natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
3)Council of the European Union,‘EU action plan on drugs 2000–04’, Cordrogue32, 7.6.2000.
3) Svet Evropske unije,‘EU–action plan on drugs 2000–04’, Cordrogue 32, 7.6.2000. (»Delovni načrt Evropske unije o drogah 2000–2004« – Svet Evropske unije – CORDROGUE 32 z dne 7. junija 2000)
11)MEANS,‘Evaluating socio-economic programmes’, Luxembourg, Office for Offical Publications of the European Communities, 1999.
11) MEANS,‘Evaluating socio-economic programmes’, Luxembourg, Urad za uradne publikacije Evropskih skupnosti, 1999.
Briefing of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
Kratko poročilo Evropskega centra za spremljanje drog in zasvojenosti z drogami
Overdose — a major cause of avoidable death among young people in western Europe, most of which can be described as drug overdoses associated with the consumption of opiates.
Preveliki odmerki – glavni vzrok smrti med mladimi, ki se ji je mogoče izogniti zaradi drog, povezanih z uporabo opiatov.
In some countries, the number of years of life lost due to overdose among males is approaching that attributable to road traffic accidents.
V nekaterih državah se število izgubljenih življenj zaradi prevelikih odmerkov med moškimi približuje številu smrtnih primerov pri prometnih nezgodah.
Drug-related death is a complex phenomenon that includes both deaths from overdose and deaths indirectly related to drugs, for example from diseases spread by the sharing of injecting equipment, such as AIDS and hepatitis, and from accidents, violence and suicide under the influence of drugs.
V devetdesetih je število z drogo povezanih smrti v Evropi stalno naraščalo. Sedaj lahko vidimo podatke, ki kažejo, da se je število smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov drog ustalilo ali celo upadlo.
high levels and drug overdose continues to represent one of the major causes of avoidable loss of life among young people in Europe.
To je spodbudna novica, vendar si ne smemo dovoliti, da bi bili zadovoljni, saj število smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov drog ostaja na zgodovinsko visoki ravni in je še naprej eden glavnih vzrokov za izgubo življenj med mladimi v Evropi, ki bi se mu lahko izognili.
Marcel Reimen, Chairman EMCDDA Management Board
Marcel Reimen, Predsednik Upravni odbor EMCDDA
Although the extent to which the substantial reduction in overdose deaths called for has been achieved is debatable, many countries have put in place overdose reduction measures and state this as an explicit goal in their national drug strategies.
Številna prizadevanja so bila usmerjena v zmanjšanje tveganega vedenja za okužbo s HIV med uporabniki drog, leta pa so skupaj z boljšimi metodami za zdravljenje odvisnosti od drog vplivala na skupno umrljivost.
In a recent recommendation, the European Council reinforces this objective and calls on Member States to make available a range of measures that can reduce overdose deaths.
Do danes se prevelikim odmerkom ni namenjalo enake pozornosti in ta pojav sedaj v vsej Evropski uniji povzroča veliko več smrtnih primerov med injicirajočimi uporabniki drog kot kateri koli drug vzrok, vključno z AIDS-om.
Considerable efforts have been directed at reducing HIV risk behaviour among drug users and these, together with improvements in drug therapies, have had an impact on overall mortality.
Čeprav je dosežen obseg zahtevanega občutnega zmanjšanja smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov vprašljiv, je veliko držav uvedlo ukrepe za njihovo zmanjšanje in so to v svojih nacionalnih strategijah na področju drog navedle kot jasen cilj.
To date, drug overdose has not received the same attention and now in the EU as a whole, overdose accounts for many more deaths among injecting drug users than does any other cause, including AIDS.
Evropski svet v nedavnem priporočilu poudarja ta cilj in od držav članic pričakuje, da bodo zagotovile številne ukrepe, s katerimi bi lahko zmanjšali število smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov.
These measures appear to be beginning to bear fruit, with some reduction in overdose
Od leta 1990 naprej v zahodni Evropi poročajo o skoraj 100.000 akutnih smrtnih primerih, povezanih z drogo, pri čemer lahko večino teh primerov pripišemo prevelikim odmerkom
Since 1990, there have been almost 100 000 acute drug-related deaths reported deaths now observable.
Zdi se, da so ti ukrepi že obrodili prve sadove, saj lahko sedaj opazimo rahlo zmanjšanje smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov.
However, the number of deaths remains at a historically high level and more systematic efforts are needed if the substantial reduction in overdose deaths called for in the action plan is to be achieved.
Vendar število smrtnih primerov še vedno ostaja na zgodovinsko visoki ravni, zato je treba ukrepati bolj sistematično, če želimo občutno zmanjšati število smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov, kot to zahteva akcijski načrt.
In this policy briefing, the term ‘overdose deaths’ refers to deaths that are caused directly by the consumption of one or more drugs.
V tej kratki predstavitvi politike se pojem“smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov”nanaša na smrti, ki so neposredno povezane z uporabo ene ali več drog.
Overdose deaths occur, generally, shortly after the consumption of the substance(s).
Smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov se v splošnem ponavadi pojavijo kmalu po uporabi snovi.
These deaths are known as ‘poisonings’ or ‘drug-induced deaths’.
Te vrste smrtnih primerov poznamo kot “zastrupitve” ali “smrti zaradi uporabe drog”.
The EMCDDA definition of drug-related deaths refers to these cases and does not include in this measure those deaths indirectly related to drug use.
Definicija umrljivosti zaradi drog EMCDDA je povezana s temi primeri in v to ne vključuje smrti, ki so posredno povezane z uporabo drog.
Key issues at a glance
Ključne ugotovitve
Drug overdose, mostly involving opiates, is a major cause of deaths among young people in Europe, where over 8 000 such deaths are recorded each year, and is currently the leading cause of death among drug injectors.
Prevelik odmerek drog, ki vključuje predvsem opiate, je glavni vzrok smrti med mladimi v Evropi, kjer se vsako leto zabeleži več kot 8000 takih smrti, in je trenutno glavni vzrok smrti med injicirajočimi uporabniki drog.
Evidence exists to show that a broad range of measures can be effective in reducing drug overdose.
Obstajajo dokazi, ki kažejo, da lahko s širokim krogom ukrepov učinkovito zmanjšamo število prevelikih odmerkov drog.
Furthermore, in general, overdose prevention interventions, including educational and strategic measures that can reduce mortality and morbidity, are becoming more common.
Poleg tega na splošno postajajo vedno pogostejše intervencije za preprečevanje prevelikih odmerkov, vključno z izobraževalnimi in strateškimi ukrepi, s katerimi se lahko zmanjšata umrljivost in morbiditeta.
The reduction of drug-related deaths is a public health policy target of the EU and its Member States.
Zmanjšanje smrti zaradi drog je cilj javne zdravstvene politike EU in njenih držav članic.
Overdose victims are mostly males aged between 20 and 40 years, who in most cases are opiate injectors, and often homeless or marginalised.
Žrtve prevelikega odmerka so večinoma moški med 20-im in 40-im letom, ki v večini primerov opiate injicirajo in so pogosto brezdomci ali odrinjeni na rob družbe.
Most heroin-related fatalities occur among more experienced and more dependent users who combine other drugs, particularly alcohol and benzodiazepines with heroin.
Večina smrtnih primerov, povezanih z uporabo heroina, se pojavi med izkušenejšimi in bolj odvisnimi uporabniki, ki heroin kombinirajo z drugimi drogami, zlasti z alkoholom in benzodiazepini.
Progress that has been made in identifying and defining the risk factors and risk situations for drug overdoses indicates that a substantial proportion of overdose deaths can be prevented.
Napredek pri ugotavljanju in opredeljevanju dejavnikov tveganja in tveganih stanj zaradi prevelikih odmerkov drog kaže, da bi lahko preprečili velik delež smrtnih primerov zaradi njih.
Although the overall number of overdose deaths in the EU remains very high, in recent years a positive trend has been observed in some countries.
Čeprav je skupno število smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov v EU še vedno zelo visoko, lahko v nekaterih državah v zadnjih letih opazimo pozitiven trend.
Some new Member States may face a development similar to the one observed in west European countries at the beginning of the heroin epidemic.
Nekatere nove države članice se bodo mogoče srečevale s podobnim razvojem, kot smo ga lahko opazili v zahodnoevropskih državah na začetku epidemije s heroinom.
Overdose deaths and substances involved
Smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov drog in vpletene snovi
Some studies found that 20–30% of active heroin users experienced a nonfatal overdose in the previous year, and 50–70% at least once in their life.
Nekatere študije so pokazale, da je 20–30 % aktivnih uporabnikov heroina v prejšnjem letu vzelo prevelik odmerek, ki ni povzročil smrti, in da je 50–70 % to storilo vsaj enkrat v svojem življenju. Ocenjuje se, da je okoli 5 % prevelikih odmerkov z opiati usodnih.
A real concern must be that without timely investment in proven and effective responses the new EU Member States may now be about to face increases in overdose deaths similar to those observed in the 1980s and 1990s in west European countries.
Resno moramo biti zaskrbljeni, saj se bodo nove države članice EU brez pravočasnega vlaganja v preizkušene in učinkovite odzive mogoče kmalu ukvarjale z naraščanjem smrtnih primerov zaradi prevelikih odmerkov drog, ki bo podobno naraščanju v osemdesetih in devetdesetih letih v zahodnoevropskih državah.
Georges Estievenart, EMCDDA Executive Director
Georges Estievenart, Izvršni direktor EMCDDA
Characteristics of overdose victims
Značilnosti žrtev prevelikih odmerkov
In the EU, most overdose victims are younger people, aged from 20 to 45 years, with a mean age in their thirties.
Večina žrtev prevelikih odmerkov v EU so mlajše osebe, stare med 20 in 45 let, njihova povprečna starost so trideseta leta.
In most cases, the victims are males, ranging between 70 and 93% in different EU countries.
Večinoma so žrtve moški, saj se njihov odstotek v različnih državah EU giblje med 70 % in 93 %.
Suicide rates are high among injecting drug users. Drug users with a history of depression are particularly vulnerable.
Med obdobjem abstinence toleranca uživalca do opiatov izgine, pri čemer se uživalci tega dejstva ne zavedajo ali pa ga ne upoštevajo.
More than 8 000 acute drug-related deaths are reported each year in Europe.
V Evropi vsako leto poročajo o več kot 8000 akutnih smrtih, povezanih z drogami.
Between 1990 and 2002, almost 100 000 acute drug-related deaths were reported to the EMCDDA by the 15 ‘older’ Member States of the European Union.
V obdobju med letoma 1990 in 2002 je 15 “starih”držav članic EMCDDA-ju poročalo o skoraj 100.000 akutnih smrtih, povezanih z drogami.
These figures represent the minimum extent of overdose deaths in Europe, because underreporting is likely in many countries.
Te številke pomenijo minimalne stopnje smrtnih primerov zaradi prevelikih odmerkov drog v Evropi, saj v mnogih državah pogosto obstaja določen delež neprijavljenih primerov.
Overdose is the main cause of death among heroin users in the EU as a whole, far exceeding loss of life from other conditions such as AIDS.
Prevelik odmerek je glavni vzrok smrti med uživalci heroina v vsej Evropski uniji in občutno presega število smrti zaradi drugih bolezni, kakršna je AIDS.
While HIV/AIDS continues to cause considerable health problems among injecting drug users, there were 1507 deaths among AIDS cases due to drug injecting in 2000 compared to a total of 8 838 overdose deaths.
Medtem ko HIV/AIDS še naprej povzročata velike zdravstvene težave med injicirajočimi uporabniki drog, je leta 2000 umrlo 1507 oseb, ki so se z AIDS-om okužile zaradi vbrizgavanja drog, v primerjavi s skupno 8838 smrtnimi primeri zaradi prevelikih odmerkov.
Those who inject in public places appear to be more at risk of overdose; public injecting is more likely among the homeless and particularly marginalised.
Stopnje samomorov so visoke med injicirajočimi uporabniki drog. Še posebej so ranljivi uporabniki drog, ki so imeli težave z depresijo.
Various studies have found higher mortality among male opiate users when compared to female users.
Različne študije so pokazale, da je večja umrljivost med moškimi uporabniki opiatov v primerjavi z umrljivostjo pri ženskah, ki uporabljajo opiate.
Some of these gender differences might be explained by higher levels of risky behaviour among males, including early initiation of use, polydrug and alcohol use, injecting alone and a higher level of incarceration.
Nekatere od teh razlik med spoloma lahko pojasnimo z višjimi stopnjami tveganega vedenja med moškimi, vključno z zgodnjim začetkom uporabe, uporabo več drog in alkohola, tem, da so med vbrizgavanjem sami, in večjo stopnjo prestajanja zaporne kazni.
Opiates are present in the vast majority of the recorded overdose deaths in Europe and probably play a key role, although they are often found in combination with other substances in overdose victims.
Opiati so vzrok večine v Evropi zabeleženih smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov in imajo verjetno ključno vlogo, čeprav jih pri žrtvah s prevelikimi odmerki pogosto najdemo v kombinaciji z drugimi snovmi.
Some opiate users report frequent nonfatal overdoses. This group is likely to be disproportionately at risk of experiencing a subsequent fatal overdose.
Tisti, ki si droge vbrizgavajo na javnih mestih, so bolj ogroženi zaradi prevelikih odmerkov; vbrizgavanje na javnih mestih je pogostejše med brezdomci in zlasti osebami, odrinjenimi na rob družbe.
Overdose deaths tend to happen among experienced users, and users with more severe addiction, rather than among younger and inexperienced users.
Do smrtnih primerov zaradi prevelikih odmerkov ponavadi prej pride med izkušenimi uporabniki in uporabniki z večjo zasvojenostjo kot med mlajšimi in neizkušenimi uuporabniki.
Opiate overdose is one of the leading causes of death among young people, particularly males in urban areas, in many EU countries.
Preveliki odmerki zaradi opiatov so v številnih državah EU eden glavnih vzrokov smrti med mladimi, zlasti pri moških iz urbanih predelov.
Studies in some European cities have estimated that overdose deaths accounted for 15% (Munich in 1995), 17% (Barcelona in 1995) or 33% (Greater Glasgow in 2003) of all deaths among 15–35 year-old males.
Študije v nekaterih evropskih mestih so ocenile, da smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov dosegajo 15 % (München, 1995), 17 % (Barcelona, 1995) ali 33 % (Glasgow z okolico, 2003) vseh smrti med moškimi, starimi od 15 do 35 let.
In most EU countries, overdose victims appear to be getting older, suggesting an ‘ageing cohort effect’. Finland and, to a lesser extent, Greece and the United Kingdom are exceptions to this trend, which might signal an increased incidence of opiate use in recent years in these countries.
Nekateri uporabniki opiatov poročajo o pogostejših prevelikih odmerkih, ki niso usodni, vendar pa bo ta skupina verjetno v nesorazmerni nevarnosti, da bo prišlo do naknadnih prevelikih odmerkih, ki bodo usodni.
Because many opiate overdoses happen in the presence of other users, an opportunity exists for timely intervention. However, studies show that those witnessing drug overdoses often react inappropriately or do not react in a timely fashion.
Zdi se, da v večini držav EU žrtve prevelikih odmerkov postajajo starejše, kar spodbuja domnevo o“učinku starajoče se kohorte” (“ageing cohort effect”).
Reasons for this include lack of knowledge, difficulty in identifying an overdose situation and fear of police intervention.
Na Finskem in deloma tudi v Grčiji in Združenem kraljestvu ta trend ni opazen, kar lahko kaže na povečano incidenco uporabe opiatov v zadnjih letih v teh državah.
Circumstances of overdoses are well known
Te parametre je treba spremljati, da bi razumeli spremembe v številu smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov ter pri vplivu intervencij.
Many overdose deaths can be prevented
Veliko smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov se lahko prepreči
Using opiates by injection increases considerably the risk of overdose; heroin use by smoking or inhalation may cause overdoses but the risk is considerably lower.
Preveliki odmerki opiatov, ki večinoma prizadenejo mlajše ljudi, pomenijo visoko število izgubljenih potencialnih let življenja.
Affecting mainly younger people, opiate overdoses account for a considerable number of potential years of life lost. For example, in England and Wales in 1995, opiate overdose was estimated to represent 5% of all years of life lost by males, approaching the loss through road traffic accidents.
Na primer, v Angliji in Walesu je bilo leta 1995 ocenjeno, da preveliki odmerki opiatov pomenijo 5 % vseh izgubljenih let življenja pri moških, pri čemer se je to število približalo številu smrtnih primerov zaradi prometnih nezgod.
Increasing the proportion of drug users in treatment, especially the proportion of heroin users in opioid substitution treatment, can reduce the frequency of overdose deaths.
Raziskave o okoliščinah, ki spremljajo prevelike odmerke, so podprle razvoj intervencij, ki so usmerjene v tvegane situacije ali posameznike in lahko skupaj znatno zmanjšajo število smrti, ki nastopijo zaradi neposrednih učinkov uporabe drog.
Although the amount of heroin consumed seems to play a role in overdose deaths, heroin levels in the blood of overdose victims vary considerably and in many victims are found to be relatively low. The combination of heroin with other drugs, leading to polydrug toxicity, is considered a major risk factor in heroin overdoses.
Poleg prevelikih odmerkov so uporabniki opiatov, zlasti tisti, ki si jih vbrizgavajo, v večji nevarnosti, da umrejo zaradi AIDS-a in drugih vzrokov, vključno z nasiljem, nezgodami in samomori. Njihova skupna umrljivost je približno deset- do dvajsetkrat višja od
Resuming heroin use following a period of abstinence, in particular after detoxification treatment or time spent in prison, has been identified as another important risk factor
Čeprav se zdi, da je količina zaužitega heroina zelo pomembna pri smrtih zaradi prevelikih odmerkov, se ravni heroina v krvi pri žrtvah prevelikih odmerkov zelo razlikujejo in so pri mnogih razmeroma nizke.
Reaching out to untreated populations of drug users and bringing them into contact with drugs services is an important step to help educate drug users about how to avoid risk situations and to motivate them to enter into care.
Kombiniranje heroina z drugimi drogami privede do zastrupitve z več drogami hkrati, kar je glavni dejavnik tveganja pri prevelikih odmerkih s heroinom.
Individual overdose risk assessments should become a priority issue.
Droge, ki so še posebej povezane z zastrupitvijo pri kombiniranju več drog, hkrati vključujejo druga pomirjevala za osrednji živčni sistem, zlasti alkohol in benzodiazepine.
In addition to overdose, opiate users, particularly those injecting, are at increased risk of death from AIDS and other causes, including violence, accidents and suicides.
Povečanje deleža uporabnikov drog v obravnavi, zlasti deleža uporabnikov heroina v nadomestnem zdravljenju pri opioidih, lahko zmanjša pogostost smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov.
Overdose prevention needs to form part of a comprehensive approach to responding to drug users that includes measures to address the wider health and social problems this group faces.
Ko navežemo stik z nezdravljenimi populacijami uporabnikov drog in jih napotimo na službe za droge, pomembno prispevamo k izobraževanju uporabnikov drog o tem, kako se izogniti tveganim situacijam, in jih spodbudimo, da se začnejo zdraviti.
Drug users need to be exposed to appropriately constructed prevention messages that address different aspects of risk behaviour.
Na splošno pa dokazi jasno kažejo, da bomo znatno zmanjšali število prevelikih odmerkov le, če bomo izvedli vrsto intervencij, usmerjenih v različne vidike povezanega tveganega vedenja.
Repeated exposure is most likely to result in behavioural change.
Vedenjska sprememba bo najverjetneje nastala ob ponavljajoči se izpostavljenosti.
The message to reduce injecting should be emphasised.
V sporočilu je treba poudariti zmanjševanje vbrizgavanja.
The overall increasing trend continued in the midand late 1990s, although at a less marked rate.
Zmanjševanje števila smrti – ključni cilj evropske politike javnega zdravja
Between 2000 and 2001/02, many EU countries reported some decreases in the numbers of overdose deaths; more recent but preliminary data suggest that this trend is continuing.
Med letoma 2000 in 2001/2002 je veliko držav EU poročalo o določenem zmanjšanju števila smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov, zadnji podatki, ki še niso dokončni, pa kažejo, da se ta trend nadaljuje.
However, at EU level, deaths from overdose remain at historically high levels (8306 in 2001, the most recent year with comparable data).
Kljub temu je število smrti na ravni EU zaradi prevelikih odmerkov še vedno na zgodovinsko visoki ravni (8306 v letu 2001, to je v zadnjem letu, za katerega so na voljo primerljivi podatki).
The European Union drug strategy 2000–04 addresses the reduction of severe health consequences of drug use and includes the substantial reduction over five years in the number of drug-related deaths as a target.
Strategija Evropske unije na področju drog 2000–2004 obravnava zmanjšanje resnih posledic uporabe droge za zdravje in kot cilj vključuje znatno zmanjšanje števila smrti zaradi drog v petih letih.
An EU Council recommendation of 18 June 2003 emphasises the need to prevent and reduce health-related harm associated with drug dependence and calls on Member States to implement a range of concrete services and facilities, particularly aimed at reducing overdose deaths.
Priporočilo Sveta EU z dne 18. junija 2003 poudarja potrebo po preprečevanju in zmanjšanju škodljivih posledic za zdravje, ki so povezane z odvisnostjo od drog, in poziva države članice, da uvedejo vrsto konkretnih storitev in zmogljivosti, namenjenih predvsem zmanjšanju števila smrti zaradi prevelikih odmerkov.
These recent decreases were attributed by some countries to increased treatment provision and, in particular, substitution treatment, harm reduction measures, reduced levels of drug injecting and decreases in availability and purity of heroin.
Treba je izboljšati sposobnost uporabnikov, da prepoznajo prevelike odmerke pri drugih uporabnikih in da pravilno ukrepajo.
It is encouraging that this target has found rapid acceptance among Member States and most countries have included the reduction in the number of deaths as an objective into their national drug strategies.
To pomeni, da zagotovijo osnovno prvo pomoč, tako da na primer zastrupljenca položijo v pravilen položaj in z njim počakajo na rešilno vozilo.
The potential of other measures for which there appears to be a sound rationale needs to be exploited.
Protokoli o prisotnosti policije v primerih, ko gre za prevelike odmerke, morajo zagotoviti, da se osebe, ki so priča takšnim situacijam, ne bojijo poklicati rešilnega vozila.
For example, research is needed to resolve important questions about peer-distribution of opiate antagonists (naloxone).
Nekatere države so uvedle prostore, kjer usposobljeno osebje nadzira uporabo drog.
Overall, the evidence strongly suggests that a significant reduction in drug overdose will only be achieved by the implementation of a range of interventions that can target different aspects of the associated risk
Spodbudno je, da so države članice ta cilj hitro sprejele in da je večina držav članic vključila zmanjšanje števila smrti kot enega od ciljev v svoje nacionalne strategije na področju drog.
The number of deaths from drug overdoses in the 15 older EU Member States increased
Izkoristiti je treba možnosti, ki jih ponujajo drugi ukrepi, za katere se zdi, da so tehtnejši.
Number of drugs overdose deaths reported to the EMCDDA in the ‘old’ 15 EU countries and Norway (1985–2001)
Število smrtnih primerov zaradi prevelikega odmerka droge, prijavljenih pri Centru v “starih” 15-ih državah EU in na Norveškem (1985–2001)