natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
zaradi oblikovanja enotnega okvira za usposabljanje uradnikov na področju celotnega sklopa carinskih predpisov in postopkov, da jim tako omogoči pridobitev potrebnih poklicnih spretnosti in znanja;
to provide a common core of training for officials relating to the full range of customs rules and procedures so as to enable them to acquire the necessary professional skills and knowledge;
kadar je to ustrezno,
where appropriate, the
za uradnike
for officials of all participating countries
iz vseh sodelujočih držav;
where such courses are provided by a participating country for its own officials;
kadar je to ustrezno, z
where appropriate, the
potrebne infrastrukture in pripomočkov za enotno
of the necessary infrastructure and tools for common
in vodenje usposabljanja na carinskem
and customs training
Sodelujoče države spodbujajo tudi
The participating countries shall also promote
jezikovno usposabljanje
the linguistic training necessary for
, ki jim je potrebno za usvojitev zadostnega jezikovnega znanja, da lahko sodelujejo pri programu.
to ascertain a sufficient standard of linguistic competence for participation in the programme.
Komisija sklene v sodelovanju s
The Commission, in cooperation with the
državami članicami
Member States,
, katera posamezna področja carinske zakonodaje Skupnosti so lahko predmet spremljanja.
shall decide which specific sectors of Community customs legislation may be subject to monitoring.
Takšno spremljanje izvajajo skupne skupine, ki jih sestavljajo carinski uradniki iz držav članic in uradniki Komisije.
Such monitoring shall be carried out by joint teams made up of customs officials from Member States and Commission officials.
Predstavniki mednarodnih organizacij, uprav tretjih držav, gospodarskih subjektov in njihovih organizacij lahko sodelujejo v dejavnostih, organiziranih v okviru programa, kadar koli je
Representatives of international organisations, administrations of third countries, economic operators and their organisations may take part in activities organised under the programme whenever this is
4 in 5.
4 and 5.
Finančna sredstva
The financial
okvira, v skladu s točko 37 Medinstitucionalnega sporazuma z dne 17. maja 2006 med Evropskim parlamentom, Svetom in Komisijo o proračunski disciplini in dobrem finančnem poslovodenju
frameworks, in accordance with Point 37 of the Interinstitutional Agreement of 17 May 2006 between the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on budgetary discipline and sound financial management
Skupnost krije naslednje izdatke:
The Community shall bear the following expenditure:
potne stroške in nadomestilo za stroške bivanja uradnikov iz sodelujočih držav v zvezi s primerjalnimi analizami, delovnimi obiski, seminarji
the travel and living expenses incurred by officials from the participating countries relating to benchmarking activities, working visits, seminars
projektnimi skupinami
project groups
ter usmerjevalnimi skupinami
and steering groups and
, usposabljanjem in dejavnostmi spremljanja;
training and monitoring actions;
organizacijske stroške seminarjev in
the organisational costs of seminars and
potne stroške in nadomestilo za stroške bivanja zaradi sodelovanja zunanjih strokovnjakov in sodelujočih iz člena 14;
the travel and living expenses incurred through the participation of external experts and participants referred to in Article 14;
, v višini največ 5 % celotnih stroškov programa
up to a ceiling of no more than 5% of the overall cost of the programme
stroške nabave, razvoja, namestitve, vzdrževanja in dnevnega delovanja sestavnih delov komunikacijskih sistemov in sistemov za izmenjavo informacij, ki niso iz Skupnosti, navedenih v členu 7(4);
the cost of the acquisition, development, installation, maintenance and day-to-day operation of the non-Community components of the communication and information exchange systems referred to in Article 7(4);
stroške, povezane z začetnim in nadaljevalnim usposabljanjem svojih uradnikov, zlasti z jezikovnim usposabljanjem.
the costs relating to the initial and continuing training of their officials, and in particular linguistic training.
Komisija v skladu
The Commission shall, in accordance with
z Uredbo Sveta (ES, Euratom) št. 1605/2002 z dne 25. junija 2002 o finančni uredbi, ki se uporablja za splošni proračun Evropskih skupnosti
Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002 of 25 June 2002 on the Financial Regulation applicable to the general budget of the European Communities
(v nadaljevanju "Finančna uredba")
(hereinafter "the Financial Regulation")
določi pravila, ki se nanašajo na plačilo stroškov in jih sporoči sodelujočim
, determine the rules relating to the payment of expenses and shall communicate them to the participating
Veljavnost Finančne uredbe
Applicability of the Financial Regulation
Določbe Finančne uredbe veljajo za vse subvencije, odobrene v skladu z obstoječo odločbo v smislu naslova 6 Finančne uredbe.
The provisions of the Financial Regulation shall be applicable to all subsidies granted in accordance with this Decision within the meaning of Title 6 of the Financial Regulation.
Zlasti je potrebno predhodno pisno soglasje upravičencev v smislu člena 108 navedene uredbe in na podlagi pravil za izvajanje, sprejetih v skladu z uredbo, v katerem je navedeno, da upravičenci sprejmejo revizijo Evropskega računskega sodišča glede uporabe dodeljenih sredstev.
In particular, they shall be subject to a prior written agreement with the beneficiary as set out in Article 108 of that Regulation and on the basis of the implementing rules adopted in accordance with it, whereby the beneficiaries declare their acceptance to have their utilisation of the appropriations granted audited by the European Court of Auditors.
Finančni nadzor
Financial Control
Takšne revizije se lahko opravijo brez predhodne najave
Such audits may take place unannounced
DRUGE DOLOČBE
OTHER PROVISIONS
Pri sklicevanju na ta odstavek
Where reference is made to this paragraph, the procedure laid down in
se uporablja
Articles 4 and 7
postopek iz člena 4 Sklepa 1999/468/ES ob upoštevanju členov 7 in
of Decision 1999/468/EC shall apply,
8 Sklepa
having regard to the provisions of Article 8
Komisija ta program stalno ocenjuje skupaj s sodelujočimi državami.
The programme shall be subject to continuous joint monitoring by the participating countries and the Commission.
Vmesna in končna ocena
Mid-term and final evaluations
Vmesna in končna ocena programa sta opravljeni v okviru pristojnosti Komisije na podlagi poročil, ki so jih pripravile sodelujoče države iz
Mid-term and final evaluations of the programme shall be carried out under the responsibility of the Commission using the reports drawn up by the participating countries referred to in
odstavka 2 in
paragraph 2 and
drugih ustreznih informacij.
any other relevant information.
Program je ocenjen glede na cilje, opredeljene v členih 4 in 5.
The programme shall be evaluated in terms of the objectives set out in Articles 4 and 5.
Sodelujoče države Komisiji predložijo naslednja poročila z oceno:
The participating countries shall submit the following evaluation reports to the Commission:
najpozneje do 31. marca 2011 vmesno poročilo z oceno ustreznosti, učinkovitosti in uspešnosti programa;
by 31 March 2011 at the latest, a mid-term evaluation report on the programme's relevance, effectiveness and efficiency;
najpozneje do 31. marca 2014 končno poročilo z oceno, ki med drugim vsebuje oceno učinkovitosti in uspešnosti programa.
by 31 March 2014 at the latest, a final evaluation report focusing on, inter alia, the programme's effectiveness and efficiency.
31. julija 2011
31 July 2011
vmesno poročilo z oceno in sporočilo o umestnosti nadaljevanja programa;
at the latest, a mid-term evaluation report, and a communication on the desirability of continuing the programme;
31. julija 2014
31 July 2014
končno poročilo z oceno.
at the latest, a final evaluation report.
Poročila je treba poslati v vednost tudi Ekonomsko-socialnemu odboru in Odboru regij.
Those reports shall also be sent to the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions for their information.
Odločba št. 253/2003 se s 1. januarjem 2008 razveljavi.
Decision No 253/2003/EC is repealed with effect from 1 January 2008.
Vendar finančne obveznosti, povezane z ukrepi iz navedene odločbe, še naprej veljajo v skladu z navedeno odločbo, dokler niso izpolnjene.
However, financial obligations related to actions pursued under that Decision shall continue to be governed by that Decision until their completion.
Zakonodajna resolucija Evropskega parlamenta o predlogu Odločbe Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta o brezpapirnem okolju za carino in trgovino ( KOM(2005)0609 – C6-0420/2005 – 2005/0247(COD) )
European Parliament legislative resolution on the proposal for a decision of the European Parliament and of the Council on a paperless environment for customs and trade ( COM(2005)0609 – C6-0420/2005 – 2005/0247(COD) )
ob upoštevanju predloga Komisije Evropskemu parlamentu in Svetu ( KOM(2005)0609 ) Še ni objavljeno v Uradnem listu.
having regard to the Commission proposal to the European Parliament and the Council ( COM(2005)0609 ) Not yet published in OJ.
ob upoštevanju členov 251(2), 95 in 135 Pogodbe ES, na podlagi katerih je Komisija Parlamentu podala predlog ( C6-0420/2005 ),
having regard to Article 251(2) and Articles 95 and 135 of the EC Treaty, pursuant to which the Commission submitted the proposal to Parliament ( C6-0420/2005 ),
ob upoštevanju poročila Odbora za notranji trg in varstvo potrošnikov ( A6-0407/2006 ),
having regard to the report of the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection ( A6-0407/2006 ),
Zakonodajna resolucija Evropskega parlamenta o predlogu Uredbe Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta o spremembi Uredbe Sveta (EGS) št. 571/88 o organizaciji statističnih raziskovanj Skupnosti o strukturi kmetijskih gospodarstev v zvezi s finančnim okvirom za obdobje 2007-2009 in najvišjim prispevkom Skupnosti za Bolgarijo in Romunijo ( KOM(2006)0344 – C6-0217/2006 – 2006/0112(COD) )
European Parliament legislative resolution on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 571/88 on the organisation of Community surveys on the structure of agricultural holdings, as regards the financial framework for the period 2007-2009 and the maximum Community contribution for Bulgaria and Romania ( COM(2006)0344 – C6-0217/2006 – 2006/0112(COD) )
ob upoštevanju predloga Komisije Evropskemu parlamentu in Svetu ( KOM(2006)0344 ) Še ni objavljeno v Uradnem listu.
having regard to the Commission proposal to the European Parliament and the Council ( COM(2006)0344 ) Not yet published in OJ.
ob upoštevanju členov 251(2) in 285(1) Pogodbe ES, na podlagi katerih je Komisija Parlamentu podala predlog ( C6-0217/2006 ),
having regard to Article 251(2) and Article 285(1) of the EC Treaty, pursuant to which the Commission submitted the proposal to Parliament ( C6-0217/2006 ),
ob upoštevanju Akta o pristopu Bolgarije in Romunije in zlasti člena 56 Akta,
having regard to the Act of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania, and in particular Article 56 thereof,
ob upoštevanju poročila Odbora za proračun ( A6-0424/2006 ),
having regard to the report of the Committee on Budgets ( A6-0424/2006 ),
ob upoštevanju Akta o pristopu Bolgarije in Romunije in zlasti člena 56 Akta,
Having regard to the Act of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania, and in particular Article 56 thereof,
Uredba Komisije (EGS) št. 571/88 UL L 56, 2.3.1988, str.
Council Regulation (EEC) No 571/88 OJ L 56, 2.3.1988, p.
Uredba, kakor je bila nazadnje spremenjena z Uredbo Komisije (ES) št. 204/2006 (UL L 34, 7.2.2006, str.
Regulation as last amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 204/2006 (OJ L 34, 7.2.2006, p.
določa, da se državam članicam povrne najvišji določeni znesek na raziskovanje kot prispevek k nastalim stroškom.
provides for the Member States to be reimbursed up to a maximum amount per survey, as a contribution to expenses incurred.
Za izvajanje raziskovanj o strukturi kmetijskih gospodarstev bodo morale države članice in Skupnost zagotoviti znatna denarna sredstva, da bodo izpolnile zahteve institucij Skupnosti v zvezi z informacijami.
In order to carry out the surveys on the structure of agricultural holdings, considerable funding will be required from the Member States and from the Community to meet the information requirements of the Community institutions.
V pričakovanju pristopa Bolgarije in Romunije in izvedbe raziskovanj o strukturi kmetijskih gospodarstev leta 2007 v teh novih državah članicah je primerno predvideti najvišji možni prispevek Skupnosti na raziskovanje; ta prilagoditev je potrebna zaradi pristopa in je v Aktu o pristopu ni.
With a view to the accession of Bulgaria and Romania and to conducting surveys on the structure of agricultural holdings in these new Member States in 2007, it is appropriate to provide for a maximum Community contribution per survey; this adaptation is needed by reason of accession and has not been provided for in the Act of Accession.
Medinstitucionalnega sporazuma z
of the Interinstitutional Agreement of
dne 17. maja 2006 med Evropskim parlamentom, Svetom in Komisijo o proračunski disciplini in dobrem finančnem poslovodenju
17 May 2006 between the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on budgetary discipline and sound financial management
Člen 1
HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION: Article 1
Uredba (EGS) št. 571/88 se spremeni:
Regulation (EEC) No 571/88 is amended as follows:
2 000 000 EUR za Romunijo.
EUR 2 000 000 for Romania.
, četrti in peti
, fourth and fifth subparagraphs
pododstavek člena 14(1) se
of paragraph 1
z naslednjim:
replaced by the following:
za obdobje 2007-2009.
for the period 2007-2009.
Letna proračunska sredstva odobri proračunski organ v mejah
The annual appropriations shall be authorised by the budgetary authority within the limits of the financial
Zakonodajna resolucija Evropskega parlamenta o pobudi Republike Avstrije, Kraljevine Belgije in Republike Finske za sprejetje Sklepa Sveta glede sodelovanja med uradi za odvzem premoženjske koristi držav članic na področju sledenja in identifikacije premoženjske koristi, pridobljene s kaznivim dejanjem, ali drugega premoženja, povezanega s kaznivimi dejanji (7259/2006 – C6-0122/2006 – 2006/0805(CNS) )
European Parliament legislative resolution on the initiative by the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Finland with a view to the adoption of a Council Decision concerning cooperation between Asset Recovery Offices of the Member States in the field of tracing and identification of proceeds from, or other property related to, crime (7259/2006 – C6-0122/2006 – 2006/0805(CNS) )
ob upoštevanju pobude Republike Avstrije, Kraljevine Belgije in Republike Finske (7259/2006),
having regard to the initiative by the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Finland (7259/2006),
ob upoštevanju člena 34(2)(c) Pogodbe o EU,
having regard to Article 34(2)(c) of the EU Treaty,
ob upoštevanju člena 39(1) Pogodbe o EU, v skladu s katerim se je Svet posvetoval s Parlamentom ( C6-0122/2006 ),
having regard to Article 39(1) of the EU Treaty, pursuant to which the Council consulted Parliament ( C6-0122/2006 ),
ob upoštevanju poročila Odbora za državljanske svoboščine, pravosodje in notranje zadeve ( A6-0388/2006 ),
having regard to the report of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs ( A6-0388/2006 ),
sprejme pobudo Republike Avstrije, Kraljevine Belgije in Republike Finske, kakor je bila spremenjena;
Approves the initiative by the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Finland as amended;
poziva Svet, da obvesti Parlament, če namerava odstopiti od besedila, ki ga je odobril Parlament;
Calls on the Council to notify Parliament if it intends to depart from the text approved by Parliament;
poziva Svet, da se ponovno posvetuje s Parlamentom, če namerava bistveno spremeniti pobudo Republike Avstrije, Kraljevine Belgije in Republike Finske;
Calls on the Council to consult Parliament if it intends to amend the initiative by the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Finland substantially;
naroči svojemu predsedniku, naj stališče Parlamenta posreduje Svetu, Komisiji ter vladam Republike Avstrije, Kraljevine Belgije ter Republike Finske.
Instructs its President to forward its position to the Council and Commission, and the governments of the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Finland.
Besedilo, ki ga predlagajo Republika Avstrija, Kraljevina Belgija in Republika Finska Spremembe Parlamenta Sprememba 1 Člen 1, odstavek 1 a (novo)
Text proposed by the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Finland Amendments by Parliament Amendment 1 Article 1, paragraph 1 a (new)
Ne glede na odstavek 1 lahko država članica v skladu z nacionalno zakonodajo ustanovi ali imenuje dva urada za odvzem premoženjske koristi.
Without prejudice to paragraph 1, a Member State may, insofar as is consistent with national law, set up or designate two Asset Recovery Offices.
V primeru, da ima država članica več kot dve enoti, pristojni za lažje sledenje in identifikacijo premoženjske koristi, pridobljene s kaznivim dejanjem, sta lahko imenovani samo dve enoti kot nacionalni točki za stike.
Where a Member State has more than two units having the same powers, charged with facilitating the tracing and identification of proceeds of crime, no more than two units may be designated as national contact points.
Sprememba 2 Člen 1, odstavek 2 2.
Amendment 2 Article 1, paragraph 2 2.
v skladu s členoma 3 in 4.
That shall not preclude other units which are charged with the facilitation of the tracing and identification of proceeds of crime from exchanging information under Articles 3 and 4
Sprememba 3 Člen 3, odstavek 1 1.
Amendment 3 Article 3, paragraph 1 1.
Urad za odvzem premoženjske koristi
An Asset Recovery Office
ali druga enota z enakimi pooblastili, ki je v državi članici odgovorna za lažje sledenje in identifikacijo premoženjske koristi,
or other unit in a Member State having the same powers, charged with facilitatiing the tracing and identification of assets
lahko zaprosi za informacije za enega izmed namenov iz člena 1.
may make a request for information for a purpose stated in Article 1.
Sprememba 4 Člen 4, odstavek 1 1.
Amendment 4 Article 4, paragraph 1 1.
Uradi za odvzem premoženjske koristi
Asset Recovery Offices
ali druge enote z enakimi pooblastili, ki je v državi članici odgovorna za lažje sledenje in identifikacijo premoženjske koristi,
or other units in a Member State having the same powers, charged with facilitating the tracing and identification of assets
lahko - v mejah veljavne nacionalne zakonodaje in ne da bi se bilo glede tega vložilo zaprosilo - izmenjajo informacije, o katerih menijo, da so potrebne za izpolnjevanje nalog drugega urada za odvzem premoženjske koristi v skladu z nameni iz člena 1 tega sklepa.
may, within the limits of the applicable national law and without a request to that effect, exchange information which they consider necessary for the execution of the tasks of another Asset Recovery Office in pursuance of the purposes of this Decision as stated in Article 1.
Sprememba 5 Člen 5
Amendment 5 Article 5
Zakonodajna resolucija Evropskega parlamenta o predlogu Odločbe Sveta o spremembi Odločbe 90/424/EGS o odhodkih na področju veterine ( KOM(2006)0273 – C6-0199/2006 – 2006/0098(CNS) )
European Parliament legislative resolution on the proposal for a Council decision amending Decision 90/424/EEC on expenditure in the veterinary field ( COM(2006)0273 – C6-0199/2006 – 2006/0098(CNS) )
ob upoštevanju predloga Komisije Svetu ( KOM(2006)0273 ) Še ni objavljeno v Uradnem listu.
having regard to the Commission proposal to the Council ( COM(2006)0273 ) Not yet published in OJ.
ob upoštevanju člena 37 Pogodbe ES, v skladu s katerim se je Svet posvetoval s Parlamentom ( C6-0199/2006 ),
having regard to Article 37 of the EC Treaty, pursuant to which the Council consulted Parliament ( C6-0199/2006 ),
ob upoštevanju poročila Odbora za kmetijstvo in razvoj podeželja ( A6-0409/2006 ),
having regard to the report of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ( A6-0409/2006 ),
poziva k začetku spravnega postopka v skladu s skupno izjavo z dne 4. marca 1975 o tem, ali ima Svet namen odstopiti od besedila, ki ga je odobril Parlament;
Calls for initiation of the conciliation procedure under the Joint Declaration of 4 March 1975 if the Council intends to depart from the text approved by Parliament;
(8a) Premalo je znanega o izidih programov za izkoreninjenje in nadzorovanje nekaterih živalskih bolezni ter za boj proti njim v različnih državah članicah.
(8a) Little is known about the outcome of the programmes for the eradication, control and monitoring of certain animal diseases in the various Member States.
Sprememba 2 UVODNA IZJAVA 8 B (novo)
Amendment 2 RECITAL 8 B (new)
Sprememba 3 UVODNA IZJAVA 8 C (novo)
Amendment 3 RECITAL 8 C (new)
Sprememba 4 ČLEN 1, TOČKA 2 Člen 16, točka a a (novo) (Odločba 90/424/EGS )
Amendment 4 ARTICLE 1, POINT 2 Article 16, point a a (new) (Decision 90/424/EC)
Sprememba 5 ČLEN 1, TOČKA 4 Člen 24, odstavek 1, pododstavek 2 (Odločba 90/424/EGS )
Amendment 5 ARTICLE 1, POINT 4 Article 24, paragraph 1, subparagraph 2 (Decision 90/424/EC)
Seznam iz Priloge se lahko spremeni v skladu s postopkom iz člena 41,
The list in the Annex may be amended in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 41,
zlasti ob pojavu
in particular with regard
Seznam iz Priloge se lahko
The list in the Annex
posodobi le po predhodnem posebnem mnenju Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta.
may be updated only after the European Parliament and the Council have given their opinion on the specific matter.
Izjemoma se
In exceptional cases it
seznam iz Priloge lahko spremeni v skladu s postopkom iz člena 41,
may be amended in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 41,
živalskih bolezni, ki pomenijo tveganje za zdravje živali in posredno za zdravje ljudi.
animal health and, indirectly, to public health.
Sprememba 6 ČLEN 1, TOČKA 4 Člen 24, odstavek 1, pododstavek 2 a (novo) (Odločba 90/424/EGS)
Amendment 6 ARTICLE 1, POINT 4 Article 24, paragraph 1, subparagraph 2 a (Decision 90/424/EC)
Sprememba 7 ČLEN 1, TOČKA 4 Člen 24, odstavek 2, pododstavek 1 (Odločba 90/424/EGS)
Amendment 7 ARTICLE 1, POINT 4 Article 24, paragraph 2, subparagraph 1 (Decision 90/424/EC)
Vsako leto države članice najpozneje do
Each year, by
Komisiji predložijo letne ali večletne programe, katerih začetek je predviden naslednje leto in za katere želijo prejeti finančni prispevek Skupnosti.
at the latest, Member States shall submit to the Commission the annual or multi-annual programmes starting in the following year for which they wish to receive a financial contribution from the Community.
Sprememba 8 ČLEN 1, TOČKA 4 Člen 24, odstavek 2, pododstavek 2 (Odločba 90/424/EGS)
Amendment 8 ARTICLE 1, POINT 4 Article 24, paragraph 2, subparagraph 2 (Decision 90/424/EC)
Programi, predloženi po
Programmes submitted after
, ne bodo upravičeni do financiranja za naslednje leto.
shall not be eligible for financing the following year
, ne bodo upravičeni do financiranja za naslednje leto.
shall not be eligible for financing the following year.
Sprememba 9 ČLEN 1, TOČKA 5 Člen 26, pododstavek 1 a (novo) (Odločba 90/424/EGS)
Amendment 9 ARTICLE 1, POINT 5 Article 26, paragraph 1 a (new) (Decision 90/424/EC)
Izredne razmere, ki nenadno in nepredvidljivo zahtevajo zelo velika finančna sredstva, se vedno priznajo in zanje ne veljajo roki iz te odločbe.
Emergency situations requiring the sudden and unforeseeable disbursement of very large financial resources shall always be admissible and shall not be subject to the deadlines referred to in this Decision.
Sprememba 10 ČLEN 1, TOČKA 7 A (novo) Člen 43 a (Odločba 90/424/EGS)
Amendment 10 ARTICLE 1, POINT 7 A (new) Article 43 a (Decision 90/424/EC)
(7a) Člen 43a se nadomesti z naslednjim besedilom:
(7a) Article 43a is replaced by the following:
"Člen 43a
"Article 43a