natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The notion of the shift of the burden of proof made its way into EU law through ECJ case-law handed down in connection with equal pay cases ̌ where a woman could show difference in gender and difference in pay, and the court needed the employer to provide an explanation.
Pojem prenosa dokaznega bremena se je uveljavil v pravu EU skozi sodno prakso Sodiþｲa ES, ki se je nanaþala na primere enakega plaｲila › ko je ™enska lahko dokazala povezavo med razliko v spolu in razliko v plaｲilu, je sodiþｲe zahtevalo, da delodajalec razliko pojasni.
The most frequently cited case in this regard is Enderby v. Frenchay Health Authority and the Secretary of State for Health, C-127/92.
Najbolj pogosto citirana odloｲba na to temo je bila izdana v zadevi Enderby proti Frenchay Health Authority and the Sec-retary of State for Health, C-127/92.
There followed Council directive 97/80/EC on the burden of proof in cases of discrimination based on sex.
Tej odloｲbi je sledila Direktiva Sveta 97/80/ES o dokaznem bremenu v primerih diskriminacije zaradi spola.
The shift of the burden of proof has been closely linked to the importance of delivering effective judicial protection against acts of discrimination.
Prenos dokaznega bremena je bil tesno povezan s pomembnostjo zagotavljanja uｲinkovitega sodnega varstva v primerih diskriminacije.
The shift of the burden of proof which the directives allow is, however, not automatic.
Vendar pa prenos dokaznega bremena, ki ga dovoljuje ta direktiva, ni avtomatski. Dokazno breme se ne prenese na to™enca takoj, ko to™nik zatrdi, da je bil diskriminiran, temveｲ þele, ko izka™e dejstva, iz katerih je mogoｲe sklepati, da je priþlo do diskriminacije.
What these facts might be is depend-ent on domestic legislation and case-law.
Katera dejstva so to, je odvisno od domaｲe zakonodaje in do sedaj izdanih sodnih odloｲb.
The directives refer to discrimination `on grounds of' racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, dis-ability, sexual orientation and age.
Direktivi se nanaþata na diskriminacijo ‚na temelju§ rasne ali etniｲne pripadnosti, vere ali prepri-ｲanja, invalidnosti, spolne usmerjenosti in starosti.
Case-law in countries like the United Kingdom and national legislation transposing the directives has generally clarified that `on grounds of' can include pro-tection against discrimination where the victim has the actual characteristics in question or is perceived to have such characteristics or is associated with persons having such characteristics.
Odloｲbe sodiþｲ v dr™avah, kot je Zdru™eno kraljestvo, in nacionalne zakonodaje, v katere so prenesene doloｲbe direktiv, najveｲkrat interpre-tirajo izraz ‚na temelju§ tako, da ta pojem vkljuｲuje tako situacije, ko ™rtev dejansko poseduje navedene znaｲilnosti, situacije, ko se domneva, da ima ™rtev navedene znaｲilnosti kot tudi situaci-je, ko se ™rtev povezuje z osebami z navedenimi znaｲilnostmi.
For example, if someone is excluded from a restaurant because the proprietor says `No Roma' this is likely to be direct discrimination on grounds of racial or ethnic origin, whether the person is in fact Roma or whether their appearance suggests that they are Roma or because they are with Roma friends.
Na primer, ｲe je nekomu prepreｲen vstop v restavracijo, ker lastnik v restavraciji ne ™eli Romov, gre najverjetneje za direktno diskrimi-nacijo na temelju rasne ali etniｲne pripadnosti, ne glede na to, ali je oseba dejansko romskega porekla, ｲe je po videzu romskega porekla ali pa ｲe je v dru™bi romskih prijateljev.
Thus, a plaintiff who does not profess himself in court as belonging to the Roma minority, can at the same time claim that he was discriminated on the ground of his perceived ethnic origin.
Obstajajo þtevilni postopkovni instrumenti, ki so lahko v pomoｲ ™rtvam pri dokazovanju diskrimi-nacije.
This approach is likely to be particularly important in sexual orientation cases, since victims will not need to prove that they have a particular sexual orientation but merely to establish facts to show that they have suffered less favourable treatment or harassment on grounds of their perceived sexual orientation or their association with people of a particular sexual orientation.
Takþni instrumenti vkljuｲujejo testiranje, uporabo statistiｲnih podatkov, video in avdio posnetke in tako imenovan postopek z vpraþalnikom.
There are many procedural instruments that can assist victims of discrimination to establish that discrimination may have occurred.
Testiranje pogosto izvajajo v Zdru™enih dr™avah Amerike, in sicer v postopkih dokazovanja diskriminacije pri zaposlovanju, iskanju stano-vanja in dostopu do storitev.
Testing is commonly used in the United States to prove direct discrimination in employment, housing and access to services. In Belgium testing is a piece of evidence acknowledged by law.
Nevladne organizacije v Srednji in Vzhodni Evropi prav tako uporabljajo preizkuþevalce (testerje), na primer iskalce zaposlitve, ki so izbrani tako, da so si po vseh znaｲilnostih, razen po eni (na primer rasi), podobni.
NGOs in central and eastern Europe also use testers ̌ job seekers for instance ̌ who are selected to stand a comparison in all their characteristics, expect for the one (most often race) on the basis of which discrimination occurs.
Na ta naｲin je mogoｲe ugotoviti, ali so bili razliｲno obravnavani na podlagi te znaｲilnosti, po kateri so se razlikovali.
Audio and video recordings can be used as evidence in some countries, for example, in the Czech Republic, but not in others.
V nekaterih dr™avah je kot dokaze mogoｲe uporabiti tudi avdio in video posnetke, na primer na Peþkem, v drugih pa ne.
In the United Kingdom the questionnaire procedure enables rejected job seekers to seek an immediate response from the employer as to the reasons for their rejection.
V Zdru™enem kraljestvu je mogoｲe uporabiti postopke z vpraþalnikom tako, da iskalec zaposlitve lahko na podlagi vpraþalnika takoj po zavrnitvi zahteva odgovor delo-dajalca o razlogih za zavrnitev.
Courts and tribunals in the United Kingdom can draw inferences of discrimination from the answers given to the questionnaire or from the failure of the employer to respond in time or respond at all.
Sodiþｲa v Zdru™enem kraljestvu lahko izsledijo diskriminacijo iz odgovorov delodajalcev, kot jih navedejo v vpraþalniku, ali pa iz dejstva, da delodajalec vpraþalni-ka ne izpolni pravoｲasno oziroma ga sploh ne izpolni.
Both the race directive (2000/43/EC) and the employment framework directive (2000/78/EC) in their preambles expressly mention that statistics may be used in cases of indirect discrimination.
Tako Rasna direktiva (2000/43/ES) kot Direktiva o sploþnih okvirih enakega obravnavanja pri zapo-slovanju in delu v preambulah izrecno omenjata uporabo statistiｲnih podatkov za dokazovanje primerov posredne diskriminacije.
Where a State which is a member of the EU, has not provided for the full (and correct) transposition of a directive (see nature of directives above) into national law by the time the date for implementa-tion has passed, an individual may nevertheless be able to rely on the provisions of the directives before national courts.
V primerih, ko dr™ava ｲlanica ni zagotovila popolnega (ali pravilnega) prenosa direktiv (glej zgoraj navedene direktive) v nacionalno zakonodajo v doloｲenem roku, se lahko posameznik v postopkih sklicuje neposredno na doloｲbe direktiv na nacionalnih sodiþｲih.
This is known as the principle of `direct effect'.
To naｲelo je znano kot naｲelo neposrednega uｲinkovanja.
The aggrieved individual will have to show that the provision relied on is a precise and unconditional principle which is suffi-ciently operational to be applied by a national court and which is therefore capable of governing the legal position of individuals.
Prizadeti posameznik bo moral dokazati, da je doloｲba, na katero se sklicuje, natanｲna in brezpogojna ter dovolj operativna, da se jo lahko uporabi pred nacionalnimi sodiþｲi ter da se na njeni podlagi lahko uredi pravni polo™aj posameznika.
However it is generally held that the principle of direct effect applies only to complaints directed against a public body or `emanation of the State'.
Na sploþno pa se þteje, da je naｲelo neposrednega uｲinkovanja mogoｲe uporabiti le v primerih prito™b zoper dr™avne organe ali nosilce javnih pooblastil.
As such, in relation to litigation between private individuals or entities, directives also have so-called `indirect effect'.
Kot smo ™e ome-nili, morajo dr™ave, þe posebej domaｲa sodiþｲa, storiti vse, kar je v njihovi moｲi, za dosego ciljev, opre-deljenih v direktivah.
As discussed above, States and in particular domestic courts are obliged to do everything possible to achieve the results outlined in the directives.
Posredno uｲinkovanje torej zahteva od domaｲih sodiþｲ, da domaｲe pravo razla-gajo tako, da bo do najveｲje mo™ne mere v skladu z doloｲbami direktiv, ki bi morale biti implementirane.
Indirect effect therefore requires domestic courts to interpret existing national law, as far as possible, in line with the direc-tive that should have been implemented.
Zadnjo besedo pri odloｲanju, kateri deli protidiskriminacijskih direktiv imajo posreden in kateri neposreden uｲinek, ima Sodiþｲe ES.
If a State fails to implement a directive within the time frame provided, the State is liable for dam-age that this causes to the individual.
Pe dr™ava ne implementira direktive v roku, ki je za to doloｲen, je odgovorna za þkodo, ki jo s tem povzroｲi posamezniku.
This is referred to as Francovich damages as the principle was first laid down in the case of Francovich and Bonifaci v. Italy (Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90) decided by the European Court of Justice in 1991.
To naｲelo je bilo prviｲ omenjeno v zadevi Frankovich in Bonifaci proti Ita-liji (zdru™eni zadevi C-6/90 in C-9/90), o kateri je leta 1991 odloｲilo Sodiþｲe ES.
In the Francovich case, the ECJ listed three conditions which are both necessary and sufficient to establish liability under this principle. These are:
V zadevi Frankovich je Sodiþｲe ES navedlo tri pogoje, ki morajo biti izpolnjeni in ki zadostujejo za ugotovitev odgovornosti za þkodo v skladu s tem naｲelom.
† there must be a causal link between the breach of the State's obligation and the loss and dam-age suffered by the injured individual.
Ti pogoji so: s pravilo, ki je bilo krþeno, mora dajati posameznikom doloｲene pravice; s vsebina teh pravic mora biti doloｲljiva na podlagi doloｲb direktive, na katero se spor nanaþa s obstajati mora vzroｲna zveza med krþitvijo obveznosti dr™ave ｲlanice in izgubo oziroma þkodo, ki jo trpi oþkodovani posameznik.
In addition, the breach of EU law must also be sufficiently serious for the individual to be entitled to damages.
Poleg tega mora biti krþitev prava EU za posameznika dovolj huda, da se mu lahko þkoda prizna.
The Francovich damages remedy has been developed by the ECJ in later cases.
To naｲelo je Sodiþｲe ES nadalje razvilo v poznejþih zadevah.
It is now clear that it is available for all breaches of EU law by a Member State, including failure to implement a direc-tive properly, in addition to complete non-implementation.
Sedaj je jasno, da je pojem na voljo za vse krþitve prava EU s strani dr™av ｲlanic, vkljuｲno z neimplementacijo ali z neprimerno implemen-tacijo direktive.
The text of the two directives and possibly summaries (see `National context' section).
Besedili obeh direktiv in njuni povzetki (glej sekcijo Nacionalni kontekst).
The role of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in combating discrimination
Vloga nevladnih organizacij v boju proti diskriminaciji
† For the participants to have explored the roles NGOs can and should play in combating dis-crimination.
Uｲni cilji za udele™ence s Raziskati vloge, ki jih nevladne organizacije lahko in bi jih morale igrati v boju proti diskrimina-ciji.
It is normally a non-profit-making organisation, not affiliated with any government or private sector entity, or any political party.
Na primer dokument Sveta Evrope ‚temeljna naｲela o polo™aju nevladnih organizacij v Evropi§ - w w w . c o e . i n t / T / E / N G O / p u b l i c / P r i n cF o n d a m % 2 0 e n % 2 0 e n g l . p d f
When considering what role they can play in combating discrimination, NGOs should take full advantage of the special roles that have been given to them under Articles 7 and 12 of Council Directive 2000/43/EC, and Articles 9 and 14 of Council Directive 2000/78/EC.
s Ali je lahko nevladna organizacija pridru™ena politiｲni stranki ali mora ostati strogo oddaljena od strankarske politike?
In order for a country to achieve its goals of peace, democracy, good governance, health, prosper-ity and equality, NGOs are essential to successful development.
s Kaj se zgodi, ｲe stranka, s katero je nevladna organizacija tesno povezana, pride v vlado?
The role of NGOs as instruments of civil society in the fight against discrimination can include:
s Ali se versko organizacijo, kot na primer Cerkev, lahko þteje med nevladne organizacije?
† providing a means for expressing and actively addressing the needs of people who are dis-criminated against;
s Kako lahko viri financiranja kompromitirajo (pokvarijo) oziroma vplivajo na neodvisnost nev-ladne organizacije?
† promoting diversity and equality in society;
Ali so to lahko drugi ljudje, ki podpirajo njene cilje?
† maintaining equality on the political agenda and encouraging mobilisation.
Organizacije se razlikujejo tudi glede na: s velikost, geografske posebnosti s organizacijsko strukturo s strukturo ｲlanstva s vire sredstev s podroｲje dela
† empower groups to engage in campaigns, to be self-advocates and to assert and enforce their rights;
Nevladna organizacija je lokalna, nacionalna ali mednarodna skupina, ustanovljena s pravnim ustanovitvenim aktom, jasnim namenom in jasnimi aktivnostmi, z vodilnim telesom, ki je pristojno govoriti v imenu njenih ｲlanov.
† work, where appropriate, in partnership with governments to achieve common aims and objectives;
Navadno gre za neprofitno organizacijo, ki ni povezana z vladnimi organi ali zasebnimi podjetji.
† work, where appropriate, against governments when those governments are promoting poli-cies which are contrary to the NGO's objectives;
Njeni obiｲajni cilji so promovirati dobrobit dru™be z naslavljanjem dru™benih in pravnih problemov in poskusom igrati enako vlogo v razvoju in napredku civilne dru™be kot druge demokratiｲne institucije.
† deliver services efficiently and effectively outside the framework of government policies when this is necessary and appropriate to promote the NGO's objectives, and to adopt, where appro-priate, strategies contrary to government policies;
Ko premiþljujejo, kakþno vlogo lahko igrajo v boju proti diskriminaciji, morajo nevladne organiza-cije izkoristiti prednosti razliｲnih vlog, ki so jim na voljo v skladu s ｲlenoma 7 in 12 Direktive Sveta 2000/43/ES ter ｲlenoma 9 in 14 Direktive Sveta 2000/78/ES.
† ensure the coordination of its own services and to engage government in discussions on the coordination of services between the government and NGOs;
Nevladne organizacije so bistvene za uspeþen razvoj ter za prizadevanje, da bi dr™ava dosegla svoje cilje na podroｲju miru, demokracije, dobrega vladanja, zdravja, razcveta in enakosti.
† be vigilant `watchdogs' ̌ pointing out where governments and corporations are actively dis-criminating, or failing in their obligations to combat discrimination or where they need to improve their performance, and serving to enforce the operation of checks and balances that characterise democratic society. In this role NGOs must target government and the business community by advocacy, lobbying and negotiating functions when required;
Vloga nevladnih organizacij kot instrumenta civilne dru™be v boju proti diskriminaciji lahko zaje-ma: s zagotavljanje sredstev za izra™anje in aktivno naslavljanje potreb ljudi, ki so diskriminirani; s podporo ™rtvam diskriminacije pri dostopu do postopkov; s promoviranje razliｲnosti in enakosti v dru™bi; s vzpostavljanje mehanizmov za vplivanje na odloｲanje; s vkljuｲevanje nediskriminacije in enakosti v politike; s spodbujanje oblasti in korporacij, da se uprejo diskriminaciji;
† challenge, by appropriately selected mechanisms, acts, omissions, administrative practices or policies which are contrary to the NGO's objectives;
Vloga nevladnih organizacij v boju proti diskriminaciji s spremljanje, dokumentiranje in obsojanje diskriminacije; s ohranjanje enakosti v politiｲnem programu in spodbujanje mobilizacije.
† keep track of and ensure that advantage is taken of all new developments in combating dis-crimination, for example, new legislation (national, EU and international), new policies (nation-al, EU and international), new sources of funding, and landmark judicial decisions (at both national, EU and international level);
Nevladna organizacija lahko: s dela v partnerstvu z drugimi nevladnimi organizacijami za dosego skupnih ciljev; s vzpodbudi vkljuｲevanje skupin v kampanje, njihovo samozagovorniþtvo in zahtevanje in izvr-þevanje njihovih pravic; s dela v partnerstvu (ｲe je to primerno) z vlado zaradi doseganja skupnih ciljev; s dela (ｲe je to primerno) proti vladi, ｲe ta promovira politike, ki so v nasprotju s cilji nevladne organizacije; s uｲinkovito izvaja storitve v okviru vladnih politik, ｲe je to primerno, in ｲe je primerno, sprejema strategije, dogovorjene in izpogajane med nevladnimi organizacijami in vlado; s uｲinkovito izvaja storitve izven okvira vladnih politik, ｲe je to potrebno in primerno za promo-viranje ciljev nevladne organizacije, in sprejema, ｲe je to primerno, strategije nasprotne vlad-nim politikam; s zagotavlja usklajenost lastnih storitev, vkljuｲuje vlado v razprave o usklajevanju storitev med vlado in nevladnimi organizacijami; s zagotavlja s primernimi in s strokovnimi raziskavami podprte predloge vladi za reþitev proble-mov; s zagovarja in izvaja kampanje za spremembe v odgovor na potrebe; s vodi in pomembno prispeva k zakonodajnemu procesu in procesu oblikovanja politik s primer-nimi in s strokovnimi raziskavami podprtimi predlogi in z obveþｲanjem politikov v vladi in opo-ziciji in drugih vplivnih oseb.
† supply national and international bodies with vital and reliable information which they should draw on when examining a country's record on discrimination.
s ravna kot oprezen pes ｲuvaj › s prstom ka™e na podroｲja, kjer vlada in korporacije aktivno diskriminirajo oziroma kjer se v nasprotju s svojimi obveznostmi ne bojujejo proti diskriminaci-ji oziroma kjer bi morale izboljþati svoje ravnanje, s ｲimer nevladne organizacije podpirajo delo-vanje vzvodov in ravnovesij, ki so znaｲilni za demokratiｲno dru™bo.
In summary, the role of many NGOs can be to check, monitor and criticise the actions of govern-ments and private bodies, to supplement and complement the role of government in combating discrimination and to assist individuals and groups to assert their rights.
V tej vlogi mora nevladna organizacija ciljati na vlado in podjetniþko skupnost z zagovorniþtvom, lobiranjem in pogajanji, ｲe je to potrebno; s s primernimi mehanizmi izpodbija dejanja, opustitve, administrativne prakse ali politike, ki so v nasprotju s cilji nevladne organizacije; s sledi in izkoriþｲa nove mo™nosti za boj proti diskriminaciji, na primer novo zakonodajo (nacio-nalno, EU ali mednarodno), nove politike (nacionalne, na EU in mednarodne), nove vire finan-ciranja, in odloｲilno sodno prakso (tako na nacionalni kot tudi na EU in mednarodni ravni);
Combating discrimination › A training manual
Boj proti diskriminaciji › Priroｲnik za usposabljanje s je odprta, pregledna in odgovorna svojemu ｲlanstvu in javnosti; s poveｲuje moｲ sodelovanja nevladnih organizacij v civilni dru™bi z grajenjem mre™ in koalicij in promoviranjem izvirnih iniciativ in reþitev.
† accountability (NGOs have been at the forefront of debates regarding accountability and trans-parency ̌ key issues for voluntary action)
To lahko pomaga pri odpravljanju predsodkov v dru™bi in podpiranju enakosti; s dela javno in v duhu sodelovanja z drugimi nevladnimi organizacijami, ki delujejo na sorodnih podroｲjih, se izogiba konfliktom in sporom med organizacijami; s izvaja pritisk na dr™avo za ratifikacijo mednarodnih instrumentov, ki predvidevajo usmerjanje pozornosti na vladne prakse; s oskrbuje dr™avne in mednarodne organe s pomembnimi in zanesljivimi informacijami, ki bi morale biti upoþtevane, ko se presoja dosje dr™ave na podroｲju diskriminacije.
† appropriate national legislation in place regarding its establishment and functioning.
Pe povzamemo, je vloga mnogih nevladnih organizacij preverjati, spremljati in kritizirati aktivnosti vlade in zasebnih enot, dopolnjevati vlogo vlade v boju proti diskriminaciji in pomagati posamez-nikom in skupinam, da zahtevajo svoje pravice.
Why are NGOs better placed than other organisations to work towards combating discrimination?
Kaj lahko nevladne organizacije konkretno storijo v boju proti diskriminaciji?
† While disaffection with politics grows, engagement in voluntary and community activities is a way for people to contribute to public life by donating their time or money and supporting issues which are of concern to them.
To je seznam aktivnosti, ki jih nevladne organizacije lahko izvajajo ali zagotavljajo nevladne orga-nizacije z namenom boja proti diskriminaciji na vseh temeljih: s osveþｲanje s spremljanje in vplivanje na oblikovanje politik in prava; s podpora ™rtvam in posameznikom, ki so del skupine, ki vlaga skupno prito™bo; s uporaba sodnih postopkov; s alternativno reþevanje sporov, vkljuｲno z mediacijo; s kampanje, zagovarjanje sprememb v praksi (za razliko od prava in politik).
† Voluntary organisations have increasingly become places where people can debate and engage in issues that affect them, and where they feel they can advocate for change.
Podrobnosti o teh podroｲjih so opisane v nadaljevanju.
What are the obstacles for NGOs and how might these be overcome?
Kaj nevladna organizacija potrebuje, da izpolni svoje naloge?
† Complex rules surrounding the requirements that NGOs must meet in order to be registered.
s ｲloveþki viri; s sposobnosti;
† Prohibition on certain activities even after registration. NGOs need to comply with the national law, or, if it is arbitrary or disproportionate challenge it by the appropriate mechanism.
Vloga nevladnih organizacij v boju proti diskriminaciji s znanje; s strokovnost; s odprtost; s preglednost; s odgovornost (nevladne organizacije so bile vodilne v razpravi o odgovornosti in preglednosti › kjuｲne teme za prostovoljno delovanje); s vire financiranja; s nediskriminatoren odnos znotraj organizacije; s primerno sprejeto nacionalno zakonodajo glede ustanavljanja in delovanja.
NGOs will need to be sure that they brief an individual or organisation that does have standing.
Zakaj so nevladne organizacije v primerjavi z drugimi organizacijami v boljþem polo™aju za delo proti diskriminaciji?
† Lack of standing in order to bring complaints. NGOs can support and assist those who do have standing, or seek to reform the rules.
s Organizacije, ki temeljijo na prostovoljstvu, igrajo odloｲilno vlogo pri vkljuｲevanju skupnosti na lokalni, nacionalni in mednarodni ravni.
† Perception of affiliation to government or a political party threatening acceptance as an impar-tial advocate of issues. A good NGO needs to be careful to espouse a cause, not to be affiliated to a political party and steps should be taken to ensure that this is the case.
s Medtem ko nezadovoljstvo s politiko raste, je vkljuｲitev v prostovoljne in skupnostne dejavno-sti naｲin, na katerega lahko ljudje prispevajo k javnemu ™ivljenju s prispevanjem svojega ｲasa, ali denarja in podpore temam, ki jih skrbijo.
† Lack of knowledge and skills, particularly in organisational and financial management or the use of IT. NGOs should ensure that they understand the importance of good organisational and financial management.
s Prostovoljne organizacije vedno bolj postajajo okolja, kjer ljudje lahko zagovarjajo in se vklju-ｲujejo v teme, ki se jih tiｲejo in kjer ｲutijo, da lahko zagovarjajo spremembe.
† Tax/other relevant laws of the donor or recipient country that may not be supportive of NGOs.
s Zapletena pravila, ki urejajo registracijo nevladnih organizacij.