natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
More than 90 substances have been reported through the early-warning system since its establishment in 1997.
Odkar je začel leta 1997 delovati sistem zgodnjega opozarjanja, so bila v njegovem okviru podana poročila za več kot devetdeset snovi.
Until recently, phenethylamines and tryptamines accounted for a large proportion of notifications.
Še do nedavnega so bili v velikem deležu prijav prisotni fenetilamini in triptamini.
However, in the past few years, a much more diverse range of substances has appeared.
V zadnjih nekaj letih pa postaja seznam snovi vse bolj pester.
Included among these are numerous piperazine and cathinone derivatives, as well as a heterogeneous mix of other substances, including plant products, a few
Med njimi so številni derivati piperazina in katinona ter tudi različne mešanice drugih snovi, skupaj z rastlinskimi proizvodi, nekaj nenavadnih stimulansov in halucinogenih snovi ter nekaj zdravil.
For the first time ever, in 2008, a synthetic cannabinoid (JWH-018) was reported through the early-warning system.
Proizvodi, ki se tržijo prek spleta in v nekaterih specializiranih trgovinah pod imenom „spice“, so na voljo vsaj od leta 2006.
There are over a hundred compounds with cannabinoid receptor activity, and it can be assumed that new substances from different chemical groups will continue to appear on the drug scene.
Čeprav je mogoče „spice“ oglaševati kot kadilo, so učinki pri kajenju po navedbah nekaterih uživalcev podobni učinku konoplje. Kot kaže poročilo iz
All this presents a constant challenge to public health and law enforcement agencies, both for the forensic and toxicological identification of new substances, and for the prompt assessment of risk and, where necessary, implementation of control measures.
V letu 2008 je bilo v EU s sistemom zgodnjega opozarjanja 13 novih psihoaktivnih snovi prvič uradno prijavljenih. Poleg novih sintetičnih drog,
) Council Decision 2005/387/JHA of 10 May 2005 on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances (OJ L 127, 20.5.2005, p.
) Sklep Sveta 2005/387/PNZ z dne 10. maja 2005 o izmenjavi podatkov, oceni tveganja in nadzoru nad novimi psihoaktivnimi snovmi (UL L 127, 20.5.2005, str. 32).) http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/new-drugs/early-warning
Annual report 2009: the state of the drugs problem in Europe
Poglavje 8: Nove droge in nastajajoči trendi
Psychoactive plants reported through the early-warning system
Psihoaktivne rastline, prijavljene prek sistema zgodnjega opozarjanja
Products of five psychoactive plants have been reported in recent years.
V zadnjih letih so bili prijavljeni proizvodi petih psihoaktivnih rastlin.
The species detected by the early-warning system are not under international control, but may be controlled by EU Member States.
Vrste, ki se odkrijejo s sistemom zgodnjega opozarjanja, niso mednarodno nadzorovane, vendar jih lahko nadzorujejo države članice EU.
doses, kratom has opioid-like effects, and has been used in traditional medicine to treat pain and opioid withdrawal.
Pri velikih odmerkih ima podobne učinke kot opioidi, v tradicionalni medicini pa se uporablja proti bolečinam in za zdravljenje odtegnitve od opioidov.
The main active principles of kratom are mitragynine, mitraphylline and 7-hydroxymitragynine; though mitragynine is probably responsible for kratom’s analgesic activity and for relieving the opioid withdrawal symptoms.
Glavne aktivne sestavine kratoma so mitraginin, mitrafilin in 7-hidroksimitraginin, čeprav je verjetno mitraginin odgovoren za analgetično delovanje kratoma in blažitev simptomov odtegnitve od opioidov.
The plant, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are controlled in Denmark, while Lithuania controls the plant and mitragynine.
Rastlina, mitraginin in 7-hidroksimitraginin se nadzorujejo na Danskem, v Litvi pa nadzorujejo rastlino in mitraginin.
Kava (Piper methysticum) is a shrub that has been used for centuries in the South Pacific Islands for ceremonial purposes.
Kava-kava (Piper methysticum) je grm, ki se že stoletja uporablja na otokih v južnem Tihem oceanu v obredne namene.
A tea brewed from the roots of the plant can be taken for its anti-anxiety and relaxant effects.
Čaj, skuhan iz korenin te rastline, se lahko pije za doseganje protianksioznih in sprostitvenih učinkov.
Concern has been growing that long-term use of kava can cause liver damage.
Obstaja vse večja zaskrbljenost, da lahko dolgotrajno uživanje kava-kave povzroči poškodbe jeter.
Neither the plant or its active principles (kavalactones) are reported to be controlled in any EU Member State.
Nobena država članica EU ne poroča o nadzoru te rastline ali njenih aktivnih sestavin (kavalaktonov).
Salvia divinorum is a perennial herb native to southern Mexico, where due to its hallucinogenic properties it is traditionally used for ceremonial purposes.
Salvia divinorum je trajnica, ki uspeva na jugu Mehike, kjer se zaradi halucinogenih lastnosti tradicionalno uporablja v obredne namene. Glavna aktivna sestavina, salvinorin-A, je močan kapa opioidni receptorski agonist.
Recreational modes of use of Salvia include chewing the leaves, and smoking or sublingual administration of concentrated extracts, which appear to produce intense effects.
Rekreativne oblike uživanja Salvie vključujejo žvečenje listov in kajenje ali sublingvalno uživanje koncentriranih izvlečkov, kar ima po vsem sodeč intenzivne učinke.
Ingestion of the leaves or seeds of the plant produces a longer-lasting, but less intense effect.
Zaužitje listov ali semen rastline ima daljši, vendar manj intenziven učinek.
Salvia divinorum or its active principles are controlled in six Member States and Croatia.
Salvia divinorum ali njene aktivne sestavine so nadzorovane v šestih državah članicah EU in na Hrvaškem.
Khat is comprised of leaves and fresh shoots of Catha edulis, a shrub cultivated in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
Khat vsebuje liste in sveže poganjke Catha edulis, grma, ki se goji v vzhodni Afriki in na Arabskem polotoku.
It is used as a mild stimulant by chewing the fresh vegetable matter.
Uporablja se kot blag stimulans z žvečenjem svežih rastlinskih delov.
The active components, cathinone and cathin, are close chemical relatives of synthetic drugs such as amphetamine and methcathinone, and are internationally controlled under the 1971 UN Convention.
Aktivni sestavini, katinon in katin, sta bližnji kemijski sorodnici sintetičnih drog, kot sta amfetamin in metkatinon, in se mednarodno nadzorujeta na podlagi Konvencije ZN iz leta 1971.
Catha edulis is controlled in 12 EU Member States.
Catha edulis se nadzoruje v 12 državah članicah EU.
The leaves can be chewed, smoked or brewed into a tea.
Listi tega drevesa se lahko žvečijo, kadijo
Its seeds contain the active principle d-lysergic acid amide (LSA, also known as d-lysergamide), a substance closely related to LSD, and can produce mild hallucinogenic effects.
Njena semena vsebujejo aktivno sestavino amid d-lisergične kisline (LSA, znan tudi pod imenom d-lisergamid), snov, ki je zelo podobna LSD in lahko povzroči blage halucinogene učinke.
LSA is controlled as a drug in Ireland and the United Kingdom.
LSA se kot droga nadzoruje na Irskem in v Združenem kraljestvu.
Following a report from Sweden, the early-warning system has been monitoring ‘spice’ products since the beginning of 2008.
Švedske, se proizvodi „spice“ s sistemom zgodnjega opozarjanja spremljajo vse od začetka leta 2008.
In experimental animals, JWH-018 produces the same effects as THC, and has been reported to be more potent.
Pri poskusih na živalih se je pokazalo, da ima JWH-018 enake učinke kot THC, bilo je pa tudi ugotovljeno, da je močnejši.
Early in 2009, a second synthetic cannabinoid, CP 47,497 (160), and three of its homologues were detected in ‘spice’ samples in Europe.
V začetku leta 2009 je bil v vzorcih „spice“ v Evropi opažen drug sintetični kanabinoid CP 47,497 (160) in tri njegove homologne spojine.
Packaging information on ‘spice’ products indicates that they are composed of as many as 14 ingredients of plant origin.
V informacijah o sestavi na embalaži proizvodov „spice“ je navedeno, da vsebujejo kar 14 sestavin rastlinskega izvora.
While at least two of the ingredients — Pedicularis densiflora and Leonotis leonurus — may have some psychoactive effect, little is known about the pharmacology and toxicology of the plant materials purportedly contained in ‘spice’ products.
Medtem ko imata lahko vsaj dve sestavini – Pedicularis densiflora in Leonotis leonurus – nekaj psihoaktivnega učinka, so farmakološke in toksikološke lastnosti rastlinskih snovi, ki jih domnevno vsebujejo proizvodi „spice“, slabo znane.
Thus, no definite statements can be made as to the potential health risks or possible psychoactive effects of these products.
Tako ni mogoče trditi nič določnega o morebitnih zdravstvenih tveganjih ali psihoaktivnih učinkih teh proizvodov.
Synthetic ingredients are not mentioned in the product information.
V podatkih o proizvodu ni navedena nobena sintetična sestavina.
The substances JWH-018 and CP 47,497 and its homologues are not known to have been widely used as psychoactive drugs, in their own rights.
Snovi JWH-018 ter CP 47,497 in njihove homologne spojine same po sebi niso znane po tem, da bi jih široko uporabljali kot psihoaktivne droge.
Therefore, it is still to be established if a specific demand for these particular substances exists, and if there is a need for further action as stipulated by Council Decision 2005/387/JHA.
Zato je še vedno treba ugotoviti, ali obstaja posebno povpraševanje po teh snoveh in ali je treba nadalje ukrepati, kot je predvideno v Sklepu Sveta 2005/387/PNZ.
Responding to potential health concerns, five Member States have taken diverse legal actions to ban or
Francija je šest sintetičnih kanabinoidov, ki so jih odkrili v proizvodih
Chapter 8: New drugs and emerging trends
Letno poročilo 2009: stanje na področju problematike drog v Evropi
National risk assessment procedures possibility of offering for sale alternatives to controlled drugs to a large public.
Nacionalni postopki ocene tveganja tveganja, povezana s snovmi, ki so naprodaj.
The online marketplace has implications for the potential spread of new psychoactive substances, and monitoring it is an increasingly important element of identifying new drug trends.
Informacije o novih proizvodih potrebujejo tako uporabniki kot strokovnjaki, kamor sodijo tudi klinični toksikologi, strokovnjaki za nadzor strupov in vsi, ki se poklicno ukvarjajo z drogami.
In particular, it is necessary to focus on the risks associated with the substances offered for sale.
Iz kod posameznih držav v domenskem imenu in drugih informacij na spletnih straneh je razvidno, da se spletne trgovine nahajajo v 17 evropskih državah.
Information about new products is needed by both the users and professionals, including clinical toxicologists, poison control specialists and those working in the drugs field.
Večina ugotovljenih spletnih prodajalcev na drobno je bila v Združenem kraljestvu (37 %), Nemčiji (15 %), na Nizozemskem (14 %) in v Romuniji (7 %).
In 2008, the EMCDDA conducted a study of the different national legal procedures involved in putting new substances under the control of the drugs legislation, the time taken for such a procedure, and whether any national risk assessment procedure would be involved.
Center je leta 2008 opravil študijo o različnih nacionalnih pravnih postopkih, ki se uporabljajo za uvedbo nadzora nad novimi snovmi po zakonodaji o drogah, času, potrebnem za tak postopek, in morebitni izvedbi nacionalnega postopka za oceno tveganja.
Across the 26 countries studied, three distinct approaches to risk assessment are apparent.
V 26 državah, ki so bile vključene v študijo, se kažejo trije različni pristopi k oceni tveganja.
In six countries, national risk assessment is not carried out.
Nacionalna ocena tveganja se ne opravlja v šestih državah.
Generally, these countries rely on risk assessments carried out at international or European level.
Na splošno se te države zanašajo na ocene tveganja, ki se opravljajo na mednarodni ali evropski ravni.
In seven countries, national risk assessment may be carried out on an ad-hoc basis, when necessary.
V sedmih državah se nacionalna ocena tveganja opravlja priložnostno, ko je to potrebno.
And, in 13 countries, a form of risk assessment will be undertaken when considering whether to control a substance, either mandated by the drug law or equivalent or as part of the required procedure for proposing any new legislation.
V 13 državah pa se pri odločanju, ali je treba neko snov nadzorovati – bodisi v skladu z določbami zakonodaje na področju drog ali enakovredne zakonodaje, ali v okviru postopka, ki se zahteva pri novih zakonskih predlogih – izvede neka oblika ocene tveganja.
To identify current developments in the online drug market, the EMCDDA conducts an annual snapshot study. In 2009, a total of 115 online shops were surveyed.
V nasprotju z letom 2008 ni v letu 2009 nobena od spletnih trgovin, zajetih v raziskavi, ponujala halucinogenih gob z vsebnostjo psilocina in psilocibina.
Based on the country code domains and other information on the websites, these online shops appear to be located in 17 European countries. The majority of online retailers identified were based in the United Kingdom (37 %), Germany (15 %), Netherlands (14 %) and Romania (7 %).
Štirje spletni prodajalci na drobno iz Francije in Nizozemske pa so ponujali scelerotio – strjen micelij halucinogenih gob Psilocybe mexicana in Psilocybe tampanensis.
The levels of harm detected will not affect the speed of the legislative procedure in 12 of the 20 countries that may carry out their own risk assessments.
Stopnje ugotovljene škode ne vplivajo na hitrost zakonodajnega postopka v 12 od 20 držav, ki lahko opravljajo svoje ocene tveganja.
Four countries (Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Sweden) may switch to a fast-track legislative procedure if the levels of risk are judged high.
Štiri države (Nemčija, Luksemburg, Slovaška, Švedska) lahko uporabijo hitri zakonodajni postopek, če so stopnje tveganja visoke.
In France, Austria and Norway, cases of urgency will lead to a shortened duration for the risk assessment itself.
V Franciji, Avstriji in na Norveškem samo oceno tveganja v nujnih primerih izvedejo hitreje.
In the Netherlands, both possibilities are available.
Na Nizozemskem sta na voljo obe možnosti.
Hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocin and psilocybin were not offered for sale in any of the online shops surveyed in 2009, unlike 2008.
Med novo prodajanimi proizvodi v letu 2009 je vrsta zeliščnih proizvodov za kajenje in „tabletke za zabavo“, ki vsebujejo nove zakonite alternative za benzilpiperazin (BZP).
However, four online retailers based in France and the Netherlands offered scelerotia — the hardened mycelium of the hallucinogenic mushrooms Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe tampanensis.
Več je bilo tudi proizvodov za njuhanje ali zeliščnih praškov.
In 16 countries, national risk assessments are carried out by a group of experts within the public administration, either a competent ministry or a state or governmental agency.
V 16 državah nacionalne ocene tveganja opravlja skupina strokovnjakov v okviru javne uprave, bodisi pristojnega ministrstva ali državne oziroma vladne agencije.
Six countries do or might provide for the possibility of consultation with independent scientists, if a need is perceived.
Šest držav ponuja ali lahko ponudi možnost posvetovanja z neodvisnimi znanstveniki, če je to potrebno.
And, in three countries (Netherlands, Austria, United Kingdom), risk assessment is performed by independent scientific bodies.
V treh državah (Nizozemska, Avstrija, Združeno kraljestvo) pa oceno tveganja opravljajo neodvisni znanstveni organi.
See ELDD Legal reports for further information (http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu).
Za več informacij glej pravna poročila ELDD (http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu).
‘Spice’ products (161) were offered for sale by 48 % of the retailers surveyed.
Proizvode „spice“ (161) je ponujalo 48 % trgovcev na drobno, zajetih v študijo.
While the online shops selling ‘spice’ were based in 14 different European countries, more than two fifths of these shops were located in the United Kingdom (42 %), with significant numbers also in Ireland, Latvia and Romania.
Spletne trgovine, ki so prodajale „spice“, so imele sedež v štirinajstih evropskih državah, vendar sta bili več kot dve petini teh trgovin v Združenem kraljestvu (42 %), precej jih je bilo tudi na Irskem, v Latviji in Romuniji.
Concern about ‘spice’ products has led to a number of countries taking legal action to ban or otherwise control these substances.
Zaradi pomislekov o proizvodih „spice“ je vrsta držav sprejela zakonske ukrepe za prepoved teh snovi ali drugačno obliko nadzora nad njimi.
By March 2009, ‘spice’ products had been withdrawn from online shops based in Germany, Austria and France.
Tako so bili do marca 2009 proizvodi „spice“ umaknjeni iz spletnih trgovin v Nemčiji, Avstriji in Franciji.
Austria used its medicines act to prohibit smoking mixes containing six synthetic cannabinoids from being imported or marketed in the country. Luxembourg decided to control various synthetic cannabinoids as psychotropic substances.
Avstrija je z zakonom o zdravilih prepovedala uvoz in trženje mešanice za kajenje, ki vsebujejo šest sintetičnih kanabinoidov, Luksemburg se je odločil za nadzor nad različnimi sintetičnimi kanabinoidi kot psihotropnimi snovmi.
Poland amended the narcotic law, placing under control JWH-018 and two of the claimed herbal ingredients of ‘spice’.
Poljska je spremenila zakon o narkotikih in pod nadzor uvrstila JWH-018 in dve domnevno rastlinski sestavini v „spicu“.
Internet: a marketplace for psychoactive substances
Svetovni splet: trg za psihoaktivne snovi
The Internet has emerged as a new marketplace for psychoactive substances, providing retailers with the
Svetovni splet je postal nov trg psihoaktivnih snovi, trgovcem na drobno daje možnost, da širokemu krogu ljudi ponujajo alternative za nadzorovane droge.
In 2009, alternative smoking blends to ‘spice’ started to appear on the online marketplace.
V letu 2009 so se na spletnem trgu namesto „spice“ začele pojavljati alternativne mešanice za kajenje.
The retailers surveyed offered for sale at least 27 different herbal smoking blends as alternatives to ‘spice’.
Trgovci na drobno, zajeti v raziskavo, so ponujali najmanj 27 različnih zeliščnih mešanic za kajenje kot alternativo za „spice“.
These products are advertised as containing plant-based ingredients, though some also contain the hallucinogenic mushroom Amanita muscaria.
Te proizvode oglašujejo, kot da vsebujejo sestavine na rastlinski osnovi, čeprav nekateri vsebujejo tudi halucinogeno gobo Amanita muscaria.
The ‘spice’ alternatives offered for sale in Austria and Germany include several herbal smoking blends that are
Alternative za „spice“, ki so naprodaj v Avstriji in Nemčiji, zajemajo več zeliščnih mešanic za kajenje, ki se prodajajo kot „osvežilci prostorov“ ali kadila.
) See ‘‘Spice’ products and related synthetic cannabinoids’ p. 92.
) Glej „Proizvodi ,spice’ in z njimi povezani sintetični kanabinoidi“, str. 92.
Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (162).
Poglavje 8: Nove droge in nastajajoči trendi ukrepa, vendar najpozneje eno leto po datumu sprejetja sklepa.
17 Member States (163) have reported that they have controlled BZP.
Ob pripravi tega poročila je sedemnajst držav članic (163) sporočilo, da nadzorujejo BZP.
Since BZP became subject to control measures in EU Member States, this substance may no longer be used in ‘party pills’ sold as legal alternatives to ecstasy.
Ker so države članice EU uvedle kontrolne ukrepe za BZP, te snovi ni več mogoče uporabljati v „tabletkah za zabavo“, ki se prodajajo kot zakonita alternativa za ekstazi.
At the beginning of 2009, many online retailers were offering BZP-free ‘party pills’.
V začetku leta 2009 je veliko spletnih trgovcev na drobno ponujalo „tabletke za zabavo“ brez BZP.
For example, online shops based in Ireland, Poland and the United Kingdom were offering ‘retro pills’, which are purported to contain 1-(4-fluorophenyl) piperazine (pFPP), a substance described as having mild hallucinogenic and strong euphoric effects.
Tako so na primer spletne trgovine na Irskem, Poljskem in v Združenem kraljestvu ponujale „retro tabletke“, ki naj bi vsebovale 1-(4-fluorofenil) piperazin (pFPP), snov, ki naj bi po opisih imela blage halucinogene in močne evforične učinke.
In Europe, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and ketamine have been under surveillance since 2000, when a risk assessment of both of these substances was conducted under the terms of the 1997 joint action on new synthetic drugs (EMCDDA, 2002).
V Evropi sta gama hidroksibutirična kislina (GHB) in ketamin pod nadzorom od leta 2000, ko je bila izvedena ocena tveganja obeh snovi v skladu s pogoji skupnega ukrepa o novih sintetičnih drogah iz leta 1997 (EMCDDA, 2002).
Snuff products are marketed as an alternative to controlled drugs such as cocaine or amphetamines.
Proizvodi za njuhanje se tržijo kot alternativa za nadzorovane droge, kot so kokain ali amfetamini.
The products are purported to contain caffeine and a range of other plant-based ingredients such as Acorus calamus, Hydrastis canadensis and Tilia europea.
Domnevno vsebujejo kofein in vrsto drugih sestavin rastlinskega izvora, kot so Acorus calamus, Hydrastis canadensis in Tilia europea.
Follow-up on substances
Spremljanje posameznih snovi
Few countries report prevalence data on GHB and ketamine, and the prevalence estimates that are reported remain at much lower levels than for other illicit drugs. Changes in the situation are difficult to assess due to prevalence data being obtained from non-probabilistic samples with limited comparability over time and between samples.
Leta 2007 je bilo v poročilu o aktivnem spremljanju mCPP (1-(3-klorofenil) piperazina), ki sta ga pripravila Center in Europol, ugotovljeno, da snov ni posebno zanimiva za uživalce in da se verjetno ne bo uveljavila kot samostojna sprostitvena droga.
The Dutch ‘Trendwatch’ study reported a slight increase in the use of GHB in specific networks and regions in the Netherlands in 2007, but both GHB and ketamine are used less often than other party drugs and mostly in hidden populations, at home and at parties.
Vseeno pa je bil v letu 2007 mCPP še vedno najširše dostopna nova sintetična droga na trgu nezakonitih drog, pojavljal se je samostojno ali v kombinaciji z MDMA.
In contrast to increases reported in previous years, the latest statistics on medical emergencies related to GHB in Amsterdam indicate a marked decline, from 444 cases in 2006 to 110 in 2007.
To potrjujejo tako poročila o številu zasegov kot o količini zaseženega gradiva, ki sta jih prejela Center in Europol.
A study carried out at a London hospital reported 58 emergencies related to ketamine use in 2006, and the same number in 2007.
Še vedno ni jasno, ali se snov uporablja za okrepitev ali posnemanje nekaterih učinkov MDMA ali zgolj kot „ponaredek“.
In most of the ketamine-related presentations, the drug was co-ingested with other drugs, with only 11 % involving ketamine on its own, and none of these required admission to critical care (Wood et al., 2008).
Ker pa mCPP v večini držav članic ni nadzorovana snov, je mogoče, da poročila ne zajemajo vseh zasegov.
In 2007, the EMCDDA–Europol active monitoring report on mCPP (1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine) concluded that it has no particular appeal to users and seems unlikely to establish itself as a recreational drug in its own right.
O razširjenosti GHB in ketamina poroča malo držav, poleg tega ocene o razširjenosti, ki jih sporočajo, ostajajo na precej nižjih ravneh kot pri drugih nezakonitih drogah.
In 2008, however, mCPP continued to be the most widely available new synthetic drug on the illicit drug market, encountered alone or in combination with MDMA.
Težko je ocenjevati spremembe položaja, saj podatki o razširjenosti prihajajo iz neverodostojnih virov, ki omogočajo zgolj omejene časovne primerjave in primerjave vzorcev.