natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Only Germany reports 70% of new clients using opiates occasionally or not having used them inthe last month.
Stopnje novo ugotovljenih primerov sov Estoniji in Latviji dosegle vrh leta 2001, v Litvi pa leta2002, vendar so v zadnjem času izredno padle.
)Only countries for which data were available.)See Table TDI-17 (part i) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.
)Glej prikaz INF-3 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Podatki za Portugalsko in Italijo niso omejeni na injicirajoče uživalce drog in lahko tako prenizko ocenijo razširjenost med injicirajočimi uživalci drog.)Glej tabeli INF-1 in INF-8 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
HIV and AIDS
Poljske (123
Recent trends in reported HIV cases marked differences are found between countries: in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, almost half the clients useopiates together with stimulants other than cocaine; in Greece and Malta, 18% and 29% of clients, respectively,use opiates with cocaine as a secondary drug; in Finland,among opiate users (mainly users of buprenorphine) 37%report the use of hypnotics and sedatives (mainly benzodiazepines) as secondary drugs(119
Vpoljski študiji je to nedavno prenašanje potrjeno s 23-odstotno razširjenostjo v vzorcu 127 novih uživalcev, ki si drogo vbrizgavajo (125).
HIV and AIDS in eastern Europe
HIV in AIDS v vzhodni Evropi
HIV has shown strong epidemic spread among IDUs in thenew EU Member States of the Baltic region, followingmassive epidemics in eastern Europe (EuroHIV, 2004) (seebox ‘HIV and AIDS in eastern Europe’).
Virus človeške imunske pomanjkljivosti (HIV) se medinjicirajočimi uživalci drog v Rusiji in Ukrajini hitro širizmnožičnimi epidemijami, kot se je na primer zgodilovdržavah članicah EU baltske regije.
Rates of newlydiagnosed cases peaked in Estonia and Latvia in 2001,and in Lithuania in 2002, but more recently rates havefallen dramatically. This pattern is typical of HIV epidemicsamong IDUs.
Leta 2001 je stopnjana novo odkritih okužb, povezanih z intravenoznimuživanjem drog, dosegla vrh v Estoniji in Ruski federacijiz991 oziroma 333 primeri na milijon prebivalcev.
It arises because the core group of IDUs athighest risk all become infected in a short period of time,following which incidence falls because of a lack ofsusceptible IDUs and then stabilises at a level that dependson the rate of recruitment of new IDUs at high risk.However, an additional effect of behaviour change cannotbe excluded and, if true, this could in part be the result ofspecific interventions (see ‘Prevention of drug-relatedinfectious diseases’, p.66).
Vendarje bil vrh v Ukrajini dosežen prej, leta 1997, saj je znašal146 primerov na milijon prebivalcev, zaradi zelorazširjenega prenašanja v zvezi z injicirajočimi uživalcidrog, po katerem je delež novo odkritih diagnoz okužbe s HIV upadel, vendar pa je nedavno ponovno narasel.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has shown massiveand recent epidemic spread among IDUs in Russia and the Ukraine, as it has in the EU Member States of the Balticregion. In 2001, the rate of newly diagnosed infectionsrelated to intravenous drug use peaked in Estonia and inthe Russian Federation, at 991 and 333 cases per millionpopulation respectively.
Pojav aidsa med injicirajočimi uživalci drog hitro narašča v Latviji in Ukrajini, kar namiguje, da dostop do protivirusnegazdravljenja in pokritost z njim verjetno nista zadostna(glej„Izredno aktivna protiretrovirusna terapija vevropskisekciji Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije“, str. 67).
The incidence of AIDS among IDUs is increasing rapidly in Latvia and the Ukraine, suggesting that access to andcoverage of antiviral treatment is probably insufficient (see‘Highly active antiretroviral therapy in the WHO Europeanregion’, p.65).
Na novo ugotovljene okužbe s HIV pri injicirajočihuživalcih drog v izbranih državah EU, Rusiji in Ukrajini poletih poročanja
In the EU-15 countries, rates of newly diagnosed HIV caseshave remained low in recent years, with the exception of Portugal.
Časovni trendi glede razširjenosti se prav tako razlikujejomed državami.
However, comparisons at the EU level areincomplete as HIV case reporting data remain unavailable(Spain and Italy) or are only starting to become available(France) for some of the countries most affected by AIDS.Portugal showed a very high rate of 88 per million in2003, but also a large decrease since 2000 (when therate was 245 per million).
Čeprav so se v zadnjem času pojaviliizbruhi v baltski regiji, podatki o seroprevalenci HIV izvzorcev injicirajočih uživalcev drog kažejo na zmanjšanjeod sredine devetdesetih v nekaterih najbolj prizadetihdržavah (Španija, Francija in Italija), ki mu sledistabilizacija v zadnjih letih (126).
This decrease has to beinterpreted with caution as European data reporting wasonly implemented in Portugal in 2000.
V nekaterih drugih državah (Francija2001–03, Portugalska 1999–2000) so lokalni inregionalni podatki o novih in mladih injicirajočih uživalcihdrog kazali na določeno (povečano) prenašanje, vendarso vzorci premajhni, da bi bili trendi lahko statističnopomembni (127).
HIV infections newly diagnosed in injecting drug users inselected EU countries, Russia and Ukraine, by year of report
Na drugi strani je treba poudariti, da jerazširjenost HIV med injicirajočimi uživalci drog v večdržavah med letoma 2002 in 2003 ostala zelo nizka.Razširjenost HIV je bila nižja od 1% na Češkem, v Grčiji(nacionalni podatki), na Madžarskem, v Sloveniji, na Slovaškem, Finskem, v Romuniji (podatki samo za leto2001), Bolgariji in na Norveškem (podatki za Oslo).Vnekaterih od teh držav (npr. na Madžarskem) starazširjenost okužbe z virusom HIV in virusom hepatitisamed najnižjimi v EU, kar kaže na nizke ravni tveganja zavbrizgavanje (glej razdelek „Hepatitisa B in C“ spodaj).
Casespermillionpopulation
Primerinamilijonprebivalcev
Source:European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS (EuroHIV) (2004).
Vir:Evropski center za epidemiološko spremljanje aidsa (EuroHIV) (2004).
The recent increases recorded in the HIV case reportingare mostly confirmed by the available seroprevalencedata; for example, in Latvia, prevalence in nationaltreatment samples of tested IDUs rose from 1.5% (5/336)in 1997 to 14% (302/2 203) in 2001 and then fell to7% (65/987) in 2003.
Zmanjšanje pojava aidsa v poznih devetdesetih je rezultatuvedbe izredno aktivne protiretrovirusne terapije (highlyactive antiretroviral therapy – HAART) leta 1996, kipreprečuje razvoj aidsa pri ljudeh, okuženih s HIV (glejpolje o HAART). Pri injicirajočih uživalcih drog imajo
In Austria, where HIV casereporting data for IDUs are not available, HIV prevalenceamong national samples of (direct) drugrelated deathssuggests some increase, to 7% (11/163) in 2003 from
)Glej tabelo INF-8 v Statističnem biltenu 2005. )Injicirajoči uživalci drog, mlajši od 25 let: 33 % okuženih med 55 mladimi injicirajočimi uživalci drog na Poljskem in 20 % med 107 mladimi
)See Table TDI-25 (part ii) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.
(123 (124 injicirajočimi uživalci drog v Latviji.(125)Glej tabelo INF-10 in prikaza INF-4 in INF-5 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
See also the selected issue on buprenorphine. Each client may report the use of up to four secondary drugs.
(126)Glej prikaz INF-16 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(127)Glej prikaza INF-26 in INF-27 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(128)Glej prikaz INF-1 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
1% (1/117) in 1998, but numbers are small and the trendis not statistically significant.
Izredno aktivna protiretrovirusna terapija vevropski sekciji Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije
WHO estimates of the coverage of highly activeantiretroviral therapy (HAART) suggest that, in the EU andmost of central Europe, over 75% of persons in need oftreatment have access to HAART.
Ocene Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije o pokritostiizredno aktivne protiretrovirusne terapije (Highly activeantiretroviral therapy, HAART) kažejo, da ima v EU invečini osrednje Evrope več kot 75% oseb, ki potrebujejozdravljenje, dostop do terapije HAART.
However, among the Baltic states, coverage is estimated tobe ‘poor’ in Estonia and Lithuania (25–50%) and ‘verypoor’ in Latvia (under 25%).
Vendar se ocenjuje, da je pokritost med baltskimi državami„slaba“ v Estoniji in Litvi (25–50%) in „zelo slaba“ v Latviji(pod 25%).
Coverage is estimated to be‘very poor’ in most countries of eastern Europe.
Ocenjeno je, da je pokritost „zelo slaba“vvečini držav vzhodne Evrope.
Spain, Italy, Latvia and Poland(123
držav in v nekaterih primerih so vzorci majhni.
Coverage estimates specific for IDUs are not available, butstudies have shown that IDUs are often at higher risk ofinadequate access to HAART than people infected by otherroutes.
Kadar sopodatki le na voljo, lahko najvišjo razširjenost med mladimiinjicirajočimi uživalci drog v letih 2002–03 (nad 40%)najdemo v vzorcih iz Grčije, Avstrije in Poljske, najnižjorazširjenost (pod 20%) pa v vzorcih iz Madžarske,Slovenije, Finske in Združenega kraljestva (132).
have not been provided from some countries and areaswith high prevalence in previous years. In Latvia and Poland, local studies suggest recent transmission of HIV,
Podatkiorazširjenosti HCV med novimi uživalci, ki si drogovbrizgavajo (vbrizgavanje manj kot dve leti), so še boljomejeni, vendar razpoložljive informacije za leto2002–03 kažejo, da je najvišja razširjenost v vzorcih iz Belgije in Poljske ter najnižja (pod 20%) v vzorcih iz Češke, Grčije in Slovenije (133).
Source:WHO Regional Office for Europe, Health for All Database(www.euro.who.int/hfadb) (accessed 8 March 2005).
Podatki o prijavi hepatitisa C za obdobje med letoma 1992 in 2003 kažejo, davdržavah, ki so zagotovile podatke, injicirajoči uživalcidrog predstavljajo veliko večino prijavljenih primerovhepatitisa C (prijave so večinoma omejene na ugotovljeneprimere akutne okužbe) (prikaz 17).
based on the very high prevalence among young IDUs(In the case of the Polish study, this recent transmission isconfirmed by a prevalence of 23% among a sample of
Označevalci razširjenosti virusa hepatitisa (HBV) se prav tako zelo razlikujejo med državami in znotraj njih (134).
In Latvia, the incidence of AIDS related to IDU increasedfrom zero cases in 1997 to an estimated 19 cases per million population in both 2002 and 2003(128
Vir: Regionalna pisarna za Evropo pri Svetovni zdravstveni organizaciji,Zbirka podatkov Zdravje za vse (www.euro.who.int/hfadb)(dostop na dan 8. marca 2005).
Time trends in prevalence also differ between countries.Although there have been recent outbreaks in the Balticregion, HIV seroprevalence data from samples of IDUssuggest a decrease since the mid1990s in some of themost affected countries (Spain, France and Italy), followed by a stabilisation in recent years(126
Najpopolnejši podatki so za anti HBc, ki navaja zgodovino pomembno vlogo tudi ukrepi za preprečevanje HIV invnekaterih državah je dejavnik tudi zmanjšanje števila ljudi,ki si drogo vbrizgavajo (glej „Vbrizgavanje droge“, str. 62).
In someof these countries (e.g. Hungary), both HIV prevalence andhepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence are among the lowest inthe EU, suggesting low levels of injecting risk (see section‘Hepatitis B and C’ below).
Prikaz 15: Primeri okužb z aidsom po skupini prenosainletudiagnoze (1987–2003), prilagojeno za zamudepriporočanju, EU
Prevalence data from young IDUs (aged under 25) areavailable from only a few countries and, in some cases,sample sizes are small. Where available, the highestprevalence among young IDUs in 2002–03 (over 40%) isfound in samples from Greece, Austria and Poland and thelowest prevalence (under 20%) in samples from Hungary,
Podatki o letni pogostnosti pojava kažejo, da lahko do leta2002 najvišje število novih primerov aidsa v EU pripišemointravenoznemu uživanju drog; kasneje je ta načinprenašanja prehitel heteroseksualni spolni odnos, kar odražaspremembe v epidemiologiji HIV v prejšnjih letih (prikaz 15).Vendar je treba poudariti, da se vzorci vbrizgavanja medposameznimi državami lahko močno razlikujejo (129).
HCV prevalence among new injectors (injecting for lessthan two years) are even more limited but what informationis available for 2002–03 shows that the highestprevalence (over 40%) is in samples from Belgium and Poland and the lowest prevalence (under 20%) in samples
Razširjenost protiteles virusa hepatitisa C (HCV) medinjicirajočimi uživalci drog je na splošno zelo velika,čeprav obstajajo velike razlike med državami in znotraj njih (130
Year of diagnosis
Leto diagnoze
Source: most complete data are for anti-HBc, which indicates ahistory of infection and, among those testing negative, thepotential for vaccination. In 2002–03, IDU samples withprevalence over 60% were reported from Belgium,Estonia and Italy, while samples with prevalence under30% were reported from Belgium, Spain, Italy, Austria,
HBM – homoseksualni in biseksualni moški IDU – injicirajoči uživalci drog razširjenosti nad 60% v letih 2002–03 poročajo iz Belgije, Estonije, Grčije, Italije, Poljske, Portugalske in Nizozemske, medtem ko o vzorcih z razširjenostjo nad40% poročajo iz Belgije, Češke, Grčije, Madžarske,Avstrije, Slovenije, Slovaške, Finske in Združenegakraljestva (prikaz 16) (131).
Hepatitis B notification data for the period 1992–2003,for those countries from which data are available, suggest that the proportion of IDUs has been increasing(136).
Opomba:Prikazani podatki za tri glavne skupine prenašanja in primere brezprijavljene skupine prenašanja.Države, ki niso vključene, so Francija, Nizozemska (podatki niso navoljo za celotno obdobje) in Ciper (na voljo ni nobenih podatkov).
In the transmission was overtaken by heterosexual sex, reflectingchanges in the epidemiology of HIV in the preceding years(Figure 15).
Vir: EuroHIV; podatki, poslani do 31. decembra 2003.
)See Figure INF-2 in the 2005 statistical bulletin. )See Tables INF-2 and INF-11 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See also Figure INF-21 in the 2005 statistical bulletin and Matheï et al., 2005.)See Table INF-12 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Table INF-13 and Figures INF-7 and INF-8 in the 2005 statistical bulletin. )See Tables INF-3, INF-14 and INF-15 in the 2005 statistical bulletin. )See Figures INF-9, INF-10, INF-22 and INF-23 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Figure INF-14 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.
)Glej prikaz INF-2 v Statističnem biltenu 2005. )Glej tabeli INF-2 in INF-11 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej prikaza INF-21 v Statističnem biltenu 2005 ter Matheď et al., 2005.)Glej tabelo INF-12 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej tabelo INF-13 in prikaza INF-7 in INF-8 v Statističnem biltenu 2005. )Glej tabeli INF-3 in INF-14 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
Chapter 6: Heroin and injecting drug use
Letno poročilo 2005: stanje v zvezi s problemom drog v Evropi
Figure 16: National and local estimates of HCV prevalence among injecting drug users, 2002–2003
Prikaz 16: Nacionalne in lokalne ocene o razširjenosti okužbe z virusom hepatitisa C med injicirajočimi uživalci drog, 2002–2003
NB:Black square, samples with national coverage; blue triangle, samples with local/regional coverage.Differences between countries have to be interpreted with caution owing to different types of settings and/or study methods; national sampling strategies vary.Data for Spain and Portugal and some of the data for Czech Republic include non-IDUs and therefore may underestimate prevalence among IDUs (proportion ofnon-IDUs in the samples not known).Data for Portugal, Slovenia and Slovakia are limited to prevalence among IDUs in treatment and may not be representative of prevalence among IDUs who arenot in treatment.Sources: Reitox national focal points (2004).
Opomba:Črni kvadratek = vzorci na nacionalni ravni; modri trikotnik = vzorci na lokalni/regionalni ravni.Razlike med državami je treba razlagati previdno zaradi različnih okolij in/ali metod; nacionalne strategije o vzorčenju so različne.Podatki za Španijo in Portugalsko ter nekateri podatki za Češko vključujejo tudi neinjicirajoče uživalce drog, zato je možno, da podcenjujejo razširjenostmed injicirajočimi uživalci drog (delež neinjicirajočih uživalcev drog v vzorcu ni znan).Podatki za Portugalsko, Slovenijo in Slovaško so omejeni na razširjenost med injicirajočimi uživalci drog, ki se zdravijo, ter niso reprezentativni za razširjenostmed injicirajočimi uživalci drog, ki se ne zdravijo.Viri:Nacionalne kontaktne točke Reitox (2004).
For primary sources, study details and data before 2002, see Table INF-11 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.
Za primarne vire, podrobne informacije in podatke pred letom 2002, glej tabelo INF-11 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
injectors and expanded rapidly over the course of the1990s (Figure 18).
Za kratek pregled drugih z drogo povezanih nalezljivihbolezni glej Letno poročilo 2004(http://ar2004.emcdda.eu.int/sl/page074-sl.html).
In 1993, publicly funded programmesalready existed in more than half of the current 25 EUMember States and in Norway.
Preprečevanje z drogo povezanih nalezljivih bolezni okužbe, in med tistimi, katerih testi so bili negativni,možnost za cepljenje.
Today, NSPs are availablein Bulgaria, Romania and Norway as well as in all EUcountries, except Cyprus, where sterile equipment is,however, freely obtainable at pharmacies and an official
V letih 2002–03 so o vzorcihinjicirajočih uživalcev drog z razširjenostjo nad 60%poročali iz Belgije, Estonije in Italije, o vzorcihzrazširjenostjo pod 30% pa iz Belgije, Španije, Italije,Avstrije, Portugalske, Slovenije, Slovaške in Združenegakraljestva (135).
Once such programmes diseases among IDUs(137). Appropriate responses includeenhanced access to drug treatment (WHO, 2005), thedevelopment of lowthreshold services and the provision ofsterile equipment and education programmes, although itshould be noted that there are differences between countrieswith respect to the emphasis placed on these different serviceelements.
Čeprav se nacionalne politike držav članic razlikujejo, sajodražajo njihovo individualno stanje glede drog in političniokvir, hkrati obstaja vedno več dokazov o soglasju naevropski ravni, o ključnih elementih, ki so potrebni zaučinkovit odziv na boj proti HIV in drugim nalezljivimboleznim med injicirajočimi uživalci drog (137).
Needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) started in the European Union in the mid-1980s as an immediateresponse to the threat of an HIV epidemic among drug limited and they are only available in Athens(139).
(135)Glej prikaze INF-9, INF-10 , INF-22 in INF-23 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(136)Glej prikaz INF-14 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(137)Na dveh nedavnih konferencah so predstavniki evropskih vlad potrdili svoje sodelovanje v boju proti HIV/aidsu ter opredelili ukrepe za okrepitevnjihovih odzivov na tem področju (Deklaracija iz Dublina, februar 2004, in Deklaracija iz Vilne, september 2004). Vse ključne dokumente EU o
All key EU documents on HIV/AIDScan be found on the European Commission’s public health website (http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_threats/com/aids/keydocs_aids_en.htm).
HIV/aidsu lahko najdete na spletni strani Evropske komisije o javnem zdravju(http://europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_threats/com/aids/keydocs_aids_en.htm).
Figure 17: Notified cases of hepatitis C, percentage of casesreported as IDU, 1992–2003
Prikaz 17:Prijavljeni primeri hepatitisa C, odstotek prijavljenihprimerov med injicirajočimi uživalci drog, 1992–2003
Needle and syringe programmes are described as apredominant approach to the prevention of infectiousdiseases among drug users in 16 EU Member States and Norway and a common approach in a further six; and it is
Programi injekcijskih igel in brizg za enkratno uporabo soopisani kot prevladujoč pristop za preprečevanje nalezljivihbolezni med uživalci drog v 16 državah članicah EU in na Norveškem ter so pogost pristop v dodatnih šestih državah;
Evidence on effectiveness of needle and syringeprogrammes prisons (144).
Letno poročilo 2005: stanje v zvezi s problemom drog v Evropi
Reviewing the cost-effectiveness of NSPs, de Wit and Bos (2004) conclude that NSPs seem tobe cost-effective in preventing the spread of HIV and haveadditional and worthwhile benefits apart from reducing HIV, such as bringing a difficult-to-reach population of drugusers into contact with health and social services.
Večja dostopnost storitev dokazov o kakšnih večjih nepričakovanih negativnihposledicah (WHO, 2004).
Hepatitis B immunisation campaigns are often combinedwith hepatitis A vaccinations and hepatitis C viruscounselling, testing and referral. Even though hepatitis Ctreatment is offered in all countries, access can in practicebe difficult for drug users.
Vendar je bilo v poročiluugotovljeno, da sami programi injekcijskih igel in brizg zaenkratno uporabo ne zadostujejo za nadzor nad okužbozvirusom HIV med injicirajočimi uživalci drog ter da jetreba te programe dopolniti s številnimi dopolnilnimi ukrepiza nadzor nad okužbo z virusom HIV med injicirajočimiuživalci drog ter od njih.
As official medical guidelinesare considered an important tool in steering the provisionof hepatitis C treatment, in 2003–04 they were the subjectof an analysis by the EMCDDA(145). Most guidelinesrecommend that drug users be treated after they havecome off drugs or have been stable on an oral substitutiontreatment for a period of time that can vary from threemonths to two years.
S pregledom stroškovneučinkovitosti programov injekcijskih igel in brizg zaenkratno uporabo de Wit in Bos (2004) ugotavljata, da sezdijo ti programi stroškovno učinkoviti pri preprečevanjuširjenja virusa HIV ter imajo poleg zmanjševanja okužbe s HIV dodatne in pomembne koristi, kot je možnost, dauživalci drog, ki jih je drugače težko doseči, stopijo v stikzzdravstvenimi in socialnimi službami.
Hepatitis prevention
Preprečevanje hepatitisa
Those who inject drugs are at very high risk of acquiring HBV and HCV infection, and 50–80% of drug usersbecome infected within five years of starting to inject,which can result in chronic infections that can damage andultimately destroy the liver (EMCDDA, 2004b). While novaccine is currently available against hepatitis C, hepatitis
Osebe, ki si vbrizgavajo droge, so zelo izpostavljene tveganjuza okužbo z virusom hepatitisa B in C, saj se 50–80%uživalcev drog okuži v petih letih od začetka vbrizgavanja, karlahko vodi do kroničnih okužb, ki lahko škodijo jetrom inpovzročijo njihovo odpoved (EMCDDA, 2004b).
B can be effectively prevented by vaccination(142
Medtem kotrenutno ni nobenega cepiva proti hepatitisu C, lahko hepatitis B učinkovito preprečimo s cepljenjem (142).
In this section, the term ‘drug-related deaths’ is used torefer to deaths caused directly by the consumption of oneor more drugs and generally occurring shortly after theconsumption of the substance or substances.
Izraz „nizkopražni“ opisuje izvedbeno podlago, katerenamen je olajšati uživalcem drog dostop do socialnih inzdravstvenih služb. Da bi znižali njihov prag dostopa, soagencije nameščene na posebnih krajih in imajo uradneure prilagojene potrebam svojih strank, delajo tudi poznozvečer ali ponoči.
These deathsare known as ‘overdoses’, ‘poisonings’ or ‘drug-induced deaths’ (146).
Uporaba storitevagencij zahteva malo birokracije in je pogosto brezplačnater ni povezana z obveznostjo strank, da so drogeprenehale ali jih bodo prenehale uživati.
Several EU countries have introduced or reintroducedhepatitis B into national immunisation programmes in thepast decade, and the vaccination is now part of the routinevaccination schedules for children in most EU countries.Sofar, only Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Norway have not followed the
Take agencije sousmerjene na trenutne uživalce, ki še niso bili v stikuzdrugimi drogami ali zdravstvenimi službami, ali tiste, ki soizgubili stik z njimi. Njihove storitve so usmerjene na „težkodostopne“ skupine ter posebne zelo ogrožene skupineuživalcev in tudi eksperimentalne uživalce (na primerzzagotavljanjem svojih storitev v klubih in diskotekah alidrugih zabavnih prizoriščih).
Opiates are present in most cases of ‘drug-related deaths’caused by illegal substances reported in the EU, althoughin many cases other substances are also identified duringthe toxicological examination, in particular alcohol,
Poleg spodbujanja uživalcev, dasi poiščejo zdravljenje, in napotitev na zdravljenje pogostozagotavljajo storitve „preživetja“, vključno s hrano,obleko, zavetiščem, sterilno opremo za vbrizgavanje inzdravniško oskrbo.