natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Thisfirst step was also in line with the process of democratisation of the R & Dsector and resulted in an overall decentralisationof the functioning of theinstitutional structures. The latter became self-governingresearch units.From then on, the initiative at the level of research units or even at thelevel of individual researchers had been launched.
Države Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope so sprejele nove zakone9o visokem šolstvu,raziskavah in razvoju, da bi ponovno vzpostavile akademsko neodvisnostobehvrst institucij (nacionalnih akademij znanosti in univerz) in akademsko svobodo.Spremembe na tem področju so potekale v skladu s procesom demokratizacijerazvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti in so privedle do decentralizacije delovanjaustanov, ki odtlej delujejo kot samostojneraziskovalne enote in so samepobudnice raziskovalnih dejavnosti institucije in posameznih raziskovalcev.Tako je bila na neki način oživljena nacionalna predkomunistična kulturnatradicija, znotraj katere so nacionalne akademije znanosti in univerze delovalekot neodvisne ustanove.
This step was also akind of renewal of the national precommunist cultural tradition, wherethe NAS and the universities were autonomous institutions.
V tem obdobju se je moral celotni sektor soočitizdrastičnim znižanjem (ali ukinitvijo) financiranja dejavnosti iz državnegaproračuna.
Reduction of R & D personnel in Bulgaria
Zmanjševanje raziskovalnega osebja v Češki republiki
Reduction of R & D personnelin the Czech Republic
Zmanjševanje raziskovalnega osebja v Bolgariji
To demonstrate the scope of the reduction, figuresconcerning the example of the academy of sciencesas the main research institution in the Czech Republic are very instructive.
Leta 1989 je Bolgarska akademija znanostiobsegala 122 raziskovalnih enot, danes jih ima leše 68 (raziskovalnih enot, centrov alilaboratorijev).
The total number ofresearch centreshas fallen from 85 to 59 and theoverall number of staffdropped from 13 896 in1989 to 6 972 in October 1993.
Število zaposlenih raziskovalcevvdržavnem razvojnem in raziskovalnem sektorjuje padlo iz 12.842 (leta 1993) na 6.387 (leta2001), kar pomeni zmanšanje za 50,2 %.
In 1989 the Bulgarian Academy of Sciencesconsisted of 122 research units, nowadays itcomprises 68 research units(Institutes, Centresand Labs).
Številke, ki se nanašajo na akademijo znanosti,največjo raziskovalno ustanovo v Češki republiki,nazorno kažejo, kakšen je bil dejanski obsegzmanjševanja raziskovalnega osebja inraziskovalne dejavnosti.
The total number of the researchpersonnel in the Government R & D sector hasfallen from 12 842 in 1993 to 6 387 in 2001(i.e. a reduction of 50.2%).
Število raziskovalnihsredišč je iz nekdanjih 85 padlo na 59, številozaposlenih pa s 13.896 (leta 1989) na 6.972(oktobra 1993).
Assessment of Polish R & D activities
Vrednotenje in ocenjevanje poljskih razvojnih in raziskovalnih dejavnosti je potekalo na številnih ravneh (z ocenjevalci,sekcijami, ekipami).
The final review committee consisted of 12representatives of the community and 7 ministersnominated by the Prime Minister.
Končni ocenjevalni odbor jesestavljalo 12 predstavnikov iz akademskegasveta in 7 ministrov, imenovanih s straniministrskega predsednika.
Thus, theassessment included a political element, as therelationship between research and current policiesof the government and of individual ministers wastaken into account”.
Tako je ocenjevanje invrednotenje vsebovalo tudi politični element, sajje odbor upošteval tudi odnos med raziskovalnodejavnostjo in takratno vladno politiko."
In Poland, this second step was accompanied withthe introduction of a peer review system: “The peerreview system introduced in 1991 was based onthe principle of the assessment of research anddevelopment activities by representatives ofdisciplines and fields of science elected in twostages by the academic community (those with a PhD and above). The review took place at a numberof levels (reviewers, sections, teams).
Na Poljskem je drugi korak pospremila uvedbasistema ocenjevanja s strani poklicnih kolegov."Sistem ocenjevanja s strani poklicnih kolegov jebil uveden leta 1991 in je temeljil na ocenjevanjuin vrednotenju raziskovalnih in razvojnihdejavnosti s strani predstavnikov znanstvenihdisciplin in področij znanosti, ki jih je v dvehstadijih izvolila akademska javnost (predstavnikiso morali imeti vsaj doktorski naziv).
Source: Oleksy, 2003.
Ocenjevanje vir: Oleksy, 2003
According to the Frascati Manual, the R & D activities are heading under the foursectors of economy: Higher Educationsector (HES), Government sector (GOV),Business and Enterprise sector (BES) and Private non-profit sector (PNP).
Po Frascatijevem priročniku potekajorazvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti znotrajštirih gospodarskih panog: znotraj sektorjavisokošolskega izobraževanja, državnegasektorja, poslovnega in podjetniškegasektorja ter zasebnega neprofitnegasektorja.
The situation, as it was, suggested a kind of adaptation strategyundertak-en in all postcommunist NAS (Government R & D) and led to the secondstep of the restructuring of R & D. ∏The second steptowards the restructuring of the R & D sector was relatedto the drastic reduction of R & D personnel in most CEECs.
Zaradi nastalega položaja so morale vse postkomunistične nacionalne akademijeznanosti (državni sektor za raziskave in razvoj) razviti strategijo prilagajanja,ki je privedla do druge faze reorganizacije sektorja. ▫Drugi korak k reorganizaciji razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti se je vezalna drastično znižanje zaposlenih v večini držav Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope.Nacionalne akademije znanosti so v državah Enwise na podlagi na novopridobljenega zakonskega statusa neodvisne raziskovalne ustanovepreoblikovale svojo strukturo, da bi zagotovile optimalnoštevilo raziskovalnihenot in zaposlenih.
The NAS ofthe Enwise countries, on the basis of their new legal status of independentself-governing research institutions, reformed their structures in order tooptimisethe number of their research units and the number of their R & Dpersonnel.In the CEECs, the process of the reduction of R & D personnel went inparallel with a process of assessment of research and development activities at different levels – starting with the individual researchers and ending with the research organisations as a whole. ∏The third steptowards the restructuring of the R & D sector was related tothe introduction of new funding mechanisms for R & D on the basis of agrant system.
V državah Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope je proces zniževanja zaposlenih vrazvojniin raziskovalni dejavnosti potekal vzporedno z vrednotenjem in ocenjevanjemraziskovalnih in razvojnih dejavnosti na različnih ravneh, od dela posameznihraziskovalcev do delovanja raziskovalnih organizacij.▫Tretji korak na poti k reorganizaciji sektorja se je nanašal na uvedbo novihmehanizmov financiranja razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti, osnovanih nasistemu dotacij.
NAS as the main representatives of Government R & D inthe majority of the CEECs, with the exception of Poland and Slovenia,still received their budgets directlyfrom the state (as it was during theprevious period) and then distributed the money to the individual institutes.
Kot glavne predstavnice državne razvojne in raziskovalnepanoge so nacionalne akademije znanosti v večini držav Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope (z izjemo Poljske in Slovenije) še vedno, tako kot v prejšnjem obdboju,prejemale finančna sredstva neposrednood države.
The related boxes show that the newly shaped grant agencies andfoundations for financing the research activities on the basis of competition are more or less additional sources of funding for R & D in CEECs.Some innovative private non-profit R & D10emerged outside the
Sredstva so potem razdelilemed posamezne ustanove. Uokvirjena besedila jasno kažejo, da so na novooblikovane agencije za dodeljevanje dotacij in fundacije za financiranjeraziskovalnih dejavnosti na načelih konkurenčnosti v državah Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope bolj ali manj dodaten vir financiranja razvojne in raziskovalnedejavnosti.
Government R & D in Hungary and Poland respectively.
Novi sistem financiranja v Slovaški republiki
New funding systems in the Slovak Republic
Novi sistem financiranja na Madžarskem
In Hungary governmental R & D financing constitutesabout 65-70% of the total funding of the Academyand the universities. The grants awarded bydifferent governmental granting bodies such as OTKA (Scientific Research Fund), MÜFA(Technological Development Fund) and NKFP(National Research and Development Programme)make up the majority of this funding.
Na Madžarskem vladna finančna sredstvapredstavljajo približno 65 – 70 % vseh finančnihsredstev, ki jih prejmejo akademija in univerze.Večino navedenih finančnih sredstev dodelijorazna vladna telesa za dotacije, kot so Sklad zaznanstvene raziskave OTKA, Sklad za tehnološkirazvoj MÜFA in Nacionalni program za raziskavein razvoj NKFP.
In the Slovak Republic, 0.59% of GDP in 2002 wasallocated to the R & D sector, from which 0.30% of GDP was financed from the state budget.The special state bodies - Agency for Science and Technology and VEGA (Scientific Grant Agency)deliver research grants on the basis of competitions.The annual support offered by these two grantingbodies should be considered as additional incometowards the budget of the Slovak Academy of Science, which is financed mainly from the statebudget.
Posebni državni telesi –Agencija za znanost in tehnologijo ter Agencija zaznanstvene dotacije VEGA dodeljujetaraziskovalna sredstva na podlagi razpisov innatečajev. Letna finančna podpora, ki jo podelita,velja za dodaten vir finančnih sredstevvproračunu Slovaške akademije znanosti, ki sevglavnem financira iz državnega proračuna.
New funding systems in Poland
Novi sistem financiranja na Poljskem
New funding systems in Bulgaria
Novi sistem financiranja v Bolgariji
In Bulgaria the subsidy from the state budgetcomprises about 80% of the income of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the grants fromthe National Research Fund (a state body, whichdeliver grants on the basis of competition) is about3% annually.
V Bolgariji predstavlja finančna podpora izdržavnega proračuna približno 80 % dohodka Bolgarske akademije znanosti, dotacije Nacionalnega sklada za dotacije (državnegatelesa, ki dodeljuje znanstvene dotacije napodlagi natečajev in razpisov) pa približno 3 %letno.
In Poland, the Ministry of Scientific Research and Information Technology distributes funds to the Polish Academy of Sciences and other R & Dinstitutions that it supervises.
Na Poljskem je Ministrstvo za znanstveneraziskave in informacijsko tehnologije tisto telo,kidodeljuje finančna sredstva Poljski akademijiznanosti in drugim razvojnim in raziskovalnimustanovam, ki delujejo pod njegovim nadzorom.Razvojne in raziskovalne ustanove smejo imetisvoje vire financiranja.
R & D institutions mayalso have their own sources of funds, for examplethey conduct research for which they take grantscommissioned by other parties.
Tako lahko na primerobjavijo raziskave, za katere jim sredstvanakažejo druge stranke.
An insight in the hierarchical structureof scientific degrees system and academictitles/ranks within HE and R & D in the Enwise countries can be found at Annex 3 of this report.
V Prilogi 3 je podan krajši opishierarhične strukture sistema dodeljevanjaznanstvenih in akademskih nazivov znotrajvisokega šolstva ter razvojne inraziskovalne dejavnosti v državah Enwise.
∏The fourth steptowards the restructuring of the R & D sector was relatedto the gradual emergence of the HE R & D sector, i.e.research activitiesdeveloped in HE institutions,which either was lacking or had been neglected during the previous period.
▫Četrti korak k reorganizaciji razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti je potekalvskladu s postopnim nastajanjem razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti znotrajvisokošolskega izobraževanja v obliki v preteklem obdobju neobstoječih alizanemarjenih raziskovalnih dejavnosti, ki so jih razvile ustanove visokošolskegaizobraževanja.
The introduction of new mechanismsfor financing research activities had a positive impact on the initiation ofuniversity research, because research became one of the additional sourcesof funding.
Uvedba novih mehanizmov financiranja raziskovalnih dejavnostije pozitivno vplivala na nastanek univerzitetnega raziskovanja, saj jeraziskovanje pomenilo dodaten finančni vir, čeprav ne smemo pozabiti, da sose novoustanovljeni raziskovalni centri, pridruženi posameznim univerzitetnimoddelkom, oblikovali kot strukture, ki so bile povsem neodvisne od državnefinančne podpore.
However, the newly established research centres affiliated withthe university departments emerged as autonomous structures in terms ofstate funding.
Tako se je na neki način ponovno vzpostavila nekdanjaločnica med visokošolskim izobraževanjem ter razvojno in raziskovalnodejavnostjo.
The former divide between teaching and research activitiesbecame somehow particularly reproduced within the HES of R & D itself.Evidently, despite the efforts, the Soviet R & D model applied for nearly halfa century in most CEECs could not be easily overcome.
Jasno je, da je bilo sovjetski razvojni in raziskovalni model, ki jevladal skoraj pol stoletja, v večini držav Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope težkopreseči.
More time isneeded for vital integration of the research activities within the universities than initially was expected.During this phase, most CEECs adopted new laws for higher educationand in relation revised their systems of scientific degrees11.
Izkazalo se je, da je za oživitev raziskovalne dejavnosti in njenointegracijo v delovanje univerze potrebnega več časa, kot je bilo pričakovano.
In Hungary, theuniversities got back their right to award the academic degree of PhD (In Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic and Slovenia, the universities had always had the right to award this degree,even during the communist period).The CEECs passed through almost the same first phase of transformationof their R & D. All of them preserved their NAS (in a reduced form) inaccordance with their national cultural traditions.
Večina srednje- in vzhodnoevropskih držav je v tej fazi sprejela novo zakonodajona področju visokega šolstva in sistema dodeljevanja znanstvenih nazivov11.Na Madžarskem so univerze ponovno pridobile pravico dodeljevanjadoktorskega naziva (v Bolgariji, Češki republiki, Romuniji, Slovaški republiki,Sloveniji in na Poljskem so univerze to pravico obdržale tudi v komunističnemobdobju).
The separation betweenresearch and teaching activities still exists in some of these countries.
Prva faza preobrazbe razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti je v državah Srednjein Vzhodne Evrope potekala precej podobno.
NASstill receive direct fundingfrom the state budget (with the exception of Poland and Slovenia).
Vse države so v skladu s svojonacionalno kulturno tradicijo obdržale nacionalno akademijo znanosti, pačeprav v okrnjeni obliki.
In addition, these countries have preserved the former two-level system of scientific degrees, with the exception of Romaniaand Slovenia, where this system was never introduced.
V nekaterih državah delitev med raziskovalne inpedagoške dejavnosti ostaja. Z izjemo Poljske in Slovenije se nacionalneakademije znanosti še vedno financirajo neposrednoiz državnega proračuna.
Slovenian good practice institutes and university support for projects thatalready obtained commitment for partial fundingfrom industry.
Slovenska dobra praksa podporo za projekte, za katere se jegospodarstvo že zavezalo, da jih bo delnofinanciralo.
Since 1985, Slovenia introduced a special fundingscheme for young scientists for Masters and PhD studies.
Leta 1985 je Slovenija uvedla posebno finančnoshemo za mlade raziskovalce na magistrskem indoktorskem študiju.
The Slovenian government is also trying tostimulate applied research by offering to research
Slovenska vlada se trudispodbujati uporabne raziskave tako, daraziskovalnim ustanovam in univerzi nudi vir: Mladenič, 2003
Source: Mladenicˇ, 2003.
Zasebni neprofitni sektor na Madžarskem
Private non-Profit R & D in Hungary
Zasebni neprofitni sektor na Poljskem
Private non-Profit R & D in Poland
Fundacijja Baya Zoltána je največja raziskovalnafundacija v državi.
The Bay Zoltán Foundation is the largest researchfoundation in the country.
Leta 1993 jo je ustanovil Nacionalni odbor za tehnološki razvoj.
It was founded in 1993by the National Committee for Technological Development and it has three research institutes:the Institute of Biotechnology, the Institute of Material Science and Technology and the Institute of Logistics and Production Engineering.
Danessestoji iz treh raziskovalnih ustanov, in sicer Instituta za biotehnologijo, Instituta za materialneznanosti in tehnologije in Instituta za logistiko inproizvodni inženiring.
It is financedby grants, R & D contracts and interests (nongovernmental funding).
Financira se iz dotacij,pogod o razvojnih in raziskovalnih storitvah inobresti (nevladnih finančnih sredstev).
The institutions mentioned hereare set up as foundations, thus they are financed byprivate funds.
Omenjene ustanove so fundacije, ki sefinancirajo iz zasebnih skladov.
They describe themselves asindependent, private, non-commercial, non-profitinstitutions.
Opisujejo se kotneodvisne, zasebne, nekomercialne, neprofitneustanove.
A reflection upon this first phase of transformations of R & D in the CEECs reveals some deficiencies.
Z izjemo Romunije in Slovenije, kjer niso nikoli uvedli dvostopenjskegasistema dodeljevanja znanstvenih nazivov, so države Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope nekdanji sistem dodeljevanja znanstvenih nazivov obdržale.
The rebuilding of the R & D sector inthese countries started without an elaborated national strategy or at leasta vision for the long-term development of this sector and as a consequencethis brought some loss.
Če si podrobneje ogledamo potek preobrazbe razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnostiv državah Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope, opazimo nekaj pomanjkljivosti.
In particular, the so-called branch R & Dwas themost negatively affected by the reforms and in fact was completely dis-solvedin the majority of CEECs, with the exception of Hungary.
Obnovarazvojne in raziskovalne panoge se je v teh državah začela brez izdelanenacionalne vizije in brez vizije dolgoročnega razvoja obravnavanega sektorja,kar je privedlo do nekaterih negativnih posledic.
Slovenia was maybe the onlycountry in CEECs, which duringthis phase focused attention onpromoting R & D legislation aswell.
Slovenija je morda edina izmeddržav Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope, ki se je na tej stopnjiosredotočila tudi naspodbujanje zakonodajeorazvojni in raziskovalnidejavnosti.
A law on research activitywas passed in Slovenia in 1991as well as several acts on fundingnational research programmesin 1994.
Leta 1991 je bil takosprejet zakon o raziskovalnidejavnosti, leta 1994 pa večzakonov o financiranjunacionalnih raziskovalnihprogramov.
Estonia: “Organisation of Research Act” (1994) and “Universities Act”(1995), Latvia: “Law on Research Activity” (1992), Lithuania: “Law on Research and Higher Education” (1991).
Zakon o organizaciji raziskav (1994) in Zakon o univerzi (1995) v Estoniji, Zakono raziskovalni dejavnosti (1992) v Latvijiin Zakon o raziskavah in visokem šolstvu(1991) v Litvi.
pi In the Baltic countries As a group Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania inherited quite a developed R & D sector from the former USSR.
V baltskih republikah Estonija, Latvija in Litva so od nekdanje ZSSR podedovale precej razvitorazvojno in raziskovalno dejavnost, ki pa je bila oblikovana tako, da je služilapotrebam velike Sovjetske zveze.
However, this sector was tailored toserve the needs of the large Soviet Union.
Nekdanje prednosti so tako čez noč postaleslabosti, saj se v času prehoda k tržnemu gospodarstvu, dejavnost ni moglavzdrževati in je bila prisiljena zmanjšati obseg svojega dela glede na možnostiin potrebe majhnih samostojnih držav.
As a consequence, their formeradvantages turned into disadvantages,because in the transitional periodto market economy, this R & D sector could not sustain its capacity and hadto be reduced to match the opportunities and needs of a small independent country: it had not, however, been designed for this purpose.
Žal pa razvojna in raziskovalna dejavnostni bila oblikovana v te namene. Zato lahko razumemo, zakaj je bila preobrazbarazvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti v baltskih republikah bolj radikalna indrastičnakot v državah Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope.
Fromthis point of view one can understand why the transformation of the R & Dsector of the three Baltic States was more radical and more dramaticcom-pared to that of the CEECs.
Na splošno lahko rečemo,da so za baltske republike veljali enaki formalni vzorci preobrazbe, ki pa sose v primerjavi s srednje- in vzhodnoevropskimi državami razlikovali povsebini in kontekstu.
Generally speaking, the formal pattern oftransformation of R & D sector, in the Baltic countries, was the same.However, the content and the context of this formal pattern were different compared to that of the CEECs.
Kakšne so bile razlike med obema skupinama, je razvidnoiz sledeče analize, ki se osredotoča na razlike med procesoma preobrazbe. ▫Prvi korak je obsegal pripravo nove zakonodajne podlage za področje razvojnein raziskovalne dejavnosti12.
A comparison between the Balticcountries and the CEECs is presented hereafter, which focuses attentionon the differences of their transformation processes.∏The first step:The three Baltic countries created a new legislative basis targeted at their R & D12sectors.
S sprejetjem nove raziskovalne zakonodaje sobaltske republike v prvi fazi preobrazbe razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnostine le obnovile načelo neodvisnosti, marveč tudi položile temelje za integracijoraziskovalnega dela v univerze.
The new legislation on research activityadopted by the Baltic countries during the first phase of transformation ofthe R & D sector re-established not only the principle of autonomy but alsofounded the basis for integration of the research activity into universities.At that time, the CEECs focused their attention on the creation of a legislative base for transformation of the HE sector.∏The second step: In 1994, Estonia transformed its Soviet type Academy of Sciences into a Western type academy,i.e. an association of eminent scientists.
V tem obdobju so se države Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope osredotočale na ustvarjanje pravne podlage za preoblikovanje visokegašolstva.▫Drugi korak: Leta 1994 je Estonija nekdanjo akademijo znanosti sovjetskegatipapreoblikovala v akademijo zahodnega tipa, tj. v združenje eminentnihznanstvenikov.
The same happened to the Latvian and to the Lithuanian Academiesof Sciences. The former research institutes belonging to these academies(17 research institutes belonging to the Estonian AS, 18 belonging to the Latvian AS and 19 to the Lithuanian AS) faced a different fate: part ofthem were closed, part of them became independent state research institutes under the auspices of the respective Ministry of Education and/or Science and part of them were integrated into the respective universities.
Podobno se je zgodilo latvijski in litvanski akademiji znanosti.Nekdanje raziskovalne ustanove, ki so prej spadale pod akademije(17raziskovalnih ustanov estonske, 18 raziskovalnih ustanov latvijske in19raziskovalnih ustanov litvanske akademije znanosti), je čakala različnausoda: nekatere so zaprli, nekatere so postale neodvisni državni raziskovalniinstituti, ki delujejo pod okriljem Ministrstva za šolstvo, Ministrstva za znanostali Ministrstva za šolstvo in znanost, nekatere pa so se priključile odgovarjajočimuniverzam.
Therefore, the main difference between the transformation of R & D of CEECs and that of the three Baltic States is that, while the latter preservedtheir NAS, which still function as public governmentalresearch organisations, the three Baltic countries transformed their NAS into public non-governmentalorganisations.
Glavna razlika med preoblikovanjem razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnostivdržavah Srednje in Vzhodne Evrope in v baltskih republikah je ta, da soprve obdržale nacionalne akademije znanosti, ki še naprej ostajajo javne vladneraziskovalne organizacije, druge pa so nacionalne akademije znanosti spremenilev javne nevladneorganizacije.