natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Preventive audiometric testing shall also be available for workers whose exposure exceeds the lower exposure action values, where the assessment and measurement provided for in Article 4(1) indicate a risk to health.
Preventivni avdiometrični preizkus je na voljo tudi delavcem, pri katerih izpostavljenost presega spodnjo opozorilno vrednost izpostavljenosti, kjer ocena in meritve, predvidene v členu 4(1), pokažejo tveganje za zdravje.
The objectives of these checks are to provide early diagnosis of any loss of hearing due to noise, and to preserve the hearing function.
Rezultati ocene in merjenja hrupa in drugih dejavnikov lahko opozorijo na s sluhom povezano tveganje (člen 10 Direktive 2003/10/ES).
Workers must have appropriate health surveillance at all times.
Cilj teh pregledov je zgodnje diagnosticiranje kakršne koli izgube sluha zaradi hrupa in ohranitev sluha.
Results of assessing and measuring noise and other factors may signal a hearing risk (Article 10 of Directive 2003/10/EC).
•Pregledi sluha morajo biti zagotovljeni delavcem, ki so izpostavljeni vrednostim, ki presegajo zgornjo opozorilno vrednost izpostavljenosti [85 dB(A)]. •Preglede sluha opravlja zdravnik ali druga primerno usposobljena oseba, za katero je odgovoren zdravnik. •Preventivni avdiometrični preizkusi so na voljo delavcem, katerih izpostavljenost hrupu presega spodnje opozorilne vrednosti izpostavljenosti [80 dB(A)], za zagotovitev zgodnje diagnoze izgube sluha zaradi hrupa. •Cilj teh pregledov je zgodnje diagnosticiranje kakršne koli izgube sluha zaradi hrupa in ohranitev sluha.
Member States shall establish arrangements to ensure that, for each worker who undergoes surveillance in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2, individual health records are made and kept up to date.
Države članice vzpostavijo ureditev, s katero zagotovijo, da se za vsakega delavca, pregledanega v skladu z odstavkoma 1 in 2, sestavi osebna zdravstvena dokumentacija, ki se sproti dopolnjuje.
Health records shall contain a summary of the results of the health surveillance carried out.
V zdravstveni dokumentaciji je povzetek rezultatov opravljenega zdravstvenega nadzora.
They shall be kept in a suitable form so as to permit any consultation at a later date, taking into account any confidentiality.
Hrani se v primerni obliki, ki omogoča poznejše posvetovanje, ob upoštevanju tajnosti.
Copies of the appropriate records shall be supplied to the competent authority on request.
Kopije ustrezne dokumentacije je treba na njihovo zahtevo predložiti pristojnim organom.
The individual worker shall, at his or her request, have access to the health records relating to him or her personally.
Posamezen delavec ima na lastno zahtevo pravico vpogleda v zdravstveno dokumentacijo, ki se nanaša nanj osebno.
Where, as a result of surveillance of the hearing function, a worker is found to have identifiable hearing damage, a doctor, or a specialist if the doctor considers it necessary, shall assess whether the
Kadar se pri zdravstvenem nadzoru sluha ugotovi, da je delavčev sluh okvarjen, zdravnik ali specialist, če zdravnik sodi, da je to potrebno, oceni, ali je okvara lahko posledica izpostavljenosti hrupu pri delu.
Health surveillance shall include keeping individual health records (according to national law and/or practice), which:
V tem primeru: (a) zdravnik ali druga primerno usposobljena oseba
Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003, on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise), O.J. n° L 42 of 15.02.2003, page 38.
Direktiva 2003/10/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 6. februarja 2003 o minimalnih zahtevah za varnost in zdravje v zvezi z izpostavljenostjo delavcev fizikalnim dejavnikom (hrup), UL L 42, 15.2.2003, str. 38.
89/391/EEC Council Directive of 12 June 1989, on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, O.J. n° L 183 of 29.06.1989, page 1.
Direktiva Sveta 89/391/EGS z dne 12. junija 1989 o uvajanju ukrepov za spodbujanje izboljšav varnosti in zdravja delavcev pri delu, UL L 183, 29.6.1989, str. 1.
•Are accessible to the individual worker, to whom they relate personally.
Okvara sluha se ugotavlja:
Hearing damage shall be identified:
Notranje uho (polž)
•A medical doctor or another qualified person specified by the doctor shall assess whether hearing damage is likely to be caused by exposure to noise at work.
•Zdravnik ali druga usposobljena oseba, ki jo določi zdravnik, oceni, ali je okvara sluha posledica izpostavljenosti hrupu pri delu.
If this is indeed the case:–A medical doctor or another qualified person shall inform the worker of the result relating personally to him/her.–The employer must advise the worker of suitable preventive measures.
Če je tako: –zdravnik ali druga usposobljena oseba delavca obvesti o rezultatu, ki se nanaša nanj osebno; –mora delodajalec delavcu predlagati ustrezne preventivne ukrepe.
Employer’s duties in the event of hearing damage caused by exposure to noise at work
Dolžnosti delodajalca v primeru okvare sluha, ki je posledica izpostavljenosti hrupu pri delu
The employer is required to:
Delodajalec mora:
The outer ear is the part of the ear, which is commonly known as ‘the ear’.
Zunanje uho je del ušesa, ki je splošno znan kot „uho“.
The outer ear consists of flaps of skin and cartilage forming the auricle (pinna), the ear canal and the eardrum.
Zunanje uho je sestavljeno iz kože in hrustanca, ki tvorita uhelj (ang. pinna), ušesni kanal in bobnič.
•The pinna collects and modifies incoming sound, which is important for perceiving the distance and direction of the sound source.•The ear canal is an irregular cylinder, about 25 mm long and 7 mm wide, which conveys sound to the eardrum.
•Uhelj zbira in spreminja prihajajoči zvok, kar je pomembno za dojemanje razdalje in smeri vira zvoka. •Ušesni kanal je nepravilen valj, dolg približno 25 mm in širok 7 mm, ki prenese zvok do bobniča.
The ear canal operates as a resonator for frequencies in the 2000 to 5000 Hz range by amplifying the sound vibration by 10 to 15 dB.
Ušesni kanal deluje kot resonator za frekvence med 2 000 in 5 000 Hz, ki poveča vibracijo zvoka za 10 do 15 dB.
This means that the ear is most sensitive to high frequencies and is therefore very susceptible to damage from noise in the high-frequency range.
To pomeni, da je uho najbolj občutljivo na visoke frekvence in je zato dovzetno za poškodbe zaradi hrupa pri visokih frekvencah.
The middle ear
Srednje uho
•Review the risk assessment concerning noise exposure.•Review measures for eliminating or reducing exposure risks and other factors detrimental to hearing.•Implement measures necessary for eliminating or reducing risk, giving due consideration to the advice of an occupational healthcare professional or another suitably qualified person or competent authority. This includes the possibility of assigning the worker to alternative work, in which there is no risk of further exposure.•Organise systematic health surveillance and undertake a review of the health status of any worker, who has been similarly exposed.•Pay special attention to reducing the exposure risk of sensitive population groups such as pregnant women or young employees.•All actions must be implemented in accordance with national law and/or practice.
•ponovno pregledati oceno tveganja glede izpostavljenosti hrupu; •ponovno preveriti ukrepe za odstranitev ali zmanjšanje tveganj izpostavljenosti in drugih dejavnikov, ki škodujejo sluhu;•uvesti ukrepe, ki so potrebni za odstranitev ali zmanjšanje tveganja, ustrezno upoštevati nasvet zdravnika medicine dela ali druge ustrezno usposobljene osebe ali pristojnega organa; to vključuje možnost, da se delavcu dodeli drugo delo, pri katerem ni tveganja nadaljnje izpostavljenosti; •urediti sistematski zdravstveni nadzor in zagotoviti, da se presodi zdravstveno stanje vseh drugih delavcev, ki so bili podobno izpostavljeni;•nameniti posebno pozornost zmanjševanju tveganja izpostavljenosti za občutljive skupine prebivalstva, kot so nosečnice ali mladi zaposleni;•izvesti vse ukrepe v skladu z nacionalno zakonodajo in/ali prasko.
The outer ear terminates at the eardrum, which forms the beginning of the middle ear.
Zunanje uho se konča pri bobniču, ki tvori začetek srednjega ušesa.
The middle ear comprises a sequence of three small bones – the hammer, anvil and stirrup.
Srednje uho je sestavljeno iz treh drobnih slušnih koščic – kladivca, nakovalca in stremenca.
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN EAR
ZGRADBA ČLOVEŠKEGA UŠESA
The ear, an organ of the body enabling people to hear sounds, is extremely important for verbal communication in social interaction. The ear is divided into three major parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.
Uho,telesniorgan, kiomogoča slušnozazna-vanje zvokov, je izjemno pomemben za govorno sporazumevanjevsocialniinterakciji.Uhoje razdeljeno na tri večje dele: na zunanje, srednje in notranje uho.
•The hammer pushes the anvil, which in turn pushes the stirrup to convert eardrum vibration into vibration of inner ear fluids.•The middle ear acts as a sound amplifier.
•Kladivce pritiska na nakovalce, ki nato postopoma pritiska na stremence in pretvarja vibracije bobniča v vibracije tekočin notranjega ušesa. •Srednje uho deluje kot ojačevalec zvoka.
Vibration of the eardrum is very delicate and for high frequency soft sounds, eardrum movement is less that the diameter of a hydrogen molecule.
Vibracija bobniča je zelo rahla in pri mehkih zvokih z visoko frekvenco je gibanje bobniča manjše od premera molekule vodika.
The middle ear amplifies sound by about 20 to 30 dB mainly by modifying the area between the eardrum and the stirrup footplate.
Srednje uho ojača zvok za približno 20 do 30 dB predvsem s spreminjanjem območja med bobničem in ploščico stremenca.
Without the middle ear, over 99 % of acoustic energy would be reflected and unavailable for hearing sound.
Brez srednjega ušesa bi se več kot 99 % akustične energije odbilo in je ne bi bilo mogoče slišati.
Figure 7.3 Structures of the inner ear
Slika 7.3 Zgradba notranjega ušesa
Displacement of hair cell stereocilia is very small – at the threshold of hearing (0 dB SPL), the movement is as little as 106 µm, while at the highest levels (approximately
(0 dB SPL) je gibanje komaj 106 μm, pri najvišji ravni
•The second role of the middle ear is to protect the hearing system from loud sounds.
•Druga vloga srednjega ušesa je zaščititi slušni sistem pred glasnim zvokom.
Middle ear muscles twist the bones and limit the vibration force transferred to the inner ear, when the sound level exceeds 80 – 87 dB.
Mišice srednjega ušesa obračajo koščice in omejujejo silo vibracije, ki je prenesena na notranje uho, ko raven zvoka preseže 80–87 dB.
This effect, called the acoustic reflex, protects the hearing system against loud sounds of slowly increasing intensity only for a short time.
Ta pojav, imenovan akustični refleks, varuje slušni sistem pred glasnim zvokom počasi naraščajoče intenzivnosti le za kratek čas.
The acoustic reflex does not intervene effectively for impulsive noise such as gunfire.
Akustični refleks ni učinkovit pri impulzivnem hrupu, npr. strelu.
The inner ear
Notranje uho
The inner ear, also called the cochlea, is the actual sound receptor and analyser.
Notranje uho, ki ga imenujemo tudi polž, je dejanski sprejemnik zvoka in analizator. Ta organ ni nič večji od konice prsta, njegova zgradba pa je tako občutljiva, da je to prvi del ušesa, ki ga hrup poškoduje.
•Progression of vibration along the inner ear in response to acoustic waves allows us to hear different frequencies, represented by different pitches.•Fluid vibration in the inner ear sets up a travelling wave, which shakes different groups of hair cells and excites different groups of neurons, depending on the sound frequency.
•Zaradi napredovanja vibracije vzdolž notranjega ušesa kot odziv na akustične valove lahko slišimo različne frekvence, ki jih predstavljajo različne višine tonov. •Vibracija tekočine v notranjem ušesu povzroči potovalni val, ki strese različne skupine lasnih celic in vzdraži različne skupine nevronov, odvisno od frekvence zvoka.
A close relationship exists between frequency and distance within the cochlea, at which excitation is observed.•The inner ear behaves as a mechanoneural acoustic frequency analyser.
Obstaja tesna povezava med frekvenco in razdaljo v notranjem ušesu, na kateri je opazno vzdraženje. •Notranje uho se obnaša kot mehanski živčni analizator akustične frekvence.
Hearing loss at a given frequency is therefore associated with hair cell damage in specific parts of the cochlea.
Izguba sluha pri določeni frekvenci je zato povezana s poškodbo lasne celice v določenih delih notranjega ušesa.
•Over 28,000 hair cells spaced along the cochlear duct are responsible for initiating neural impulses in response to the vibration generated by sound.
•Več kot 28 000 lasnih celic – dlačnic, razporejenih po polževem vodu, je odgovornih za sprožitev živčnih impulzov kot odgovor na vibracijo, ki jo je ustvaril zvok.
These cells are of two types: inner hair cells and outer hair cells, which differ in their shape and function.
Te celice so dveh vrst: notranje in zunanje, ki se razlikujejo po obliki in funkciji.
The terms inner and outer hair cell refer to the cell position, which is nearer to the centre of cochlear turn for inner hair cells and is further from the centre of cochlear turn for outer hair cells.•About 30 to 60 hairs, called stereocilia, project from the top of each inner hair cell and about 100 to 160 stereocilia project from the top of each outer hair cell.
Izraza notranje in zunanje lasne celice – dlačnice se nanašata na položaj celic; notranje dlačnice so bližje središču polževega voda, zunanje dlačnice pa so bolj oddaljene od središča polževega voda. •Okoli 30 do 60 dlačnic, imenovanih stereocilije, štrli z vrha vsake notranje lasne celice, okoli 100 do 160 stereocilij pa štrli z vrha vsake zunanje lasne celice.
Their shearing motion gives rise to neuron discharge.•About 31,000 neurons contribute to transferring neural spikes to and from the brain along the auditory nerve.
Njihovo gibanje povzroči sprožitev nevronov. •Okoli 31 000 nevronov pripomore k prenosu živčnih končičev do in od možganov vzdolž slušnega živca.
The ear is so accurate as a frequency analyser that, at 1000 Hz, we can differentiate sound pitches differing by only 0.1 Hz.
Uho je kot analizator frekvence tako natančno, da pri 1 000 Hz razločimo višine zvoka, ki se razlikujejo za samo 0,1 Hz.
EXAMPLES OF DAMAGE TO HEARING SYSTEM
PRIMERI OKVAR SLUŠNEGA SISTEMA
Exposure of the ear to high-level noise causes excessive stimulation of hearing cells, which in turn damages their structures.
Izpostavljenost ušesa hrupu visokih ravni povzroča pretirano stimulacijo slušnih celic, kar postopoma poškoduje njihovo zgradbo.
At sound levels exceeding 87 – 100 dB, hearing cell hairs suffer from fatigue or may break.
Pri ravneh zvoka, ki presegajo 87–100 dB, se dlačnice slušnih celic utrudijo ali celo poškodujejo.
Major biochemical and physiological changes occur, but these are reversible to some degree.
Slišni prag se začne dvigati, ko raven hrupa preseže 80 dB. Preden si uho opomore, preteče več deset minut ali celo ur.
•Changes become permanent after prolonged exposure to noise at levels exceeding 80 dB (A) or sudden exposure to very high-level noise exceeding 120 dB.
•Spremembe postanejo trajne po dolgi izpostavljenosti hrupu na ravneh, ki presegajo 80 db(A), ali pri nenadni izpostavljenosti hrupu zelo visoke ravni, ki presega 120 dB.
Damage to hair cells may kill them.
Poškodba lasnih celic jih lahko uniči.
Hair cell damage in a specific region of the inner ear is associated with loss of sensitivity to the sound frequencies received by this region of the ear.
Poškodba lasnih celic v določenem delu notranjega ušesa je povezana z izgubo občutljivosti na zvočne frekvence, ki jih sprejema ta del ušesa.
Partial damage to hearing cells leads to the death of hair cells in various parts of the inner ear.
Delna poškodba slušnih celic vodi do odmiranja lasnih celic v različnih delih notranjega ušesa.
This process is very dangerous because a destroyed cell may cause destruction and death of the neighbouring cells due to inflammation.
Ta proces je zelo nevaren, saj lahko uničena celica povzroči tudi uničenje in odmiranje sosednjih celic zaradi vnetja.
Figure 7.5 Undamaged control hair cells (above) and hair cells (below) damaged due to exposure to high sound level.
Slika 7.5 Nepoškodovane kontrolne lasne celice (zgoraj) in lasne celice (spodaj), ki so poškodovane zaradi izpostavljenosti visokim ravnem zvoka.
The first row of outer hair cells is more seriously damaged than the second row.
Prva vrsta zunanjih lasnih celic je bolj poškodovana kot druga vrsta. Stereocilije so poškodovane. Foto © INRS
The combined effect of ototoxic chemicals and noise exposure is particularly damaging to hearing.
•Kemikalije, kot so toluen, stiren, trikloetilen, etilbenzen, vodikov cianid in ogljikov monoksid, delujejo v sinergiji s hrupom; povečajo škodljiv vpliv hrupa na slušni sistem. Kaže, da izpostavljenost mešanicam topil okrepi škodljiv učinek na slušni sistem.
The presence of chemicals causes an abnormal condition of the inner ear, making it especially vulnerable to noise-related mechanical damage.
Veliko proizvodnih industrij (zlasti prehrambena, kemična, gumarska, plastična itd.), trgovina, storitve, prevozništvo, gradbeništvo
•Chemicals such as toluene, styrene, trichlorethylene, ethyl benzene, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide interact synergistically with noise; they augment the damaging effect of noise on the hearing system.
•Ljudje, ki jemljejo zdravila, za katera je znano, da imajo škodljiv vpliv na sluh, ne smejo biti izpostavljeni hrupu. Zdravila, ki vplivajo na sluh, so nekateri antibiotiki, zdravila za zdravljenje raka, diuretiki in kinin.
Exposure to solvent mixtures appears to potentiate the damaging effect on the auditory system.
Izločevanje, galvanizacija, kemična, jeklarska, kovinska, proizvodnja (sintetična vlakna, plastika, barve, pigmenti, najlon)
The use of some medicines may also produce ototoxic effects.
Rudarska, električna
•People taking medicines known to have a detrimental effect on hearing shall not be exposed to noise.
Prevozništvo (motorji z notranjim izgorevanjem), gasilstvo, jeklarstvo, kovinarstvo, celuloza in papir
Medicines affecting hearing include certain antibiotics, cancer treatment drugs, diuretics and quinines.
Znanstvene študije kažejo, da tako lokalne vibracije dlan-roka kot tudi vibracije celotnega telesa povzročajo vzajemno delovanje s hrupom.
Medicines and noise have no proven combined synergetic effect on hearing, although the individual effects of many medicines on hearing is well documented.
Da bi zagotovila preprečevalne ukrepe, je Direktiva „o vibracijah“ 2002/44/ES41določila mejne vrednosti in opozorilne vrednosti [za določitev povezav med količino in odzivom so potrebne še dodatne raziskave].
Figure 7.6 Undamaged control cells (above) and hair cells (below) damaged due to exposure to solvents (toluene).
Slika 7.6 Nepoškodovane kontrolne celice (zgoraj) in lasne celice (spodaj), ki so poškodovane zaradi izpostavljenosti topilom (toluenu).
The third row of outer cells is more damaged than the second row.
Tretja vrsta zunanjih celic je bolj poškodovana kot druga vrsta.
Stereocilia look the same as in their initial state. Photo null
Stereocilije izgledajo enako kot v začetnem stanju. Foto © INRS
Increase in loudness sensitivity
Povečanje občutljivosti za glasnost
Provision for health surveillance based on interaction between noise and workrelated ototoxic substances and vibration
Zagotavljanje zdravstvenega nadzora na podlagi vzajemnega delovanja hrupa ter z delom povezanih ototoksičnih snovi in vibracij
•Threshold elevation causes abnormal growth in the feeling of sound loudness.
•Dvig praga slišnosti povzroči neobičajno povečanje občutljivosti za glasnost zvoka.
A person with normal hearing experiences loudness over a wide range (90 dB) of sound levels.
Oseba z normalnim sluhom občuti glasnost skozi širok razpon (90 dB) ravni zvoka. Zvok je pri 10 dB SPL komajda slišen, pri 100 dB SPL pa je neprijetno glasen.
For a 50 dB hearing loss, this range will decrease to approximately 40 dB.
Pri izgubi sluha 50 dB se ta razpon zmanjša na približno 40 dB.
In this case, 60 dB SPL sound is barely audible, but is unpleasantly loud at 100 dB as in the case of normal hearing.
V tem primeru je zvok pri 60 dB SPL komajda slišen, vendar pa je pri 100 dB neprijetno glasen, kot v primeru normalnega sluha.
To ensure prevention measures despite insufficient scientific knowledge of dose-response relations, some experts advise lowering health surveillance (audiometric tests) action values in the case of combined exposure to noise and ototoxic substances or to noise and vibration.
Za zagotovitev preprečevalnih ukrepov nekateri strokovnjaki kljub nezadostnemu strokovnemu znanju glede povezave med količino in odzivom svetujejo zniževanje opozorilnih vrednosti zdravstvenega nadzora (avdiometrični preizkusi) v primeru skupne izpostavljenosti hrupu in ototoksičnim snovem ali hrupu in vibracijam.
EFFECTS OF HEARING SYSTEM DAMAGE
UČINKI OKVARE SLUŠNEGA SISTEMA
It also causes a major distortion in music perception.
Zmanjšanje frekvenčne selektivnosti
Consequences of damage to the inner ear are numerous.
Posledice okvare notranjega ušesa so številne.
Elevation of hearing threshold
Dvig praga slišnosti
•Hearing loss can cause a decrease in frequency selectivity – the ability to distinguish sounds of different frequencies.
•Izguba sluha lahko povzroči zmanjšanje frekvenčne selektivnosti – sposobnosti razločevanja zvokov z različnimi frekvencami.
A normal ear behaves like a well-tuned frequency-receiver of different frequency sounds.
Normalno uho se obnaša kot dobro uglašen frekvenčni sprejemnik različnih frekvenčnih zvokov.
Loss of frequency selectivity means that sounds or parts of sounds at various frequencies are mixed up.
Izguba frekvenčne selektivnosti pomeni, da so zvoki ali deli zvokov na različnih frekvencah pomešani.
The sounds mask each other even when their frequency is very different.
Zvoki se med seboj prekrivajo, četudi je njihova frekvenca zelo različna.
•Elevation of hearing threshold is loss of sensitivity to sounds at specific frequencies.
•Dvig praga slišnosti je izguba občutljivosti na zvoke pri določenih frekvencah.
There are various types of hearing loss.
Obstaja veliko vrst izgube sluha.
However, the most commonly observed hearing loss is experienced as a result of exposure to industrial noise in the 2 – 6 kHz frequency range; so-called ‘high-frequency sloping hearing loss’.
Vendar pa je izguba sluha najpogosteje posledica izpostavljenosti industrijskemu hrupu v frekvenčnem obsegu 2 do 6 kHz; tako imenovana „izguba sluha pri visokih frekvencah“.
Difficulty in following time-related sound variations
Dvig praga slišnosti zaradi izgube sluha.
Elevation of hearing threshold due to hearing loss.
•Zvok, zlasti govor, je dinamičen, tj. raven zvoka se s časom nenehno spreminja.
Elevated threshold of hearing
Dvignjen prag slišnosti zaradi izgube sluha
Mixing up different frequency sounds and impairment in following time-related sound variations makes speech comprehension very difficult.
Zaradi mešanja različnih frekvenčnih zvokov in slabšega sledenja s časom povezanim spremembam zvoka je razumevanje govora zelo oteženo.
This is one reason why people with impaired hearing find it difficult to understand speech on social occasions, especially when many people are speaking simultaneously.
Zato ljudje s slabim sluhom težko razumejo govor ob družabnih dogodkih, zlasti ko hkrati govori več ljudi.
0 of young healthy persons of young healthy persons
0 Povprečni prag slišnosti zdravih mladih oseb
Figure 7.7 Elevation of hearing threshold due to hearing loss
Slika 7.7 Dvih praga slišnosti zaradi izgube sluha.