natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The costs of drug use
Stroški uživanja drog
The public expenditure perspective
Vidik javnih izdatkov
Studies on the costs of drug use can be an important source of information for the development and management of drug policies.
Študije o stroških uživanja drog so lahko pomemben vir informacij za razvoj in vodenje politik na področju drog.
The term ‘public expenditure’ refers to the value of goods and services bought by the government of the State (i.e. central, regional, local) in order to execute each of its functions (i.e. healthcare, justice, public order, education, social services).
Izraz „javni izdatki“ se nanaša na vrednost blaga in storitev, ki jih kupijo državne oblasti (na centralni, regionalni ali lokalni ravni) za opravljanje svojih nalog (zdravstveno varstvo, pravosodje, javni red, izobraževanje in storitve socialne varnosti).
The analysis of a State’s public expenditure provides useful information regarding the ability of its government to spend effectively and efficiently. ciently.
Analiza javnih izdatkov posamezne države zagotovi uporabne informacije o sposobnosti vlade za učinkovito porabo sredstev.
Drug-related costs can be divided into two major categories: direct and indirect.
Stroški, povezani z drogami, se lahko razdelijo na dve večji skupini: na neposredne in posredne stroške.
Direct costs are those for which payments are made, and typically include expenditure in the areas of prevention, treatment, harm reduction and law enforcement.
Neposredni stroški so stroški, za katere se opravijo izplačila, in ponavadi vključujejo izdatke na področju preprečevanja, zdravljenja, zmanjševanja škode in kazenskega pregona.
Indirect costs are the value of productive services not performed because of drug use, and typically consist of lost productivity due to drug-related morbidity and mortality.
Posredni stroški ustrezajo vrednosti produktivnih storitev, ki niso bile opravljene zaradi uživanja drog, ter po navadi vključujejo izgubljeno storilnost zaradi obolevnosti in umrljivosti v zvezi z drogami.
Drug-related costs may also include the intangible costs of pain and suffering, usually in the form of quality of life measures, but this category of costs is often omitted because of the difficulty in accurately quantifying it in monetary terms.
Stroški, povezani z drogami, lahko vsebujejo tudi neopredmetene stroške doživete bolečine in trpljenja, po navadi v obliki meritev kakovosti življenja, vendar se ta kategorija stroškov pogosto ne upošteva, ker jo je težko natančno izmeriti v denarnem smislu.
A cost study may be conducted from several different perspectives, each of which might include different costs, for example costs to society as a whole, the government, the healthcare system, third-party payers, and drug users and their families.
Študija stroškov se lahko opravi z različnih vidikov, pri čemer lahko vsak vidik vključuje različne stroške, na primer stroške družbe v celoti, vlade, sistema zdravstvenega varstva, tretjih plačnikov ter uživalcev drog in njihovih družin.
The estimation of drug-related public expenditure is a different exercise from that of estimating social costs.
Ocena javnih izdatkov, povezanih z drogami, se razlikuje od ocene družbenih stroškov.
Public expenditure represents only a proportion of social costs, mainly in the form of direct costs; indirect costs are explicitly excluded, as there are costs from private stakeholders (e.g. private health insurance companies).
Javni izdatki so le en del družbenih stroškov in imajo predvsem obliko neposrednih stroškov. Posredni stroški so izrecno izključeni, ker gre za stroške zasebnih subjektov (npr. zasebnih družb za zdravstveno zavarovanje).
Direct public expenditures explicitly labelled as ‘drug-related’ can be initially traced back by exhaustively reviewing official financial reporting documents (e.g. budgets or year-end reports).
Neposredne javne izdatke, ki so jasno označeni kot „povezani z drogami“, je mogoče najprej izslediti z izčrpnim pregledom uradnih dokumentov za poročanje o finančnem položaju (npr. proračunov ali poročil ob koncu leta).
Estimations are complicated when drug-related expenditures are not labelled as such but embedded in programmes with broader goals (e.g. overall police operations budget).
Izračuni so zapleteni, kadar izdatki, povezani z drogami, niso označeni kot taki, ampak so vključeni v programe s širše zastavljenimi cilji (npr. celotni proračun za policijske naloge).
In this case, direct non-labelled drug-related expenses must be calculated through modelling approaches.
V tem primeru je treba neposredne neoznačene izdatke, povezane z drogami, izračunati z uporabo modelnega pristopa.
Drug-related social costs are the total of all the costs to society, direct and indirect, caused by drug use.
Družbeni stroški, povezani z drogami, so vsota vseh neposrednih ali posrednih stroškov družbe zaradi uživanja drog.
The output, expressed inmonetary terms, is an estimate of the total burden that drug use places on society (Single et al., 2001).
Rezultat, izražen v denarnem smislu, je ocena celotnega bremena, ki ga družba nosi zaradi uživanja drog (Single et al., 2001).
Determining the social cost of drug use has several benefits.
Opredelitev družbenih stroškov uživanja drog je koristna na več načinov.
First, it reveals how much society is spending on drug-related issues and, implicitly, the amount that would be saved if drug use were completely abolished.
Prvič, razkrije, koliko družba porabi za vprašanja v zvezi z drogami, vključno z zneskom, ki bi ga lahko prihranila, če bi se uživanje drog popolnoma odpravilo.
Second, it identifies the different components of cost and thesize of the contribution of each sector in society.
Drugič, opredeli različne elemente stroškov in velikost prispevka posameznih družbenih sektorjev.
Such informationcan help to determine funding prioritiesby highlighting areas where inefficiencies may exist and savings can be made.
Te informacije so lahko koristne pri opredeljevanju prednostnih nalog financiranja, ker razkrivajo, katera področja so morda neučinkovita in kje je mogoče prihraniti.
The primary aim of social cost calculations is to weigh the burden that drug problems pose on society against the cost to society of addressing these problems (including possible indirect effects).
Primarni cilj izračuna družbenih stroškov je primerjati breme, ki ga nosi družba zaradi problemov drog, s stroški, ki jih ima družba z reševanjem teh problemov (vključno z možnimi posrednimi učinki).
Ultimately, this leads to the question of effectiveness and efficiency: do governments spend their money wisely on the right problems?
Pri tem se nenazadnje pojavi vprašanje učinkovitosti in uspešnosti: ali vlade svoje denar porabljajo premišljeno za reševanje pravih problemov?
However, some authors (Reuter, 2006) have proposed that, for policy purposes, public expenditures are more relevant than social costs.
Nekateri avtorji (Reuter, 2006) menijo, da imajo za namene politik javni izdatki večjo težo kot družbeni stroški.
The drugs budget helps to describe what policies a government is using to reduce drug use and related problems, which is the first step towards deciding whether the level and content of such policies is adequate.
S proračunom za droge je mogoče ugotoviti, katere politike vlada uporablja za zmanjševanje uživanja drog in s tem povezanih problemov, kar je prvi korak pri odločitvi, ali sta raven in vsebina teh politik ustrezni.
and Norway. Based on the data supplied by these six countries, the total drug-related public expenditure by European countries is calculated to lie somewhere between
podatkov, ki jih je predložilo teh šest držav, je izračunano, da skupni javni izdatki evropskih držav, povezani z drogami,
EUR 13 billion and EUR 36 billion (4
4 znašajo med 13 in 36 milijard EUR (
These figures represent between 0.12% and 0.33% of the GDP of the EU (25 countries) in 2005.
0,12 do 0,33 % BDP EU (25 držav) v letu 2005.
the public health programme 2007–13 and the seventh RTD framework programme 2007–13, also provide funding opportunities for organisations working in different aspects of the drugs field.
javnega zdravja 2007–2013 in 7. okvirni program RTR 2007–2013, tudi zagotavljajo priložnosti za financiranje organizacij, ki delujejo na različnih področjih, povezanih z drogami.
In addition, as of 2005, the EC and the Member States had co-financed drug-related assistance projects in third countries to the value of over EUR 750 million.
Poleg tega so od leta 2005 ES in države članice sofinancirale projekte pomoči v zvezi z drogami v tretjih državah v vrednosti več kot 750 milijonov EUR.
At EU level, considerable funding will be provided by the European Commission to tackle the drugs issue under the new 2007–13 budget.
Na ravni EU bo Evropska komisija v novem proračunu za obdobje 2007–2013 zagotovila precejšnja sredstva za obravnavanje problematike drog.
A new funding instrument for drugs prevention and information of EUR 21 million is under negotiation and may be adopted by the end of 2007, making EUR 3 million available for transnational projects this year.
Trenutno potekajo pogajanja o novem instrumentu za financiranje preprečevanja na področju uživanja drog in obveščanja v višini 21 milijonov EUR, ki bi lahko bil sprejet do konca leta 2007, s čimer bi bili letos na voljo 3 milijoni EUR za nadnacionalne ukrepe.
Other new financial instruments, such as the prevention of and fight against crime programme,
Drugi novi finančni instrumenti, kot so na primer program preprečevanje kriminala in boj proti njemu, program
In response to the EU drugs action plan 2005–08, the EMCDDA is currently working towards developing a methodology that will enable the Member States, candidate countries and Norway to compile standardised data on drug-related expenditure.
Center si trenutno v odgovor na akcijski načrt EU na področju drog 2005–08 prizadeva za razvoj metodologije, ki bo državam članicam, državam kandidatkam in Norveški omogočila, da bodo zbirale standardizirane podatke o izdatkih, povezanih z drogami.
This will help the EMCDDA to estimate both the total public expenditure allocated to drugs and how this is divided between different activities.
Center bo tako lahko izračunal, kolikšni so skupni javni izdatki na področju drog in kako so porazdeljeni med različnimi dejavnostmi.
Of the six countries, four (Hungary, the Netherlands, Finland and Sweden) provided detailed modelled approaches of their figures.
Od šestih držav so štiri (Madžarska, Nizozemska, Finska in Švedska) zagotovile podrobno oblikovane pristope pri svojih podatkih.
Applying to the remaining countries the value of the first and third quartiles of the distribution of the percentage of total general government expenditure (0.18% and 0.69% respectively), and of the percentage of GDP (0.08% and 0.37% respectively) publicly spent by the six selected countries, provides an interval of the overall total accumulated expenditure.
Interval celotnih skupnih zbranih izdatkov za druge države dobimo z uporabo vrednosti prve in tretje četrtinske vrednosti porazdelitve odstotka celotnih splošnih javnofinančnih izdatkov (0,18 % oziroma 0,69 %) in odstotka BDP (0,08 % oziroma 0,37 %), javno porabljenega v šestih izbranih državah.
Annual report 2007: the state of the drugs problem in Europe
Letno poročilo 2007: stanje na področju problematike drog v Evropi
Table 1: Comparison of selected countries with complete data and further details on the composition of their drug-related public expenditure
Preglednica 1: Primerjava izbranih držav s popolnimi podatki in dodatni podatki o sestavi njihovih javnih izdatkov, povezanih z drogami
Overall expenditure reported
Skupni izdatki, o katerih so države poročale
Proportion of overall expenditure devoted to as a proportion health and social law as a proportion of total public amount (EUR million)
Delež skupnih izdatkov, namenjen za kot delež javnih kot delež
2) (%) care (3) (%) enforcement (4) (%) of GDP ( expenditure (1
2) (%) izdatkov (
Total general government expenditure in the year (source: Eurostat).Gross domestic product in the year (source: Eurostat).
) Izdatki za zdravstveno in socialno varnost vključujejo zdravljenje, zmanjševanje škode, raziskovanje na področju zdravstva ter intervencije na področju izobraževanja, preprečevanja in socialnih zadev.
Health and social care expenditures include treatment, harm reduction, health research and education, prevention and social affairs interventions.
Na Finskem ta znesek poleg „preprečevanja zlorabe snovi“ vključuje tudi premoženjsko škodo, spremljanje in raziskave.
For Finland, in addition to ‘substance abuse prevention’, the amount given also includes property damage, monitoring and research.Law enforcement expenditures include expenditure on police, army, law courts, prisons, customs and finance guards.
(4) Izdatki za dejavnosti kazenskega pregona vključujejo izdatke za policijo, vojsko, sodišča, zapore ter carinske in finančne organe.
Belgium also allocated 3 % of the overall expenditure reported to ‘policy management activities’.
(5) Belgija je 3 % vseh izdatkov dodelila tudi „dejavnostim za vodenje politike“.
Sources: National focal points and Eurostat.
Viri: Nacionalne kontaktne točke in Eurostat.
EU legal and policy developments
Razvoj EU na področju prava in politik
At the end of 2006, the European Commission presented its first progress review (5) on the implementation of the EU drugs action plan (2005–08).
Evropska komisija je na koncu leta 2006 predstavila prvi pregled napredka (5) pri izvajanju akcijskega načrta EU na področju drog (2005–08).
This assessed the extent to which the activities planned for 2006 were achieved and whether the plan’s objectives for 2006 have been fulfilled.
V tem pregledu je bilo ocenjeno v kolikšnem obsegu so bile izpolnjene načrtovane dejavnosti za leto 2006 in ali so bili doseženi cilji načrta za leto 2006.
The EMCDDA contributed to this exercise by producing a set of reports.
Center je k temu prispeval tako, da je pripravil vrsto poročil.
A similar exercise will take place in 2007, prior to the final impact assessment of the EU drug action plan that will be presented by the European Commission in 2008.
Podoben pregled bo opravljen tudi leta 2007 pred končno oceno učinka akcijskega načrta EU na področju drog, ki ga bo Evropska komisija predstavila v letu 2008.
for drugs prevention and information 2007–13 (7), which has been proposed by the European Commission within the general programme for fundamental rights and justice.
ki ga je predlagala Evropska komisija v okviru splošnega programa za temeljne pravice in pravosodje.
The general objectives of the drug programme are to help make Europe a free, secure and just area by improving information on the effects of drug use and by preventing and reducing drug use, dependence and drug-related harm.
Splošni cilji programa na področju drog so prispevali k temu, da bi Evropa postala svobodno, varno in pravično območje, z izboljšanjem obveščanja o posledicah uporabe drog ter preprečevanjem in zmanjševanjem uporabe drog, odvisnosti in škode, povezane z drogami.
For the period 2007–13 this programme has an overall budget of EUR 21 million.
Za obdobje 2007–2013 ima ta program skupni proračun v višini 21 milijonov EUR.
The drug programme is still being discussed in the European Parliament and in the Council, in view of its adoption under the co-decision procedure.
V Evropskem parlamentu in Svetu še vedno poteka razprava o programu na področju drog glede njegovega sprejetja v skladu s postopkom soodločanja.
Reports on the social cost of drug use
Nove nacionalne zakonodaje
In June 2006, the European Commission issued a Green Paper on the role of civil society in drugs policy in the European Union (6), as laid down in the drugs action plan.
Zmanjševanje ponudbe uniji (6), kot je določeno v akcijskem načrtu na področju drog.
The aim of the Green Paper is to explore how best to organise a continuous dialogue with civil society organisations active in the drugs field.
Cilj zelene knjige je proučiti načine za čim boljšo organizacijo stalnega dialoga z organizacijami civilne družbe, dejavnimi na področju drog.
Stakeholders were invited to comment on two options for a structured dialogue: a civil society forum on drugs as a platform for regular informal consultations or a thematic linking of existing networks.
Zainteresirane strani so bile pozvane, naj predložijo pripombe o dveh možnostih strukturiranega dialoga: forumu civilne družbe o drogah kot podlagi za redna neformalna posvetovanja ali tematskemu povezovanju obstoječih mrež.
The social cost of illicit drug use was estimated at EUR 907 million in France in 2003 and at EUR 29.7 million in Luxembourg in 2004.
Vključevanje civilne družbe v politiko na področju drog v EU je tudi eden glavnih ciljev posebnega programa za
The involvement of civil society in drug policy in the EU is also one of the main objectives of the specific programme
Države članice so v preteklem letu opravile številne zakonodajne spremembe na področju zmanjševanja ponudbe, poleg tega pa so v letu 2006 številne države uvedle ukrepe za izboljšanje pravnih okvirov, ki obravnavajo trgovanje z drogami in vprašanja, povezana z zmanjševanjem ponudbe.
Supply reduction been operational at Schiphol airport.
Od začetka leta 2003 deluje na Nizozemskem na letališču Schiphol posebno sodišče z zaporniškimi prostori.
Since the beginning of 2005, there has been 100 % control of all flights from key countries in the Caribbean.
Od začetka leta 2005 se izvaja 100-odstotni nadzor vseh letov iz ključnih karibskih držav.
In 2004, an average 290 drug couriers per month were arrested, decreasing to 80 per month by early 2006.
Leta 2004 je bilo povprečno aretiranih 290 tihotapcev drog na mesec; v začetku leta 2006 se je to število zmanjšalo na 80 mesečno.
In France, a law enacted in October 2005 strengthens cooperation with the Caribbean region, with the aim of intercepting illicit drug trafficking by air and sea.
V Franciji je bil oktobra 2005 sprejet zakon za okrepitev sodelovanja s karibsko regijo, katerega cilj je prestrezanje trgovine s prepovedanimi drogami po zraku in morju.
Drug testing regulation
Predpisi na področju testiranja uživanja drog
A number of countries have reported the introduction of legislation that permits, defines or regulates drug testing of drivers, arrestees, prisoners or employees in different situations.
Številne države so poročale o uvedbi zakonodaje, ki omogoča, opredeljuje ali ureja testiranje uživanja drog za voznike, pridržane osebe, zapornike ali uslužbence v različnih okoliščinah.
In Ireland, substantive changes included the introduction of the Criminal Justice Act 2006, which sets out new offences of supplying drugs to prisoners, provisions to deal with antisocial behaviour and proposals to strengthen imposition of the 10-year mandatory minimum sentence for trafficking drugs with a street value of EUR 13 000 or more.
Na Irskem je bila med večjimi spremembami uvedba Zakona o kazenskem pravosodju 2006, ki določa nova kazniva dejanja dobave droge zapornikom, določbe za obravnavanje protidružbenega vedenja in predloge za okrepitev izrekanja 10-letne obvezne minimalne kazni za trgovanje z drogami v vrednosti 13 000 EUR ali več na črnem trgu.
Membership or facilitation of a ‘criminal organisation’ (as defined in the law) is penalised, and a drug offenders register has been established, which requires those convicted of drug trafficking to inform the police of their address upon their release from prison.
Sodelovanje v „kriminalni združbi“ ali omogočanje take združbe (kot je opredeljena v zakonodaji) je kaznivo, vzpostavljena pa je bila tudi evidenca storilcev kaznivih dejanj, povezanih z drogami, zaradi katere morajo osebe, obsojene zaradi trgovine z drogami, policiji sporočiti svoj naslov po izpustitvi iz zapora.
Procedural changes, by contrast, were introduced in Hungary, where the national police headquarters’ provision aimed to codify all police activities related to drugs and precursors in one single, comprehensive law, to help fight drug-related crime.
Nasprotno pa so bile na Madžarskem uvedene postopkovne spremembe, v okviru katerih je bil cilj ukrepanja sedeža državne policije kodificirati vse policijske dejavnosti, povezane z drogami in predhodnimi sestavinami, v enoten, celovit zakon, ki bi pripomogel k boju proti kriminalu, povezanem z drogami.
Random roadside checks on drivers, using on-site rapid testing devices, are now allowed for in Lithuania, according to the resolution approving the national programme on safe road traffic 2005–10, and in Luxembourg under a draft law of 2004 modifying the law on traffic control.
V Litvi so zdaj dovoljena naključna testiranja voznikov na cestah z uporabo hitrih naprav za testiranje na kraju samem v skladu z resolucijo, s katero je bil odobren nacionalni program za varnost v cestnem prometu 2005–2010, v Luksemburgu pa v skladu z osnutkom zakona iz leta 2004, ki spreminja zakon o nadzoru prometa.
In Latvia, the amended criminal law now penalises drivers believed to be operating a vehicle while intoxicated and who refuse to take a test, with the option of imposing a prison sentence in the event of repeated refusal within a year.
V Latviji so v skladu s spremenjeno kazensko zakonodajo zdaj kaznovani vozniki, za katere se sumi, da upravljajo vozilo pod vplivom drog, in ki zavrnejo testiranje, z možnostjo zaporne kazni v primeru večkratne zavrnitve v roku enega leta.
Also in Latvia, the modified law ‘on police’ now states that a person may be transferred to a medical establishment to determine whether he or she has used alcohol or narcotic, psychotropic or toxic substances, and refers to the cabinet regulations that detail the procedure.
Tudi v Latviji je v spremenjenem zakonu „o policiji“ zdaj navedeno, da je lahko oseba napotena v zdravstveno ustanovo, kjer se ugotovi, ali je zaužila alkohol oziroma narkotične, psihotropne ali toksične snovi, sklicuje pa se na uredbe kabineta, ki podrobneje določajo postopek.
Procedures regarding the drug testing of drivers are further described in the 2007 selected issue on drugs and driving.
Postopki v zvezi s testiranjem uživanja drog za voznike so podrobneje opisani v izbranem vprašanju o drogah in vožnji za leto 2007.
Particular groups of arrestees may be now drug tested in Scotland, in line with the position in England and Wales, and new draft prison rules published in Ireland in June 2005 by the Department for Justice, Equality and Law Reform introduce the possibility of mandatory drug testing of prisoners.
Na Škotskem se zdaj lahko opravi testiranje uživanja drog na posameznih skupinah pridržanih oseb v skladu s položajem v Angliji in Walesu, na Irskem pa je Ministrstvo za pravosodje, enakost in zakonodajno reformo junija 2005 objavilo novi osnutek zaporniških pravil, ki uvaja možnost obveznega testiranja uživanja drog za zapornike.
This is stated to be in the interest of good order, safety, health and security, and would be carried out on samples of urine, oral fluids and/or hair.
Testiranje naj bi bilo namenjeno ohranjanju reda, zdravja in varnosti, opravljalo pa naj bi se na vzorcih urina, ustnih izločkov in/ali las.
Procedures regarding the use of certain tools to combat drug trafficking were also established or improved.
Vzpostavili ali izboljšali so se tudi postopki v zvezi z uporabo nekaterih orodij za boj proti trgovini z drogami.
In Estonia, the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act and Associated Acts was amended in May 2005 to widen the scope of surveillance.
V Estoniji so maja 2005 spremenili Zakon o prepovedanih drogah in psihotropnih snoveh in povezane zakone, da bi se razširilo področje nadzora.
In Romania, a law implemented in June 2006 introduced the European arrest warrant and set out procedures for its use, as well as measures to improve judicial cooperation, surveillance and cross-border pursuit and transfer of legal procedures.
V Romuniji je bil z zakonom, ki se je začel izvajati junija 2006, uveden evropski sodni nalog za prijetje, določeni so bili postopki za njegovo uporabo ter ukrepi za izboljšanje pravosodnega sodelovanja, nadzora in čezmejnega pregona ter prenosa sodnih postopkov.