natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
This indicates that, whereas female graduates earnmore than female non-graduates, the qualification only boosts their earnings by about a quarter of the average salary.
Čeprav so ženske z univerzitetnoizobrazbo plačane bolje kot ženske, ki te izobrazbe nimajo, pa dokončaniuniverzitetni študij pomeni le 25-odstotno povišico v primerjavi s povprečnimosebnim dohodkom.
However, men, if they aregraduates, will earn one and a half times more than the average.
Po drugi strani pa je osebni dohodek moških z univerzitetnoizobrazbo 1,5-krat višji od povprečja.
Factors that widen the gender pay gap in Poland not without reason, as a compensation for a lifetime of working two jobs – in the home and in theworkplace.
Dejavniki, ki še povečujejo razliko v osebnih dohodkih na Poljskem predčasno upokojitev, saj so v njej upravičenovidele nekakšno kompenzacijo za opravljanjedveh poklicev v svojem življenju – doma invslužbi.
Today, they are in the process ofrealising that the privilegesthey enjoyed under theold system represent added costs to the state in amarket economy and may now work to theirdisadvantage.
Danes pa počasi odkrivajo, da privilegiji,ki so jih smele uživati v starem sistemu, državovsistemu tržnega gospodarstva stanejo dodatnihstroškov in jim lahko škodijo.
In Poland, different mandatory retirement ages existfor men (65) and women (60). This widens the paygap between men and women.
Na Poljskem se lahko moški redno upokojijo pri65, ženske pa pri 60 letih, kar še dodatnopovečuje razliko med osebnimi dohodki moških inžensk.
The pension of awoman who retires 5 year earlier than a man andwhose wages were the same, will be up to 40%smaller.
Pokojnina ženske, ki se upokoji 5 let predmoškim in ki je v svoji delovni dobi ves časprejemala enako plačo, bo celo do 40 % nižja odpokojnine moškega.
Polish women, most of whom always usedto work full time in demanding jobs, traditionallypreferred an earlier retirement age, which they saw,
Poljakinje, ki so večinomadelale s polno zaposlitvijo na zahtevnih delovnihmestih, so se tradicionalno odločale za vir: Oleksy, 2003
Gender pay gap in the Slovak Republic
Razlika v osebnih dohodkih v Slovaški republiki vosebnih dohodkih največja med najboljizobraženimi, med katere sodijo slovaškeznanstvenice in raziskovalke.
The table below shows women’s salaries as apercentage of men’s salaries according to level ofeducation.
V tabeli je prikazano, kolikšen odstotek moškihosebnih dohodkov predstavljajo osebni dohodkižensk glede na stopnjo izobrazbe.
Worryingly, the gender pay gap in the
Zaskrbljujočeje dejstvo, da je v Slovaški republiki razlika
Level of education Basic Lower Secondary General Secondary University Total
200072,6 %70,7 %77,9 %65,4 %75,0 % stopnja izobrazbeosnovnanižja srednjasplošna srednjauniverzitetnaskupaj vir: G.
kg407785_066 13/07/04 10:57 Page 87 pi Research funding The data on the success rates of research funding applications are notcomparable between countries, but are comparable between the sexes.The published statistics (European Commission, 2003b) are based uponnumbers of applications, ignoring both the amounts of funding appliedfor and the amounts received.
Podatki o odobrenih prošnjah po financiranju posameznih raziskav meddržavami niso primerljivi, lahko pa jih primerjamo glede na obravnavo spolov.Objavljeni statistični podatki (Evropska komisija, 2003b) temeljijo na številuprijav, ne upoštevajo pa ne višine zaprošenih sredstev ne višine dodeljenihsredstev.
Women from the Enwise countries generally submit fewer applications than men.
Na splošno velja, da ženske iz držav Enwise predložijo manj prošenjkot moški.
Applications submitted by menappear to be consistently more likely to be successful than those fromwomen. The gap between the success rates for women and men is widestin Hungary and Poland.
Vse kaže tudi, da obstaja večja verjetnost, da bodo prošnje, ki sojih predložili moški, uspešnejše od prošenj, ki so jih oddale ženske.
A connection can also be found between research funding success and‘take-home’ pay.
Razlikamed številom uspešnih prošenj, ki so jih predložili moški in ženske, je največjana Madžarskem in Poljskem.Pomembno povezavo najdemo tudi med uspešnim pridobivanjem raziskovalnihsredstev in dejansko plačo.
Net earnings in senior positions may also depend onbonuses linked to, for example, the number of projects at stake, the totalamount granted for the implementation of each programme and the tasksto be fulfilled in each project.
Neto zaslužki so lahko na višjih položajih odvisnihod bonusov, vezanih na primer na število projektov, višino dodeljenih sredstevza izvajanje posameznega programa in nalog, potrebnih za izpeljavoposameznega projekta.
In Latvia, two thirds of grant holders aremen.
Dve tretjini prejemnikov dotacij v Latviji je moškegaspola.
Male scientists do not leave science if they have the opportunity tomake extra money by carrying out parallel activities in business or in other universities.
Znanstveniki ne odhajajo iz znanstvenih vrst, če imajo možnost ustvarjanjadodatnega zaslužka z vzporednimi dejavnosti v podjetništvu ali pri drugihuniverzah.
pi The state of the art – Can the Enwise countries compete with their IT facilities?
Sodobna oprema – Ali so lahko države Enwise s svojo informacijskotehnologijo konkurenčne?
According to some members of the Enwise Expert Group (Hungary,Latvia, Romania and the Slovak Republic) there are no reports of genderdiscrimination regarding the access to the Internet or the availability ofpersonal computers. However, even though the situation is improving (see Table 3.9), there is still a lack of available IT equipment in state researchinstitutes and universities.
Nekatere članice strokovne skupine Enwise (predstavnice Madžarske, Latvije,Romunije in Slovaške republike) so povedale, da poročil o morebitnidiskriminaciji med spoloma, vezani na dostop do interneta ali razpoložljivostosebnega računalnika, ni.Vseeno pa ostaja dejstvo, da na državnih raziskovalnihustanovah in univerzah, kjer se stanje sicer izboljšuje (glej tabelo 3.9), ševedno primanjkuje informacijsko-tehnološke opreme.
The main problem seems to be a lack of modern and high quality computers and access to the Internet.
Glavni problem naj bibilo pomanjkanje sodobnih in visokokakovostnih računalnikov ter dostop dointerneta.
This has animpact on the efficiency of research and communication, with a knock-oneffect for the ability of women and men researchers in the Enwise countries to compete in terms of exploiting their innovations.
Pomanjkanje seveda vpliva na učinkovitost raziskovalnega dela inkomunikacijo, kar posledično vpliva na zmožnost raziskovalk in raziskovalcevv državah Enwise, da bi s pridom uporabljali tehnološke inovacije in bilikonkurenčnejši.
Should women have to fight for funding… against other women?
Bi se morale ženske spopasti za več sredstev z drugimi ženskami?
women in a decisive body will not help thesituation, because most of those women wellestablished in science already accepted men’s rulesof the game.
sprejemajo odločitve, več žensk, saj se je večinav znanosti uveljavljenih žensk že sprijaznilazmoškimi pravili igre.
Therefore, my only hope is that morewidely discussed and elaborated ideas will changeat least the situation for the new generation.
Moje edino upanje zatoostaja, da se bo situacija izboljšala za novogeneracijo, če bomo o tem razpravljali v širšijavnosti in se nam bodo porajale vse boljizpopolnjene ideje o tem, kako spremembeizpeljati.
Lithuanian young female scientist (age: 35, sociologist) at the Enwise workshop on Young scientists, Prague April 2003.
V besedilu Sandre Harding sem naletela na zelozanimiv argument: "V drugačnih kognitivnihvzorcih žensk znotraj znanstvenih raziskav seskriva velika vrednota.
The most exciting argument I received came fromthe Sandra Harding text: “there is a great value fromthe different cognitive pattern of women in scientificresearch and science can only benefit from this”.In this perspective, one of the main arguments fromthe workshop receives even more weight: it must beensured that research projects written by womenhave more possibilities to compete for funding.The problem is that even the involvement of more
Tako dobi eden izmed glavnihargumentov, predstavljenih na delavnici, še večteže: zagotoviti je treba, da imajo raziskovalniprojekti, ki jih pripravijo ženske, več možnosti zapridobitev finančnih sredstev. Težava pa je v tem,da ne bi pomagalo niti, če bi bilo v telesih, ki litvanska mlajša znanstvenica (starost: 35 let, sociologinja) nadelavnici Enwise Mladi znanstveniki v Pragi aprila 2003
Table 3.9Availability of computers for students and staff in Higher Education establishments in Latvia (2000-2003)
Tabela 3.9: Razpoložljivost računalnikov za študente in osebjena visokošolskih ustanovah v Latviji (2000-2003) število študentov na računalnik število študentov število računalnikov akademsko leto
Administration::2 430
17 13.713.6 raziskovanje : : 750 inter alia:administracija::2 430
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia in Bundule, 2003.Note:: = missing data
Latvijski centralni statistični urad v Bundule, 2003= manjkajoči podatki vir: Opomba:
In the concerned national contributions (Enwise working documents,2003), it is reported that about every second scientist has a computer.
Iz prispevkov, v katerih so stanje v posameznih državah opisale članicestrokovne skupine Enwise (delovni dokumenti Enwise, 2003), izvemo, daima računalnik vsak drugi znanstvenik.
Practically every scientist has her/his own e-mail address.
Skorajda vsak znanstvenik ima naslovelektronske pošte.
Access to Internet isprovided for researchers in all state research institutes and higher educationestablishments, but is sometimes limited to strict hours or days of the week.The Ministry for Education and Science in Latvia partly covers the costs forthe use of Internet in state research institutes and universities.
Raziskovalci pri vseh državnih raziskovalnih ustanovah invisokošolskih ustanovah imajo zagotovljen dostop do interneta, čeprav je tavčasih omejen na določene ure ali dneve v tednu. Latvijsko Ministrstvo za šolstvoin znanost delno krije stroške uporabe interneta, ki jih imajo državne raziskovalneustanove in univerze.
Table 3.10below itemises the numbers of computers with access to the Internet in Higher Education establishments in Latvia and the percentage of thesecomputers with Internet access.
V tabeli 3.10je podan podrobnejši prikaz številaračunalnikov z dostopom do interneta na latvijskih visokošolskih ustanovah,iz nje pa razberemo tudi, kakšen odstotek predstavljajo računalniki z dostopomdo interneta.
In the course of preparing the Enwisereport, it was discovered that, in some cases, simple Word files needed to beconverted to RTF in Brussels so that they could be read in Prague…
Med pripravo poročila Enwise smo avtorice na primer ugotovile,da je bilo v nekaterih primerih treba v Bruslju enostavne datoteke, pripravljenez urejevalnikom besedila Word, v Bruslju pretvoriti v format RTF, da so jihlahko članice v Pragi sploh prebrale.
Table 3.10Access to Internet in Higher Education establishments in Latvia (2000-2003)
Table 3.10: Dostop do interneta na visokošolskih ustanovah v Latviji (2000-2003) odstotek računalnikov z dostopom dointerneta pri visokošolskih ustanovah skupaj število računalnikov z dostopom do interneta interalia: za raziskovanje
Academic Year2000/20012001/20022002/2003
79,6 %83,5 %87,7 % akademsko leto2000/20012001/20022002/2003 vir: Latvijski centralni statistični urad v Bundule, 2003
2002 for a moretechnical discussion on the orthogonalrelationship between vertical andhorizontal segregation and themeasurement of vertical segregation.
2002, ki ponujabolj tehnično razpravo o ortogonalnemodnosu med vertikalno in horizontalnosegregacijo in merjenju vertikalnesegregacije.
Girls on Top?The distributions of male and female scientists throughout the scientifichierarchy constitute a major explanatory factor for the pay gap, but theyalso underlie the entire reward system, including prestige, academic andintellectual recognition and decision-making power (Osborn et al., 2000).For example, scientific productivity often appears to be higher for menthan for women, because the energies of many collaborators are accredited to just one person (usually the male boss).
Ženske zgoraj?Razporejenost znanstvenikov in znanstvenic znotraj znanstvene hierarhije jezagotovo pomemben dejavnik, ko razlagamo obstoječe razlike v plači, na njejpa temelji tudi celotni sistem nagrajevanja, skupaj z ugledom, intelektualnimpriznanjem in močjo odločanja (Osborn et al., 2000).
The measurement of the different distributions of women and men in hierarchical systems is commonly referred to as vertical segregation29.
Tako imamo na primerpogosto vtis, da so moški znanstveno produktivnejši od žensk, vendar do tegapride zato, ker se ponavadi vloženo energijo vseh sodelavcev pripisuje enisami osebi (ponavadi moškemu vodji).
In the “She Figures 2003” (European Commission, 2003b), the data30 reported to the Commission by the Statistical Correspondents of the Helsinki Group reveal sharp differences in the participation of womenamong all academic staff and the participation of women in senior grades.Levels of women’s participation among university staff are similar to theirpresence as researchers.
Univerzitetno osebje V publikaciji "Njeni podatki 2003" (She Figures 2003")(Evropska komisija,
But this declines sharply in the senior grades31
Zastopanost žensk pa strmo pade, ko gre za višje položaje31
The best data available on verticalsegregation that are broadly comparableand are focussed on teaching and researchstaff are drawn from surveys of Higher Education institutions that are conductedin most countries.
Najboljši vir med seboj dokajprimerljivih podatkov o vertikalnisegregaciji, ki se osredotočajo napedagoško in raziskovalno osebje, najdemov anketah, ki jih na visokošolskihustanovah izvajajo v večini držav.
There is no formalcollection at international level of many ofthe variables in these surveys.
Namednarodni ravni zbiranje številnihspremenljivk, ki se jih ankete dotikajo, niformalizirano.
Many of thedefinitions are common, but the coveragevaries from country to country.31.
Definicije so velikokratskupne, vendar pa se pokritost meddržavami razlikuje. 31.
For details of the correspondinggrades, see Annex 8 of this report.
Podrobnosti o ustreznih položajih sopredstavljene v Prilogi 8.
(full professorships), so that men are more than three times more likely toreach these positions than women.
(mesta rednih profesorjev), pri katerih imajo moški trikrat več možnosti, dadobijo profesuro kot ženske.
Figure 3.7Women and men academic staff in Grade A positions in 2000 (percentages)
Diagram 3.7: Žensko in moško akademsko osebje na položajih stopnje A leta 2000 (odstotki)
% of all Men who are Grade A
% moških na položaju stopnje A
% of all Women who are Grade A
% žensk na položaju stopnje A vir: Opombe:
Source: DG Research, WiS database.Notes: Unit: head count Data missing: Hungary and Romania Enwise-8 totals exclude Hungary and Romania Data are not yet fully comparable between countries due to differences in coverage & definitions A true Slovak story on equal opportunitiesat the university lack of experience or insufficient professionalqualification… In general, authorities do notacknowledge preference for men or reluctance topromote women in technical sciences andengineering.
Generalni direktorat za raziskave, podatkovna baza WiS Enota: število oseb Manjkajo podatki za Madžarsko in Romunijo.Vrednosti za Enwise-8 ne vključujejo Madžarske in Romunije.Zaradi razlik med pokritostjo in definicijami podatki med seboj niso primerljivi v celoti.
Biographical statement by Daniela Velichová, Slovak member of the Enwise Expert Group.
Resnična zgodba o enakih možnostihna slovaški univerzi usposobljenosti.
I have worked at the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava for more than 20 years andhave been Deputy Head of the Department of Mathematics for 7 years.
Na splošno bi lahko rekli, daoblasti ne priznajo, da na področju tehničnih veddajejo prednost moškim in se obotavljajo, ko greza napredovanje žensk.
Every three years, it ispossible to apply for leading academic positions.This year, I decided to apply for the position of Headof Department.
Jasno pa je, da ženskeznotraj univerze ne bodo nikoli prišle do vodilnihpoložajev, če ne bo mehanizmov, ki bi spodbujalienake možnosti.
My professional profile was at leastas good as that of two other male candidates, if notbetter.
Zato je uravnoteževanjepostopkov, da bi dosegli enakost spolov, nujno,into na vseh ravneh oblikovanja politik inupravnih postopkov.
The results of my psychological tests showedthat I was the most suitable candidate for theposition.
Letos sem se odločila, dase bom prijavila na mesto predstojnika oddelka.Moj strokovni profil je bil vsaj tako dober kot profildveh moških protikandidatov, če ne celo boljši.Rezultati testov psiholoških sposobnosti sopokazali, da sem od vseh najprimernejša.
What were the reasons for this?Incompetence could not be the case, neither could
Zagotovo nezaradi morebitne nesposobnosti, tudi ne zaradipomanjkanja izkušenj ali pomanjkIjive strokovne biografska izjava Daniele Velichové, slovaške članice strokovneskupine Enwise
As can be seen from Figure 3.7, the worst situation for women is to be foundin Lithuania and in the Slovak Republic, where men are nearly seven timesmore likely than women to reach the most senior grades and six timesmore likely in the Czech Republic.
Kot je razvidno iz diagrama 3.7, je položaj žensk najslabši v Litvi in v Slovaškirepubliki, kjer imajo moški sedemkrat več možnosti, da bodo prišli na višjipoložaj, medtem ko imajo moški v Češki republiki šestkrat več možnosti, dabodo dosegli višji položaj kot ženske.
Men are still more than twice as likelyas women to reach these top positions in Poland and Slovenia, but theseare the Enwise countries with the lowest sex discrimination in academiccareers, as can be seen from Figure 3.8below.
Tudi na Poljskem in v Sloveniji, državah Enwise z najnižjo spolno diskriminacijo pri akademskih poklicih (kot jerazvidno iz diagrama 3.8), imajo moški dvakrat več možnosti, da bodo doseglinajvišje položaje.
Figure 3.8Women among academic staff and among grade A staff in 2000 (percentages)
Diagram 3.8: Ženske kot del akademskega osebja in kot osebe na položaju stopnje A leta 2000(odstotki)
% Women All Grades
% žensk na vseh položajih
% Women Grade A
% žensk na položaju A vir: Opombe:
Source:DG Research, WiS database.Notes:Unit: head count Data missing: Hungary (% Woman Grade A) and Romania Enwise-9 totals excludes Hungary (% Woman Grade A only) and Romania Data are not yet comparable between countries due to differences in coverage & definitions The example of Polish universities, where women constitute a third of allacademic staff, is typically illustrative of vertical segregation in the Enwisecountries, even though the statistics show that women have the bestchance of promotion in Poland of all the Enwise countries.
Generalni direktorat za raziskave, podatkovna baza WiS Enota: število oseb Manjkajo podatki za Madžarsko (% žensk na položaju A) in Romunijo.Vrednosti za Enwise-9 ne vključujejo Madžarske (samo % žensk na položaju A) in Romunije.Zaradi razlik med pokritostjo in definicijami podatki med seboj niso primerljivi v celoti.
Polish womenconstitute approximately 33% of academic staff and tend to be concentrated in the lower academic positions.
Poljske ženske predstavljajopribližno 33 % akademskega osebja, večinoma pa zasedajo nižje akademskepoložaje.
In Poland, only 16% of full professors and 22% of associate professors are women; however, 31% of theacademic staff with a Habilitation32and 39% with a PhD are women (both
Na Poljskem je le 16 % rednih profesorjev in 22 % izrednih profesorjevžensk, pa čeprav ženske predstavljajo 31 % akademskega osebja s habilitacijo32
This is the professional assessmentthat has to be successfully completed inorder to obtain the title of Professor in Poland.
Habilitacija je strokovni preizkus, ki gaje na Poljskem treba opraviti, da pridobimoakademski naziv profesorja.
33. http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/science-society/women-science/network_en.html fulltime and part-time positions are included).Decision-making power is crucial, not as an end in itself, but because it isonly through equal and representative participation at the highest levelsthat women can actively shape the scientific questions and answers of thetime.
33. http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/science-society/women-science/network_en.html in 39 % akademskega osebja z doktorskim nazivom (upoštevali smo položajes polno in polovično obremenitvijo).Moč odločanja je ključnega pomena, pa ne samo zato, ker sama po sebipredstavlja posebno moč, temveč zato, ker lahko le v primerih enake inpomenljive zastopanosti na najvišjih položajih ženske dejavno oblikujejoznanstvena vprašanja in odgovore svojega časa.
The Women and Science Unit has recognised this need to promotethe individual and collective voices of women scientists by launching a European Platform for Women Scientists33, which will act as a forum for pol-icy-shaping and for promoting a more ethical gender dialogue. This plat-
V enoti za ženske in znanostse zavedajo, da obstaja potreba po spodbujanju dejavnosti posameznihznanstvenic in skupin znanstvenic, zato so lansirali evropsko platformo zaznanstvenice(European Platform for Women Scientists)33, ki bo delovala kot
Annex 9 of this report presents thefemale representation in the National Academies of Sciences in the Enwisecountries.
V Prilogi 9 je prikazana zastopanostžensk pri nacionalnih akademijah znanostiv državah Enwise.
form will also develop synergies between existing stakeholders and support gender equality at institutional level.
Platforma bo med drugim tudi razvijala sinergije medvsemi akterji in bo podpirala enakost med spoloma na institucionalni ravni.
Women’s ability to influence decision-makingin Sloveniaappears to haveimproved gradually over the last decade: in 1993 there were only 4%women among the fellows of the Council for Science and Technology,while in 2001 they were 17.1%.
V zadnjem desetletju je ženskam v Slovenijidana večja možnost vplivanja nasprejemanje odločitev.Leta 1993 je bilo med člani Sveta za znanost intehnologijo le 4 % žensk, leta 2001 pa že 17,1 %.
In the Slovenian National Scientific Research Council, the presence of women has also risen from 5.9% in1993 to 30% in 2001.
Tudi v slovenskem Državnemznanstvenoraziskovalnem svetu je zastopanost žensk s 5,9 % leta 1993 naraslana 30 % leta 2001.
Equally, this segregation is reflected in the composition of senior figures in the Academies of Sciences34of all the Enwisecountries where only 9% of scientists at the highest level (the Board of Directors) are women.
Opisana segregacija se odraža tudi na sestavi višjihpredstavnikov akademij znanosti34v vseh državah Enwise, kjer med znanstvenikina najvišjih položajih (v upravnem odboru) najdemo le 9 % žensk.
Academic (dis)appointments in the new German Eastern Länder
Razočaranje ob dodeljevanju akademskih položajev v novih vzhodnonemških deželah
After reunification and for a very short period, thenew appointments to all professorships were one ofthe main features of the personnel renewal of East German Higher Education institutions.
Po združitvi je bila – za zelo kratek čas – enaizmed glavnih značilnosti prenovevzhodnonemških visokošolskih ustanovdodeljevanje profesur.
This processincluded the historically unique opportunity to makea huge step towards gender equality, because therewere a lot of highly qualified female scientistsinterested in scientific work.
Nastopila je edinstvenazgodovinska priložnost, da bi naredili pomembenkorak na poti k enakosti spolov, saj se je zaznanstveno delo zanimalo velikovisokoizobraženih znanstvenic.
But the reality wasquite different.
Resničnost pa jebila precej drugačna.
The decision-makers were male andthey preferred men.
Ženske so capljale daleč za njimi.