natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
c) ohranitve možnosti za obstoj skupnosti, ki so odvisne od ribištva,
c) maintaining the viability of fisheries-dependent communities
d) obseg, v katerem sistem od svojega začetka koncentrira lastništvo ribolovnih pravic in povzroča izgube delovnih mest,
d) the extent to which the system has, since its inception, concentrated ownership of the right to fish and led to loss of employment,
e) ekonomska učinkovitost ribiškega sektorja,
e) the economic efficiency of the fisheries sector,
Narava predmetnih pravic
The nature of the rights involved
Prvo vprašanje, ki ga je treba v zvezi z upravljanjem ribištva na podlagi pravic obravnavati, zadeva vrsto pravic, o katerih se razpravlja.
The first issue to be addressed in relation to Rights Based Management (RBM) in fisheries concerns the type of rights under discussion.
Mnogi seveda nasprotujejo temu, da bi se jih označevalo kot lastninske pravice, saj to pomeni zasebno lastništvo nad javnimi viri.
Many, understandably, object to their being designated property rights, since this implies private ownership of a public resource.
Hkrati pa velja, da se tako lastništvo pridobi nad ulovljenimi ribami.
At the same time, it is clear that such ownership is acquired in those fish that have been harvested.
Pravilna vzporednica bi zato lahko bila užitek, pravica do uživanja plodov, ki je pogodbena pravica, za katero velja obligacijsko in ne lastniško pravo.
The proper parallel, therefore, seems to be that of usufruct , a right to the fruits, which is a contractual right and governed, accordingly by the law of obligations and not by property law.
To je pomembno, ker užitek vključuje obveznost, da se ne sme poškodovati vira, iz katerega se črpajo plodovi.
This is significant in that usufruct involves an obligation not to damage the resource from which the fruits are taken.
Poleg tega je to pravica, ki jo je mogoče časovno omejiti in/ali zanjo določiti druge vrste pogojev.
Similarly it is a right that can be limited in time and/or subject to other types of conditionality.
Po rimskem pravu je lahko imetnik pravice užitka dal njeno uživanje v najem ali ga prodal, užitka kot takega pa ni mogel prenesti naprej in je bil še naprej pred lastnikom odgovoren za vso škodo, ki bi jo povzročila najemnik ali kupec.
For example, under Roman law, whilst the holder of a usufruct could hire out or sell enjoyment of it, he could not pass on the usufruct as such, remaining liable to the owner for any damage done by the hirer or buyer.
Zato velja opozoriti, da je mogoče prenosljivost te pravice in pogoje, pod katerimi se izvršuje, omejiti.
It is important, therefore, to note that limits can be placed on the transferability of the right as well as on the conditions under which the right as such is held.
Sistemi dodeljevanja pravic
Systems for allocating rights
Osnova velike raznolikosti in očitne celovitosti obstoječih sistemov so nekateri osnovni koncepti.
Underlying the wide variety and apparent complexity of existing systems, are certain basic understandings.
Najprej v zvezi z dodelitvijo in prenosljivostjo pravice do ribolova.
First, there are those concerning the allocation and transferability of the right to fish.
· Pravico je dovoljeno podeliti skupnostim in posameznikom.
· The right may be accorded both to communities and to individuals.
· Lahko se prenaša s skupnosti na posameznike (in s posameznikov nazaj na skupnosti), med skupnostmi in z enega posameznika na drugega.
· It has the potential to be transferred from communities to individuals (and from individuals back to communities), between communities and from one individual to another.
· Prenosljivost pa je mogoče na različne načine omejiti.
· This transferability can, however, be limited in a number of ways.
Tako lahko posameznik pravico prenese samo nazaj na skupnost ali na drugega posameznika v isti skupnosti.
For example, an individual may only be able to transfer the right back to the community or to another individual within the same community.
· Iz prenosljivosti nastane trgovanje, kadar se dovoli prenos za ekonomsko vrednost.
· Transferability becomes tradability when the transfer is allowed for economic value
· Pogoji, v katerih se lahko s pravico trguje, so v pomoč pri določitvi obsega te ekonomske vrednosti.
· The conditions under which the right is tradable help to determine the extent of that economic value.
Sledijo koncepti v zvezi z obsegom pravice.
Second, there are those concerning the extent of the right.
· To je ponavadi opredeljeno s
· This is usually defined by
– krajem, kjer se pravica lahko izvršuje,
- the location in which the right can be exercised,
– količino rib, ki jo je dovoljeno uloviti (učinek izvrševanja pravice),
- the quantity of fish that can be taken (the output from exercise of the right)
– dovoljenim naporom (vložkom, dovoljenim pri izvrševanju pravice) ali
- the effort permitted (the input allowed into the exercise of the right)
– kombinacijo teh dejavnikov.
- or by some mixture of these.
· Obseg pravice je lahko natančneje opredeljen s posebnimi pravili, kot je prepoved zavržkov ali uvedba zaprtih območij.
· Its extent may be further refined by specific rules, such as those prohibiting discards or introducing closed areas.
· Njen obseg v danem trenutku je nadaljnji dejavnik pri določanju njene ekonomske vrednosti.
· The extent of the right at any given time is another factor in determining its economic value.
Na ravni EU se uporabljata oba koncepta.
Both types of understanding are in operation at the level of the EU.
Prvič, EU kot skupnost dodeli pravice drugim skupnostim v obliki držav članic.
First, as a community, it allocates the right to other communities, in the form of the member states.
Nadaljnje prenose v največji meri prepušča državam članicam, ki po lastni presoji razporejajo pravice med skupnostmi in/ali posamezniki v njih.
It largely leaves further transfers to the member states, with these dividing the right between communities and/or individuals within them as they see fit.
Dovoljuje tudi izmenjave pravic med državami članicami, čeprav vse bolj vztraja pri tem, da ribolovne možnosti, ki niso bile dovolj izkoriščene, prerazporedijo njeni organi.
It also permits exchanges between member states, although there is an increasing insistence on its own authority to reallocate fishing opportunities where these have been under-utilised.
V nekaterih okoliščinah se ji zdi primerno trgovati s pravicami, na primer pri pogajanjih za zamenjavo kvot in sklepanju sporazumov o partnerstvu v ribiškem sektorju s tretjimi državami.
In certain circumstances, at least, it regards the rights as tradable ones – for example, in negotiating quota exchanges and establishing fisheries partnership agreements with third countries.
Drugič se glede obsega pravic jasno kaže mešan pristop, pri katerem se lokacija odraža v načelu sorazmerne stabilnosti, količine (učinka), ki ga predstavljajo celotni dovoljeni ulov in kvote, ter napora (vložka), ki ga omejujejo pravila o zmogljivosti, opremi, dnevih na morju in tako naprej.
Second, where the extent of the right is concerned, there is clearly a hybrid approach, with location being reflected in the principle of relative stability, quantity (output) being represented by TACs and quotas and effort (input) being delimited by rules concerning capacity, gear, days at sea and so on.
To velja predvsem za obseg in način pravnega priznavanja prenosljivosti pravice do ribolova.
This is particularly so in respect of the degree to which and the manner in which any transferability of the right to fish is legally recognised.
Trenutno ni dovolj podatkov, na podlagi katerih bi lahko sisteme ocenili, zato je študija Komisije zelo dobrodošla.
Currently there is insufficient information on which to base an assessment of these and the Commission study is accordingly very welcome.
Kako se kaže primerjava sistemov z vidika ekonomske učinkovitosti?
How do the systems compare from the point of view of economic efficiency?
Študija Organizacije za ekonomsko sodelovanje in razvoj iz leta 2006 je obravnavala devet različnih sistemov upravljanja na podlagi pravic.
An OECD study in 2006 looked at nine different RBM systems.
Razčlenila je vsak posamezni sistem, predvsem da bi ocenila njegovo ekonomsko učinkovitost.
It analysed each type with a view primarily to assessing its economic efficiency.
To je mogoče povzeti kot sposobnost, da se prepreči ribolov preveč ribičev na premalo rib.
This may be summarised as its capacity to prevent too many fishers chasing too few fish.
Ocenjene so bile naslednje značilnosti pravic: ekskluzivnost, trajanje, vrsta pravice, prenosljivost, deljivost in prožnost.
The following features of the rights were assessed: exclusivity, duration, quality of title, transferability, divisibility and flexibility.
(Vse značilnosti so imele enako težo - pristop, ki je lahko vprašljiv, tudi če se obravnava samo ekonomska učinkovitost.)
(Each feature was given the same weight – an approach that may be open to question even where economic efficiency alone is under consideration)
Štirje najbolje točkovani sistemi so bile teritorialne pristojnosti ribolova, lovne kvote Skupnosti, individualne prenosljive kvote in individualne prenosljive kvote napora.
The four systems that scored most highly were territorial use rights (TURFs), community based catch quotas (CQs), individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and individual transferable effort quotas (ITEs)
Glede na vsebino prejšnjega razdelka bi bilo slednje bolje poimenovati tržljive, ne pa prenosljive.
Following from the points made in the previous section, ITQs and ITEs would be better named as tradable rather than transferable.
Kako učinkovita je ekonomska učinkovitost?
How efficient is economic efficiency?
Na makroravni si ekonomska učinkovitost prizadeva za uravnoteženje razmerja med številom tistih, ki se ukvarjajo z ribolovom, in razpoložljivostjo rib.
At the macro level, economic efficiency is concerned with achieving a match between the numbers engaged in fishing and the availability of fish.
Ko število prvih preseže tisto drugih, se prenosljivost/tržljivost uporablja kot mehanizem za ustrezno znižanje.
Where the former exceeds the latter, transferability/tradability is seen as a mechanism for bringing about the appropriate reduction.
Zlasti tržljivost lahko služi kot sredstvo zagotavljanja nadomestne vrednosti, če pravica do ribolova spremeni imetnika, in tako podpre opustitev ribolovne dejavnosti.
Tradability, in particular, can serve as a means of providing a compensatory value when the right to fish changes hands and so assist exits from fishing activities
Kratkoročna prenosljivost/tržljivost je seveda tudi učinkovito sredstvo za obravnavo preseganja in neizpolnjevanja kvot.
Short-term transferability/tradability is clearly also an efficient means of addressing exceeded quotas and quota deficits.
Čeprav je prenosljivost potrebna za začetek ribolovnih dejavnosti, obstajajo pomisleki, da bi lahko tržljivost to ovirala.
Whilst transferability is necessary for entry to fishing activities, there are some concerns that tradability may provide a barrier to this.
Obstajajo tudi pomisleki, da bi se lahko s stroški pridobivanja pravice do ribolova zmanjšala sposobnost ribičev, da vlagajo v druge vidike svojih dejavnosti, kot so izboljšave plovil in opreme.
There are also concerns that the costs of acquiring the right to fish may detract from fishers’ ability to invest in other aspects of their activities, such as improvements to their vessels and gear.
Nazadnje lahko tržljivost, ki ni pravilno nadzorovana, privede do prevelike koncentracije pravic do ribolova in tudi možnosti, da si pravice prilastijo posamezniki in organizacije, ki nimajo opraviti z ribiško dejavnostjo.
Finally, unless properly controlled, tradability can lead to too great a concentration of the right to fish and also allow it to be held by individuals and organisations outwith the active fishing industry.
Z javnim sektorjem so povezana tudi ekonomska vprašanja, kot so kritje stroškov, dajatve na prenos in tako naprej, saj te lahko vplivajo na ekonomsko učinkovitost.
There are also economic issues relating to the public domain, such as cost recovery, transfer taxes and so on, since these can have an effect on economic efficiency.
V kakšni meri ekonomska učinkovitost prispeva k ciljem skupne ribiške politike?
How far does economic efficiency contribute to the goals of the CFP?
Ekonomska učinkovitost nima vrednosti sama po sebi, ampak le tedaj, kadar prispeva k ciljem skupne ribiške politike.
Economic efficiency is of value not in itself but only insofar as it contributes to the goals of the CFP.
Te je mogoče povzeti v:
These may be summarised as:
· izboljšanje preživitvenih možnosti zaposlenih v ribiških dejavnostih,
· Improvements in the livelihood of those engaged in fishing activities
· ohranjanje ribjih staležev v okviru trajnostne morske ekologije in v povezavi s tem redna in stalna oskrbe trga s kakovostnimi ribami,
· The conservation of fish stocks in the context of a sustainable marine ecology and, linked with these, the steady and continuing supply of quality fish to the markets
· ohranitev možnosti za obstoj skupnosti, ki so odvisne od ribištva.
· Maintaining the viability of fisheries dependent communities
V prejšnjem razdelku je bil izražen dvom glede vloge ekonomske učinkovitosti kot sredstva za uresničevanje prvega teh ciljev.
The previous section has cast some doubt on the role of economic efficiency as a means of achieving the first of these objectives.
Zlasti nepredvideni dodatni stroški bi lahko slabo vplivali na varnost in delovne pogoje.
In particular, the incurring of additional costs could have adverse effects for safety and working conditions.
Pri vprašanju ohranitve staleža je bilo ugotovljeno, da ekonomska učinkovitost ni nujno povezana s prenehanjem prekomernega ribolova.
Where the conservation of stocks is considered, it should be noted that there is no necessary connection between economic efficiency and an end to overfishing.
Vprašljivo je, ali je odvisna od omejevanja prenosljivosti na tiste, ki se aktivno ukvarjajo z ribolovom, saj bi finančne institucije ob izčrpanosti staležev svoj denar preprosto naložile drugam.
It is arguable that it depends on limiting transferability to those actively engaged in fishing, on the grounds that financial institutions would simply invest elsewhere when stocks ran out.
Izražena je bila tudi zaskrbljenost, da bi lahko ekonomska učinkovitost privedla do neželenih praks, kot so zavržki in višanje vrednosti ulova, da se pokrijejo stroški, nastali pri nakupu tržljivih pravic.
There are concerns, too, that economic efficiency might, in fact, lead to undesirable practices, such as discarding and high grading, as a way toward recouping the costs incurred in the acquisition of tradable rights.
V zvezi z možnostmi za obstoj skupnosti, ki so odvisne od ribolova, je najpomembnejše vprašanje, kakšen učinek imajo tržljive pravice na sorazmerno stabilnost.
In relation to the viability of fisheries dependent communities, the major issue is the effect of tradable rights on relative stability.
Obstaja bojazen, da bodo skupnosti s pravicami, ki so preveč tržljive, v razmeroma kratkem času izgubile pravico do ribolova in s tem najpomembnejšo osnovo svojega obstoja.
The fear is that rights that were too widely tradable would, in a relatively short course of time, deprive them of the right to fish and, thus, of their main means of subsistence.
Ta strah se še posebej kaže v zvezi z malim priobalnim ribolovom.
This fear is particularly acute in relation to small-scale coastal fisheries.
Z upravljanjem na podlagi pravic so seveda povezane dejanske in domnevne prednosti in slabosti.
There are clearly both advantages and disadvantages, actual and potential, involved in RBM.
Te se razlikujejo glede na vrsto sistema, ki se uporablja, in na to, kako se pravice dodeljujejo, kako postanejo prenosljive/tržljive in kako se opredeli njihov obseg.
These vary according both to the nature of the system in operation and the particular ways in which the right is allocated, is made transferable/tradable and its extent is qualified.
Komisija je pojasnila, da zaenkrat nima namena posegati v sedanje sisteme upravljanja, ki ostajajo v pristojnosti držav članic.
The Commission has made it clear that it has no present intention of interfering with present management systems, which remain with the province of member states.
Glede na hibridno naravo trenutno veljavnih sistemov pa bi bil prehod na en sam sistem dejansko zelo težak, ne glede na to, ali bi se uporabljal le znotraj držav članic ali pa bi deloval na ravni Skupnosti.
Indeed, with the hybrid nature of these systems currently in place, a conversion to one single system, whether used only internally to the member states or operating at Community level, would be very difficult.
Razlog niso le različni veljavni pravni režimi, ampak pomisleki glede osnove za začetno dodeljevanje, nadomestila za izgubljene pravice in primernosti ustvarjanja nepričakovanega dobička za tiste, na katere se pravice prerazporedijo.
It arises because of concerns about to the basis on which the initial allocation might be made, what compensation would be available for lost rights and with the fairness of creating a windfall benefit for those to whom the rights are reallocated.
Vprašljivo je tudi to, da nekatere vrste sistemov, ki temeljijo na upravljanju na podlagi pravic, niso več povratne, ko enkrat začnejo delovati.
Another issue is that, once entered on, certain types of RBM systems are effectively irreversible.
Zaradi vsega tega je pomembno, da se brez popolnejših informacij, posvetov in razčlemb nič ne ukrene, niti pri izmenjavi najboljših praks med državami članicami.
All this makes it imperative that no steps are taken, even at the level of exchange of best practice between member states, without much fuller information, consultation and analysis.
Samo tako bo mogoče ugotoviti, kateri je dejansko najboljši postopek.
Only in this way will it be possible to determine what best practice actually is.
Poleg tega bi se lahko pri tem pregledu pokazalo, da so za različne vrste ribolova primerni različni sistemi.
Further, this kind of exercise might demonstrate that different systems are appropriate for different types of fishery.
Vse študije upravljanja na podlagi pravic, ki jih bo izvedla Komisija, bi se morale usmeriti v:
Any studies of RBM initiated by the Commission should be directed to:
a) glede tega, komu je pravice mogoče dodeliti, na koga prenesti in ali se z njimi lahko trguje, vključno z omejitvami, ki zanje veljajo, in
c) to whom the rights may be allocated, to whom transferred and whether they are tradable, together with any limitations in these respects; and
b) glede obsega pravic, t. p. ali so opredeljene z vidika lokacije, količine (učinka) ali napora (vložka) ali so kombinacija teh vidikov,
d) the extent of the rights, i.e. whether they are defined in terms of location, quantity (output) or effort (input) or a mixture of these.
a) izboljšanje preživitvenih možnosti zaposlenih v ribiški industriji,
f) improving the livelihood of those engaged in the fishing industry,
b) doseganje trajnostne morske ekologije, v kateri se ohranjajo staleži rib, in
g) having a sustainable marine ecology in which fish stocks are conserved; and
c) ohranitev možnosti za obstoj skupnosti, ki so odvisne od ribištva,
h) maintaining the viability of fisheries dependent communities
o predlogu Uredbe Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta o raziskovanjih o strukturi kmetij in raziskovanju o metodah kmetijske proizvodnje ter razveljavitvi Uredbe Sveta (EGS) št. 571/88
on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on farm structure surveys and the survey on agricultural production methods and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 571/88
– ob upoštevanju predloga Komisije Evropskemu parlamentu in Svetu ( KOM(2007)0245 )
– having regard to the Commission proposal to the European Parliament and the Council ( COM(2007)0245 )
– ob upoštevanju členov 251(2) in 285(1) Pogodbe o ES, na podlagi katerih je Komisija predlog poslala Parlamentu ( C6‑0127/2007 ),
– having regard to Articles 251(2) and 285(1) of the EC Treaty, pursuant to which the Commission submitted the proposal to Parliament ( C6‑0127/2008 ),
– ob upoštevanju poročila Odbora za kmetijstvo in razvoj podeželja ( A6–00610/2007 ),
– having regard to the report of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development ( A6‑0061/2008 ),
(4) Obstaja potreba po spremljanju izvajanja ukrepov, povezanih z razvojem podeželja, opredeljenih v Uredbi Sveta (ES) št. 1698/2005 z dne 20. septembra 2005 o podpori za razvoj podeželja iz Evropskega kmetijskega sklada za razvoj podeželja (EKSRP).
(4) There is a need to monitor the implementation of measures associated with rural development defined in Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 of 20 September 2005 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural development (EAFRD).
(4) Obstaja potreba po zbiranju podatkov o izvajanju ukrepov, povezanih z razvojem podeželja, opredeljenih v Uredbi Sveta (ES) št. 1698/2005 z dne 20. septembra 2005 o podpori za razvoj podeželja iz Evropskega kmetijskega sklada za razvoj podeželja (EKSRP).
(4) There is a need to collect data on the implementation of measures associated with rural development defined in Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 of 20 September 2005 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural development (EAFRD).
(5) V sklepnih ugotovitvah o kmetijsko-okoljskih kazalnikih je Svet priznal potrebo po primerljivih podatkih o kmetijskih dejavnostih na ustrezni geografski ravni za celotno Skupnost.
(5) In their conclusions on agri-environmental indicators, the Council recognised the need for comparable data on agricultural activities, at the appropriate geographical level, and covering the whole Community.
Svet je prosil Komisijo, naj sprejme ukrepe iz Sporočila Komisije KOM(2006) 508, ki vključuje razvoj novih raziskovanj EU , zlasti glede praks upravljanja kmetij in uporabe kmetijskih vnosov.
The Council asked the Commission to undertake the actions in the Commission Communication COM(2006)508 which includes the development of new EU surveys , particularly regarding farm management practices and the use of farm inputs.
Svet je prosil Komisijo, naj sprejme ukrepe iz Sporočila Komisije KOM(2006) 508, ki vključuje pridobivanje statističnih podatkov , zlasti glede praks upravljanja kmetij in uporabe kmetijskih vnosov.
The Council asked the Commission to undertake the actions in the Commission Communication COM(2006)508 which includes the production of statistical data , particularly regarding farm management practices and the use of farm inputs.
(6) Obstaja pomanjkanje statističnih informacij o različnih metodah kmetijske proizvodnje na ravni posameznih gospodarstev.
(6) There is a lack of statistical information on the different methods of agricultural production at the level of individual holdings.
Zato je potrebno posebno raziskovanje o metodah kmetijske proizvodnje, povezano s strukturnimi informacijami o kmetijskih gospodarstvih za zagotovitev dodatnih statistik za razvoj kmetijsko-okoljske politike in za izboljšanje kakovosti kmetijsko-okoljskih kazalnikov.
Therefore a special survey on agricultural production methods, linked to structural information on agricultural holdings, is required to provide additional statistics for the development of agri-environmental policy and to improve the quality of agri-environmental indicators.
Zato je potrebno izboljšati zbiranje informacij o metodah kmetijske proizvodnje in ga povezati s strukturnimi informacijami o kmetijskih gospodarstvih za zagotovitev dodatnih statistik za razvoj kmetijsko-okoljske politike in za izboljšanje kakovosti kmetijsko-okoljskih kazalnikov.
Therefore improvements to the collection of information on agriculture production methods, linked to structural information on agricultural holdings, are required to provide additional statistics for the development of agri-environmental policy and to improve the quality of agri-environmental indicators.