natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The updating investigationconfirmed the findings of the first investigation.
Nova preiskava je potrdila ugotovitve prve preiskave.
Throughout this time the Commission sought, albeit unsuccessfully, to resolve the dispute in an amicable way.
V tem času je Komisija iskala, čeprav neuspešno, mirno rešitev spora.
After the failure of the two last rounds of bilateral negotiations in August and September2002 between the EU and Korea, the European Commission had no other choice but to request WTO consultations.
Po dveh neuspelih krogih dvostranskih pogajanj med EU in Korejo avgusta in septembra 2002 Evropska komisija ni imela druge izbire, kot da zahteva posvetovanja STO.
The request was introduced on 21 October 2002.
Zahteva je bila vložena 21. oktobra 2002.
Three rounds of consultations took place on November and December 2002 and May 2003 but failed to settle the dispute.
Trije krogi posvetovanj so se odvijali novembra in decembra 2002 ter maja 2003, vendar spora niso rešili.
The EU thereforerequested a panel on 24 June 2003 and the Panel was established at the Dispute Settlement Body meeting of 21 July 2003.
EU je zato 24. junija 2003 zahtevala odbor, ki je bil ustanovljen na seji organa za reševanje sporov 21. julija 2003.
The panel report was issued in March 2005.
Poročilo odbora je bilo izdano marca 2005.
The Commission services are currently monitoring the implementation of the Panel's recommendations.
Službe Komisije trenutno spremljajo izvajanje priporočil odbora.
Illustrative list of obstacles to trade considered in WTO dispute settlement and TBR Investigation
Priloga Ponazoritveni seznam trgovinskih ovir, obravnavanih v reševanju sporov STO in preiskavi UTO
The obstacles to trade often considered in WTO dispute settlement and TBR investigationinclude subsidies, tax discrimination, technical regulations, Intellectual property rights and customs formalities.
Ovire, pogosto obravnavane v reševanju sporov STO in preiskavi UTO, vključujejo subvencije, davčno diskriminacijo, tehnične predpise, pravice intelektualne lastnine in carinske formalnosti.
It has long been recognized that the administrative formalities relating to the export and import of goods(commonly referred to as 'customs laws') can, in themselves, constitute barriers to trade.
Že dolgo je znano, da upravne formalnosti v zvezi z izvozom in uvozom blaga (skupno poimenovane “carinski zakoni“) lahko same po sebi predstavljajo trgovinske ovire.
One may refer toseveral customs practices which in practice function as barriers to trade.
Opozoriti je mogoče na več carinskih praks, ki dejansko delujejo kot trgovinske ovire.
First, the customs requirements of all WTO Members rely on large part on the 'value' of the goods as the basis for assessing the applicable customs duties payable on importation.
Prvič, carinske zahteve vseh članic STO se v veliki meri opirajo na “vrednost“ blaga kot osnovo za določanje veljavnih carin, ki se plačujejo pri uvozu.
As a result, the determination of the 'value' of the imported goods is a fundamental part of the duty assessmentprocess.
Zato je določitev “vrednosti“ uvoženega blaga bistveni del postopka ugotavljanja carinske obveznosti.
Ambiguous or arbitrary valuation methodologies can therefore easily be used to overstate the value of imported goods, thereby increasing the amount of duties that are payable.
Dvoumne ali neomejene metode vrednotenja je zato mogoče zlahka uporabiti za precenjevanje vrednosti uvoženega blaga, s čimer se poviša znesek plačljivih carin.
Such actions can seriously impede the free flow of goods across borders and act to undermine the value of negotiatedtariff concessions.
Takšno ravnanje lahko resno ovira čezmejni prosti pretok blaga in slabi vrednost sklenjenih tarifnih koncesij.
The WTO agreement on “Customs Valuation”establishes detailed discipline in this field.
Sporazum STO o “carinskem vrednotenju“ vpeljuje podroben red na tem področju.
Second, fees connected with importation and exportation may also act as serious trade barriers.
Drugič, tudi pristojbine v zvezi z uvozom in izvozom lahko delujejo kot resne trgovinske ovire.
These fees may relate to various services rendered such as consular services, licensing, exchange controls, inspections and quarantine, sanitation and fumigation.
Te pristojbine se lahko nanašajo na različne opravljene storitve, kot so konzularne storitve, izdaja dovoljenj, devizne kontrole, inšpekcijski pregledi in karantena, zdravstveni ukrepi in razkuževanje.
To the extent that the fees charged are not limited in amount to the cost of the service rendered (the ad valorem fees with no maximumceiling is the classical example), they may prove a strong disincentive to export.
Če zaračunane pristojbine niso omejene na znesek opravljenih storitev (tipičen primer so pristojbine ad valorem brez zgornje meje), se lahko izkažejo kot močna ovira za izvoz.
Exorbitant fees are usually charged either to generate increased revenue or for reasons of protection of domestic products.
Pretirane pristojbine se ponavadi zaračunajo zaradi večjega dohodka ali iz razlogov varstva domačih proizvodov.
The basic applicable rule is article IX of GATT.
Osnovno veljavno pravilo je člen IX GATT.
Third, minimum price requirements may also prove an obstacle to the free flow of goods.
Tretjič, tudi zahteve glede minimalnih cen se lahko izkažejo kot ovira za prosti pretok blaga.
In particular, requirements that prohibit the importation of goods below a certain price constitute one of the worstrestrictions in international trade and are contrary to article XI GATT.
Zlasti zahteve, ki preprečujejo uvoz blaga pod določeno ceno, ustvarjajo eno največjih omejitev v mednarodni trgovini in so v nasprotju s členom XI GATT.
Intellectual property rights (IPRs)
Pravice intelektualne lastnine (PIL)
Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds.
Pravice intelektualne lastnine so pravice, ki so podeljene osebam za njihove umske stvaritve.
They usually givethe creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time.
Ustvarjalcu dajejo običajno izključno pravico do uporabe njegove/njene stvaritve za določeno obdobje.
Such exclusive rightare generally subject to a number of limitations and exceptions, aimed at fine-tuning the balance that has tobe found between the legitimate interests of right holders and of users.
Takšna izključna pravica je običajno predmet številnih omejitev in izjem, namenjenih natančnemu uravnavanju ravnotežja, ki ga je treba najti med legitimnimi interesi imetnikov pravic in uporabnikov.
The WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) narrowed the gaps inthe way these rights are protected around the world, and brought them under common international rules.
Sporazum STO o trgovinskih vidikih pravic intelektualne lastnine (TRIPS) je zmanjšal vrzeli v načinih ureditve teh pravic po svetu in jih pripeljal pod skupna mednarodna pravila.
The rights of authors of literary and artistic works (such as books and other writings, musical compositions,paintings, sculpture, computer programs and films) are protected by copyright, for a minimum period of50 years after the death of the author.
Pravice avtorjev literarnih in umetniških del (kot so knjige in druga pisanja, glasbene kompozicije, slike, kipi, računalniški programi in filmi) so zaščitene z avtorskimi pravicami za obdobje najmanj 50 let po smrti avtorja.
Also protected through copyright and related rights are the rights ofperformers (e.g. actors, singers and musicians), producers of phonograms (sound recordings) and broadcastingorganisations.
Z avtorskimi pravicami in sorodnimi pravicami so zaščitene tudi pravice izvajalcev (npr. igralcev, pevcev in glasbenikov), proizvajalcev fonogramov (snemanje glasu) in radiodifuznih organizacij.
Industrial property can usefully be divided into two main areas:
Industrijsko lastnine se lahko učinkovito deli na dve poglavitni področji:
These are in particular trademarks (which distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings) and geographical indications (which identify a good as originating in a place where a given characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin).
Razlikovalne znake To so zlasti blagovne znamke (ki razlikujejo blago in storitve enega podjetja od blaga in storitev drugega podjetja) in geografske označbe (ki označujejo izvor izdelka v kraju, kjer je lastnost izdelka bistveno povezana z njegovim geografskim poreklom).
The protection of such distinctive signs aims to stimulate and ensure fair competition and to protectconsumers, by enabling them to make informed choices between various goods and services.
Varstvo teh razlikovalnih znakov je namenjeno spodbujanju in zagotavljanju lojalne konkurence in varstva potrošnikov, tako da jim na osnovi prejetih informacij omogoči izbiro med različnim blagom in storitvami.
Other types of industrial property are protected primarily to stimulate innovation, design and the creation of technology.
Drugo Druge vrste industrijske lastnine so prvenstveno varovane zaradi spodbujanja inovativnosti, načrtovanja in tehnologije.
In this category fall inventions (protected by patents), industrial designs and trade secrets.
V to kategorijo spadajo izumi (zavarovani s patenti), industrijsko oblikovanje in poslovne skrivnosti.
The protection is usually given for a finite term (typically 20 years in the case of patents).
Varstvo običajno velja za določeno obdobje (za patente praviloma 20 let).
Possible violations
Možne kršitve
Possible violations of intellectual property rights include:
Možne kršitve pravic intelektualne lastnine vključujejo:
Legislation which does neither guarantee national treatment to nationals of WTO Members nor the automatic and unconditional extension of any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted to nationals of any other country to nationals of all WTO Members (so-called obligation to grantmost-favoured nation treatment);
Zakonodajo, ki ne jamči nacionalne obravnave državljanom članic STO, niti samodejne in brezpogojne razširitve katere koli ugodnosti, prednosti, privilegija ali imunitete, podeljenih državljanom katere koli druge države državljanom vseh članic STO (tako imenovana dolžnost podelitve obravnavanja po načelu največjih ugodnosti);
Legislation limiting IPRs in breach of TRIPs' rules (e.g.: duration of copyrights for less than 50 years, duration of patents for less than 20 years, lack of prohibition to use wine names in connection with “style”, “kind”, “type”);
Zakonodajo, ki omejuje PIL in krši pravila TRIPS (npr.: trajanje avtorskih pravic manj kot 50 let, trajanje patentov manj kot 20 let, pomanjkanje prepovedi uporabe imen v in v povezavi s “stil“, “vrsta“, “tip“);
Legislation interpreting in a too extensive manner the exceptions provided by the TRIPS Agreement
Zakonodajo, ki izjeme, določene v sporazumu TRIPS, razlaga preveč široko (npr.: geografske označbe neustrezno pojmovane kot generične);
Breach of the enforcement provisions of TRIPs;
Kršitev izvedbenih določb TRIPS.
Technical regulations
Tehnični predpisi
Technical regulations and industrial standards vary from country to country.
Tehnični predpisi in industrijski standardi se razlikujejo od države do države.
Producers and exporters have toadjust to different regulations and standards in order to market their products.
Proizvajalci in izvozniki se morajo zaradi trženja svojih izdelkov prilagoditi različnim predpisom in standardom.
If the standards are set arbitrarily,they can become obstacles to trade.
Če so standardi določeni samovoljno, lahko postanejo trgovinske ovire.
EU industries and companies can rely on the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) to ensure that regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures in thirdcountries do not create unnecessary obstacles.
Industrije in podjetja EU se lahko oprejo na Sporazum o tehničnih ovirah v trgovini (TBT), zaradi zagotovila, da predpisi, standardi, postopki testiranja in certificiranja v tretjih državah ne ustvarjajo nepotrebnih ovir.
The TBT agreement applies to a broad range of measures: composition of goods, design requirements,packaging and labelling requirements etc.
SporazumTBT se uporablja za širok niz ukrepov: sestavo blaga, zahteve glede oblike, zahteve glede pakiranja in označevanja itd.
It applies both to mandatory regulations laying down productcharacteristics, and to voluntary standards.
Nanaša se na obvezne predpise, ki določajo značilnosti izdelka, in neobvezujoče standarde.
Not only technical measures adopted by central governments aresubject to trade disciplines: the TBT agreement also includes provisions describing how local government andnon-governmental bodies should apply their own regulations.
Predmet trgovinskih ukrepov niso samo tehnična merila, ki jih sprejmejo vlade na centralni ravni: sporazumTBT vključuje tudi določbe, ki opisujejo, kako naj državni organi na lokalni ravni in nevladni organi uporabljajo svoje predpise.
The TBT agreement forbids discrimination against imported goods through more burdensome design ortesting requirements.
SporazumTBT prepoveduje diskriminacijo uvoženega blaga z bolj obremenjujočimi zahtevami glede oblike ali testiranj.
WTO Members must also ensure that their technical regulations are not more traderestrictive than necessary to achieve their legitimate objectives.
Članice STO morajo tudi zagotoviti, da njihovi tehnični predpisi ne omejujejo trgovine bolj, kot je potrebno za dosego njihovih legitimnih ciljev.
The procedures used to decide whether aproduct conforms to national standards have to be fair and equitable.
Postopki odločanja glede skladnosti izdelka z nacionalnim standardom morajo biti jasni in nepristranski.
In order to promote greater convergence between national technical regulations and standards, theagreement requires countries to use international standards as a basis for their regulations where these areappropriate to fulfil the legitimate goals pursued.
Za spodbujanje večje skladnosti med nacionalnimi tehničnimi predpisi in standardi sporazum od držav zahteva, naj uporabijo mednarodne standarde kot osnovo za njihove predpise, kadar so ti potrebni za dosego zakonitih ciljev.
WTO Members have undertaken to discipline subsidies through the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
Članice STO so se lotile urejanja subvencij s Sporazumom o subvencijah in izravnalnih ukrepih.
This discipline exists because it is recognised that subsidies on the whole involve amisallocation of resources, which can potentially distort trade and cause adverse effects to competing nonsubsidised enterprises.
Ta ukrep obstaja, ker je znano, da subvencije na splošno vključujejo nepravilno dodeljevanje sredstev, ki lahko potencialno izkrivljajo trgovino in škodljivo vplivajo na konkurenčna podjetja, ki ne prejemajo subvencij.
Under WTO law, a “subsidy”is broadly defined as a financial contribution from a government, which confers abenefit on the recipient, which he could not otherwise obtain in the market.
Po zakonu STO je “subvencija“ na splošno opredeljena kot finančni prispevek države, ki prenaša na prejemnika korist, ki je sicer ne bi pridobil na trgu.
For example, a non-repayabletransfer of government funds, such as a grant or a tax exemption to a company would obviously fall into thiscategory.
Na primer, nepovratni prenos iz sredstev države, kot je dotacija ali oprostitev davka podjetju, bi očitno spadal v to kategorijo.
In other cases, a comparison with the market is necessary to establish whether a subsidy exists.
V drugih primerih je za ugotovitev obstoja subvencije potrebna primerjava s trgom.
Forexample, a Government loan would only involve a subsidy if it were granted on more favourable terms thanthe market i.e. a loan at below market rates; the same consideration applies to loan guarantees, equity infusionsand the Government provision of goods.
Na primer, državno posojilo bi vključevalo subvencijo le, če bi bilo odobreno pod ugodnejšimi pogoji kot na trgu, tj. posojilo z obrestnimi merami, nižjimi od tržnih; enaka obravnava velja za bančne garancije, infuzije lastniškega kapitala in državno preskrbo z blagom.
It is important to note that subsidy disciplines apply only to benefits, which result from a financial interventionby Governments.
Pomembno je omeniti, da se ureditve subvencij nanašajo le na koristi, ki so posledica finančne intervencije države.
Many kinds of Government actions confer benefits but cannot be considered as subsidies.
Različni ukrepi države prinašajo koristi, vendar se ne štejejo za subvencije.
Forinstance, if a Government lowers social or, especially relevant today, environmental standards, this may reducecompanies’costs and confer a benefit, at least from the purely selfish point of view of the company.
Na primer, če država zniža socialne ali, zlasti danes pomembne, okoljske standarde, lahko to zniža stroške podjetij in prinese koristi, vsaj s povsem sebičnega vidika podjetja.
However,as there is no financial contribution from the Government, it is not a subsidy and cannot be subject to remediesagainst subsidies.
Ker pa vendarle ni finančnega prispevka države, to ni subvencija in ne more biti predmet ukrepov proti subvencijam.
Similarly, an export ban on steel scrap may benefit still producers by reducing the price oftheir raw material; this is not a subsidy.
Podobno lahko prepoved izvoza odpadkov jekla koristi proizvajalcem jekla z zniževanjem cene njihove surovine; to ni subvencija.
Another example is customs tariff increases – these benefit companiesby granting them protection, but the Government gains rather than forgoes revenue.
Drugi primer so zvišanja carinskih tarif – ta koristijo podjetjem, ker jim jamčijo varstvo, toda država prihodek raje pridobiva, kot da se mu odpove.
Not all subsidies can, however, be challenged.
Vendar pa ni mogoče izpodbijati vseh subvencij.
Certain kinds of subsidies are, in that respect, viewed morefavourably than others.
Nekatere vrste subvencij se v tem smislu obravnavajo bolj prizanesljivo kot ostale.
For instance, subsidies which apply across the board in the territory of the governmentwhich grants them, and thus do not give certain firms an advantage over others, are not normally consideredto distort trade.
Na primer, subvencije, ki se dodeljujejo splošno na območju države, ki jih dodeljuje, in zato nekaterim podjetjem ne dajejo prednosti pred drugimi, običajno ne veljajo kot izkrivljanje trgovine.
An example may be a lower rate of corporate income tax for Small and Medium Enterprisesso-called non-specific subsidies.
Primer je lahko nižja stopnja davka od dobička pravnih oseb za majhna in srednje velika podjetja, tako imenovane nespecifične subvencije.
Under WTO law, no action can be taken against a non-specific subsidy.
Po zakonu STO ni mogoče ukrepati zoper nespecifično subvencijo.
On the other hand, specific subsidies e.g. those limited to certain enterprises, potentially can distort trade andcan, therefore, be challenged, if they cause adverse effects (e.g. injury to domestic industry, displacement ofexports, price undercutting) to other WTO Members; these are referred to as “actionable”subsidies.
Na drugi strani pa lahko specifične subvencije, tj. omejene na določena podjetja, potencialno izkrivljajo trgovino in jih je zato mogoče izpodbijati, če škodljivo vplivajo (npr. škoda domači industriji, preusmeritev izvoza, zbijanje cen) na druge članice STO; to so tako imenovane“kaznive“ subvencije.
Proof ofsuch effects needs of course to be provided before any action is taken.
Pred vsakim ukrepanjem je treba seveda zagotoviti dokaz o takšnih vplivih.
Finally, certain subsidies are considered to have in all circumstances, by their very nature, a direct negative effecton trade and are, therefore, outrightly prohibited: these are export subsidies and subsidies which favour theuse of domestic rather than imported products.
Končno, za nekatere subvencije velja, da imajo v vseh okoliščinah, po svoji naravi, neposreden negativni vpliv na trgovino in so zato popolnoma prepovedane: to so izvozne subvencije in subvencije, ki dajejo prednost uporabi domačih izdelkov pred uvoženimi.
For example, government loans at preferential rates providedonly to exporters or tax exemptions based on the percentage of domestic parts used in production.
Na primer, državna posojila s preferencialnimi stopnjami, odobrena le izvoznikom, ali oprostitve davka na osnovi deleža domačih delov, uporabljenih v proizvodnji.
Article III:2 of GATT 1994 establishes the principle of National Treatment, which creates on WTO members theobligation to treat, imported products in the same way as domestic ones.
Člen III:2 GATT 1994 uvaja načelo nacionalne obravnave, ki članice STO obvezuje, da obravnavajo uvožene izdelke enako kot domače.
In other words, it prohibits WTOmembers from imposing on imported products discriminatory taxes not applicable to domestic goods.
Z drugimi besedami, članicam STO prepoveduje naprtitev diskriminatornih davkov na uvožene izdelke, ki ne veljajo za domače blago.
In order to establish the compatibility of a measure with Article III:2 of GATT 1994, it is necessary to examinewhether imported products are "like products" or "directly competitive or substitutable products" to domesticproducts.
Za dosego skladnosti ukrepa s členom III:2 GATT 1994 je treba preveriti, ali so uvoženi izdelki “podobni izdelki“ ali “neposredno konkurenčni ali zamenljivi izdelki“ domačim izdelkom.
Rules are more stringent for the former than for the latter.
Pravila za prve so strožja kot za druge.
Like products If imported products are “like”to domestic ones, then their taxation should be identical.
Podobni izdelki Če so uvoženi izdelki “podobni“ domačim, potem mora biti njihova obdavčitev enaka.
In other words,if imported products are found to be taxed in excess of domestically produced products, even by very small(de minimis) margins, there is discrimination and consequently a violation of the national treatment principle.
Z drugimi besedami, če se izkaže, da so uvoženi izdelki bolj obdavčeni kot domači izdelki, četudi po zelo nizki (de minimis) stopnji, to pomeni diskriminacijo in posledično kršitev načela nacionalne obravnave.
The term“like product”is not defined in GATT; the interpretation of the term should, therefore, be examined ona case-by-case basis.
Pojem “podobni izdelki“ ni opredeljen v GATT; razlago pojma je treba zato preveriti za vsak primer posebej.
This would allow a fair assessment in each case of the different elements that constitutelikeness.
To v vsakem primeru omogoča pravično oceno različnih elementov, ki ustvarjajo podobnost.
To establish whether imported products are “like”to domestic products similarities in their physicalcharacteristics (i.e. the product's properties, nature and quality such as raw material, outlook, colour,presentation, and packaging) are very important.
Pri ugotavljanju, ali so uvoženi izdelki “podobni“ domačim, so zelo pomembne podobnosti v njihovih fizičnih lastnostih (tj. lastnosti izdelka, narava in kakovost, kot so surovina, videz, barva, predstavitev in embalaža).
In addition, one needs to examine elements such as theirproduction techniques and methods (including distillation, filtration, colouring or ageing processes), theproduct's end-uses in the market in question and their tariff classification.
Poleg tega je treba preveriti elemente, kot so njihove proizvodne tehnike in metode (vključno z destilacijo, filtracijo, barvanjem ali procesom staranja), uporaba izdelka na zadevnem trgu in njihova tarifna uvrstitev.
Directly competitive or substitutable products If imported products are “directly competitive or substitutable products”to domestic ones, then very small(de minimis) differences in taxation are permitted (e.g. a difference of 0.5% could perhaps be tolerated but nota difference of 3%).
Neposredno konkurenčni ali zamenljivi izdelki Če so uvoženi izdelki“neposredno konkurenčni ali zamenljivi izdelki“ v razmerju do domačih, so dovoljene zelo majhne (de minimis) razlike v obdavčitvi (npr. razlika 0,5 % bi bila morda sprejemljiva, ne pa razlika 3 %).