natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The tasks included a combination of excessive forward bending to lift dry and wet linen, forceful exertion, and work in awkward postures.
Delovne naloge vključujejo čezmerno pripogibanje zaradi dvigovanja suhega in mokrega perila, močno naprezanje in prisilna drža pri delu.
The main European directives relevant to preventing MSDs are: a t W
Najpomembnejše evropske direktive, ki se nanašajo na preprečevanje kostnomišičnih obolenj, so:
Figure 1: Feed conveyer before modification, requiring employees to work in awkward postures o r k
Slika 1: Dovajalni transportni trak pred preoblikovanjem, ki je od zaposlenih zahteval prisilno držo pri delu t W o r k
• 89/391/EEC: covers the measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers• 89/654/EEC: covers minimum requirements for the workplace• 89/655/EEC: covers the suitability of work equipment• 89/656/EEC: covers the suitability of personal protective equipment• 90/269/EEC: covers the identification and prevention of manual handling risks• 90/270/EEC: covers the minimum health and safety requirements for work with display screen equipment• 93/104/EC: covers the organisation of working time• 98/37/EC: covers machinery• 2002/44/EC: covers the identification and prevention of risks arising from vibration
• 89/654/EGS: vključuje minimalne zahteve za delovno mesto;• 89/655/EGS: vključuje ustreznost delovne opreme;• 89/656/EGS: vključuje ustreznost osebne varovalne opreme;• 90/269/EGS: vključuje prepoznavanje in preprečevanje tveganj pri ročnem premeščanju bremen;
Based on an ergonomics assessment involving experts, workers andmanagement,changeswereintroducedsuchas modifications to workstations and laundry equipment (e.g. extending the feed conveyer, see Figure 2), job rotation, and providing feedback to workers.
Na podlagi ergonomske ocene, pri kateri so sodelovali strokovnjaki, delavci in vodstvo, so bile uvedene spremembe, kot so preoblikovanje delovnih postaj in opreme pralnice (na primer, podaljšanje dovajalnega transportnega traku, glej sliko 2), uvedba kroženja med sorodnimi delovnimi mesti in zagotavljanje povratnih informacij delavcem.
More information on MSD prevention and retaining workers with MSDs at work is available at http://osha.europa.eu/topics/msds/
Več informacij o kampanji v zvezi s kostnomišičnimi obolenji je na voljo na: http://ew2007.osha.europa.eu/.
More information on Agency publications is available at http://osha.europa.eu/publications
Več informacij o preprečevanju kostnomišičnih obolenj in ohranjanju delavcev s takimi obolenji na delu je na voljo na: http://osha.europa.eu/topics/msds/.
The change resulted in a 62 % reduction in staff sickness absence, a 12 % increase in productivity, a 20 % decrease in overtime payments, and improved staff morale.
Zaradi sprememb se je za 62 % zmanjšala bolniška odsotnost zaposlenih, za 12 % se je povečala storilnost, medtem ko so se za 20 % zmanjšala plačila za nadure.
) Health & Safety Executive, UK. Research report 491: ‘Cost benefit studies that support tackling musculoskeletal disorders’.) Agency website links to European legislation relevant to MSDs: http://osha.europa.eu/topics/msds/; to EU legislation relating to workers protection: http://osha.europa.eu/legislation, and to Member State sites where national legislation and guidelines may be found. T E -
(4) Izvršni organ za varnost in zdravje, Združeno kraljestvo. Poročilo o raziskavi 491: „Študije stroškov in koristi, ki podpirajo odpravljanje kostnomišičnih obolenj“.(5) Spletna stran agencije ponuja povezave do EU zakonodaje o kostnomišičnih obolenjih (http://osha.europa.eu/topics/msds/), do zakonodaje EU, ki se nanaša na varstvo delavcev (http://osha.europa.eu/legislation/) ter do spletnih strani držav članic, na katerih lahko najdete nacionalno zakonodajo in smernice.
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Gran Vía, 33, E-48009 Bilbao Tel. (+34) 94 479 43 60, fax (+34) 94 479 43 83E-mail: information@osha.europa.eu
Evropska agencija za varnost in zdravje pri delu Gran Vía, 33, E-48009 Bilbao Tel. (34) 944 79 43 60, faks (34) 944 79 43 83e-pošta: information@osha.europa.eu
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium, 2007 http://osha.europa.eu fs71ew07_en.indd 2
Reprodukcija je dovoljena z navedbo vira. Printed in Belgium, 2007.
Hazards and risks associated with manual handling of loads in the workplace
Nevarnosti in tveganja, povezana z ročnim premeščanjem bremen na delovnem mestu
What is manual handling of loads?
Kaj je ročno premeščanje bremen?
The risk of back injury increases if the task:
Nevarnost okvare hrbtenice je večja, če:
Manual handling of loads (MHL) is any of the following activities carried out by one or more workers: lifting, holding, putting p
Ročno premeščanje bremen je katera koli od naslednjih dejavnosti, ki jo izvaja eden ali več delavcev: dvigovanje, držanje, odlaganje, potiskanje, p
1 down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving of a load (
1 vlečenje, prenašanje ali premikanje bremena (
The load is too strenuous, e.g. it is carried out too frequently or for too long a time; can be animate (a person or animal) or inanimate (an object).
Breme je lahko živo (oseba p je delo prenaporno, na primer če se izvaja prepogosto ali predolgo;je treba delo opravljati v prisilni drži ali gibanju, na primer z upognjenim ali žival) ali neživo (predmet).
p involves awkward postures or movements, e.g. a bent and/or twisted trunk, raised arms, bent wrists, over-reaching;
in/ali zvitim trupom, z dvignjenimi rokami, upognjenimi zapestji, s
Though decreasing lately, the rate of workers in the EU-25 that report carrying or moving heavy loads, is still high (34.5 %), p involves repetitive handling.
Čeprav se odstotek delavcev v EU-25, ki poročajo o tem, da morajo na delovnem mestu prenašati ali premikati težka bremena, v zadnjem času p preveč stegovanja; delo zahteva ponavljajoče se premeščanje.
reaching 38.0 % in the EU-10 (2
2 zmanjšuje, je ta še vedno visok (34,5 %), pri čemer v EU-10 dosega 38,0 % (
How MHL can affect workers’ health
Kako lahko ročno premeščanje bremen vpliva na zdravje delavcev
Manual handling of loads may cause:
Ročno premeščanje bremen lahko povzroči:
The following characteristics of the work environment may increase the risk of back injury: p p insufficient space for MHL may lead to awkward posture and unsafe displacement of loads; p p cumulative disorders due to gradual and cumulative deterioration of the musculoskeletal system through continuous lifting/handling activities, e.g. low back pain; acute trauma such as cuts or fractures due to accidents.
Nevarnost za okvaro hrbtenice lahko povečajo naslednje značilnosti delovnega okolja: p p zaradi premalo prostora za ročno premeščanje bremen morajo delavci premikati bremena v prisilni drži ali na nevaren način; p p kumulativna obolenja zaradi postopnih in ponavljajočih se poškodb kostno-mišičnega sistema zaradi nenehnega dvigovanja/premeščanja, ki povzročajo na primer bolečine v križu; akutne poškodbe, kot so ureznine ali zlomi, zaradi nezgod pri delu.
an uneven, unstable or slippery floor may increase the risk of accidents; p
p neravna, nestabilna ali spolzka tla lahko povečajo nevarnost nezgod; zaradi vročine postanejo delavci utrujeni; zaradi potenja težko držijo
Back pain is a major work-related health complaint (23.8 %) in the EU, with significantly more workers (38.9 %) affected in the new
Bolečine v hrbtenici so najpogostejša z delom povezana zdravstvena težava v EU (23,8 %), pri čemer se s tovrstnimi težavami pogosteje
Member States (2
2 orodje in morajo zato uporabiti več sile; zaradi mraza pa lahko postanejo roke otrple in zato z njimi težko prijemajo orodje ali breme; srečujejo delavci iz novih držav članic (38,9 %) (
What makes MHL hazardous?
Zakaj je ročno premeščanje bremen nevarno?
There are several risk factors that make MHL hazardous and thereby increase the possibility of injury. Particularly for back injury, they are related to four aspects of MHL.
zaradi slabe razsvetljave se lahko poveča nevarnost nezgod ali pa so delavci primorani opravljati delo v prisilni drži, da bi bolje videli, kaj delajo.
Some individual factors might affect the risk of back injury:
Dejavniki, vezani na posameznega delavca (
The risk of back injury increases if the load is: p p age — the risk of low back disorders increases with age and with the number of years at work; p p physical dimensions and capacity such as height, weight and strength; p prior history of back disorders.
Ročno premeščanje bremen je nevarno, ker je povezano s številnimi dejavniki tveganja, ki povečujejo možnost poškodbe. V nadaljevanju so opisani štirje vidiki ročnega premeščanja bremen, ki pomenijo nevarnost za okvaro hrbtenice.
Look out for hazards that could cause accidents, injuries or ill health.
Ocenatveganja tveganja p p
Evaluate who might be harmed and how this might happen.
Delodajalci morajo oceniti zdravstvena in varnostna tveganja, s katerimi se srečujejo njihovi delavci.
Evaluate whether existing precautions are adequate or if more should be done.
Z enostavnim postopkom je mogoče učinkovito oceniti tveganje: p opredelite nevarnosti, ki lahko povzročijo nezgode, poškodbe ali p p p zdravstvene težave; ocenite, kdo je izpostavljen nevarnosti in kakšne so te nevarnosti; ocenite, ali so obstoječi previdnostni ukrepi ustrezni ali bi bilo treba p p sprejeti dodatne ukrepe; spremljajte tveganja in proučite preventivne ukrepe.
p too heavy: there is no exact weight limit that is safe — a weight of 20–25 kg is heavy to lift for most people; too large: if the load is large, it is not possible to follow the basic rules for lifting and carrying — to keep the load as close to the body as possible; thus, the muscles will get tired more rapidly; difficult to grasp: this can result in the object slipping and causing an accident; loads with sharp edges or with dangerous materials can injure workers; unbalanced or unstable: this leads to uneven loading of muscles and fatigue due to the centre of gravity of the object being away from the middle of the worker’s body; difficult to reach: reaching with outstretched arms, or bending or twisting the trunk takes greater muscular force; of a shape or size that obscures the worker’s view, thus increasing the possibility of slipping/tripping, falling or collision.
breme pretežko: omejitev teže, ki bi zagotavljala varnost, ni natančno določena; večina ljudi težko dvigne že breme, težko od 20 do 25 kg; breme preveliko: če je breme preveliko, ni mogoče upoštevati osnovnega pravila za dvigovanje in prenašanje, t.j. držati breme čim bliže telesu, zato se mišice hitreje utrudijo; breme težko oprijeti: predmet lahko zdrsne in povzroči nezgodo; bremena z ostrimi robovi ali iz nevarnih materialov lahko delavce poškodujejo; teža bremena neenakomerno razporejena ali če je breme nestabilno: to neenakomerno obremeni mišice in povzroči utrujenost, saj težišče predmeta ni na sredini delavčevega telesa; bremetežkodosegljivo:čejetrebapobremenusegatiz iztegnjenimi, skrčenimi ali upognjenimi rokami, trup za to uporabi večjo mišično silo; breme take oblike ali velikosti, da zastira delavcu pogled, kar poveča možnost zdrsov, spotikov, padcev ali trkov.
(1) Council Directive 90/269/EEC on the minimum health and safety requirements for the manual handling of loads.(2) European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, ‘4th European working conditions survey’, 2005.
(1) Direktiva Sveta 90/269/EGS o minimalnih zdravstvenih in varnostnih zahtevah za ročno premeščanje bremen.(2) Evropska fundacija za zboljšanje življenjskih in delovnih razmer, „Četrta evropska raziskava o delovnih razmerah“, 2005.
You should use the following technique when lifting a load.
Pri dvigovanju bremen morate uporabljati naslednjo tehniko: v
Elimination — consider whether MHL can be avoided, for example by using powered or mechanical handling equipment such as conveyers or lift trucks.
Treba je sprejeti preventivne ukrepe v naslednjem prednostnem vrstnem redu: p a a p p g p e n p pri dvigovanju uporabite mišice nog; zravnajte hrbet; povlecite breme čim bliže telesu; dvignite in nesite breme s stegnjenimi, navzdol obrnjenimi rokami.
or S p p a p f e
Potiskanje in vlečenje a z
Provide information on the risks and negative health effects of MHL, and training in the use of equipment and correct handling techniques.
n z imajo naprave za premeščanje ročaje/držaje, da lahko uporabite silo rok; ročaj mora biti na sredini med ramo in pasom, tako da lahko potisnete/povlečete v ugodnem, nevtralnem položaju; d p r a so naprave za premeščanje dobro vzdrževane, tako da so kolesa ustrezno velika in da se neovirano vrtijo; v j p so tla trda, ravna in čista.
Rehabilitation and reintegration of workers with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) back into work should form an integral part of workplace MSD policy.
Rehabilitacija in ponovna vključitev delavcev s kostno-mišičnimi obolenji v delovni proces bi morala biti sestavna dela politike preprečevanja kostno-mišičnih obolenj na delovnem mestu.
This will improve workers’ health and well-being, and prevent reductions in productivity.
To bo izboljšalo zdravstveno stanje in počutje delavcev ter preprečilo zmanjšanje storilnosti.
European legislation
Evropska zakonodaja r i d
Workers and their representatives’ involvement is essential when tackling workplace hazards.
Delodajalec se mora v zvezi z odpravljanjem nevarnosti na delovnem mestu posvetovati z delavci in njihovimi predstavniki.
Council Directive 90/269/EEC sets out health and safety requirements for the MHL, particularly where there is a risk of back injury to workers.
Direktiva Sveta 90/269/EGS o zdravstvenih in varnostnih zahtevah za ročno premeščanje bremen, kadar za delavce obstaja nevarnost poškodbe hrbta.
The requirements of other European directives, standards and guidelines, together with provisions in individual Member States, may also be relevant to the prevention of work-related health
Za preprečevanje z delom povezanih zdravstvenih težav zaradi ročnega premeščanja bremen se uporabljajo tudi zahteve iz drugih evropskih
Before lifting a load, you need to plan and prepare for the task. Make sure that: problems caused by MHL (4
4 direktiv, standardov in smernic ter predpisov držav članic (
More information on manual handling of loads, prevention of MSDs and retaining workers with MSDs at work is available at http://osha.europa.eu/topics/msds/ p you know where you are going; the area were you move is clear of obstacles; you have a good grip on the load; your hands, the load and any handles are not slippery; p
Več informacij o ročnem premeščanju bremen, preprečevanju kostno-mišičnih obolenj, rehabilitaciji in ponovni vključitvi delavcev s tovrstnimi obolenji v delovni proces je na voljo na: http://osha.europa.eu/topics/msds/.
More information on Agency publications is available at http://osha.europa.eu/publications if you are lifting with someone else, both of you know what you are doing before you start.
Več informacij o publikacijah agencije je na voljo na: http://osha.europa.eu/publications/.
Correct manual handling of loads
Pravilno ročno premeščanje bremen
Twisting and bending of back should be avoided
Treba se je izogibati upogibanju in ukrivljanju hrbtenice
) Agency’s legislation website: http://osha.europa.eu./legislation
) Evropska zakonodaja je na voljo na spletni strani agencije: http://osha.europa.eu./legislation
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium, 2007 http://osha.europa.eu fs73ew07_en.indd 2
Razmnoževanje je dovoljeno z navedbo vira. Printed in Belgium, 2007.
Safety and health at work is everyone’s concern
OSNOVNE INFORMACIJE / SPLOŠNO OCENJEVANJE TVEGANJA I
It’s good for you It’s good for business
Varnost in zdravje pri delu sta skrb vsakega izmed nas
Risk assessment essentials
Dobro za vas Dobro za posel
RISK
BISTVENI ELEMENTI OCENE TVEGANJA
INFORMATION
OSNOVNE INFORMACIJE / SPLOŠNO OCENJEVANJE TVEGANJA
INFORMATION
OSNOVNE INFORMACIJE / SPLOŠNO OCENJEVANJE TVEGANJA I
Do not know: go to this hazard- specic checklist:
Ne vem: pojdi na posebno kontrolnolisto za to nevarnost:
Severity of consequences Medium harm Small (1)Medium (2)High (3)
Resnost posledic Srednja škoda Majhno (1)Srednje (2)Visoko (3)
Moderate harm Small (1)Small (1)Medium (2)
Verjetnost Zelo neverjetno Verjetno Zelo verjetno
• Medium harmful: accidents and illnesses causing moderate, but prolonged or periodically recurring distress (such as wounds, simple fractures, second-degree burns on a limited body surface, dermal allergy, etc.).• Extremely harmful: accidents and illnesses causing grave and permanent distress and/or death (e. g., amputations, complex fractures leading to disability, cancer, second- or third-degree burns on a large body surface, etc.).
• Srednje škodljiva: nezgode in zdravstvene okvare povzročajo srednje, vendar daljše ali periodično ponavljajoče se zdravstvene težave (kot so vrezi, enostavni zlomi, opekline 2. stopnje na omejenem delu telesa, kožna alergija, itd.).• Zelo škodljiva: nezgode in zdravstvene okvare, ki lahko povzroči hude in kronične zdravstvene okvare in/ali smrt (npr. amputacije, komplicirani zlomi, ki vodijo v invalidnost, rak, opekline 3. stopnje ali opekline 2. stopnje na velikem delu telesa itd.).
Are the means of transport and work equipment for loading/unloading (e. g., vehicles, hoists, lifting platforms) ever overloaded?
Ali so transportna sredstva in delovna oprema za nakladanje/razkladanje (npr. vozila, dvigala, dvižne platforme) kdaj preobremenjena?
Are the oors sometimes slippery, e. g., when they are wet due to cleaning, spilling of liquids (e. g., oil), rain or mud, or dusty due to work processes?
Ali so tla kdaj spolzka, npr. kadar so mokra zaradi čiščenja, razlitja tekočine (npr. olja), dežja ali blata, ali praprašna zaradi delovnih procesov?
Are all trac routes appropriately marked?
Ali so vse prometne poti primerno označene?
Is the lighting of oors and trac routes appropriate?
Ali je osvetljenost tal in prometnih poti primerna?
Positioning equipment so as to avoid cables crossing pedestrian routes; using cable covers to x them securely to surfaces. Using anti-slippery and easy to clean materials on oors and trac routes.Ensuring proper ow of liquids from the surface of oors and trac routes.
Zagotovite ustrezno razsvetljavo tal in prometnih poti.Namestite opremo tako, da preprečite, da bi kabli prečkali pot pešcem; uporabite pokrove za kable, da jih bolj varno pritrdite na podlago.Na tleh in prometnih poteh uporabite nedrseče materiale in take, ki se lahko čistijo.Zagotovite pravilno odtekanje tekočine s tal in prometnih površin.
Is there any damaged insulation on lines (e. g., kinks or exposed wires)?
Ali obstaja kakšna poškodba na izolaciji električnih napeljav (npr. zavozljan ali nezavarovan kabel)?
Is it possible to use damp electrical equipment or to use electrical equipment with wet hands or in damp clothing?
Ali obstajajo kakšni poškodovani vtikači ali vtikalne doze?
Is it possible to work in dangerous proximity to electrical systems? Are there any live parts near work areas?
Ali obstaja kakšna možnost, da se električna oprema uporablja na neustrezen način?
Do machine safeguards suciently prevent workers‘ hands, arms, or other parts of the body from contact with dangerous moving parts?
Ali je možno uporabljati vlažno električno opremo ali uporabljati električno opremo z mokrimi rokami ali v vlažni obleki?
Do safeguards make the operation of a machine inconvenient or more dicult?
Ali je možno nevarno delati neposredno v bližini električnih sistemov?
Are there any unguarded gears, sprockets, pulleys, or ywheels?
Ali so v bližini delovnih območij kakšni deli pod napetostjo?
Are there any exposed set screws, key ways, collars, etc.?
Ali obstajajo kakšni izpostavljeni neozemljeni prevodni deli?
Is it easy for an operator to reach ON/OFF controls? Is there one control for more than one operator?
Ali obstaja kakšen elektrostatičen naboj (npr. kadar se oskrbujemo z gorivom)?
Carrying out a visual check for defects before work starts.Ensuring regular tests carried out by electrical experts.Using only equipment with the EC mark.In the event of equipment damage or defects: switching o the power and pulling out the plug immediately and reporting the damage.
Zagotovite, da stroje upravljajo usposobljeni in pooblaščeni delavci.Zagotovite, da so vsa potrebna varovala na svojem mestu in da ustrezno delujejo.S pomočjo plakatov in znakov delavce opominjajte, da morajo uporabljati varovala.
Ensuring that defects are repaired by an electrical expert.Selecting appropriate type of equipment (such as IP protection type, mechanical protection, etc.).Carrying out work according to instructions.De-energising lines.Limiting the work areas of hoisting equipment.Checking electrical equipment before it is used after repairs, and on a regular basis.
Pred zagonom stroja se prepričajte, da so vsa potrebna varovala na svojem mestu.Zagotovite, da so območja okoli strojev čista in brez zaprek.Zagotovite dovolj prostora in s tem delavcem omogočite neovirano gibanje.Priskrbite primerno osebno varovalno opremo.Zagotovite ustrezno osvetljenost na strojih in okrog strojev.Uvedite jasen sistem opozorilnih informacij in s tem preprečite, da bi pomotoma zagnali stroje s pomankljivostmi.Zagotovite, da so stroji redno vzdrževani in da se hibe nemudoma odpravijo.Zagotovite, da je na voljo dovolj prostora med premičnimi deli stroja in pritrjenimi deli blizu stroja.
Can high noise levels arise as a result of work processes (e. g., metal-on-metal impact, engines)?
Poglavje B: Primeri preventivnih ukrepov za zmanjšanje tveganja
SUPPORTDo workers have the support of their managers and colleagues?
PODPORAAli imajo delavci podporo svojih vodij in sodelavcev?
Do workers receive both positive and negative feedback concerning their work?
Ali delavci prejmejo tako pozitivno kot negativno povratno informacijo o svojem delu?
Are workers recognised and awarded for doing their job well?
Ali se delavcem prizna, da so delo dobro opravili in so zanj nagrajeni?
Are new workers provided with appropriate on-the-job training and supervision?
Ali je poskrbljeno, da novi delavci dobijo primerno usposabljanje o delu in nadzor?
Are workers supported when changes are planned, or if there is uncertainty about the future of the enterprise etc., to minimise their worries and confusion?
Ali imajo delavci podporo, kadar so načrtovane spremembe, ali kadar prihodnost podjetja ni jasna ipd, da bi bili čimmanj zaskrbljeni in zmedeni?
Ensuring that sucient resources are available in general and for peak times.Structuring operations to avoid peak workloads or bottlenecks as far as possible. Warning about production plans and peak periods in advance.
ZAHTEVE DELAAli zaposleni navadno ali občasno delajo pod velikim pritiskom (hiter ritem dela, kratki roki)?
Encouraging workers to develop their skills continuously.
Ali imajo zaposleni navadno ali občasno dolg delovnik?
Spreading the scope of the tasks to increase job variety.
Ali je količina dela navadno ali občasno zelo velika?
Facilitate workers’ social interaction inside and outside work, e.g., providing an informal meeting room, organising social events.
Ali obstaja ravnovesje med zičnimi in psihičnimi zahtevami dela in sposobnostmi delavca? Ali je delo enolično?
JOB DEMANDSDo employees usually or occasionally work under high pressure (fast pace of work, tight deadlines)?
Ali obstajajo zična tveganja (hrup, temperature, kemikalije, ipd.)?
Do employees usually or occasionally work long hours?
Ali delavci jasno poznajo svoje obveznosti?
Is the workload usually or occasionally very high?
Ali dobijo delavci nasprotujoče si zahteve?
Is there a balance between physical and mental job demands and workers’abilities?
Ali so delavci pri opravljanju svojega dela ločeni od drugih?
Is the job monotonous?
NADZOR DELAAli lahko delavci vplivajo na metode, ki jih uporabljajo pri svojem delu?
Are there physical risks (noise, temperature, chemicals, etc.)?
Ali imajo delavci vpliv na vsebino svojega dela?
Are workers clear about what their duties are?
Ali imajo delavci možnost, da načrtujejo svoje delo, sprejemajo odločitve in prevzemajo odgovornost?
Do workers have conicting demands?
Ali je delo razdrobljeno v toliko nalog, da imajo delavci le še malo občutka o pripadnosti končnega izdelka?