tonnes of potassium permanganate was seized in Colombia (94 % of global seizures) (INCB, 2009a).
Leta 2007 je bilo v Kolumbiji uničenih 2 471 laboratorijev za proizvodnjo kokaina (78 % vseh laboratorijev na svetu) in zaseženih skupaj 144 ton kalijevega permanganata (94 % svetovnih zasegov) (INCB, 2009a).
Under Article 108 of the International Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), a state that suspects that a ship flying its flag (1) is involved in drug trafficking can request the help of other states to suppress such trafficking.
Leta 2007 je povprečna maloprodajna cena kokaina v 19 državah, ki so sporočile podatke, znašala od 44 do 88 EUR za gram, pri čemer je približno polovica teh držav poročala o povprečnih cenah od 58 do 67 EUR za gram.
Further cooperation is envisaged under Article 17 of the 1988 UN Convention against trafficking.
V državah, ki so predložile
These acts may take place anywhere outside territorial waters.
Zakoni za boj proti trgovanju z drogami na odprtem morju
Competent national authorities are nominated to act as contact points, permanently on-call, in order to reply to such requests as soon as possible. Requests may be granted, granted with conditions or refused.
Uspeh pri prekinitvi trgovanja z drogami na morju je odvisen od sodelovanja med državami, ki ga omogočata dve mednarodni konvenciji.
The available information suggests that cocaine continues to be trafficked to Europe via different routes (EMCDDA, 2008d).
Podatki, ki so na voljo, kažejo, da kokain še naprej potuje v Evropo po različnih poteh (EMCDDA, 2008d).
Cocaine consignments transit through South and Central American countries, such as Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico and Venezuela, before reaching Europe.
Pošiljke kokaina tranzitno potujejo skozi južno- in srednjeameriške države, kot so Argentina, Brazilija, Ekvador, Mehika in Venezuela, preden prispejo v Evropo.
Caribbean countries are also frequently used in the transhipment of the drug to Europe.
Karibske države se pogosto uporabljajo za pretovarjanje te droge na poti v Evropo.
On these routes, cocaine is smuggled through commercial flights or by sea.
Na teh poteh se kokain tihotapi na komercialnih letih ali po morju.
In recent years, an alternative route through West Africa has been identified.
V zadnjih letih je bila odkrita alternativna pot prek zahodne Afrike.
From there, cocaine is often transported to Europe by fishing and sailing vessels, though trafficking by air or overland through north Africa has also been reported (Europol, 2007).
Od tam se kokain pogosto prevaža v Evropo z ribiškimi in jadralnimi plovili, čeprav se poroča tudi o prometu po zraku ali kopnem prek severne Afrike (Europol, 2007).
The actual boarding and subsequent actions are carried out by a team of law enforcement officers from the requesting state, known as a law enforcement detachment (LEDET).
V zadnjih letih so bile omenjene tudi druge tranzitne države.