natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Even if such people didsucceed in getting a position in university or research institutes, every stepof their professional development was carefully monitored by the stateparty.
Če pa se je zgodilo, da je komu izmednjih uspelo priti na položaj na univerzi ali raziskovalni ustanovi, je državnapartija skrbno nadzorovala vsak znanstvenikov korak.
Those deemed unsuitableremained at a low level in the sciencehierarchy until retirement.
Kdor je bil proglašenza neprimernega, je vse do upokojitve ostal na nižjem položaju znotrajznanstvene hierarhije.
During this period, promotion to the academic ranks of Associate Professor and Full Professor required the approvalof the ruling communist party.
V tem času so morala biti napredovanja v akademskinaziv izrednega in rednega profesorja potrjena s strani vladajoče komunističnepartije.
During the communist period, the majority of teaching and researchexchanges were planned within the Enwise countries and between thesecountries and USSR; as a group, these countries suffered collectively fromrelative isolation from the rest of the world.
V času komunizma je večina izmenjav med učiteljskim in raziskovalnimkadrom potekala med državami Enwise ter med državami Enwise in ZSSR.Govorimo torej o skupini držav, ki je utrpela relativno osamitev od preostalegasveta.
This issue of isolation is a sensitive topic, because it stems from the ruling communist regime.
Vprašanje osamitve ostaja precej občutljiva tema, saj izvira iz vladajočegakomunističnega režima.
This issuehas also to be framed in terms of process, i.e. in terms of time and in termsof location.
Vsekakor pa jo moramo vrednotiti tudi glede na njenrazvoj v času in v različnih državah.
It means that, at the beginning of this period, scientific isola-tionwas more pronounced and gradually it was alleviated towards the endof the communist period.
Z drugimi besedami, na začetkukomunističnega obdobja je bila znanstvena osamitev večja, proti koncukomunizma pa se je postopoma manjšala.
In terms of location, Slovenian scientists invariably, and Hungarian as well as Polish scientists partially (since at least the1970s onwards) had opportunities to participate in conferences organisedin Western countries.
Zaradi zemljepisnega položaja sose slovenski znanstveniki, delno pa tudi madžarski in poljski znanstveniki(vsaj od sedemdesetih let 20. stoletja naprej) laže udeleževali konferencvzahodnih državah.
In all the Enwise countries, during the communisttimes, high level leading scientists, reliablescientists as well as the partymember nomenclaturamet with no restrictions on their visits to Westerncountries.The situation of R & D sectors of SFRY and Romania to a certain degree wasnot in line with the other Enwise countries.
Za vse države Enwise je v komunističnih časih veljalo,da zanesljivi znanstveniki in partijski članiniso imeli nikakršnih omejitev, koje šlo za njihov obisk ali bivanje v zahodnih državah.Položaj razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti se je v SFRJ in Romuniji razlikovalod stanja v preostalih državah Enwise. Medtem ko so se nacionalne akademijeznanosti v državah Enwise počasi preobrazile v sovjetsko obliko akademije,je v sedemdesetih letih 20. stoletja Ceausescov politični režim naredil pravnasprotno.
Building upon those statements, an important question must thus beanswered in this chapter: why was R & D of the Enwise countries, being sogenerously funded during the communist period, actually less effectivewhen compared to that of the Western countries?
Če torej izhajamo iz navedenih trditev, si moramo postaviti naslednje pomembnovprašanje: Zakaj je bila razvojna in raziskovalna dejavnost v državah Enwisenavzlic velikodušnemu vlaganju sredstev v času komunizma v resnici manjučinkovita kot v zahodnih državah?
Of course issues such as
Seveda so ideološki pritisk, osamitev,
Cooperation and competition in sectoral R & D: CERN and JINR,West and East poles of excellence in science countries belonged or still belong to different JINRpartnership systems of research and education inthe field of nuclear energy.
Sodelovanje in tekmovanje v razvojni in raziskovalni dejavnosti: CERN in JINR, primera zahodne in vzhodne znanstvene odličnosti združevanju in povezovanju cele verigestrokovnjakov. Nekatere države Enwise so biledel ali pa še vedno ostajajo del raznih partnerskihraziskovalnih in izobraževalnih sistemov JINR napodročju jedrske energije.
During the Cold War,CERN and JINR used to co-operate under certainprogrammes in complementary ways.
V času hladne vojnesta se CERN in JINR pri sodelovanju v nekaterihprogramih dopolnjevala.
This enabledthe physicists from the Enwise countries working at JINR to have access to CERN as well.
Tako so lahko fiziki izdržav Enwise, ki so delovali znotraj JINR-a, imelidostop tudi do CERN-a.
Currently thetwo organisations have several common memberstates, which was impossible during the Cold War.Nowadays, the following 20 countries are memberstates of CERN: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands,Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. A Cooperation Agreement between Romania and CERN was signed in 2002.
Trenutno imata obeorganizaciji več skupnih držav članic, kar jevčasu hladne vojne veljalo za nemogoče, in sicer Avstrijo, Belgijo, Bolgarijo, Češko republiko,Dansko, Finsko, Francijo, Nemčijo, Grčijo,Madžarsko, Italijo, Nizozemsko, Norveško,Poljsko, Portugalsko, Slovaško republiko,Španijo, Švedsko, Švico in Združeno kraljestvo.Sporazum o sodelovanju med Romunijo in CERN-om je bil podpisan leta 2002.
Source: Sretenova and Tripsa, 2003.
Čeprav so moraliprogrami delovati v skladu s komunističnimipravili, ne smemo podcenjevati njihove vloge pri vir: Sretenova and Tripsa, 2003
kg407785_038 5/07/04 10:09 Page 47 ideological pressure and isolation, selection mechanisms based on classparty check-ups, dual standard of assessment, etc. are relevant, but cannotanswer this question comprehensively.
ph605336_038 8/09/06 11:10 Page 47 izbirni mehanizmi, osnovani na partijskem preverjanju ustreznosti, dvojnistandardi vrednotenja itn. relevantni, zagotovo pa ne moremo z njimi na naševprašanje odgovoriti v celoti.
To do so, a closer look needs to be taken at the science policyof the communist period.
Da bi našli odgovor, moramo pod drobnogled vzeti znanstveno politikovkomunističnem obdobju.
Generally speaking, any science policyhas five interrelatedcomponents: funding mechanisms, organisation and management, humanresource potential, material and technical foundation (necessary equipment) and information supply.
Na splošno lahko rečemo, da ima znanstvenapolitikapet med seboj povezanih sestavin: sisteme financiranja, organizacijoin upravljanje, človeške vire, material in tehnično podlago (potrebno opremo)in dotok informacij.
Looking for an answer to the above question, it can be argued that the mechanism of centralised planning of state R & D funding during the communist period contributed to the non-effec-tiveness of this sector, because the mechanism used to fund working places(headcount)rather thanthe research system itself.How did the scientists from the Enwise countries,as well as the Russianscientists, enrolled in the science centre,cope with the stated research environments and infrastructure?
Trdimo lahko, da je sistem centralnega planiranja državnegafinanciranja razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti pripomogel k neučinkovitostisektorja, saj je zagotavljal sredstva za delovna mesta(in je temeljil na številuuslužbencev), in ne samemu raziskovalnemu sistemu.
A reliable indicator for measuring the effectiveness of communist R & D (of course not the only one) is the international rating of scientific publications, recorded by renowned international information sources, as well as by the registered citations in professional journals with a high level impact factor. A reliable information source is the Institute for Scientific Information,Philadelphia (USA).
Kako so se znanstveniki iz držav Enwise in ruski znanstveniki, delujočivznanstvenem središču, spopadali z raziskovalnimi okolji in infrastrukturo?Zanesljiv kazatelj učinkovitosti komunistične razvojne in raziskovalnedejavnosti (ki pa še zdaleč ni edini) je mednarodna ocena znanstvenih publikacij,ki jo beležijo priznani mednarodni informacijski viri, ter zabeleženo navajanjev strokovnih publikacijah z močnim vplivomna razvoj stroke.Institut za znanstvene podatke Institute for Scientific Information iz Philadelphie v ZDA velja za zanesljiv vir podatkov.
This institute observes the scientific publications andtheir citations in three specialised data bases with a high rate of selectivity: Science Citation Index (SCI)for natural and technical sciences; Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) for social sciences and humanities; Art & Humanities Citation Index (A & HCI). Seven steps towards international conferences…(That a Romanian scientist had to pass in order to attend)
Naloga instituta je, daspremlja znanstvene objave in njihova navajanja v treh specializiranihpodatkovnih bazah na podlagi strogih izbirnih kriterijev, in sicer v indeksunavedb za naravoslovne in tehnične znanosti Science Citation Index (SCI),v indeksu navedb za družbene vede Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) inv indeksu navedb za humanistične vede Art & Humanities Citation Index(A & HCI). Sedem pogojev za obisk mednarodnih konferenc… (ki jih je moral romunskiznanstvenik izpolnjevati, da se je lahko udeležil konference)
Step 4:To receive the approval from the Department of External Relations from the Ministryof Education (the head of department had beennominated by Elena Ceausescu and had the task toinform her about the possible journey).Step 5:To receive the approval of the University Party Centre of Bucharest.Step 6:All five steps were needed in order toprepare a dossier that had to be presented to the Internal Ministry – Passport Service in order toobtain a Romanian visa.Step 7:To receive the Romanian visa; to obtain theforeign visa from the designated country’s embassyin Romania.
Četrti korak: pridobiti privolitev Oddelka zazunanje odnose pri Ministrstvu za šolstvo (vodjooddelka je imenovala Elena Ceausescu, ki jo jebilo treba vprašati, kaj osebno meni o možnempotovanju).Peti korak: pridobiti privolitev univerzitetnegapartijskega središča v Bukarešti.Šesti korak: na podlagi pridobljenedokumentacije (potrebni so bili vsi navedenidokumenti in privolitve) pripraviti spis in ga poslatina službo za potne liste pri Ministrstvu za notranjezadeve s prošnjo za pridobitev romunske vize.Sedmi korak: pridobiti romunsko vizo, pridobititujo vizo pri veleposlaništvu države, v katero stepotovali, s sedežem v Romuniji.
Step 1:To receive an invitation from the organisers;to justify the personal connection and relationshipswith organisers (where from, how they discoveredyou); to declare whether or not you have relatives inthe destination country or generally abroad; to haverecommendation of the head of department (usuallya man).Step 2:To receive the approval from the communistparty organisation in the institution in which you areworking.Step 3:To receive the approval from the person incharge of secret information (so called Securitatea)at the level of the institution.
Prvi korak: prejeti vabilo s strani organizatorjev,obrazložiti osebne povezave in naravo odnosazorganizatorji (kje so izvedeli za vas, kako so vasnašli), predložiti izjavo, ali imate v državi, v kateropotujete, ali v tujini sorodnike, predložitipriporočilo predstojnika oddelka (ponavadimoškega spola).Drugi korak: dobiti privolitev organizacijekomunistične partije pri ustanovi, kjer stezaposleni.Tretji korak: dobiti privolitev osebe, zadolžene zatajne podatke (tako imenovana Securitatea) naravni ustanove.
He (shewas neverheard) had the permission to interrogate you,to collect information about you from differentsources and finally to say yesor nowithout anyadditional explanations.
Moški s to zadolžitvijo (žensketezadolžitve niso imele) vas je smel zaslišati,pridobiti podatke o vas iz različnih virov in prošnjoodobriti ali zavrniti brez kakršnekoli obrazložitvein razlage.
Following Table 2.1gives an insight into the relative share of publicationsand citations of the scientists from various countries, including several Enwise countries, towards the end of the communist period.
V tabeli 2.1je prikazano, kakšen je bil delež strokovnih objav in navedb delznanstvenikov iz raznih držav, vključno z nekaterimi državami Enwise, protikoncu komunizma.
Table 2.1Relative share of publications and citations of scientists from various countries (1989)
Tabela 2.1: Relativni delež objav in navedb znanstvenikov iz različnih držav (1989) relativni delež objav36,81 %8,96 %7,27 %0,88 %0,76 %0,24 %0,15 % relativni delež navedb50,82 %9,61 % 1,63 %0,38 %0,30 %0,06 %0,05 % država ZDA Združeno kraljestvo ZSSR Poljska Češkoslovaška Bolgarija Romunija vir: Scientometrics, zvezek 16, št. 16, 1989
This situation has prompted the American historian and philosopher ofscience, Loren Graham, to raise aquestion: “What is more important toscience, freedom or money?”In his recent study “What have we learnedabout science and technology from the Russian experience?”, he answered thisquestion in the following way: “Thesobering conclusion that we must draw, interms of scientific results, is that thesupport counts for more than therepression” (Graham, 1998: 130).
Nastali položaj je spodbodel ameriškegazgodovinarja in filozofa znanosti LorenaGrahama, da se je vprašal: "Ali je zaznanost pomembnejša svoboda ali denar?"V nedavno objavljeni študiji z naslovom"What have we learned about science andtechnology from the Russian experience?"("Česa smo se naučili o znanosti intehnologiji na podlagi ruske izkušnje?") jepostavil naslednji odgovor na zastavljenovprašanje: "Ko gre za doseganjeznanstvenih rezultatov, pridemo do sklepa,da je finančna podpora pomembnejša odzatiranja." (Graham, 1998:130)
The same source also gives an indication of the R & D profiles and prioritiesof various Enwise countries towards the end of the communist period.
V istem viru lahko tudi razberemo, kakšni so bili razvojni in raziskovalni profiliter prednostna področjav različnih državah proti koncu komunističnegaobdobja.
Itproves indirectly that in two disciplinary areas, Chemistry and Physics, thementioned Enwise countries had a similar R & D profile as that of the science centre(USSR).
Na podlagi podatkov lahko posredno dokažemo, da so imele v dvehznanstvenih disciplinah, in sicer v kemiji in fiziki, omenjene države Enwisepodoben razvojni in raziskovalni profilkot znanstveno središče (ZSSR).
Further studies would be necessary in order toexplore this issue completely.During the communist regime, scientists of the so-called Soviet Blockwere appropriately supported financially, but were sharply restricted,politically and ideologically.
Dapa bi dokončno preučili ta vidik, bi bilo treba izvesti nadaljnje raziskovalneštudije. Pod komunističnim režimom so znanstveniki iz tako imenovanega sovjetskegabloka prejemali zadostno finančno podporo, vendar pa so morali delovativskladu z močnimi političnimi in ideološkimi omejitvami.
After the collapse of the communist regime,scientists were given political freedom, but were deprived of much of theirprevious financial support.
Po padcukomunističnega režima so znanstveniki pridobili politično svobodo, izgubilipa so večino nekdanje finančne pomoči.
The tragedyof the Enwise scientists, that canbe extended to the Russian scientists too, is that unlike their Western colleagues, in the course of time, they either had funding or freedom, but neverboth at the same time7.
Tragično dejstvo, ko gre za deloznanstvenikov iz držav Enwise – pa tudi njihovih ruskih kolegov – je, da sojim bila za razliko od njihovih zahodnih kolegov zagotovljena bodisi finančnasredstva bodisi svoboda, a nikoli istočasno7.
The very system of R & D funding in the communist times (i.e. supportingworking places rather than the research system itself)was not based on theprinciple of competition.
Sistem financiranja razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti v času komunizma (kije financiral delovna mesta in ne samega raziskovalnega sistema) ni temeljilna načelu konkurenčnosti.
On a personal level, this peculiarity of the funding system had several effects: all scientists were appointed on tenure positions and had a secured monthly income (salary); scientists enjoyed theluxuryof devoting all of their time to research activities and not competing for project funding, which always and everywhere is an energy – andtime – consuming enterprise.
Znanstveniki so tako dobili akademske položaje inzagotovljen mesečni osebni dohodek, ves čas so lahko posvetili raziskovalnemudelu, ni jim bilo treba potegovati se za pridobitev sredstev za izvajanje projektov,zato so lahko prihranili veliko časa in energije.
This particular situation entailed more effective work in the theoretical fields and less in the experimental fields of the R & D during that period.
Tako je na teoretičnih področjihznanja bilo zagotovljenega več učinkovitega dela, manj pa na eksperimentalnihpodročjih, vezanih na raziskave in razvoj. Vendar pa opisane prednostinisovselej pozitivno vplivale na učinkovitost sektorja.
kg407785_038 5/07/04 10:09 Page 49 dismissed for reasons of poor performance).
ph605336_038 8/09/06 11:10 Page 49 zanimanja za področje raziskovanja(veljalo je namreč pravilo, da tudi vprimeruslabega dela znanstvenik, potem ko mu je bilo dodeljeno delovno mesto znotrajznanstvenega raziskovalnega sektorja, službe in položaja ni mogel izgubiti).V komunističnem obdobju je bila razvojna in raziskovalna dejavnost v državah Enwise relativno uspešna navzlic uveljavljeni organizaciji ter sistemu upravljanjain financiranja znanosti.
During the communist period, the R & D sector of the Enwise countries performed relatively successfully, not because of an existing organisation and management of scienceand a related funding system,but in spite of it.
Prehodno obdobje (1990 – 1998/9)Padec komunističnega režima leta 1989 je močno pretresel družbe Enwise, kiso v tem času spremenile sistem vrednot, si zadale nove cilje, pozabile nastare iluzije in ustvarile nove.
J. Ben-David’s concept about sciencecentre and science periphery.
Gre za Ben-Davidovo pojmovanjeznanstvenega središča in periferije.
Transitional period (1990 - 1998/9)The collapse of the communist regime in 1989 brought a high level of turbulence in the Enwise societies with the follow-up re-arrangement of theirvalue systems, the setting-up of new agendas, the fading of old illusionsand the rise of new ones.
romantično nagnjenje, se nam porodi naslednje vprašanje: Katera izmed držav Enwise je v prehodnem obdobju odigrala vlogo znanstvenega središča?
The common aim of the Enwise countries was toreturn to Europe, where they had already been for more than a thousandyearsand to a marketoriented economy and society, which they hadalready developed during the first half of the 20thcentury.In order to understand the ongoing processes, one must keep in mind thatall the Enwise countries were keen to return to their national precommunist cultural traditions and to reshape all spheres of public activity inaccordance with them.
Greza ključno vprašanje, saj zadeva prenos modelov visokega šolstva ter razvojnein raziskovalne dejavnosti iz novega znanstvenega središča in poznejšeprilagajanje ter uveljavljanje modelov glede na nacionalni kontekst.Domnevamo, da so v večini držav Enwise to vlogo odigrale ZDA, še posebej,kar zadeva sprejemanje modelov visokošolskega izobraževanja.
During the first years following the changes, thecollective public mind was obsessed by the idea of going back to our roots.This special kind of romantic inclinationpartly explains why the Enwisecountries followed different paths, when pursuing one and same commongoal: the reform of their HE and R & D sectorsin order to make them moreeffective and competitive in a democratic and marketoriented society.According to the adopted methodology8,and outside of the romanticinclination mentioned above, the following question has to be answered:what was the country playing the role of science centrefor the Enwisecountries during this transitional period?
Da pa bidomnevo potrdili ali zavrgli oziroma si podrobneje pogledali, ali so pripreoblikovanju visokega šolstva prevladale ameriške ali evropske tendence,bi morali izvesti posebno primerjalno študijo modelov visokega šolstvavdržavah Enwise, kar bi preseglo okvir pričujočega poročila.
This is a key issue, because itconcerns the transfer of HE and R & D models from the science centreandtheir follow-up adaptation and implementation in national contexts.
V prehodnem obdobju je popolna preobrazba visokošolskega izobraževanjater razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti potekala v dveh različnih fazah. Prva,ki je trajala od 1990 do 1995, je potekala od spodaj navzgor, druga, ki je trajalaod 1995 do 1998/9 pa od zgoraj navzdol.
However, to confirm or reject this hypothesis, i.e. toshow whether American or European trends dominated the reshaping ofthe Enwise countries HE sector, one would need a specific comparativestudy of the HE models of the Enwise countries, which is outside thescope of this report.During the transitional period, the complex transformation of HE and R & D sectors in the Enwise countries passed through two different phases: the first one, from 1990 to 1995, which could be identified as a bottom-updriven phase and the second one, from 1995 to 1998/9, as a top-downdriven phase.
V nadaljnjem poročilu bomo najprejanalizirale preobrazbo razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti, potem pa prešlena visokošolsko izobraževanje.
It is proposed first to analyse the transformation of R & Dsectors and then that of the HE sectors (however, where relevant, the HEsector is referred to within R & D analysis as well).
Mestoma, kjer je to potrebno, bomo visokošolstvo omenjale tudi znotraj analize razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnosti.
The transformation of the R & D sectormeant a deep and sometimes dramatic change of the full-scale of its components, i.e. legislation, S & Tpolicy, management bodies, organisational structure, institution framing, etc.
Preobrazba razvojne in raziskovalne dejavnostije pomenila globoko, včasihcelo drastično spremembo vseh njenih vidikov, in sicer od zadevne zakonodaje,znanstvene in tehnološke politike, upravnih teles, organizacijske strukture,institucionalnega okvirja itn.
The Enwise countries have again been clustered, this time intwo groups, in order to avoid drawing any generalised picture thatwould be misleading:
Glede na razvoj dogodkov smo države Enwiserazvrstile v dve skupini, da bi preprečile morebitno posploševanje, in sicer:●Bolgarijo, Češko republiko, Madžarsko, Poljsko, Romunijo, Slovaškorepubliko in Slovenijo, v nadaljevanju srednje- in vzhodnoevropske države;●Estonijo, Latvijo in Litvo, v nadaljevanju baltske republike.
Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia, identified afterwards for short as CEECs;Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, i.e. the Baltic countries.
Poskusi znanstvene skupnosti – Preobrazba razvojne in raziskovalnedejavnosti od spodaj navzgor
” pi The scientific community effort- Bottom-updriven phase of transformation of R & D sectors
V srednje- in vzhodnoevropskih državah
In 1990 (HE) and 1991 (BAS) for Bulgaria, in 1990-92 for the Czech Republic, in 1990 for Poland, in 1990-92for Romania… pi In the CEECs∏The first steptowards the restructuring of HE and R & D sectors was theimprovement of legislation.
Leta 1990 (visokošolsko izobraževanje)in 1991 (Bolgarska akademija znanosti)v Bolgariji, v letih od 1990 do 1992 v Češki republiki, leta 1990 na Poljskem,vletih med 1990 in 1992 v Romuniji, …
The CEECs adopted new acts9on HE and R & D, which aimed to restore the academic autonomyof both types ofinstitutions (NAS and universities) and to restore academic freedom.
▫Prvi korak k reorganizaciji visokošolskega izobraževanja ter razvojne inraziskovalne dejavnosti je bil poskus izboljšanja obstoječe zakonodaje.