natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Sklenitev sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu je v gospodarskem interesu najmanj razvitih držav, ki imajo korist od izboljšanih pravil o poreklu v pomembnih panogah, kot sta tekstilna industrija in kmetijstvo, saj to pripomore k večji rasti v teh panogah.
Conclusion of EPAs is of economic interest for LDCs that can benefit of improved Rules of Origin in important sectors such as textiles and agriculture, therewith fostering the development in these sectors.
Države AKP, ki ne spadajo v skupino najmanj razvitih držav in ne bi sklenile sporazuma o gospodarskem partnerstvu, bi morale ponovno začeti uporabljati navaden splošni sistem preferencialov (ali najpozneje do 31. oktobra 2008 zaprositi za uvedbo sheme GSP+, če bi jo želele uporabljati od januarja 2009).
Non-LDC ACP countries that conclude no EPA would be forced to go back to the normal GSP scheme (or to apply for the GSP+ scheme by 31 October 2008 at latest should they wish to benefit from GSP+ preferences from January 2009).
To bi pomenilo nekaj omejitev pri njihovem preferencialnem dostopu za nekatere vrste izvoza v Evropsko unijo.
This would entail some reduction in their preferential access for some of their exports to the EU.
Čeprav je Evropska unija za večino držav AKP in dejansko za vse afriške države AKP najpomembnejša trgovinska partnerica, je trgovina z državami AKP zanjo gospodarsko precej nepomembna.
While the EU is the most important trading partner for most ACP countries, and virtually for all African ACP states, trade with the ACP countries is rather insignificant for the EU economy.
Manj kot 3 % njenega izvoza so namenjeni državam AKP.
Less than 3% of EU exports are destined to the ACP countries.
Pričakuje se, da bo recipročnost koristila nekaterim evropskim izvoznikom.
Some European exporters are expected to gain from reciprocity.
Pri nekaterih proizvodih se lahko zaradi opustitve tarif poveča izvoz Evropske unije, pričakovati je na primer povečanje izvoza mesa (kar je v današnjih razmerah lahko dobra novica)
In certain products, the abolishment of tariffs may increase EU exports, for instance an increase in meat exports can be expected (which may be welcomed in the present situation)
Antoine Bouët, David Laborde, Simon Mevel, Searching for an Alternative to Economic Partnership Agreements , Mednarodni inštitut za raziskovanje politike hrane, povzetek raziskave št. 10, Washington D.C. 2007. .
Antoine Bouët, David Laborde, Simon Mevel, Searching for an Alternative to Economic Partnership Agreements, International Food Policy Research Institute, Research Brief No. 10, Washington D.C. 2007. .
Po drugi strani bodo države AKP, ki ne spadajo med najmanj razvite države in so parafirale sporazume o gospodarskem partnerstvu, imele koristi od brezcarinskega in količinsko neomejenega dostopa pri celotnem izvozu v Evropsko unijo, kar v letu 2008 pomeni izvoz v vrednosti 1,4 milijarde EUR za izvoznice, ki ne spadajo med najmanj razvite države.
On the other hand, the non-LDCs among the ACP countries that initialled EPAs will benefit from DFQF access for all their exports to the EU, i.e. affecting a volume of € 1.4 billion of exports from non-LDC ACP exporters in 2008.
Pri Mauritiusu (obseg izvoza 270 milijonov EUR), Kamerunu (175 milijonov EUR) in Slonokoščeni obali (146 milijonov EUR) bo to vplivalo na večino uvoza.
Most import volumes are affected in the cases of Mauritius (an export volume of € 270 million), Cameroon (€ 175 million) and Côte d'Ivoire (€ 146 million).
Brezcarinski in neomejen dostop vpliva predvsem na izvoz kmetijskih proizvodov; najvišji dobiček je mogoče pričakovati za skupine proizvodov, kot so riž, grozdje, govedina in citrusi.
DFQF affects mainly the agricultural exports; highest gains are expected in the product groups of rice, grapes, beef and citrus fruits.
· Stroški prilagoditev
· Adjustment costs
Odprava trgovinskih ovir pri uvozu iz Evropske unije bo gospodarstvu držav AKP ustvarila priložnosti (tj. znižanje cen za proizvode, ki jih potrebujejo gospodarstvo in potrošniki v državah AKP, bolj odprti trgovinski odnosi), hkrati pa bo gospodarstvo teh držav bolj izpostavila regionalni in mednarodni konkurenci.
The removal of the trade barriers for imports from the EU will certainly create opportunities for the ACP economies (i.e. decrease of prices for products needed for economy and consumers in the ACP, more open trade relations), but will also expose ACP economies to more regional and international competition.
To bo v nekaterih sektorjih povzročilo gospodarsko prestrukturiranje in izgubo delovnih mest.
This will lead in some sectors to economic restructuring and loss of jobs.
Za nadomestitev izpada carinskih dajatev z drugimi proračunskimi prihodki bodo potrebni precejšnji napori za vzpostavitev institucij.
Replacement of customs duties by other government income will require considerable institution building efforts.
Celotni stroški prilagoditev so bili ocenjeni na 8,9 milijarde EUR za vse regije AKP, porazdeljeni na fiskalno prilagajanje (2,9 milijarde EUR), diverzifikacijo izvoza (2,3 milijarde EUR), prilagoditve na področju zaposlovanja (1,4 milijarde EUR) ter izboljšanje usposobljenosti in produktivnosti (2,2 milijarde EUR)
Total adjustment costs have been estimated at € 8.9 billion for all ACP regions divided into fiscal adjustment (€ 2.9 billion), export diversification (€ 2.3 billion), employment adjustment (€ 1.4 billion) and skills and productivity enhancement (€ 2.2 billion)
Chris Milner in drugi, Some Simple Analytics of the Trade and Welfare Effects of the Economic Partnership Agreements , Journal of African Economics, 14(3), str.
Chris Milner et al., Some Simple Analytics of the Trade and Welfare Effects of the Economic Partnership Agreements, Journal of African Economics, 14(3), p.
V tej študiji poseben položaj posameznih regij, možni dinamični učinki na podlagi sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu ter učinek spremljajočih ukrepov (pomoč za trgovino itd.) niso bili upoštevani, zato je možno, da so negativne posledice pretirane. .
This study could not consider the specific situation in each region, possible dynamic effects supported by the EPAs and the impact of flanking policies (aid for trade etc.) and, therefore, may overestimate negative effects. .
· Pomoč za trgovino
· Aid for trade
Vse strani se zavedajo, da so spremljevalni ukrepi in podpora za razvoj nujna, da bi državam AKP omogočili, da izkoristijo možne koristi sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu v zvezi z razvojem ter pokrijejo vsaj del stroškov prilagoditve.
All parties recognise that accompanying measures and development support is necessary to enable ACP countries to take advantage of the potential development benefits of EPAs and to cover at least parts of the adjustment costs.
Države AKP so vztrajale, da bi poleg evropskega razvojnega sklada del teh sporazumov bila tudi trdna pravna jamstva glede razvojnih sredstev.
ACP countries insisted that firm legal guarantees for development resources additional to the EDF would be part of the EPAs.
Komisija in države članice se niso strinjale z vključitvijo razvojnih sredstev v sporazume o gospodarskem partnerstvu.
Commission and Member States refused to negotiate development resources as part of EPAs.
V sporazume so bila vključena razvojna poglavja ali priloge, ki zagotavljajo možnost vzpostavitve sredstev v okviru sporazumov o gospodarskih partnerstvih, vendar so jim dodane le zaveze glede povečanja razvojnih sredstev, porabljenih v sektorjih, ki so povezani s trgovino.
Finally, development chapters or annexes were integrated in the agreements, which do provide for the possibility of EPA funds being created, but accompanied only by pledges to increase development resources spent on trade-related sectors.
Evropska unija je potrdila, da bi potrebe, ki izhajajo iz sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu, obravnavali v splošnem okviru strategije EU o pomoči za trgovino, ki je bila vzpostavljena leta 2007.
The EU side has confirmed that needs arising from EPAs would be addressed within the overall framework of the EU Aid for Trade Strategy established in 2007.
S to strategijo se je Evropska unija zavezala, da bo do leta 2010 letno zagotavljala 2 milijardi EUR (1 milijardo bodo zagotovile države članice in 1 milijardo Komisija) kot pomoč pri trgovini (pomoč pri trgovinski politiki in predpisih ter razvoju trgovine).
This strategy included an EU pledge to deliver by 2010 annually € 2 billion (1 billion from the Member States, 1 billion from the Commission) in trade-related assistance (support for trade policy and regulations and trade development).
Poleg tega je obljubila tudi, da si bo prizadevala k širši pomoči za trgovino v skladu s splošnim povečanjem uradne razvojne pomoči, vendar ni določila konkretnega zneska.
The strategy also commits the EU to efforts on the wider Aid for Trade agenda in coherence with overall increases in ODA, but without setting any specific quantitative target.
Evropska unija se je obvezala, da bo približno 50 % povečanja pomoči, povezane s trgovino, namenjenih regijam AKP, kar pomeni letno povečanje te pomoči v višini 400 milijonov EUR.
The EU made the commitment that about 50% of the increase in trade-related assistance will go to the ACP regions implying an annual increase of € 400 million for this type of assistance.
Na ravni Evropske unije po sklenitvi sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu ni predvidenih dodatnih sredstev (evropski razvojni sklad in proračun EU), medtem ko se je 10. evropski razvojni sklad v ta namen že znatno povečal (zlasti regionalne dodelitve).
No additional funds are provided on EU level (EDF and EU budget) following the conclusion of EPAs, while the 10 th EDF was already significantly increased (in particular the regional allocations) in view of the EPAs.
Sklepamo lahko, da pomoč pri trgovini deloma daje nov predznak obstoječim ukrepom, po drugi strani pa jemlje sredstva obstoječim programom in jih preusmerja v nove programe, povezane s trgovino
It can be deducted that the trade-related assistance is, in parts, putting a new label on existing actions, in other parts, taking away funds from existing programmes into new trade-related programmes
Vendar je treba omeniti, da se je finančni obseg 10. evropskega razvojnega sklada povečal na 22,7 milijard EUR za šestletno obdobje 2008–2013 v primerjavi s 13,5 milijarde EUR za osemletno obdobje 2000–2007 (ki mu je treba dodati 9,9 milijarde EUR zaostankov predhodnih evropskih razvojnih skladov, prav tako pa je treba pri tem upoštevati tudi izgubo zaradi inflacije). .
However, it should be mentioned that the financial volume of the 10th EDF had been increased to € 22.7 billion for the 6-years period 2008-2013 compared to € 13.5 billion for the 8-years period 2000-2007 (to which, on the other hand, € 9.9 billion of backlog of the previous EDFs have to be added as well as loss through inflation has to be taken into account). .
Za eno milijardo EUR, ki jo zagotovijo države članice, še ni znano, ali bodo vsote dodatne ali bodo države članice preusmerile oz. prerazporedile obstoječa sredstva.
For the one billion € provided by the Member States, it is not known, if sums will be additional or if Member States will redirect or re-label existing funds.
Če bodo države članice spoštovale svojo zavezo za povečanje uradne razvojne pomoči, da bi dosegle 0,7 % BND, bi dogovorjeni zneski zlahka bili dodatek obstoječim programom.
If the Member States will honour their pledge to increase ODA with the objective of reaching 0.7% of GNI, the agreed amounts could easily be additional to existing programmes.
S to trgovinsko pomočjo ne bo pokrita izguba v zvezi s carinami ali dodatna podpora za gospodarske prilagoditve – to bi moralo priti iz drugih virov.
Those trade-related assistance will not cover any loss in customs duties or additional support for economic adjustment, which should come from other sources.
Izzivi za prihodnost
Challenges for the future
Evropska komisija je ostro zavrnila idejo o ponovnem pogajanju glede začasnih sporazumov, kot so velikokrat predlagali nevladne organizacije in akademiki, ki so kritizirali rezultat pogajanj ob koncu leta 2007.
The European Commission strictly refused the idea to renegotiate the interim agreements as was suggest frequently by NGO and academics criticising the outcome of the negotiations at the end of 2007, while Council and Commission agreed that controversial clauses could be reviewed in the full EPAs.
Svet in Komisija sta se dogovorila, da bi sporne določbe pregledali v celovitih sporazumih o gospodarskem partnerstvu.
The EU needs to be flexible when going from interim to full EPAs, as costs of market opening for the ACP countries will be high.
Komisija in pogajalci iz držav AKP nameravajo dokončati celovite sporazume o gospodarskem partnerstvu za vse regije AKP do konca leta 2008 ali do sredine leta 2009.
Commission and ACP negotiators plan to finalise full EPAs all ACP regions by end-2008 or mid-2009.
Čeprav vseskozi potekajo pogajanja z vsemi regijami, še ni jasno, če bo mogoče izpolniti ta rok.
Although negotiations are continuing with all regions, it is unclear if this timing can be honoured.
Leto 2008 bo ključno za pogajanja glede končnega sporazuma o gospodarskem partnerstvu z verjetno številnimi afriškimi in pacifiškimi državami AKP.
The year 2008 will be crucial for the negotiation of final EPA with - probably - many African and Pacific ACP countries.
Komisija mora biti prilagodljiva pri pogajanjih o časovnem poteku liberalizacije, združljivem s pravili Svetovne trgovinske organizacije, vključno z blagom, ki je izključeno iz liberalizacije.
The Commission must be flexible to negotiate WTO compatible liberalisation schedules in the full EPAs including the goods excluded from liberalisation.
Različne časovne razporede za države v isti regiji je treba uskladiti čim bolj in tako, da bo to sprejemljivo za države AKP.
Different schedules of countries in the same regions need to be harmonised as far as possible and acceptable with the ACP partners.
V zahodni Afriki sta začasne sporazume o gospodarskem partnerstvu uvedli le Gana in Slonokoščena obala in te sporazume je treba pregledati, da bi lahko dosegli celovit sporazum za regijo.
For example, in West Africa, only Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire have initialled interim EPAs and these agreements have to be revised in order to reach a joint EPA for the region.
· Trgovina s storitvami
· Trade in Services
Številne države AKP so pristale na pogajanja o vključitvi storitev v celovite sporazume o gospodarskem partnerstvu.
Many ACP countries have agreed to negotiate on the integration of services in the full EPAs.
Sporazum s CARIFORUM-om je na primer dvoumen.
The example of the CARIFORUM EPA is ambiguous.
V karibskem sporazumu o gospodarskem partnerstvu je bilo do 75 % sektorjev storitev odprtih za evropske ponudnike storitev, tudi za storitve, kot so telekomunikacije, bančništvo, maloprodaja in kurirske storitve.
The Caribbean EPA has opened up to 75% of services sectors for European service providers even for services such as telecoms, banking, retail and courier services.
Podjetja iz Evropske unije morajo biti na splošno obravnavana enako kot domači ponudniki storitev.
EU companies have to be treated in general equal to domestic service providers.
Večja konkurenca v sektorjih, kot sta bančništvo in telekomunikacije, bi lahko pomembno prispevala k razvoju.
More competition in sectors such as banking and telecommunication could provide important contributions for development.
Evropska unija je za državljane držav CARIFORUM-a sicer odprla sektor storitev, vendar pogoji zelo omejujejo zagotavljanje storitev.
The EU has opened its service sector for nationals of the CARIFORUM countries, but conditions are limiting strongly the provision of services.
Zaposlitvene in trgovinske priložnosti bi lahko bile za države CARIFORUM-a manj ugodne, kot je bilo pričakovati.
Gains for employment and trade opportunities may be less favourable for the CARIFORUM countries' development than expected.
Afriške in pacifiške države AKP morajo biti pri vključevanju storitvenih sektorjev v sporazume o gospodarskem partnerstvu zelo previdne, saj so lahko njihove koristi glede razvoja majhne.
Africa and Pacific ACP states need to be very careful when including the service sector in the EPAs as the gains for development may be small.
· Neposredne tuje investicije
· Foreign Direct Investment
Da bi države AKP lahko privabile neposredne tuje investicije, mora biti morebitnim vlagateljem zagotovljena varnost preglednih in stabilnih pravil.
In order for ACP countries to attract Foreign Direct Investment, potential investors need to be offered the security of transparent and stable rules.
Glede tega sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu za države CARIFORUM-a vključuje poglavje o naložbah.
In this respect, the CARIFORUM EPA includes a chapter on investment.
Države odpirajo svoje trge za naložbe na različnih področjih, vključno z rudarstvom, distribucijo elektrike in plina, kmetijstvom, gozdarstvom in proizvodnjo.
Countries are opening their markets for investments in different areas, including mining, distribution of electricity and gas, agriculture, forestry and manufacturing.
Medtem ko so regionalni in evropski vlagatelji dolžni upoštevati okoljske in delovne standarde, so se karibske države na splošno odpovedale pravicam do uvedbe zaščitnih ukrepov za naložbe, s katerimi bi lahko omejile ali vplivale na regionalne ali evropske vlagatelje, če bi njihovi ukrepi lahko škodovali domačemu trgu ali življenjskim pogojem.
While regional and EU investors are obliged to respect environmental and labour standards, the Caribbean countries have in general given up their rights to introduce investment safeguard measures to limit or influence regional and EU investors in case that their actions may harm domestic markets or living conditions.
· Javno naročanje
· Public Procurement
Pregledna pravila o javnih naročilih lahko s povečanjem konkurenčnosti in manjšo porabo izboljšajo učinkovitost javne porabe.
Transparent rules on public procurement can help improve the effectiveness of public spending, by increasing competitiveness and reducing spending.
Prav tako lahko predstavljajo pomembno orodje pri preprečevanju korupcije.
It can also be an important tool in combating corruption.
Vendar pa sporazum o gospodarskem partnerstvu z državami CARIFORUM-a vsebuje klavzulo, ki pozneje dopušča „nacionalno obravnavo“ dobaviteljev iz EU.
However, The CARIFORUM EPA contains a clause to grant 'national treatment' to EU suppliers at a later date.
Ta določba lahko v prihodnje negativno vpliva na podporo domačim dobaviteljem in onemogoča razvoj industrij v sektorjih, ki imajo koristi od javnih naročil.
This provision may in the future undermine any support for domestic suppliers and stop development of industries in sectors benefiting from public procurement.
Po drugi strani pa ne bi smeli zanemariti dejstva, da bi z večjo konkurenco in cenejšo ponudbo za javne projekte lahko prihranili sredstva, ki bi jih lahko uporabili za prave razvojne projekte.
On the other hand, it should not be neglected that more competition and cheaper offers for public projects could save public money that could be used for genuine development projects.
· Pomoč za trgovino
· Aid for Trade
Treba je okrepiti razvojni element sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu in zavezujoče obveze za pomoč pri trgovini, ki je vključena v celovite sporazume.
The development element of the EPAs needs to be reinforced and binding commitments for Aid for Trade included in the full agreements.
Za oblikovanje prihodnjih ukrepov pomoči za trgovino bo ključno leto 2008.
The year 2008 will be crucial for the design of future Aid for Trade (AfT) measures.
Tudi če pomoč za trgovino, ki jo ponuja Evropska unija, delno zagotavlja dodatno financiranje, bi bilo mogoče sredstva porabiti premišljeno in tako omejiti negativne vplive sporazumov o gospodarskem sodelovanju ter jih uporabiti za spodbujanje nadaljnjega gospodarskega in administrativnega razvoja držav AKP.
Even if the EU's Aid for Trade will only in part provide additional financing, the funds could be used in a concise way to limit negative effects of the EPAs and to use the EPAs to push the economic and administrative development of the ACP countries forward.
Pomembna je vključitev pomoči za trgovino v dobro zastavljene nacionalne in regionalne razvojne strategije, ki so v pristojnosti držav AKP.
The integration of AfT in well-designed national and regional development strategies, which are in the responsibility of the ACP countries, is important.
O večini nacionalnih okvirnih programov za 10. evropski razvojni sklad, ki večinoma ne vsebujejo specifičnih programov za pomoč za trgovino, že potekajo pogajanja, je pa še nekaj prostora za vključitev prihodnjih potreb.
Most National Indicative Programmes for the 10 th EDF are already negotiated, containing mostly no specific AfT programmes, but leaving some flexibility to include upcoming needs.
Regionalni okvirni programi še niso izoblikovani.
Regional Indicative Programmes are not yet finalised.
Komisija in države AKP morajo zagotoviti, da bodo vsebovali pomembne komponente pomoči za trgovino, predvsem za nadomeščanje izgub prihodkov, razvoj upravnih zmogljivosti v korist dobrega upravljanja, podporne ukrepe za večjo konkurenčnost ključnih gospodarskih panog, odvisno od posebnih okoliščin in zmožnosti za trgovino vsake posamezne države.
Commission and ACP countries should ensure that they contain important AfT components, particular in view of offsetting revenue losses, administrative capacity building in favour of good governance and support measure to improve competitiveness of key economic sectors, depending on each country´s specific situation and trading possibilities.
Sklepne opombe
Concluding remarks
Sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu so bili zasnovani zato, da bi s trgovinskim in regionalnim povezovanjem v državah AKP spodbujali razvoj in boljše upravljanje.
The Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) have been designed to encourage development and better governance through trade and regional integration in the ACP countries.
Med pogajanji pa so številni afriški in evropski partnerji dobili vtis, da bi s temi sporazumi številne države AKP prej izgubile kot pridobile.
But during negotiations many African but also European stakeholders got the impression that a number of ACP countries could stand to lose, rather than win with EPAs.
Evropska komisija je vedno znova poudarjala, da bi s temi sporazumi spodbudili države AKP k izvajanju reform za dobro upravljanje, zlasti upravljanje javnih financ, zato da bi razvili gospodarstvo ter dosegli večjo mednarodno konkurenčnost.
The European Commission repeatedly underlined that the EPAs would be an incentive for the ACP countries to undertake reforms towards good governance, in particular in public financial management, for the development of its own economies in order to improve international competitiveness.
Vendar pa obstaja nevarnost, da so administracije držav AKP za sklenitev sporazumov o gospodarskem partnerstvu, zlasti afriške, preprosto preveč obremenjene in se ne bodo mogle spopasti z dodatnim bremenom, razen če Evropska unija ne bo zagotovila dolgoročnejše podpore glede krepitve zmogljivosti.
However, there are risks that the administrations of the ACP EPA partners, in particular in Africa, are simply overcharged and will not be able to cope with the additional burden - unless far-reaching capacity-building support comes from the EU side.
Kljub temu ne smemo pozabiti, da lahko sporazumi o gospodarskem partnerstvu izboljšajo in krepijo dobro upravljanje v državah AKP, predvsem v afriških državah.
Nevertheless one should keep in mind that EPAs have potential to improve and strengthen good governance in the ACP countries, especially in African countries.