natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Clerical-based work enjoys rates of less than 0.5 % of payroll; manufacturing rates are higher at around 5 %.Construction activities such as roofing have rates as high as 15 %.
Zavarovalne premije za pisarniške vrste dela predstavljajo manj kot 0,5 % plače, za dela v proizvodnji pa so višje in znašajo približno 5 %. Premije za gradbene dejavnosti, kot je krovstvo, dosegajo celo 15 %.
Significant increases or discounts from these ‘book’ rates are offered in most countries, depending on the insurance system, thus meaning significant financial savings for good performers and penalties for poor performers.
Večina držav ponuja precejšnja povišanja ali znižanja teh „predpisanih“ premij, odvisno od sistema zavarovanja, kar pomeni velike prihranke za tiste, ki so uspešni, in kazni za neuspešne.
Making it happen n n n
To je najbolj opazno pri: n
The message is clear: good OSH is good business.
Sporočilo je jasno: visoka raven varnosti in zdravja pri delu pomeni dobro poslovanje.
Enterprises should integrate OSH into business management and raise the awareness of key decision-makers within the organisation.
Podjetja bi morala vključiti varnost in zdravje pri delu v poslovno upravljanje ter povečati ozaveščenost ključnih nosilcev odločanja v organizaciji.
n meeting the OSH requirements of business clients in order to win and retain contracts, avoiding business disruption and loss of key staff, motivating staff and retaining their commitment, and the availability and affordability of insurance.
n n n izpolnjevanju zahtev poslovnih strank v zvezi z varnostjo in zdravjem pri delu z namenom pridobivanja ali ohranjanja naročil;izogibanju motnjam v poslovanju in izgubi ključnega osebja; spodbujanju zaposlenih in ohranjanju njihove predanosti; razpoložljivosti in cenovni dostopnosti zavarovanja.
New and growing enterprises seeking to achieve sustained business growth and stability are realising how their OSH performance can contribute.
Nova in rastoča podjetja, ki želijo doseči trajnostno poslovno rast in stabilnost, spoznavajo pomen varnosti in zdravja pri delu.
This is most noticeable in terms of satisfying the OSH requirements of clients.
To je najbolj opazno pri izpolnjevanju zahtev strank v zvezi z varnostjo in zdravjem pri delu.
‘Not only do we now have higher staff morale and lower sickness, it also significantly benefits the retention of existing customers, and it is a real differentiator when winning new business and helping the company to expand.’ John Purnell, Regional Director, Cougar Automation Ltd
„Ne le, da imamo zdaj višjo moralo osebja in manj bolezni, temveč je to tudi pomembno prispevalo k ohranjanju obstoječih strank in resnično vplivalo na pridobivanje novih naročil in rast podjetja.“ John Purnell, regionalni direktor, Cougar Automation Ltd
The need for corporate businesses to act responsibly also leads to demands being placed on their suppliers.
Potreba po odgovornem ravnanju gospodarskih družb posledično postavlja določene zahteve tudi njihovim dobaviteljem.
Investing in good OSH standards boosts the competitiveness of the enterprise, which also increases the potential to retain clients and win new business.
Vlaganje v standarde za doseganje višje ravni varnosti in zdravja pri delu spodbuja konkurenčnost podjetja, kar povečuje tudi možnosti ohranjanja strank in pridobivanja novih naročil.
Productivity and workers
Produktivnost in delavci
Do your customers, investors or banks expect a responsible and properly risk-managed approach to OSH?
Ali vaše stranke, vlagatelji ali banke pričakujejo odgovorno ravnanje na področju varnosti in zdravja pri delu ter ustrezno obvladovanje tveganja?
Would your business be disrupted if an incident occurred?
Ali bi bilo vaše poslovanje moteno, če bi se zgodila nezgoda?
Would the loss of one or more key staff harm your business?
Ali bi izguba enega ali več ključnih članov osebja škodila vašemu podjetju?
Could you benefit from cheaper insurance or improved productivity?
Ali bi lahko imeli koristi zaradi cenejšega zavarovanja ali boljše produktivnosti?
If the answer to any of these questions is yes, then OSH is likely to be a key business success factor for your enterprise.
Če ste na katerega od teh vprašanj odgovorili pritrdilno, je varnost in zdravje pri delu verjetno ključni dejavnik poslovnega uspeha vašega podjetja.
Poor OSH performance has a disproportionate impact on small enterprises.
Nezadovoljiva raven varnosti in zdravja pri delu ima nesorazmeren učinek na mala podjetja.
The human and business costs of a workplace fatality, a major fire or high-profile prosecution are obvious.
Človeški in poslovni stroški smrtnih nezgod pri delu, večjih požarov ali kazenskih pregonov vodilnih delavcev so očitni.
Some 60 % of companies that are disrupted for longer than nine days go out of business.
Približno 60 % podjetij, v katerih prekinitev poslovanja traja dlje kot devet dni, preneha poslovati.
But well-performing enterprises can realise productivity benefits such as:
Vendar pa se uspešna podjetja zavedajo koristi, kot so: n
More information on OSH and economic performance is available at: http://osha.europa.eu/topics/business/performance n n
Več informacij o varnosti in zdravju pri delu v povezavi z gospodarsko uspešnostjo v Sloveniji je na voljo na: http://si.osha.europa.eu/hwi/ varnejše delovne metode, ki omogočajo, da se delo opravi hitreje in z manj zaposlenimi;
Working conditions n r o p e an A n
Delovne razmere n r o p s k a a n n g e n
Hotel and restaurant work is varied, but safety and health literature focuses on the risks of working in kitchens and, to a lesser extent, on waiting staff.
Delo v dejavnosti hotelirstva in gostinstva je raznoliko, vendar pa se literatura na področju varnosti in zdravja pri delu osredotoča na tveganja pri delu v kuhinjah ter v manjšem obsegu pri strežbi.
Supporting activities such as cleaning and goods supply are rarely represented in scientific reports.
Podporne dejavnosti, kot so čiščenje in dobava blaga, so v znanstvenih poročilih redko predstavljene.
Workers also face physical and psychosocial risks, including social hazards and long hours.
Delavci se srečujejo tudi s fizičnimi in psihosocialnimi tveganji, vključno s socialno ogroženostjo ter dolgim delovnikom.
The sector offers atypical employment and working conditions, which is reflected in both the working time and type of contracts.
Za to dejavnost so značilne netipične oblike zaposlitev in delovnih razmer, kar se odraža v delovnem času in vrsti pogodb o zaposlitvi.
In general, the sector asks for more flexibility in working conditions and time.
Na splošno zahteva ta dejavnost več prilagodljivosti glede delovnih razmer in delovnega časa.
There was a noticeable deterioration in working conditions from 1995 to 2000, especially in relation to psychosocial risks such as ergonomic conditions, job demands, working hours and job autonomy.
Med letoma 1995 in 2000 so se delovne razmere opazno poslabšale. Slednje še zlasti velja za psihosocialna tveganja, ergonomske razmere, zahtevnost delovnega mesta, delovni čas in samostojnost na delovnem mestu.
t y a high workload and time pressure; some 75 % mention working at high speed; 66 % have to work to tight deadlines; some 48 % say they do not have enough time to get work done (1);low control over work: monotonous work that lacks creativity and requires little initiative is widespread; contact with colleagues and the chef: lack of support can aggravate work stress; some 70 % of the workforce feel able to ask for support from colleagues; only 53 % from supervisors (1); continuous contact with customers, which can be a source of stress or, in the worst cases, lead to harassment or even violence; lack of training and education; parts of the jobs require no formal education and a low level of training and experience; people are not always well trained to do their job, which can lead to more stress.
o s t i jih meni, da lahko za podporo prosijo nadrejene (1); stalen stik s strankami je lahko razlog za stres, v najhujših primerih pa prihaja celo do nadlegovanja ali nasilja; pomanjkanje izobraževanja in usposabljanja; za nekatera delovna mesta ni potrebna nikakršna formalna izobrazba, zahteva se nizka raven usposobljenosti in izkušenj; delavci niso vedno dobro usposobljeni za opravljanje svojega dela, kar je lahko dodatni razlog za stres.
Case studies t h a
Študije primerov v j e p
The Horeca sector is changing rapidly as new technologies come on the market and customer demand changes.
Stanje v dejavnosti hotelirstva in gostinstva se hitro spreminja, kar je posledica uvajanja novih tehnologij in spreminjanja zahtev, ki jih imajo stranke.
The factors behind this transformation are many and varied, including: sociological changes such as the diversification of households and the multiple roles people fulfil nowadays; demographic changes as society ages; and economic changes such as mergers, restructuring and a freer movement of labour and resources.
Za temi spremembami se skrivajo številni in raznoliki dejavniki, na primer družbene spremembe, kot so spremenjena gospodinjstva in različne vloge posameznika, demografske spremembe, kot je staranje prebivalstva, ter gospodarske spremembe, kot so združitve, prestrukturiranje in večja svoboda gibanja delavcev in sredstev.
The most significant risks of working in the sector are: o n r k
Najpomembnejšazdelompovezanatveganjavtej dejavnosti so: l u n
Case studies focus on the practical prevention of risks to workers in this sector.
Študije primerov so osredotočene na praktično preprečevanje tveganj za delavce v tej dejavnosti.
The report provides descriptions of 18 practical actions at the workplace level, describing the involvement, motives and objectives of the participating groups.
Poročilo vsebuje opise 18 praktičnih ukrepov na ravni delovnega mesta ter predstavlja vključenost, motive in cilje sodelujočih skupin.
It also identifies and assesses results, side-effects, success factors and problems.
Opredeljeni in ocenjeni so rezultati, stranski učinki, dejavniki uspeha in težave.
The case studies were chosen to show the different risks the Horeca sector is dealing with and to reflect the variety of working environments.
Študije primerov so bile izbrane tako, da prikazujejo različna tveganja ter različna delovna okolja v dejavnosti hotelirstva in gostinstva.
This includes not only restaurants and hotels, but also school canteens, clubs and bars.
Poleg restavracij in hotelov zajemajo tudi šolske menze, klube in bare.
Successful risk prevention involves: n n n n n n n n physically demanding work involving prolonged standing and static postures, carrying and lifting and repetitive movements, often combined with other unfavourable working conditions such as the poor design of the workplace; exposure to high noise levels; some 29 % of the workers in the sector are exposed to noise and more than 4 % consider this puts their health at risk (1); hot or cold working environments, especially the combination of high temperatures with draughts, open doors, alternating between working in warm, humid conditions and cold environments such as storage rooms; cuts and burns; trips, slips and falls caused by wet and slippery floors, obstacles and falls from a height; dangerous substances, for example the widespread use of cleaning agents and biological agents in food.
Uspešno preprečevanje tveganj vključuje: n n dobro oceno tveganja – predhodna opredelitev nevarnosti je bistvenega pomena, če želimo obravnavati prave težave; n n vključevanje delavcev zagotavlja, da so opredeljene vse težave in da se pridobi podpora, potrebna za uspešno izvedbo n preventivnih ukrepov; zavezanost vodilnih delavcev; n n n uspešno partnerstvo je nujno, če želimo sprožiti širše pobude na regionalni ravni, nacionalni ravni ali na ravni dejavnosti; da bi zagotovili uspeh take vrste projektov, morajo biti vključene n n vse interesne skupine; ustrezen način usposabljanja; fizično zahtevno delo, ki zahteva dolgotrajno stanje in držo z omejenim obsegom gibanja, prenašanje in dvigovanje bremen ter ponavljajoče se gibe v kombinaciji z drugimi neugodnimi delovnimi razmerami, kot je slabo oblikovan delovni prostor; izpostavljenost visokim ravnem hrupa: približno 29 % delavcev v tej dejavnosti je izpostavljeno hrupu in več kot 4 % jih meni, da to ogroža njihovo zdravje (1); vroče ali mrzlo delovno okolje, zlasti kombinacija visokih temperatur in prepiha, odprtih vrat, ter delo izmenoma v toplih, vlažnih razmerah in hladnih okoljih, kot so skladiščni prostori; ureznine in opekline; zdrsi, spotiki in padci zaradi mokrih in spolzkih tal, ovir in padcev z višine; nevarne snovi, na primer pogost stik s čistilnimi sredstvi in bioloških dejavnikov v hrani.
More information on OSH in the Horeca sector is available at: http://osha.europa.eu/sector/horeca/ n long and non-standard working hours; the sector is characterised by long shifts, irregular and unusual working hours; a lot of the work is done when other people are not at work; difficulties maintaining work-life balance, especially given the unpredictability of working time, the length of working days and the lack of control over the work;
n dolg in nestandarden delovni čas; za to dejavnost so značilne dolge izmene, nereden in neobičajen delovni čas, veliko dela se opravi, ko drugi ljudje običajno niso v službi; težave pri usklajevanju dela in zasebnega življenja, zlasti zaradi nepredvidljivega delovnega časa, dolžine delovnega dne in nezadostnega nadzora nad delom;
More information on OSH in the Horeca sector in Ireland, Malta and the UK is available at: http://www.hsa.ie, http://www.ohsa.org.mt/, http://www.hse.gov.uk/catering/index.htm
Več informacij o varnosti in zdravju pri delu v dejavnosti hotelirstva in gostinstva v Sloveniji je na voljo na: http://si.osha.europa.eu/; http://www.mddsz.gov.si/.
) Parent-Thirion, A. et al., Fourth European survey on working conditions, 2005, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound)
) Parent-Thirion, A. et al., Četrta evropska raziskava o delovnih razmerah, 2005, Evropska fundacija za zboljšanje življenjskih in delovnih razmer (Eurofound), 2007.
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work Gran Vía, 33, E-48009 Bilbao Tel. (+ 34) 94 479 43 60, Fax (+ 34) 94 479 43 83E-mail: information@osha.europa.eu
Evropska agencija za varnost in zdravje pri delu Gran Vía, 33, E-48009 Bilbao Tel. (+ 34) 94 479 43 60, faks (+ 34) 94 479 43 83e-mail: information@osha.europa.eu
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium, 2008 http://osha.europa.eu fs79_en.indd 2
Reprodukcija je dovoljena z navedbo vira. Printed in Belgium, 2008 http://osha.europa.eu fs79_sl.indd 2
OSH in the school curriculum — Member State activities
Varnost in zdravje pri delu v šolskem kurikulumu – aktivnosti držav članic
Summary of a report (
Povzetek poročila (
In introducing OSH and risk education into the curriculum, a strong partnership approach is often taken involving bodies such as OSH authorities, education ministries and curriculum authorities.
Uvajanje varnosti in zdravja pri delu ter izobraževanja o tveganjih v kurikulum pogosto temelji na močnem partnerstvu med organi, pristojnimi za varnost in zdravje pri delu, šolskimi ministrstvi in institucijami, pristojnimi za pripravo kurikulumov.
As national curricula change and develop, OSH authorities also need to be able to influence this process at the proposal stage.
Ker se nacionalni kurikulumi spreminjajo in razvijajo, morajo imeti organi, pristojni za varnost in zdravje pri delu, možnost vplivati na ta postopek v fazi vlaganja predlogov.
Many innovative resources have been produced at national and regional levels in the Member States to support teaching.
Za podporo poučevanju so države članice na nacionalni in regionalni ravni pripravile številne inovativne vire.
Resources and classroom teaching plans that are linked to the curriculum will be most useful.
Najbolj uporabni so viri in načrti za poučevanje, ki so povezani s kurikulumom.
To underpin occupational safety and health (OSH) education in schools and colleges it is necessary to formalise it in curriculum requirements.
Da bi vključevanje varnosti in zdravja pri delu v izobraževanje v šolah in na fakultetah dobilo pravo vsebino in težo, mora biti opredeljeno v kurikulumu.
The report reviews how the Member States have
V poročilu se presoja, kako države članice vključujejo varnost in zdravje pri delu ter izobraževanje o tveganjih v nacionalne kurikulume.1
1 been including OSH and risk education in their national curricula.
Nekatere države članice, kot je Švedska, uporabljajo celostne pristope, pri čemer izobraževanje o tveganjih povezujejo z varnim učnim okoljem za učitelje in učence ter tudi zdravjem učencev v šoli.
In some Member States, such as Sweden, integrated approaches are taken whereby risk education is linked to a safe learning environment for teachers and pupils and also the health of the pupil at school.
Nekatere pobude podpirajo izobraževanje o tveganjih v šolah in sočasno zagotavljajo podporo šolam pri izboljševanju varnosti v šolskih stavbah.
Some initiatives are supporting risk education in schools while at the same time providing support to schools to improve safety in school buildings.
Učenci so lahko dejavno vključeni v zagotavljanje varnosti v šoli, na primer preko predstavnikov učencev za vprašanja varnosti – kar je v nekaterih državah članicah zakonsko predpisano.
There is considerable progress and activity at both primary and secondary education levels in terms of both implemented and planned actions in the Member States.
V državah članicah je bilo glede načrtovanih in izvedenih ukrepov v osnovnošolskem in srednješolskem izobraževanju opaziti precejšen napredek.
Actions to include OSH in education at the curriculum level include:
Ukrepi, s katerimi države članice na ravni učnih načrtov vključujejo varnost in zdravje pri delu v izobraževanje, so:
While there are some excellent resources available for teachers, much less attention has been paid to the preparation of teachers themselves.
Medtem ko so učiteljem na voljo odlični viri, pa se bistveno manj pozornosti namenja pripravi samih učiteljev.
It is recognised that teachers need training in how to deliver risk education; if they do not have such training, and risk education is just one option on the curriculum to choose from, they may be reluctant to attempt to teach it and opt for a topic that they feel more comfortable with, even if they have been provided with good resources.
Zavedati se je namreč treba, da je treba učitelje prav tako usposobiti za poučevanje o tveganjih.
Therefore, training programmes are needed for existing teachers and OSH and risk education teaching needs to be included in the curriculum of teacher training courses for future teachers.
Če niso deležni usposabljanja in je izobraževanje o tveganjih v kurikulumu le ena od izbirnih vsebin, se morda le s težavo odločijo za poučevanje te tematike, in kljub temu, da imajo na voljo dobre vire, raje izberejo temo, ki jim je bližja.
Teachers at all levels of education need this preparation.
Učitelji se morajo zato dodatno usposabljati.
■ statutory requirements; voluntary curricula; guidelines and resources to support the statutory requirements and voluntary curricula; formal recommendations; national guidance and resources in cases where no curricula have been set; promotional campaigns to support the above; approaches linked to safe and healthy schools.
■ del učnih načrtov; promocijske kampanje, ki podpirajo zgornje ukrepe; pristopi za varne in zdrave šole.
Cooperation on education at the European level is resulting in a convergence in the core subjects and learning objectives in schools across the Member States.
Zaradi sodelovanja na evropski ravni so si osnovni predmeti in učni cilji v šolah držav članic vedno bližje. Izobraževanje o tveganjih ter varnost in zdravje pri delu običajno nista samostojna predmeta.
Risk education and OSH are generally not treated as a stand-alone subject; instead opportunities are being taken to incorporate them into the learning objectives of other relevant subjects in school curricula, such as science, physical education, health education and citizenship.
Namesto tega se izkoriščajo možnosti za njuno vključitev v učne cilje ustreznih predmetov v šolskih kurikulumih, kot so naravoslovje, športna vzgoja, zdravstvena in državljanska vzgoja.
It is therefore important to develop risk education and OSH learning objectives for the core curriculum subjects for different age levels.
Zato je pomembno, da se za osnovne predmete, ki so vključeni v kurikulume, opredelijo učni cilji izobraževanja o tveganjih ter varnosti in zdravju pri delu, pri čemer je treba upoštevati potrebe različnih starostnih skupin.
) OSH in the school curriculum: requirements and activities of the Member
) Varnost in zdravje pri delu v šolskem kurikulumu: zahteve in dejavnosti držav
The greatest challenge is to mainstream OSH into university education in order to reach future engineers, architects, medical professionals, business professionals, managers, etc.
Največji izziv je vključevanje varnosti in zdravja pri delu v univerzitetno izobraževanje, namenjeno bodočim inženirjem, arhitektom, zdravstvenim delavcem, poslovnežem, vodilnim delavcem, itd.
The mainstreaming of OSH into university-level courses is the least well-developed area for various reasons, which include their greater autonomy.
Zaradi večje avtonomije univerzitetnih študijskih programov so vsebine varnosti in zdravja pri delu v njih le redko prisotne.
Actions to include OSH in relevant courses such as engineering or business studies are therefore ad hoc, and often dependent on the interest of individual professors or particular advocates within professional bodies.
Ukrepi za vključitev varnosti in zdravja pri delu v ustrezne študijske programe, kot so tehniške ali poslovne vede, so zato priložnostni in pogosto odvisni od zanimanja posameznih profesorjev ali sodelovanja zagovornikov teh programov v strokovnih organih.
Professors need convincing of the need to include OSH in courses. They also need relevant materials.
Profesorje je treba prepričati o smiselnosti vključitve vsebin varnosti in zdravja pri delu v študijske programe, poleg tega pa jim je treba zagotoviti tudi ustrezno gradivo. Obstajajo primeri dobre prakse, na primer v tehniških vedah.
Success factors for mainstreaming OSH into education curricula include to: o
■ v r o p določitev ciljev na področju vključevanja varnosti in zdravja pri delu v izobraževanje v nacionalni strategiji varnosti in zdravja pri delu;
Examples of pupil competences for curriculum subjects that relate to risk education p
Primeri usposobljenosti, ki jo učenci dosežejo pri predmetih, v katere je vključeno izobraževanje o tveganjih
Examples of personal and social competences set objectives for mainstreaming OSH into education in the national OSH strategy;
Primeri osebne in socialne usposobljenosti sprejemanje odločitev o aktivnostih na podlagi izsledkov raziskav o tem, kaj je mogoče realno doseči, katere so najboljše rešitve, itd.;
■ base activities on research into what is taking place in reality, what can be realistically achieved, what works best, etc.; g en
■ razvijanje tesnega sodelovanja z izobraževalnimi ustanovami, zlasti z institucijami, pristojnimi za pripravo kurikulumov; c
■ develop close cooperation with education authorities and especially with curriculum-setting bodies;
■ a z prepoznavanje priložnosti v šolskih kurikulumih in prizadevanje za sodelovanje pri njihovem razvoju ter spremembah;
■ to acquire and demonstrate safety skills; to take responsibility; to be able to ask for help; to develop the confidence to give advice; to deal with unhelpful stereotypes and pressures; to recognise risk and make safer choices.
■ učenci pridobijo in predstavijo znanje in sposobnosti na področju varnosti; učenci prevzemajo odgovornost; učenci so sposobni prositi za pomoč; učenci razvijejo samozavest, da lahko samostojno svetujejo; učenci se znajo spoprijeti z nekoristnimi stereotipi in pritiski; učenci znajo prepoznati tveganje in izbrati varnejšo možnost.
Examples of health competences e t y a
Primeri zdravstvene usposobljenosti
■ to be able to apply first aid; to promote a healthy lifestyle.
■ učenci znajo nuditi prvo pomoč; učenci si prizadevajo za zdrav življenjski slog.