natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
12. poudarja, da tako žalostno stanje staležev rib v evropskih vodah kot težave, s katerimi se srečuje ribiški sektor v EU, kažejo, da je ukrepe treba sprejeti čim prej ter da bo dodatno zavlačevanje ponovno povzročilo težave v sektorju in oviralo njegovo ponovno rentabilnost;
Insists that the poor state of both the fish stocks in European waters, and the difficulties faced by the EU fishing industry, mean that action must be taken as soon as possible, and that further delays can only lead to further hardship to the industry and delays to its return to profitability;
Na svetovni ravni je v ribištvu prekomerno izkoriščena večina glavnih vrst s tržno vrednostjo, kar je predvsem posledica razlik med predvidevanji iz znanstvenih ocen in stopnjo natančnosti pri ureditvi in upravljanju ribištva.
At world level, a large number of the main stocks of species of commercial value are over-exploited, largely due to the disjunction between the forecasts made as part of scientific assessments and the degree of precision in the regulation and management of fisheries.
V Konvenciji Združenih narodov o pomorskem pravu iz leta 1982, zlasti v členih 61 do 64, so določena osnovna merila za ureditev staležev rib v izključnih ekonomskih conah.
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, in particular Articles 61 to 64 thereof, lay down the basic criteria for the regulation of fish stocks in the exclusive economic zones (EEZs).
Cilj je ohranjevanje teh staležev na način, ki bo omogočal najboljše izkoriščanje ribolovnih virov.
The objective is to conserve these stocks in such a way as to allow optimum utilisation of fishery resources.
Za upravljanje ribištva so bile uporabljene referenčne točke , ki upravljavcu pomagajo pri odločitvah, s katerimi se izogne viru nevarnim razmeram.
Fisheries management has used reference points , which help managers to take decisions with the aim of avoiding situations that will endanger the resource.
Prve referenčne točke so bile določene v ciljnih referenčnih točkah, ki določajo cilje, ki naj bi jih dosegli z upravljanjem ribištva.
The first reference points took the form of Target Reference Points (TRPs), i.e. setting a target to be reached in fisheries management.
Vendar pa je bilo zaradi tveganja, ki ga predstavljajo prekoračenja teh ciljev, potrebno določiti mejne referenčne točke, kar pomeni, da so bile določene meje za preprečitev čezmernega ribolova.
However, owing to the risks posed when these targets are exceeded, it was considered necessary to set Limit Reference Points (LRPs), i.e. thresholds that will prevent over-fishing from arising.
Za prehod z referenčnih točk, izračunanih na maksimalnih matematičnih vrednostih, na točke, ki temeljijo na ohranjevanju ali zaščiti, ki določajo mejo med razumnim in netrajnostnim izkoriščanjem, je treba določiti sprejemljivo stopnjo tveganja, v kateri mora biti upoštevana biološka negotovost in negotovost, ki izhaja iz napak pri merjenju, pripravi ter izvajanju modelov.
The transition from reference points based on mathematical optimum levels to reference points based on conservation or protection, marking the boundary between rational exploitation and unsustainable exploitation, requires decisions on the question of what is the acceptable level of risk, a level which must take account of both biological uncertainty and uncertainty arising from errors of measurement and the drawing-up and application of models.
Odločitev o sprejemljivem tveganju pa je tako neizbežna kot nujna v upravljavčevem procesu odločanja.
This decision on acceptable risk is both inevitable and essential in the management decision-making process.
Največji trajnostni donos
Maximum Sustainable Yield
Največji trajnostni donos (NTD) je referenčna točka, s katero se želi doseči čim večji gospodarski donos ribištva glede na biološko zmogljivost vira.
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is a reference point whose objective is to maximise the economic yield of a fishery in relation to the biological capacity of the stock.
Predstavljen je kot teoretična točka na krivulji, na kateri ena koordinata predstavlja obseg biomase, druga pa umrljivost, torej ribolovni napor (F) plus naravna umrljivost vrste, in je tik pod točko, na kateri začne stalež upadati.
It is represented as a theoretical point on a curve where one coordinate represents the size of the biomass and the other represents mortality, i.e. fishing effort (F) plus the natural mortality of the species, and is the point immediately preceding the point at which a stock will start to decline.
Pod to točko je vir teoretično v dobrem biološkem stanju, vendar pa ribištvo ne bi doseglo svoje največje donosnosti, saj vir ne bi bil popolnoma izkoriščan.
Below this point, the stock would theoretically be in a sound biological state, but the fishery would not reach its maximum profitability, since the stock would not be fully exploited.
To je faza prelova, ki jo ponavadi spremlja presežek zmogljivosti.
This is the over-fishing phase, which is normally accompanied by over-capacity.
Za uporabo v praktičnem upravljanju je treba določiti model največjega trajnostnega donosa tako, da se ga statistično prilagodi glede na pretekle podatke, s čimer predvidevamo, da se bodo pretekle razmere verjetno ponovile v prihodnosti.
When this model is applied to practical management, estimating the MSY requires a statistical adjustment to the model in line with historical data, assuming that past conditions are similarly likely to recur in the future .
Upoštevati pa moramo, da je relativno konstantno obnavljanje vira leto za letom bolj izjema kot pravilo.
It should also be borne in mind that relatively constant recruitment year after year is more the exception than the rule .
Prav tako je napačno predvidevati, da bo neka stopnja ribolovnega napora/umrljivosti omogočila, da se za neomejen čas ohrani določena stopnja presežne proizvodnje, ne da bi se upoštevali okoljski dejavniki.
It is also mistaken to assume that a given level of fishing effort/mortality would make it possible to maintain a certain degree of excess production indefinitely without taking account of environmental factors.
Do sedaj so bili za izogibanje nevarnostim v modelu največjega trajnostnega donosa uporabljeni različni pristopi, zlasti previdnostni pristop , kar pomeni, da je bil model upoštevan kot mejna referenčna točka in ne kot ciljna referenčna točka, zato da prekoračitev stopnje največjega trajnostnega donosa ne bi vodila do prekomernega izkoriščanja vira.
Over time, different approaches have been taken to the MSY in an attempt to avoid the model's shortcomings, chiefly through a precautionary approach , i.e. considering it as an LRP rather than a TRP, so that exceeding the MSY will not lead to over-exploitation of the stock.
Tako je bila določena stopnja napora, ki predstavlja dve tretjini napora, potrebnega za doseg stopnje največjega trajnostnega donosa, kar omogoča ulov približno 80 % dovoljenega največjega trajnostnega donosa.
This has led to an effort level being set corresponding to two-thirds of the effort necessary to obtain the MSY, with the result that a catch amounting to around 80% of the MSY is permitted.
Model največjega trajnostnega donosa za stalež, ki je odvisen od nihanj v obnavljanju, lahko bolje razložimo kot ulov, ki bi ga lahko dolgoročno dosegali ob sprejemljivi verjetnosti, da stalež ne bo ogrožen.
A more rational interpretation of the MSY for a stock subject to recruitment variations would take the form of the catch which could be taken in the very long term with an acceptable probability that the stock will not be threatened.
Mednarodni svet za raziskovanje morja je preučil to razlago kot najprimernejši dolgoročni pristop k upravljanju ribištva.
The ICES has been considering this interpretation as the most appropriate long-term approach to fisheries management.
Za konec te kratke analize referenčnih točk naj omenimo, da na splošno cilji s področja ureditve ribištva niso le enostavno povečanje donosa in da zato veliko avtorjev ugotavlja, da je pomanjkanje jasno določenih ciljev za ureditev ena izmed glavnih ovir pri določanju in doseganju referenčnih točk.
To conclude this brief analysis of reference points, it might be noted that, in general, objectives in the context of fisheries regulation go beyond simply maximising yield , and many authors identify the lack of clearly defined regulation objectives as one of the main obstacles in the way of establishing and complying with reference points.
Zato je nujno potrebno, da se koristniki ribištva strinjajo s cilji ureditve ribištva.
It is therefore vital that the beneficiaries of a fishery accept the regulation objectives for that fishery.
Do sedaj je bilo malo primerov, ko je bilo v strategijo ureditve uradno vključenih več različnih ciljev, še manj pa je bilo tistih, povezanih z enostavno tehnično referenčno točko.
Until now, there have been very few examples where multiple objectives have been formally incorporated within a regulation strategy, let alone linked to a simple technical reference point.
Ta metodologija merjenja in vrednotenja ciljev koristnikov bi lahko bila razumen način za doseg dogovorov, ko so v igri različni cilji.
This methodology, which quantifies and gives a weighting to the objectives of beneficiaries, appears to be a reasonable means of reaching agreements where there are many different objectives.
Prav tako je treba omeniti, da se v osnovo za določitev mej izkoriščanja vedno pogosteje vključujejo pojmi ekosistema .
Finally, it should be pointed out that there is a growing trend towards including ecosystem concepts as a basis for setting limits on exploitation.
Kljub temu, da ti pojmi niso dovolj izoblikovani v primerjavi s tistimi, ki temeljijo na eni sami vrsti, pa bi morali usmerjati prihodnjo ureditev ribištva.
Even though these concepts are not sufficiently developed by comparison with concepts based on a single species, they should provide a guide for the future of fisheries' management.
Povzetek sporočila Komisije
Summary of the Commission communication
V svojem sporočilu je Evropska komisija predlagala spremembo ureditve ribištva s spremembo modela upravljanja, ki bo omogočil trajnostno izkoriščanje ribolovnih virov, da bo zagotovljena sposobnost preživetja sektorja.
In its communication, the Commission proposes a change in fisheries regulation through a change in the management model that will allow the sustainable use of fisheries resources in order to guarantee the industry's viability.
Komisija govori o modelu upravljanja za „iskanje uspeha in ne zgolj preprečevanje neuspeha“.
In the Commission's own words, fisheries should be managed 'looking for success rather than to seek merely to avoid failure'.
Za izhodiščno točko si je zato postavila politično obvezo EU in njenih držav članic na vrhu v Johannesburgu za začetek izvajanja modela največjega trajnostnega donosa pred letom 2015.
It takes as its starting point the political commitment given by the EU and its Member States at the Johannesburg Summit to achieve the MSY by 2015.
Komisija meni, da so glavne značilnosti sistema upravljanja na podlagi modela največjega trajnostnega donosa naslednje:
According to the Commission, the key points of an MSY-based management system are:
§ sistem upravljanja na dolgi rok , ki zagotavlja trajnost in najboljše izkoriščanje proizvodnega potenciala ;
§ it is a long-term management system that guarantees both the sustainability and the optimum exploitation of the productive potential ;
§ sistem prinaša koristi le z večjim omejevanjem ribolova v prehodnem obdobju;
§ the benefits of the system can only be obtained by exercising more restraint in fishing during a transitional period;
§ finančna pomoč, predvidena v Evropskem skladu za ribištvo, bo pripomogla k ublažitvi socialnih in gospodarskih posledic tega omejevanja.
§ the financial assistance foreseen under the European Fisheries Fund (EFF) will help to mitigate the social and economic repercussions of such restraint.
Glavne koristi novega modela upravljanja so po mnenju Komisije:
The main benefits that, according to the Commission, will be obtained through this new management model are:
§ preobrat sedanjega upadanja staležev, ki bo omogočil razvoj večjih staležev in s katerim se bodo povečala jamstva za večje prihodke ribičev;
§ the reversal of the current decline in stocks, whilst also allowing the development of larger stocks and improving the guarantees as regards higher income for fishermen;
§ zmanjšanje zavržkov zaradi zmanjšanja umrljivosti rib.
§ a reduction in discards resulting from the reduction in fishing mortality.
Za izboljšanje sedanjega modela in z namero, da se pri staležih rib doseže določeno stopnjo, ki bo omogočala trajnostno in stalno izkoriščanje, je Komisija predlagala ukrepe, kot so določitev dolgoročne strategije, opredelitev primerne stopnje ulova za vsako vrsto na podlagi najboljših znanstvenih poročil, zmanjšanje napora in ulova ter spremembe pri tehničnih ukrepih.
In order to obtain improvements to the current model and with the aim of placing fish stocks at a particular level so that they can be harvested at a sustainable and steady rate, the Commission proposes measures such as establishing a long-term strategy, defining what level of catch is appropriate for each stock on the basis of the best scientific advice, reducing effort and catches and adjusting the technical measures, whilst ensuring that the industry is involved in the entire process and taking account of the undoubted social, economic and environmental repercussions.
Vse to, naj bi potekalo ob sodelovanju z zadevnim sektorjem in ob upoštevanju nedvomnih socialnih, gospodarskih in okoljskih posledic.
One of the key aspects of the communication, given its repercussions, concerns managing the adjustment in fishing effort .
Komisija je predstavila dve rešitvi: zmanjšanje ribolovne zmogljivosti, naložb in delovnih mest do skrajne mere, potrebne za ribolov na stopnji največjega trajnostnega donosa, ali ohranitev sedanjih delovnih mest za ceno gospodarske neučinkovitosti oziroma, povedano drugače, ohranjanje velikosti flot, a z omejenimi dnevi ribolova na morju.
The Commission states that there are two solutions: reducing fishing capacity, investment and employment to no more than what is needed to fish at the MSY level or maintaining current levels of employment at the price of economic efficiencies , which would amount to maintaining the size of the fleet but imposing restrictions on the number of fishing days at sea.
E vropska komisija se nagiba k zmanjšanju zmogljivosti , kar upravičuje z enostavnim razlogom, da druge strategije niso bile družbeno sprejemljive in so povzročale težave pri izvajanju.
The Commission inclines towards reducing capacity , which it justifies with the simple argument that other strategies have created problems of enforcement and of social acceptance.
Najprej je treba pripraviti načrte za skupine staležev, ki se lovijo skupaj, v katerih se bodo določili parametri ribolovnega napora (kar bi omogočalo večletni celotni dovoljeni ulov), in tudi nove tehnične ukrepe, ko so ti potrebni.
The first steps to be taken would be to establish plans for groups of fish stocks that are caught together, setting parameters for fishing effort (making multiannual TACs possible) and new technical measures where they are considered necessary.
Zaradi izziva, ki ga predstavlja sprememba modela upravljanja ribištva Skupnosti, je sporočilo Komisije na žalost do določene mere pretirano poenostavljeno , saj v njem ni jasno razložena potreba po tej spremembi pristopa in tudi ni podrobneje opisana vrsta izbranega modela, kajti videli smo, da se je pojem največjega trajnostnega donosa precej razvil ter se izvajal in razlagal na različne načine.
In the face of such a challenge as that posed by changing the model of Community fisheries management, it is regrettable that the Commission communication is somewhat simplistic , since it fails either to give a clear account of the need for this change of approach or to provide a detailed description of the type of model to be opted for, since, as we have seen, the concept of MSY has evolved considerably, has been applied in different ways and is subject to differing interpretations.
Poleg tega model kazi več resnih težav, ki v sporočilu niso analizirane, a bodo seveda vplivale na prihodnji uspeh ali neuspeh pri izvajanju modela.
Furthermore, the model poses a series of significant problems that are not analysed in the communication but will naturally have an influence on the future success or failure of the model's application.
Komisija utemelji novi predlog z obvezami EU z vrha o trajnostnem razvoju iz Johannesburga iz leta 1992 , ki temelji na sklepni izjavi iz Ria de Janeira iz leta 1982, ta pa temelji na Konvenciji ZN o pomorskem pravu (UNCLOS).
The Commission justifies the new proposal on the basis of the commitments given by the EU at the 1992 Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development , commitments which were themselves based on the 1982 Rio de Janeiro Declaration, which was in turn based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Po drugi strani pa je obveza iz Johannesburga politični dogovor, ki ni pravno zavezujoč.
Furthermore, the Johannesburg commitment is a political agreement but is not legally binding.
Najbolj klasični model največjega trajnostnega donosa, ki sta ga oblikovala Gordon in Schaefer in je značilen za 60. in 70. leta prejšnjega stoletja, je privlačen, ker potrebuje zelo omejeno število podatkov o ulovu in ribolovnem naporu ter je model za ribolov na eno vrsto, a prav zato se ga ne more uporabljati pri ribolovu na več vrst, ki se ga večinoma izvaja v EU.
The most classic MSY model, that drawn up by Gordon-Schaeffer, which is characteristic of the 1960s and 1970s, is an attractive model because it requires a very limited number of data, data on catches and on fishing effort, and it relates to a single species, but precisely for this reason it is not applicable to multi-species fisheries, which is mostly the case in the EU.
Razen tega je največji trajnostni donos poseben model proizvodnje in je zato njegova učinkovitost odvisna od njegovega odražanja resničnih razmer .
Furthermore, MSY is a specific production model, and its effectiveness will therefore depend on how close it is to the actual situation .
Glavni argumenti, ki nasprotujejo modelu največjega trajnostnega donosa temeljijo predvsem na premajhni zanesljivosti podatkov , saj v modelu niso upoštevane pomembne spremembe v strukturi staleža, ki, če se zgodijo, razveljavijo uporabo podatkov kot referenčne točke, saj nepravilni podatki o dejanskih vrednostih lahko vodijo do prekomernega izkoriščanja virov.
The main arguments cited against MSY are chiefly based on the lack of certainty with regard to data , since it does not take account of any substantial change in the structure of the stock and, if such changes occur, they invalidate its use as a reference point, since the resulting deviation from the actual figures may lead to over-exploitation of the stock.
Zato nekateri avtorji predlagajo uporabo previdnostne meje tudi pri modelu največjega trajnostnega donosa, ki naj predstavlja dve tretjini ribolovnega napora po izračunu na osnovi tega modela.
Some authors therefore recommend also applying a precautionary limit to the MSY equivalent to two-thirds of the fishing effort based on the calculation set by the MSY.
To ponazarja, kako model, ki izhaja iz enostavnega sistema, ob praktični uporabi postaja vedno bolj zapleten.
This illustrates how, starting from a simple idea, a realistic application of the model leads to increasing complexity.
Že računanje stopnje največjega trajnostnega donosa je zapleteno, ker temelji na poznavanju neto povečanja vrste, torej razlike med umrljivostjo in razmnoževanjem, ki pa jo je težko določiti zaradi preteklega nihanja velikosti staležev in tudi zaradi pomembnih okoljskih vplivov.
In fact, calculating the MSY is in itself a complex matter, since it is based on knowledge of the net increase in the species, i.e. the difference between mortality and reproduction, which is extremely difficult to establish since stocks do not show constant behaviour in the past and they are subject to greater environmental impacts.
Kot je bilo prikazano na predstavitvi Odbora za ribištvo, je največji trajnostni donos teoretičen in ne empiričen pojem, kar pomeni, da je v središču razprave uporabnost oziroma neuporabnost modela kot instrumenta za upravljanje virov, zlasti tistih v slabem stanju.
As shown by the hearing held in the Committee on Fisheries, the notion of MSY is not empirical but theoretical, which means that the debate focuses on whether or not it is desirable to use MSY as an instrument for resource management, particularly for resources that are in poor condition.
Glede na Konvencijo ZN o pomorskem pravu morata biti v takih primerih glavna cilja izboljšanje stanja in odstranitev nevarnosti prekomernega izkoriščanja.
In these cases, according to UNCLOS, the key objective must be for their situation to improve and to remove them from the threat of over-exploitation.
Razprava se mora zato osredotočiti na vprašanje, kako doseči sistem upravljanja, ki bo zagotovil to obnovitev, ne da bi to predstavljalo obvezno uporabo določenega matematičnega modela.
The discussion must therefore focus on achieving a management system that guarantees this recovery without this entailing any obligation to use a particular mathematical model.
Naslednja pomembna kritika tega modela, ki je že bila omenjena in zadeva zlasti vode Skupnosti, je dejstvo, da govorimo o modelih, namenjenih eni vrsti, ki torej niso prilagojeni ribolovu na več vrst rib .
A further key criticism of this model that particularly affects Community waters, as has already been noted, is precisely the fact that such models are geared to a single species and are therefore not appropriate for multi-species fisheries .
Če se isti model največjega trajnostnega donosa uporabi za več različnih vrst, lahko stopnja največjega trajnostnega donosa glavne vrste pripelje do prekomernega izkoriščanja drugih vrst.
In fact, if the same MSY model is applied to various species, the MSY point for the principal species may lead to the others being over-exploited.
Zato bi model v takih pogojih moral temeljiti na stopnji največjega trajnostnega donosa vrste v najslabšem položaju, kar bi povečalo gospodarske in socialne stroške, saj bi se moral zmanjšati ulov drugih vrst, čeprav te niso v slabem biološkem stanju.
In such cases, the model would therefore have to be set on the basis of the MSY for the species that is in the worst state, which would lead to high economic and social costs since fishing for the other species would have to be reduced, even though they were not in a poor biological state.
Za območja, kot je na primer Sredozemlje, model ne bi bil najboljša rešitev in bi bilo bolj smiselno sprejeti pristop, ki bi vključeval več ciljev, bil namenjen doseganju najugodnejšega stanja in upošteval ohranjevanje različnih virov.
For areas such as the Mediterranean , the model would not be the best solution , and it might be more useful to adopt a multi-objective approach geared to optimisation whilst taking account of the preservation of the various resources.
Model pa tudi ni primeren za pelagične vrste , saj je ravnovesje staleža, ki za dinamiko teh vrst ni značilno, bistvenega pomena za model.
The model is also unsuitable for pelagic species since the balance in the stock is a key element, and this is not generally a feature of the dynamic of such stocks.
Zagotovitev trajnosti v ribištvu EU z največjim trajnostnim donosom
Implementation of sustainable fishing in the EU on the basis of maximum sustainable yield
o predlogu Uredbe Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta o spremembi Uredbe (ES) št. 1829/2003 o gensko spremenjenih živilih in krmi, kar zadeva Komisiji podeljena izvedbena pooblastila
on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed, as regards the implementing powers conferred on the Commission
– ob upoštevanju predloga Komisije Evropskemu parlamentu in Svetu ( KOM(2006)0912 )
– having regard to the Commission proposal to the European Parliament and the Council ( COM(2006)0912 )