natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Overall, the number of reported drug law offences in EU Member States increased by an average of 36% between 2001 and 2006 (Figure 2).
Na splošno se je število prijavljenih kršitev zakonov o drogah v državah članicah EU med letoma 2001 in 2006 v povprečju zvišalo za 36 % (prikaz 2).
The data reveal increasing trends in all reporting countries except Bulgaria, Greece, Latvia and Slovenia, which reported an overall decline over the five-year period (10).
Iz podatkov je razviden trend povečevanja v vseh državah poročevalkah, razen v Bolgariji, Grčiji, Latviji in v Sloveniji, ki so poročale o splošnem zmanjšanju v petletnem obdobju (10).
(8) (9) (10 http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu For a discussion of the relationships between drugs and crime see EMCDDA (2007b). See Table DLO-1 in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
8) http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu9) Za razpravo o povezavah med drogami in kriminalom glej EMCDDA (2007b).10) Glej preglednico DLO-1 v Statističnem biltenu 2008.
Figure 2: Indexed trends in reports for drug law offences in EU Member States, 2001–06 similar to that reported in previous years.
Število kršitev, povezanih s kokainom, se je v obdobju med letoma 2001 in 2006 povečalo v vseh evropskih državah, razen v Bolgariji, Nemčiji in na Slovaškem.
Most European countries reported that the majority of the offences were related to drug use or possession for use, with figures in
Poleg tega je treba navesti, da je, kot delež vseh kršitev zakonov o drogah, število kaznivih dejanj, povezanih z uživanjem drog, v istem obdobju naraslo v polovici držav poročevalk.
2006 ranging up to 93% in Spain (
Nacionalne raziskave v zvezi z drogami
In de x addition, it is worth noting that, as a proportion of all drug law offences, use-related offences increased over the same period in half of the reporting countries.
Večina držav je poročala, da raziskave potekajo večinoma na univerzah in v specializiranih centrih, nekatere gostijo nacionalne kontaktne točke, sledijo pa javni in zasebni raziskovalni centri.
Offences related to the supply of drugs also increased during the period 2001–06, but at a much lower pace, with an average increase of 12% in the European Union.
Od pomembnih študij, izvedenih od leta 2000, o katerih so poročale države članice, je bila polovica študij izvedena na področju epidemiologije, tretjina pa na področju uporabnih raziskav (večinoma ocene intervencij pri preprečevanju in zdravljenju).
Over this period, the number of supply-related offences increased in more than half of the reporting countries, and decreased in four countries (Germany, Cyprus, Netherlands, Slovenia) (13).
Navedene so bile tudi študije dejavnikov zdravja, dejavnikov tveganja in varovalnih dejavnikov za uživanje drog, posledic uživanja drog in mehanizmov na področju drog ter vplivov.
—— Cannabis
—— Vsa poročila
See Table DLO-2 in the 2008 statistical bulletin.
Nekatere države so poročale o omejitvah raziskav v zvezi z drogo.
Page 27
Viri:
Structures and projects
Razširjanje
Research in to the drugs problem is carried out in all European countries, where it provides the information essential to describing and understanding the impact of illicit drugs on a national scale.
Trendi predstavljajo razpoložljive informacije o nacionalnem številu poročil o prekrških, povezanih z drogo (kazenskih in nekazenskih), o katerih poročajo vsi organi kazenskega pregona v državah članicah EU.
Based on reports from 25 Member States, Croatia and Norway, it is possible to give an overview of the organisation of drugrelated research in European countries.
Vsi nizi so indeksirani do osnove 100 za poročila iz leta 2001 in ponderirani glede na število prebivalcev v državah, da bi ugotovili splošni trend v EU.
At a time when the importance of evidencebased interventions is increasingly acknowledged, it is notable that 21 countries reported that research results inform drug policy, at least to some degree.
Skupno število kršitev, sporočenih leta 2006 v državah, vključenih v trende (pred ponderiranjem), je bilo: amfetamin: 41 069, konoplja: 550 878, kokain: 100 117, ekstazi: 17 598, heroin: 77 242, vsa poročila: 936 866.
The majority of countries reported that research takes place mostly in universities and in specialised centres, some of them hosting national focal points, followed by public and private research centres.
Države, ki nimajo podatkov za dve ali več zaporednih let, niso vključene v izračun trenda: splošni trend temelji na vseh državah EU, razen Združenega kraljestva, trend za konopljo temelji na 18 državah, za heroin na 18, za kokain na 17, za amfetamin na 12 in za ekstazi na 13.
National research networks were reported by some countries (Germany, Spain, Portugal).
Nacionalne kontaktne točke Reitox, za podatke o prebivalstvu pa Eurostat (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/).
Drugrelated research is mentioned in the national drug strategy or action plan of 20 of the 27 reporting countries, either as a specific topic or referred to as an essential component of evidencebased policy.
Ugotovljenih je bilo 25 evropskih strokovno pregledanih revij, specializiranih za področje drog, ki izhajajo v 11 jezikih (brez angleščine).
In 15 of the 27 reporting countries, structures to coordinate drugrelated research exist at national level.
Večina teh nacionalnih revij objavlja povzetke v angleškem jeziku in sprejema mednarodne prispevke.
Only five countries report that drugrelated research is not mentioned in their national strategies or that they do not have a national coordination structure in this field.
Članki o uživanju prepovedanih drog se poleg publikacij, specializiranih za prepovedane droge in odvisnost, objavljajo tudi v strokovno pregledanih revijah, ki pokrivajo več strok, in v znanstvenih publikacijah.
Among the major studies carried out since 2000 reported by the Member States, more than half were in epidemiology and about one third in applied research (mainly evaluations of interventions in prevention and treatment).
Leta 2006 so bili rezultati raziskav na področju drog objavljeni v več kot 100 takšnih evropskih revijah.
Also cited were studies in determinants, risk and protective factors for drug use, consequences of drug use, and drug mechanisms and affects.
Druge vrste publikacij, vključno s publikacijami nacionalnih kontaktnih točk, so prav tako pomembne pri razširjanju informacij.
The State is the main source of funding for drugrelated research reported by the Member States, either through programmes for general research or through research programmes in the drugs field.
Država je glavni vir financiranja raziskav v zvezi z drogo, o katerih poročajo države članice; financiranje poteka prek programov za splošne raziskave ali prek raziskovalnih programov na področju drog.
Health and social sciences are two of the main areas of general research in which funding may be found for drugrelated research. Funding
Zdravstvene in družbene vede sta dve glavni področji splošnega raziskovanja, kjer obstaja financiranje za raziskave v zvezi z drogami.
Constraints to drugrelated research were reported by several countries. Among the problems identified were: organisational aspects, such as a lack of coordination and scattered resources (Germany, France, Austria); the
Financiranje, posebej namenjeno za raziskave v zvezi zdrogami, je lahko na voljo prek nacionalnih usklajevalnih organov na področju drog (Češka republika, Španija, Francija, Luksemburg, Madžarska, Poljska, Portugalska, Norveška).
Detailed information on research in the drugs field carried out in European countries has been collected by the EMCDDA through its network of Reitox national focal points.
Obe vrsti programov financiranja pogosto združujeta raziskave v zvezi s prepovedanimi drogami z drugimi področji odvisnosti, kot so alkohol, tobak in hazarderstvo.
Annual report 2008: the state of the drugs problem in Europe lack of qualified research staff (Latvia, Hungary); and methodological aspects (data protection issues, problems in reaching hidden populations, lack of continuity in research projects).
Letno poročilo 2008: stanje na področju problematike drog v Evropi
Dissemination abstracts and welcome international contributions.
Center je prek svoje mreže nacionalnih kontaktnih točk Reitox zbral podrobne informacije o raziskavah na področju drog, izvedenih v evropskih državah.
In addition to publications specialising in illicit drugs and addiction, articles on illicit drug use are also published in peer-reviewed journals from a wide array of disciplines and in professional magazines.
Informacije, ki jih predložijo države članice, vključujejo opis nacionalnih raziskovalnih organizacij in načinov financiranja.
In 2006, research findings in the drugs field were published in more than 100 such European journals.
Države članice so predložile tudi sezname glavnih študij, izvedenih od leta 2000, in opredelile znanstvene članke, znanstvene revije in spletne strani, prek katerih je potekalo razširjanje ugotovitev nacionalnih raziskav, povezanih z drogami.
Other types of publication, including those by national focal points, also play an important role in dissemination.
Center omogoča razširjanje teh in drugih informacij s pomočjo različnih izdelkov in kanalov za razširjanje (glej http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/research).
A total of 25 European peer-reviewed journals specialising in the drugs field and publishing in 11 languages other than English were identified. The majority of these national journals publish English
Za poglobljen pregled te teme glej izbrano vprašanje o raziskavah v zvezi z drogami za leto 2008 (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/selected-issues).
Reitox national focal points also play an important role in disseminating research results in all the reporting countries, mainly by means of their national reports.
Ocenila bo tudi obstoječe evropske mreže, vključno z mrežami Centra in njegovimi nacionalnimi kontaktnimi točkami Reitox. Rezultati študije bodo na voljo v začetku leta 2009.
Chapter 2 Responding to drug problems in Europe — an overview
Poglavje 2Odzivi na problematiko drog v Evropi ‒ pregled
Improving the monitoring of drug supply reduction
Izboljšanje spremljanja zmanjševanja ponudbe drog
This chapter presents an overview of the responses to drug problems in Europe, where possible highlighting trends, developments and quality issues.
To poglavje predstavlja pregled odzivov na problematiko drog v Evropi, in kjer je mogoče, poudarja trende, razvojne dogodke in vprašanja kakovosti.
The set of measures reviewed here includes prevention, treatment, harmreduction and social reintegration, which taken together form a comprehensive demand-reduction system.
Pregled sklopa ukrepov vključuje preprečevanje, zdravljenje, zmanjševanje škode in socialno reintegracijo, ki skupaj tvorijo celovit sistem za zmanjševanje povpraševanja.
The chapter also includes a review of the available data on the needs of drug users in prisons and the existing responses in this particular setting.
Poglavje vključuje tudi pregled razpoložljivih podatkov o potrebah uživalcev drog v zaporih in o obstoječih odzivih v tem okolju.
In addition, future monitoring challenges in another field of drug policy, drug supply reduction, are briefly discussed.
Poleg tega so na kratko obravnavani tudi prihodnji izzivi spremljanja na drugem področju politike boja proti drogam – področju zmanjševanja ponudbe drog.
Drug supply reduction can be defined as encompassing all activities aimed at preventing illicit drugs from reaching users.
Zmanjševanje ponudbe drog lahko opredelimo kot dejavnost, ki vključuje vse dejavnosti, namenjene preprečevanju, da bi prepovedane droge dosegle uživalce.
These may include instruments such as international conventions, and EU and national legislation and policies, as well as actions addressing the various processes and actors involved in the production and trafficking of illicit drugs but also involved in the diversion or illicit manufacture of licit substances (medicines, precursor chemicals) for illicit ends and in the laundering of drug money.
Te dejavnosti lahko vključujejo instrumente, kot so mednarodne konvencije, zakonodaja EU in nacionalne zakonodaje ter politike in ukrepi, ki obravnavajo različne postopke in akterje, ki so del proizvodnje in trgovine s prepovedanimi drogami, pa tudi zlorabe ali nezakonite proizvodnje dovoljenih snovi (zdravil, predhodnih sestavin) v nezakonite namene ter pranja denarja, povezanega z drogami.
Law enforcement activities, alternative development initiatives and projects aimed at preventing drugrelated crime all contribute to reducing the supply of illicit drugs.
Dejavnosti kazenskega pregona, alternativne razvojne pobude in projekti, namenjeni preprečevanju z drogo povezanega kriminala, prispevajo k zmanjševanju ponudbe prepovedanih drog.
Monitoring and analysis constitute, as is the case with drug demand reduction, an important support for these activities and their evaluation.
Spremljanje in analiza sta, kot je to pri zmanjševanju povpraševanja po drogah, pomembna podporna dejavnika za te dejavnosti in njihovo ocenjevanje.
Drug prevention can be divided in to different levels or strategies, from environmental to indicated prevention, which ideally do not compete but complement each other.
Preprečevanje na področju uživanja drog je mogoče razdeliti na različne ravni ali strategije, od okoljske strategije do indiciranega preprečevanja, ki si v idealnih okoliščinah ne nasprotujeta, temveč se dopolnjujeta.
The following description of the current situation and trends in Europe is based on qualitative data on the provision of universal and selective prevention reported to the EMCDDA in 2007 (17) and on a literature review on indicated prevention (EMCDDA, 2008f).
Naslednji opis trenutnega stanja in trendov v Evropi temelji na kvalitativnih podatkih o zagotavljanju vsesplošnega in selektivnega preprečevanja, o katerem so države poročale Centru leta 2007 (17), ter na pregledu literature o indiciranem preprečevanju (EMCDDA, 2008f).
Recent data collection exercises in the framework of the annual progress reviews of the EU action plan on drugs and the Ungass review (see Chapter 1) have revealed a mixed picture regarding the availability of response data in the supply reduction field.
Nedavno zbiranje podatkov v okviru letnih pregledov napredka akcijskega načrta EU za boj proti drogam in pregleda Ungass (glej poglavje 1) je razkrilo mešano sliko glede razpoložljivosti podatkov o odzivu na področju zmanjševanja ponudbe.
Activities related to international projects are usually well documented, while data on activities at national level are often difficult to access and compare.
Dejavnosti v zvezi z mednarodnimi projekti so običajno dobro dokumentirane, medtem ko je do podatkov o dejavnostih na nacionalni ravni pogosto težko dostopati in jih primerjati.
The European Commission, Eurostat, Europol and the EMCDDA are working to improve this situation in the framework of the next EU action plan on drugs (2009–12).
Evropska komisija, Eurostat, Europol in Center si prizadevajo izboljšati to stanje v okviru naslednjega akcijskega načrta EU za boj proti drogam (2009–2012).
Existing conceptual frameworks and information systems, as well as potential information sources for monitoring and analysing supply reduction activities in the Member States, are to be reviewed.
Treba je preveriti obstoječe temeljne okvire in informacijske sisteme, pa tudi morebitne vire informacij za spremljanje in analizo dejavnosti za zmanjševanje ponudbe v državah članicah.
There is also a need to better understand drug markets, in particular supply and distribution arrangements, both in their economic and social dimensions.
Obstaja tudi potreba po boljšem razumevanju trgov z drogami, zlasti ureditve ponudbe in distribucije, tako v ekonomskem kot tudi socialnem smislu.
Two studies funded by the European Commission will explore both the information systems and sources on drug supply reduction and the international drug markets.
Dve študiji, ki jih financira Evropska komisija, bosta raziskali informacijske sisteme in vire za zmanjševanje ponudbe drog ter mednarodne trge z drogami.
The objectives of universal school-based drug prevention in Europe appear to have shifted in recent years.
Zdi se, da so se cilji vsesplošnega preprečevanja v šolah v Evropi v zadnjih letih spremenili.
In 2007, developing life skills was the most frequently reported objective of prevention activities (12 out of 28 reporting countries), whereas in 2004, half of the countries (13/26) reported raising awareness and providing information as their main objective.
Leta 2007 je bil razvoj spretnosti za življenje najpogosteje poročani cilj dejavnosti preprečevanja (12 od 28 držav poročevalk), medtem ko je leta 2004 polovica držav (13/26) kot o glavnem cilju poročala o ozaveščanju in zagotavljanju informacij.
Creating protective school environments, a form of structural intervention, was also more often mentioned as a main objective in 2007 (six countries) than it was in 2004 (four countries).
Ustvarjanje varovalnih šolskih okolij, oblike strukturnih intervencij, je bilo leta 2007 (šest držav) v primerjavi z letom 2004 (štiri države) prav tako pogosteje navedeno kot glavni cilj.
The changes in reported objectives may reflect the adoption of a more rational and evidencebased approach, but the extent to which this change in objectives reflects actual provision is unclear.
Spremembe poročanih ciljev lahko odražajo sprejetje bolj racionalnega in na izsledkih temelječega pristopa, vendar pa je obseg, v katerem ta sprememba ciljev odraža dejansko zagotavljanje, nejasen.
Events for parents and strategies solely providing information (information days, visits of experts or of police agents at schools) are among the types of school-based intervention reported by the largest numberofcountries (Figure 3).
Dogodki za starše in strategije, ki nudijo samo informacije (informativni dnevi, obiski strokovnjakov ali policistov na šolah), so med vrstami intervencij šolah, o katerih poroča največ držav (prikaz 3). Učinkovitost teh intervencij ni jasna.
In contrast, some of the more strongly evidencebased interventions are reported in only a few countries.
Nasprotno pa o intervencijah, ki bolj temeljijo na izsledkih, poroča le nekaj držav.
These include standardised programmes, peer approaches or interventions specifically for boys; all of which aim
Te vključujejo standardizirane programe, pristope, ki temeljijo na
Data were provided by national experts in the Member States.
) Podatke so predložili nacionalni strokovnjaki v državah članicah.
Figure 3: Most frequent intervention types in universal school-based prevention
Prikaz 3: Najpogostejša vrsta intervencij v vsesplošnem preprečevanju v šolah
Peer-to-peer approaches
Vrstniški pristopi
Visit of police officers to schools
Obiski policistov na šolah
Other drug prevention topics integrated in curricula
Druge teme na področju preprečevanja uživanja drog, vključene v učni načrt
Other external lectures
Druga zunanja predavanja
Information days about drugs
Informativni dnevi o drogah
Personal and social skills training outside standardised programmes
Usposabljanje za osebne in socialne spretnosti izven standardiziranih programov
Events for parents
Prireditve za starše
Numberofcountries
Število držav
Full provision
Popolno zagotavljanje
Extensive provision
Obširno zagotavljanje
NB: Sources:
Opomba: Viri:
Mustap = multisession, standardised programmes with printed material.
Mustap = večkratna srečanja, standardizirani programi s tiskanim gradivom.
to improve communication skills, increase abilities in handling conflicts, stress and frustration, or correct normative misperceptions about drug use.
vrstnikih, ali intervencije, posebej namenjene fantom; vse pa je namenjeno izboljšanju komunikacijskih sposobnosti, povečanju zmožnosti za reševanje konfliktov, stresa in frustracij ali ublažitvi napačnega dojemanja v zvezi z uživanjem drog.
The overall predominance of interventions that lack or have only a weak evidence base might be due to the fact that they require fewer resources and less staff training.
Splošna prevlada intervencij, ki ne temeljijo na dokazih ali temeljijo na neprepričljivih dokazih, je lahko posledica dejstva, da zahtevajo manj virov in manj usposabljanja osebja.
Family-based prevention is another widely utilised prevention approach.
Preprečevanje v družini je drug širše uporabljen pristop.
Eleven countries reported full or extensive provision of family meetings and evenings.
11 držav je poročalo o popolnem ali obširnem zagotavljanju družinskih srečanj in dogodkov.
In common with school-based prevention, family-based prevention seems to be mainly focused on providing information.
Zdi se, da je tako kot preprečevanje v šolah tudi preprečevanje v družini usmerjeno predvsem v nudenje informacij.
Intensive coaching and training for families, an approach that has shown consistent efficacy across studies (Petrie et al., 2007), is offered on a limited basis, with only seven countries reporting the highest provision levels.
Intenzivno mentorstvo in usposabljanje za družine, pristop, ki se je v študijah izkazal za stalno učinkovitega (Petrie et al., 2007), je na voljo omejeno; le sedem držav je poročalo o najvišjih ravneh zagotavljanja.
Selective prevention is guided by social and demographic indicators, such as unemployment, delinquency or truancy rates.
Selektivno preprečevanje vodijo družbeni in demografski kazalniki, kot so stopnja nezaposlenosti, prestopništva ali namernega izostajanja od pouka.
It intervenes with specific groups, families or entire communities, where people, due to their scarce social ties and resources, may be more likely to develop drug use or progress in to dependency.
Takšno preprečevanje je prisotno pri posebnih skupinah, družinah ali celotnih skupnostih, katerih člani bi lahko zaradi pomanjkanja družbenih vezi in virov pogosteje začeli uživati droge ali celo postali odvisni.
Thirteen countries report that most of their family-based prevention is selective.
13 držav poroča, da je njihovo preprečevanje v družini selektivno.
However, important risk conditions of families are rarely addressed in Europe.
Vendar pa so pomembni pogoji tveganja
In addition to activities targeting drug use specifically, structural interventions also exist in schools.
Poleg dejavnosti, usmerjenih na uživanje drog, obstajajo strukturne intervencije tudi v šolah.
By aiming to create protective and normative social environments, structural interventions seek to influence young people’s choices about drug use (Toumbourou et al., 2007).
Strukturne intervencije, ki so namenjena ustvarjanju varovalnih in normativnih družbenih okolij, želijo tako vplivati na izbiro mladih v zvezi z uživanjem drog (Toumbourou et al., 2007).
This approach matches overall prevention policies that increasingly embrace stricter regulations on tobacco and alcohol in schools.
Ta pristop ustreza splošnim politikam preprečevanja, ki vedno bolj zajemajo strožje ureditve glede tobaka in alkohola v šolah.
As such, 20 countries report total smoking bans in all schools, and 18 countries report full or extensive provision (18) of drug policies in schools.
Tako 20 držav poroča o popolni prepovedi kajenja v vseh šolah, 18 držav pa poroča o popolnem ali obširnem zagotavljanju (18) politik boja proti drogam v šolah.
In central and western Europe in particular, Member States report having implemented structural interventions aimed to reduce tobacco and alcohol use in schools.
Zlasti v srednji in zahodni Evropi države članice poročajo o uvedbi strukturnih intervencij, namenjenih zmanjšanju uživanja tobaka in alkohola v šolah.
These prevention measures may also be complemented by other structural measures, such as improving the design of school buildings and school life.
Te ukrepe preprečevanja je mogoče dopolniti tudi z drugimi
Extensive provision: the intervention is provided in a majority of locations where the size of the target population is sufficient for its implementation.
) Obširno zagotavljanje: posredovanje se zagotavlja na večini lokacij, kjer je velikost ciljne populacije dovolj velika za izvajanje.