natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
During his appearances before the Committeeon Economic and Monetary Affairs, the President stressed that the ECB took the issueof counterfeiting very seriously andcontinuously sought to improve its policiesagainst counterfeiting.
ECB uresničuje odprtost tudi v dobesednemsmislu, s tem ko omogoča obiske svojihprostorov v Frankfurtu.
In this respect,cooperation agreements in the fight againstcounterfeiting have been concluded withvarious national and international authorities.Moreover, the experience with counterfeitbanknotes is guiding the research anddevelopment of new security features for thenew generation of banknotes.
Leta 2004 je okrog8.000 obiskovalcev prejelo informacije iz prveroke v obliki predavanj in predstavitev, ki so jihpripravili uslužbenci ECB.
Information onall counterfeit euro banknotes is stored in an
Obiskovalci so bilivečinoma študenti in strokovnjaki s finančnegapodročja.
Artist Philippe Cognée Title Foule, Place St Pierre de Rome, Pâques, 1999 Material Encaustic on canvas Format 154 × 153 cm© VGBild-Kunst, Bonn 2005
Avtor Jan Fabre Naslov Brez naslova, 1987Material Tinta na papirju Format 200 ×158 cm© VGBild-Kunst, Bonn 2005
CHAPTER 6
POGLAVJE 7
EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION
ŠIRITEVEVROPSKE UNIJE
In 2004 a new versionof the website was launched.
1USPEŠEN PRISTOP DESETIH NOVIH DRŽAV ČLANIC
The ECB also practices openness in a literalsense, by welcoming visitor groups to itspremises in Frankfurt. In 2004 around 8,000visitors received first-hand information in theform of lectures and presentations given by ECB staff.
Evropska komisija in ECB sta 20. oktobra 2004objavila svoji konvergenčni poročili o napredku,ki so ga države članice z odstopanjem, vključnoz novimi državami članicami, dosegle priizpolnjevanju svojih obveznosti gledeuresničevanja EMU.
University students andprofessionals from the financial sector made upthe majority of visitors.
Konvergenčno poročilo ECB ugotavlja, da nobena od držav pristopnicne izpolnjuje vseh pogojev za prevzem evra,vključno z zakonskimi zahtevami za ohranjanjeučinkovite neodvisnosti nacionalnih centralnihbank.
On 1 May 2004 ten countries of central andeastern Europe and the Mediterranean – the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia,Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Sloveniaand Slovakia – joined the EU.
1. maja 2004 se je EU pridružilo deset državsrednje in vzhodne Evrope ter Sredozemlja – Češka republika, Estonija, Ciper, Latvija,Litva, Madžarska, Malta, Poljska, Slovenija in Slovaška.
The NCBs of thenew Member States were integrated into the ESCB and their governors became fullmembers of the General Council.
Nacionalne centralne banke novihdržav članic so bile vključene v ESCB, njihoviguvernerji pa so postali polnopravni člani Sveta ECB.
Experts fromthese NCBs have full-member status in themeetings of the ESCB committees wheneverthey deal with matters that fall within the fieldof competence of the General Council.
Strokovnjaki iz teh nacionalnih centralnihbank imajo na zasedanjih odborov ESCB status polnopravnih članov, kadar ti odboriobravnavajo zadeve, ki spadajo na področje v pristojnosti Sveta ECB.
The integration of the new members into the ESCB went smoothly.
Integracija novih članic v ESCB je potekalabrez težav.
On the basis of the ECB’s Accession Master Plan, set out in 2003,preparations were undertaken in particular inthe fields of central bank operations, paymentand settlement systems, statistics, banknotes,and IT infrastructure and applications.
Na podlagi okvirnega načrta zapristop, ki ga je ECB izdelal leta 2003, so bileopravljene priprave zlasti na področjucentralnobančnih operacij, plačilnih inporavnalnih sistemov, statistike, bankovcev terinfrastrukture ITin aplikacij.
Therelevant ESCB IT infrastructure was enhancedand now connects all 25 NCBs and the ECB,providing increased reliability and enhancedsecurity services.
Infrastruktura IT,ki jo uporablja ESCB, je bila razširjena in zdajpovezuje vseh 25 NCB in ECB, pri čemeromogoča večjo zanesljivost in zmogljivejševarnostne storitve.
The key for subscription tothe ECB’s capital was expanded and the NCBsof the new Member States paid up a percentageof their subscribed capital as a contribution tothe operational costs of the ECB.
Ključ za vpis kapitala ECBje bil razširjen in nacionalne centralne bankenovih držav članic so vplačale delež svojegavpisanega kapitala kot prispevek k operativnimstroškom ECB.
In terms of the number of countries joining, thisenlargement was the most important in thehistory of European integration.
Po številu pridruženih držav je bila ta širitev v zgodovini evropske integracijenajpomembnejša.
However, theeconomic weight of the new Member States isrelatively small compared with previousenlargements.
Vendar je gospodarska teža novih držav članic sorazmerno majhna v primerjavi s prejšnjimi širitvami.
As a result, the accession of thenew Member States has not fundamentallychanged the key characteristics of the EUeconomy.
Zato pristopnovih držav članic ni bistveno spremenilključnih značilnosti gospodarstva EU.Gospodarska raznolikost znotraj EU se je sicerpovečala, saj so institucionalne in strukturneznačilnosti novih držav članic v mnogihpogledih drugačne kakor pri drugih državahčlanicah.
Economic diversity within the EUhas increased, however, as the institutional andstructural features of the new Member Statesare in many respects different from those of theother Member States.
Večina novih držav članic je izvedlaproces tranzicije iz centralnoplanskega v tržnogospodarstvo, kar je vključevalo temeljiteinstitucionalne in strukturne spremembenjihovih gospodarstev.
The majority of the new Member States have been engaged in atransition process from a centrally planned toa market economy, involving fundamentalinstitutional and structural changes in theireconomies.
Dolgoročneje gledanobo širitev verjetno pozitivno prispevala h gospodarski rasti v EU.
Over a longer time horizon,enlargement is likely to contribute positively toeconomic growth in the EU; indeed, a positiveimpact was already observed during the decadeof preparations for enlargement.
Dejansko je bilopozitiven učinek opaziti že v desetletju pripravna širitev.
This sectionpresents a number of key macroeconomicfeatures of the EU before and after theaccession of the new Member States togetherwith corresponding data for the United Statesand Japan.
Vtem razdelku so predstavljenenekatere ključne makroekonomske značilnosti EU pred pristopom novih držav članic in ponjem skupaj z ustreznimi podatki za Združenedržave in Japonsko.
The fifth highlevel seminar on the accessionprocess, held in Paris in March 2004, markedthe final phase of the preparations foraccession.
PREBIVALSTVO IN GOSPODARSKA AKTIVNOSTKakor je razvidno iz tabele 16, se je s širitvijo leta 2004 prebivalstvo EU povečaloza skoraj 20%, tako da zdaj skupno številoprebivalcev znaša 457,7 milijonov.
The seminar, jointly organised bythe ECB and the Banque de France, broughttogether the governors and high-levelrepresentatives of the central banks of the ESCB, the ten acceding countries and the twocandidate countries – Bulgaria and Romania –which were about to finalise negotiations foraccession to the EU.
Merjeno s tem kazalcem, je EU še naprej največji subjektv industrijsko razvitem svetu.
The seminar focused onmonetary and exchange rate policies and thepractical functioning of ERM II, budgetarydiscipline in the context of the Stability and Growth Pact, and issues relating to financialstandards, accounting regulations andcorporate governance.
Peti seminar na visoki ravni o pristopnemprocesu, ki je potekal v Parizu marca 2004, jezaznamoval zadnjo fazo priprav na pristop.Seminarja, ki sta ga skupaj organizirala ECB in Banque de France, so se udeležili guvernerjiin visoki predstavniki centralnih bank ESCB, desetih pristopnih držav ter Bolgarije in Romunije, tj. dveh držav kandidatk, ki bostakmalu končali pogajanja za pristop k EU.Seminar se je osredotočil na denarno in tečajnopolitiko ter na praktično delovanje mehanizma ERM II, proračunsko disciplino v okviru Paktao stabilnosti in rasti ter na vprašanja v zvezi s finančnimi standardi, računovodskimi predpisiter upravljanjem in vodenjem.
The practical experience gained during theenlargement process has been assessed and will
Gospodarska aktivnost v državah EU-25,merjena z BDP, je leta 2003 znašala 9.752milijard EUR, pri čemer se je s pristopom novihdržav članic na podlagi veljavnih deviznih
POPULATION AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITYAs indicated in Table 16, the 2004 enlargementincreased the population of the EU by almost20%, bringing the total population to 457.7
Praktične izkušnje, pridobljene med procesomširitve, so bile ocenjene in se bodo upoštevalepri pripravah na prihodnjo širitev EU in evroobmočja.
million.
pomanjkljivosti.
Measured in these terms, the EUcontinues to be the largest entity in theindustrialised world.
Merjeno s PKM in na podlagipodatkov za leto 2003, se je BDPEU z zadnjoširitvijo povečal za 9,5%, tako da je večji od BDP ZDA.
exchange rates for 2003, the accession of thenew Member States led to a rise in the EU’sshare of global GDP from 30.4% to 31.8%.It should be noted, however, that theseinternational comparisons are heavilyinfluenced by developments in exchange rates.One way to overcome the variability andpotential distortions associated with marketprices is to use a comparison on the basis ofpurchasing power parities (PPPs), even if thesemeasures have their own caveats.
Nove države članice imajo relativno velikoprebivalcev glede na svojo trenutno stopnjogospodarske aktivnosti, tako da pomeni njihovpristop zmanjšanje povprečne ravni BDPnaprebivalca v EU. Vendar naj bi se to postopomaspremenilo skladno z napredovanjem v procesudohitevanja.
In PPP termsand on the basis of 2003 data, the most recentenlargement increased the EU’s GDP by 9.5%,making it larger than that of the United States.
Vprimerjavi z ZDAin Japonsko je BDP na prebivalca v EU-25 relativno nizek,čeprav je ta razlika glede na Japonsko precejmanjša, če se za primerjavo uporabi PKM (popodatkih za leto 2003).
Economic activity in the countries forming the EU25, as measured by GDP, was 9,752 billionin 2003, to which, on the basis of currentexchange rates, the accession of the new Member States contributed 4.5%.
S pristopom Španije in Portugalske k EU leta 1986 (ki jo je takratsestavljalo deset držav) se je na primer skupni BDP Skupnosti povečal za nekaj več kakor 8%,z vstopom Avstrije, Finske in Švedske leta 1995pa se je gospodarska proizvodnja povečala zanekoliko več kakor 7%.
From ahistorical perspective, the economic size ofthis enlargement was relatively limited.
Na podlagi podatkov o BDPin deviznih tečajev za leto 2003 se jezaradi pristopa novih držav članic delež EU v svetovnem BDPpovečal s 30,4% na 31,8%.Pri tem je treba upoštevati, da na te mednarodneprimerjave močno vplivajo gibanja deviznihtečajev.
Forexample, the accession of Spain and Portugal tothe European Community in 1986 (which at thetime consisted of ten countries) raised the Community’s total GDP by slightly more than8%, and the enlargement to Austria, Finlandand Sweden in 1995 increased economic outputby just over 7%. On the basis of GDP data and
Eden izmed načinov, s katerimi se jemogoče izogniti morebitnemu izkrivljanju, ki je povezano s tržnimi cenami, je uporabaprimerjave na podlagi paritet kupne moči (PPP), čeprav imajo te mere svoje lastne
As the new Member States have a relativelylarge population in relation to their currentlevel of economic activity, their accession
Pristop novih držav članic bo imel tudidolgoročnejši učinek na gospodarsko aktivnost,
Table 16 Key characteristics of the EU economy including and excluding the new Member States
Tabela16 Ključne značilnosti EU gospodarstva z in brez novih držav članic
United States
Obdobje poročanja
Population GDP (share of world GDP) GDP
Prebivalstvo BDP (delež svetovnega BDP)BDP
Exports of goods and services Imports of goods and services
Izvoz blaga in storitev Uvoz blaga in storitev
Agriculture, fishing, forestry Industry (including construction) Services Unemployment rate Labour force participation rate 3)
Kmetijstvo, ribištvo, gozdarstvo Industrija (skupaj z gradbeništvom) Storitve Stopnja nezaposlenosti Stopnja participacije delovne sile3)
Employment rate 4)
Stopnja zaposlenosti
Surplus (+) or deficit (-)
Širše opredeljena država
Expenditure Revenue Gross debt Bank deposits 6)
Presežek (+) ali primanjkljaj (-)
Sources: Eurostat, European Commission, IMF, BIS, ECB and ECB calculations.1) GDP shares are based on country GDPs in current US dollars.2) Based on gross value added at current prices.3) Defined as the ratio of the labour force to the working age population (those aged between 15 and 64).4) Defined as the ratio of the number of employed persons to the working age population (those aged between 15 and 64).5) Based on the ESA 95.6) EU15 and EU25: total deposits with MFIs; United States: demand, time and savings deposits with banking institutions;Japan: demand and time deposits with deposit money banks.7) EU15 and EU25: MFI loans to other residents; United States: loans by commercial banks, savings institutions and credit unions;Japan: loans to the private sector.
Viri: Eurostat, Evropska komisija, IMF, BIS, ECB in izračuni ECB.1) Deleži BDPtemeljijo na BDPdržav v tekočih ameriških dolarjih.2) Na podlagi bruto dodane vrednosti v tekočih cenah.3) Opredeljeno kot razmerje med delovno silo in delovno sposobnim prebivalstvom (osebe stare med 15 in 64 let).4) Opredeljeno kot razmerje med zaposlenimi osebami in delovno sposobnim prebivalstvom (osebe stare med 15 in 64 let).5) Temelji na ESA95.6) EU-15 in EU-25: skupne vloge pri MFI; Združene države: vloge na vpogled, časovne vloge in hranilne vloge pri bančnih institucijah;Japonska: vloge na vpogled in časovne vloge pri poslovnih bankah.7) EU-15 in EU-25: MFI posojila ostalim rezidentom; Združene države: posojila komercialnih bank, hranilnic in kreditnih zadrug;Japonska: posojila zasebnemu sektorju.
agriculture (3.2%) and industry (31.9%) and asmaller share of services (64.9%) in GDP thanthe average of the other EU countries.
sektor EU je večji od japonskega storitvenegasektorja, toda manjši od storitvenega sektorja ZDA.
Sectoraldifferences tend to be more pronounced in thenew Member States than in the EU15 in termsof the distribution of employment acrossthese sectors. Nevertheless, enlargement hasresulted in only slight changes in the shares ofthese broad sectors in the EU’s GDP and thedistribution of employment.
saj vpliva na spodbujanje in oviranje pretokablaga, storitev, kapitala in ljudi („štirisvoboščine“) med novimi državami članicamiin drugimi državami EU, čeprav bodomigracijski tokovi še nekaj let omejeni.
Relative to othermajor economic blocs, the agricultural sectorin the EU is large by comparison with that ofthe United States and Japan, whereas the EU’sindustrial sector is larger than that of the United States but smaller than that of Japan.
Verjetnoje, da bo na primer širitev enotnega trga z razširitvijo področja uporabe navedenihsvoboščin na 25 držav okrepila konkurenco inustvarila ekonomije obsega.
Itsservices sector is larger than that of Japan butsmaller than that of the United States.
Vendar bosta obsegteh učinkov in hitrost njihovega udejanjanjaodvisna od številnih dejavnikov, kakor so,denimo, prihodnje gospodarske politike državčlanic EU.
The accession of the new Member States willalso have a longerterm effect on economicactivity as it affects incentives for andimpediments to the flow of goods, services,capital and persons (the “four freedoms”)between the new Member States and the other EU countries, although migration flows will berestricted for a number of years.
TRG DELAPovprečna stopnja brezposelnosti je v novihdržavah članicah višja kakor v državah EU-15,tako da je širitev povzročila majhno povečanjepovprečne stopnje brezposelnosti v EU-25.Kljub temu, da se je v poznih devetdesetihstopnja brezposelnosti znižala, je bila leta 2003v EU-15 in EU-25 z 8,1% oziroma 9,1% ševedno precej višja kakor v ZDAin na Japonskem, kjer je znašala 6,0% oziroma 5,3%.
For example,the extension of the Single Market, byincreasing the scope for these four freedoms to25 countries, is likely to enhance competitionand create economies of scale.
Vzadnjem desetletju so se v novihsrednje- in vzhodnoevropskih državah članicahpovečale stopnje brezposelnosti in regionalnerazlike v brezposelnosti zaradi strukturnihprilagoditev, povezanih s prehodom na tržnogospodarstvo.
The extent ofthese effects and the speed at which theymaterialise will, however, depend on manyfactors, such as the future economic policies of EU Member States.
Vendar bi se lahko pričakovanjaglede zaposlenosti v naslednjih letih izboljšala,ko se bo zmanjševanje delovnih mest, povezano s prestrukturiranjem podjetij, umirilo.Dolgoročno lahko sposobnost novih državčlanic, da v BDPna prebivalca dohitijo drugečlanice, prav tako prispeva k ugodnim trendomzaposlovanja in manjši brezposelnosti.
LABOUR MARKETThe average unemployment rate in the new Member States is higher than that in the EU15countries, and enlargement has thus led to asomewhat higher average unemployment ratefor the EU25.
MEDNARODNA TRGOVINAPo širitvi se trgovina držav EU-15 z novimidržavami članicami ter trgovina med temidržavami članicami seveda prikazuje kottrgovina znotraj EU in ne kot mednarodnatrgovina.
Despite falling during the late1990s, the unemployment rate in both the EU15and the EU25, at 8.1% and 9.1% respectively in2003, remains significantly higher than inthe United States and Japan, where it stoodat 6.0% and 5.3% respectively.
Nasprotno se trgovina med novimidržavami članicami in drugim delom sveta brez EU-15 šteje kot trgovina zunaj EU-25.
In the newcentral and eastern European Member States,unemployment rates have risen and regionalunemployment differences have grown duringthe past decade, owing to structuraladjustments associated with the transition to amarket economy.
Kljubdejstvu, da so gospodarstva večine novih državčlanic zelo odprta, je pristop novih držav članicnekoliko zmanjšal trgovinsko odprtost EU, sajje trgovina držav EU-15 z novimi državamičlanicami izrazitejša od trgovine novih državčlanic z državami zunaj EU.
Prospects for employmentcould improve in the years ahead, however,as job-cutting associated with businessrestructuring may ease.
Po podatkih za leto2003 je izvoz blaga in storitev v razširjeni EUpredstavljal 12,4% BDP, v primerjavi z 9,3% in 12,2% v ZDAoziroma na Japonskem.
INTERNATIONAL TRADEFollowing enlargement, EU15 trade with thenew Member States and trade among those Member States is naturally recorded as intraEU trade instead of international trade.
S pristopom novih držav članic se je stopnjazaposlenosti v EU zmanjšala za 1,4 odstotnetočke, tako da zdaj znaša 63,0%.
Bycontrast, trade between the new Member Statesand the rest of the world excluding the EU15countries now counts as extra-EU25 trade.
Razčlenitevstopnje zaposlenosti v novih državah članicahkaže, da je stopnja delovne aktivnosti zlasti primoških občutno pod ravnijo držav EU-15,medtem ko je ta razlika pri ženskah manjizrazita.
Theaccession of the new Member States hasslightly reduced the trade openness of the EU,despite the fact that most new Member Statesare very open economies, as EU15 trade withthe new Member States is more significant thanthe new Member States’ trade with countriesoutside the EU.
Stopnja zaposlenosti starejših delavcev(tj. v starosti med 55 in 64 let) je prav takoprecej nižja v novih državah članicah kakor v EU-15.
According to data for 2003,exports of goods and services represented12.4% of GDP in the enlarged EU, comparedwith 9.3% and 12.2% for the United States and Japan respectively.
Vprimerjavi z ZDAin Japonsko jestopnja delovne aktivnosti v EU nizka.Kombinacija nižje stopnje delovne aktivnosti invišje stopnje brezposelnosti v EU se kaže v stopnji zaposlenosti, ki je nižja od stopnjezaposlenosti v ZDAin na Japonskem.
The accession of the new Member Stateshas lowered the employment rate in the EU by1.4 percentage points, so that it now standsat 63.0%.
Kljub temu je širitev povzročilazgolj rahle spremembe deležev teh glavnihsektorjev v BDPEU in porazdelitvezaposlenosti.
A breakdown of the employment ratein the new Member States suggests thatthe participation rate of men in particular is
Kar zadeva druga velikagospodarska bloka, je kmetijski sektor v EUvelik v primerjavi z ZDAin Japonsko, medtemko je industrijski sektor EU večji odindustrijskega sektorja ZDA, toda manjši odjaponskega industrijskega sektorja. Storitveni
PRODUCTION STRUCTUREThe structure of production in the new Member States is characterised by a larger share of
FISKALNI POLOŽAJ IN VELIKOST DRŽAVNEGA SEKTORJAPristop novih držav članic ni bistveno spremeniltehtane povprečne stopnje državnegaprimanjkljaja v EU, čeprav ima večina novih
considerably below the level in the EU15countries, whereas the gap for women is lesspronounced.
držav članic visoke fiskalne primanjkljaje (glejtudi oddelek 2.5 v poglavju 1).
The employment rate of olderworkers (i.e. those aged between 55 and 64) isalso substantially lower in the new Member States than in the EU15.
Deleži javnihodhodkov in prihodkov v BDPso v večini novihdržav EU nekoliko manjši, čeprav so visokiglede na njihovo raven dohodka.
In comparison with the United States and Japan, the EU labour forceparticipation rate is low.
Majhnostgospodarstev novih držav članic pomeni, da jekljub temu delež sektorja širše opredeljenedržave v EU-25 v glavnem nespremenjen v primerjavi z EU-15.
The combinationof a lower participation rate and a higherunemployment rate in the EU is reflected in anemployment rate which is below that of the United States and Japan.
Ker je stopnja javnegadolga v novih državah članicah na splošnoprecej nižja kakor v EU-15, je povprečnazadolženost v razmerju do BDPv EU nekolikonižja, kakor je bila pred širitvijo.
accumulation of public deficits has led tosimilarly high public debt ratios in the EU andthe United States, but they are nonethelesssignificantly lower than in Japan.
predvsem v bančni sektor, medtem ko je vlogaborz v finančnem posredništvu manjpomembna. Vendar je v primerjavi z Japonskovloga bančnega sektorja v finančnem sektorju EU manjša, medtem ko so borze pomembnejše.
FISCAL POSITION AND THE SIZE OF THEGOVERNMENT SECTORThe accession of the new Member States hasnot substantially changed the weighted averagegovernment deficit ratio in the EU, despite thefact that most new Member States have highfiscal deficits (see also Section 2.5 of Chapter1).
Primanjkljaj širše opredeljene države, ki je leta2003 v EU-25 znašal 2,8%, je trenutno nižjikakor v ZDAin na Japonskem.
The public expenditure and revenue sharesin GDP are somewhat smaller in most of thenew EU countries, although they are high inrelation to their income levels.
Obenem sektorsplošno opredeljene države predstavlja večjidelež gospodarstva v EU-25 kakor v ZDAin na Japonskem.
The small sizeof the new Member States’ economies meansthat the share of the general government sectorin the EU25 is nevertheless broadly unchangedcompared with the EU15.
VEU-25 znaša stopnja državnihodhodkov skoraj 49%, stopnja državnihprihodkov pa malo manj kakor 46%.
As the public debtratio in the new Member States is generallysignificantly below the level in the EU15, theaverage EU debt-to-GDP ratio is somewhatlower than before enlargement.
VZDApredstavlja sektor širše opredeljene državenekaj več kakor 34% BDPglede na odhodke innekaj manj kakor 30% BDP, kar zadevaprihodke.
FINANCIAL STRUCTUREEnlargement has not involved significantchanges to the financial structure of the EU as awhole, although financial intermediation is onaverage more focused on banks in the new Member States than in the EU15.
Na Japonskem k velikemu javnemuprimanjkljaju prispevata stopnja državnihodhodkov, ki znaša nekaj več kakor 39% BDP,in stopnja državnih prihodkov, ki znaša skoraj32%.
By comparison with Japan,however, the banking sector plays a smallerrole in the EU’s financial sector, while stockmarkets are more significant.
Kopičenje javnih primanjkljajev v preteklosti je povzročilo podobno visokestopnje javnega dolga v EU in ZDA, vendar sokljub temu občutno nižje kakor na Japonskem.