natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
ker se profiliranje, bodisi pri iskanju podatkov ali pri ravnanjih policije in drugih organov, vse pogosteje uporablja kot orodje kazenskega pregona in mejnega nadzora ter ker niso dovolj upoštevani ocena o njegovi učinkovitosti ter razvoj in uporaba pravnih varoval, s katerimi bi zagotovili spoštovanje pravice do zasebnosti in preprečevanje diskriminacije,
Whereas profiling, whether through data-mining or the practices of police and other agencies, is increasingly used as a tool for law enforcement and border control, and insufficient regard is being given to the evaluation of its effectiveness and to the development and application of legal safeguards to ensure respect for rights of privacy and the avoidance of discrimination;
ker so profili lahko:
Whereas profiles can be:
, kadar temeljijo na pričevanju prič ali drugih informacijah o storilcih kaznivega dejanja ali značilnostih storjenega kaznivega dejanja in služijo prijetju posameznih osumljencev ali odkrivanju kriminalnih dejavnosti, ki potekajo po istem vzorcu; ali
, when they are based on witness and other information about perpetrators or characteristics of crimes that have been committed, and thus support the apprehension of specific suspects or the detection of current criminal activities that follow the same pattern; or
, kadar predpostavljajo povezavo med spremenljivkami iz preteklih podatkov ter iz svežih informacij in obveščevalnih podatkov, iz katerih naj bi se lahko sklepalo, kdo bi lahko bil vpleten v prihodnja ali še ne odkrita kazniva dejanja Poročilo posebnega poročevalca Združenih narodov o spodbujanju in zaščiti človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin v boju proti terorizmu, odstavek 33.
, when they make correlations between observable variables from past events and current data and intelligence in order to draw inferences believed to identify those who may be involved in some future, or as-yet-undiscovered crime Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, paragraph 33.
ker iskanje podatkov in profiliranje zamegljujeta meje med dovoljenim usmerjenim nadzorom in problematičnim množičnim nadzorom, pri katerem se podatki zbirajo, ker je to koristno, ne pa za določene namene, kar lahko pomeni nezakonit poseg v zasebnost,
Whereas data-mining and profiling blur the boundaries between permissible targeted surveillance and problematic mass surveillance in which data are gathered because they are useful rather than for defined purposes, amounting potentially to unlawful interference with privacy;
ker neupravičene omejitve potovanj ter vsiljive prakse nadzora lahko negativno vplivajo na pomembne gospodarske, znanstvene, kulturne in družbene izmenjave s tretjimi državami; v skladu s tem poudarja pomembnost zmanjševanja tveganja, da bi bile določene skupine, skupnosti ali narodnosti izpostavljene diskriminatornim praksam ali ukrepom, ki jih ni mogoče objektivno upravičiti,
Whereas unjustified travel restrictions and intrusive control practices could negatively affect vital economic, scientific, cultural and social exchanges with third countries; accordingly, underlines the importance of minimising the risk of certain groups, communities or nationalities being subject to discriminatory practices or measures that cannot be objectively justified;
ker obstaja nevarnost, da bi bili nedolžni ljudje lahko izpostavljeni naključnim prijetjem, zaslišanjem, omejitvam potovanj, nadzoru ali varnostnim opozorilom zaradi informacij, ki jih je njihovemu profilu dodal predstavnik državne oblasti, in da bi to prek izmenjave podatkov in vzajemnega priznavanja odločitev lahko vodilo do zavrnitve vizumov, dovoljenj za potovanje ali prehod meje, uvrstitve na nadzorne sezname, vključevanja v podatkovne zbirke, prepovedi zaposlovanja ali bančnih dejavnosti, aretacije ali izgube prostosti ali odvzema drugih pravic, vse lahko brez pravnih sredstev, če informacije niso takoj odstranjene,
Whereas the danger exists that innocent people may be subject to arbitrary stops, interrogations, travel restrictions, surveillance or security alerts because information has been added to their profile by a State agent, and that if the information is not promptly removed this could lead through the exchange of data and mutual recognition of decisions to refusals of visas, travel or border admission, placement on watchlists, inclusion on databases, bans on employment or banking, arrest or loss of liberty or other deprivation of rights, all of which may be without redress;
ker se mora kazenski pregon, vedno izvajati ob ustreznem spoštovanju temeljnih pravic, med njimi pravice do zasebnosti in družinskega življenja, varstva osebnih podatkov in nediskriminacije; ker je tesno mednarodno sodelovanje v boju proti terorizmu in hudemu kriminalu sicer nujno, vendar mora vsako tako sodelovanje potekati v skladu z mednarodnim pravom ter evropskimi normami in vrednotami glede enake obravnave in primernega pravnega varstva, med drugim tudi zato, da ne bo spodkopana verodostojnost Evropske unije kot spodbujevalke človekovih pravic znotraj svojih meja in na mednarodni ravni,
Whereas law enforcement must always be conducted with respect for fundamental rights, including rights to private and family life, the protection of personal data and non-discrimination; close international cooperation is indispensable in the fight against terrorism and serious crime, but all such cooperation must comply with international law as well as European norms and values on equal treatment and proper legal protection, not least so that the EU does not undermine its credibility as a promoter of human rights within its borders and at international level;
ker se mora Evropska unija izogibati preiskovalnim pristopom, ki bi lahko po nepotrebnem škodili diplomatskim odnosom, ovirali takšno mednarodno sodelovanje ali škodili njeni podobi v svetu in njeni verodostojnosti kot zagovornici mednarodnega prava; ker bi morali evropski standardi enake obravnave, nediskriminacije in pravnega varstva še naprej predstavljati zgled,
Whereas the EU should avoid investigative approaches that could unnecessarily harm diplomatic relations, hamper such international cooperation or damage its image in the world and its credibility as a promoter of international law; whereas European standards for equal treatment, non-discrimination and legal protection should continue to set an example;
ker je lahko opisno in napovedovalno profiliranje legitimno preiskovalno orodje, če temelji na točno določenih, zanesljivih in svežih podatkih, ne pa na nepreverjenem posploševanju na podlagi stereotipov, in če ukrepi, ki so sprejeti na podlagi teh profilov, ustrezajo pravnim pogojem glede nujnosti in sorazmernosti; ker pa v odsotnosti primernih zakonskih omejitev in zaščitnih ukrepov za uporabo podatkov o etnični pripadnosti, rasi, veri, narodnosti in politični pripadnosti vseeno obstaja precejšnja nevarnost, da utegne profiliranje voditi v diskriminatorna ravnanja,
Whereas both descriptive and predictive profiling may be legitimate investigative tools when they are based on specific, reliable and timely information as opposed to untested generalisations based on stereotypes, and when the actions taken on the basis of such profiles meet the legal tests of necessity and proportionality; whereas, however, in the absence of adequate legal restrictions and safeguards as regards the use of data on ethnicity, race, religion, nationality and political affiliation, there is a considerable risk that profiling may lead to discriminatory practices;
ker je v evropskem kodeksu policijske etike zapisano, da "
Whereas, the guidance in the European Code of Police Ethics to the effect that '
policijske preiskave temeljijo vsaj na utemeljenem sumu dejanskega ali možnega prekrška ali kaznivega dejanja
police investigations shall as a minimum be based upon reasonable suspicion of an actual or possible offence or crime
" in ker je dokazano, da do verjetnosti kršitve človekovih pravic Isto besedilo, odstavek 33.
', and whereas it is asserted that a likelihood of breach of human rights Ibid., paragraph 33.
zoper posameznike in celotno družbo pride prav zaradi pomanjkanja utemeljenega suma, kadar profiliranje temelji na stereotipih ali predsodkih,
threatening individuals and society as whole arises in the absence of such reasonable suspicion, when profiling is based on stereotypes or prejudice;
ker napovedovalno profiliranje, kjer se uporabljajo širši profili, ki so bili oblikovani s povezovanjem različnih podatkovnih zbirk, in kjer prihaja do nepreverjenega posploševanja ali oblikovanja vedenjskih vzorcev, ki naj bi kazali na verjetno kaznivo ali teroristično dejanje, ki bo storjeno v prihodnosti ali ki še ni bilo odkrito, zbuja resne pomisleke glede varovanja zasebnosti in je lahko v nasprotju s pravico do zasebnosti iz člena 8 EKČP in členom 7 listine Mnenje Agencije Evropske unije za temeljne pravice z dne 28. oktobra 2008 o predlogu okvirnega sklepa Sveta o uporabi podatkov o imenih potnikov za namene kazenskega pregona, 4. odstavek.
Whereas 'predictive profiling', using broad profiles developed through cross-referencing between databases and reflecting untested generalisations or patterns of behaviour judged likely to indicate the commission of some future or as-yet-undiscovered crime or terrorist act raises strong privacy concerns and may constitute an interference with the rights to respect for private life under Article 8 of the ECHR and Article 7 of the Charter Opinion of the European Agency for Fundamental Rights of 28 October 2008 on the Proposal for a Council Framework Decision on the use of Passenger Name Record (PNR) data for law enforcement purposes, paragraph 4.
, kot je bilo potrjeno v nedavni, prej omenjeni sodbi v primeru
, as confirmed in its recent above-mentioned judgment in
, ki kot kršenje člena 8 EKČP označuje "
" was a violation of Article 8 ECHR;
ker mora ugotovitev Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice v primeru
Whereas the ECtHR's above-mentioned finding in
, odstavek 125.
, of a 'risk of stigmatisation' from the fact that persons not convicted of any offence are treated in the same way as convicted criminals in the UK DNA database must also raise questions about the legality of profiling operations based on processing of personal data of persons not found guilty by the courts Judgment of the ECtHR in Case S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom , above-mentioned, paragraph 125.
ker je nemško ustavno sodišče v že omenjeni sodbi za neustavnega spoznalo program
Whereas the
, v okviru katerega je nemška policija iz javnih in zasebnih podatkovnih zbirk zbrala osebne podatke o moških, starih med 18 in 40, ki so bili tedaj ali v preteklosti študentje islamske vere, s čimer je (neuspešno) poskusila identificirati osebe, osumljene terorizma, in je ugotovila, da je iskanje podatkov nezakonito vmešavanje v osebne podatke in zasebnost, ki ga ni mogoče upravičiti z ukrepi boja proti splošnim grožnjam, podobnim tistim, ki so obstajale po terorističnih napadih po 11. septembra 2001, temveč je treba dokazati, da obstaja "konkretna nevarnost", kot je priprava ali izvedba terorističnih napadov,
programme, in which German police authorities collected personal records from public and private databases of males between 18 and 40 who were current or former students of presumed Muslim faith in an (unsuccessful) attempt to identify terrorist suspects was deemed unconstitutional by the German Constitutional Court in its above-mentioned ruling, which found that data mining is an illegal intrusion into personal data and privacy that cannot be justified as a response to a general threat situation of the kind that has existed continually in regard to terrorist attacks since 9/11, but requires demonstration of a "concrete danger" such as the preparation or commission of terrorist attacks;
ker je bil v številnih ameriških študijah izražen dvom o uporabnosti iskanja podatkov in profiliranja,med drugim:
Whereas doubt has been cast on the usefulness of data-mining and profiling in various American studies among which:
je bilo v študiji inštituta Cato ugotovljeno:
A study for the Cato Institute observed:
Čeprav je iskanje podatkov lahko večkrat koristno, pa ni primerno za odkrivanje terorističnih dejavnosti.
though data mining has many valuable uses, it is not well suited to the terrorist discovery problem.
Obžalovanja vredno bi bilo, če bi iskanje podatkov bilo sprejeto v organih nacionalne varnosti in kazenskega pregona ter v tehnoloških krogih, saj bi uporaba tega postopka pomenila zapravljanje davkoplačevalskega denarja, nepotrebne kršitve zasebnosti in državljanskih svoboščin ter napačno uporabo dragocenega časa in energije ljudi, ki skrbijo za nacionalno varnost
It would be unfortunate if data mining for terrorism discovery had currency within national security, law enforcement, and technology circles because pursuing this use of data mining would waste taxpayer dollars, needlessly infringe on privacy and civil liberties, and misdirect the valuable time and energy of the men and women in the national security community
Politična analiza instituta Cato, št. 584, 11. december 2006: "
Cato Institute Policy Analysis No 584, 11 December 2006,
Effective Terrorism and the limited role of predictive data-mining
'Effective Terrorism and the limited role of predictive data-mining'
"", avtorja Jeff Jonas in Jim Harper.
by Jeff Jonas and Jim Harper.
Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists: A Framework for Program Assessment
Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists: A Framework for Program Assessment.
ker iskanje podatkov ni učinkovito, saj je filtriranje ogromne količine razpoložljivih podatkov enako kot "iskanje igle v senu"; ker je obseg "digitalnih odtisov", ki jih za seboj pustijo državljani, ki spoštujejo zakone, širši od tistega, ki zadeva storilce kaznivih dejanj in teroriste, saj ti vložijo veliko napora v to, da bi skrili svojo identiteto; ker je zelo visoka stopnja "lažnih pozitivnih rezultatov", ko pade sum na popolnoma nedolžne ljudi in lahko pride do vdiranja v njihovo zasebnost, medtem pa resnični osumljenci ostajajo neidentificirani,
Whereas the effectiveness of data-mining is weakened by the 'needle in the haystack' problem of analysts having to filter through the huge quantity of available data; whereas the extent of 'digital tracks' left by law-abiding citizens is even greater than that of criminals and terrorists who make considerable efforts to conceal their identities; and whereas there are significant rates of 'false positives' whereby not only do wholly innocent people come under suspicion resulting in potential invasion of individual privacy but real suspects meanwhile remain unidentified;
The Times,
The Times
28. decembra 2005.
, 28 December 2005.
ker bi bilo profiliranje, ki bi poslabšalo dobre odnose med skupnostmi in zaradi katerega bi nekatere skupnosti prenehale sodelovati z organi kazenskega pregona, kontraproduktivno ter bi oviralo zbiranje obveščevalnih podatkov in uspešen boj proti kriminalu in terorizmu Poročilo posebnega poročevalca Združenih narodov o spodbujanju in zaščiti človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin v boju proti terorizmu, odstavek 62.
Whereas profiling that upsets good community relations and alienates certain communities from cooperation with law enforcement agencies would be counter-productive in hampering the gathering of intelligence and effective action against crime and terrorism Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, paragraph 62.
ker je učinkovito zbiranje informacij o posameznih osumljencih in njihovo sledenje najboljši način za odkrivanje in preprečevanje terorizma in bi bilo za preventivni boj morda bolj učinkovito, če bi izvajali naključna preverjanja in kontrole, ki bi prizadele vse ljudi enako in se jim teroristi ne bi mogli izogniti Isto besedilo, odstavek 61.
Whereas the efficient collection of information about specific suspects and following of specific leads is the best approach to detect and pre-empt terrorism and as a supplement to this, random checks and controls which affect everyone equally and are impossible for terrorists to evade may be more effective than profiling in preventive counter-terrorism efforts Ibid., paragraph 61.
ker upoštevanje dejavnikov, kot so narodnost, državna pripadnost ali vera, pri preiskavah kazenskega pregona ni prepovedano, če poteka v skladu s standardi nediskriminacije, med drugim v skladu s členom 14 EKČP, vendar mora izpolnjevati merila učinkovitosti, nujnosti in sorazmernosti, da lahko predstavlja legitimno možnost obravnave, ki ne pomeni diskriminacije,
Whereas the use of ethnicity, national origin or religion as factors in law enforcement investigations is not precluded as long as such use conforms to non-discrimination standards, including Article 14 of the ECHR, but it must pass the scrutiny tests of effectiveness, necessity and proportionality if it is to constitute a legitimate difference in treatment that does not constitute discrimination;
ker lahko profiliranje, ki temelji na stereotipih, pri širši javnosti sproži občutke ksenofobije in sovraštva do oseb določene narodnosti, državne pripadnosti ali vere Isto besedilo, odstavek 40.
Whereas profiling based on stereotypical assumptions may exacerbate sentiments of hostility and xenophobia in the general public towards persons of certain ethnic, national or religious background Ibid., paragraph 40.
; ker v praksi ni vedno jasno, ali je bila rasa ali narodnost edini oziroma odločilen dejavnik za ukrepanje, in se pogosti zgodi, da se šele pri analizi vzorcev kazenskega pregona jasno pokaže pomen teh dejavnikov,
; whereas in practice it is not always clear if race or ethnicity was the exclusive or decisive basis for such action and it is often only when patterns of law enforcement practice are analysed that the predominant weight of these factors clearly emerges;
ker ni nobenih mednarodnih ali evropskih predpisov, ki bi izrecno prepovedovali etnično profiliranje, je pa iz sodne prakse Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice, iz Konvencije o odpravi vseh oblik rasne diskriminacije in iz sklepov Evropske komisije za boj proti rasizmu in nestrpnosti pri Svetu Evrope jasno, da takšna praksa pomeni kršitev prepovedi diskriminacije Mnenje Agencije Evropske unije za temeljne pravice z dne 28. oktobra 2008 o Okvirnem sklepu Sveta o uporabi podatkov o imenih potnikov za namene kazenskega pregona, odstavek 39.
Whereas there is no international or European norm which expressly forbids 'ethnic profiling', ECtHR case-law would suggest that conclusion and both ICERD and ECRI have made clear that such practice does violate the prohibition against discrimination Opinion of the European Agency for Fundamental Rights of 28 October 2008 on the Council Framework Decision for a Passenger Name Record (PNR) data for law enforcement purposes, paragraph 39.
ker akcijski načrt, ki je bil leta 2000 sprejet na svetovni konferenci proti rasizmu, poziva države k oblikovanju in izvajanju učinkovitih ukrepov za odpravo "rasnega profiliranja" Poročilo svetovne konference proti rasizmu, diskriminaciji, ksenofobiji in s tem povezani nestrpnosti, (A/CONF.189/12), akcijski načrt, odstavek 72.
Whereas the Programme of Action adopted at the 2000 World Conference against Racism urged States "to design, implement and enforce effective measures to eliminate "racial profiling" Report of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (A/CONF.189/12), Programme of Action, paragraph 72.
ker je treba v EU in državah članicah celovito oceniti preiskovalne prakse in sisteme obdelave podatkov, pri katerih se uporabljajo ali posredujejo programi profiliranja, da bi zagotovili popolno skladnost z nacionalnimi, evropskimi in mednarodnimi pravnimi obveznostmi ter bi se izognili neupravičenemu diskriminiranju ali vmešavanju v zasebnost,
Whereas there is a need for a comprehensive evaluation of investigative practices and data processing systems within the EU and Member States which employ or supply the basis for profiling techniques, in order to ensure full compliance with national, European and international legal obligations and avoid unjustified discriminatory or privacy-invading impacts;
ker bi bilo treba pri omenjenih postopkih slediti spodnjim smernicam in ker je za popolno in učinkovito zaščito potrebna kombinacija vseh naštetih varnostnih ukrepov,
Whereas the following guidelines should be applied to such operations and whereas a combination of all these protections is required in order to provide full and effective protection;
treba bi bilo vzpostaviti pravni okvir, ki bi omogočil jasno opredelitev profiliranja z avtomatskim iskanjem računalniških podatkov ali kako drugače, da bi se oblikovala jasna pravila za legitimno uporabo in določile omejitve; treba je uvesti tudi potrebne zaščitne ukrepe za varstvo podatkov za posameznike in mehanizme za ugotavljanje odgovornosti;
a legal framework should be established providing a clear definition of profiling, whether through the automated mining of computer data or otherwise, with a view to establishing clear rules on legitimate use and laying down limits; it is also necessary to introduce the necessary data protection safeguards for individuals and mechanisms for establishing responsibility;
zbiranje in hranjenje osebnih podatkov in uporaba tehnik profiliranja v zvezi z osebami, ki niso osumljene določenega zločina ali grožnje, bi morali ustrezati zelo strogim merilom nujnosti in sorazmernosti;
the collection and retention of personal data and use of profiling techniques in respect of persons not suspected of a specific crime or threat should be subject to particularly strict "necessity" and "proportionality" tests;
dejanske in obveščevalne podatke ter podatke o različnih kategorijah posameznikov, na katere se podatki nanašajo, bi bilo treba jasno ločevati;
factual and intelligence data, and data on different categories of data subjects, should be clearly distinguished;
dostop do policijskih kartotek in kartotek tajnih služb bi moral biti dovoljen le za vsak primer posebej, za posebne namene in pod sodnim nadzorom v državah članicah;
access to police and secret service files should be allowed only on a case-by-case basis, for specified purposes, and should be under judicial control in the Member States;
dejavnosti profiliranja ne bi smele omejevati usmerjenih preiskovalnih dejavnosti policijskih služb držav članic, omejevalna zakonodaja o profiliranju pa ne bi smela preprečevati upravičenega dostopa do podatkovnih zbirk kot dela takih usmerjenih preiskav;
profiling activities should not detract from targeted investigative policing by Member States' police services, and restrictive legislation on profiling should not prevent legitimate database access as part of such targeted investigations;
hramba osebnih podatkov bi morala biti časovno omejena;
there should be time limits on the retention of personal information;
statistika o narodnosti je pomembno orodje za odkrivanje kazenskega pregona, ki usmerja nesorazmerno, nepooblaščeno in neupravičeno pozornost na narodnostne manjšine; oblikovanje visokega standarda varstva za osebne podatke (podatke, povezane z določljivim posameznikom) ne preprečuje pridobivanja anonimnih statističnih podatkov, vključno s spremenljivkami o narodnosti, rasi, veri in državni pripadnosti, ki so potrebni za opredelitev diskriminacije med kazenskim pregonom; delovno skupino iz člena 29 bi bilo treba zaprositi, naj oblikuje smernice za to vprašanje;
ethnic statistics are an essential tool to enable the detection of law enforcement practices that focus disproportionate, unwarranted and unjustified law enforcement attention on ethnic minorities; the creation of a high standard of protection for personal data (data linked to an identifiable individual) does not therefore preclude the generation of anonymous statistical data including variables on ethnicity, 'race', religion, and national origin that is necessary to identify any discrimination in law enforcement practices; the Article 29 Working Party should be asked to issue guidance on this issue;