natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In current government practice, indicators aremost often used for evaluating the effectiveness of national policies and comparing theperformance of groups of countries (for example, within the UNDP on development and
V trenutni vladni praksi se kazalniki najpogosteje uporabljajo za vrednotenje učinkovitosti nacionalnih politik in za primerjavo uspešnosti skupin držav (na primer, v
within the OECD on economics and on education).
okviru UNDP za razvoj in v okviru OECD za gospodarstva in izobraževanje).
There is also a growing interest inusing indicators for comparisons between EU Member States.
Prav tako se povečuje zanimanje za uporabo kazalnikov pri primerjavah med državami članicami EU.
While no comprehensiveset of indicators exists on immigrant integration at national and international levels,there is an existing repertoire of concepts and methods in related policy areas such asemployment, enterprise, education and social inclusion.
Čeprav izčrpnega niza kazalnikov o integraciji priseljencev na nacionalnih in mednarodnih ravneh ni, obstaja nabor konceptov in metod na sorodnih političnih področjih, kot so zaposlovanje, podjetništvo, izobraževanje in socialna vključenost.
On the one hand, the possibility of including immigrant integration related indicators inexisting mechanisms of indexing and benchmarking could be explored.
Po eni strani je mogoče raziskati možnost vključevanja kazalnikov, povezanih z integracijo priseljencev, v obstoječe mehanizme indeksiranja in primerjalne analize.
On the otherhand, a mechanism uniquely for immigrant integration could be developedincorporating the socio-economic, cultural and civil and political dimensions ofintegration.
Po drugi strani pa je mogoče razviti poseben sistem za integracijo priseljencev, ki bi vključeval socialno-ekonomske, kulturne, civilne in politične razsežnosti integracije.
Many Member States are keen to make use of indicators outside the socio-economicand the legal spheres.
Mnoge države članice uporabljajo kazalnike izven socialno-ekonomskih in pravnih področij.
For instance, in the Netherlands biannual ‘integration monitors’are produced which look at the position of ethnic minorities on the socio-structural level(labour market, ethnic entrepreneurship and education), on the socio-cultural level(inter-ethnic relations, acceptance of minorities and cultural orientation of minorities),and on the political-institutional level (political participation and representation ofminorities in the government administration).
Na primer, na Nizozemskem dvakrat letno izdaja jo „monitorje integracije“, ki analizirajo položaj etničnih manjšin na socialno-strukturni ravni (trg dela, podjetništvo in izobraževanje etničnih manjšin), na socialno-kulturni ravni (medetnični odnosi, sprejetje manjšin in kulturno usmerjanje manjšin) in na politično-institucionalni ravni (politična udeležba in zastopanost manjšin v državni upravi).
Designing relevant and reliable indicators covering all dimensions of integration is anambitious task which comes up against many difficulties, especially but not only on the European terrain with its diverse immigrant populations, policy instruments, definitionsand statistics.
Oblikovanje ustreznih in zanesljivih kazalnikov, ki bi zajemali vse razsežnosti integracije, je velikopotezna naloga, ki se sooča z mnogimi težavami, zlasti, a ne izključno, na evropskem ozemlju s tako raznolikim priseljenskim prebivalstvom, političnimi instrumenti, opredelitvami in statističnimi podatki.
Disagreements about ‘who should be counted’ are particularly salient here:who is an immigrant?
Nesoglasja glede tega, „koga bi bilo treba šteti“, so tukaj še posebej vidna: kdo je priseljenec?
Do we look at nationality or country of birth?
Upoštevamo državljanstvo ali državo rojstva?
How are second andthird generations defined?
Kako so opredeljene druge in tretje generacije?
Are we looking at immigrants as individuals or groups?
Ali priseljence upoštevamo kot posameznike ali kot skupine?
In EU-wide comparisons, the definition used most frequently is ‘third country nationals’.
V primerjavah celotne EU se najpogosteje uporablja definicija„državljani tretjih držav“.
Is thisa workable compromise, or does it ‘hide’ crucial dimensions of integration?
Je ta kompromis sprejemljiv ali„skriva“ ključne razsežnosti integracije?
Another issue is what is meant by integration.
Drugo vprašanje je, kaj je mišljeno z integracijo.
While all Member States combineelements of both ‘assimilation’ and ‘multiculturalism’ in their understanding ofintegration, the weight given to the one or the other differs significantly betweencountries.
Medtem ko vse države članice v svojih razumevanjih integracije združujejo elemente „asimilacije“ in „multikulturalizma“, se občutno razlikujejo v tem, koliko pomena pripisujejo enemu ali drugemu elementu.
Although these debates are ongoing, some common ground can be found inthe identification of goals for integration.
Čeprav te razprave še trajajo, je mogoče opredeliti nekatere skupne temelje pri določanju ciljev integracije.
With their policies, Member States hope tocontribute to positive outcomes for immigrants in the areas of employment, housing,education, health, etc.
Države članice upajo, da bodo s svojimi politikami prispevale k pozitivnim rezultatom za priseljence na področjih zaposlovanja, stanovanj, izobraževanja, zdravstva itd.
They seek to make services accessible to immigrants, and theywish to see immigrants participate as active citizens in the social and political realms.These outcomes can, to an extent, be quantified or otherwise defined, and theirachievement can be compared over time and between countries.
Iščejo načine, kako storitve narediti dostopne priseljencem, in želijo si, da bi se priseljenci na socialnih in političnih področjih udeleževali kot aktivni državljani. Te rezultate je mogoče, do neke mere, količinsko opredeliti ali kako drugače definirati, njihovo doseganje pa je mogoče primerjati v času in med državami.
However such measuring holds further complexities.
Takšno merjenje pa prinaša nadaljnje težave.
Who do we compare immigrantsto?
S kom primerjamo priseljence?
The Dutch monitoring system has typically compared groups of immigrants with the
Je to pravo merilo v vseh primerih? Na primer, pri uporabi socialne varnosti priseljenci
Indicators indigenous population. Is this the right yardstick in all cases?
Kazalniki nimajo vedno enakih pravic kot nemigranti.
Differential age structures and socioeconomic levels also need to be takeninto account when comparing migrant and non-migrant communities.
Pri primerjavi migrantskih in nemigrantskih skupnosti je treba upoštevati tudi razlikovalne starostne strukture in socialno-ekonomske ravni.
The Netherlandsis now working on developing threshold levels to set a standard for each dimension ofintegration.
Nizozemska razvija prage, s katerimi bo določila standard za vsako razsežnost integracije.
Once these threshold levels have been determined, the distance of a groupto this level can be measured.
Ko bodo ti pragi določeni, bo mogoče meriti oddaljenost skupine od te ravni.
One way of using and developing indicators is through the process of benchmarking.Benchmarking originated in a business setting, but the public sector increasinglyrecognises its potential for evaluating and advancing policies.
En način uporabe in razvoja kazalnikov je s postopkom primerjalne analize. Primerjalna analiza izvira iz poslovnega sveta, javni sektor pa vedno bolj spoznava njen potencial za vrednotenje in razvoj politik.
Benchmarking includesidentifying areas for improvement, setting standards, comparing one’s own performanceto that of others, and engaging in continuous evaluation and adaptation to meet thestandards set.
Primerjalna analiza vključuje odkrivanje področij, kjer je potreben napredek, določanje standardov, primerjavo uspešnosti posameznika z uspešnostjo drugih in prizadevanje za izpolnjevanje določenih standardov s pomočjo stalnega vrednotenja in prilagajanja.
Benchmarking works through setting standards for comparison.
Primerjalna analiza deluje s pomočjo določanja standardov za primerjavo.
Indicators should havea clear and explicit normative interpretation: users should know which direction ofchange represents progress.
Kazalniki morajo imeti jasno in nedvoumno normativno razlago: uporabniki morajo vedeti, katera smer sprememb predstavlja napredek.
The model which is being developed by the Dutch WODC (Research and Documentation Centre) identifies ‘chances’ and ‘risks’ for integration: having a paid jobis a chance while living on social security is a risk, marriage migration is identified as arisk, while observing prevailing standards and values constitutes a chance.
Model, ki ga razvija nizozemski WODC (Center za raziskave in dokumentacijo), odkriva „priložnosti“ in „tveganja“ za integracijo: imeti plačano delovno mesto je priložnost, medtem ko je živeti od socialne podpore tveganje, migracija zaradi poroke je tveganje, medtem ko upoštevanje prevladujočih standardov in vrednot predstavlja priložnost.
In manycountries, questions may arise whether a certain outcome is a ‘chance’ or a ‘risk’ forgood integration.
V mnogih državah se lahko pojavijo vprašanja, ali je določen rezultat„priložnost“ ali „tve-ganje“ za dobro integracijo.
For instance, is a certain level of segregation in housing always a risk?Could it not be a chance for creating an ethnic infrastructure including economicopportunities for immigrants?
Na primer, ali določena raven ločevanja v nastanitvah vedno pomeni tveganje? Ali ne bi mogla pomeniti možnosti za ustvarjanje etnične infrastrukture, vključno z gospodarskimi priložnostmi za priseljence?
Creating the conditions
Ustvarjanje pogojev
Avoiding the pitfalls and using indicators to their full potential requires a clearunderstanding of the techniques involved in the development and use of indicators suchas stakeholder analysis and data collection.
Za izogibanje pastem in popolno izkoriščenost potenciala kazalnikov je potrebno dobro razumevanje tehnik, ki se uporabljajo pri razvoju in uporabi kazalnikov, kot sta na primer analiza interesov zainteresiranih strani in zbiranje podatkov.
If indicators are to contribute valuable insights about integration, they must beconnected as closely as possible to the real experience of integration.
Če naj kazalniki prispevajo dragocene vpoglede v integracijo, morajo biti čim bolj tesno povezani z dejansko izkušnjo integracije.
Those who aregoing through it and those who observe it closely have their own impressions andopinions about what best describes successful integration, which areas needimprovement, and what impact policies have made.
Tisti, ki gredo skozi integracijo, in tisti, ki jo natančno opazujejo, imajo svoje vtise in mnenja o tem, kaj najbolje opiše uspešno integracijo, na katerih področjih je še potreben napredek in kakšen vpliv so imele politike.
Their views must be included in the
Njihova mnenja je treba vključiti v oblikovanje kazalnikov in ciljev.
Extensive stakeholder consultations should be organised regarding the priorities andtargets connected to indicators, and should include in particular immigrants andimmigrant-assisting organisations.
Organizirati je treba izčrpna posvetovanja z zainteresiranimi stranmi o prednostnih nalogah in ciljih, povezanih s kazalniki, ki morajo vključevati zlasti priseljenske organizacije in organizacije za pomoč priseljencem.
The practises of stakeholder consultations and stakeholders analysis have become part andparcel of, for example, the design and implementation of development projects indeveloping countries and are increasingly applied in other policy fields and other countries.
Prakse posvetovanj z zainteresiranimi stranmi in analize interesov zainteresiranih strani so postale ključni del, na primer, oblikovanja in izvajanja razvojnih projektov v državah v razvoju in se vedno bolj uporabljajo na drugih političnih področjih in v drugih državah.
Data collection and use
Zbiranje podatkov in njihova uporaba
Appropriate and reliable data can be produced for different types of indicators, therelationship between outcomes and policy can be analysed carefully and internationalcomparisons can be facilitated by developing indicators at different levels.
Izdelati je mogoče ustrezne in zanesljive podatke za različne vrste kazalnikov, natančno je mogoče analizirati odnose med rezultati in politikami, prav tako pa je mogoče spodbujati mednarodne primerjave z razvojem kazalnikov na različnih ravneh.
Governments’most immediate concern is often with the success of their policies and programmes, andit is here that many preconditions for the successful use of indicators can be created.Thorough planning and evaluation of integration programmes or projects both generatedata and spark reflection about the goals and assumptions of integration policy.
Najpomembnejša skrb vlad je pogosto uspeh njihovih politik in programov, zato je tu mogoče ustvariti največ predpogojev za uspešno uporabo kazalnikov. Z načrtovanjem in vrednotenjem integracije programi ali projekti hkrati ustvarjajo podatke in sprožajo presojo o ciljih in predpostavkah integracijske politike.
Ideally indicators are used in the planning as well as the evaluation phase of integrationprogrammes and projects.
V idealnem primeru se kazalniki uporabijo tako v fazi načrtovanja kot v fazi vrednotenja programov in projektov.
In publicly funded projects, evaluation should be a part ofproject implementation and should receive a realistic budget share.
Pri javno financiranih projektih mora biti vrednotenje del izvajanja projekta, zato je treba temu nameniti ustrezen proračunski delež.
As is the case in many countries with developed integration programmes, Denmarkstudies the effectiveness of municipalities’ activities.
Kakor je navada v mnogih državah z razvitimi integracijskimi programi, tudi Danska izvaja študije učinkovitosti dejavnosti občin.
Reports measure for instance theexpected and actual length of time from the granting of a residency permit to theparticipants’ attainment of regular work or enrolment into education.
V poročilih se meri, na primer, pričakovana in dejanska doba od podelitve dovoljenja za bivanje do takrat, ko udeleženci pridobijo redno zaposlitev ali se vključijo v izobraževanje.
In Finland, the Ministry of Labour in cooperation with the Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities has launched a project for the drafting of quality criteria to supportmunicipalities and other local actors in implementing and monitoring integrationprogrammes under the Integration Act.
Na Finskem je Ministrstvo za delo v sodelovanju z Združenjem finskih lokalnih in regionalnih organov oblasti sprožilo projekt za pripravo meril kakovosti za pomoč občinam in drugim lokalnim akterjem pri izvajanju in spremljanju integracijskih programov v okviru Zakona o integraciji.
A study of the Act from the point of view ofimmigrants has also been carried out in an effort to promote immigrant participation.The ‘quality criteria’ project responds to the results of a 2002 survey of municipalities,which called for more concrete and practical instruction in the implementation of the Integration Act.
Prav tako je bila izvedena študija zakona z vidika priseljencev, in sicer z namenom, da bi spodbudili udeležbo priseljencev. Projekt„meril kakovosti“ je odgovor na rezultate raziskave občin iz leta , ki je zahtevala bolj konkretna in praktična navodila za izvajanje Zakona o integraciji.
Detailed questions are now being developed to guide evaluation, e.g.on the range of services available, on personnel and financial resources, on immigrantparticipation in planning and in implementation as paid workers, on the division of tasksand responsibilities, and on available diversity and equality training.
Razvijajo se natančna vprašanja za vodenje vrednotenja, npr. o obsegu storitev, ki so na voljo; o osebju in finančnih virih; o udeležbi priseljencev kot plačanih delavcev pri načrtovanju in izvajanju; o razdelitvi nalog in odgovornosti ter o razpoložljivem usposabljanju o raznolikosti in enakosti.
Building on evaluation, best practice exchanges have been initiated in many countries.
Razviti je mogoče kazalnike, ki bi spoznanja vrednotenja razširili v dolgoročno strategijo.
Indicators can be developed to broaden the lessons of evaluation into a long-term strategy.An essential precondition is long-term planning on integration policy.
Ključen predpogoj je dolgoročno načrtovanje integracijske politike.
For instance, the Estonian state programme ‘Integration in Estonian Society 2000-2007’ is a conceptual andstrategic document laying down basic principles, objectives and activities.
Na primer, estonski državni program„Integracija v estonski družbi –“ je konceptualen in strateški dokument, v katerem so določeni temeljna načela, cilji in dejavnosti.
Data availability is perhaps the most crucial condition for a successful use of indicators.
Razpoložljivost podatkov je verjetno najpomembnejši pogoj za uspešno uporabo kazalnikov.
The European Commission is currently preparing a draft Directive concerning harmonisation ofdata collection in the Member States to facilitate the development of indicators andbenchmarking.
Evropska komisija trenutno pripravlja osnutek direktive o uskladitvi zbiranja podatkov v državah članicah, da bi pospešila razvoj kazalnikov in primerjalnih analiz.
DG Employment and Social Affairs is exploring the different ways of datacollection and use in the fields of equality and anti-discrimination.
Generalni direktorat za zaposlovanje in socialne zadeve raziskuje različne načine zbiranja podatkov in njihovo uporabo na področjih enakosti in protidiskriminacije.
DG Justice and Home Affairs is exploring how common definitions in the migration field can be developed and useduniformly throughout the Union.
Generalni direktorat za pravosodje in notranje zadeve raziskuje, kako je mogoče razviti skupne definicije na področju migracij in jih enotno uporabiti na področju celotne Unije.
In this context, Eurostat and the European Community Household Panel can also be mentioned.
V tem smislu je mogoče omeniti tudi Eurostat in Seznam gospodinjstev Evropske skupnosti.
The Czech Republic explicitly adapts its own efforts to current international trends in thecollection of statistical information and data on migration and integration.
Češka svoja prizadevanja izrecno prilagaja trenutnim mednarodnim trendom v zbiranju statističnih informacij in podatkov o migracijah in integraciji.
Gradually, it iscreating an overall ‘Concept for Selection and Processing of Statistic Data on Migration and Integration of Foreigners on the Territory of the Czech Republic’.
Postopoma ustvarja splošen „Koncept za izbiro in obdelavo statističnih podatkov o migracijah in integraciji tujcev na območju Češke“.
Portugal has established an Immigration Monitoring Centre whose main task it is to provide reliable and comparable dataand to undertake studies.
Portugalska je ustanovila Center za spremljanje migracij, katerega glavna naloga je zagotavljati zanesljive in primerljive podatke ter izvajati študije.
The Monitoring Centre comprises eight research institutes, andgovernment works closely with academic partners.
V Center za spremljanje je vključenih osem raziskovalnih inštitutov, vlada pa tesno sodeluje z akademskimi partnerji.
The most comprehensive statistical data sources are available in countries which use anational population register.
Najpopolnejši viri statističnih podatkov so na voljo v državah, ki uporabljajo nacionalne registre prebivalstva.
For instance, the Netherlands Central Statistics Bureau generatesstatistical information by connecting registration data to the country of birth of citizens.
Na primer, nizozemski Centralni statistični urad ustvarja statistične podatke tako, da registracijske podatke povezuje z državo rojstva državljanov.
Theregistration of country of birth by the municipalities makes it possible to monitor the Dutchborn second generation as well as the first generation.
Registracija države rojstva v občinah omogoča spremljanje druge generacije, rojene na Nizozemskem, pa tudi prve generacije.
The measurement instrument whichis being developed by the Dutch WODC also draws on the general national populationregister with its individualised entries.
Merilni instrument, ki ga razvija nizozemski WODC, uporablja tudi splošni nacionalni register prebivalstva in njegove individualizirane vnose.
From this register, it draws ‘panels’ of individualsbelonging to different groups.
Iz tega registra črpa „skupine“ posameznikov, ki pripadajo različnim skupinam.
Large and small immigrant populations may be identified, orgroups may be formed according to other characteristics (such as age, gender, migrationmotives, or background situation such as educational level at the time of arrival).
Odkriti je mogoče velike in majhne skupine priseljencev ali pa oblikovati skupine v skladu z drugimi značilnostmi (kot so starost, spol, motivi za migracije ali druge razmere, kot sta stopnja izobrazbe in čas prihoda).
There is acondition that groups must contain over 100 individuals and that aggregate data must beused.
Pogoj je, da morajo skupine šteti več kot posameznikov in da je treba uporabljati zbrane podatke.
The Netherlands also uses supplementary data of different types such as assessmentsby interviewers of Dutch language proficiency, scores on educational achievement tests, oranswers to a questionnaire on modern values.
Nizozemska uporablja tudi različne vrste dopolnilnih podatkov, kot so ocene izpraševalcev znanja nizozemskega jezika, točke na preskusih dosežkov na področju izobraževanja ali odgovori na vprašalnik o modernih vrednotah.
Regular surveys are held among immigrantgroups.
Med skupinami priseljencev se redno izvajajo raziskave.
Finland also has a national population register and Statistics Finland has carried out acomprehensive study of immigrants’ living conditions (www.tilastokeskus.fi).
V vseh državah odločitev za zbiranje podatkov o posameznih skupinah pomeni odločitev o vlaganju sredstev.
Thesurvey used both registration data and interviews, but did not combine them.
Tukaj kazalniki služijo kot pobuda za zbiranje bolj izčrpnih podatkov.
Here, indicators act as an incentive to gather more comprehensive data.There is a need to set priorities: rather than accumulating data on many different issuesgovernments need to focus on questions which are central to the success andeffectiveness of their integration policies.
Treba je določiti prednostne naloge: namesto kopičenja podatkov o mnogih različnih vprašanjih se morajo vlade posvetiti vprašanjem, ki so ključnega pomena za uspeh in učinkovitost njihovih integracijskih politik.
Disaggregated data may often be desirable,but its collection can be difficult in terms of resources or political traditions.
Razčlenjeni podatki so pogosto zaželeni, a njihovo zbiranje je lahko zaradi sredstev ali političnih tradicij težavno.
Due tovarious historical experiences and national traditions, a significant number of Europeancountries remain averse to registration of ethnic origin or belonging to an ethnic group.
Veliko število evropskih držav ostaja, zaradi različnih izkušenj v preteklosti in nacionalnih tradicij, nenaklonjenih registraciji etničnega porekla oziroma registraciji pripadnosti etnični skupini.
The improvement and expansion of data collection on issues related to immigrantintegration must be in line with international and European guidelines (including thoseon data protection).
Izboljšanje in razširitev zbiranja podatkov o vprašanjih, povezanih z integracijo priseljencev, morata biti v skladu z mednarodnimi in evropskimi smernicami (vključno s tistimi o varstvu podatkov).
Indicators can be used to identify areas of data deficiency and toformulate priorities.
Kazalnike je mogoče uporabiti za odkrivanje področij, kjer primanjkuje podatkov, in za oblikovanje prednostnih nalog.
Where particular immigrant groups are singled out for examination,the criteria for their choice and definition should be clear, and the information collectedshould not be used for discriminatory purposes.
Kadar se posamezne priseljenske skupine izločijo za preučevanje, morajo biti merila za njihovo izbiro in definicijo jasna, zbrani podatki pa se ne smejo uporabljati za diskriminacijo.
Selecting indicators
Izbira kazalnikov