natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
This distribution has important implications for the occupational safety and health of young people because of the specific set of potentially harmful conditions that characterises these sectors (including low pay, temporary seasonal work, poor employment conditions and physically demanding work).
Ta porazdelitev pomembno vpliva na varnost in zdravje pri delu mladih zaradi potencialno nevarnih delovnih pogojev, ki so značilne za te dejavnosti (vključno z nizkim plačilom, sezonsko naravo zaposlitve, slabimi pogoji zaposlitve in fizično zahtevnimi delovnimi nalogami).
Within the EU-25 in 2005, young workers were mostly employed as service workers (5.2 million), followed by craft and related workers (3.6 million).
V letu 2005 so bili mladi delavci v EU-25 večinoma zaposleni kot storitveni delavci (5,2 milijona), čemur sledijo delavci v obrti in povezanih dejavnostih (3,6 milijona).
Clerks (2.7 million) and technicians and associate professionals were in equal third place (2.7 million), closely followed by elementary occupations (2.5 million).
Uradniki (2,7 milijona) in tehniki ter strokovnjaki so si z enakimi deleži delili tretje mesto (2,7 milijona), tesno so jim sledili osnovni poklici (2,5 milijona).
This occupational breakdown differs slightly between the Member States.
Ta razčlenitev po poklicih se rahlo razlikuje po državah članicah.
From 2000 to 2005, the largest increase in the number of young workers was in service workers and shop and market sales workers (+ 0.38 million).
Med letoma 2000 in 2005 se je najbolj povečalo število mladih, ki so delali kot storitveni delavci ter kot prodajalci v trgovinah in na trgih (+0,38 milijona).
(1) http://osha.europa.eu/publications/reports/7606507(2) Young workers: 15–24 years old.
(1) http://osha.europa.eu/publications/reports/7606507(2) Mladi delavci so delavci, ki so stari od 15 do 24 let.
Health and social work e
Pr e delo vina na debelo in dr v a n dr r go
Proportion of young workers per sector, EU-25, 2005, LFS nd H e
Delež mladih po dejavnostih, EU-25, 2005, LFS in zd
Many of these sectors and occupations are characterised by high accident risks, exposure to many workplace hazards or, as is the case for the service professions, precarious employment situations.
Za mnoge prej naštete dejavnosti in poklice je značilno visoko tveganje za nezgode, izpostavljenost številnim nevarnostim na delovnem mestu ali, kot pri storitvenih poklicih, negotovost zaposlitve.
Gender differences t W obtain a profile of risks to young workers and their exposure to workplace factors such as dangerous substances (more specifically biological agents, carcinogens and reprotoxicants), noise and vibration, physically strenuous working conditions and psychosocial risks; p o r assess the importance of specific risks to young workers in the highemployment sectors, with a special focus on service sectors; k p
K temu bi bistveno prispevalo povezovanje različnih področij (npr. javnega zdravstva, boja proti delu otrok, varnosti v prometu); n zagotovili zagotovili vk vključitev ljučitev vsebin vsebin s s področja področja varnosti varnosti in in zdravja zdravja pri delu pri delu
There are gender differences faced by young workers just as there are in the general working population.
Ravno tako kot za celotno delovno populacijo so tudi za mlade delavce značilne razlike med spoloma.
More young men than women are at work: in 2005, 11.1 million young men and 9.3 million young women were working within the EU-25.
Delo opravlja več mladih moških kot žensk: leta 2005 je v EU-25 delalo 11,1 milijona mladih moških in 9,3 milijona mladih žensk.
Nevertheless, data on exposures and health outcomes which differentiates between young women and men is difficult to find.
Vendar pa je težko priti do podatkov o izpostavljenosti in posledicah za zdravje, ki bi odražali razlike med moškimi in ženskami.
The report also contributes to the Agency’s annual campaign, the European Week for Safety and Health at Work, which in 2006 was dedicated to the protection of young people at work.
Poročilo predstavlja tudi prispevek k letni kampanji, ki je bila posvečena varnosti mladih delavcev in katere vrhunec je bil evropski teden varnosti in zdravja pri delu 2006.
Under the slogan ‘Safe start’, over 30 countries participated actively in Europe’s largest OSH campaign to protect young workers.
V tej največji evropski kampanji na področju varnosti in zdravju pri delu, ki je potekala pod sloganom „Varen začetek“, je aktivno sodelovalo več kot 30 držav.
Information on exposure to risks and health effects for young workers are summarised in Facts 70: Young workers — Facts and Figures: Exposure to risks and health effects.
Informacije o izpostavljenosti tveganjem in vplivih na zdravje za mlade delavce so povzete v biltenu Facts št. 70: „Mladi delavci – dejstva in številke: Izpostavljenost tveganjem in vplivi na zdravje“.
Gender issues strongly contribute to different hazard exposure and therefore to different health outcomes.
Med spoloma obstajajo razlike v izpostavljenosti nevarnostim in s tem tudi razlike v zdravstvenih posledicah.
For example, hairdressing is a predominantly female profession, with 87 % female workers.
Na primer, poklic frizerke opravljajo večinoma ženske, saj predstavljajo 87 % zaposlenih v frizerstvu.
More than a million people are employed in about 400 000 hairdressing salons in Europe.
V približno 400 000 frizerskih salonih po Evropi je zaposlenih več kot milijon ljudi.
This sector is also characterised by a young workforce: 83 % of recruits are aged under 26 and 56 % are under 19.
Za to dejavnost je značilna tudi mlada delovna sila: 83 % novincev je mlajših od 26 let in 56 % je mlajših od 19 let.
As a result, almost all risk factors for hairdressers are automatically relevant for young workers.
Mladi frizerji so tako izpostavljeni skoraj enakim dejavnikom tveganja kot frizerji na splošno.
The main health problems in this sector — skin problems, asthma and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) — therefore mostly affect young women.
Poglavitne zdravstvene težave v tej dejavnosti – težave s kožo, astma in kostno-mišična obolenja – torej prizadenejo predvsem mlade ženske.
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Gran Vía, 33, E-48009 Bilbao Tel. (+ 34) 94 479 43 60, Fax (+ 34) 94 479 43 83E-mail: information@osha.europa.eu
Evropska agencija za varnost in zdravje pri delu Gran Vía, 33, E-48009 Bilbao Tel. (+ 34) 94 479 43 60, faks (+ 34) 94 479 43 83E-pošta: information@osha.europa.eu
© European Agency for Safety and Health at Work.
Evropska agencija za varnost in zdravje pri delu.
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium, 2007 http://osha.europa.eu fs69_en.indd 2
Reprodukcija je dovoljena z navedbo vira. Printed in Belgium, 2007.
Young workers — Facts and figures Exposure to risks and health effects
Mladi delavci – dejstva in številke Izpostavljenost tveganjem in vplivi na zdravje zaradi akustičnega šoka, saj predstavljajo velik delež delovne sile, ki dela v klicnih centrih.
Exposure to heat is common in outdoor occupations (agriculture or construction), industry, and hotels and restaurants.
Izpostavljenost vročini je pogosta v poklicih, ki se opravljajo na prostem (kmetijstvo ali gradbeništvo), ter v industriji in gostinstvu.
This report summarises a European Risk Observatory report (1) describing health and safety at work as related to a specific risk, sector or group of workers.
Ta bilten povzema poročilo Evropskega observatorija tveganj (1), ki obravnava varnost in zdravje pri delu v povezavi s posameznimi tveganji, dejavnostmi ali skupinami delavcev.
It is part of a larger project, whose goal is the earlier identification of emerging trends and risks at work in order to assist in better targeting of resources and to enable more timely and effective interventions.
Predstavlja del večjega projekta, katerega cilj je zgodnje odkrivanje nastajajočih trendov in tveganj pri delu, s čimer lahko prispevamo k boljšemu usmerjanju sredstev ter omogočimo bolj pravočasne in učinkovite ukrepe.
Existing studies looking at occupational risks faced by young people have some methodological problems (2
Obstoječe raziskave tveganj pri delu, ki ogrožajo mlade delavce, se srečujejo
According to survey results from EU and national sources, physically demanding work factors (such as working in awkward positions, handling heavy loads, and repetitive work) seem to be more common among young workers than in the average workforce.
Rezultati študije, ki temelji na nacionalnih virih in virih EU, kažejo, da mladi delavci v primerjavi z delovno aktivnim prebivalstvom povprečne starosti pogosteje opravljajo fizično zahtevno delo (kot je delo v prisilni drži, premeščanje težkih bremen in ponavljajoče se delo).
As a result, young workers are at considerable risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders (including low back pain).
Mladi delavci so zato izpostavljeni znatno večjemu tveganju za razvoj kostno-mišičnih obolenj (vključno z bolečinami v križu).
Surveys also suggest that young workers seem to be less informed about occupational risks.
Raziskave nadalje kažejo, da so mladi delavci očitno slabše obveščeni o tveganjih, povezanih z delom, ki ga opravljajo.
due to young workers’ lack of knowledge of the reporting process and hesitation to report hazards and risks.
Ker v današnjem svetu tempo življenja in dela naraščata, morajo mladi čedalje pogosteje opravljati delo v kratkih rokih in z veliko hitrostjo.
Statistics at the EU level broken down by age and specific data on exposure of young workers (3) are also hard to obtain, especially concerning the sectors and occupations in which they are mostly employed.
Težave se pojavljajo tudi pri zbiranju statističnih podatkov na ravni EU za posamezne starostne skupine ter specifičnih podatkov o izpostavljenosti mladih delavcev (3), zlasti za dejavnosti in poklice, v katerih je zaposlenih največ mladih.
This is the case in the services, hospitality and retail sectors in particular.
To velja še posebej za storitveni sektor, in sicer zlasti za gostinstvo in trgovino na drobno.
There are also a number of confounding factors.
Obstaja pa tudi vrsta dejavnikov, ki bega strokovnjake.
For example, the highest rates of workers being exposed to noise are in construction, industry, agriculture and transport, while the highest absolute numbers of workers exposed are in the tertiary sector (sales, personal services, education, health and social work).
Kot primer lahko navedemo podatek, da so najvišji deleži delavcev, izpostavljenih hrupu, prisotni v gradbeništvu, industriji, kmetijstvu in prometu, medtem ko je najvišje absolutno število izpostavljenih delavcev prisotno v terciarnem sektorju (trgovina, osebne storitve, izobraževanje, zdravstvo in socialno varstvo).
As the pace of life and work continues to increase in today’s world, young people are increasingly having to work to tight deadlines and at very high speed.
Mladi delavci tudi pogosteje poročajo o nezaželeni spolni pozornosti.
Therefore this report uses non-comparable data, examples from one Member State only, one-off studies, and studies from outside national official data to fill in the gaps and show some of the complexity of the situation of young workers’ exposure to risk.
Pri mladih ženskah, ki opravljajo priložnostna dela v gostinstvu in storitvenih dejavnostih, je nekajkrat večja verjetnost, da bodo žrtve spolnega nadlegovanja.
Young workers are also more likely to report being the subject of unwanted sexual attention. Young women with precarious jobs in the hotel and service industry are many times more likely to be exposed to sexual harassment.
To je razlog, da obravnavano poročilo temelji na neprimerljivih podatkih in na primerih iz ene same države članice ter črpa iz posameznih raziskav in raziskav, ki niso vključene v nacionalne uradne podatke, s čimer poskuša zapolniti obstoječe vrzeli in pojasniti, kako zapleten je problem izpostavljenosti mladih delavcev tveganjem.
Health outcomes
Nezgode pri delu
National and European data suggest that young workers are at greater risk of having an occupational accident.
Nacionalni in evropski podatki kažejo, da so mladi izpostavljeni večjemu tveganju nezgod pri delu.
Nevertheless, accident rates and causes of accidents vary greatly between different sectors and occupations.
Vseeno pa se pogostost nezgod in njihovi vzroki močno razlikujejo med posameznimi dejavnostmi in poklici. Kakor kažejo
According to the latest European data (4), the incidence rate of non-fatal
4 zadnji evropski podatki (
accidents at work was more than 40 % higher among those aged 18–24. Young men especially appear to be a risk group for safety at work.
), je bila stopnja pogostosti nezgod pri delu za več kot 40 % višja v starostni skupini od 18 do 24 let.
These results are in line with evidence from all over the world.
Pokazalo se je, da so ogroženi zlasti mladi moški.
(3 (4 (5 and Health, 2005.)
Nezgode pri delu s smrtnim izidom
Knowing which are their main health risks also implies that employers and young workers need awareness raising about these health risks.
Glede na podatke EU je skupna stopnja pogostosti nezgod pri delu s smrtnim izidom pri mladih delavcih nižja.
Young workers have a lower average risk of developing occupational diseases than older workers.
Ti rezultati se ujemajo s svetovnimi podatki.
pay special attention to part-timers and temporary workers.
© Glavni inšpektorat za delo, Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo in delo, Avstrija
Although these results do not show the precise figures for young workers, they give an indication.
Glasnemu hrupu so izpostavljeni zlasti mladi, ki delajo v gostinstvu in gradbeništvu.
refocus rehabilitation and employability policies for injured workers to include young workers; p
Mladi delavci so tudi posebno dovzetni za poškodbe
This is particularly important for those entering precarious jobs, who receive less training at work and are hard to reach.
Kljub temu pa so stopnje pogostosti nezgod pri delu, ki se končajo s smrtjo mladega delavca, v nekaterih dejavnostih dokaj visoke. Najvišja stopnja
Further information on young worker safety is available at: http://ew2006.osha.europa.eu/.
(3) Mladi delavci: stari od 15 do 24 let.(4) Evropska statistika o nezgodah pri delu (ESAW).
Work-related risks to young workers need to be taken seriously. Many of the risk factors are still being seen as inherent to their risk-taking behaviour European Community, 2006or the temporal nature of
5) Kmetijstvo; predelovalne dejavnosti; oskrba z električno energijo, plinom in vodo; gradbeništvo; trgovina na debelo in drobno, popravilo motornih vozil ter izdelkov
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Gran Vía, 33, E-48009 Bilbao Tel. (+ 34) 94 479 43 60, Fax (+ 34) 94 479 43 83E-mail: information@osha.europa.eu
( široke potrošnje; gostinstvo; promet, skladiščenje in zveze; finančno posredništvo; poslovanje z nepremičninami, najem in poslovne storitve.
Introduction to workrelated musculoskeletal disorders
Uvod v kostno-mišična obolenja, povezana z delom
Why are musculoskeletal disorders our common priority?
Zakaj so kostno-mišična obolenja naša skupna prednostna naloga?
• Cold or excessive heat• Poor lighting, e.g. can cause an accident• High noise levels, e.g. causing the body to tense
• vibracije;• mraz ali prehuda vročina;• slaba razsvetljava, ki lahko povzroči nezgodo pri delu;• visoka raven hrupa, ki lahko povzroči napetost telesa.Organizacijski in psihosocialni dejavniki:
Organisational and psychosocial factors:
• naporno delo, nezadosten nadzor izvajanih nalog in nizka raven samostojnosti;
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most common workrelated problem in Europe.
• nizka raven zadovoljstva na delovnem mestu;• ponavljajoče se, enolično delo s hitrim tempom;
Almost 24 % of the EU-25 workers report suffering from backache and 22 % complain about muscular pains.
Skoraj 24 % delavcev iz EU-25 poroča o bolečinah v hrbtenici, 22 % pa se jih pritožuje zaradi bolečin v mišicah.
Both conditions are more prevalent in the new Member States, 39 % and 36 % respectively (1).
Obe stanji sta bolj razširjeni v novih državah članicah, kjer ima 39 % delavcev bolečine v hrbtenici in 36 % bolečine v mišicah(1).
Not only do MSDs cause personal suffering and loss of income, but they also cost businesses and national economies.
Kostno-mišična obolenja povzročajo osebno trpljenje in izgubo dohodka, hkrati pa tudi stroške podjetjem in nacionalnim gospodarstvom.
Any worker can be affected, yet MSDs can be prevented by assessing work tasks, putting in place preventive measures, and checking that these measures stay effective.
Kostno-mišična obolenja, ki lahko prizadenejo vsakega delavca, je mogoče preprečevati z ocenjevanjem delovnih nalog, uvajanjem preventivnih ukrepov in stalnim preverjanjem njihove učinkovitosti.
• Demanding work, lack of control over the tasks performed, and low levels of autonomy• Low levels of job satisfaction• Repetitive, monotonous work, at a high pace• Lackofsupportfromcolleagues,supervisorsand managers
• premajhna podpora sodelavcev, nadrejenih in vodstvenih delavcev.
‘Lighten the load’ is the theme for the 2007 European Campaign dedicated to MSDs.
„Naredite si breme lažje“ je slogan evropske kampanje za leto 2007, posvečene kostno-mišičnim obolenjem.
What are MSDs?
Kaj so kostno-mišična obolenja?
• Prior medical history• Physical capacity• Age• Obesity• Smoking
Osebni dejavniki:• predhodna zdravstvena anamneza,• fizične sposobnosti,• starost,• pretirana debelost,• kajenje.
How to tackle MSDs?
Kako odpraviti kostno-mišična obolenja?
An integrated management approach is necessary to tackle MSDs. This approach should consider not just the prevention of new disorders, but also the retention, rehabilitation and reintegration of workers who already suffer from MSDs.
Pri kostnomišičnih obolenjih, povezanih z delom, gre za okvare sestavnih delov telesa, kot so mišice, sklepi, kite, vezi, živci, kosti in krvni sistem, ki jih povzročijo ali poslabšajo predvsem delo in vplivi neposrednega okolja, v katerem se opravlja delo.
Most workrelated MSDs are cumulative disorders, resulting from repeated exposure to high or low intensity loads over a long period of time.
Za odpravo kostnomišičnih obolenj je treba uporabiti integriran pristop upravljanja.
However, MSDs can also be acute traumas, such as fractures, that occur during an accident.
Ta pristop mora upoštevati preprečevanje novih okvar ter ohranitev, rehabilitacijo in ponovno vključitev delavcev, ki že trpijo zaradi kostnomišičnih obolenj, v delovni proces.
Preventive measures should address the whole load on the body that may contribute to the development of MSDs.
Pri večini kostnomišičnih okvar, povezanih z delom, gre za kumulativne okvare, ki jih povzroči ponavljajoča se izpostavljenost dolgotrajnim, visoko- ali nizkointenzivnim obremenitvam.
Normally there is no single factor that causes them — for example,
Pri kostnomišičnih okvarah gre lahko tudi za akutne poškodbe, kot so zlomi, do katerih pride pri nezgodi.
Some MSDs, such as carpal tunnel syndrome in the wrist, are specific because of their well-defined signs and symptoms.
Pri preventivnih ukrepih moramo upoštevati celotno obremenitev telesa, ki lahko prispeva k razvoju kostnomišičnih obolenj.
Others are nonspecific because only pain or discomfort exists without evidence of a clear specific disorder.
Po navadi jih namreč ne povzroči en sam dejavnik.
What factors may contribute to MSDs?
Te okvare prizadenejo predvsem hrbtenico, vrat, ramena in zgornje okončine, lahko pa tudi spodnje okončine.
Different groups of factors may contribute to MSDs, including physical and biomechanical factors, organisational and psychosocial factors, individual and personal factors (see box 1).
K nastanku kostnomišičnih obolenj lahko prispevajo različne skupine dejavnikov, vključno s fizikalnimi in biomehanskimi, organizacijskimi in psihosocialnimi ter osebnimi (glej okvir 1).
These may act uniquely or in combination.
Lahko delujejo samostojno ali v kombinaciji.
Box 1: Factors potentially contributing to the development of MSDs
Okvir 1: Dejavniki, ki lahko prispevajo k razvoju kostnomišičnih obolenj
Physical factors:• Force application, e.g. lifting, carrying, pulling, pushing, use
• razvijte skladno splošno preventivno politiko, v kateri boste obravnavali celotno obremenitev telesa;
• Avoid MSD risks• Evaluate the risks which cannot be avoided• Tackle the risks at source• Adapt the work to the individual• Adapt to changing technology• Replace what is dangerous with what is safe or less dangerous• Develop a coherent overall prevention policy, addressing the whole load on the body• Give collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures• Give appropriate instruction to workers of tools• Repetition of movements
• uporaba sile, na primer dvigovanje, prenašanje, vlečenje, potiskanje, uporaba orodja;
• Awkward and static postures, e.g. with hands above shoulder level, or prolonged standing and sitting
• prisilna in toga drža, na primer z rokami nad višino ramen, ali dolgotrajno stanje ali sedenje;
• Provide rehabilitation• Reintegrate workers that suffer or have suffered from MSDs back into work
• ponovno vključite delavce, ki imajo ali so imeli kostno-mišično obolenje, v delovni proces.
• Local compression of tools and surfaces• Vibration
• pritiskanje orodja ob površino;
(1) European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, ‘Fourth European working conditions survey’, 2005.(2) European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, ‘Research on workrelated low back disorders’, 2000.
(1) Evropska fundacija za zboljšanje življenjskih in delovnih razmer, „Četrta evropska raziskava o delovnih razmerah“, 2005.(2) Evropska agencija za varnost in zdravje pri delu, „Raziskava o bolečinah v križu, povezanih z delom“, 2000.
Figure 2: Feed conveyer after modification, showing an extended conveyer and the use of plastic linen bags o p manual handling alone is rarely the cause of back pain: there are many other factors that may contribute to its development, such as stress, vibration, cold and work organisation.
Slika 2: Dovajalni transportni trak po preoblikovanju, ki prikazuje podaljšan transportni trak in uporabo plastičnih vreč za perilo o p
Therefore, it is very important to assess the full range of MSD risks and to address them in a comprehensive way.
K njihovemu pojavu lahko prispevajo tudi mnogi drugi dejavniki, kot so stres, vibracije, mraz in organizacija dela.
Keeping workers with MSDs at work should be an integral part of workplace MSD policy.
Temelj politike v zvezi s kostnomišičnimi obolenji na delovnem mestu bi moralo biti prizadevanje za ohranitev delavcev s kostnomišičnimi okvarami na delu.
A special emphasis should be placed on multidisciplinary approaches, which combine prevention and rehabilitation.
Poseben poudarek je treba nameniti multidisciplinarnim pristopom, ki združujejo preprečevanje in rehabilitacijo.
Particularly important is the role of social and organisational support in enabling workers with MSDs both to return to work and to stay in work.
Zlasti pomembna je podpora družbe in podjetja, da se delavcem s kostnomišičnimi okvarami omogoči trajno vrnitev na delo.
The active support and involvement of workers at risk and other stakeholders in the organisation is important.
Pomembna sta dejavna podpora ter sodelovanje vodstva podjetja z ogroženimi delavci in njihovimi predstavniki.
The key elements of the European approach to tackling MSDs are given in box 2.
Ključni elementi evropskega pristopa za odpravljanje kostnomišičnih obolenj so navedeni v okviru 2.
The main components of MSD prevention are already recognised in European directives, Member States’ regulations and good practice guidelines.
Glavni elementi preprečevanja kostnomišičnih obolenj so navedeni v evropskih direktivah, predpisih držav članic in vodnikih za dobro prakso.
5 l the details or enable the directives to be implemented ().
Direktive dopolnjuje vrsta evropskih standardov (znanih kot standardi EN), ki navajajo podrobnosti ali omogočajo izvajanje direktiv (5).
Tasks carried out by workers in the laundry of a large general hospital put them at risk of lower back and shoulders injuries.
Zaposlenim v pralnici velike splošne bolnišnice grozijo zaradi delovnih nalog, ki jih opravljajo, poškodbe križa in ramen.