natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
•Design of work spaces•Selection of quiet equipment
•Zasnova delovnih mest•Izbira tihe opreme
4Ch 4.2 , 4.3 & 4.4Ch. 4.5Ch. 4.6Ch. 4.7Ch 4.8Ch. 3Ch. 6 p d n a Article 6: Personal protection n i o t a lt u
Člen 6 Osebna zaščita z e j n a v o t
•Directive on the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)•Characteristics and choice of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)–Information for employers and employees s n o
•Direktiva o uporabi osebne varovalne opreme (OVO)•Značilnosti in izbira osebne varovalne opreme (OVO)–Informacije za delodajalce in delojemalce e v s o
Article 7: Limitation of exposure
Člen 7 Omejevanje izpostavljenosti
•Directive – obligations of employers le
•Direktiva – dolžnosti delodajalcev
Article 8: Worker information and training
Člen 8 Obveščanje in usposabljanje delavcev
•Directive – worker information, training and consultation
•Direktiva – obveščanje in usposabljanje delavcev in posvetovanja z njimi
Article 10: Health surveillance
Člen 10 Zdravstveni nadzor
•Directive – health surveillance•Hearing damage
•Direktiva – zdravstveni nadzor •Okvara sluha
Hearing damage from noise Hearing damage from chemical agents Symptoms of hearing damage Audiometric testing
Okvara sluha zaradi hrupa Okvara sluha zaradi kemičnih snovi Simptomi okvare sluha Avdiometrični preizkusi
CHAPTER 1 Principles of acoustics
POGLAVJE 1: Načela akustike
Propagation in air, fluid and other media .............................................................................................................. 23
Prenašanje zvoka po zraku, tekočini in drugih medijih ................................................................................... 23
BASIC PARAMETERS USED TO DESCRIBE SOUND ........................................................................................................ 24
OSNOVNI PARAMETRI ZA OPIS ZVOKA .......................................................................................................................... 24
Sound Pressure ................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Zvočni tlak ......................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Sound Pressure Level and the decibel .................................................................................................................... 25
Raven zvočnega tlaka in decibel .............................................................................................................................. 25
Sound Power and Sound Power Level .................................................................................................................... 26
Zvočna moč in raven zvočne moči .......................................................................................................................... 26
Addition of Sound Pressure Levels ........................................................................................................................... 26
Seštevanje ravni zvočnega tlaka .............................................................................................................................. 26
Tone and acoustic spectrum ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Tonski in akustični spekter ........................................................................................................................................... 27
Octave and 1/3 octave bands ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Oktavni pasovi in 1/3 oktavni pasovi ...................................................................................................................... 29
SOUND PRODUCTION AND PROPAGATION .................................................................................................................. 30
NASTANEK ZVOKA IN NJEGOVO ŠIRJENJE .................................................................................................................... 30
Radiation, Emission and Immission ........................................................................................................................... 30
Oddajanje, emisija in imisija......................................................................................................................................... 30
Directivity ........................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Usmerjenost ...................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Sound propagation and room influence ............................................................................................................... 31
Širjenje zvoka in vpliv na prostor ............................................................................................................................. 31
TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS USED TO ASSESS HEARING LOSS RISK ....................................................................... 32
TERMINI IN IZRAZI, KI SE UPORABLJAJO PRI OCENI TVEGANJA IZGUBE SLUHA ............................................ 32
Physical parameters used as risk indicators ........................................................................................................... 32
Fizikalni parametri, ki se uporabljajo kot kazalci tveganja .............................................................................. 32
Exposure and exposure level ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Izpostavljenost in raven izpostavljenosti .............................................................................................................. 34
Equivalent continuous A-weighted Sound Pressure Level .............................................................................. 34
A-vrednotena ekvivalentna neprekinjena raven zvočnega tlaka ................................................................ 34
CHAPTER 1: PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS
POGLAVJE 1: NAčELA AKUSTIKE
The sound creation process may be demonstrated by the example of a gong (Figure 1.1).
Postopek nastanka zvoka lahko prikažemo na primeru gonga (Slika 1.1).
Acoustics is the science of sound
Akustika je znanost o zvoku
•The surface of a gong, which has been struck, starts to vibrate by moving forwards and backwards (components or covers of various industrial machines can vibrate in a similar way).
•Površina gonga, na katerega smo udarili, začne vibrirati tako, da se premika naprej in nazaj (sestavni deli ali pokrovi različnih industrijskih strojev vibrirajo na podoben način).
•Sound is one of the basic elements making up a person’s living environment.•Noise is a specific type of sound and is most commonly associated with industrial processes; it is one of the main hazards present in the work environment.•Sounds and noises are what we hear, so we can name them intuitively without thinking of their physical nature.
•Zvok je eden izmed temeljnih elementov, ki sestavljajo naše življenjsko okolje. •Hrup je posebna vrsta zvoka, največkrat pa ga povezujemo z industrijskimi postopki; predstavlja eno izmed glavnih tveganj v delovnem okolju. •Zvok in hrup lahko slišimo, zato ju lahko intuitivno poimenujemo, ne da bi razmišljali o njunem fizikalnem stanju.
The following chapter includes explanations of some terminology, which are used to describe acoustic phenomena, as well as answers to the following questions.
Naslednje poglavje vključuje razlage nekaterih terminov, s katerimi opisujemo akustične pojave, ter odgovore na naslednja vprašanja:
•What is sound really?•Which parameters describe it? •What is the difference between sound and noise?
•Kaj je pravzaprav zvok?•Kateri parametri ga opisujejo? •Kakšna je razlika med zvokom in hrupom?
Sound is a vibration of air particles propagated as a sound (or acoustic) wave through the air.
Zvok je vibracija zračnih delcev, ki se prenašajo po zraku kot zvočni (akustični) val.
The space in which the sound wave spreads is called as a sound field.
Prostor, v katerem se širi zvočni val, se imenuje zvočno polje.
•Sound arises when the air particles are set into vibration.•Sources of these vibrations, i.e. sound sources, may be vibrating objects, machines, airflows or impacts.
•Zvok nastane, ko začnejo zračni delci vibrirati. •Viri teh vibracij, tj. zvočni viri, so lahko vibrirajoči predmeti, stroji, zračni tokovi ali udarci.
•When the gong surface moves forwards, it pushes air particles forward and increases locally the density of the air (Figure 1.2).•When it moves backwards, it pulls air particles with it and decreases locally the density of (rarefies) the air (Figure 1.2).•Air particles in motion start vibrating to and fro in the same way as the surface.
•Ko se površina gonga premakne naprej, potisne naprej tudi zračne delce in lokalno poveča gostoto zraka (Slika 1.2). •Ko se pomakne nazaj, s sabo potegne zračne delce in lokalno zmanjša gostoto zraka (ga razredči) (Slika 1.2). •Premikajoči se zračni delci začnejo vibrirati naprej in nazaj na enak način kot površina.
These vibrations spread to increasingly distant air particles and this is how sound is produced.
Te vibracije se razširijo na vedno bolj oddaljene zračne delce; tako nastane zvok.
This is a phenomenon similar to the one we may observe on the surface of still water, when an object is thrown into it.
Ta pojav je podoben pojavu, ki ga lahko opazujemo na površini mirujoče vode, ko vanjo vržemo predmet.
The object sets the water particles into motion and generates a wave. •The spreading vibrations of air particles are called a sound wave.•The speed at which air particle vibrations travel through the air is called the ‘speed of sound’ and this is equal to 340 m/s (metres per second).
Predmet povzroči gibanje vodnih delcev in tako nastane val. •Vibriranje zračnih delcev, ki se širi, se imenuje zvočni val. •Hitrost, s katero vibracije zračnih delcev potujejo po zraku, se imenuje „hitrost zvoka“ in je enaka 340 m/s (metrov na sekundo).
It means that, in 1 second, sound covers a distance of 340 metres, when passing through air.
To pomeni, da zvok med potovanjem po zraku v eni minuti premaga razdaljo 340 metrov.
•Impact noises are impulse noises produced by colliding objects.
•Udarni hrup je impulzivni hrup, ki nastane s trčenjem predmetov.
If we stand 340 metres away from equipment producing sound, we can hear the equipment one second after switching it on.
Če stojimo 340 metrov oddaljeni od naprave, ki proizvaja zvok, slišimo zvok naprave sekundo po tem, ko je naprava začela delovati.
The most common phenomenon allowing easy observation of the speed of sound is an electrical discharge.
Najpogostejši pojav, ki omogoča opazovanje hitrosti zvoka, je električno praznjenje (razelektritev).
Light moves almost a million times faster than sound, so we first see lightning and then hear thunder some time after.
Svetloba potuje skoraj milijonkrat hitreje kot zvok, zato najprej vidimo blisk, nekaj pozneje pa zaslišimo grmenje.
If we hear thunder three seconds after seeing lightning, it is easy to calculate that the electrical discharge occurred about 1 kilometre away (3 x 340 m).
Če grmenje slišimo tri sekunde po blisku, ni težko izračunati, da je do električnega praznjenja prišlo približno kilometer stran (3 x 340 m).
Propagation in air, fluid and other media
Prenašanje zvoka po zraku, tekočini in drugih medijih
Sounds, which are acoustic waves, propagate not only through air but also through other elastic media, such as water, concrete or steel.
Zvoki, ki so akustični valovi, se ne prenašajo samo po zraku, temveč tudi po drugih medijih, na primer po vodi, betonu ali jeklu.
Sound sources may therefore be of different natures (air, fluid or solid) and noise reduction actions will be different depending on the nature of the sound source.
Viri zvoka so torej lahko različnih oblik (zrak, tekočina ali trdna struktura), zato se ukrepi za zmanjšanje hrupa razlikujejo glede na naravo zvočnega vira.
•Frequently, people associate noise with loud sounds that can damage their hearing so, if we consider its possible health effects, we can define noise as a loud sound able to cause hearing damage. •Loud sounds are not always perceived as noise although they can affect a person’s health, for example loud music during a concert.
•Ljudje hrup pogosto povezujejo z glasnim zvokom, ki lahko poškoduje sluh, zato lahko, če upoštevamo njegove možne učinke, hrup opredelimo kot glasen zvok, ki lahko poškoduje naš sluh. •Glasnega zvoka ne dojemamo vedno kot hrup, čeprav lahko vpliva na človekovo zdravje, kot na primer glasna glasba na koncertu.
Conversely, in some situations, even not very loud or not potentially damaging sounds may be perceived as noise.
Nasprotno pa v nekaterih primerih zvok, ki ni niti zelo glasen niti potencialno nevaren, dojemamo kot hrup.
Such sounds may hamper concentration during work requiring mental commitment, such as reading, writing and verbal communication.•Noise is largely a subjective concept and can be defined as any undesirable sound at a particular moment.•Each type of noise is sound, whereas not every sound is noise.
Takšen zvok lahko ovira koncentracijo med delom, ki zahteva miselno dejavnost, na primer med branjem, pisanjem ali govornim sporazumevanjem. •Hrup dojemamo zelo subjektivno in ga je mogoče opredeliti kot kakršen koli nezaželen zvok v določenem trenutku. •Vsaka vrsta hrupa je zvok, vendar pa vsak zvok še ni hrup.
However, these two terms will be used interchangeably later in this chapter.
Kljub temu pa bomo pozneje v tem poglavju ta dva termina uporabljali izmenično.
•Air sources may be gas exhausts, explosions, etc.•Fluid sources are generated by fluid flows inside pipes, waterfalls, etc.•Solid sources are mainly embodied by mechanical contacts: gears, rods, hammers, etc.
•Zračni viri so lahko izpuhi plinov, eksplozije itd. •Tekoči viri nastajajo zaradi pretoka tekočin v ceveh, slapovih itd. •Trdni viri so v glavnem posledica mehanskih stikov: različna orodja in naprave, kladiva itd.
Sounds that are music for some can be noise for others, even when they are not too loud
Zvoki, ki za nekoga predstavljajo glasbo, lahko za drugega pomenijo hrup, tudi takrat, ko glasba ni preglasna.
Figure 1.5 Various kinds of noise
Slika 1.5 Različne vrste hrupa
Impulse or impact noise is a loud noise occurring suddenly
Impulzivni ali udarni hrup je glasen hrup, ki se pojavi nenadoma
The speed of sound travelling through a solid object is higher than the speed of sound travelling through air.
Hitrost zvoka, ki potuje skozi trdno strukturo, je višja od hitrosti zvoka, ki potuje po zraku.
•Impulse or impact noises do not last longer than one second and are followed by a period of quiet.•Various types of impacts or explosions cause impulse noises.
•Impulzivni hrup ali udarni hrup ne traja dlje kot sekundo, sledi pa mu obdobje tišine. •Impulzivni hrup je posledica različnih udarcev ali eksplozij.
The speed of sound through concrete is 3,800 m/s; through steel it is 5,100 m/s.
Visokofrekvenčne zvoke, ki jih slišimo kot sopran (Slika 1.7).
•Audible sounds can be divided into:–Sounds of low frequency heard as bass (Figure 1.6).–Sounds of high frequency heard as soprano (Figure 1.7).
Hitrost zvoka skozi beton je 3 800 m/s; hitrost zvoka skozi jeklo je 5 100 m/s.
A male bass voice, the sound emitted by a diesel engine or a transformer are low frequency sounds.
Moški bas, zvok dizelskega motorja ali zvok transformatorja so nizkofrekvenčni zvoki.
A female soprano voice, the buzz of a mosquito or the whistle of a boiling kettle are all high frequency sounds.
Ženski sopran, brenčanje komarja ali žvižg kotlička, v katerem vre voda, so visokofrekvenčni zvoki.
Frequency is the number of cycles of a periodic motion per second.
Frekvenca je število ciklusov periodičnega gibanja na sekundo.
•Vibrations of objects and air motion may occur at different numbers of cycles per second.•Frequency expresses the number of vibration cycles completed in one second.
•Vibracije predmetov in gibanje zraka imajo lahko različno število ciklusov na sekundo. •Frekvenca izraža število ciklusov vibriranja v eni sekundi. Frekvenca, izražena s simbolom „f“, se meri v hertzih (Hz).
Sound in the frequency range below 20 Hz is called infrasound.
Zvok v frekvenčnem območju pod 20 Hz je infrazvok.
Sound in the frequency range above 20,000 Hz is called ultrasound (Figure 1.8).
Zvok v frekvenčnem območju nad 20 000 Hz je ultrazvok (Slika 1.8).
A frequency of one hertz (f = 1 Hz) means that the vibration of an object completes one to-and-fro movement in a one-second period; a frequency of 100 Hz means that the vibration of a molecule completes one hundred back-and-forth movements in one second.
Frekvenca enega hertza (f = 1 Hz) pomeni, da vibracija predmeta v eni sekundi izvede eno gibanje naprej in nazaj; frekvenca 100 Hz pomeni, da vibracija molekule v eni sekundi izvede sto gibanj naprej in nazaj.
Sounds, which can be heard by humans, are called audible sounds.
Zvoki, ki jih ljudje lahko slišimo, so slišni zvoki.
•Infrasound and ultrasound are inaudible.•Despite being inaudible to the human ear, sounds in these frequency ranges may adversely affect the human body, causing headaches, tiredness, etc.
•Infrazvok in ultrazvok sta neslišna. •Čeprav so zvoki v teh frekvenčnih območjih za človeško uho neslišni, pa lahko vplivajo na človeško telo in povzročijo glavobole, utrujenost itd.
•Audible sounds have frequencies in the 20 Hz – 20 kHz range.
•Slišni zvoki imajo frekvence med 20 Hz in 2 kHz. •Slišne zvoke lahko razdelimo na:–Nizkofrekvenčne zvoke, ki jih slišimo kot bas (Slika 1.6).
Sound Pressure sound pressure.
Zvočni tlak zvočni tlak.
Sounds with a higher sound pressure are louder.
Zvoki z višjim zvočnim tlakom so glasnejši.
Sound Pressure ‘p’ (or acoustic pressure) is a pressure change from atmospheric pressure, which spreads through the air as a wave.
Zvočni tlak „p“ (ali akustični tlak) je tlačna razlika od atmosferskega tlaka, ki se po zraku širi kot val.
Sound pressure of some sounds: whisper – 0.0003 Pa; refrigerator – 0.005 Pa; conversation – 0.01 Pa; vacuum cleaner – 0.05 Pa; circular saw – 5 Pa; pneumatic drill – 10 Pa; aircraft taking off (nearby) – 30 Pa.
Zvočni tlak nekaterih zvokov: šepet – 0,0003 Pa; hladilnik – 0,005 Pa; pogovor – 0,01 Pa; sesalec – 0,05 Pa; krožna žaga – 5 Pa; pnevmatični vrtalnik – 10 Pa; letalo ob vzletu (v bližini) – 30 Pa. Atmosferski tlak – 101,300 Pa.
Sound Pressure Level and the decibel
Raven zvočnega tlaka in decibel
Sound pressure level (SPL) is a logarithmic measure of sound pressure for a particular sound with respect to a reference sound pressure.
Raven zvočnega tlaka (SPL) je logaritmično merilo zvočnega tlaka za določen zvok glede na referenčni zvočni tlak. Označimo ga z „L
The reference pressure equals 20 µPa (micropascal).
Referenčni tlak je enak 20 μPa (mikro- pascalom).
•At a frequency of 1,000 Hz, the quietest sound audible to a human with good hearing has a sound pressure of
•Pri frekvenci 1000 Hz znaša zvočni tlak najtišjega zvoka, ki ga zazna človek z dobrim sluhom, 20 μPa, tj.
•There is a certain pressure in the surrounding air, known as the atmospheric pressure.
•V okolju je določen tlak, ki je znan kot atmosferski tlak.
Its value is given daily in broadcasted weather forecasts. •When sound travels through air (Figure 1.9), it creates areas of high and low air density.
Njegovo vrednost je vsak dan sporočena v vremenskih napovedih.•Ko zvok potuje po zraku (Slika 1.9), nastanejo območja velike in majhne gostote zraka.
This means that in places where the air density is high, the air pressure will be slightly higher than atmospheric pressure, whereas, in places where the air density is low (where the air is locally rarefied), the pressure will be slightly lower than atmospheric pressure.
To pomeni, da je tam, kjer je gostota zraka velika, zračni tlak nekoliko višji od atmosferskega tlaka. Tam, kjer je gostota zraka majhna (kjer je zrak lokalno razredčen), pa je tlak nekoliko nižji od atmosferskega tlaka.
Thus, minor pressure changes occur in the air, as the sound travels through. •A minor change in air pressure caused by spreading sound is known as sound pressure and is denoted by the symbol ‘p’.•The unit of acoustic pressure is the pascal [Pa].•The human ear reacts to sound pressure and we therefore hear sounds.•Larger vibrations from a sound source create higher
Zato se med potovanjem zvoka skozi zrak v zraku pojavijo manjše tlačne razlike. •Manjša razlika v zračnem tlaku, ki je posledica širjenja zvoka, je zvočni tlak, ki ga označimo s simbolom „p“.•Enota za akustični tlak je pascal [Pa]. •Človeško uho se odzove na zvočni tlak, zato slišimo zvoke. •Večje vibracije iz zvočnega vira ustvarijo višji
Figure 1.9 Sound pressure
Slika 1.9 Zvočni tlak
•When sound pressure level increases or decreases by 10 dB, the sound is usually perceived as twice or half as loud respectively, but +/- 10 dB means a 10-fold increase or decrease in danger to the ear!•A person with a good hearing can recognise approximately a 1 – 3 dB change in sound pressure level (depending on the sound frequency and pressure level).
•Ko se raven zvočnega tlaka poveča ali zmanjša za 10 dB, zvok običajno dojemamo kot dvakrat glasnejši oziroma za polovico tišji, vendar pa +/- 10 dB pomeni 10-kratno povečanje ali zmanjšanje nevarnosti za ušesa.•Oseba z dobrim sluhom lahko prepozna približno 1–3 dB razliko v ravni zvočnega tlaka (odvisno od frekvence zvoka in ravni tlaka).
Sound Power and Sound Power Level
Zvočna moč in raven zvočne moči
Sound Power (P) is the amount of energy emitted by a sound source in a period of time (i.e. during one second).
Zvočna moč (P) je količina energije, ki jo zvočni vir sprosti v določenem časovnem obdobju (npr. v eni sekundi).
Sound Power is expressed in watts (W).
Zvočno moč izražamo v vatih (W).
•Sound Power is one of the basic parameters used to describe a sound source because it does not change in relation to the sound source environment.•Based on Sound Power, it is usually possible to establish a sound pressure level at a selected location near a noise source.
•Zvočna moč je eden izmed osnovnih parametrov, ki jih uporabljamo za opis zvočnega vira, saj se ne spreminja glede na okolje zvočnega vira. •Na podlagi zvočne moči je običajno mogoče določiti raven zvočnega tlaka na izbranem mestu blizu vira hrupa.
When the sound energy or exposure duration doubles, the sound pressure level increases by 3 dB and vice versa.
Zvočni viri in njihove zvočne moči: šepetalec – 0,0000001 W; glasbena skupina – 5 W; reaktivno letalo – 100 000 W
Due to the wide range of Sound Power values emitted by sound sources, a sound power level (L
2 oddajajo zvočni viri, je raven zvočne moči (L
) is generally w quoted in decibels (like sound pressure level).
) običajno w izražena v decibelih (kot raven zvočnega tlaka).
•The reference value of Sound power level is P0 = 10 – 12 W = 0.000000000001 W.
•Referenčna vrednost ravni zvočne moči je P0 = 10 – 12 W = 0.000000000001 W.
According to Directive 98/37/EC* provisions, manufacturers of machines or equipment are required in some cases to determine the Sound Power and provide this information in their instructions.
Skladno z določbami Direktive 98/37/ES morajo proizvajalci strojev ali opreme v nekaterih primerih določiti zvočno moč in ta podatek navesti v navodilih za uporabo.
Directive 98/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998, on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to machinery, O.J. n° L 207 of 23.07.1998, page 1.
Direktiva Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta 98/37/ES z dne 22. junija 1998 o približevanju zakonoov držav članic o strojih, UL L 207, 23.7.1998, str. 1.
Addition of Sound Pressure Levels
Seštevanje ravni zvočnega tlaka