natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
EEA analysis suggests that 15 of the 27 EU Member States will miss one or more of their legally binding 2010 targets to reduce harmful air pollutants.
Analiza EEA predvideva, da 15 izmed 27 držav članic EU ne bo izpolnilo enega ali več zakonsko predpisanih ciljev za leto 2010 v zvezi z zmanjšanjem škodljivih onesnaževal zraka.
Two pollutants, fine particulate matter and ground-level ozone, are now generally recognised as the most significant in terms of health impacts.
Anna ima 37 let in živi v središču Bruslja.
Long-term and peak exposure can lead to a variety of health effects, ranging from minor irritation of the respiratory system to premature death.
S sinčkom Johanom načrtuje izlet izven vrvečega mesta.
Particulate matter, a term used to describe a variety of tiny particles from sources such as vehicle exhausts and domestic stoves, affects the lungs.
Anna ima astmo in zdravnik jo je opozoril na nevarnosti onesnaženega zraka, posebej v vročih poletnih dneh.
Exposure can harm people of all ages, but people with existing heart and respiratory problems are particularly at risk.
Anna je slišala za londonsko meglo, ki je v petdesetih letih v enem tednu povzročila smrt 2000 ljudi.
According to the latest EEA data, since 1997 up to 50 % of Europe's urban population may have been exposed to concentrations of particulate matter above the EU limit set to protect human health.
Iz otroštva se spominja prispevkov iz poročil, kjer so bile prikazane mrtve ribe in propadajoča drevesa, ko se je v sedemdesetih letih pozornost prvič začela posvečati „kislemu dežju″.
As much as 61 % of the urban population may have been exposed to levels of ozone that exceed the EU target.
Materinstvo in nedavni astmatični napad sta ji v misli upravičeno priklicali onesnaženje zraka.
It has been estimated that PM
Dejstvo je, da so se emisije številnih onesnaževal zraka po Evropi od Anninega otroštva precej zmanjšale.
2.5 particulate matter) in air has reduced statistical life expectancy in the EU by more than eight months. The EEA has noted that while emissions of these two key air pollutants
Zrak, ki ga dihata ona in Johan, je precej boljši, kot je bil v preteklosti, politika o zraku pa sodi med velike zgodbe o uspehu EU na področju okoljskih prizadevanj.
Anna suffers from asthma and her doctor has warned of the dangers of air pollution, especially on hot summer days.Anna has heard about the London fogs of the 1950s that killed 2 000 people in one week.
Politika EU je predvsem korenito zmanjšala emisije žvepla, ki je glavna sestavina „kislega dežja″.
She has childhood memories of evening news bulletins showing dead fish and dying trees as 'acid rain' first came to popular attention in the 1970s.
Nasprotno pa dušiku – ki ima tudi pomemben delež v „kislem dežju″ – ni bila posvečena enaka pozornost in zato še naprej povzroča velike težave.
Motherhood and a recent asthma attack have quite rightly brought air pollution back to mind.
Velik del evropskega mestnega prebivalstva še vedno živi v mestih, kjer so mejne vrednosti za kakovost zraka, ki jih določa EU za zaščito zdravja ljudi, redno presežene. Vsako leto zaradi
The fact is that emissions of many air pollutants have fallen substantially across Europe since Anna's childhood.
Dve onesnaževali, drobni trdni delci in prizemni ozon, se z vidika vpliva na zdravje na splošno štejeta za najpomembnejši.
The air she and Johan breathe is much improved compared to the past, and air policy is one of the great success stories of the EU's environmental efforts.
Dolgoročna izpostavljenost in iypostavljenost visokim vrednostim lahko povzroči številne vplive na zdravje, vse od blagega draženja dihal do prezgodnje smrti.
In particular, EU policy has dramatically cut emissions of sulphur, the main component of 'acid rain'.
Trdi delci, ki pomenijo številne majhne delce iz izpušnih cevi vozil in gospodinjskih peči, vplivajo na pljuča.
In contrast, nitrogen — also a major component of 'acid rain' — has not been dealt with to the same extent and so continues to cause major problems. A significant proportion of Europe's urban population still live in cities where EU air quality limits, protecting human health, are regularly exceeded.
Izpostavljenost lahko škodi ljudem vseh starosti, še posebej pa so ogroženi ljudje s srčnimi in dihalnimi težavami.Po podatkih agencije EEA je bilo lahko od leta 1997 do 50 % mestnih prebivalcev Evrope izpostavljeno koncentracijam delcev, ki presegajo mejno vrednost EU, določeno za zaščito zdravja ljudi.
Each year, many more people die prematurely from air pollution in Europe than die in traffic accidents.
Kar 61 % mestnih prebivalcev je bilo lahko izpostavljeno vrednostim ozona, ki so višje od ciljne vrednosti EU.
Nitrogen But what's that smell?
Toda kaj je ta vonj?
A tractor is spraying liquid manure onto a field not far away.
Traktor posipava tekoči gnoj na bližnje polje. Anna pomisli, da je to zoprno, vendar je tudi del resničnega življenja na podeželju, ki je v Johanovih slikanicah prikazan nekoliko bolj romantično.
The pungent smell is caused by as many as 40 different chemical substances emitted from the manure.
Oster vonj povzroča nič manj kot 40 različnih kemijskih substanc, ki jih oddaja gnoj. Amoniak (NH
A day in the country the respiratory tract.
3 jedke in lahko poškodujejo dihalne poti.
However, the levels here are not dangerous for human health.
Toda ravni tu niso nevarne za zdravje ljudi.
Anna can breathe a sigh of relief, albeit a stinky one.
Anna si lahko oddahne in vdihne, pa četudi je zrak nekoliko smrdljiv.
Anna is planning a day in the country with Johan.
statistično pričakovana življenjska doba v EU več kot osem mesecev krajša.
Before leaving her apartment she logs onto IRCEL, a government web service providing a host of regular information on air quality around Belgium. Using maps, Anna can scan readings and forecasts for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide among many others.
Agencija EEA je ugotovila, da so se emisije teh dveh ključnih onesnaževal zraka od leta 1997 zmanjšale, toda izmerjene koncentracije v zraku, ki ga dihamo, so ostale pretežno enake.
The data are relayed to the web from monitoring stations around the country. Improvements in monitoring and availability of information on air pollution are another of the success stories of recent years.
Zaenkrat še ni znano, zakaj se koncentracije yraka niso zmanjšale, vendar gre lahko za več dejavnikov: povišane temperature, ki so posledica podnebnih sprememb, lahko vplivajo na kakovost zraka; morda prejemamo onesnaževanje z drugih celin ali pa, na primer, naravne emisije substanc, ki tvorijo ozon in jih oddajajo drevesa.
Ozone incident in Brussels 27 July 2008
Vsebnost ozona v Bruslju 27. julija 2008
Moderate of the situation across Europe.Anna scrolls across a map of Belgium, zooming in on a monitoring station in the centre of Brussels, less than two kilometres from her home.
Anna namerava z Johanom preživeti dan na podeželju. Pred odhodom iz stanovanja se prijavi na IRCEL, vladni internetni portal, kjer so na voljo redne informacije o kakovosti zraka v Belgiji.
The reading, taken minutes earlier, shows high levels of ozone in Brussels.
S pomočjo zemljevidov lahko Anna odčita vrednosti in napovedi za določene delce, ozon, dušikov dioksid, žveplov dioksid ter številne druge snovi.
Indeed the website forecasts that levels will exceed EU target values later that day and again the following day (Figure 1).
Na primer, lokalni podatki o ravneh ozona se posredujejo na portal agencije EEA „Ozonski splet″ (1), ki ponuja pregled stanja v vsej Evropi.
Anna leaves her apartment building and makes for the nearest Metro station, a 10 minute walk away.
Anna se pomika po zemljevidu Belgije in poveča opazovalno postajo v središču Bruslja, manj kot dva kilometra od njenega doma.
Out on the street, the full impact of the city's traffic problems are easy to see — and smell.
Na cesti se vpliv prometnih težav mesta zlahka v celoti opazi – in vonj tudi.
Exhaust emissions from cars in the centre of Brussels, and all major cities, irritate the respiratory tract and eyes and lungs.
Izpušne emisije iz avtomobilov v središču Bruslja ter v vseh velikih mestih dražijo dihalne poti, oči in pljuča. Anna in Johan zavijeta proti bližnji postaji vlaka in se odpravita na podeželje.
A sign tells them that they are visiting a Natura 2000 site — one part of a European-wide ecological network, set up to secure natural habitats and to maintain the range of plant and animal life.
Na znaku prebereta, da sta obiskala območje Natura 2000 – del vseevropske ekološke mreže, ki je bila vzpostavljena, da bi zavarovali naravne habitate in ohranili območje življenja rastlin in živali.
When the ozone reading is above safe levels, a red triangle is displayed and the local government must notify the public and suggest precautions.
Ko vrednosti ozona presežejo varno raven, se prikaže rdeč trikotnik kar pomeni, da morajo lokalne oblasti obvestiti javnost in predlagati previdnostne ukrepe. Vir: EEA, 2008.
A similar service, providing local information on particulate matter levels across Europe is being developed.
V pripravi je podoben portal, ki bo zagotavljal informacije o ravneh delcev v vsej Evropi.
Looking ahead Because air pollution pays no regard to national boundaries the problem needs to be tackled internationally.
Ker onesnaženje zraka ne pozna nacionalnih meja, se je treba s to težavo ukvarjati na mednarodni ravni.
The United Nations Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) agreed in 1979, has been signed by 51 countries and forms the basis of the international fight to tackle air pollution.
Konvencijo Združenih narodov o čezmejnem onesnaženju zraka na velike razdalje (Konvencija LRTAP), sprejeto leta 1979, je podpisalo 51 držav in predstavlja osnovo mednarodnega boja proti onesnaženju zraka.
In parallel, the EU has developed polices limiting the total emissions of each Member State, setting legally binding limits.
Vzporedno s tem je EU oblikovala politike, ki skupne emisije vsake države članice omejujejo z zakonskimi omejitvami.
The 'National Emissions Ceiling Directive' (NECD) is a key EU policy.
Direktiva o nacionalnih zgornjih mejah emisij (NECD) je ključna politika EU.
It sets 'ceilings' or limits for
Določa „zgornje meje″ za naslednja onesnaževala: žveplov dioksid (SO
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient in nature.
Dušik je v naravi pomembna hranilna snov.
Reactive nitrogen forms are actually used by our bodies to produce proteins.
Reaktivne dušikove oblike naše telo dejansko uporablja za proizvajanje beljakovin.
However, excess nitrogen can lead to severe environmental and health problems.
Vendar pa lahko preveč dušika povzroči hude okoljske in zdravstvene težave.
'Acid rain' forms when high levels of sulphur and nitrogen oxides are present in the air.
„Kisel dež″ nastaja, kadar so v zraku prisotne visoke ravni žveplovega in dušikovega oksida.
One of the great success stories of air pollution policy over the last decades has been the massive reduction in emissions of sulphur dioxide.
Ena izmed velikih zgodb o uspehu v zvezi s politiko o onesnaženju zraka v zadnjih desetletjih je veliko zmanjšanje emisij žveplovega dioksida.
The 32 EEA member countries reduced sulphur emissions by 70 % between 1990 and 2006.
Emisije žvepla je 32 članic Agencije zmanjšalo za 70 % med letoma 1990 in 2006.
Nitrogen, on the other hand, has not been dealt with as successfully.
Dušik pa po drugi strani ni bil tako uspešno zmanjšan.
With sulphur emissions declining, nitrogen is now the principal acidifying component in our air.
Ker emisije žvepla upadajo, je dušik zdaj v našem zraku glavna sestavina, ki zakisljuje.
Agriculture and transport are the main sources of nitrogen pollution.
Kmetijstvo in transport sta poglavitna vira onesnaženja z dušikom.
Agriculture is responsible for more than 90 % of ammonia (NH
Samo kmetijstvo proizvede več kot 90 % emisij amoniaka (NH
Suddenly Johan, who has been walking unsteadily loses his balance and falls into a clump of stinging nettles.
Nenadoma je Johan, ki je še negotov na nogah, izgubil ravnotežje ter padel v grm pekočih kopriv.
Having picked him up and brushed him off, Anna notices nettles everywhere.
Anna ga je pobrala in očistila ter opazila koprive povsod.
She has vivid memories of them as a child in a neighbour's garden.
Analiza najnovejših podatkov NECD (2), ki jo je izvedla EEA, kaže, da je pričakovati, sosedovem vrtu.
Then the nettles grew around a compost heap that was also used as a dump for poultry dung.
Takrat so koprive rasle okoli kupa komposta, ki se je uporabljal tudi kot odlagalno mesto za perutninski gnoj.
That was no coincidence — the stinging plant is an indicator of high nitrogen concentrations in soils.'Eutrophication' is the most likely cause of this explosion of stinging nettles surrounding Johan.
To ni bilo naključje – pekoče rastline so pokazatelj visoke koncentracije dušika v prsti. „Evtrofikacija″ je najbolj verjeten vzrok za razrast pekočih kopriv, ki obdajajo Johana.
It occurs when too many chemical nutrients (such as N) are available to an ecosystem either on land or in water.
Do nje pride, kadar je ekosistemu na voljo preveč kemičnih hranilnih snovi (kot je N) bodisi na kopnem ali v vodi.
In water, excessive plant growth and subsequent decay occur, which in turn leads to further effects including oxygen depletion.
V vodi se pojavi čezmerna rast rastlin in zatem propad, to pa privede do nadaljnjih učinkov, vključno prekomerno porabo kisika. Ribe, druge živali in rastline se zadušijo, ko se zaloga kisika porabi.
The fence protecting the area offers no defence — in fact building a greenhouse around the area would be the only way to protect it totally from airborne substances.
Obilne koprive na tem območju pomenijo, da kljub temu, da je razglašeno za območje Natura 2000, to območje ni imuno na usedline dušika, ki se prenaša po zraku.
Member States should meet these ceilings by 2010.The EEA considers that further emission cuts are still needed in order to properly protect environment and health.
Ograja, ki ščiti območje, ne zagotavlja nobene obrambe – pravzaprav bi območje pred snovmi, ki se prenašajo po zraku lahko povsem zaščitili le s steklenjakom.
Climate change mitigation efforts will improve air quality
Prizadevanja za ublažitev podnebnih sprememb bodo izboljšala kakovost zraka
It has been estimated that the above package will cut the cost of meeting EU air pollution targets by EUR 8.5 billion per year.
Po ocenah naj bi z omenjenim paketom uspeli doseči cilje EU glede onesnaženja zraka z 8,5 milijardami EUR nižjimi stroški na leto.
The savings to the European health services could be as much as six times that figure.
Evropsko zdravstveno varstvo bi lahko prihranilo kar šestkrat toliko.
The efforts required to meet these targets will also cut air pollution in Europe.
• zmanjšali emisije toplogrednih plinov za 20 % do leta 2020, • povečali delež obnovljivih virov energije za 20 % do leta 2020, • izboljšali energetsko učinkovitost za 20 % do leta 2020.
For example, improvements in energy efficiency and increased use of renewable energy will both lead to reduced amounts of fossil fuel combustion — a key source of air pollution.
Prizadevanja, potrebna za doseganje teh ciljev, bodo povzročila tudi zmanjšanje onesnaženja zraka v Evropi.
These positive side effects are referred to as the 'co-benefits' of climate change policy.
Na primer, povečana energetska učinkovitost in uporaba obnovljivih virov energije bosta privedli do manjšega zgorevanja fosilnih goriv – kar je ključen vir onesnaženja zraka.
• reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % by 2020;• increase the share of renewable energy by 20 % by 2020;• improve energy efficiency by 20 % by 2020.
Ti pozitivni stranski učinki se imenujejo „skupne koristi″ politike o podnebnih spremembah.
The NEC Directive status report (EEA Technical report No 9/2008) documents the data officially reported by Member States at the end of 2007.
Statusno poročilo Direktive o nacionalnih zgornjih mejah emisij (Tehnično poročilo EEA št. 9/2008) beleži podatke, ki so jih države članice uradno sporočile konec leta 2007.
References least one of their four ceilings; with 13 anticipating missing ceilings for the
Viri da 15 držav članic ne bo doseglo vsaj ene izmed štirih zgornjih mej; 13 pa jih naj ne bi doseglo zgornjih mej za dve
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. COM(2005)446 final.
Sporočilo Komisije Svetu in Evropskemu parlamentu.
2 nitrogen-containing pollutants NOX
onesnaževali, ki vsebujeta dušik: NO in
Coordination Centre for Effects, Data Centre of the International Cooperative Programme on Modelling and Mapping of Critical Levels and Loads and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends (ICP Modelling and Mapping, ICP M & M): http://www.mnp.nl/cce/.
Direktiva 2008/50/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 21. maja 2008 o kakovosti zunanjega zraka in čistejšem zraku za Evropo.
In 2009 the European Commission plans to publish a proposal to revise the current NECD, including stricter ceilings for the year 2020.
Leta 2009 namerava Evropska komisija objaviti predlog revizije trenutne NECD, vključno s strožjimi zgornjimi mejami za leto 2020.
National limits are likely to be proposed for fine particulate matter (PM
Verjetno bodo prvič predlagane nacionalne meje za drobne
Air quality and ancillary benefits of climate change policies, EEA Technical report No 4/2006.
Kakovost zraka in dodatne koristi politik o podnebnih spremembah, Tehnično poročilo EEA št. 4/2006.
The NEC Directive status report.
Statusno poročilo Direktive o nacionalnih zgornjih mejah emisij.
EEA Technical report No 9/2008.
Tehnično poročilo EEA št. 9/2008.
Annual European Community LRTAP Convention emission inventory report 2008.
Letno poročilo Evropske komisije o popisu emisij po LRTAP.
EEA Technical report No 7/2008.
Tehnično poročilo EEA št. 7/2008.
The NECD is mirrored by air quality directives setting limit and target values for major air pollutants.
NECD se odraža v direktivah o kakovosti zraka, ki določajo mejne in ciljne vrednosti za glavna onesnaževala zraka.
A new one called the Cleaner Air For Europe (CAFE) Directive was adopted in April 2008.
Nova direktiva, imenovana Čistejši zrak za Evropo (CAFE), je bila sprejeta aprila 2008.
For the first time it sets legally binding limit values for PM concentrations
Prvič določa zakonsko obvezujoče mejne vrednosti za koncentracije PM
Assessment of ground-level ozone within the EEA member countries with focus on long-term trends (in preparation).
Ocena prizemnega ozona v državah članicah EEA s poudarkom na dolgoročnih trendih (v pripravi).
Core set indicator CSI-04: Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas.
Osnovni kazalci CSI-04: Preseganje mejnih vrednosti kakovosti zraka v mestnih območjih.
The Sixth Environment Action Programme of the European Community 2002–2012 (1600/2002/EC).
Šesti akcijski program za okolje Evropske skupnosti 2002–2012 (1600/2002/ES).
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. COM(2005)446 final
Sporočilo Komisije Svetu in Evropskemu parlamentu. COM(2005)446 končno in izjava za javnost, http://europa.eu/rapid/ pressReleasesAction. do?reference=IP/05/1170.
(fine particulate matter), to be attained in 2015.
delci), ki jih je treba doseči do leta 2015.
The European Commission is also taking countries to task for having missed earlier limits and, where sufficient measures have not been outlined to improve performance, has begun infringement proceedings.
Evropska komisija tudi nalaga nalogo državam, ki niso zagotovile prejšnjih mejnih vrednosti, in je sprožila postopek za ugotavljanje kršitev v primerih, ko niso bili opredeljeni zadostni ukrepi za izboljšanje izvajanja.
Later that evening Anna, while watching the evening news, sees that an air quality warning has been issued by the government in response to high ozone levels beyond the EU threshold.
Zvečer je Anna ob gledanju večernih poročil videla, da je vlada izdala opozorilo o kakovosti zraka, ker so ravni ozona presegle prag EU.
The warning advises people with breathing problems to take precautions such as avoiding strenuous exercise while the ozone levels remain high.
Opozorilo ljudem, ki imajo težave z dihali, svetuje uvedbo previdnostnih ukrepov, na primer izogibanje telesnemu naporu, dokler so ravni ozona visoke.
Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands believe that new policies and measures, not yet enacted, will help them reach their 2010 emissions ceilings.
Belgija, Francija in Nizozemska verjamejo, da jim bodo nove politike in ukrepi, ki še niso uveljavljeni, pomagali doseči zgornje meje za leto 2010.
In addition, several other Member States believe they will over achieve their original ceilings.
Poleg tega več drugih držav članic meni, da bodo dosegle boljše vrednosti, kot so njihove zgornje meje.
22 / EEA SIGNALS 2009 / AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT
22 / EEA SIGNALI 2009 / KMETIJSTVO IN OKOLJE
Taking CAP in hand
Vzemimo v roke SKP
Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy
Reforma skupne kmetijske politike
A shrinking resource Almost 80 % of Europeans live in big cities, towns or the urban settlements between the two, far removed from the realities of agriculture.
Upadajoči viri Skoraj 80 % Evropejcev živi v velikih mestih, krajih ali v mestnih naseljih, daleč od realnosti kmetijstva.
Our rural landscape nevertheless has a huge significance in terms of providing food, raw materials, fuel and recreational opportunities.
Pa vendar je naša podeželska krajina izrednega pomena za zagotavljanje hrane, surovin, goriv in rekreacijo.
EEA SIGNALS 2009 / AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT / 23
EEA SIGNALI 2009 / KMETIJSTVO IN OKOLJE / 23
The CAP was introduced in 1962 and consumes 40 % of the entire EU budget.
SKP je bila uvedena leta 1962. Porabi 40 % celotnega proračuna EU.
In 2007 this translated into over EUR 54 billion.
Leta 2007 je to pomenilo več kot 54 milijard EUR.
Agriculture contributes to 1.2 % of EU GDP and 4.7 % of all jobs in the EU (1).
Kmetijstvo prispeva 1,2 % k BDP EU in 4,7 % vseh delovnih mest v EU (1).
The CAP currently has two 'pillars': production and there is a stronger focus on rural development and environmental objectives.
SKP ima trenutno dva „stebra″: od prvotnega cilja, ki je bil le povečati proizvodnjo hrane, vse več pozornosti pa se sedaj tudi posveča razvoju podeželja in okoljskim ciljem.
CAP is currently undergoing a 'health check' by the European Commission, the European Parliament and Members States.
Evropska komisija, Evropski parlament in države članice trenutno izvajajo „pregled zdravja SKP«.
In the context of the discussions on the future of the policy, the EEA is also preparing an analysis of the CAP focusing on 'targeting' of the subsidy's 'environmental' spending.
V podporo razprav o prihodnosti SKP politike je agencija EEA pripravlja tudi analizo SKP, v kateri se osredotoča na „ciljno usmerjenost okoljske″ porabe subvencij.
Where is the money going and what effect is it having?
Kam gre denar in kakšen učinek ima?
What follows is a preview of some of our findings.
Sledi predogled nekaterih naših ugotovitev.
• Pillar I provides direct aid and market interventions to secure food production and farmers' income, and making European agriculture more competitive.
• 1. steber zagotavlja neposredno pomoč in posredovanje na trgu z namenom, da se zagotovi proizvodnja hrane in dohodek kmetov ter poveča konkurenčnost evropskega kmetijstva.
It is the dominant part of the budget, responsible for 77.5 % of the total CAP expenditure in 2006.
V ta namen se porabi pretežni del proračuna, namreč leta 2006 je ta steber predstavljal 77,5 % skupnih izdatkov SKP.
CAP expenditure patterns
Struktura izdatkov SKP
• Pillar II recognises the central role of farming as a supplier of food and goods, as the cornerstone of rural societies and as a potential environmental manager.
• 2. steber priznava osrednjo vlogo kmetijstva kot dobavitelja hrane in blaga, kakor tudi njegovo temeljno vlogo za razvoj podeželskih družb in kot možnega upravljavca okolja.