natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
According to this calculation, nearly one in six European households with a child under the age of 6 lives on the at-risk-of-poverty threshold.
Še več, enostarševska družina je eden izmed socialno-ekonomskih dejavnikov tveganja, ki vpliva na razvoj socialnih, čustvenih in intelektualnih zmožnosti otroka (glej drugi odstavek v 1. poglavju). V EU (državah, za katere so na
Figure 2.5: Percentage of households with children of 02 years, 35 years and 05 years living on the poverty threshold, 2005
Preglednica 2.3: Odstotek enostarševskih gospodinjstev z najmanj enim otrokom, starim od 0 do 2 let ali več, od 3 do 5 let ali več in od 0 do 5 let ali več, 2005
02 years
3–5 let ali več
35 years
0–5 let ali več
Chapter 2: Background Indicators
Opomba EU-27: ocene so za države, za katere so na voljo podatki
EU-27: Estimates based on countries for which data is available.
Pojasnilo Državljanstvo se nanaša državo, ki izdaja potni list.
People aged over 74 years or under 15 years are inactive.
Podatki v oklepajih kažejo ocene, ki zaradi velikosti vzorca niso popolnoma zanesljive.
Workers on maternity/paternity leave are considered to be actively employed as are unpaid family workers.
Nezanesljivi podatki niso prikazani, čeprav so upoštevani v podatkih o EU-27.
Data is termly (spring) for all countries, except Denmark, Luxembourg and Finland (annual data).
Podatki za vse države so za četrtletje (pomlad), razen za Dansko, Luksemburg in Finsko (letni podatki).
For households with at least one child, the economic activity rate of women is significantly lower than that of men (Figure 2.6).
Pri vzgoji majhnih otrok je družinski dohodek bistveni kazalnik, s katerim so opredeljene ogrožene skupine.
This disparity is largely dependent on the age of the children in the household.
Revščina je pomemben dejavnik tveganja za šolsko uspešnost.
When the youngest child is under 3, less than 60 % of women in the EU declare themselves available for work.
Nekateri avtorji menijo, da je sploh najpomembnejši dejavnik tveganja (glej 1. poglavje).
This pattern can be observed throughout most European countries.
Preglednica 2.5 uporablja pojem praga revščine.
The variation in the economic activity of women according to the age of children is less apparent although still present in Bulgaria, Germany, France, Latvia, Finland and the United Kingdom.
Vir za izračun je neto dohodek gospodinjstev (dohodek iz dela, socialna pomoč za brezposelnost in drugi socialni transferji, kot so otroški dodatki in podobno).
This phenomenon does not occur in Belgium, Spain, Malta and Portugal, where women’s economic activity remains stable (and lower than that of men’s – especially in Malta) regardless of the age of children in the household.
Ta se nato ponovno izračuna z matematično formulo, v kateri sta upoštevani število in starost družinskih članov gospodinjstva (glej pojasnilo).
When the last child reaches the age of 6, women generally return to the labour market.
Po izračunih skoraj vsako šesto gospodinjstvo z otrokom, mlajšim od 6 let, živi na pragu revščine.
Early Childhood Education and Carein Europe: Tackling Social and Cultural Inequalities
2. poglavje: Socialno-ekonomskikazalniki
Figure 2.7: Unemployment rate of parents/guardians by sex, with at least one child aged 0 to 2 years or more and 3 to 5 years or more, 2005
Preglednica 2.5: Delež gospodinjstev z otroki, starimi od 0 do 2 let, od 3 do 5 let in od 0 do 5 let, ki živijo na pragu revščine, v odstotkih, 2005
Chapter 2: Background Indicators active if they are receiving at least 50 % of their income from their employer otherwise they are considered to be inactive.
2. poglavje: Socialno-ekonomskikazalniki
However these estimates have been incorporated into the EU-27 figure.
Opomba EU-27: ocene so za države, za katere so na voljo podatki.
Total unemployment rates (see data in the table under the Figure 2.7) vary considerably: it is less than 5 % in Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, it approaches or surpasses 10 % in Bulgaria and Germany and even 15 % in Poland and Slovakia.
Stopnja delovne aktivnosti, kakor jo denira Mednarodna organizacija za delo (International Labour Oce – ILO), je odstotni delež delovno aktivnega prebivalstva (zaposlenega in nezaposlenega) v delovno aktivnem in neaktivnem prebivalstvu.
Intra-national disparities between men and women are considerable.
Neaktivno prebivalstvo so osebe, stare več kot 74 let ali manj kot 15.
Most notably, the unemployment rate among Greek women is nearly three times higher than among men.
Neaktivna delovna sila so tudi tisti, ki ne delajo več kot tri mesece (porodniški dopust, prekinitev kariere, osebe na čakanju in tako dalje) razen, če prejemajo vsaj 50-odstotno nadomestilo plače.
Five other countries show a smaller though significant difference since the number of unemployed women is at least 1.5 times higher than the number of men with at least one child aged 35 years (the Czech Republic, Spain, Italy, Cyprus and Luxembourg).
Delavci na očetovskem/materinskem dopustu spadajo med delovno aktivne prebivalce, prav tako neplačani družinski delavci.
In contrast, in eight countries (Bulgaria, Germany, Baltic countries, Austria, Romania and the United Kingdom), female unemployment is the same as, or even less than that of males.
Podatki so za vse države za četrtletje (pomlad), razen za Dansko, Luksemburg in Finsko (letni podatki).
Whatever the unemployment figures for the total population, nearly all countries show a higher difference between males and females considering households with at least one small child.
Zdi se, da je stopnja dohodka povezana z zaposlitvenim položajem para ali odraslega, odgovornega za izobraževanje otrok.
The difference is most pronounced in the households that raise slightly older children (3-5 years), as at this time women tend to try to re-enter employment.
Stopnja delovne aktivnosti (preglednica 2.6) kvanticira število ekonomsko aktivnih ljudi (tistih, ki se bodo zaposlili ali pa so že zaposleni) v primerjavi s skupno aktivno in neaktivno populacijo (neaktivni iskalci zaposlitve).
Among households that have at least one child aged 3-5, the unemployment rate of women is on average twice as high as that of men.
Opozoriti moramo, da v neaktivno populacijo spadajo tudi starši na porodniškem dopustu, daljšem od treh mesecev, razen če jim delodajalec izplačuje vsaj 50-odstotno nadomestilo njihove redne plače.
It is four times higher than that of men in the Czech Republic, Greece, and Luxemburg.
V tem primeru omenjene matere/očete na porodniškem dopustu uvrščamo v ekonomsko aktivne in zaposlene.
Among those that raise a child under 3, a similar situation occurs in Greece and Slovenia, while on average in Europe female unemployment is 1.5 times higher than male.
Na statistike zato delno vplivajo predpisi posamezne države, ki določajo obliko in trajanje porodniškega dopusta.
Only in Romania among households that raise small children (under 3 and under 5-year-olds) are male unemployment rates higher than female.
Za gospodinjstva z najmanj enim otrokom velja, da je stopnja delovne aktivnosti žensk pomembno nižja od moških (preglednica 2.6).
Among those households that raise at least one child under 3, more men than women have difficulties to find a job also in Germany and Lithuania.
Ta razlika je odvisna predvsem od starosti otrok v gospodinjstvu. V Evropi se je manj kot 60 odstotkov žensk pripravljenih zaposliti, kadar je najmlajši otrok mlajši od 3 let.
Regarding households with slightly older children (3-5-year-olds), a similar situation prevails in Estonia and Latvia.
Starost otrok pa ne vpliva na stopnjo delovne aktivnosti moških, zato je sistematično višja kot pri ženskah.
Again, it must be highlighted that the rate of unemployment amongst mothers increases when the youngest child is over 3 years old.
Ta vzorec lahko opazimo v večini evropskih držav. Stopnja ženske delovne aktivnosti je nižja, kadar ima najmlajši otrok manj kot 3 leta; takoj ko je najmlajši star 3 leta, se delovna aktivnost matere pomembno zviša, v gospodinjstvih, v katerih so vsi otroci starejši od 12 let, pa je le nekoliko višja.
This observation and the ones made earlier must be considered in the light of economic activity rates (Figure 2.6).
Skrb za otroka tako pomembno vpliva na to, da mati ostane doma, še zlasti, če je otrok mlajši od 3 let (in večkrat tudi, dokler je mlajši od 6 let).
The unemployment rate takes only economically active women as its denominator, that is those who are in work or available for work (and therefore excludes women who state that they are not looking for work) while the economic activity rate takes into account the people available for work or already in work (economically active) against the total population (active and inactive).
To velja zlasti za Češko, Estonijo, Madžarsko in Slovaško, kjer se ženska delovna aktivnost skoraj potroji, ko je najmlajši otrok star 3 leta, in se še enkrat poveča, ko je najmlajši star 6 let.
Therefore, the increased unemployment rates among women when their youngest child reaches the age of 3 (notably in the Czech Republic, Germany, Malta (3) and Austria where the unemployment rate of mothers doubles or even trebles), can be explained by the fact that many mothers return to the labour market, but do not find work.
Spremembe v delovni aktivnosti žensk glede na starost otrok pa so manj očitne, čeprav še vedno opazne, v Bolgariji, Nemčiji, na Finskem, v Franciji, Latviji in Združenem kraljestvu.
This explanation is especially true for the Czech Republic where the female economic activity rate for women with children under the age of 3 is three times lower than that for women with children aged between 3 and 5.
Temu pojavu pa nismo priča v Belgiji, Španiji, na Malti in Portugalskem, kjer je delovna aktivnost žensk ustaljena (in nižja v primerjavi z moškimi – zlasti na Malti) ne glede na starost otrok v gospodinjstvu.
The conclusions for Malta should be taken with caution as the estimates are not fully reliable.
Zato so statistični podatki iz leta 2005 večinoma uporabljeni le za prikaz porazdelitve brezposelnosti po spolu.
Figure 2.8: Unemployment rate by gender amongst heads of single parent household with at least one child under the age of 15, compared with the total population, 2005
Preglednica 2.7: Stopnja brezposelnosti staršev/skrbnikov po spolu z najmanj enim otrokom, starim od 0 do 2 let ali več in od 3 do 5 let ali več, v odstotkih, 2005
Chapter 2: Background Indicators
: : : skupaj ženskeskupaj moškiskupaj
This phenomenon is widespread in the EU.
Opomba EU-27: ocene so za države, za katere so na voljo podatki.
Single parent men are also more vulnerable to unemployment than the general male population.
Stopnjo brezposelnosti izračunamo tako, da stopnjo delovno aktivne populacije, ki dela, delimo s 100.
Yet, the average difference in the EU is less pronounced than for females: about 11 % single parent men cannot find a job compared to about 8 % of men in general population.
Stopnja delovne aktivnosti je odstotni delež delovno aktivnega prebivalstva v delovno sposobnem prebivalstvu. Delavce
Children’s participation in good quality education programmes plays a major role in their integration at school and later in social and work life.
2. poglavje: Socialno-ekonomskikazalniki na materinskem/očetovskem dopustu deniramo kot aktivne in zaposlene, in sicer kot neplačane družinske člane.
Early childhood education and care (ECEC) can not only act as a catalyst for the integration of migrant children but may also compensate at an early stage for the possible late development of children from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Prebivalci, ki so neaktivni več kot tri mesece (zaradi materinskega/očetovskega dopusta, prekinitve kariere in podobno), so aktivni, če prejemajo vsaj 50-odstotno nadomestilo plače, drugače so denirani kot neaktivni.
This study examines the position of children from 0 to 6 years and the education provision made for them.
Podatki v oklepajih kažejo ocene, ki zaradi velikosti vzorca niso popolnoma zanesljive.
The comparative data from Eurostat on participation in preprimary programmes only relates to ISCED 0 level of education for children at least 3 years of age.
Nezanesljivi podatki niso prikazani, čeprav so upoštevani v podatkih o EU-27.
This type of preprimary education must recruit staff with specialised qualifications in education.
Podatki so za vse države za četrtletje (pomlad), razen za Dansko, Luksemburg in Finsko (letni podatki).
Day nurseries, playgroups and daycare centres where staff are not required to hold a qualification in education are not included.
Skupna stopnja brezposelnosti v Evropi (glej podatke v preglednicah 2.7) se zelo spreminja: v Luksemburgu, na Nizozemskem in v Združenem kraljestvu je manjša od 5 odstotkov, v Bolgariji in Nemčiji se približuje 10 odstotkom ali jih presega, na Poljskem in Slovaškem pa je celo 15-odstotna.
In particular, they cover different reference years (from 2004 to 2006).
Opozoriti moramo, da je stopnja brezposelnosti med grškimi ženskami trikrat večja kot pri moških.
For these reasons participation rates for the under-3s are not illustrated in a Figure and are therefore provided as an indication only.
Preostalih pet držav kaže manjšo, vendar pomembno razliko, saj je na Češkem in Cipru, v Italiji, Španiji, Luksemburgu število nezaposlenih žensk 1,5-krat večja kot pri moških z najmanj enim otrokom, starim od 3 do 5 let.
The participation rates in preprimary education for under 3s vary greatly in European countries. Publicly financed provision is virtually lacking in some countries.
V nasprotju s temi podatki je v osmih državah (Bolgariji, Nemčiji, baltskih državah, Avstriji, Romuniji in Združenem kraljestvu) stopnja ženske brezposelnosti enaka ali celo manjša v primerjavi z moškimi.
In the Czech Republic less than 1 % of under 3-year-olds attend crèches (jesle).
Ne glede na številke o brezposelnosti za celo populacijo (gospodinjstva z najmanj enim majhnim otrokom) pa skoraj vse države izkazujejo veliko razliko med moškimi in ženskami.
However, about 20 % of 2 year-olds attend nursery schools (mateská škola).
Razlika je najbolj opazna v gospodinjstvih z malo starejšimi otroki (od 3 do 5 let), saj se v tem času ženske želijo ponovno zaposliti.
Attendance has declined progressively since the political changes in 1989: the present capacity (2006) has fallen by a factor of approximately 25 since 1990, and by a factor of 5 since 1995.
V gospodinjstvih, ki imajo vsaj enega otroka, starega od 3 do 5 let, je stopnja brezposelnosti žensk v povprečju dvakrat večja od moških in kar štirikrat večja na Češkem, v Grčiji in Luksemburgu.
Participation rates of children under 3 years are also low in Poland (2 %).
Med tistimi, ki vzgajajo otroka, mlajšega od 3 let, je podoben položaj v Grčiji in Sloveniji, čeprav je v Evropi v povprečju stopnja ženske brezposelnosti 1,5-krat večja od moške.
In Germany there is a sharp distinction between western and eastern Länder.
Večja stopnja brezposelnosti moških kot žensk v gospodinjstvih z majhnimi otroki (mlajšimi od 3 in mlajšimi od 5 let) je le v Romuniji.
In the western Länder only 10 % of under-3s attend day care, while this proportion rises to 41 % in the eastern Länder (2007).
Med tista gospodinjstva z najmanj enim otrokom, mlajšim od 3 let, kjer moški teže najdejo zaposlitev, spadata tudi Nemčija in Litva. V Estoniji in Latviji je podobna situacija za gospodinjstva z malo starejšimi otroki (od 3 do 5 let).
There is a similar situation in Ireland, where home-based childminding is the usual form of provision and targeted interventions tend to be for children over the age of 3.
Še enkrat moramo poudariti, da se stopnja brezposelnosti med materami zveča, ko najmlajši otrok dopolni 3 leta.
Early Childhood Education and Carein Europe: Tackling Social and Cultural Inequalities for Children and Youth Affairs is committed to expanding childcare provision through the 2006–2010 National Childcare Investment programme.
Zato, da bi bila zanesljivost velikosti vzorca večja, so pri izračunih za enostarševska gospodinjstva z najmanj enim otrokom zajeti otroci, mlajši od 15 let (v nasprotju s prejšnjimi številkami, ki veljajo za gospodinjstva z otroki, mlajšimi od 6 let)
In contrast, in the Nordic countries participation rates in preprimary education for under 3s is high.
7 Glede sklepnih ugotovitev o Malti moramo biti previdni, saj ocene niso popolnoma zanesljive.
Finland shows a different pattern than its Nordic neighbours and its 36 % rate is closer
Predšolska vzgojain varstvo v Evropi: odpravljanjesocialneinkulturne neenakosti
Chapter 2: Background Indicators
: skupaj ženske
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Toda pri
Source: Eurostat, UOE.
Vir: Eurostat, UOE Opombe Belgija: podatki ne zajemajo samostojnih zasebnih institucij in vpisa v nemško govoreči skupnosti;
Belgium: Data exclude independent private institutions. Ireland: There is no public-sector provision at ISCED level 0.
Irska: nima javno organizirane vzgoje za raven ISCED 0; veliko otrok se s predšolskim kurikulumom seznani v zasebnih institucijah, vendar za večino podatki niso na voljo;
Luxembourg: Education becomes compulsory from the age of 4 onwards.
Nizozemska: vpis 4-letnih otrok je podcenjen; populacija vpisanih 4-letnih otrok se izračunava 1. oktobra in tako izpusti tiste, ki se vpišejo od oktobra do decembra, ker v tem obdobju dopolnijo 4 leta.
The difference from 100 % is therefore attributable to children enrolled abroad but also – and above all – to the method of calculation.
31. decembra skoraj 100 odstotkov 4-letnih otrok obiskuje predšolsko institucijo.
Preprimary education (ISCED 0) is designed to meet the educational and development needs of children at least 3 years of age.
Predšolska vzgoja (ISCED 0) je namenjena izobraževalnim in razvojnim potrebam otrok, starih vsaj 3 leta.
Preprimary education must recruit staff with specialised qualifications in education.
Zaposlovati mora delavce s specializirano pedagoško izobrazbo.
Day nurseries, playgroups and daycare centres where staff are not required to hold a qualification in education are not included.
Otroški vrtci, igralne skupine in dnevni centri, kjer zaposlenim ni treba imeti specializirane pedagoške izobrazbe, niso zajeti.
Primary education (ISCED 1) programmes are designed to give the basic education in reading, writing and mathematics along with an elementary understanding of other subjects.
Programi primarnih šol (ISCED 1) zagotavljajo učencem začetno osnovno izobraževanje v branju, pisanju in matematiki, skupaj s temeljnim razumevanjem drugih predmetov.
This indicator gives the participation rates in ISCED 0 and 1 for single years from ages 3 to 6 and shows the enrolment pattern in education at the early ages.
Ta kazalnik prikazuje delež vpisa v ISCED 0 in 1 za posamezna leta od 3. do 6. leta in kaže vzorec vpisa v zgodnjih otroških letih.
For some countries, enrolment rates appear to exceed 100 %. This is because they are calculated on the basis of two data sets (population and education) derived from different surveys carried out at different dates in the year.
Za nekatere države se zdi, da je njihov delež vpisa več kot 100-odstoten.Vzrok je izračunavanje deleža iz dveh naborov podatkov (populacije in izobraževanja), ki izhajajo iz dveh različnih anket, izvedenih ob različnem času.
The figure has been proportionally rounded down to show 100.
Številke so zato sorazmerno zaokrožene na 100.
Population data refer to 1 January 2006.
Podatki za populacijo se nanašajo na 1. januar 2006.
Historically, in many countries, education programmes for 3-year-olds have mainly served as child care facilities for parents (particularly women) who have not wanted to interrupt their careers when they have young children.
Zgodovinsko gledano so bili programi za 3-letne otroke v mnogih državah večinoma namenjeni varstvu otrok tistih staršev (zlasti žensk), ki niso hoteli prekiniti svojih poklicnih poti, čeprav so imeli majhne otroke.
Although childminding is still one of the central functions of ECED, the educational purpose is getting progressively more recognition.
Varstvena vloga je še naprej prevladujoča, vzgojni cilji pa počasi pridobivajo čedalje večjo veljavo.
There seems to be no straightforward link between participation rates of 3-year-olds at preprimary education and the employment rate of mothers of 3-year-olds.
Zdi se, da ni neposredne povezave med vključenostjo 3-letnih otrok v predšolsko vzgojo ter zaposlenih mater 3-letnih otrok.
On average in the EU in 2005, there were around 14 % fewer mothers of 3-year-olds in employment than children of this age group attending a preprimary institution at ISCED 0 (Figure 2.10).
V povprečju je bilo leta 2005 v EU 14 odstotkov manj zaposlenih mater 3-letnih otrok, kot je bilo v predšolskih institucijah na ravni ISCED 0 vpisanih otrok (preglednica 2.10).
Figure 2.10: Participation of 3-year-olds in education at ISCED 0, 2004/05, and employment rates of mothers of 3-year-olds, 2005.
Preglednica 2.10: Vpis 3-letnih otrok v programe na ravni ISCED 0 v letu 2004/05 in zaposlenost mater 3-letnih otrok v letu 2005
BEBGCZDKDEEEIEELESFRITCYLVLTLUHUMTNLATPLPTROSISKFISEUKISLINORates of participation of 3-year-olds (ISCED 0) Employment rate of mothers of 3-year-olds
Deleži vključenosti 3-letnih otrok (ISCED 0) ò
EU-27: Estimates based on countries for which data is available. Belgium: Data exclude independent private institutions and enrolments in the German speaking Community.
EU-27: ocene so za države, za katere so na voljo podatki.Belgija: podatki ne zajemajo samostojnih zasebnih institucij in vpisa v nemško govoreči skupnosti;
Ireland: There is no public-sector provision at ISCED level 0. Many children follow a preprimary curriculum in private institutions but data are lacking for the most part.
Irska: nima javno organiziranega sektorja za raven ISCED 0; veliko otrok se s predšolskim kurikulumom seznani v zasebnih institucijah, vendar za večino primerov podatki niso na voljo.
The employment rate for a specific reference group (here mothers whose youngest child is 3 years old) is calculated by taking the number of (active) individuals in work as a percentage of the total number of individuals in the reference group (active and inactive).
Stopnjo brezposelnosti za določeno referenčno skupino (v tem primeru matere, katerih najmlajši otrok je star 3 leta) izračunamo tako, da vzamemo število (aktivnih) prebivalcev kot odstotni delež celotnega prebivalstva v referenčni skupini (aktivnega in neaktivnega).
People aged over 74 or less than 15 are inactive as are those aged between 15 and 74 who have not done any paid work during the reference week and who are not looking for work (i.e. they have not been actively seeking work during the four weeks prior to the reference week – unless they have stopped looking for work because they are due to start a job in the next three months – or they are not ready to take up a job in the next two weeks).
Neaktivno prebivalstvo so osebe, stare več kot 74 let ali manj kot 15, in tiste med letoma 15 in 74, ki v zadnjem
People who have not worked for more than three months (due to parental leave, career breaks, lay-offs etc.) are also considered inactive unless they are receiving at least 50 % of their income from their employer.
Neaktivni so tudi tisti, ki ne delajo več kot tri mesece (porodniški dopust, prenehanje kariere, osebe na čakanju itd.) razen, če prejemajo vsaj 50-odstotno nadomestilo plače.
Participation rate is calculated by dividing the number of 3-year-olds in preprimary education by the number of 3-year-olds in the population.
Delež vključenosti izračunamo tako, da število 3-letnih otrok v predšolski vzgoji delimo s številom celotne populacije 3-letnih otrok.
Population data refer to 1 January 2005.
Podatki za populacijo se nanašajo na 1. januar 2005.
The difference is clear in Belgium and Italy: the participation rate of children aged 3 is more than 40 % higher than the employment rate of mothers of children in this age group.
Razlika je očitna v Belgiji in Italiji: delež 3-letnih otrok je 40 odstotkov višji, kot je stopnja zaposlenosti mater otrok te starostne skupine.