natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
G. ker vsako pohabljanje ženskih spolnih organov, ne glede na stopnjo, pomeni nasilje nad ženskami in kršitev njihovih temeljnih pravic, zlasti pravice do osebne celovitosti ter telesnega in duševnega zdravja, pa tudi spolnih in reproduktivnih pravic; ker spoštovanje kulturnih običajev in različnih obredov iniciacije v nobenem primeru ne more opravičevati takšnega nasilja,
G. whereas any form of FGM, of whatever degree, is an act of violence against women which constitutes a violation of their fundamental rights, particularly the right to personal integrity and physical and mental health, and of their sexual and reproductive rights; whereas such violations can under no circumstances be justified by respect for cultural traditions of various kinds or initiation ceremonies,
H. ker je zaradi pohabljanja ženskih spolnih organov v Evropi prizadetih približno 500 000 žensk in ker je to obrezovanje običajno predvsem v družinah priseljencev in beguncev ter deklice zaradi tega celo pošiljajo v domovino,
H. whereas in Europe some 500 000 women have suffered FGM and whereas it is particularly in immigrant and refugee families that such circumcision is customary and girls are even sent back to their home country for this purpose,
I. ker PŽSO povzroča zelo hudo kratko- in dolgoročno škodo telesnemu in duševnemu zdravju žensk in deklic, ki ga doživijo, v nekaterih primerih pa celo smrt, ter pomeni hud napad na njihovo osebno celovitost; ker imata uporaba preprostih pripomočkov in pomanjkanje uporabe razkužil škodljive stranske učinke, zaradi česar so spolni odnosi in porodi lahko boleči, organi so nepopravljivo poškodovani, lahko pa se pojavijo zapleti, kot so krvavitve, šok, infekcije, prenos virusa aidsa, tetanus, benigni tumorji ter hudi zapleti pri nosečnosti in porodu,
I. whereas FGM causes very serious and irreparable injuries in the short and long term to the physical and mental health of the women and girls who undergo it, constituting a grave assault on their person and integrity; and in some cases can even be fatal; whereas the use of rudimentary instruments and the absence of antiseptic precautions have further harmful effects so that sexual intercourse and childbirth may become painful, the organs are irreparably damaged and there may be complications such as haemorrhaging, shock, infection, transmission of the AIDS virus, tetanus, benign tumours and serious complications affecting pregnancy and childbirth,
J. ker je pohabljanje ženskih spolnih organov, ki v skladu s številnimi mednarodnimi sporazumi pomeni kršitev pravic žensk in deklic, prepovedano s kazenskim pravom držav članic in predstavlja kršitev načel Listine EU o temeljnih pravicah,
J. whereas FGM, which is a violation of women's and girls' rights as enshrined in various international conventions, is prohibited under the criminal law of the Member States and in breach of the principles laid down in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union,
K. ker Parlament v resoluciji s 16. januarja 2008 poziva države članice, naj sprejmejo posebne določbe v zvezi s PŽSO, namenjene kazenskemu pregonu tistih, ki izvajajo ta postopek pri mladoletnicah,
K. whereas Parliament´s resolution of 16 January 2008 also urges Member States to adopt specific provisions on FGM enabling prosecutions to be brought against persons who perform such procedures on children,
L. ker Konvencija o odpravi vseh oblik diskriminacije žensk od držav podpisnic zahteva, da sprejmejo ustrezne ukrepe za spremembo ali odpravo pravil, običajev in obstoječe prakse, ki so do žensk diskriminatorne, in da sprejmejo ustrezne ukrepe za spremembo družbenih in kulturnih vzorcev vedenja moških in žensk, da bi odpravili predsodke ter običajne in vse druge prakse, ki temeljijo na ideji manj- ali večvrednosti enega od spolov ali na stereotipnih vlogah moških in žensk,
L. whereas the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women requires States Parties to take all appropriate measures to modify or abolish existing laws, customs and practices which constitute discrimination against women, and to take all appropriate measures to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women,
M. ker Konvencija o otrokovih pravicah, ki je bila sprejeta leta 1989, določa, da morajo države podpisnice spoštovati pravice iz konvencije in zagotoviti njihovo uporabo za vse otroke, ki spadajo v njihovo sodno pristojnost, brez razlikovanja in ne glede na spol, ter sprejeti vse ustrezne in učinkovite ukrepe za odpravo tradicionalnih običajev, ki lahko škodujejo zdravju otrok,
M. whereas the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted in 1989 requires States Parties to respect and ensure the rights set forth in the Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's sex and to take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children,
N. ker Afriška listina o pravicah in dobrem počutju otroka priporoča državam podpisnicam, da odpravijo družbene in kulturne običaje, ki so škodljivi za dobro počutje, dostojanstvo ter normalno rast in razvoj otroka,
N. whereas the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child recommends that signatory states eliminate social and cultural practices affecting the welfare, dignity, and the normal growth and development of the child,
O. ker osemnajsti odstavek dunajske deklaracije in akcijskega programa, ki sta bila sprejeta junija 1993, določa, da so človekove pravice žensk in deklic neodtujljiv, sestavni in neločljiv del splošnih človekovih pravic,
O. whereas paragraph 18 of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted in June 1993, states that the human rights of women and girls are an inalienable, integral, and indivisible part of universal human rights,
P. ker člen 2 deklaracije Združenih narodov o odpravi nasilja nad ženskami iz leta 1993 izrecno navaja PŽSO in druge tradicionalne običaje, ki škodujejo ženskam,
P. whereas Article 2 of the 1993 UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women refers explicitly to FGM and other traditional practices harmful to women,
Q. ker člen 4 te deklaracije predvideva, da so države dolžne obsoditi nasilje nad ženskami in se ne smejo sklicevati na običaje, tradicijo in verske razloge, da bi se izognile obveznosti odprave nasilja,
Q. whereas Article 4 of that Declaration stipulates that states should condemn violence against women and should not invoke customs, traditions, or religious considerations to avoid the obligation of eliminating it,
R. ker je v akcijskem programu mednarodne konference o prebivalstvu in razvoju v Kairu leta 1994 predvideno, da vlade odpravijo PŽSO, kjer se izvaja, ter podprejo nevladne in verske organizacije, ki se borijo za odpravo te prakse,
R. whereas the Programme of Action of the UN International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo in 1994, calls on governments to abolish female genital mutilation wherever it exists and to support the NGOs and religious institutions which are fighting to eliminate such practices,
S. ker akcijski program, ki je bil odobren na četrti konferenci Združenih narodov v Pekingu, poziva vlade, naj poostrijo zakone, prenovijo institucije in spodbujajo pravila in prakso za odpravo diskriminacije žensk, kakršna je med drugim PŽSO,
S. whereas the Platform for Action adopted at the Fourth UN Conference in Beijing calls on governments to strengthen their laws, reform their institutions, and promote standards and practices aimed at eliminating discrimination against women, embodied in, among other forms, FGM,
T. ker je partnerski sporazum AKP-EU (sporazum iz Cotonouja) utemeljen na teh splošnih načelih in vsebuje določbe proti PŽSO (člen 9 o bistvenih elementih sporazuma, med katere sodi spoštovanje človekovih pravic, člen 25 o razvoju socialnega sektorja in člen 31 o vprašanju enakosti med spoloma),
T. whereas the ACP-EU partnership agreement (Cotonou Agreement) is based on similar universal principles and contains provisions serving to prohibit female genital mutilation (Article 9, specifying the essential elements of the agreement, and Articles 25 and 31 on, respectively, social development and gender issues),
U. ker vsebuje poročilo, ki ga je 3. maja 2001 sprejela parlamentarna skupščina Sveta Evrope, poziv za prepoved izvajanja PŽSO in ker ga označuje za nečloveško in ponižujoče ravnanje v smislu člena 3 Evropske konvencije o človekovih pravicah; ker zagovarjanje kulture in običajev ne sme imeti prednosti pred spoštovanjem temeljnih pravic in prepovedjo postopkov, ki mejijo na mučenje,
U. whereas the report adopted on 3 May 2001 by the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly calls for FGM to be banned and equates it with inhuman treatment within the meaning of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights; whereas the report maintains that the protection of cultures and traditions must not be allowed to take precedence over respect for fundamental rights and the need to outlaw practices amounting to torture,
V. ker Komisija in Svet v okviru skupne evropske politike priseljevanja in azila priznavata, da je PŽSO kršitev človekovih pravic in kot taka lahko zagotavlja uveljavljanje pravice do azila,
V. whereas, as far as a common European immigration and asylum policy is concerned, the Council and Commission recognise that FGM constitutes a violation of human rights and as such could serve to secure the right of asylum,
W. ker je v izjavi evropskih komisarjev Ferrero-Waldner in Michela s 5. februarja 2008 jasno navedeno, da je ta postopek v Evropski uniji in v tretjih državah nesprejemljiv, ter poudarjeno, da kršitve pravic žensk v nobenem primeru ni mogoče upravičiti z relativnostjo kulture ali običajev,
W. whereas in a statement issued on 5 February 2008 Commissioners Ferrero-Waldner and Michel explicitly spoke out against FGM, describing it as unacceptable whether carried on in the EU or in non-EU countries, and maintained that violating women’s rights can never, under any circumstances, be justified by invoking cultural relativism or traditions,
X. ker lahko nacionalni centri in zavodi za mladoletne in družine družinam pravočasno ponudijo pomoč, da bi preprečili izvedbo PŽSO,
X. whereas national centres and institutions for young people and families can provide help to families in time to act preventively against the performance of FGM,
7. poziva k oblikovanju evropskega zdravstvenega protokola za spremljanje in podatkovne zbirke o tem pojavu, namenjenih statističnemu preučevanju ter ukrepom za obveščanje priseljenskih skupnosti, ki jih to zadeva;
Calls for a ‘European health protocol’ to be introduced for monitoring purposes and for an FGM data bank to be set up, since this might be useful from the statistical point of view or for information campaigns targeted at the immigrant communities concerned;
14. poudarja, da člen 10 Direktive Sveta 2004/83/ES
Points out that Article 10 of Council Directive 2004/83/EC
16. meni, da je v zadevnih deželah nujno organizirati forume za dialog, reformirati tradicionalne pravne norme, pri šolskem pouku spregovoriti o PŽSO in spodbujati sodelovanje z neobrezanimi;
Considers it necessary to organise dialogue forums, reform traditional legal provisions, address the subject of FGM as part of schooling and promote cooperation with the uncircumcised in the countries concerned;
20. poziva države članice, naj sprejmejo posebno zakonodajo o pohabljanju ženskih spolnih organov ali v okviru veljavne zakonodaje preganjajo vsakogar, ki pohablja spolne organe;
Calls on Member States to either adopt specific legislation on female genital mutilation or under their existing legislation to prosecute each person who conducts genital mutilation;
22. spodbuja ustanovitev stalnih tehničnih odborov za usklajevanje in povezovanje med državami članicami ter med državami članicami in afriškimi institucijami; meni, da bi bilo treba vanje vključiti specialiste za to področje ter predstavnike vodilnih evropskih in afriških ženskih organizacij;
Calls for permanent technical harmonisation and contact desks to be set up in order to bring together the Member States and provide a link between them and African institutions; believes that the desks should be staffed by FGM specialists and representatives of leading European and African women’s organisations;
26. poziva države članice, da:
Calls on the Member States to:
- kot kaznivo dejanje obravnavajo vsako pohabljanje ženskih spolnih organov ne glede to, ali je ženska to odobrila ali ne, ter naj kaznujejo tistega, ki pomaga, spodbuja, svetuje ali priskrbi podporo za izvajanje katerega koli od teh dejanj na telesu ženske dekleta ali deklice;
- regard any form of FGM as a crime, irrespective of whether or not the woman concerned has given any form of consent, and to punish anybody who helps, encourages, advises or procures support for anybody to carry out any of these acts on the body of a woman or girl,
- preganjajo vsakega imetnika stalnega bivališča, ki je storil kaznivo dejanje pohabljanja ženskih spolnih organov, mu sodijo in ga kaznujejo, tudi če je bilo kaznivo dejanje strojeno zunaj njihovih meja (eksteritorialnost kaznivega dejanja);
- pursue, prosecute and punish any resident who has committed the crime of FGM, even if the offence was committed outside their borders (extraterritoriality),
28. poziva države članice, naj oblikujejo navodila in smernice za zdravstvene delavce, pedagoge in socialne delavce, da bi ti starše na spoštljiv način in po potrebi s pomočjo tolmačev obvestili in poučili o ogromnem tveganju PŽSO in o kaznivosti teh praks v državah članicah; prav tako jih poziva, naj sodelujejo pri dejavnostih mrež in nevladnih organizacij, ki v tesnem sodelovanju z družinami in skupnostmi izobražujejo, osveščajo in posredujejo v zvezi s PŽSO, ter naj te dejavnosti financirajo;
Calls on the Member States to draw up guidelines for health professionals, teachers and social workers aimed at informing and educating parents, in a respectful manner and with the assistance of interpreters if necessary, about the enormous risks of FGM and the fact that such practices are considered as a crime in the Member States, and also to cooperate with and fund the activities of the networks and NGOs that are working to educate, raise awareness and mediate in the sphere of FGM, in close contact with families and communities;
Selitveni tokovi v Evropo v zadnjih tridesetih letih so prispevali k širitvi novih kultur, izročil, običajev in vedenja v evropski družbi.
Migration to Europe in the last thirty years has caused new cultures, traditions, customs, and modes of behaviour to spread into European societies.
Ob tem se je tudi v EU ohranjala tradicija krvavih običajev na podlagi spola, za kar pri PŽSO gre.
While this has been happening, gender-based ‘traditional bloodshed’ has survived, even within the EU; one example of such practices is FGM.
Na mednarodni ravni lahko pripišemo vedno večjo osveščenost o tem pojavu splošnemu pristopu, ki si prizadeva za varstvo pravic žensk.
At international level the growing awareness of this phenomenon fits into the general approach being applied in order to protect women’s rights.
Afriškim aktivistkam je to omogočilo, da so opredelile nasilnost tega pojava in zanj uvedle izraz pohabljanje , ki je nadomestil izraz obrezovanje žensk .
This has enabled African woman activists to spell out the inherent violence of FGM, reflected in the adoption of the term ‘mutilation’ in place of ‘female circumcision’ .
Še danes je težko dejansko spremljati in oceniti vpliv PŽSO na evropski ravni, saj poleg tega, da se na skrivaj izvaja na ozemlju EU, še vedno obstaja nevarnost pohabljanja deklic, ko se začasno vrnejo v državo izvora.
It is still difficult to monitor and gauge the exact impact of FGM in Europe, since what has to be taken into account is not just the practices carried on secretly on EU territory, but also the continuing risk that girls might be mutilated when they are sent back temporarily to their countries of origin.
V sedanjem času se navaja pet vrst razlogov za PŽSO:
The reasons now put forward in support of FGM can be divided into five categories:
– vera ((zmotno) sklicevanje na islam),
- religion (FGM is invoked – wrongly – in the name of Islam);
– zdravje (pozitivni učinki za rodnost ali pa tveganje impotentnosti za moške),
- health (benefits to fertility or risks of impotence in men);
– družbenoekonomske razmere (PŽSO kot pogoj za poroko),
- socio-economic situation (FGM as a precondition of marriage);
– tradicija/priznanje etnične pripadnosti,
- tradition/ethnic loyalty;
– podoba ženskosti (PŽSO je simbol priznavanja lastne ženskosti, ki vključuje tveganje spolne želje in onečaščenja).
- image of womanhood (FGM symbolises a woman’s recognition of her femininity, and the associated risks of sexual desire and dishonour).
Po podatkih Svetovne zdravstvene organizacije je PŽSO razširjen v 28 afriških državah, na Bližnjem vzhodu in v nekaterih azijskih državah (Indonezija, Malezija in sosednje države), pohabljenih je bilo približno 100 do 140 milijonov žensk in deklic na svetu, vsako leto pa je temu tveganju izpostavljeno še štiri milijone žensk in deklic.
WHO figures show that FGM occurs widely in 28 African countries, in the Middle East, and in some Asian countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, and neighbouring countries) and that somewhere between 100 and 140 million women and girls in the world have been mutilated and about 4 million a year are potentially at risk.
Razsežnost tega pojava so dokazale zdravniška praksa in različne študije o kratkoročnih in dolgoročnih posledicah PŽSO za telo, pa tudi za duševnost.
Medical experience on the ground and various studies on the short- and long-term physical and psychological consequences of FGM have demonstrated the seriousness of the problem.
Zadevni mednarodni dokumenti obravnavajo in obsojajo ta pojav z različnih vidikov, ki vključujejo:
International documents on FGM approach and condemn the problem from different perspectives encompassing
razsežnost človekovih pravic,
the human rights dimension,
razsežnost pravic žensk,
the women’s rights dimension, and
razsežnost pravic otrok.
the dimension of the rights of the child .
Parlament je večkrat ostro obsodil PŽSO, zato poziva Komisijo in države članice, naj oblikujejo in izvajajo globalno strategijo za odpravo tega pojava, ki naj med drugim vključuje zakonodajne ukrepe za njegovo preprečevanje in zatiranje.
Parliament has on several occasions spoken out strongly against FGM and called on both the Commission and the Member States to devise and implement an overall strategy aimed at eradicating it, providing for, among other means, legislative measures to prevent and punish the practice.
(Resolucija A5-285/2001 o pohabljanju ženskih spolnih organov).
(Resolution A5-0285/2001 on female genital mutilation)
Evropski parlament se je v preteklosti že izrekel o tej temi in ugotovil, da:
When it previously expressed its view on the subject the EP noted that
– je kakršno koli pohabljanje ženskih spolnih organov nasilje nad ženskami, ki ga lahko enačimo s kršitvijo njihovih temeljnih pravic,
– any form of FGM constitutes an act of violence against women, tantamount to violation of their fundamental rights;
– PŽSO izvira iz družbenih sistemov, osnovanih na neenakosti med spoloma ter neuravnoteženih odnosih moči, prevlade in nadzora, v katerih je pritisk družbe in družine osnovni vzrok za kršitev temeljne pravice do osebne celovitosti,
– FGM derives from social structures based on inequality between the sexes and on a skewed balance of power, domination, and control in which social and family pressure leads to violation of a fundamental right, namely respect for the integrity of the human person;
– ustrezna izobraževanje in obveščanje odvračata od izvajanja tega posega, pri tem pa je zlasti treba priznati, kako pomembno je ljudi prepričati, da se lahko tem posegom odpovedo, ne da bi se (gledano z njihovega stališča) odpovedali pomembnim vidikom svoje kulture,
– proper education and information help to discourage FGM, and it is especially important to persuade populations that they can abandon given practices without, in so doing, relinquishing what they see as meaningful aspects of their culture;
– morata Komisija in Svet v okviru skupne evropske politike priseljevanja in azila upoštevati nevarnost PŽSO tudi pri pogajanjih med EU in tretjimi državami,
– female genital mutilation is a risk which the Commission and Council should take into account in a common European immigration and asylum policy and in negotiations between the EU and non-member countries;
– imajo države članice sedaj pravni okvir Skupnosti, ki jim omogoča sprejemanje učinkovite politike za boj proti diskriminaciji ter izvajanje skupnega režima na področju azila in nove politike priseljevanja (člen 13 in naslov IV Pogodbe o ES).
– the Member States now have a Community legal framework allowing them to adopt an effective policy to combat discrimination and enforce common rules on asylum and a new immigration policy (Article 13 and Title IV of the EC Treaty).
Poleg tega je Parlament pozval:
In addition, Parliament put forward the following demands:
– Evropsko unijo in države članice, naj sodelujejo pri usklajevanju veljavne zakonodaje ter pri pripravi posebne zakonodaje za to področje, da bi zavarovale človekove pravice, njegovo celovitost, svobodo prepričanja in pravico do zdravja;
– the EU and the Member States should work together to harmonise existing legislation and, if necessary, draw up specific legislation with a view to safeguarding human rights, integrity of the human person, freedom of conscience, and the right to health;
– Komisijo, naj izdela celosten strateški pristop za odpravo PŽSO v Evropski uniji, ki ne sme zgolj opozarjati na ta dejanja, ampak mora vzpostaviti pravne in upravne postopke, pa tudi preprečevalne, izobraževalne in socialne mehanizme, ki bodo ženskam-žrtvam in potencialnim žrtvam omogočili resnično varstvo;
– the Commission should draw up an overall strategy to eradicate FGM in the EU, which, instead of relying purely on condemnation, should provide the means required – as regards prevention, education, and social provisions, as well as legal and administrative procedures – to enable actual and potential victims to be genuinely protected;
– Evropsko unijo in države članice, naj pravno preganjajo, obsojajo in kaznujejo izvajanje teh postopkov z uporabo celovite strategije, ki bo upoštevala zakonodajno, zdravstveno, socialno in integracijsko razsežnost priseljenih prebivalcev.
– the EU and the Member States should prosecute, condemn, and punish acts of FGM, applying a comprehensive strategy taking into account the legislative, health, and social dimensions and integration of the immigrant population.
· DAPHNE III: podporni ukrepi na ravni Skupnosti
· DAPHNE III: the main action at Community level
Ta program je bil bistveni instrument za financiranje osveščanja, preprečevanja ter varstva žrtev in potencialnih žrtev PŽSO.
This programme has been the prime source of funding for measures in the fields of awareness-raising and prevention, and of protection of those who have fallen victim to, or are at risk from, FGM.
Doslej je zagotovil sredstva za 14 projektov v zvezi s PŽSO v skupnem znesku 2,4 milijona EUR v desetih letih.
Specifically, the DAPHNE programme has financed 14 FGM-related projects to date, involving a total of €2.4 million over ten years.
Ob upoštevanju splošnega cilja programa je namen projektov izmenjava zgledov dobre prakse, osveščanje in oblikovanje omrežja za stike.
Without exceeding the general scope of the programme, the projects are pursuing the aims of exchanging good practice, raising awareness, and setting up contact networks.