natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
V obrazložitvenem memorandumu k predlogu Komisije
According to the explanatory memorandum to the Commission proposal
KOM(2008) 790 konč. sta cilj in vsebina predloga direktive takole opisana:
COM(2008) 790 final. , the aim and content of the proposal for a directive are as follows:
„Cilj tega osnutka direktive o vzpostavitvi okvira Skupnosti za jedrsko varnost je ponovno začeti postopek za vzpostavitev skupnega okvira EU za jedrsko varnost s posodobitvijo in nadomestitvijo predloga Komisije za direktivo Sveta (Euratom) o določitvi osnovnih obveznosti in splošnih načel o varnosti jedrskih objektov
“The present draft Directive setting up a Community framework on Nuclear Safety aims at re-starting the process of establishing a common EU framework on nuclear safety, by updating and replacing the Commission proposal for a Council (Euratom) Directive setting out basic obligations and general principles on the safety of nuclear installations
KOM(2003) 32 konč. in KOM(2004) 526 konč. , ki je vključen v začetni paket na področju jedrske varnosti.
COM(2003)32 final and COM(2004)526 final , included in the initial Nuclear Safety Package.
Zaradi obnovljenega zanimanja za jedrsko energijo, ki so ga izrazile številne države članice, z možnostjo več podaljšanj življenjske dobe objektov in gradenj novih elektrarn, je čas za pripravo tega spremenjenega predloga še posebej primeren.
The renewed interest in nuclear power expressed by a number of Member States, with the perspective of numerous life extensions and construction of new plants, makes the timing of this revised proposal particularly appropriate.
Jasno je, da se posledice radioloških nesreč ne ustavijo na mejah ter ne vplivajo le na zdravje delavcev in državljanov, ampak imajo tudi obsežne gospodarske posledice za industrijo proizvodnje energije.
It is evident that the effects of radiological incidents do not stop at borders, with potential consequences both for the health of workers and citizens, but also wide ranging economic implications for the energy generating industry.
Z vključitvijo mednarodno priznanih načel jedrske varnosti v zavezujočo zakonodajo Skupnosti bi se prebivalstvu EU zagotovila dodatna raven jamstva, saj bi bila zagotovljena pravna varnost.
Enacting in binding Community legislation internationally endorsed nuclear safety principles would ensure an additional level of guarantee for the public in the EU at large, by providing legal certainty.
Njegov osnovni pristop je, da se sklop skupnih načel s področja jedrske varnosti, ki so že vključena v Konvencijo o jedrski varnosti, ureja na ravni Skupnosti ter dopolni z dodatnimi varnostnimi zahtevami za nove jedrske reaktorje, za katere se države članice spodbuja, da jih razvijajo v skladu z načelom stalnega izboljševanja varnosti, na podlagi varnostnih ravni, ki jih je razvilo Združenje zahodnoevropskih upravnih organov za jedrsko varnost, ter v tesnem sodelovanju z evropsko skupino na visoki ravni za jedrsko varnost in ravnanje z jedrskimi odpadki.
Its basic approach is that a set of common principles in the field of nuclear safety, already included in the CNS, are regulated at Community level, supplemented with additional safety requirements for new nuclear power reactors, which Member States are encouraged to develop in line with the principle of continuous improvement of safety, on the basis of the safety levels developed by WENRA and in close collaboration with the European High Level Group on Nuclear Safety and Waste Management (HLG).
Na podlagi desetih načel za ureditev jedrske varnosti, ki jih je sprejela, bo skupina postala osrednja točka za sodelovanje med upravnimi organi, ki so zadolženi za varnost jedrskih objektov v državah članicah, in bo prispevala k razvoju okvira EU za jedrsko varnost.
Based on the ten principles for the regulation of nuclear safety adopted by it, the group will become the focal point for cooperation between the regulatory bodies charged with the safety of nuclear installations in the Member States and will contribute to the development of the EU nuclear safety framework.
Splošni cilj predloga je doseči, vzdrževati in stalno izboljševati jedrsko varnost v Skupnosti ter izboljšati vlogo upravnih organov.
The general objective of the proposal is to achieve, maintain and continuously improve nuclear safety in the Community and to enhance the role of the regulatory bodies.
Področje uporabe predloga je načrtovanje, izbira lokacije, gradnja, vzdrževanje, delovanje in razgradnja jedrskih objektov, za katere zakonodajni in regulativni okvir zadevnih držav članic zahtevata upoštevanje varnosti.
Its scope of application is the design, siting, construction, maintenance, operation and decommissioning of nuclear installations, for which consideration of safety is required under the legislative and regulatory framework of the Member State concerned.
Pravica vsake države članice, da se sama odloči, ali bo uporabljala jedrsko energijo ali ne, je priznana in se popolnoma spoštuje.
The right of each Member State to decide to use nuclear energy or not is recognised and fully respected.
S tem okvirom Skupnosti za jedrsko varnost naj bi se uresničilo več operativnih ciljev, in sicer izboljšanje vloge nacionalnih upravnih organov, primarno odgovornost imetnika dovoljenja za varnost pod nadzorom upravnega organa, povečanje neodvisnosti upravnega organa, zagotavljanje visoke ravni preglednosti pri vprašanjih v zvezi z varnostjo jedrskih objektov, uvedbo sistemov za upravljanje, redne varnostne preglede, razpoložljivost strokovnjakov s področja jedrske varnosti ter dajanje prednosti varnosti.”
By means of this Community nuclear safety framework, several operational objectives are envisaged to be achieved, namely enhancing the role of national regulators, prime responsibility of the licence holder for safety under the control of the regulatory body, reinforcing the independence of the regulatory body, ensuring a high level of transparency on issues related to the safety of nuclear installations, implementation of management systems, regular safety supervision, availability of nuclear safety expertise, priority to safety.”
Normativni del in uvodne izjave predlagane direktive
The enacting terms and recitals of the proposed directive
V tem delu bo pozornost posvečena tistim določbam, ki se nanašajo posebej na okoljske vidike.
In this section, attention will be drawn to any provisions specifically referring to environmental aspects.
V členu 1 sta določena cilj in področje delovanja direktive, zlasti „doseganje, vzdrževanje in stalno izboljševanje jedrske varnosti v Skupnosti ter izboljšanje vloge nacionalnih upravnih organov”.
Article 1 sets out the objective and scope of the directive, namely “achieving, maintaining and continuously improving nuclear safety in the Community and to enhance the role of the national regulatory bodies”.
Uporablja se za „načrtovanje, izbiro lokacije, gradnjo, vzdrževanje, delovanje in razgradnjo jedrskih objektov, za katere zakonodajni in regulativni okvir zadevnih držav članic zahteva upoštevanje varnosti”.
It is to apply to “the design, siting, construction, maintenance, operation and decommissioning of nuclear installations, for which consideration of safety is required under the legislative and regulatory framework of the Member State concerned”.
Direktiva velja izrecno brez poseganja v Direktivo Sveta 96/29/Euratom z dne 13. maja 1996 o določitvi temeljnih varnostnih standardov za varstvo zdravja delavcev in prebivalstva pred nevarnostmi zaradi ionizirajočega sevanja
The directive is stated to be without prejudice to Council Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation
UL L 159, 29.6.1996, str.
OJ L 159, 29.6.1996, p.
1. , ki v skladu z uvodno izjavo 3 določa temeljne varnostne standarde.
1. , which, as recital 3 makes clear, establishes the basic safety standards.
V členu je tudi določeno, da lahko vsaka država članica sama odloča o tem, ali bo imela svoj civilni jedrski program ali ne.
This article also states that each Member State is free to decide whether or not to operate a civil nuclear programme of its own.
Člen 2 obsega opredelitve izrazov.
Article 2 sets out the definitions.
Treba je opozoriti, da je „jedrska varnost“ opredeljena kot „doseganje ustreznih delovnih pogojev z ukrepi, sprejetimi za preprečevanje nesreč ali blažitev njihovih posledic, katerih rezultat je varstvo delavcev, prebivalstva ter zraka, vode in prsti pred nepotrebnimi nevarnostmi sevanja iz jedrskih objektov” (tisk je bil dodatno okrepljen).
Attention is drawn to the fact that it defines “nuclear safety” as “the achievement of proper operating conditions through measures taken with a view to the prevention of accidents or mitigation of accident consequences, resulting in protection of workers, general public and the air, water and soil from undue radiation hazards arising from nuclear installations” (emphasis supplied).
Člen 3 določa, da je za varnost jedrskih objektov v prvi vrsti odgovoren imetnik dovoljenja in da morajo države članice vzpostaviti in vzdrževati zakonodajni in regulativni okvir (nacionalne varnostne zahteve, sistem za izdajo dovoljenj in njihov nadzor ter sistem regulativnega nadzora).
Article 3 provides that prime responsibility for the safety of nuclear installations lies with the licence holder and that Member States are to establish and maintain a legislative and regulatory framework (national safety requirements, a system of licensing and control and a system of regulatory supervision).
Člen 4 obravnava upravne organe (ki so neodvisni, imajo ustrezna pooblastila, pristojnosti ter dovolj sredstev in osebja), ki podeljujejo dovoljenja in spremljajo pravilnost njihove uporabe.
Article 4 deals with regulatory bodies (with independence, authority, competence and sufficient funding and personnel), which are to grant licences and have monitoring functions.
Upravni organi in nacionalni regulativni sistemi so vsakih deset let predmet mednarodnega strokovnega pregleda.
The regulatory bodies and national regulatory systems are to be subject to international peer review every ten years.
Člen 5 obravnava vprašanje preglednosti (javno obveščanje).
Article 5 treats of transparency (public information).
Člen 6 določa, da morajo države članice spoštovati temeljna varnostna načela IAEA, da se zagotovi „visoka raven varnosti jedrskih objektov, vključno z, med drugim, učinkovitimi ureditvami proti možnim radiološkim nevarnostim, preprečevanjem nesreč in odzivom nanje, obvladovanjem staranja, dolgoročnim ravnanjem z vsemi proizvedenimi radioaktivnimi snovmi ter obveščanjem prebivalstva in organov sosednjih držav”.
Article 6 provides that the Member States are to respect the IAEA safety fundamentals so as to ensure “a high level of safety in nuclear installations, including inter alia effective arrangements against potential radiological hazards, accident prevention and response, ageing management, long term management of all produced radioactive materials and information of the population and the authorities of neighbouring States”.
Prav tako morajo izdelati dodatne varnostne zahteve na osnovi varnostnih predpisov, ki jih je razvilo Združenje zahodnoevropskih upravnih organov za jedrsko varnost.
They are also to develop additional safety requirements on the basis of the safety requirements developed by the WENRA.
Člen 7 določa obveznosti imetnikov dovoljenj, v členu 8 se obravnava nadzor.
Article 7 sets out the obligations of licence holders and Article 8 deals with supervision.
V členu 9 je določeno izobraževanje in usposabljanje.
Article 9 provides for education and training.
Člen 10 navaja, da lahko države članice določijo strožje varnostne ukrepe.
Article 10 states that Member States may lay down more stringent safety measures.
Člen 11, 12, 13 in 14 obravnavajo poročanje, prenos, začetek veljavnosti in naslovnike te direktive.
Articles 11, 12, 13 and 14 deal respectively with reporting, transposition, entry into force and the addressees of the directive.
V preambuli direktive ni posebnega sklicevanja na varstvo okolja, čeprav uvodna izjava 5 opozarja na učinkovito obrambo pred radiološkimi tveganji in nesrečami, ki bi lahko imele radiološke posledice, kar bi lahko tolmačili kot obravnavo nevarnosti za okolje.
The preamble to the directive contains no specific reference to environment protection, although recital 5 does refer to effective defences against radiological risks and accidents which could have radiological consequences, which could be construed as covering threats to the environment.
Ostale uvodne izjave utemeljujejo določbe normativnega dela ter se sklicujejo na člen 2(b) Pogodbe Euratom (v skladu s katerim Skupnost določi enotne varnostne standarde za varovanje zdravja delavcev in prebivalstva ter zagotavlja njihovo uporabo) in na člen 30 (ki je zgoraj naveden).
The remaining recitals justify the provisions of the enacting terms, while referring to Article 2(b) EURATOM (according to which the Community is to establish uniform safety standards to protect the health of workers and of the general public and ensure that they are applied) and Article 30 (quoted above).
Glavni namen direktive je določen v uvodni izjavi 5: „Čeprav sistem za zaščito pred sevanjem, ki izhaja iz obstoječih temeljnih varnostnih standardov ob upoštevanju sedanjega strokovnega znanja, zagotavlja visoko raven varstva zdravja prebivalstva, ga je treba nadalje dopolniti, da se zagotovijo vzdrževanje, razvoj in stalno izboljševanje visoke ravni varstva jedrskih objektov.
The main ground for the directive is set out in Recital 5: “Although the system of radiation protection established by the existing basic safety standards, taking into account the current scientific knowledge, ensures a high level of protection for the health of the population, it should be further supplemented to ensure that a high level of safety of nuclear installations is maintained, developed and continuously improved.
Ohranjanje visoke ravni varnosti od načrtovanja do razgradnje je obvezen pogoj za popolno uresničitev ciljev varovanja zdravja iz člena 2(b) Pogodbe.
Keeping up a high level of safety from design to decommissioning is a sine qua non condition in order to fully attain the objectives of health protection set out in Article 2(b) of the Treaty.
V ta namen je treba vzdrževati učinkovito obrambo pred radiološkimi tveganji, poleg tega pa je treba preprečevati nesreče, ki imajo lahko radiološke posledice.”
For this purpose effective defences against radiological risks should be maintained and accidents which could have radiological consequences should be prevented.”
Glavna sprememba, predlagana v osnutku poročila odbora za industrijo (PR\764148SL.doc; poročevalec: Gunnar Hökmark), je, da se direktivi doda priloga, ki bo določala temeljna varnostna načela IAE, spremenjena tako, da bodo „določbe prilagojene obveznostim držav članic”, saj jih v pravo Skupnosti „ni mogoče vključiti zgolj s sklicevanjem na varnostne standarde IAEA, serija št.
The main change proposed in the Industry Committee’s draft report (PR\764148EN.doc; rapporteur: Gunnar Hökmark) is to add an annex setting out the relevant IAE fundamental principles “redrafted to adapt its provisions to Member States’ obligations” on the ground that they “They cannot be introduced into Community law by simple reference to the IAEA Safety Standards Series No.
SF-1 (2006), v tej direktivi” (predlog spremembe 1 k uvodni izjavi 10).
SF-1 (2006) in this Directive” (Amendment 1 to recital 10).
Treba je opozoriti, da ta načela pogosto odražajo okoljevarstveno problematiko, na primer: varen nadzor nad radioaktivnimi odpadki, ravnanje z radioaktivnimi odpadki, obvladovanje radioaktivnosti (izraženo na splošno, upoštevanje okoljskih dejavnikov, zaščita sedanjih in prihodnjih generacij - ljudi in okolja, škodljivi vplivi na okolje, itd.).
It is noted that these principles often reflect environment protection concerns, for example: safe control of all radioactive waste, radioactive waste management, radioactive risk management (expressed in general terms, taking account of environmental factors, protection of present and future generations – people and the environment, harmful effects to the environment, etc.).
Bolj specifičen je dolg odstavek o okolju, vsebovan v načelu 8, ki ga je vredno v celoti navesti: „Medtem ko so učinki izpostavljenosti sevanju na človeško zdravje relativno dobro poznani, čeprav je nekaj nejasnosti, so bili učinki na okolje precej manj natančno raziskani .
More specifically, principle 8 has a long passage on the environment which is worth quoting in extenso : “ Whereas the effects of radiation exposure on human health are relatively well understood, albeit with uncertainties , the effects of radiation on the environment have been less thoroughly investigated.
Sedanji sistem zaščite pred sevanjem na splošno zagotavlja ustrezno zaščito ekosistemov v človekovem okolju pred škodljivimi učinki izpostavljenosti sevanju.
The present system of radiation protection generally provides appropriate protection of ecosystems in the human environment against harmful effects of radiation exposure.
Splošni namen teh ukrepov, sprejetih zaradi varstva okolja, je bil zaščititi ekosisteme pred izpostavljenostjo sevanju, ki bi škodljivo vplivala na populacije vrst (za razliko od posameznih organizmov).”
The general intent of the measures taken for the purposes of environmental protection has been to protect ecosystems against radiation exposure that would have adverse consequences for populations of a species (as distinct from individual organisms ).”
Noben drug predlog spremembe v osnutku poročila odbora za industrijo se ne sklicuje tako neposredno na varstvo okolja kot takšno.
None of the other amendments contained in the Industry Committee’s draft report contain any direct reference to environment protection as such.
Isto velja za mnenje odbora za okolje (AD/775321SL.doc); poročevalka: Rebecca Harms).
The same is true of the Environment Committee’s opinion (AD/775321EN.doc); rapporteur: Rebecca Harms).
Na osnovi te razčlembe se zdi, da je osrednja tema predlagane direktive jedrska varnost na splošno in je njen namen dopolniti osnovne standarde iz direktive Sveta 96/29/Euratom, da se zagotovi ohranjanje, razvoj in neprestano izboljševanje visoke ravni varnosti jedrskih objektov.
It would appear from this analysis that the centre of gravity of the proposed directive is nuclear safety in general terms, its aim being to supplement the basic standards laid down in Council Directive 96/29/Euratom in order to ensure that a high level of safety of nuclear installations is maintained, developed and continuously improved.
Če pa odmislimo to, je bistvo instrumenta vendarle v dopolnitvi obstoječega sistema standardov zaščite pred sevanjem iz direktive 96/29/Euratom za zaščito zdravja delavcev in prebivalstva pred nevarnostmi zaradi ionizirajočega sevanja in se v nobeni od določb v predlagani direktivi ne obravnava neposredno preprečevanje nevarnosti za okolje.
This having been said, however, the main thrust of the instrument is to supplement the existing system of radiation standards laid down by Directive 96/29/Euratom for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation and none of the provisions set out in the proposed directive are designed to deal specifically with protection against threats to the environment.
Predlagana direktiva (vključno s predlagano prilogo) od držav članic dejansko zahteva le, da spoštujejo varnostna načela IAEA, ne da bi opredelila, kako naj bi to tehnično izvedle, ter določila pristojnosti in dolžnosti imetnikov dovoljenj ter upravnih organov.
Indeed, the proposed directive (including the proposed annex) boils down simply to requiring the Member States to respect IAEA safety principles without specifying how they should do so in technical terms and to set out the responsibilities and tasks of licence holders and regulators.
Ne obsega niti ene določbe v zvezi s tehnološkimi vidi jedrske varnosti.
It does not embody any provision relating to technological aspects of nuclear safety.
Že dejstvo, da je uporabljen izraz „načela”, pove vse.
The use of the term “principles” says it all.
Če to odmislimo, pa bi bil člen 175(1) Pogodbe o ES nedvomno primeren kot pravna podlaga, če bi Skupnost na primer na osnovi načela 8 izdelala specifično zakonodajo, namenjeno zaščiti ekosistemov v človekovem okolju pred škodljivimi vplivi zaradi izpostavljenosti sevanju.
This having been said, however, if, say, the Community were to develop principle 8 in specific legislation relating to the protection of ecosystems in the human environment against harmful effects of radiation exposure, there would be little doubt that the proper legal basis would be Article 175(1) of the EC Treaty.
Primerna pravna podlaga
The proper legal basis
Komisija utemeljuje izbiro pravne podlage tako:
The Commission justifies its choice of legal basis as follows:
„Pravna podlaga za ta predlog je člen 31 Pogodbe Euratom v povezavi s členom 32 Pogodbe.
“The legal basis for this proposal is Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty, in connection with Article 32 thereof.
Člen 31 opredeljuje postopek za sprejemanje temeljnih varnostnih standardov, določenih v členu 30 za varovanje zdravja delavcev in prebivalstva pred nevarnostmi, ki izvirajo iz ionizirajočega sevanja.
Article 31 defines the procedure for the adoption of the basic safety standards provided for in Article 30 for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation.
Člen 32 izrecno navaja, da je temeljne standarde mogoče dopolniti v skladu s postopkom iz člena 31.”
Article 32 explicitly states that the basic standards might be supplemented in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 31.”
Nekateri poslanci so izrazili naslednje pomisleke glede predlagane pravne podlage.
The following doubts have been raised by various Members about the proposed legal basis.
Člen 31 Pogodbe Euratom je del Poglavja III z naslovom „Varovanje zdravja”.
Article 31 EURATOM is to be found in Chapter 3, entitled “Health and Safety”.
Poleg tega je v preambuli Pogodbe Euratom določeno, da države podpisnice skrbijo „za vzpostavitev varnostnih razmer, s katerimi bo odpravljena nevarnost za življenje in zdravje prebivalstva”.
Further, the EURATOM preamble specifies that signatory States are "anxious to create the conditions of safety necessary to eliminate hazards to the life and health of the public".
Navaja se, da so standardi, ki naj bi jih po tej določbi sprejeli, povezani z varovanjem „zdravja delavcev in prebivalstva pred nevarnostmi, ki izvirajo iz ionizirajočih sevanj” (člen 30).
It is argued that the standards to be adopted under this provision relate to “the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiations” (Article 30).
Pravzaprav je člen 30 le osnova sistema za zaščito pred sevanjem, ki opredeljuje največje dovoljene doze in ravni izpostavljenosti ter kontaminacije.
In fact, Article 30 establishes only the basis for a system of radiation protection by defining maximum permissible doses and levels of exposures and contamination.
Vendar pa predlog in še bolj predlogi poročevalca (priloga, v kateri so zajeta varnostna načela) obravnavajo tehnične vidike jedrske varnosti, ki domnevno presegajo meje pristojnosti Skupnosti po pogodbi Euratom.
Yet the proposal and, even more so, the Rapporteur's suggestions (the annex covering safety principles) cover the technological aspects of nuclear safety, which, it is alleged, clearly go beyond the limits of the Community competence under EURATOM.
Poleg tega vsebuje člen 2(2) predloga novo opredelitev „jedrske varnosti”.
Furthermore, Article 2(2) of the proposal contains a new definition of “nuclear safety”.