natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Figure 13: Long-term trend in acute drugrelated deaths, 1985–2004
Prikaz 13: Dolgoročni trend pri akutnih, z drogo povezanih smrtnih primerih, 1985–2004
Deaths related to ecstasy started to be reported in Europe during the 1990s as the drug became popular.
Deset držav je posredovalo informacije za leto 2004, šest pa ne.
Ecstasy deaths cause considerable concern as they often occur unexpectedly among socially integrated young people.
Zato je podatek za leto 2004 začasen in temelji na primerjavi podatkov za leti 2003 in 2004 samo za tiste države, ki so posredovale informacije za obe leti.
Information on ecstasy deaths is limited, but data from 2005 Reitox national reports suggest that deaths involving ecstasy remain relatively unusual compared with opioid deaths, although in some countries the number is not negligible.
Nove države članice in države kandidatke v ta podatek niso vključene zaradi pomanjkanja podatkov za preteklost v večini primerov. Za število smrtnih primerov v vsaki državi in opombe o metodologiji glej tabelo DRD-2 v Statističnem biltenu 2006.
In Europe as a whole, there were references to 77 deaths,
Viri: je bilo do obdobja 2000–2002 opaziti strmo povečevanje,
210 which should be considered as a minimum estimate (
207 očiten upad pa se je začel šele v letu 2003 (
Cases were reported from Denmark (2), Germany (20), France (4), Hungary (3), and the United Kingdom (48 cases with ‘mentions’ — 33 in England and Wales), where probably reporting is better than in other countries.
V drugih državah je bil vzorec manj jasen ali pa se številke niso spreminjale. Čeprav je pri razlagah zaradi relativno nizkih številk z drogo povezanih smrtnih primerov v nekaterih državah potrebna previdnost, je te vzorce mogoče povezati s trendi vbrizgavanja heroina (209).
In Spain, ecstasy was present in 2.5 % of drug poisonings.
Smrtni primeri, povezani z uživanjem ekstazija in amfetaminov
In countries with a longer series of data, different patterns of drugrelated deaths can be detected.
Opazne so tudi razlike med spoloma.
In some countries drugrelated deaths peaked during the early 1990s and subsequently decreased, for instance in Germany, where drugrelated deaths peaked in 1991–92, Spain (1991), France (1994) and Italy (1991).
Številno smrtnih primerov pri moških se je od 1990 do 2000 progresivno povečevalo, temu pa je sledil očiten upad (30-odstotno zmanjšanje do leta 2003), medtem ko je število prijavljenih smrtnih primerov med ženskami med letoma 1990 in 2000 ostalo približno stabilno, saj se je gibalo med 1 700 in 2 000 primeri letno in se je od takrat zmanjšalo zgolj za 15 %.
In other countries, for instance Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Finland, Sweden and Norway, drug deaths peaked later, between 1998 and 2001, and again subsequently declined.
To bi lahko bila posledica številnih dejavnikov, med drugim tudi različne učinkovitosti intervencij ali razlike pri dejavnikih tveganja med spoloma (208).
In other countries, the pattern was less clear or numbers were stable.
O smrtnih primerih, povezanih z uživanjem ekstazija, so v Evropi začeli poročati v devetdesetih letih, ko je ta droga postala priljubljena.
Although interpretations should be made with caution, because of the relatively low numbers of drugrelated deaths in some countries, these patterns could be related to the trends in heroin injection (209).
Smrtni primeri zaradi uživanja ekstazija povzročajo precejšnjo zaskrbljenost, saj se pojavljajo nepričakovano med socialno integriranimi mladimi ljudmi.
) See Figure DRD-6 in the 2006 statistical bulletin.)
(207) Glej prikaz DRD-5 v Statističnem biltenu 2006.(208) Glej prikaz DRD-6 v Statističnem biltenu 2006.
See Figure DRD-7 in the 2006 statistical bulletin.) Depending on country, figures refer to 2003 or 2004, for ecstasy and cocaine.
(209) Glej prikaz DRD-7 v Statističnem biltenu 2006.(210) Odvisno od države, podatki se nanašajo na leto 2003 ali 2004, za ekstazi in kokain.
The issue of the risk of ecstasy use has often been raised.
Pogosto se sproža vprašanje tveganja pri uživanju ekstazija.
Bearing in mind the margin of error in survey-based estimates of prevalence and the difficulties in reporting drug deaths, dividing the number of fatalities observed by the number
Zavedajoč se dovoljenega odstopanja pri ocenah razširjenosti, ki temeljijo na raziskavah, in težav pri poročanju o smrtnih primerih zaradi uživanja drog, z deljenjem
21 1 of users per year (
21 1 števila zabeleženih žrtev s številom uživalcev na leto (
From the limited data available, it is difficult to identify trends with certainty, but an increasing trend seems to exist in all countries with larger number of cases, i.e. Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, although in the Netherlands increases have halted in the last two years.
(potencialno ogroženi ljudje) pridemo do 5 do 8 primerov in 2 do 5 primerov na 100 000 uživalcev v dveh državah, za kateri je mogoče opraviti ta izračun.
of 5–8 cases and 2–5 cases per 100 000 users in the two countries for which this calculation can be made.
takšnih smrtnih primerov v Nemčiji, Franciji, Španiji, na Nizozemskem in v Združenem kraljestvu.
In addition, cocaine may be a contributor to deaths due to cardiovascular problems (arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, cerebral haemorrhages), particularly in users with predisposing conditions or risk factors (tobacco, hypertension, angiomas) or with increasing age.
O smrtnih primerih, ki jih je povzročil kokain (sam ali v kombinaciji), so poročali Francija (14), Nemčija (166), Nizozemska (20), Španija (53) in Združeno kraljestvo (142 „navedb“ – 113 v Angliji in Walesu).
Many of these cases may go unnoticed at present because of a lack of awareness.
Devet drugih držav je poročalo o nič do dveh primerih.
Further research is needed in this area.
Poleg tega v nekaterih državah kokain pogosto najdejo pri toksikoloških analizah prevelikih odmerkov opioidov.
Amphetamine deaths are also infrequently reported, although in the Czech Republic 16 deaths were attributed to pervitin (methamphetamine) in 2004, almost double the 2003 figure, correlating with an increase in the estimated number of problem pervitin users and treatment demands.
Tudi o smrtnih primerih zaradi uživanja amfetaminov se ne poroča pogosto, čeprav je bilo v letu 2004 na Češkem 16 smrtnih primerov pripisanih pervitinu (metamfetaminu), kar ustreza povečanju ugotovljenega števila problematičnih uživalcev pervitina in povpraševanju po zdravljenju.
For GHB deaths see Chapter 4.
Glede smrtnih primerov zaradi gamahidroksibutiratov (GHB) glejte poglavje 4.
Deaths related to cocaine
Smrtni primeri, povezani z uživanjem kokaina
Reducing drugrelated deaths
Zmanjševanje števila z drogo povezanih smrtnih primerov
There is increasing concern about the health risks of cocaine use, following increases in recreational use observed in some countries among young people, among people being treated for addiction and among marginalised populations.
Zaskrbljenost glede tveganj za zdravje uživalcev kokaina narašča zaradi povečanja rekreativnega uživanja, opaženega v nekaterih državah med mladimi ljudmi, med ljudmi, ki se zdravijo zaradi zasvojenosti, in marginaliziranimi populacijami.
Reaching out to untreated populations of drug users and establishing links for communication is a precondition for risk education and management, and for mediating access to services, including treatment.
Doseganje nezdravljenih populacij uživalcev drog in vzpostavljanje povezav za komunikacijo sta predpogoj za izobraževanje o tveganju in njegovo obvladovanje ter za posredovanje pri dostopu do služb, vključno z zdravljenjem.
Cocaine use is frequent among opioid users, and it is common to find cocaine in toxicological analyses of opioid overdoses, as well as other substances such as alcohol and benzodiazepines Cocaine is commonly consumed together with alcohol, a combination that may result in increased toxicity.
Kokain pogosto uživajo uživalci opioidov in običajno se ga najde pri toksikoloških analizah prevelikih odmerkov opioidov in drugih snovi, kot so alkohol in benzodiazepini. Kokain se pogosto uživa skupaj z alkoholom, kar je kombinacija, ki ima lahko za posledico povečano toksičnost.
Research into the circumstances of overdoses has supported the development of interventions that target high-risk situations or high-risk individuals.
Raziskovanje okoliščin, ki so pripeljale do prevelikih odmerkov, je podprlo razvoj intervencij, katerih cilj so visoko tvegane situacije ali posamezniki.
Such measures may achieve an important reduction in the deaths attributable to the immediate effects of drug taking.
Takšni ukrepi lahko pomembno prispevajo k zmanjšanju števila smrtnih primerov, ki jih je mogoče pripisati neposrednim učinkom uživanja drog.
The role of different interventions in reducing acute drugrelated overdose deaths was summarised in a recent EMCDDA policy briefing (EMCDDA, 2004d).
Vloga različnih intervencij pri zmanjševanju prevelikih odmerkov, povezanih z uživanjem drog, je bila povzeta v nedavnem poročilu o politiki Centra (EMCDDA, 2004d).
Current statistics available in Europe are limited, and variation in the criteria used to identify cocaine-related cases means that figures are not comparable; in addition, some cocaine-related deaths may go unrecognised or unreported, resulting in under-reporting.
Trenutni statistični podatki v Evropi so omejeni, odstopanje meril, uporabljenih za ugotavljanje s kokainom povezanih primerov, pa pomeni, da podatki niso primerljivi; poleg tega nekateri s kokainom povezani smrtni primeri morebiti ostanejo neprepoznani oziroma se o njih ne poroča, kar ima za posledico pomanjkljivo poročanje.
The data that do exist indicate that many deaths involving cocaine also involve opioids.
Obstoječi podatki kažejo, da so pri mnogih smrtnih primerih, ki vključujejo kokain, navzoči tudi opioidi.
As most overdose deaths in Europe involve heroin, increasing the proportion of heroin users in treatment can be viewed as an overdose prevention measure.
Države, ki so poslale podatke, so v nacionalnih poročilih za leto 2005 navedle 400 smrtnih primerov zaradi uživanja kokaina, kar je minimalna ocena.
In most of these cases, cocaine seems to have played a causal role, although this is not always entirely clear from the reports.
Devet držav ni izrecno navedlo obstoja ali neobstoja smrtnih primerov zaradi uživanja kokaina.
Nine countries did not explicitly mention the existence or absence of cocaine deaths.
Kokain je bil vzrok za 0 do 20 % zabeleženih akutnih smrtnih primerov zaradi uživanja drog, povzročil je 10 do 20 %
Cocaine accounted for 0–20 % of reported acute drug deaths, representing between 10 % and 20 % of such deaths in Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Ker večina smrtnih primerov zaradi prevelikega odmerka vključuje heroin, je mogoče vedno večji delež uživalcev heroina na zdravljenju obravnavati kot preventivni ukrep proti prevelikim odmerkom.
Deaths in which cocaine played a causal role (alone or in combination) were reported by Germany (166), Spain (53), France (14), the Netherlands (20) and the United Kingdom (142 ‘mentions’ — 113 in England and Wales).
Nedavni skromni obrati trenda smrtnih primerov zaradi prevelikega odmerka, ki so jim bili priča v nekaterih državah članicah, so lahko posledica številnih dejavnikov.
Nine other countries reported from zero to two cases. In addition, cocaine is commonly found in toxicological analyses of opioid overdoses in some countries.
Med drugim zmanjšanja stopenj razširjenosti in vbrizgavanja, večjih preventivnih prizadevanj, večje razpoložljivosti zdravljenja ter sprejemov na zdravljenje in vztrajanja v njem ter morebitnega zmanjšanja tveganega vedenja.
this type of treatment is available, it is not considered a means of reducing drug deaths.
211) Raziskave med prebivalstvom glede uživanja v zadnjih dvanajstih mesecih.
Results based on a survey conducted through 27 NFPs in 2004.
Poglavje 7: Z drogo povezane nalezljive bolezni in smrtni primeri
Annual report 2006: the state of the drugs problem in Europe methadone substitution treatment is not currently considered a major response to reduce overdose deaths.
V Estoniji in na Poljskem nizka raven zagotavljanja nadomestnega zdravljenja pomeni, da nadomestno zdravljenje z metadonom trenutno ne šteje kot pomembnejši odziv za zmanjšanje števila smrtnih primerov zaradi prevelikega odmerka.
A broad category of activities can be defined as ‘prison prerelease interventions’.
Široko kategorijo dejavnosti je mogoče opredeliti kot „intervencije pred izpustitvijo iz zapora“.
These ranged from simple information dissemination, through counselling on overdose risks and prevention, to initiation or continuation of substitution treatment in prison.
Segajo od preprostega širjenja informacij prek svetovanja o tveganjih prevelikega odmerka in preventivi, do začetka ali nadaljevanja nadomestnega zdravljenja v zaporu.
However, activities falling into this spectrum of responses were rarely used in 13 countries and not in use at all in another five (Latvia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Sweden).
Vendar pa dejavnosti, ki sodijo v ta spekter odzivov, v 13 državah redko uporabljajo, v petih pa sploh ne (Latvija, Madžarska, Poljska, Romunija in Švedska).
In Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom, prison interventions are among the predominant approaches to a reduction in acute drug deaths.
V Španiji, Italiji in Združenem kraljestvu so intervencije v zaporih med prevladujočimi pristopi za zmanjšanje akutnih smrtnih primerov zaradi uživanja drog.
Information, education and communication (IEC)-oriented responses are further important measures in most European countries.
Odzivi, usmerjeni v obveščanje, izobraževanje in komunikacijo (IEC), so nadaljnji pomembni ukrepi v večini evropskih držav.
The dissemination of risk awareness messages and overdose management instructions via specifically developed printed materials or other media (flyers, websites, mass media campaigns) is common or predominant in 19 countries.
Širjenje sporočil za ozaveščanje o tveganju in navodil o obvladovanju prevelikih odmerkov prek posebej za to razvitih tiskanih gradiv ali drugih sredstev (letakov, spletnih strani, kampanj sredstev javnega obveščanja) je v 19 državah običajno ali prevladujoče.
However, seven countries (Estonia, France, Ireland, Latvia, Hungary, Malta, Finland) use such measures rarely, and one country (Sweden) not at all.
Vendar pa sedem držav (Estonija, Francija, Irska, Latvija, Madžarska, Malta, Finska) takšne ukrepe redko uporablja, ena (Švedska) pa sploh ne.
According to the NFPs, the approach of systematically integrating an individual risk assessment into counselling and treatment routines and organising group sessions on risk education and response for drug users is less common.
) Rezultati temeljijo na raziskavi, opravljeni prek 27 nacionalnih kontaktnih točk v letu 2004.
groups are highly marginalised and risk-prone street injectors (EMCDDA, 2004c).
Dokument je mogoče prenesti s spletne strani http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/?nnodeid=1333
) The EU countries are Germany, Spain, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
) Te države EU so Nemčija, Španija, Luksemburg in Nizozemska.
Chapter 8Improving the monitoring of problem consumption and multiple drug consumption
Poglavje 8Izboljšanje spremljanja problematičnega uživanja drog in uživanja več drog hkrati koristen pogled na pomemben element problema drog, je vedno bolj očitno, da potrebuje nadaljnji razvoj, če želi izpolnjevati zahteve spremljanja današnjega bolj raznolikega položaja na področju drog v Evropi.
Increasingly, we are seeing a more complex picture with respect to chronic drug problems in Europe.
Priča smo vedno bolj zapleteni sliki kroničnih problemov z drogo v Evropi.
To keep its relevance to a changing world of illicit drugs, the monitoring task has to move forward and meet the challenges of covering a broader spectrum of drugs, and covering their use in finer detail than it has to date.
Da bi spremljanje še naprej ustrezalo spreminjajočemu se svetu prepovedanih drog, se mora premakniti naprej in zadovoljiti izzive pokrivanja širokega spektra drog, poleg tega pa podrobneje obravnavati njihovo uživanje.
Drug addiction, drug dependence, drug abuse, harmful use, problem use: there are a variety of concepts associated with the EMCDDA problem drug use indicator, each carrying its own subtle distinctions in medical or social dimensions.
Zasvojenost z drogami, odvisnost od drog, zloraba drog, škodljivo uživanje, problematično uživanje: to so različni koncepti, povezani s Centrovim kazalcem problematičnega uživanja drog, od katerih je po zdravstveni in socialni razsežnosti vsak malce drugačen.
The EMCDDA indicator of problem drug use (PDU) monitors ‘injecting drug use or long-duration/regular use of heroin, cocaine and/or amphetamines’.
Centrov kazalec problematičnega uživanja drog (PDU) spremlja „uživanje drog z vbrizgavanjem ali dolgotrajno/redno uživanje heroina, kokaina in/ali amfetaminov“.
Included in the definition, by convention, is the use of other opioids such as methadone.
V definicijo je po dogovoru vključeno tudi uživanje drugih opioidov, kot je metadon.
The enlargement of the EU has embraced a greater variety of social behaviours, with illicit drug use no exception.
Širitev EU je zajela veliko različnih socialnih vedenj, med katerimi uživanje prepovedanih drog ni nobena izjema.
Developments within the drug culture, the rise of synthetic drugs and illicitly used medicines, the shift towards cocaine and the general high prevalence of cannabis use all have to be acknowledged in the understanding of what constitutes the needs of those with problems associated with their use of drugs.
Razvoj dogodkov znotraj kulture drog, vzpon sintetičnih drog in prepovedane uporabe zdravil, premik v smeri kokaina in splošno visoka razširjenost uživanja konoplje so dejstva, ki se jih je treba zavedati pri razumevanju potreb ljudi s problemi, povezanimi z uživanjem drog.
It can be noted from earlier sections of this report that, although heroin users still clearly predominate in demands to the drug treatment services, the picture is changing with respect to those who are entering treatment for the first time, among whom reported cannabis and stimulant problems have been increasing (Figure 14).
Čeprav uživalci heroina še vedno jasno prevladujejo pri povpraševanju po zdravstvenih storitvah zaradi uživanja drog, je iz prejšnjih poglavij tega poročila mogoče opaziti, da se spreminja slika glede tistih, ki se v zdravljenje vključijo prvič, saj se med njimi povečuje število prijavljenih problemov s konopljo in stimulansi (prikaz 14).
This definition of PDU is a purely behavioural one based on drug consumption patterns and does not explicitly measure problems in any sense.
Ta definicija problematičnega uživanja drog je popolnoma vedenjska; temelji na vzorcih uživanja drog in v nobenem smislu ne meri problemov eksplicitno.
Nonetheless, it is linked to the various concepts of addiction by the understanding that someone behaving in this way is very likely to fall within the more general concept of a ‘problem user’.
Povezana pa je z različnimi koncepti odvisnosti s predpostavko, da je za nekoga, ki se obnaša na določen način, zelo verjetno, da bo sodil v bolj splošen koncept „problematičnega uživalca“.
It is important to note in this respect that the PDU indicator estimates only an important subgroup of those who can be thought of as having a drug problem of some form.
V zvezi s tem je pomembno omeniti, da kazalec problematičnega uživanja drog oceni le pomembno podskupino posameznika, za katerega bi lahko veljalo, da ima neko obliko problema z drogo.
Nevertheless, the approach does have value.
Kljub temu pa je ta pristop koristen.
As a behaviourally determined concept, its virtues are that:
Ker gre za vedenjsko opredeljen koncept, so njegove vrednote naslednje:
• it has allowed monitoring to proceed without being tied to definitions of addiction, dependence, harm and problem itself;
Omogoča nadaljevanje spremljanja, ne da bi bili vezani na definicije zasvojenosti, odvisnosti, škode in samega problema.
• it is relatively easy to operationalise in research studies;
V raziskovalnih študijah ga je relativno lahko uporabljati.
• it groups together different types of drugs and modes of administration as alternatives, without specifically differentiating between them.
Združuje različne vrste drog in načinov uživanja kot alternativ, brez posebnega razlikovanja med njimi.
This changing position must be seen against the background of greatly expanded treatment provision for those with opioid-related problems as well as increased reporting coverage of treatment services.
Ta spreminjajoči se položaj je treba obravnavati glede na precej razširjeno ponudbo zdravljenja za ljudi, katerih problemi so povezani z opioidi, in boljše pokritosti poročil, ki jih zagotavljajo zdravstvene službe.
Opioid substitution treatment in particular, locking people into long-term continuous care (note that this is not shown in these diagrams, which show only those entering treatment in the current year), emphasises the role of opioids in current treatment burden as compared with new treatment entrants.
Zlasti nadomestno zdravljenje z opioidi, ki ljudi vključi v dolgoročno nepretrgano oskrbo (kar ni prikazano v teh diagramih, saj prikazujejo le posameznike, ki so se začeli zdraviti v tekočem letu), poudarja vlogo opioidov v trenutnem obsegu zdravljenj v primerjavi s tistimi, ki se za zdravljenje odločijo na novo.
Nonetheless, in many countries it appears that those developing a drug problem today in Europe are likely to be, in terms of the substances they are using at least, more heterogeneous than has historically been the case.
V mnogih državah se zdi, da bo skupina tistih, ki se danes v Evropi začenjajo srečevati s problemom drog, vsaj glede snovi, ki jih uživajo, verjetno bolj raznolika kot v preteklosti.
The PDU indicator and counting hidden populations of drug users
Kazalec problematičnega uživanja drog in upoštevanje skritih populacij uživalcev drog
Historically speaking, the EMCDDA monitoring indicator was a child of its time — during the 1980s, and to a large extent the 1990s, heroin use and injecting drug use were seen as key components of the drug problem that required estimation.
Trenutni pristop k problematičnemu uživanju drog se je izkazal za izredno dragocenega pri zagotavljanju boljših ocen pomembne skupine uživalcev drog, ki so
Furthermore, these forms of drug use could not be measured convincingly by survey techniques.
Zgodovinsko gledano je bil Centrov kazalec za spremljanje otrok svojega časa – v osemdesetih in precej tudi v devetdesetih sta uživanje heroina in uživanje drog z vbrizgavanjem veljala za ključni sestavini problema z drogami, ki sta zahtevali oceno.
The addition of amphetamines made the definition appropriate for some of the Nordic countries where injecting amphetamine use was important; and, although cocaine was included, in practice it was rarely a significant component in any estimates.
Poleg tega teh oblik uživanja drog ni bilo mogoče prepričljivo meriti z anketnimi tehnikami.
The current PDU approach has proved extremely valuable in getting better estimates of the important group of drug users who represent the major consumers of drug treatment services in Europe.
Zaradi pojava amfetaminov je definicija postala primerna za nekatere nordijske države, kjer je bilo vbrizgavanje amfetaminov pomemben način uživanja, in čeprav je bil kokain vključen, je bil v praksi redko pomembnejši sestavni del kakršnih koli ocen.
Chapter 8: Improving the monitoring of problem consumption and multiple drug consumption
Letno poročilo 2006: stanje v zvezi s problemom drog v Evropi
Figure 14: Distribution of ‘new’ and ‘all’ clients requesting treatment according to their primary drug new clients
Prikaz 14: Porazdelitev „novih“ in „vseh“ udeležencev zdravljenja, ki iščejo zdravljenje zaradi primarne droge
In terms of the current implementation of the PDU indicator across the EU, countries have adapted the definition to cover the practicalities of their local situation and the position is therefore heterogeneous.
Glede sedanje uporabe kazalca problematičnega uživanja drog po EU so države prilagodile definicijo, da bi zajele praktične vidike svojih lokalnih razmer, zaradi česar je položaj zelo raznolik.