natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Yet the willingnessto actually reverse a policy based on evaluation results, ashas occurred in Hungary, shows a new trust in evidencebased research that has often been lacking.
Število ljudi, ki soposkusili drogo, število registriranih kršitev in storilcev se ješe naprej povečevalo. Poleg tega je bila zaradi spremembv zakonodaji razvrstitev drog težja in pravni postopki boljzapleteni, imele pa so tudi negativen vpliv na vedenjeudeležencev na trgu drog.
This welcometrend in evaluation forms part of a more general trend forpublic administration to be more accountable, andincreasingly to rely on traditionally private-sector conceptssuch as performance targets and cost-effectiveness.
Avtorji študije so zaključili, daso bila kaznovanja prestroga in niso upoštevala dejstva,da mladi ne postanejo uživalci drog, ker bi bili kriminalcipo naravi, ampak zaradi drugih okoliščin. Upoštevajočizsledke študije je bilo 1. marca 2003 uvedeno novodopolnilo, kirazveljavlja prejšnje spremembe.
circulation of narcotic drugs was not achieved; the numberof people trying drugs and the number of registeredoffences and offenders continued to rise.
Vrednotenje postaja čedalje pomembnejše orodje prispopadanju z vsemi vidiki težav, povezanimi z drogami.Taka vrednotenja zakonov lahko podajo oceno onjihovem izvajanju in učinkovitosti.
In addition, thechange in the law made the legal classification of drugsmore difficult and legal proceedings more complicated, andhad a negative effect on the conduct of participants in thedrug market.
Na splošno so poročilao vrednotenjih podprla pomembnost preučevanih odzivovpolitik.
The study’s authors concluded that thepunishments were too rigorous and failed to take accountofthe fact that young people become drug users notbecause they have a criminal nature but because of theircircumstances.
Še več, pripravljenost spremeniti politiko napodlagi rezultatov vrednotenja, kot se je to zgodilo na Madžarskem, kaže na novo zaupanje v z dokazi podprteraziskave, ki ga je do sedaj pogosto primanjkovalo.
As a result, a new amendment, effectivelyreversing the changes and taking account of the study’sfindings, was implemented on 1 March 2003.
Tadobrodošel trend vrednotenja predstavlja del splošnejšetendence o bolj odgovorni javni upravi, ki se čedalje boljnaslanja na pojme, ki so tradicionalno povezani zzasebnim sektorjem, kot so cilji delovanja in stroškovnaučinkovitost.
Developments in national legislation
Razvoj nacionalne zakonodaje
Cannabis legislation
Zakonodaja o konoplji
In Sweden, in 2000, the National Council for Crime Prevention researched the effects of the 1988 regulation(strengthened in 1993) that made simple drug use anoffence.
Na Švedskem je leta 2000 Državni urad zapreprečevanje kriminala raziskal vplive predpisov iz leta1988 (poostreni 1993), po katerih je uporaba drogpostala kršitev.
The research revealed that the introduction of theregulation resulted in a sharp increase in the number ofpeople arrested for minor drug offences.
Raziskava je pokazala, da je uvedba tehpredpisov vplivala na močno povečanje aretacij zaradiprekrškov povezanimi z drogami.
Although many ofthose arrested were well-known drug abusers, some wereyoung, previously unknown users. An important reason foradopting the regulation was to identify young people at anearly stage in their drug career, and the report concludedthat this was accomplished.
Čeprav je bilo medaretiranimi mnogo dobro znanih uživalcev prepovedanihdrog, so bili med njimi tudi mladi, prej neznani uživalci.Pomemben razlog za sprejetje teh predpisov je bilamožnost, da se mlade uživalce zgodaj odkrije in poročilose zaključi s spoznanjem, da je bilo to doseženo.
The report also discusses theregulation’s impact on the drug market (which hasescalated). It concluded that there were no clear indicationsthat the criminalisation of drug use had a deterrent effecton young people.
Poročiloobravnava tudi vpliv predpisov na trg drog (ki se jestopnjeval), v zaključku pa navaja, da ni nobenih jasnihznamenj, da bi kriminalizacija uporabe drog imela namlade zastraševalen učinek.
In the past year, cannabis has been reclassified in twocountries, in both cases attracting much media coverage,not all of it accurate.
Lani je bila konoplja prerazvrščena v dveh državah invobeh primerih je to pritegnilo veliko medijsko pozornost,kipa ni bila vedno točna.
In Belgium, a package of two laws, adecree and a prosecutorial directive instigated severalchanges to the legal framework, perhaps the mostfundamental of which was to place cannabis products in adifferent legal category from other drugs.
Paket dveh zakonov, uredbe indirektive o kazenskopravnem pregonu je v Belgiji sprožilveč sprememb pravnega okvira, od katerih je bila mordanajpomembnejša uvrstitev proizvodov iz konopljevrazlično pravno kategorijo kot druge droge.
New offenceswere created, so that an adult committing a first or secondoffence of possession of cannabis intended for personaluse, in the absence of indications of nuisance orproblematic use, would only receive a fine and be requiredto register with the police. The prosecutorial directiveinterprets cannabis sufficient for personal use as amaximum of 3 grams or one plant.
Uvedene sobile nove kršitve, tako da bi polnoletna oseba, ki zagrešiprvo ali drugo kršitev zaradi posedovanja konopljezaosebno uporabo, če ni znakov neupoštevanjapredpisov ali problematične uporabe drog, dobila samodenarno kazen in bi se morala prijaviti pri policiji.Direktiva okazenskopravnem pregonu opredeljuje, daznaša količina konoplje, ki zadostuje za osebno uporabo,največ 3 grame ali eno rastlino.
However, nuisance maybe punished by three months to one year in prison and/ora fine of EUR 5000 to 500000, and aggravatingcircumstances, such as possession in the presence ofminors, will incur stiff sentences.
Neupoštevanje predpisovse lahko kaznuje z zaporno kaznijo od treh mesecev doenega leta in/ali denarno kaznijo v višini od 5000do500000evrov, oteževalne okoliščine, kot soposedovanje v prisotnosti mladoletnih oseb, pa bodoimele za posledico stroge kazni.
With regards to other responses, evaluations of severallegal instruments to deal with drug offenders are being orhave been conducted in the United Kingdom, such astesting following trigger offences, drug courts and arrestreferral schemes.
Z ozirom na druge odzive je bilo v Združenem kraljestvuovrednotenih več pravnih instrumentov, ki obravnavajostorilce kršitev, povezanih z drogami, kot so obveznatestiranja po kršitvah, storjenih z namenom okoriščanja,sodišča za droge in programi za napotitev prijetih nazdravljenje.
Other methods of dealing with drugoffenders are also being evaluated in Germany (treatmentinstead of punishment), Ireland (arrest referral) and the Netherlands (compulsory treatment).
Drugi načini ravnanja s storilci kršitev,povezanih z drogami so bili ovrednoteni v Nemčiji(zdravljenje namesto kaznovanja), na Irskem (programi zanapotitev aretiranih na zdravljenje) in na Nizozemskem(obvezno zdravljenje).
The Netherlands is also using evaluation techniques toassess the effectiveness of recent laws aimed at counteringdrug trafficking (detention of couriers) and moneylaundering (public contracts).
Nizozemska poleg tega uporablja tehnike vrednotenja zaoceno učinkovitosti nedavno sprejetih zakonov o bojuproti prometu z drogami (pridržanje kurirjev) in pranjudenarja (javna naročila).
In Sweden, governmentalauthorities’ directives include specific requests for thegovernment to evaluate the organisation andimplementation of the police in fighting drugs.
Na Švedskem vključujejo
Evaluation is clearly being recognised as an increasinglyimportant tool in dealing with all aspects of the drug
V Združenem kraljestvu so bili konoplja in njeni derivatiustrezno prerazvrščeni iz razredov B in A v razred C vskladu z britanskim sistemom razvrščanja.
Both Belgium and the United Kingdom specifically addressproblematic cannabis use in their laws or guidelines, anaspect discussed later in this report.
Posledično jebila najvišja kazen za posedovanje za osebno uporabozmanjšana s petletne na dveletno zaporno kazen, vendar
Chapter 1: New developments in policies and laws
Poglavje 1: Nov razvoj politik in zakonov mogoče zapleniti samo 10% ocenjenega protipravnopridobljenega denarja, še vedno pa je težko natančnodokazati, koliko denarja je bilo pridobljenegaprotipravno.
In Scotland, the powers of enforcement and prosecutionorganisations have been strengthened to enable them toincrease recovery from both criminal and civil cases.
V Franciji okrožnica Oddelka zakriminalne zadeve in oprostitve kazni (Department of Criminal Affairs and Reprieves) iz leta 2002 določanatančna pravila delovanja in organizira spremljanje
In the last year, a number of countries have made changesto their legislation regarding confiscation of trafficker assetsor management of funds set up from such assets. In Ireland,an initiative of the Criminal Assets Bureau (CAB) involvesworking together with the Garda National Drugs Unit(GNDU) to identify and target the assets of local drugdealers.
Pranje denarja posedovanje konoplje še naprej ostaja kaznivo dejanje.Dva povezana dejavnika, najvišja kazen za posedovanjez namenom preprodaje in status posedovanja konoplje kotkršitev, za katero je zakonsko predpisana zaporna kazen,pa sta ostala nespremenjena kot posledica vzporednegazakonskega ukrepa.
In the United Kingdom, the Proceeds of Crime Act(2003) established an Assets Recovery Agency, and underthe new legislation police and customs officers are grantedthe power to seize and search for money. The Act containsmeasures that will assist investigators in tracing theproceeds of crime and investigate money laundering.
Vendar je bilo v smernicah, ki jih jepripravilo Združenje višjih policijskih častnikov(Association of Chief Police Officers), priporočeno, najpolicija odvzame prostost samo v določenih okoliščinah,ki vključujejo kajenje na javnem mestu ali v bližinimladoletnih oseb.
Combating money laundering
Osebam, mlajšim od 18 let, naj bi ševedno odvzeli prostost, tako da se jih lahko pošlje nazdravljenje.
It concluded that only 10% of the estimatedunlawfully acquired money could be confiscated, but itremains difficult to prove exactly how much money wasunlawfully acquired. The investigators recommendimproving expertise in the area of criminal financialinvestigation.
Tako Belgija kot Združeno kraljestvo problematičnouživanje konoplje v svojih zakonih ali smernicahobravnavata posebej, ta vidik pa je v tem poročiluobravnavan pozneje.
At present, it is not possible to make an accurate estimate ofthe global proceeds of drug trafficking because of a lack ofreliable data.
Trenutno je zaradi pomanjkanja zanesljivih podatkovnemogoče natančno oceniti celoten iztržek prometasprepovedanimi drogami.
However, a ‘consensus’ figure of 2–5% of theworld gross domestic product has been reported by Europol(2002).
Vseeno pa Europol (2002)poroča o “soglasni” številki 2–5% svetovnega brutodomačega proizvoda.
Narcotics trafficking still seems to be the largestsingle source of laundered funds. International moneylaundering necessarily involves illicit or unusual cross-bordermovement of capital or goods, such as gold, platinum ordiamonds (WCO, 2003c).
Zdi se, da je promet z drogamiševedno največji posamični vir opranih sredstev.Mednarodno pranje denarja neizogibno vključujenedovoljeno ali neobičajno čezmejno gibanje kapitala aliblaga, kot je zlato, platina ali diamanti (WCO, 2003c).
Drugs and driving
V dejavnost pranja denarja so vključena ruska in turškakriminalna združenja.
Amendments to the Council Directive 91/308/EEC onmoney laundering give a much wider definition of moneylaundering based on a broader range of predicate offencesand extend the obligation to report to independent legalprofessionals.
Spremembe Direktive Sveta 91/308 o pranju denarjapodajajo mnogo širšo opredelitev pranja denarja, ki temeljina širšem obsegu predhodnih kaznivih dejanj, in širijoobveznost poročanja za neodvisne pravne strokovnjake.
Europol’s extended mandate from January 2002 gives theorganisation competencies for all money launderingoperations for which the predicate offence is listed in Annex2 of the Europol Convention (Europol, 2002).
V zadnjem letu so številne države spremenile svojozakonodajo v zvezi z zaplembo premoženjapreprodajalcev ali upravljanjem sredstev, pridobljenih iztakega premoženja.
Three countries in the EU made significant changes to theirlaws addressing driving after taking drugs. In Austria, in2003, the 21st amendment to the Road Traffic Act cameinto force, allowing police to ask drivers to submit a bloodsample for testing if impaired ability to drive owing to druginfluence is suspected.
Na Irskem je Urad za kriminalnopremoženje (Criminal Assets Bureau – CAB) dal pobudo,ki vključuje sodelovanje z Nacionalno enoto za droge(Garda National Drugs Unit – GNDU) za prepoznavanjein določanje premoženja lokalnih preprodajalcev drog.VZdruženem kraljestvu je Zakon o premoženjskih koristih,pridobljenih s kaznivimi dejanji (Proceeds of Crime Act –2003) ustanovil Agencijo za odvzem premoženja (Assets Recovery Agency) in v skladu z novo zakonodajo imajopolicaji in cariniki pooblastilo zaseči in iskati denar.
The sanctions in the event of apositive test, and the consequences if a driver refuses to betested, are the same as for driving under the influence ofalcohol.
Zakonzajema ukrepe, ki bodo v pomoč preiskovalcem priodkrivanju premoženjskih koristi, pridobljenih s kaznivimidejanji, in preiskovanju pranja denarja.
In addition, under the Act a positive test result doesnot result in a police report for violation of the Narcotic Substances Act, but only in a notification to the districthealth authorities.
Razširjena pooblastila Europola od januarja 2002 dajejoorganizaciji pristojnosti za vse operacije pranja denarja,za katere je našteto predhodno kaznivo dejanje v Prilogi2 Konvencije o Europolu (Europol, 2002).
Interpol has put in place a network of expert contact pointsin each member country so that information on moneylaundering can be shared more quickly and efficiently(Interpol, 2002).
Na Škotskem so bila okrepljena pooblastila izvršnihorganizacij in organizacij pregona, da se jim omogočizaseg sredstev tako v kazenskih kot tudi civilnih primerih.
The customs enforcement network (CEN) isan electronic information and communication systemdeveloped by the World Customs Organization, started in June 2000.
Interpol je vzpostavil mrežo strokovnih kontaktnih točk vvsaki državi članici, tako da se informacije o pranjudenarja lahko hitreje in učinkoviteje širijo (Interpol, 2002).Mreža za izvrševanje carinske zakonodaje (Customs Enforcement Network – CEN) je elektronski informacijskiin komunikacijski sistem, ki ga je razvila Svetovna carinskaorganizacija in je začel delovati junija 2000.
As of June 2003, there were over 700 usersrepresenting 130 countries and over 700 reported currencyseizures.
Junija 2003je imel več kot 700 uporabnikov iz 130 držav, zasegovdenarja pa je bilo čez 700.
During 2002–03 the FATF (Financial Action Task Force) made significant progress in the fight against moneylaundering.
Med letoma 2002–2003 je Delovna skupina za finančno ukrepanje (Financial Action Task Force – FATF) dosegla velik napredek v boju protipranju denarja.
FATF successfully completed the revision of the40 recommendations (FATF, 2003a).
FATF je uspešno zaključil revizijo40priporočil (FATF, 2003a).
Special attention waspaid to combating the abuse of alternative remittancesystems (FATF, 2003b).
Posebna pozornost je bilanamenjena boju proti zlorabi alternativnih sistemovnakazovanja (FATF, 2003b).
In France, a new law introduced in February 2003 makes ita specific offence to drive after consumption of substancesor plants classified as narcotics and makes it obligatory totest all drivers involved in a fatal road traffic accident.Much stricter punishments are imposed if drugs arecombined with alcohol.
V Španiji nov zakon, sprejet leta 2003, ki s predpisi urejasredstva, zasežena med prometom s prepovedanimidrogami, razveljavlja zakon iz leta 1995 o tej zadevi.Novi zakon si prizadeva pospešiti prenos dokumentov, kiso potrebni za identifikacijo in prostorsko opredelitevzaseženega blaga, ter razširja obseg upravičencev dosredstev, da se lahko med slednje vključi tudi mednarodnain nadnacionalna telesa ter tuje vlade.
In addition, drivers involved in aroad traffic accident resulting in personal injury shouldroutinely be tested if there is reason to suspect that theyhave used narcotics.
Na Nizozemskemje študija zakonodaje o zaplembi 10let po začetku njeneveljavnosti preiskovala naravo in obseg premoženja52velikih kriminalnih organizacij, ki so bile v tem obdobjupripeljane pred sodišče.
Furthermore, the gendarmerie andpolice are permitted to test drivers at random.
Študija je ugotovila, da je bilo
Annual report 2004: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway
Letno poročilo 2004: O stanju na področju drog v Evropski uniji in na Norveškem obstaja razlog za sum, da je bil voznik pod vplivom drog.Orožniki in policija lahko tudi naključno preskušajovoznike.
In June 2003, the European legal database on drugs(ELDD) published a comparative study (15) of the legalsituation regarding drugs and driving in 16 countriesandreported that, although driving under the influenceofdrugs was an offence in all countries, there was widevariation in police powers to test drivers, the substancesinvolved and the sanctions available.
sredstev, zaseženih v okviru nedovoljenega prometasprepovedanimi drogami ali pranja denarja, na podlagiugotovitve, da sklad za politiko boja proti drogam,ustanovljen 1995, ni prejel nobenih znatnih sredstev.
The EMCDDApresented this study at the Council of Europe’s Pompidou Group seminar on road traffic andpsychoactivesubstances in June 2003.
V primeru, da je sposobnost vožnjezmanjšana, bo voznik obtožen vožnje pod vplivomalkohola, ne glede na to, ali je bila snov predpisana aline.
In Finland, the revised Chapter 23 of the Penal Code statesthat any person found to be driving with an active narcoticsubstance or its metabolic derivative in the blood shall becharged with drunken driving unless the substance has beenprescribed by a doctor.
Tri države v EU so bistveno spremenile svoje zakone,kiobravnavajo vožnjo po zaužitju drog. V Avstriji je leta2003 začela veljati 21. sprememba Zakona o cestnemprometu, ki policistom omogoča, da vozniku odredijoodvzem vzorca krvi za preskus, če obstaja sum zmanjšanesposobnosti za vožnjo zaradi vpliva drog.
However, if the ability to drive isimpaired, the driver will be charged with drunken drivingregardless of whether or not the substance has beenprescribed.
V Franciji nov zakon, uveden februarja 2003, določa, daje vožnja po zaužitju snovi ali rastlin, ki so razvrščene kotdroge, posebna kršitev in predpisuje, da je treba odreditipreskus za vse voznike, ki so bili vpleteni v prometnonesrečo s smrtnim izidom.
If the ability to drive is impaired to the extent thatthe safety of others is endangered, a charge of aggravateddrunken driving can lead to a minimum fine of 60 day-fineunits or imprisonment for a maximum of two years.
Kazni so še strožje, če so biledroge zaužite v kombinaciji z alkoholom. Poleg tega jetreba voznike, ki so bili vpleteni v prometno nesrečo, prikateri je prišlo do osebne poškodbe, rutinsko preskusiti, če
Chapter 2Drug prevention — working with communities and targeting those most at risk
Poglavje 2 PrepreÏevanje zlorabe drog – sodelovanje s skupnostmi in usmerjenost na tiste, ki so najbolj ogrožene
The aim of drug prevention measures is to reduce thenumber of people who are initiated into substance use or,more often, to postpone drug use to a later age, thus atleast reducing the scale of the drug problem (Rhodes et al.,2003).
Cilj ukrepov za preprečevanje zlorabe drog je zmanjšatištevilo oseb, ki so vpeljane v zlorabo snovi ali, pogosteje,časovno odložiti zlorabo drog na poznejšo starost innatanačin zmanjšati vsaj obseg problema drog(Rhodesetal.,2003).
Drug prevention involves, but is not restricted to,education about drugs and warning about their dangers. Infact, this drug-specific element constitutes only a small partof drug prevention.
Preprečevanje zlorabe drogvključuje izobraževanje o drogah in opozarjanje nanjihove nevarnosti, vendar ni omejeno zgolj na to.Tazdrogami povezan element je dejansko le majhendelpreprečevanja zlorabe drog.
Effective strategies combine informationon substances with selected behavioural and cognitive(normative beliefs) techniques that have preventative effectson drug use behaviour (Flay, 2000).
Učinkovite strategijezdružujejo informacije o snoveh z izbranimi vedenjskimi inkognitivnimi (normativnimi prepričanji) tehnikami, ki imajopreprečevalne učinke na vedenje, povezano z uživanjemdrog (Flay, 2000).
Effective elements are interactive teaching(involving peers) (Tobler and Stratton, 1997), the correctionof normative beliefs (Flay, 2000), a strong focus on socialskills and a small amount of information about substances,which must be balanced and relevant to young people’ssocial reality (Hansen, 1992; Dusenbury and Falco, 1995;Paglia and Room, 1999; Tobler et al., 2000; Tobler, 2001).In practice, in several Member States, policy-makers andprofessionals continue to prioritise approaches which havebeen shown to be ineffective, such as affective education(e.g. raising self-esteem), information provision (increasingawareness) and reflection.
Merljivi dolgoročni učinki, pa čepravmajhni (Stothard in Ashton, 2000), so pomembnapridobitev, če so pridobljeni na velikih populacijah.Osnovna načela, kaj je učinkovito in kaj ne, so sedajdobro uveljavljena. Učinkoviti elementi so interaktivnoučenje (ki vključuje sovrstnike) (Tobler in Stratton, 1997),popravek normativnih prepričanj (Flay, 2000), trdnaosredotočenost na družbena znanja in spretnosti termajhna količina informacij o snoveh, pri čemer morajo bitizadevni elementi uravnoteženi in ustrezati družbenirealnosti mladih ljudi (Hansen, 1992; Dusenbury in Falco,1995; Paglia in Room, 1999; Tobler et al., 2000; Tobler,2001).
Prevention is classified according to target group. Universalprevention targets general (usually young) populations, forexample in schools, without considering specific riskgroups, while selective prevention is aimed at vulnerablegroups and indicated prevention is aimed at vulnerableindividuals.
Preprečevanje se razvršča glede na ciljno skupino.Univerzalno preprečevanje je večinoma usmerjeno v(navadno mlade) populacije, npr. v šolah, brezupoštevanja skupin, ki so posebej ogrožene, medtem ko jeselektivno preprečevanje osredotočeno na ranljiveskupine, indikativno preprečevanje pa na ranljiveposameznike.
However, although school-based prevention isoften a political priority, it is debatable whether in reality itconstitutes a main pillar of prevention.
Čeprav je preprečevanje v vzgojnoizobraževalnih ustanovah pogosto politična prednostnanaloga, pa je še vedno vprašljivo, ali je to tudi dejanskoglavni steber preprečevanja.
As funding forprevention is limited, and in some countries has declined(for example in France the drug prevention budget(Statesubventions) fell from EUR 15 million in 2001 to EUR 11 million in 2002), it becomes ever more importantthat drug prevention is of high quality and supported by afirm evidence base.
Ker so finančna sredstva zapreprečevanje omejena in so se v nekaterih državah celozmanjšala (npr. v Franciji so se proračunska sredstva zapreprečevanje zlorabe drog zmanjšala s 15 milijonov EURleta 2001 na 11 milijonov EUR leta 2002), je vedno boljpomembno, da je preprečevanje zlorabe drog na visokiravni kakovosti in podprto s trdnimi dokazi.
Ideally, prevention policies planned andimplemented from a public health perspective with the aimof delivering a basic and cost-effective dose of universalprevention (prêt-a-porter) to a large target populationwould be complemented by more intensive and tailor-madeinterventions targeted particularly at vulnerable groups andindividuals (16).
V idealnemprimeru bi bile politike preprečevanja, ki so bilenačrtovane in izvajane s perspektive javnega zdravjasciljem zagotoviti osnovno in stroškovno učinkovitokoličino univerzalnega preprečevanja (prêt-à-porter) zaveliko ciljno populacijo, dopolnjene z bolj intenzivnimi inposebej oblikovanimi intervencijami, ki so usmerjenepredvsem v ranljive skupine in posameznike(16).