natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Turkish figures are based on one major city in each of six different regions (Adana, Ankara, Diyarbakir, Istanbul, Izmir and Samsun).German data are based on six regions only (Bavaria, Brandenburg, Berlin, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Thuringia).
Turški podatki temeljijo na enem velikem mestu v vsaki od šestih različnih regij (Adana, Ankara, Dijarbakir, Carigrad, Izmir in Samsun).Nemški podatki temeljijo na samo šestih zveznih deželah (Bavarski, Brandenburgu, Berlinu, Hessnu, Mecklenburgu - Zahodnem Pomorjanskem in Turingiji).
Spain did not participate in the ESPAD survey.
Španija ni sodelovala v raziskavi ESPAD.
The data included here are based on a Spanish survey conducted in November–December 2002.
Tukaj vključeni podatki temeljijo na španski raziskavi, izvedeni novembra/decembra 2002.
Drug prevalencequestions may be considered comparable to the ESPAD questions, but other aspects of the method mean that the Spanish data are not strictly comparable.Hibell et al., 2004.
Vprašanja o razširjenostidrog so lahko primerljiva z vprašanji raziskave ESPAD, vendar drugi vidiki metode kažejo, da španski podatki niso čisto primerljivi. Hibell et al., 2004.
)See Figures EYE-1 (part ii) and EYE-1 (part ix) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Chapter 3 for a more detailed account of cannabis use among school students.)See Figure EYE-1 (part iii) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Tables EYE-1 and EYE-3 in the 2005 statistical bulletin.)See Figure EYE-1 (part vii) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.
)Glej prikaza EYE-1 (del ii) in EYE-1 (del ix) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej Poglavje 3 za podrobnejšo obravnavo uživanja konoplje med dijaki.)Glej prikaz EYE-1 (del iii) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Glej tabeli EYE-1 in EYE-3 v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
According to a recent Eurobarometer (2004) study(25
Po zadnji študiji Eurobarometra (2004) (25
), the
) se je število
Consecutive surveys show that, generally, lifetimeprevalence of ecstasy use among 15- and 16-year-oldschool students increased over the period 1995 to 2003,with the greatest increases occurring in the Czech Republic and most of the new Member States(30).
Pri stopnjah razširjenosti v različnih obdobjih je bila leta2003 najvišja stopnja tistih, ki so ekstazi v življenju kdajzaužili, 8% v primerjavi s 5% v zadnjih 12 mesecih(uživanje v zadnjem času) in 2% v zadnjem mesecu (rednouživanje).
However, lifetime number of young people aged 15–24 years who declaredthat they had been offered cannabis rose from 46% in2002 to 50% in 2004.
mladih med 15. in 24. letom, ki so izjavili, da so jimponudili konopljo, zvišalo s 46% leta 2002 na 50% leta2004.
In the same period, the number ofyoung people who reported that they knew people whohad used cannabis also rose from 65% to 68%.
V istem obdobju se je število mladih, ki so izjavili, dapoznajo ljudi, ki uživajo konopljo, prav tako zvišalo s 65%na 68%.
prevalence figures from the 1999 ESPAD surveys revealfluctuations in some countries.
Vendar številke iz raziskav ESPAD iz leta 1999 o razširjenosti uživanja kadar kolivživljenju razkrivajo nihanja v nekaterih državah.
The decreases in ecstasy usethat occurred in the United Kingdom took place before1999, and may be partly attributable to extensive mediacoverage of ecstasy-related deaths during the late 1990s.
Uživanjeekstazija se je v Združenem kraljestvu zmanjšalo predletom 1999, kar lahko delno pripišemo obširnemumedijskemu poročanju o smrtnih primerih, povezanihzekstazijem, v poznih 90. letih.
ESPAD surveys show that school students’ perceptions ofcannabis, both of the risks associated with use and of theavailability of the drug, are strongly correlated with lifetimeprevalence of cannabis use. The relationship between risk and prevalence is an inverse one(26
Raziskave ESPAD kažejo, da je dojemanje konoplje meddijaki, tako tveganja, povezanega z uživanjem, kot tudirazpoložljivosti droge, tesno povezano z razširjenostjouživanja konoplje kadar koli v življenju.
Psilocin and psilocybin — magic mushrooms of risk are associated with low prevalence of use and viceversa, but the perception of availability is directly correlated with lifetime prevalence of use(27
Razmerje medtveganjem in razširjenostjo je obratno sorazmerno (26),tj.visoko zavedanje tveganja je povezano z nizkorazširjenostjo uživanja in nasprotno, vendar pa jezaznavanje razpoložljivosti neposredno povezano zrazširjenostjo uživanja kadar koli v življenju (27
Psilocin and psilocybin, the psychoactive ingredients of so-called ‘magic mushrooms’, are included in Schedule 1of the 1971 UN Convention and thus are controlled in all Member States.
Psilocin in psilocibin, psihoaktivni sestavini tako imenovanih„čudežnih gob“, sta vključena na Seznam 1 Konvencije Združenih narodov iz leta 1971 in ju zato nadzirajo v vsehdržavah članicah.
However, the legal status of magicmushrooms, as well as the extent to which any legalrestrictions on their growth and consumption are enforced,varies between Member States, i.e. mushrooms may becontrolled, uncontrolled or controlled if ‘processed’, astatus that is not entirely legally clear.
Vendar se pravni status čudežnih gob tertudi obseg, v katerem se uveljavljajo katere koli pravneomejitve za njihovo rast in porabo, med državami članicamirazlikujeta, to pomeni, da so gobe lahko nadzorovane,nenadzorovane ali nadzorovane pri „predelavi“, kar paspravnega vidika ni popolnoma jasen status.
), suggesting that the two behaviours may be part of a common lifestyle.
Mladi v državah z višjimi ocenami glede razširjenostiuživanja konoplje od povprečja bolj gledajo na uživanjekonoplje kot na nekaj „normalnega“.
Exceptionsto this pattern are displayed by France, Italy and Bulgaria,where cannabis use is relatively high but binge drinking isrelatively low.
Večina držav, kiporoča o relativno visokih ocenah uživanja konopljevživljenju, poroča tudi o relativno visokih ocenah„popivanja“ (opredeljeno kot zaporedno pitje petih pijačali več zaporedoma) v zadnjih 30 dneh (28), kar nakazuje,da sta lahko ti dve vrsti vedenja del istega načina življenja.Odstopanja od tega vzorca se kažejo v Franciji, Italiji in Bolgariji, kjer je delež uživanja konoplje relativno visok,vendar je delež popivanja relativno nizek.
The ESPAD survey reported on the use of ‘magicmushrooms’ for the first time in 2003.
Raziskava ESPAD je o uživanju „čudežnih gob“ prvičporočala leta 2003.
Prevalence estimatesfor use of ‘magic mushrooms’ among 15- to 16-year-oldschool students exceeded or equalled those for LSD or otherhallucinogenic drugs in most of the countries thatparticipated(31).
Ocene o razširjenosti uživanja„čudežnih gob“ med 15- in 16-letnimi dijaki so v večinisodelujočih držav v raziskavi presegle ocene za LSD ali druge halucinogene droge ali so bile enake (31).
Prevalence of ecstasy use was higher than that ofamphetamine use in 14 of the EU and candidate countriesreported in the 2003 ESPAD survey(29).
Raziskava ESPAD 2003 je poročala, da je bilav14državah EU in državah kandidatkah razširjenostuživanja ekstazija višja kot razširjenost uživanjaamfetaminov (29).
The lowest levelsof lifetime use of ecstasy (2% and under) were found in Denmark, Greece, Cyprus, Lithuania, Malta, Finland,Sweden, Norway, Romania and Turkey.
Najnižje stopnje tistih, ki so ekstazivživljenju že kdaj zaužili (2% in manj), so bile na Danskem, v Grčiji, na Cipru, v Litvi, na Malti, Finskem,Švedskem, Norveškem, v Romuniji in Turčiji.
The countries withhighest lifetime prevalence rates for ecstasy use were the Czech Republic (8%); and Estonia, Spain, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (all 5%).
Višje stopnjerazširjenosti, ki se gibajo od 3 do 4%, so bile v Belgiji,Nemčiji, Franciji, Italiji, Latviji, v Avstriji, na Poljskem,
If they perceiveexperimental cannabis use as ‘normal’ and sociallyacceptable (associating it with low levels of risk and easyavailability), this may be a key influence on their valuesandbehaviour regarding cannabis use (Botvin, 2000).
)Glej prikaz EYE-1 (del vii) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.)Druga raziskava Eurobarometra (Eurobarometer, 2004), Mladi in droge, je bila izvedena leta 2004.
)A second Eurobarometer survey (Eurobarometer, 2004), ‘Young people and drugs’, was conducted in 2004. This non-probability sample survey comprised 7659 young people aged 15 to 24 in the 15 Member States included in the previous 2002 survey.(26)See Figure EYE-1 (part v) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.(27)See Figure EYE-1 (part vi) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.(28)See Figure EYE-1 (part viii) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.(29)See Figure EYE-2 (part iv) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.(30)See Figure EYE-2 (part i) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.(31)See Figure EYE-2 (part v) in the 2005 statistical bulletin.
(24 (25 zajemala 7 659 mladih, starih od 15 do 24 let, v 15 državah članicah, vključenih v prejšnjo raziskavo leta 2002.(26)Glej prikaz EYE-1 (del v) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(27)Glej prikaz EYE-1 (del vi) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(28)Glej prikaz EYE-1 (del viii) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(29)Glej prikaz EYE-2 (del iv) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(30)Glej prikaz EYE-2 (del i) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.(31)Glej prikaz EYE-2 (del v) v Statističnem biltenu 2005.
Annual report 2005: the state of the drugs problem in Europe ground, and Member States are now increasingly linkingtobacco control policies with drug prevention.
Letno poročilo 2005: stanje v zvezi s problemom drog v Evropi na Nizozemskem. Razširjenost je najvišja na Češkem (8%).Podatki o trendu uživanja čudežnih gob niso na voljo.
School-based prevention
Francija,Švedska in Norveška).
Thechallenge for prevention is to provide young peoplewith social and cognitive strategies to manage theseinfluences.
Znano je, da je vpliv preventivnihintervencij omejen, če jim družbene norme in politikenasprotujejo ali jih ne podpirajo.
It is therefore not realistic to assess theeffectiveness of prevention policies using data on drug useby young people, particularly not estimates ofexperimental use, as they reflect societal norms and notgenuine problem behaviour.
Pobude EU in Svetovnezdravstvene organizacije (Aspect Consortium, 2004) natem področju so dosegle napredek in države članice vednobolj povezujejo politike za nadzor tobakaspreprečevanjem zlorab drog.
In all Member States, schools are considered the mostimportant setting for universal prevention, and there hasbeen a noticeable increase in the emphasis placed onschool-based prevention in national strategies and in thestructured implementation of this approach.
Vrednote in vedenje posameznikov so pod vplivom tega,kar leti zaznavajo kot normalno v njihovem socialnemokolju, to pa zlasti velja za mlade.
This isreflected in the expansion of school drug policies(Figure2) and the development of specific modular drugprevention programmes for schools as well as improvedteacher training.
Če poskusno uživanjekonoplje zaznavajo kot „normalno“ in socialnosprejemljivo (povezano z nizkimi stopnjami tveganja inlažjo dostopnostjo), je lahko to glavni vpliv na njihovevrednote in vedenje v zvezi z uživanjem konoplje(Botvin,2000).
Instead, prevention should be evaluated against a numberof clear criteria: well-defined objectives, target groups andactions set out in national strategies and based on theinternational knowledge base; quality control measures;the development of selective prevention measures and offamily-based prevention; and regulatory measures on legaldrugs aimed at influencing the social norms that implycondonation of or consent to particular consumptionbehaviours.
Izziv za preprečevanje je mladimzagotoviti socialne in kognitivne strategije za nadzor nadtemi vplivi. Zato ni realno, da se ocenjuje učinkovitostpolitik preprečevanja z uporabo podatkov o uživanju drogmed mladimi, zlasti ne z uporabo ocen o poskusnemuživanju, saj odražajo družbene norme in ne dejanskegaproblematičnega vedenja.
More countries than before have introduced (Denmark hasits first school-based life skills programme), expanded(Germany) or are planning (France and Italy, in theirnational strategies) more structured prevention programmes.For example, in 2003, prevention programmes were beingimplemented in 60%of Polish schools.
V vseh državah članicah se šole pojmujejo kotnajpomembnejše okolje za splošno preprečevanje innacionalne strategije in strukturirano izvajanje tega
Figure 2: Development of school policies
Prikaz 2:Razvoj šolskih politik
Regularly available
Redno na voljo
Seldom or not available
Redko ali niso na voljo
Control measures on legal drugs help to establish thenormative foundations on which other prevention measurescan be built.
Kontrolni ukrepi za dovoljene droge pomagajo vzpostavitinormativne temelje, na katerih je mogoče zgraditi drugepreventivne ukrepe.
Societal norms that support tobacco andalcohol use and tolerate their influence on behaviour arewell-known risk factors for a sympathetic attitude to anduse of illicit drugs (Becoña, 2002).
Družbene norme, ki podpirajouživanje alkohola in tobaka ter dopuščajo njun vpliv navedenje, so dobro znani dejavniki tveganja za izražanjenaklonjenosti do prepovedanih drog in njihovega uživanja(Becońa, 2002).
Contrary to popularbelief, societal norms are influenced more by controlpolicies than by mass media campaigns or educationalapproaches (Hawks et al., 2002; Canning et al., 2004).Eurostat (2002) compared tobacco control measures andsmoking indicators in children/adolescents in EU Member States and found a relationship between the rigidity oftobacco control policies (advertising ban, age limits onpurchasing, restrictions, etc.) and smoking habits.
V nasprotju s splošnim mnenjem javnostiso družbene norme bolj pod vplivom politik nadzora kot pakampanj množičnih medijev ali izobraževalnih pristopov(Hawks et al., 2002; Canning et al., 2004).
EU and WHO initiatives(Aspect Consortium, 2004) in this field have gained
Eurostat(2002) je v državah članicah EU primerjal ukrepe za
Chapter 2: Schools, youth and drugs programmes are essential, particularly in countries whereprevention is strongly decentralised.
Poglavje 2: Šole, mladi in droge tudi na Češkem ter prek podatkovne baze Ginger v Flandriji.
An increase in programme-based approaches andimproved standardised information collection haveenabled the contents of, and trends in, prevention policiesto be reviewed and compared across the EU.
To se odraža v vednovečjem številu politik drog v vzgojno-izobraževalnihustanovah (prikaz 2) in razvoju posebnih modularnihprogramov preprečevanja zlorabe drog za šole ter boljšimizobraževanjem učiteljev.
Theinformation usually comes from national experts or expertgroups who have a reliable overview of their country’ssituation that allows them to come up with standardisedratings or from quantitative data on monitored,programme-based interventions that is available in some Member States, e.g. Greece and Hungary.
Informacijski sistemi o preprečevanju lahko prav takopomagajo izslediti pojav neučinkovitih praks in delovprogramov. Enkratne informativne seje ali predavanjastrokovnjakov ali policijskih uradnikov so na primer še vednopogosti v več državah članicah, kljub soglasnim sklepomvraziskavah, da so te intervencije v najslabšem primeruneučinkovite, če že ne škodljive (Canning et al., 2004).
Greece provides a particularly good example of movingprevention policies away from traditional information-basedand individualistic (counselling) approaches towards theimplementation of a true public health strategy that canmaximise coverage through programme-based approaches.The number of school-based prevention programmes in Greece more than doubled between 2000 and 2003, andfamily-based programmes increased threefold over thesame period.
Več držav kot prej je v svojih nacionalnih strategijah uvedlo(Danska ima svoj prvi program za razvijanje življenjskihspretnosti v šolah) ali razširilo (Nemčija) bolj strukturiraneprograme preprečevanja zlorabe drog oziroma jih načrtuje(Francija in Italija). Leta 2003 so se programipreprečevanja zlorab drog na primer izvajali v 60%poljskih šol.
Malta and the United Kingdom also increasedthe role of programme-based approaches in theirprevention policies: the ‘Blueprint programme’ seeks todetermine how international research on effective drugprevention can be adapted within the English schoolsystem, and is based upon evidence suggesting thatcombining school-based education on drugs with parentalinvolvement, media campaigns, local health initiatives andcommunity partnerships is more effective than schoolinterventions alone.
Vsebina programov preprečevanja se lahko pregleda samos sistematičnim beleženjem preventivnih dejavnosti in takotemelji na obstoječem znanju o učinkovitosti, usmerjeni naspecifične skupine prebivalcev.
Six million pounds (EUR8.5 million) has been allocated to this programme over five years(32
Smernice ali standardi zaizvajanje programov preprečevanja so ključni, zlastivdržavah, v katerih je preprečevanje močnodecentralizirano.
For instance, most Member States have implementedpersonal and social skills training in schools as a preventionapproach.
Povečanje pristopov preprečevanja, ki temelji naprogramu, in boljše standardizirano zbiranje informacij staomogočila, da se lahko vsebina in trendi preventivnihpolitik pregledajo in primerjajo v vsej EU.
Topics covered include decision-making, coping,goal-setting and assertiveness, communicating and showingempathy. This evidence-based technique, which is derived from social learning theories(35), seems now to be an
Informacijeponavadi izvirajo od nacionalnih strokovnjakov alistrokovnih skupin, ki imajo zanesljiv pregled nad stanjemvsvoji državi, kar jim omogoča, da izdelajostandardizirane ocene, ali iz kvantitativnih podatkovospremljanih intervencijah, temelječih na programih, ki sona voljo v nekaterih državah članicah, npr. v Grčiji in na Madžarskem.
Monitoring and quality control important methodology in most Member States, even incountries where programme-based approaches do not exist(France, Luxembourg and Sweden) (Table 2).
Grčija je izredno dober primer ločitve politikpreprečevanja zlorab drog od tradicionalnih informacijskihin posameznih (svetovalnih) pristopov za izvajanje resničnejavnozdravstvene strategije, ki lahko poveča pokritostspristopi, temelječimi na programih.
Estonia reportsthe widespread use of a book that teaches social skills.
Vpetih letih je bilo za ta program namenjenih šestmilijonov GBP (8,5 milijona EUR) (32).
Controlling and improving the quality of prevention ishighly dependent on first having a meaningful overview ofexisting activities and their contents.
Spremljanje in obvladovanje kakovosti
) and Norway(34
) in na Norveškem (34
Information provision continues to play a central role indrug prevention in many Member States (see Table 2).
Na primer, večina držav članic je kot preventivni pristopuporabila izobraževanje o osebnih in družbenihspretnostih v šolah.
Thelimited value of information provision in the prevention ofdrug use is only slowly being acknowledged (see, forexample, the Swedish national report).
Obravnavane so bile teme odločanja,spopadanja s težavami, postavljanja ciljev in oblikovanjasamozavesti, komuniciranja in izkazovanja sočutja.
Approaches basedsolely on health educationare also limited to influencingcognitive processes and often lack concrete components ofbehavioural and social interaction training. However,these approaches are still widespread in some countriesdespite our present understanding of effective drugprevention.
Zdi se,da je ta tehnika, ki temelji na dokazih in izhaja iz družbenihteorij o učenju (35), sedaj pomembna metodologija v večinidržav članic, celo v državah, v katerih pristopipreprečevanja na podlagi programov ne obstajajo(Francija, Luksemburg in Švedska) (tabela 2).
Information systems on prevention also help to track theoccurrence of ineffective practices and programmecomponents.
Estonijaporoča o splošno razširjeni uporabi knjige, ki učiodružbenih spretnostih.
There are two explanations for the continuance of suchapproaches to drug prevention. One is the instinctive andtraditional presumption that providing information ondrugs and the risks associated with drug use will act as adeterrent.
raziskovalni projekt „Luči in sence“, s katerim so zbraliinformacije ovsebini, ciljih, metodologiji, ciljnih skupinah inpokritosti programov preprečevanja zlorabe drogvvzgojno-izobraževalnih ustanovah.
Only by systematically recording prevention activities canthe content of prevention programmes be reviewed and, asa result, based on existing knowledge regardingeffectiveness, targeted to specific populations.
Zagotavljanje informacij ima v mnogih državah članicah šenaprej osrednjo vlogo pri preprečevanju zlorabe drog
(32) www.drugs.gov.uk/NationalStrategy/YoungPeople/Blueprint (33) PrevNet (www.prevnet.de).(34)www.forebyggingstiltak.no(35)Behaviour is seen as a result of social learning by role models, norms, attitudes of ‘important others’ (Bandura, 1977).
(32) www.drugs.gov.uk/NationalStrategy/YoungPeople/Blueprint (33) PrevNet (www.prevnet.de)(34)www.forebyggingstiltak.no.(35)Vedenje se pojmuje kot rezultat socialnega učenja na podlagi vzornikov, standardov, odnosov do „drugih pomembnejših“ (Bandura, 1977).Negativni odnosi do uživanja drog in zaščitniška samoučinkovitost sta lahko priučena ali pogojena.
Negative attitudes to drug useand protective self-efficacy can be learned or conditioned.
Ta koncept je podlaga za vzorce sovrstnikov in vzorec posebnih življenjskih spretnosti.
Table 2: School-based prevention in Europe
(glejtabelo 2).
In place
Vzpostavljeni
Life skills
Družbene spretnosti
Protective environment
Zaščitniško okolje
Educational relationship
Izobraževalni odnos
Planned
Načrtovane
Self-esteem
Samospoštovanje
Planned
Načrtovani
Provision of welfare services
Nudenje storitev socialnega skrbstva
Bulgaria n.a.
Bolgarija n. p.
) n.a., no information available.It should be remembered that no common European definition of ‘quality standards and guidelines’ exists, and that the level of detail may vary, which influences comparability.
) n. p. = Podatki niso na voljo.Treba je opozoriti, da ne obstaja nobena skupna evropska opredelitev „standardov in smernic kakovosti“ in da se raven natančnosti razlikuje, kar vplivana primerljivost.
Selective community-based approaches
Poglavje 2: Šole, mladi in droge okoljih (glej „Preprečevanje v rekreativnih okoljih“, str.
The erroneous perception of drug use as normal andsocially acceptable among the peer population is the mostimportant cognitive element that can be influenced byprevention.
Napačno zaznavanje glede tega, da je uživanje drognormalno in družbeno sprejemljivo med vrstniki, jenajpomembnejši kognitivni element, na katerega se davplivati s preprečevanjem.
In fact, a lifetime prevalence of cannabis useamong young adults of 30% means that more than twothirds of this population have never used cannabis, andthat is the true ‘normality’.
30-odstotna stopnja mladih, kiso konopljo v življenju kdaj zaužili, namreč pomeni, da večkot dve tretjini te populacije še nikoli ni zaužilo konoplje, into je dejanska „normalnost“.
However, despite the provenbenefit of techniques that address young people’snormative beliefs (Reis et al., 2000; Taylor, 2000;Cunningham, 2001; Cuijpers et al., 2002), they are rarelyused in Europe.
Vendar se kljub dokazanimkoristim tehnik, ki obravnavajo normativna prepričanjamladih (Reis et al., 2000; Taylor, 2000; Cunningham,2001; Cuijpers et al., 2002), le-te v Evropi redkouporabljajo.
Selective prevention
Selektivno preprečevanje
National drug strategies and action plans are increasinglyand explicitly mentioning vulnerable groups to beparticularly targeted by prevention measures.
Nacionalne strategije boja proti drogam in akcijski načrtivedno bolj izrecno navajajo, da je treba ranljive skupineobravnavati s preventivnimi ukrepi.
This focus iseven stronger in the new Member States: Estonia (streetchildren, special schools), Cyprus, Hungary, Malta, Poland(neglected children and young people from dysfunctionalfamilies) and Slovenia.
To obravnavanje je šemočnejše v novih državah članicah: v Estoniji (otrocizulice, posebne šole), na Madžarskem, Cipru, Malti,Poljskem (zapostavljeni otroci in mladi iz disfunkcionalnihdružin) in v Sloveniji.
Selective community-based approaches mostly targetvulnerable young people on the streets.
Pristopi selektivnega preprečevanja v skupnostih sousmerjeni na ranljivo mladino na ulicah.