natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Zahteva je obstajala le v Združenem kraljestvu, vendar se v zadevi družbe ELAS dejansko ni izkazala kot koristna, kljub temu da bi ta standard moral voditi h konservativni oceni obveznosti družbe. ter zakonsko vlogo „imenovanih aktuarjev“
It was unique to the UK but although this standard should have lead to a conservative estimation of a company's liabilities, it clearly did not prove helpful in the EL case. and the statutory role of " Appointed Actuaries " in 1974
Glej oddelek 2(15) Zakona o zavarovalnicah iz leta 1974. .
see Insurance Companies Act 1974, section 2 (15). .
Zdi se, da je bonitetni nadzor življenjskih zavarovalnic s strani Združenega kraljestva tradicionalno vzpodbudil doktrino „svobode z javnostjo“ , kar pomeni, da bi „življenjske zavarovalnice javnosti omogočile dostop do svojih zadev, tj. da bi bile javno dostopne njihove finančne informacije“.
It appears that UK prudential supervision of life insurance companies had been traditionally inspired by a doctrine of “freedom with publicity” defined as " life insurance companies would make their affairs public through financial information being placed in the public domain."
V zvezi s tem je bilo zaželeno izvajati „slab bonitetni nadzor nad poslovanjem življenjskih zavarovalnic za zaščito interesov zavarovancev, zaželeno pa je bilo tudi, da se ne omeji trgovinska svoboda ..., ker bi preveč moteč bonitetni nadzor lahko imel zaviralni vpliv na razvoj inovativnega in konkurenčnega trga za življenjsko zavarovanje ...
Accordingly, it was desirable to have "some prudential supervision of life insurance business to safeguard policyholders’ interests but it was also desirable not to restrict commercial freedom ... as excessively intrusive prudential supervision could have an inhibiting effect on the development of an innovative and competitive life insurance market ...
Osnovni del nadzornega sistema še vedno temelji na svobodi delovanja zavarovalnic in ne na predpisanih pravilih “.
At its heart, the supervisory regime remained one based on insurance companies’ freedom of action rather than on prescriptive rules."
Vendar akademiki menijo, da je zakonodaja EU na področju finančnih storitev izboljšala zakonski okvir Združenega kraljestva, ki ureja finančne storitve: „Na večini področij finančne ureditve Združenega kraljestva, od zlorabe trga/trgovanja na podlagi notranjih informacij, minimalnega kapitala, razmerja nesolventnosti za zavarovalnice in ureditve kapitalskega trga, je pravni sistem Združenega kraljestva imel velike koristi, zakonodaja EU pa ga je reformirala.
However, academics suggest that EU financial services legislation has improved the UK legal framework governing financial services provision: " In most areas of UK financial regulation, ranging from market abuse/insider dealing, capital adequacy, insolvency ratios for insurers, and capital market regulation, the UK legal regime has benefited immensely and has been reformed by EU legislation.
Prenos zakonodaje EU na področju finančnih storitev v zakonodajo Združenega kraljestva ni ogrozil sistema finančne ureditve, ki temelji na milejših načelih.“
The implementation of EU financial services law into UK law has not undermined the UK ’s ‘soft touch’ principles-based system of financial regulation."
V zadnjih dveh desetletjih se je regulativni in nadzorni okvir življenjskih zavarovalnic Združenega kraljestva razvijal različno, kar je vodilo k ustanovitvi enotnega Organa za finančne storitve, ki je celotne regulativne pristojnosti dobil šele decembra 2001.
Over the past two decades, the regulatory and supervisory framework of life insurance companies in the UK has evolved in different steps, leading to the creation of the single Financial Supervising Authority (FSA), which gained its full regulatory powers only in December 2001.
Do takrat sta zavarovalnice Združenega kraljestva, ki so prodajale dolgoročne naložbene produkte, upravljala dva oddelka vlade Združenega kraljestva: Ministrstvo za trgovino in industrijo od leta 1989 do leta 1997 in pozneje Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve od leta 1998 do leta 2001
Until then, UK insurance companies that sold long-term investment products were regulated from within two UK Government departments: the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) from 1989-1997, and later HM Treasury (HMT) from 1998 to 2001
Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve je za vsakodnevni nadzor nad zavarovalnicami pooblastilo Organ za finančne storitve, pri čemer pa je v skladu z Zakonom o zavarovalnicah iz leta 1982 ostalo izključno pristojno za izvajanje zakonskih pristojnosti. s tehnično pomočjo oddelka za zavarovalniško statistiko
HMT contracted out the day-to-day supervision of insurance companies to the FSA, but remained solely competent to exercise the statutory powers under ICA82. , with the technical assistance of the Government's Actuary Department (GAD)
Vladni oddelek za zavarovalniško statistiko, ustanovljen leta 1919, je ustanova, ki je druge države članice nimajo in kjer zaposleni ali neodvisni aktuarji svetujejo zakonodajalcem. , ki je odgovoren za aktuarsko analizo statističnega uradnega poročila in delovanja družbe v skladu s posebnim mandatom („sporazumi o ravni storitev“
The GAD, created in 1919, had no equivalent in other Member States, where actuarial advice was provided to the regulators by either employed or independent actuaries. responsible for the actuarial analysis of company returns and operations, according to a specific mandate ("service level agreements"
Sporazumi o ravni storitev so bili revidirani leta 1995 in 1998. ), ki naj bi zakonodajalca opozoril na vse elemente zaskrbljenosti, ki bi jih njihova analiza lahko razkrila.
The service level agreements were revised in 1995 and 1998. ) and which is supposed to signal to the regulator any elements of concern their analysis might have uncovered.
Vendar se zdi, da je bil del osebja, pristojnega za vsakodnevni bonitetni nadzor zavarovalnic, premeščen z Ministrstva za trgovino in industrijo na Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve in pozneje v Organ za finančne storitve, kar je omogočilo stalnost zakonodajnih ukrepov in odgovornosti.
It appears, however, that part of the staff responsible for 'day-to-day' prudential supervision of insurance companies migrated from DTI to HMT and later to the FSA, thus providing a measure of continuity in regulatory action and responsibility.
Glede praktičnega izvajanja bonitetnega nadzora in nadzora nad poslovanjem regulativnih organov Združenega kraljestva je ES–1 ugotovila „tri različne kategorije razlik med posebnimi domačimi predpisi in členi tretje direktive o življenjskem zavarovanju, čeprav lastnosti in število teh razlik ne dajejo dokončnega dokaza, da je zakonodaja Združenega kraljestva kršila obliko in vsebino zakonodaje EU o življenjskih zavarovalnicah“.
Relating to the practical implementation of prudential and conduct of business supervision by UK regulatory authorities, ES-1 has identified " three different categories of discrepancies between specific domestic regulations and articles of the 3LD, although the nature and number of such discrepancies does not provide conclusive evidence to suggest that UK legislation has violated the letter or the spirit of EC legislation on life assurance undertaking ."
Omenjene razlike vključujejo zadeve, kjer so a) zahteve domače zakonodaje presegle zahteve iz direktive (npr. imenovani aktuar); b) zahteve, ki bi lahko prekršile določbe, povezane z nadzornimi načeli države članice (npr. zakonodaja Združenega kraljestva od ministrstva ne zahteva, da pristojne organe drugih držav članic obvesti o odločitvi glede odvzema dovoljenja ali omejitve prostega razpolaganja s sredstvi družbe); c) zahteve v zvezi s pristojnostmi zakonodajalca (npr. zakonodaja Združenega kraljestva ministrstvu omogoča, da odstopi od uporabe bonitetnih predpisov).
Discrepancies mentioned include cases where a) requirements of domestic law went beyond those of the Directive (e.g. the Appointed Actuary); b) requirements which might have infringed provisions relating to the home country control principle (e.g. UK legislation not requiring the Secretary of State to inform the competent authorities of other MS of a decision withdrawing authorisation or restricting a company's freedom to dispose of its assets); c) requirements in relation to the powers of the regulator (e.g. UK legislation permitting the Secretary of State to waive the application of prudential regulations).
Za dodatne informacije glej odstavek 26 ES-1 in tabelo 9 Priloge II.
For further details see ES-1, para.26 and Annex II, table 9.
Bonitetni nadzor
Prudential Supervision
Bonitetni nadzor na področju življenjskega zavarovanja se lahko opredeli kot:
Prudential supervision in the life assurance business can be defined as:
· zagotavljanje, da družbe, ki niso ustrezne, nimajo zadosti sredstev in so slabo upravljane, ne nadaljujejo dejavnosti življenjskega zavarovanja,
· Ensuring that companies who are not fit and proper, not appropriately resourced and soundly managed, do not carry on life insurance business
· zaščita zavarovancev pred tveganjem, da življenjske zavarovalnice ne bi mogle izplačati veljavnih zahtevkov ali uresničiti razumnih pričakovanj zavarovancev.
· Protecting policyholders against the risk of life assurance companies being unable to pay valid claims or being unable to meet policyholders' reasonable expectations
2a) obdobje 1982–1998
2a) Period 1982 - 1998
V skladu z Zakonom o zavarovalnicah iz leta 1982 , ki je vključil določbe iz prve direktive o življenjskem zavarovanju, je bilo Ministrstvo za trgovino in industrijo pristojno za bonitetni nadzor zavarovalnic (vključno z družbo Equitable Life) ter politiko in zakonodajo v tem sektorju.
Under the Insurance Companies Act 1982 , which had incorporated provisions required by the implementation of the 1LD, the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) was responsible for prudential supervision of insurance companies (including Equitable Life) as well as for policy and legislation in this sector.
Do 4. januarja 1998 je bilo Ministrstvo za trgovino in industrijo, poznano kot „direktorat za zavarovanje“, neposredno pristojno za bonitetno ureditev zavarovalništva (tj. zagotavljalo je, da so bile družbe solventne) s pomočjo vladnega oddelka za zavarovalniško statistiko.
Until 4 January 1998, the DTI department known as the "Insurance Directorate" had immediate responsibility for prudential insurance regulation (i.e. ensuring firms were solvent), with the assistance of the Government Actuary's Department (GAD).
„Vladni oddelek za zavarovalniško statistiko je v šestdesetih letih 20. stoletja pristojnemu organu za bonitetne zadeve začel svetovati o zavarovalniških zadevah.
"GAD began to provide actuarial advice on insurance matters to the prudentially competent authority in the 1960s.
To je vključevalo svetovanje o posameznih družbah, novih uporabah dovoljenja za sklenitev zavarovalniškega posla in zadevah o policah splošne narave ali v zvezi z zadevami posebnih družb...
This included advice on individual companies, on new applications for authorisation to write life insurance business and on policy issues, either of a general nature or relating to the affairs of particular companies...
Vladni oddelek za zavarovalniško statistiko je deloval izključno kot svetovalec pristojnemu organu za bonitetne zadeve.
GAD acted solely as an adviser to the prudential competent authority.
Pristojni organ za bonitetne zadeve je ohranil vse pristojnosti iz statuta, vladni oddelek za zavarovalniško statistiko pa ni imel pristojnosti, da naroči družbi ali njenemu imenovanemu aktuarju, naj sprejme kakršne koli ukrepe, ampak le svetuje pristojnemu organu za bonitetne zadeve, da mu pomaga pri izpolnjevanju svojih nadzornih odgovornosti.
All powers under the statute were retained by the prudential competent authority, with GAD having no authority to instruct a company or its Appointed Actuary to take any actions, but only to provide advice to the prudential competent authority to assist it in the fulfilment of its supervisory responsibilities.
Institucionalno je vladni oddelek za zavarovalniško statistiko poročal ministrstvu za finance, odgovarja pa sekretarju za finančne zadeve na Ministrstvu za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve.
Institutionally, the GAD reported to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and its Department Minister is the Financial Secretary to the Treasury.
V praksi „je bila odgovornost vladnega oddelka za zavarovalniško statistiko, da spremlja finančni položaj vsake življenjske zavarovalnice, vključno s preiskavo letnih regulativnih poročil, četrtletnih regulativnih poročil ... in drugih informacij za obravnavo zadev z družbo in zlasti z imenovanim aktuarjem, da se razjasnijo negotovosti in razrešijo kakršna koli nesoglasja, če je mogoče.
In practice, " it was the responsibility of GAD to monitor the financial position of each life insurance company, including examination of annual regulatory returns, quarterly regulatory returns ... and other information, to discuss matters with the company, and in particular with the Appointed Actuary, to clear up any uncertainties and, if possible, to resolve any disagreements.
Vladni oddelek za zavarovalniško statistiko bi potem poročal Ministrstvu za trgovino in industrijo ...
GAD would then report to DTI ...
Vladni oddelek za zavarovalniško statistiko je razvil svoja delovna pravila za ugotavljanje, kaj je sprejemljivo, ... ki jih je v obliki pisem objavil kot smernice za imenovanega aktuarja ...“ (WE32)
GAD developed its own working rules to define what was acceptable ... issued as guidance to Appointed Actuaries in the form of letters ..."
Glavni rezultat spremljanja zavarovalnic s strani vladnega oddelka za zavarovalniško statistiko je bilo „podrobno poročilo o pregledu“ za bonitetni nadzorni organ.
The main output of GAD's monitoring of an insurance company was a " Detailed Scrutiny Report " for the prudential supervision authority.
Na začetku obdobja, ki se je revidiralo, „ni bilo dvoma, da je bil vladni oddelek za zavarovalniško statistiko dominanten partner pri nadzoru življenjskih zavarovalnic.
At the start of the period under review, " there was no doubt that GAD was the dominant partner in the supervision of life insurance companies.
Vladni oddelek za zavarovalniško statistiko je imel več sredstev in tehničnega znanja kot uradniki v oddelku za zavarovalništvo Ministrstva za trgovino in industrijo.
GAD had more resources and technical expertise than the officials in the insurance division of the DTI.
Vendar se je ravnovesje pristojnosti v večji meri preneslo na osebje, ki je bilo vključeno v nadzor, do leta 1997, ko se je odgovornost za nadzor prenesla z Ministrstva za trgovino in industrijo na Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve, deloma kot rezultat večjega števila in bolj kakovostnega nadzornega osebja“.
But the balance of power had shifted more to the staff involved in supervision by the time responsibility for supervision transferred from the DTI to the Treasury in 1997, partly as a result of increased numbers and better quality of supervision staff" .
Glej ES-2, poglavje 4.1.
see ES-2, Chapter 4.1.
Vlada Združenega kraljestva je maja 1997 objavila uvedbo enotnega regulativnega organa na tem področju (prihodnji Organ za finančne storitve), ki je bil neodvisen od vlade in prevzel vlogo devetih obstoječih samoupravnih organov.
In May 1997, the UK Government announced the creation of a single industry regulator (the future FSA), independent from government, which was to take over the roles of nine existing self-regulating bodies.
2b) obdobje 1998–2001
2b) Period 1998 - 2001
Med ustanavljanjem Organa za finančne storitve je Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve prevzelo (od 5. januarja 1998 do 1. januarja 1999) „popolno pristojnost pristojnega organa za bonitetne zadeve, ki odgovarja za pretekla dejanja Ministrstva za trgovino in industrijo“ (WE32)
While the FSA was being created, HM Treasury assumed (from 5 January 1998 until 1 January 1999) " full responsibility as prudential competent authority, answerable for DTI's past actions in that capacity " (WE32)
Osebje direktorata za zavarovanje Ministrstva za trgovino in industrijo je bilo kot del prehodne faze začasno prerazporejeno Ministrstvu za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve, kasneje pa Organu za finančne storitve.
As part of the transitional phase, the DTI Insurance Directorate staff was transferred temporarily to the Treasury, pending transfer to the FSA.
Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve je bilo tako neposredno pristojno za bonitetno ureditev zavarovalnic, kot je družba Equitable Life.
The Treasury was therefore directly responsible for the prudential regulation of insurance companies such as Equitable Life.
Od 1. januarja 1999 je Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve kot del prehodne ureditve Organu za finančne storitve oddalo vsakodnevni nadzor zavarovalnic, samo pa je ostalo vodilni organ in ohranilo regulativno vlogo, dokler ni Organ za finančne storitve dobil popolna zakonska pooblastila z Zakonom o finančnih storitvah in trgu .
From 1 January 1999, as part of a transitional arrangement, the Treasury outsourced the day-to-day supervision of insurance companies to the FSA, remaining ultimately in charge and retaining its regulatory role until the FSA was given full statutory powers by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) .
2c) obdobje po letu 2001
2c) Period post-2001
Danes je Organ za finančne storitve neodvisen nevladni organ, družba z omejenim jamstvom, ki se financira prek industrije finančnih storitev.
Today the FSA is an independent non-governmental body, a company limited by guarantee and financed by the financial services industry.
Ministrstvo za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve imenuje izvršni odbor Organa za finančne storitve, ki ga sedaj sestavljajo predsednik, glavni izvršni direktor, trije generalni direktorji in 10 neizvršnih direktorjev.
The Treasury appoints the FSA Board, currently consisting of a Chairman, a Chief Executive Officer, three Managing Directors, and 10 non-executive directors.
Odbor oblikuje celotno politiko, izvršni direktor pa je odgovoren za vsakodnevno upravljanje.
The Board sets out overall policy, with day-to-day management being the responsibility of the Executive.
Kot edini zakonodajalec na področju financ je Organ za finančne storitve odgovoren Ministrstvu za gospodarstvo in finančne zadeve, prek njega pa parlamentu Združenega kraljestva.
As sole financial regulator, the FSA is accountable to the Treasury, and through it to the UK Parliament.
Organ za finančne storitve je popolna zakonska pooblastila dobil 1. decembra 2001 in ima sedaj devet sektorskih ekip, od katerih je ena namenjena zlasti nadzoru nad zavarovalniškim sektorjem.
The FSA gained full regulatory powers on 1 December 2001 and currently has, out of nine sector teams, one specifically dedicated to the supervision of the insurance sector.
Njegove glavne funkcije so ugotavljanje tveganja (določanje pojavljajočih se zavarovalnih tveganj in usklajevanje ukrepov za njihovo ublažitev), upravljanje stikov s širokim obsegom zunanjih zainteresiranih strank v zavarovalniškem sektorju, stalna revizija skladnosti zahtev in politik Organa za finančne storitve in razlaga novih pravil in zahtev, če je potrebno.
Its key functions are risk-identification (identify emerging insurance risks and coordinate ways to mitigate these), managing contacts with a wide range of external stakeholders for the insurance sector, keeping under review the coherence of FSA requirements and policies as they bear on the insurance sector and, if needed, interpreting new rules and requirements.
Vsako leto mora vsaka zavarovalnica, ki jo odobri Organ za finančne storitve, predložiti zavarovalniško poročilo, ki vsebuje revidirane finančne informacije in poročila revizorjev.
Every year, each insurer authorized by the FSA must send it an insurance return containing audited financial information and auditors' reports.
Ureditev poslovanja
Conduct of Business (CoB) Regulation
Namen pravil poslovanja v zavarovalniškem poslu je zagotavljanje, da:
The purpose of the Conduct of Business rules in the life assurance business can be defined as ensuring that:
· so zavarovalni produkti za sektor prebivalstva na trgu ustrezni za vlagatelje,
· retail insurance products offered on the market are suitable to investors
· vlagatelji razumejo vsa tveganja, ki se pojavijo pri sklenitvi police,
· investors understand all risks involved in the policy they take out
· je vsebina oglasov za zavarovalne produkte pravična, jasna in ne zavaja,
· advertisements for insurance products are fair, clear and not misleading in their message
· napovedi uspešnosti temeljijo na ustreznih razlagah.
· performance forecasts are based on adequate justifications.
V poznih osemdesetih letih 20. stoletja je poslovanje urejal „Zakon o finančnih storitvah“ iz leta 1986 , ki je nadomestil „Zakon o preprečevanju goljufij pri naložbah“ iz leta 1958 in uvedel regulativni sistem za nadaljevanje naložbenih poslov za sektor prebivalstva.
In the late 1980s, the Conduct of Business (CoB) regulation was governed by the " Financial Services Act" of 1986 , which had replaced the " Prevention of Fraud Investments Act " of 1958 and established a regulatory regime for the carrying on of retail investment business.
Nosilci dejavnosti so morali dobiti dovoljenje družbe Securities & Investments Board, ki jo je pozneje nadomestil Organ za finančne storitve, ali postati člani samoupravne organizacije, ki je člane nadzorovala na podlagi njihovih pravilnikov.
Operators had either to obtain authorisation from the Securities & Investments Board (SIB), the core of the later Financial Services Authority, or to become a member of a Self-regulating Organisation (SRO) which supervised members by reference to their own rule books.
Zato so samoupravne organizacije svoje pristojnosti pridobile iz pogodbenih odnosov s svojimi člani in usmerjale neodvisne finančne svetovalce ali druge subjekte, povezane s trženjem zavarovalnih produktov za sektor prebivalstva.
Thus, SROs derived their power from their contractual relationship with their members and regulated independent financial advisers or other subjects related to the marketing of retail investment products to the general public.
Samoupravne organizacije so se ukvarjale tudi s pritožbami glede zlorab pri prodaji.
SRO dealt also with complaints about mis-selling.
Zakon o finančnih storitvah iz leta 1986 je določil dve posebni samoupravni organizaciji za nadzor poslovanja
The Financial Services Act of 1986 had designated two particular SRO for Conduct of Business supervision
Združeno kraljestvo in Irska, sta bili „edini državi članici, ki sta imeli zakonodajalce na področju poslovanja ločene od bonitetnih nadzornikov, njihove pristojnosti so bile strogo omejene in pri nadzoru so imeli vlogo mlajšega partnerja“ (stran 6 ES-1). :
The UK and Ireland were "the only MS to have CoB regulators who operated separately from the prudential supervisors; their powers were strictly limited and they were regarded as the junior partner in supervision" (ES-1, page 6). :
– LAUTRO (Regulativna organizacija za življenjsko zavarovanje in naložbene sklade)
- LAUTRO (Life Assurance and Unit Trust Regulatory Organisation)
– FIMBRA (Regulativno združenje finančnih direktorjev in borznih posrednikov)
- FIMBRA (Financial Intermediaries Manager and Broker Regulatory Association)
Leta 1994 sta se ti dve organizaciji združili v Organ za zasebne naložbe
In 1994 these were merged into the PIA
Odnos nadzornika za bonitetne zadeve z nadzornikom poslovanja je bil v Združenem kraljestvu sporen, medtem ko sta bila tesno sodelovanje in izmenjava informacij ključna za zagotavljanje ustreznega nadzora zavarovalnic.
The relationship of the prudential supervisor with the conduct of business supervisor was critical in the UK, while close cooperation and information-sharing was vital to ensuring proper supervision of insurance companies.