natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Véronique De Keyser, Kinga Gál, Liisa Jaakonsaari, Elisabeth Jeggle, Evgeni Kirilov, Georgios Kumucakos (Georgios Koumoutsakos), Barbara Lochbihler, Norbert Neuser, Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl, György Schöpflin, Indrek Tarand
Véronique De Keyser, Kinga Gál, Liisa Jaakonsaari, Elisabeth Jeggle, Evgeni Kirilov, Georgios Koumoutsakos, Barbara Lochbihler, Norbert Neuser, Miroslav Ouzký, Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl, György Schöpflin, Indrek Tarand
William (grof) Dartmouthski (William (The Earl of) Dartmouth)
William (The Earl of) Dartmouth
William grof Darthmouthski (William (The Earl of) Dartmouth,) Laima Liucija Andrikienė, Kader Arif, David Campbell Bannerman, Christofer Fjellner, Metin Kazak, David Martin, Emilio Menéndez del Valle, Vital Moreira, Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl, Niccolò Rinaldi, Tokia Saïfi, Helmut Scholz, Peter Šťastný, Robert Sturdy, Gianluca Susta, Keith Taylor, Iuliu Winkler, Pablo Zalba Bidegain, Paweł Zalewski
William (The Earl of) Dartmouth, Laima Liucija Andrikienė, Kader Arif, David Campbell Bannerman, Christofer Fjellner, Metin Kazak, David Martin, Emilio Menéndez del Valle, Vital Moreira, Godelieve Quisthoudt-Rowohl, Niccolò Rinaldi, Tokia Saïfi, Helmut Scholz, Peter Šťastný, Robert Sturdy, Gianluca Susta, Keith Taylor, Iuliu Winkler, Pablo Zalba Bidegain, Paweł Zalewski
o prihodnji evropski mednarodni naložbeni politiki
on the future European international investment policy
o prihodnji evropski mednarodni naložbeni politiki
on the f uture European international investment policy
– ob upoštevanju sklepov Sveta z dne 25. oktobra 2010 o celoviti evropski mednarodni naložbeni politiki
– having regard to the Council Conclusions of 25 October 2010 on a comprehensive European international investment policy
– ob upoštevanju posodobljenih smernic OECD za večnacionalna podjetja,
– having regard to the updated OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises,
– ob upoštevanju sodne prakse Sodišča Evropske unije o neuspešnosti držav članic pri izpolnjevanju svojih obveznosti in zlasti sodbe z dne 3. marca 2009 v zadevi Komisija proti Avstriji (primer C-205/06), sodbe z dne 3. marca 2009 v zadevi Komisija proti Švedski (primer C-249/06) in sodbe z dne 19. novembra 2009 v zadevi Komisija proti Finski (primer C-118/07),
– having regard to the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the failure by Member States to fulfil their obligations, and notably to the judgment of 3 March 2009 in Commission v Austria (Case C‑205/06), the judgment of 3 March 2009 in Commission v Sweden (Case C‑249/06), and the judgment of 19 November 2009 in Commission v Finland (Case C‑118/07),
A. ker so v skladu z Lizbonsko pogodbo tuje neposredne naložbe v izključni pristojnosti EU, kakor določajo členi 3(1)(e), 206 in 207 Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije (PDEU),
A. whereas the Treaty of Lisbon brought foreign direct investment (FDI) under exclusive EU competence, as enshrined in Articles 3(1)(e), 206 and 207 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU),
B. ker so države članice na dvostranski ravni od leta 1959 sklenile več kot 1200 dvostranskih sporazumov o naložbah, skupno pa je bilo sklenjenih skupaj približno 3000 dvostranskih sporazumov o naložbah,
B. whereas since 1959 more than 1 200 bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have been concluded by the Member States at bilateral level and nearly 3 000 BITs have been concluded in total,
C. ker je splošno znano, da notranje naložbe lahko izboljšajo konkurenčnost držav gostiteljic, medtem ko se lahko v primeru zunanjih naložb pojavi potreba po pomoči za prilagajanje nizko usposobljenih delavcev; ker je vsaka vlada dolžna spodbujati koristne ter preprečevati vse škodljive učinke naložb,
C. whereas it is generally acknowledged that inward investment can improve host countries’ competitiveness but adjustment assistance for low-skilled workers may be necessary in the case of outward investment; whereas it is the responsibility of any government to encourage the beneficial impacts of investments while preventing any harmful effects,
D. ker člena 206 in 207 PDEU ne opredeljujeta tujih neposrednih naložb, ker je Sodišče Evropske unije
D. whereas Articles 206 and 207 TFEU do not define FDI, whereas the Court of Justice of the European Union
E. ker nekatere države članice uporabljajo široke opredelitve pojma "tuji vlagatelj", v skladu s katerimi je mogoče "državljanstvo" podjetja opredeliti že na podlagi poštnega naslova, ker je to nekaterim podjetjem omogočilo sprožitev sodnih postopkov zoper lastne države preko dvostranskih sporazumov o naložbah, ki so jih podpisale tretje države, ker bi moralo vsako evropsko podjetje imeti možnost, da se zanese na prihodnje sporazume EU o naložbah ali sporazume o prosti trgovini, ki vsebujejo poglavja o naložbah,
E. whereas some Member States use broad definitions of the term ‘foreign investor’, with a simple postal address deemed sufficient to determine the nationality of an enterprise, whereas this has enabled some enterprises to file suits against their own countries via BITs signed by third countries, whereas any European company should be able to rely on future EU investment agreements or free trade agreements (FTAs) with investment chapters,
F. ker je pojav novih držav v vlogi lokalnih ali svetovnih sil z veliko naložbeno zmogljivostjo spremenil klasično dojemanje, po katerem so bile razvite države edine vlagateljice,
F. whereas the emergence of new countries with strong investment capacity as local or global powers has changed the classic view whereby the only investors were from developed countries,
G. ker so po prvih primerih reševanja sporov v 90. letih prejšnjega stoletja in kljub na splošno pozitivnim izkušnjam postale razvidne nekatere težave zaradi uporabe nejasnega jezika v sporazumih, kar je omogočilo različna tolmačenja, zlasti v zvezi z možnostjo navzkrižja med zasebnimi interesi in regulativno vlogo javnih organov, na primer, ko je sprejetje legitimne zakonodaje povzročilo, da so mednarodni razsodniki obsodili državo zaradi kršitve načela „poštene in enakopravne obravnave“,
G. whereas after the first dispute settlement cases of the 1990s, and in spite of generally positive experiences, a number of problems became clear because of the use of vague language in agreements being left open for interpretation, particularly concerning the possibility of conflict between private interests and the regulatory tasks of public authorities, for example in cases where the adoption of legitimate legislation led to a state being condemned by international arbitrators for a breach of the principle of ‘fair and equitable treatment’,
H. ker so Združene države Amerike in Kanada, ki se uvrščajo med prve države, ki so se soočile s takšnimi sodbami, prilagodile svoj model dvostranskih sporazumov o naložbah, da bi tako omejile diskrecijsko pravico arbitraže, kar zadeva razlago, in zagotovile boljšo zaščito svojih območij javne intervencije,
H. whereas the USA and Canada, which were among the first states to face such rulings, have adapted their model BITs in order to restrict the breadth of interpretation by the arbitration and ensure better protection of their public intervention domain,
I. ker je Komisija sestavila seznam držav, ki jih je treba obravnavati kot prednostne partnerke pri pogajanjih o prvih sporazumih o naložbah (Kanada, Kitajska, Indija, MERCOSUR, Rusija in Singapur),
I. whereas the Commission has compiled a list of countries which will be privileged partners for the negotiation of the first investment agreements (Canada, China, India, Mercosur, Russia and Singapore),
J. ker bo novoustanovljena Evropska služba za zunanje delovanje okrepila tudi prisotnost in vlogo EU v svetu, vključno s promocijo in zaščito trgovinskih ciljev EU, tudi na področju naložb,
J. whereas the newly established European External Action Service (EEAS) shall also reinforce the EU’s global presence and role, including the promotion and defence of the EU’s trade goals, in the investment field,
3. ugotavlja, da je EU pomembna gospodarska sila, ki ima precejšnjo težo v pogajanjih; meni, da bo skupna naložbena politika izpolnila na pričakovanja tako vlagateljev kot zainteresiranih držav in bo prispevala k dvigu konkurenčnosti EU in njenih podjetij ter k povečanju zaposlovanja;
Notes that the EU is an important economic bloc that carries considerable weight in negotiations; believes that a common policy on investment will meet the expectations of both investors and the states concerned and help increase the competitiveness of the EU and its businesses and to increase employment;
6. pozdravlja sporočilo Komisije "Za dosego celovite evropske mednarodne naložbene politike", vendar poudarja, da bi moralo, medtem ko se obširno osredotoča na zaščito vlagateljev, boljše obravnavati pravico do zaščite javne vloge regulacije in uresničevati zaveze EU za izvajanje usklajenih politik za razvoj;
Welcomes the Commission’s Communication ‘Towards a comprehensive European international investment policy’ but stresses that, while focusing extensively on investor protection, it should better address the right to protect the public capacity to regulate and meet the EU’s obligation to exercise policy coherence for development;
8. poziva Komisijo, naj upošteva izkušnje, pridobljene na večstranski in dvostranski ravni, zlasti v zvezi z neuspehom pogajanj OECD o večstranskem sporazumu o naložbah;
Calls on the Commission to bear in mind the lessons learnt on a multilateral, plurilateral and bilateral level, in particular regarding the failure of OECD negotiations on a Multilateral Agreement on Investment;
Opredelitev pojmov in področje uporabe
Definitions and scope
13. poziva k uvedbi izraza „vlagatelj iz EU“, ki bi ob upoštevanju člena 207 PDEU poudarjal pomen enakega spodbujanja vlagateljev iz vseh držav članic z enakopravnim zagotavljanjem pogojev za delovanje in zaščito njihovih naložb;
Calls for the introduction of the term ‘EU investor’ which would, reflecting the spirit of Article 207 TFEU, underline the significance of promoting investors from all Member States on equal terms, ensuring them conditions of functioning and protection of their investments on equal footing;
Zaščita vlagateljev
Investor protection
16. opaža, da terjajo pogajanja za sklenitev dvostranskih sporazumov o naložbah precej časa; poziva Komisijo, naj uporabi svoje osebje in sredstva za pogajanja in sklenitev sporazumov EU o naložbah;
Notes that the negotiation of BITs is a time-consuming process; calls on the Commission to invest in terms of its personnel and its material resources in the negotiation and conclusion of EU investment agreements;
18. meni, da je potreba po opredelitvi primerov najboljše prakse, ki jo v svojih sklepih prav tako omenja Svet, razumnejša in učinkovitejša možnost, ki omogoča razvoj dosledne evropske naložbene politike;
Believes that the need to identify best practices, to which the Council’s conclusions also point, is a more sensible and more effective option, enabling the development of a consistent European investment policy;
- nediskriminacija (nacionalna obravnava in država z največ ugodnostmi) z natančnejšo omembo, da morajo tuji in domači vlagatelji delovati pod "enakimi pogoji", da se omogoči večja prožnost pri klavzulah o državi z največ ugodnostmi, da ne bi ovirali procesa regionalnega povezovanja v državah v razvoju;
- non-discrimination (national treatment and most favoured nation), with a more precise wording in the definition mentioning that foreign and national investors must operate ‘in like circumstances’ and allowing some flexibility in the MFN-clause in order not to obstruct regional integration processes in developing countries;
- poštena in enakopravna obravnava, opredeljena na podlagi ravni obravnave, ki jo vzpostavlja mednarodno običajno pravo,
- fair and equitable treatment, defined on the basis of the level of treatment established by international customary law,
- zaščita pred neposredno in posredno razlastitvijo, ki opredeljuje jasno in pošteno ravnovesje med javnimi interesi države blaginje in zasebnimi interesi ter omogoča ustrezna nadomestila v skladu s škodo, povzročeno v primeru nezakonite razlastitve;
- protection against direct and indirect expropriation, giving a definition that establishes a clear and fair balance between public welfare objectives and private interests, and allowing for adequate compensation in accordance with the damages occurred in the event of illegitimate expropriation;
Zaščita pravice do urejanja s predpisi
Protecting the right to regulate
25. poziva Komisijo, naj v vse prihodnje sporazume vključi posebne določbe, s katerimi bo opredeljena pravica podpisnic do regulacije, med drugim na področjih, kot so nacionalna varnost, okolje, javno zdravje, pravice delavcev in potrošnikov, industrijska politika in kulturna raznolikost;
Calls on the Commission to include in all future agreements specific clauses laying down the right of parties to the agreement to regulate, inter alia, in the areas of protection of national security, the environment, public health, workers’ and consumers’ rights, industrial policy and cultural diversity;
Vključitev družbenih in okoljskih standardov
Inclusion of social and environmental standards
Mehanizem reševanja sporov in odgovornost EU
Dispute settlement mechanism and EU responsibility
36. podpira načelo, da bi morali biti prednostni partnerji za prihodnje sporazume EU o naložbah države, ki imajo velik tržni potencial, a kjer tuje naložbe potrebujejo boljšo zaščito;
Endorses the principle that priority partners for future EU investment agreements shall be countries that have great market potential but where foreign investments need better protection;
39. meni, da bi bilo treba v državah v razvoju bolj podpreti lokalna podjetja, zlasti s spodbudami za krepitev njihove produktivnosti, tesneje sodelovati ter izboljšati usposobljenost delovne sile, ker so to področja, ki predstavljajo velik potencial za pospešitev gospodarskega razvoja, konkurenčnosti in rasti v državah v razvoju; spodbuja tudi prenos novih zelenih tehnologij iz EU v države v razvoju, saj je to najboljši način za spodbujanje zelene in trajnostne rasti;
Considers that in developing countries greater support should be given to local firms, notably through incentives for strengthening their productivity, engaging in closer cooperation and improving workforce skills – areas of considerable potential in terms of boosting economic development, competitiveness and growth in developing countries; encourages, likewise, the transfer of new, green EU technologies to developing countries, as the best way of promoting green and sustainable growth;
V skladu s členoma 206 in 207 PDEU sodijo tuje neposredne naložbe med izključne pristojnosti EU.
According to Articles 206 and 207 TFEU, foreign direct investment (FDI) is an exclusive competence of the EU.
Tak razvoj dogodkov, ki ima pomembne posledice, prinaša dvojni izziv, tako glede upravljanja več kot 1200 dvostranskih sporazumov o naložbah, ki so jih že sklenile države članice, kot glede opredelitve prihodnje evropske naložbene politike, ki bo izpolnila pričakovanja vlagateljev in držav upravičenk, obenem pa upoštevala cilje zunanjega delovanja EU.
This development, which has significant consequences, throws up a double challenge both for managing the more than 1 200 bilateral investment treaties (BIT) already concluded by the Member States (MS) and to define a future European investment policy which meets the expectations of investors and beneficiary states, while at the same time respecting the objectives of the EU's external action.
Pri opredelitvi te prihodnje politike, vključene v skupno trgovinsko politiko, je treba najprej opraviti analizo naložbenih politik, kot so se vodile doslej.
Specifying this future policy, which will be integrated in the common trade policy, firstly involves an analysis of investment policies conducted so far.
Na dvostranski ravni je bilo od leta 1959 podpisanih skoraj 3000 dvostranskih sporazumov o naložbah.
At bilateral level , nearly 3 000 BITs have been signed since 1959.
Cilj teh sporazumov, večinoma sklenjenih med razvitimi državami in državami v razvoju, je bil zagotoviti pravno in finančno zaščito vlagateljev iz razvitih držav, temeljijo pa na treh prednostnih načelih: nediskriminaciji, zaščiti vlagateljev in njihovih naložb ter obstoju pravnega mehanizma za zagotovitev spoštovanja teh načel, in sicer s pomočjo mednarodne arbitraže.
Concluded mainly between developed and developing countries with the aim of ensuring legal and financial protection to investors from the former, these are based on three priorities: non-discrimination, protection of investors and their investments, and the existence of a legal mechanism ensuring compliance with these principles, through international arbitration.
Ko so se v 90. letih prejšnjega stoletja začeli vrstiti prvi sodni postopki, je prišlo na površje več težav, zlasti v zvezi z možnostjo navzkrižja med zasebnimi interesi in regulativnimi vlogami javnih organov.
When, however, the first suits were filed in the 1990s, a number of problems became clear, particularly concerning the possibility of conflict between private interests and the regulatory tasks of public authorities.
Na mnogo- ali večstranski ravni so pogajanja v okviru Organizacije za gospodarsko sodelovanje in razvoj (OECD) propadla, ko so se razprave o mednarodnem sporazumu o naložbah leta 1998 ustavile pri vprašanju varovanja območja javne intervencije, saj je grozilo, da to ne bo več moglo delovati neodvisno od zasebnih interesov.
At multilateral or plurilateral level , investment negotiations broke down at OECD level when, in 1998, discussions on an international investment agreement (IIA) ran up against the question of protecting the public intervention domain, which was in danger of no longer being able to intervene independently of private interests.
Pogajanja so se ponovno začela leta 2004 v okviru Svetovne trgovinske organizacije (STO), vendar so jih znova prekinile pritožbe držav v razvoju zaradi istih razlogov.
The negotiations restarted at the WTO in 2004 but were again interrupted by complaints from developing countries, on the same grounds.
Te dogodke iz preteklosti je treba ohraniti v zavesti na vseh stopnjah oblikovanja prihodnje evropske naložbene politike.
These past events must be borne in mind at every stage of the definition of the future European investment policy.
(1) Opredelitev pojmov in področje uporabe
(1) Definitions and scope
Člena 206 in 207 PDEU med izključne pristojnosti EU uvrščata zgolj tuje neposredne naložbe.
Articles 206 and 207 TFEU mention only FDI as an exclusive competence of the EU.
V sodni praksi Sodišča Evropske unije so take naložbe opredeljene na podlagi treh meril: obravnavati jih je treba kot dolgotrajne naložbe, v katerih je vsaj 10 % lastniškega kapitala/delnic pridruženega podjetja in ki vlagatelju zagotavljajo vodstveni nadzor nad delovanjem pridruženega podjetja.
It is defined in judgments of the European Court of Justice on the basis of three criteria: it should be considered as a long-lasting investment, representing at least 10% of the affiliated company’s equity capital / shares and providing the investor with managerial control’ over the affiliated company’s operations.
Opredelitev je v skladu z opredelitvami Mednarodnega denarnega sklada in OECD ter v nasprotju zlasti s portfeljskimi naložbami, dolžniškimi vrednostnimi papirji podjetja in pravicami do intelektualne lastnine.
This definition is in line with those of the IMF and the OECD, and is opposed, in particular, to portfolio investments, debt obligations on the part of enterprises and intellectual property rights.
Poročevalec meni, da vse vrste naložb ne zahtevajo enako visoke ravni zaščite in da denimo kratkoročne špekulativne naložbe ne zaslužijo enake ravni zaščite kot dolgoročne naložbe.
It is of the opinion of the rapporteur that not all kinds of investments require the same high level of protection, and that for example short-term speculative investments do not deserve the same level of protection as long-lasting investments.
Zato predlaga, da se področje uporabe prihodnjih evropskih sporazumov omeji le na tuje neposredne naložbe.
The rapporteur therefore recommends that the scope of future European agreements is limited to FDI only.
Če države članice Komisiji podelijo mandat za pogajanje o široki paleti naložb, s tem tvegajo pomembne evropske kompromise na področju naložb, saj izjemno odprto gospodarstvo EU pri mednarodnih trgovinskih pogajanjih dopušča le malo drugih vzvodov.
If the MS choose to give the Commission a mandate to negotiate on a broad range of investments, this creates a risk of important European concessions in the field of investments, since the EU’s extremely open economy leaves few other levers in international trade negotiations.
Komisija in države članice bi morale upoštevati tudi dejstvo, da bodo morali vsi nacionalni parlamenti ratificirati mešane sporazume, kar bi sprožilo obsežno javno razpravo.
The Commission and MS should also keep in mind that mixed agreements will have to be ratified by all national parliaments and will therefore give rise to wide-ranging public debate.
Več držav članic se je odločilo uporabiti široke opredelitve, v skladu s katerimi je mogoče „državljanstvo“ podjetja opredeliti že na podlagi poštnega naslova.
Finally, a number of MS have used broad definitions, with a simple postal address deemed sufficient to determine the nationality of an enterprise.
Zaradi tega se je nekaterim podjetjem uspelo izogniti nacionalnim pravnim mehanizmom: prek hčerinskih družb ali vlagateljev v tujini so lahko sprožila sodni postopek zoper lastno državo, pri čemer so se sklicevala na dvostranski sporazum o naložbah, sklenjen s tretjo državo.
This has enabled some enterprises to bypass the national legal mechanisms of their own countries: by using their branches or investors abroad, they have been able to file suits against their own countries by means of a BIT signed by a third country.
Vlagatelji so to tehniko izrabljali tudi za izbiro dvostranskih sporazumov o naložbah, ki so bili ob sprožitvi sodnega postopka zanje najugodnejši.
Investors have also exploited this technique to select the BITs most conducive to filing a complaint.
Takšno ravnanje je seveda treba prepovedati.
Such practices must clearly not be permitted.
(2) Zaščita vlagateljev
(2) Investor protection
Zaščita vlagateljev ostaja najpomembnejša prednostna naloga sporazumov o naložbah.
Investor protection remains the first priority of investment agreements.
Svet je v zaključkih v zvezi s sporočilom poudaril, da novi evropski okvir ne sme negativno vplivati na zaščito vlagateljev in jamstva, ki jih ti že uživajo.
In its conclusions on the communication, the Council stresses that the new European framework must not have a negative impact on investor protection or the guarantees which they currently enjoy.
Komisija razlikuje med relativnimi (nediskriminacija) in absolutnimi jamstvi za zaščito (poštena in enakopravna obravnava, zagotovitev odškodnine v primeru razlastitve).
The Commission distinguishes between guarantees of protection which are relative (non-discrimination) and those which are absolute (equal and fair treatment, compensation in the event of expropriation).
Kar zadeva načela nediskriminacije, je treba poudariti, da je mogoče s prenosom pristojnosti na evropsko raven v večstranskih razpravah o splošnem upravljanju naložb doseči večjo skladnost in večjo težo evropskih argumentov.
In the case of principles of non-discrimination, it should be noted that shifting the competence to European level should allow for greater coherence and for more European weight in multilateral discussions on global investment governance.
Pri pogajanjih z glavnimi razvitimi trgovinskimi partnerji o dostopu do trga bo treba zagotoviti tudi vzajemnost, hkrati pa upoštevati potrebo po izključitvi občutljivih sektorjev in ohraniti nesorazmernost v trgovinskih odnosih EU z državami v razvoju.
When negotiating market access with its main developed trading partners, it will also be necessary to guarantee reciprocity, while bearing in mind the need to exclude sensitive sectors and to maintain asymmetry in the EU's trading relations with developing countries.
(3) Zaščita javnega območja
(3) Protecting the public domain