natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Obstaja vrsta tehnologij za učinkovito pretvorbo biomase, zlasti v primeru toplote in električne energije.
There are a range of technologies for efficient conversion of biomass, especially in the case of heat and power.
Na splošno se spodbuja uporaba biomase za te namene, saj so gospodarsko bolj konkurenčni in okoljsko učinkoviti.
The fact that biomass can be more effectively used for heat and electricity production, does not rule out its use for transport fuels.
Dejstvo, da je biomaso mogoče učinkoviteje uporabljati za proizvodnjo toplote in električne energije, ne izključuje njene uporabe za pogonska goriva. misije toplogrednih plinov so velik izziv za EU in v večini držav članic se povečujejo.
GHG emissions from transport constitute a difficult challenge in the EU and are on the increase in most Member States.
Emisije toplogrednih plinov iz prometa ne morejo še naprej naraščati, če je obenem splošni cilj EU, da jih do leta 2020 zmanjša za 30 %.
There is no way transport emissions can continue to increase, while, at the same time, the overall objective for the EU is to reduce GHG emissions to 2020 by 30% or more.
Zasledovati je treba nadomestne možnosti, kot so
Alternative ways have to be pursued, like:
Čeprav so alternative, kot so vodik, električna energija in hibridna vozila, obetavne, danes nihče ne more napovedati, katera od tehnologij, ki so v igri, bo predstavljala najučinkovitejši odgovor na energetske in podnebne spremembe.
While alternatives like hydrogen, electricity and hybrids etc are promising, nobody can tell today which of the technologies at play that will present the most effective response to the energy and climate challenge.
Vse možnosti bi morale ostati odprte.
All options should be kept open.
Vedno več je dvomov o biogorivih
Bio-fuels increasingly questioned
Še pred nekaj leti so nekateri v biogorivih videli rešitev vrste svetovnih energetskih, okoljskih in podeželskih težav.
Only a few years ago bio-fuels were seen by some to be a panacea for a range of global energy, environment and rural development issues.
Danes je veliko dvomov, povezanih z biogorivi, tako z vidika pričakovanih prihrankov emisij toplogrednih plinov kot zaradi množice domnevnih škodljivih posledic.
Today they are widely questioned, both from the point of view of the expected GHG savings but, as well, for a host of perceived adverse effects.
Med temi je strah, da bo zaradi intenzivnejše proizvodnje biogoriv prišlo do povečanega pritiska na tla, vodo in biotsko raznovrstnost.
Among them are fears that the intensification of bio-fuels production will increase pressures on soil, water and biodiversity.
Izražajo se tudi pomisleki, da bo širitev proizvodnje biogoriv negativno vplivala na varno oskrbo s hrano ter pospešila uničenje deževnega gozda.
Concerns are also expressed that the expansion of bio-fuels production will negatively affect food security as well as accelerate the destruction of rainforests.
Trenutno je za pridelavo biogoriv namenjenih 25 milijonov hektarov zemljišč ali približno 0,5 % od 5 milijard hektarov svetovnih kmetijskih zemljišč.
Currently, the amount of land devoted to growing bio-fuels is only 25 million hectares, or about 0.5 % of the 5 billion hectares of global agricultural land.
Kar zadeva cene hrane, na te vplivajo številni dejavniki – kot so neugodne vremenske razmere, zmanjšanje zalog žit, trgovinske omejitve, špekulativne naložbe v surovine, rastoče povpraševanje v hitro razvijajočih se gospodarstvih, višje cene nafte, ki povzročajo rast cen vlaganj v kmetijstvo itd.
With regard to food prices, there are a host of factors affecting them – like adverse weather conditions, reductions in grain stocks, trade restrictions, speculative investment in commodities, growing demand from emerging economies, higher oil prices leading to higher prices on agricultural inputs etc.
Edini opazen vpliv biogoriv na cene hrane doslej je zelo protisloven program „koruza za etanol“ [ang. corn for ethanol ] v ZDA.
The only discernable influence on food prices, related to bio-fuels so far, is the highly controversial corn for ethanol program in the US.
Pri ocenjevanju razpoložljivosti zemljišč za energetske posevke se na splošno predpostavlja, da je treba najprej zadostiti potrebam po hrani in krmi.
In assessing the availability of land for energy crops, it is generally assumed that food and feed requirements should be met first.
Vendar energetskih posevkov ni treba pridelovati na kmetijskih zemljiščih.
But energy crops need not grow on arable land.
Namesto tega lahko rasejo na propadajočih zemljiščih in s tem kar najbolj zmanjšajo spore glede rabe tal.
Instead they can grow on degraded lands, thereby minimizing land use conflicts.
Sicer je mogoče isto rastlino uporabljati za različne proizvode – tudi za hrano, krmo, gorivo, vlaknine in druge kategorije.
In other cases, the same crop may result in multiple products—including food, feed, fuel, fibre and other categories.
Zagotavljanje gospodarskih spodbud za bioenergetske posevke bi bilo treba zato osredotočati na poškodovana, opuščena ali obrobna zemljišča, kjer je to mogoče; namen teh spodbud pa bi moralo biti spodbujanje večvrstnih proizvodov.
The provision of economic incentives for bio-energy crops should therefore be concentrated on degraded, abandoned, or marginal lands where possible, and should aim to encourage multiple products.
Dejstvo, da proizvodnja biogoriv doslej še ni pustila splošnih negativnih posledic na cenah hrane, ne izključuje, da v prihodnosti ne bo povzročila tovrstnih težav, če bo proizvodnja biogoriv dosegla veliko višje ravni in/ali prišla v občutljive regije.
The fact that bio-fuels production up till now has not had an overall negative effect on food prices does not preclude it from causing such problems in the future, should bio-fuels production reach much higher levels and/or move into sensitive regions.
Poleg tega bo neizbežno prišlo do večjega pritiska na zemljišča, saj se svet sooča s krčenjem zalog fosilnih goriv in rastjo njihovih cen, kar dopolnjujeta rast prebivalstva in spremembe v prehrani.
Furthermore, as the world faces dwindling and/or more costly supplies of fossil fuels - in combination with increasing population and changing diet - there will inevitably be more land pressures.
Morebitne napetosti med povečano proizvodnjo biogoriv na eni strani ter proizvodnjo hrane, izgubo biotske raznovrstnosti in krčenjem gozdov na drugi strani je treba jemati resno.
The potential tension between, on the one hand, increased bio-fuels production and, on the other hand, food production, biodiversity loss and deforestation have to be taken seriously.
Sprejeti je treba težke kompromise.
Difficult trade-offs have to be made.
Poseben izziv bo, kako preprečiti, da bi to prispevalo k nadaljnjem krčenju gozdov.
A particular challenge will be to avoid contributing to further deforestation.
Očitno je tveganje premestitve.
The risk for displacement is obvious.
Na primer, če se rastlinska olja vedno pogosteje uporabljajo za biodizelsko gorivo, se gozdna zemljišča v tropskih območjih nemudoma postavijo kot alternativa.
For instance, when vegetable oils are increasingly used for bio-diesel, forest lands in the tropics present themselves as alternatives immediately.
Edini učinkovit način za uravnoteženje tovrstnih pritiskov bi bil neke vrste sistem nadomestil za „izogibanje krčenju gozdov“.
The only effective way to balance such pressures would be through some kind of a compensation scheme for “avoided deforestation”.
Velik potencial v tropskih državah
Major potential in tropical countries
Posevki biomase, ki se pridelujejo v tropskih in subtropskih regijah, so v povprečju 4- do 6-krat bolj donosni , v smislu energetske vrednosti na enoto zemljišča, kot tipični posevki, ki se pridelujejo v zmernih podnebjih.
Biomass crops grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions, in terms of energy per unit of land, are 4-6 times more productive on average than typical crops grown in temperate climates .
Na tropske države so negativno vplivali kmetijski sektorji v državah OECD, ki so prejemali velike subvencije.
Tropical countries have been impacted negatively by the heavily-subsidized agricultural sectors in OECD countries.
Kmetijska reforma bi lahko ponudila resnične možnosti – nenazadnje najmanj razvitim državam – za posodobitev njihovih kmetijskih sektorjev, pri čemer bi biogoriva služila kot nekakšen zagon.
Agricultural reform could offer real opportunities, not l east for the LDCs, to modernize their agricultural sectors, using bio-fuels as somewhat of a driver.
Sklepanje za trgovino z bioenergijo med severom in jugom izhaja predvsem iz velikih razlik v produktivnosti in stroških proizvodnje.
The underlying logic for North-South bio-energy trade arises mainly from the large differences in productivity and cost of production.
Zato je samoumevno prepoznati velik potencial za učinkovito proizvodnjo biogoriv, ki ga ponujajo številne afriške in latinskoameriške države .
It is therefore natural to recognize the huge potential for effective bio-fuels production offered by many African and Latin American countries .
Evropska unija bi morala dajati prednost uvozu iz teh držav, pod pogojem, da proizvodnja spoštuje stroga merila okoljske trajnosti.
Imports from these continents ought to be a favored alternative for the Europea n Union, provided the production is guided by strict sustainability criteria.
Za razvoj industrije biogoriv pa večina držav z nizkimi dohodki zelo potrebuje razvoj zmogljivost.
However, to develop a bio-fuels industry most low-income countries are in great need of capacity building.
Nedavna pobuda Komisije o globalnem zavezništvu o podnebnih spremembah bi morala biti popolno sredstvo za to.
The recent Commission Initiative, the Global Climate Change Alliance, should be a perfect instrument for this.
Priporoča se previden pristop
Cautious approach recommended
Vloga poročevalca pri tem poročilu zato daje občutek velike odgovornosti.
Being draftsman of this report therefore feels like a huge responsibility.
Merila okoljske trajnosti za biogoriva so nujno potrebna, sočasno pa je razvijanje teh meril neizmerno zapleteno.
The sustainability criteria for bio-fuels are urgently needed, at the same time immensely complex to develop.
Če je opravljeno dobro, bi morala biogoriva pozitivno prispevati k blažitvi podnebnih sprememb in energetski varnosti.
If done the right way, bio-fuels should be able to contribute positively to climate change mitigation and energy security.
Sicer je očitno tveganje, da bi pobuda za biogoriva končala kot velik polom.
If not, the risk is obvious that the bio-fuels initiative could end in a big failure.
Trenutno je razvoj biogoriv v zgodnji fazi.
We are presently in the early stages of bio-fuel developments.
Politika, ki se uresničuje, mora biti tesno povezana s prizadevanji za povečano energetsko učinkovitost, pa tudi z razvojem električnih vozil, gorivnih celic itd.
The policy pursued has to be closely integrated with the efforts for enhanced fuel efficiency as well as the development of electric vehicles, fuel-cells etc.
Poleg tega mora politika zagotavljati odločne spodbude za inovacije pri načinih uporabe biomase.
Moreover, the policy must provide strong incentives for innovation in the way biomass is used.
Medtem ko se zdijo raziskovalna prizadevanja za naslednjo generacijo biogoriv obetavna, predstavlja težavo časovni vidik.
While research efforts into the next generation of bio- fuels look promising, the problem is the time perspective.
Večina izvedencev dvomi, da bodo tehnologije, ki temeljijo na lesni celulozi, dosegle pomembnejšo gospodarsko uspešnost v naslednjih desetih do petnajstih letih.
Most experts doubt that technologies based on ligno-cellulose will be commercially viable in a significant way within the next ten to fifteen years.
Če ta napoved drži – in EU ohrani svoj 10 % obvezujoči cilj –, se bo proizvodnja biogoriv hitro razširila in temeljila predvsem na agrogorivih.
If this prediction is right - and the EU would maintain the 10% binding target – bio-fuels production will expand rapidly, based primarily on agro-fuels.
To bi lahko resno vplivalo na varno oskrbo s hrano, na biotsko raznovrstnost in na hitrost uničevanja deževnega gozda.
This could have serious implications for food security, for biodiversity as well as for the rate of rainforest destruction.
Zaradi vseh neznank – tako glede razvoja tehnologije kot glede spremembe rabe zemljišč – je utemeljen argument, da sta potrebni previdnost in postopnost.
Because of all the unknowns – both with regard to technology developments but also to land use changes – there is a compelling argument for caution and a step-by-step approach.
Predlagani 10 % obvezujoči cilj se zdi pretirano optimističen.
The proposed 10% binding target appears too optimistic.
Smoter ne bi smel biti doseganje cilja za vsako ceno, temveč izvajanje politik, ki bodo imele za posledico velike koristi za podnebje.
The objective should not be to reach the target at all costs, rather to implement policies which result in a significant benefit for the climate.
Predlog Komisije – kritični pregled
The Commission Proposal – a critical review
Predlog Komisije o merilih okoljske trajnosti za biogoriva ima očitne dobre strani .
The Commission proposal on sustainability criteria for bio-fuels has its clear merits .
Vseeno pa so potrebne velike spremembe.
However, there is need for significant changes.
Naj začnemo s pomembnim pojasnilom.
At the outset, an important point has to be made.
Z oblikovanjem meril okoljske trajnosti EU oblikuje trg visokega cenovnega razreda za pogonska goriva, ki temeljijo na obnovljivih virih energije.
By establishing the sustainability criteria, the EU is creating a premium market for transport fuels based on renewable energy.
Iz tega logično izhaja, da bi morala imeti EU vso pravico uvesti posebne zahteve za tovrstna goriva.
From this naturally follows, that the EU should have all the right to introduce specific demands on such fuels.
Dodaten splošni komentar zadeva dejstvo, da EU ni sama v prizadevanjih za urejanje uvajanja pogonskih goriv, ki temeljijo na obnovljivih virih energije.
A further general comment concerns the fact that EU is not alone in making efforts to regulate the introduction of transport fuels based on renewable energy.
Končni cilj bi moralo biti sprejetje meril okoljske trajnosti, ki so v mednarodnem merilu široko sprejeta.
The ultimate goal ought to be the adoption of sustainability criteria that are widely accepted internationally.
Naloga Komisije je razširiti dialog z drugimi večjimi subjekti, pri čemer je cilj doseči kar najširši možni skupni dogovor.
The Commission is called upon to broaden the dialogue with other major actors, the objective being to reach as common an understanding as possible.
Revizija obvezujočega cilja
Revise the binding target
Ko je Evropski svet prvič dosegel soglasje o tem cilju, je bil ta pogojen.
When the target was first agreed upon by the European Council it was conditional.
Trije pogoji so bili: 1) oblikovanje meril okoljske trajnosti, 2) razpoložljivost biogoriv druge generacije na trgu in 3) sprememba direktive o kakovosti goriva .
The three conditions set were: 1) the establishment of the sustainability criteria , 2) the commercial availability of second generation bio-fuels, and 3) the amendment of the Fuel Quality Directive.
V novejših znanstvenih poročilih je najti številne negotovosti, povezane z širjenjem biogoriv.
When taking stock of recent scientific reports the uncertainties linked to the expansion of bio-fuels are many.
To je podlaga, na kateri sta znanstveni odbor in skupni raziskovalni center Evropske okoljske agencije šla celo tako daleč, da sta priporočila zamrznitev cilja 10 %.
This is the background why both the EEA Scientific Committee as well as the JRC went as far as recommending a suspension of the 10% target.
Vprašljiva je razpoložljivost biogoriv druge generacije na trgu, pa tu neposredni in posredni učinki rabe zemljišč za proizvodnjo biogoriv.
Major questionmarks concern the commercial availability of second generation bio-fuels and the direc t as well as indirect land use effects of bio-fuels production.
Glede na številne današnje neznanke se zdi odgovorno preklicati odločitev o 10 % cilju obnovljivih virov energije ter namesto tega zastaviti nižji cilj – kot na primer 8 % – in redno revidirati celotno politiko, vključno s tem ciljem.
Given the many unknowns today, the responsible way forward seems to be to reverse the decision about the 10% renewable target and, instead, go for a lower target – like 8 % - and undertake regular reviews of the whole policy, including the target.
Uvedba trajnostnih kategorij obnovljive energije
Introduce sustainable categories of renewable energy
Namen direktive je spodbujati obnovljive vire energije.
The purpose of the Directive is to promote renewable energy.
Za doseganje 20 % cilja bi bilo treba storiti vse mogoče, da se olajšajo pravila in predpisi, ki urejajo proizvodnjo obnovljivih virov energije, vključno z dostopanjem do omrežja in poenostavljenimi upravnimi postopki.
To reach the 20% target, everything possible should be done to facilitate the rules and regulations pertaining to renewables production, including access to the grid and simplified administrative procedures.
Pravila o načrtovanju je treba poenostaviti, vsaj za takšne projekte obnovljivih virov energije, ki jih je mogoče vnaprej opredeliti kot trajnostne.
Planning rules need to be made more flexible, not least for such types of renewable energy projects that a priori can be defined as sustainable.
Razširitev meril okoljske trajnosti na biomaso za energijo
Expand the sustainability criteria to biomass for energy
Nujno je, da merila okoljske trajnosti usmerjajo proizvodnjo biogoriv.
The need is strong for sustainability criteria guiding bio-fuels production.
Vseeno pa ni logično, da se med vsemi izpostavi samo en del uporabe biomase za energijo.
However, it is not logical to single out only one part of the use of biomass for energy purposes from the rest.
Zato se predlaga razširitev meril okoljske trajnosti na vse rabe biomase za energijo.
It is therefore proposed to extend the sustainability criteria to all uses of biomass for energy.
Merila za prihranke toplogrednih plinov
Criteria for GHG savings
Predlagani 35 % prihranek toplogrednih plinov je po mnenju poročevalca premalo ambiciozen .
The proposed GHG saving of 35% is, in the opinion of your draftsman, too little ambitious .
S tem, ko je določen tako nizek cilj, ga izpolnjuje večina biogoriv na trgu danes, pojavlja pa se tveganje, da proizvodnja postane neučinkovita ter ima majhne koristi za podnebje in mogoče velike posredne posledice za rabo zemljišč.
By setting such a low target, the majority of biofuels in the market today will qualify, with a risk of locking production into inefficient production with limited climate benefits and potential large in-direct land use effects.
Poleg tega se z le 35 % pragom toplogrednih plinov zmanjšuje velik potencial za učinkovito proizvodnjo biogoriv v tropskih območjih .
Moreover, with a GHG threshold of only 35%, the significant potential for efficient bio-fuels production in the tropics is being downplayed.
Nazadnje, vendar ne najmanj pomembno pa je, da predlog Komisije ne ponuja resničnih spodbud za inovacije in izboljšanje emisij toplogrednih plinov.
Lastly, but not the least, no real incentive for innovation and GHG performance improvement is offered in the Commission proposal.
Da bi bila prihodnja biogoriva uspešnejša kar zadeva koristi za podnebje, poročevalec predlaga, da je ob začetku veljavnosti prag prihrankov toplogrednih plinov 50 %.
In order for future biofuels to deliver more in terms of climate benefits the proposal of your draftsman is a GHG saving threshold of 50% from the entry into force.
Poleg tega, bi morali biti morebitni sistemi podpore, tudi subvencije, v državah članicah sorazmerni s prihrankom toplogrednih plinov, da bi spodbudili najboljše alternativne obnovljive vire energije v prometu (vključno z električno energijo in vodikom).
In addition, in order to give incentives to the best alternatives for renewable energy in transport (including also electricity and hydrogen) possible support schemes, including subsidies, in Member States should be proportional to the GHG saving.
Merila za „prepovedana območja“
Criteria for "No-go areas"
Predlog Komisije prepoveduje proizvodnjo biogoriv na nekaterih vrstah zemljišč – v obliki „prepovedanih območij“ – kot so gozdovi, v katere ne posega človek, območja, določena za namene varstva okolja, travinje z veliko biotsko raznovrstnostjo itd.
The Commission proposal excludes certain types of land for the production of bio-fuels – in the form of “no-go” areas - like undisturbed forests, areas designated for nature protection, highly bio-diverse grassland etc.
To je pozitivno.
This is positive.
Predlagani seznam „prepovedanih območij“ pa ne vključuje nekaterih občutljivih območij in bi ga bilo treba dopolniti, na primer s sprejetjem kategorij območij velike ohranitvene vrednost.
However, the proposed list of “no-go” areas does omit certain sensitive areas and ought to be complemented, for instance by adopting the High Conservation Value Land categories.
Kar zadeva rabo zemljišč je predlog Komisije preveč črno-bel.
The Commission proposal paints the world too much in black and white with regard to land use..
Zemljišča se bodisi uporabljajo za popolno proizvodnjo ali pa je proizvodnja na njih prepovedana.
Land areas are either open to full production or prohibited for use.
V evropskih gozdovih, pa tudi v tropskih gozdovih, bi moralo biti mogoče trajnostno upravljanje, da bi bilo mogoče uporabiti omejene količine biomase, če bi bilo to trajnostno.
In European forests, as well as in tropical forests, sustainable management ought to be possible, so that limited amounts of biomass can be used, if it is done in a sustainable way.
Družbena merila
Social criteria
V tem poročilu se predlaga, da Komisija vsaki dve leti pripravi posebno poročilo, v katerem obravnava cel niz družbenih vplivov povečanega povpraševanja po biogorivih in njihove večje rabe.
The proposal of this report is for the Commission to draw up a special report every second year, pertaining to a whole range of social impacts of the increased demand and use of bio-fuels.
Metodologija za izračun prihrankov toplogrednih plinov
Methodology for calculation of GHG savings
Prihranek toplogrednih plinov, po kateremu se je pozivalo, se izračunava po metodologiji LCA , ki je opisna v prilogi VII.
The called-for GHG saving is calculated through a LCA methodology, described in annex VII.
Metodologija je načeloma dobra in dovolj prožna, da omogoča prilagoditve po tem, ko bo o direktivi dosežen dogovor.
The methodology is in principle sound and sufficiently flexible to allow for adjustments after the Directive has been agreed upon.
Posebne privzete vrednosti so navedene za pridelavo, proizvodnjo in prevoz biogoriv, pa tudi za spremembe rabe zemljišč, in naj bi se uporabljale kot referenčne vrednosti.
Specific default values are suggested for the cultivation, production and transport of bio-fuels - as well as for land use changes - to be used as reference points.
Preizprašati je treba splošen način določanja privzetih vrednosti v zvezi z rabo zemljišč in spremembo rabe zemljišč in pa v zvezi s pridelavo.
The generalized way by which the default values are established must be questioned - in relation to land us e and land use change , but, as well, to cultivation.
Zdi se, da je sklepanje, na katerem temelji predlog Komisije, takšno, da bo določena vrsta rabe zemljišč – kot je pridelava travinj – pripeljala do enakega prihranka toplogrednih plinov in/ali izgub ogljika, ne glede na to, kje se izvaja ta pridelava.
The logic of the Commission proposal seems to be that a certain type of land use, like cultivating grasslands, will lead to the same GHG savings and/or the same carbon losses, regardless of where production takes place.
Travinje pa se razlikujejo po količini shranjenega ogljika in jih zato ni mogoče opisati z eno samo privzeto vrednostjo.
But grasslands differ in the amount of carbon stored , and hence cannot be described through a single default value .