natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Uspeh mikrokreditov pri zmanjševanju revščine v državah v razvoju doslej še ni bil prenešen v okvir EU.
The success of the microcredit business in relieving poverty in developing countries has up to now not been translated into the EU context.
Čeprav obstajajo številne javne in zasebne pobude, ki poskušajo spodbujati ta način poslovanja tudi v Evropi, še vedno manjka celovit pristop in v tem sektorju obstaja tržna vrzel: vsi pokazatelji kažejo visoko potencialno povpraševanje po mikrokreditih med ljudmi, ki ne morejo pridobiti kredita v navadnem bančnem sektorju.
Although there are several initiatives, both public and private, that try to promote this business also in Europe, a holistic approach is still missing, and a market gap in this sector exists: all indications point to a high potential demand for microcredit from people who are unable to obtain loans in the traditional banking sector.
Uspeh evropske pobude na področju mikrokreditov bi lahko veliko prispeval k doseganju ciljev revidirane lizbonske strategije za rast in delovna mesta ter k ustvarjanju inovativnega, ustvarjalnega in dinamičnega evropskega gospodarstva.
A success of a European initiative on microcredit could contribute substantially to the achievement of the objectives of the Revised Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs and the creation of an innovative, creative and dynamic European economy.
Majhna podjetja so bistven vir rasti, zaposlovanja, podjetniških spretnosti, inovacij in kohezije v EU.
Small enterprises are an essential source of growth, employment, entrepreneurial skills, innovation and cohesion in the EU.
Mikrokrediti lahko še posebej podpirajo eno od štirih prednostnih nalog lizbonske strategije, in sicer sprostitev poslovnega potenciala, tako da s samozaposlovanjem pomagajo pri družbeni in ekonomski (ponovni) integraciji ljudi.
Microcredit can in particular support one of the four priorities of the Lisbon strategy, namely the unlocking of business potential, by helping socially and economically (re-) integrate people through self-employment.
Dejansko se lizbonska strategija lahko šteje kot učinkovita samo, če bistveno poveča raven zaposlenosti.
In fact only if the level of employment is significantly raised can the Lisbon strategy be regarded as successful.
(Izraz „mikrofinanciranje“ obsega tudi druge finančne storitve majhnega obsega, kot so mikrozavarovanja, osnovni tekoči računi in varčevalni računi.
(The term 'microfinance' encompasses also other small scale financial services such as microinsurance, basic current accounts and savings accounts.
Ti pojmi ne bodo obravnavani v poročilu o mikrokreditih.)
These concepts will not be addressed in the report on micro-credit.)
Kratka vsebina sporo č ila Komisije
The Commission communication
Komisija je opredelila mikrokredit kot posojilo v znesku 25.000 EUR ali manj, namenjeno mikropodjetju (to je podjetju, ki ima manj kot 10 zaposlenih ali katerega letni promet in/ali letna bilančna vsota ne presegata 2 milijona EUR).
The Commission defines a microcredit as a loan of 25,000 EUR or less, made to a micro-enterprise (i.e. an enterprise with fewer than 10 employees whose annual turnover and/or annual balance sheet total does not exceed 2 m EUR).
Sporočilo Komisije „Evropska pobuda za razvoj mikrokreditov v podporo rasti in zaposlovanju“, objavljena novembra 2007, vabi države članice, naj ustrezno prilagodijo nacionalni institucionalni, pravni in poslovni okvir, ki je potreben za spodbujanje bolj ugodnega okolja za razvoj mikrokreditov.
The Commission communication 'A European initiative for the development of microcredit in support of growth and employment', published in November 2007, invites the Member States to adapt as appropriate national institutional, legal and commercial frameworks necessary to promote a more favourable environment for the development of micro-credit.
Poleg tega je bila pripravljena pobuda JASMINE, nova pomoč na ravni Skupnosti, namenjena za podporo razvoja nebančnih MFI v državah članicah.
In addition, JASMINE was launched, a new European-level facility which aims at supporting the development of non-bank MFIs in Member States.
Čeprav vsebuje ta pobuda obetavne elemente, pa je njihova slaba stran ta, da jih v veliki meri prepušča državam članicam in ne določa resnično evropskega okvira.
Even though the elements of this initiative are promising, their drawback is that they leave the issue largely in the hands of Member States instead of establishing a truly European framework.
Ciljne skupine
Target groups
Po mnenju poročevalca bi moral biti rezultat evropske pobude na področju mikrokreditov inovativen in osredotočen na ciljne skupine, ki jim doslej ni bilo posvečene dovolj pozornosti.
In the opinion of the rapporteur, the outcome of a European initiative in the field of microcredit should be innovative, focussing on target groups that are up to now not paid sufficient attention.
Ker je MSP, ki sodijo v kategorijo majhnih in srednje velikih podjetjih, namenjenih veliko pobud, in ker tem ciljnim skupinam ponavadi strežejo navadne banke, je evropska pobuda za razvoj mikrokreditov osredotočena zlasti na prikrajšane osebe, ki želijo ustanoviti mikropodjetje, kot so (dolgotrajno) brezposelni, prejemniki socialne pomoči, priseljenci, etnične manjšine, osebe, ki opravljajo neformalno delo ali živijo v ogroženih podeželskih območjih ter ženske.
As there are plenty of initiatives targeting SMEs that fall in the category of 'small' and 'medium sized' enterprises, and these target groups are in general served by traditional banks, the focus of a European initiative for the development of microcredit should rather be disadvantaged persons who want to start a micro enterprise, such as the (long-term) unemployed, welfare dependents, immigrants, ethnic minorities, people active in the informal economy or living in deprived rural areas and women.
Zato je treba upoštevati, da se ciljne skupine precej razlikujejo po državah članicah in so tudi zelo različne med seboj.
Thereby, it has to be taken into account that the target groups in the Member States differ widely and are very diverse respectively.
Treba je obravnavati vprašanje, kdo naj bo posrednik med kreditojemalcem in kreditodajalcem.
The question needs to be considered who should intermediate between credit taker and credit supplier.
Treba je upoštevati, da je posrednika mogoče izbrati iz ciljne skupine same.
It is necessary to consider that an intermediary may be selected from the target group itself.
Taka rešitev je lahko po eni strani učinkovita, saj člani ciljne skupine morda bolj zaupajo posredniku, ki je eden izmed njih, kakor tretji osebi.
Such a solution may be efficient on the one hand, as the target group members may trust such an inside intermediary more that an outsider.
Po drugi strani pa kreditni sistem znotraj skupine morda za nekatere skupine ni najbolj primeren, saj lahko spodbudi nadvlado že obstoječega zgornjega sloja v skupini.
On the other hand, an inside credit system may not be ideal for certain groups, as it may foster the reign of an already existing upper class in the group.
Posebne zna č ilnosti mikrokredita
Specific features of microcredit
Uveljavljeni bančni sektor meni, da je posojanje ciljnim skupinam za mikrokredite, kot so opredeljene zgoraj, tvegano in stroškovno intenzivno.
The established banking sector considers lending to the microcredit target groups as defined above as risky and cost intensive.
Poslovne banke pravijo, da se soočajo z nesprejemljivo visokimi tveganji neplačila in nizkimi maržami.
Commercial banks argue that they are confronted with unacceptably high risks of default and low margins.
Zato nekateri segmenti strank za take banke niso zanimivi, zato te osebe težko sodelujejo z bankami.
As a result, these banks are not interested in certain client segments which end up being 'non-bankable'.
To pomeni, da se poslovanje z mikrokrediti razlikuje od tradicionalnega bančnega poslovanja.
This means that the business of microcredit is different from traditional banking business.
Obsega inovativne in subjektivne elemente kot so alternativno zavarovanje ali pa poslovanje brez zavarovanja ter neobičajno ocenjevanje kreditne sposobnosti.
It includes innovative and subjective elements such as alternative or no collateral requirements and non-traditional credit worthiness evaluation.
V številnih primerih se mikrokrediti odobrijo ne le iz ekonomskih razlogov in ne samo zaradi dobička, ampak tudi za kohezijske namene, da bi poskušali (ponovno) integrirati prikrajšane osebe v družbo.
In many cases, microcredit is granted not only for economic reasons and not only to make profit, but serves also a cohesion purpose, by trying to (re-)integrate disadvantaged people into the society.
Odobritev mikrokreditov pomeni višje stroške poslovanja zaradi majhnega zneska kredita, pomanjkanje (zadostnega) zavarovanja in visokih stroškov opravljanja storitev, saj je stranke pogosto težko fizično doseči, ter zahteva intenzivne storitve za podporo podjetjem in svetovanje – te značilnosti ponavadi zahtevajo široko in drago mrežo ljudi, ki so ciljni skupini najbližji.
The granting of microcredit entails higher operational costs, due to the small loan size, the lack of (sufficient) collateral and high handling costs, as clients are often difficult to reach physically and the need for intense business support services and advice - these characteristics generally necessitate a broad and expensive network of people who are close to the target group.
Čeprav ponudba mikrokreditov ni donosna, jo je ekonomsko smiselno podpreti, saj je ponavadi finančna podpora samozaposlovanju vsaj srednje in dolgoročno nižja od stroškov nadomestil za brezposelnost.
But even if the provision of microcredit is not profitable, it makes economic sense to support it, as in general the financial support for self-employment is lower than the cost of unemployment benefits, at least in the medium and long term.
Možni elementi evropske pobude o mikrokreditih
Possible elements of a European initiative on microcredit
Naj postanejo mikrokrediti vidni
Giving microcredit visibility
Da bi postal pojem mikrokredita dovolj razpoznaven na ravni EU, da bi to spodbujalo njegov razvoj, mora postati posebna kategorija v statistiki in bančni zakonodaji.
In order to give the concept of microcredit the visibility that is needed at the EU level to favour its development, its introduction as a separate category in statistics and banking regulation is needed.
V tem smislu je vprašljivo, ali je nediferencirana opredelitev mikrokredita, ki jo uporablja Komisija in se uporablja v vseh državah članicah EU, primerna.
In this regard, it is questionable whether the undifferentiated definition of microcredit applying to all EU Member States used by the Commission is appropriate.
Ker se BDP na prebivalca zelo razlikuje med državami članicami, se v različnih regijah posojilo enake nominalne vrednosti obravnava različno.
As GDP per capita differ widely between Member States, a loan of the same nominal amount is regarded differently in different regions.
Mikrokredite bi bilo treba spodbujati tudi z davčnimi spodbudami in odpravo omejitev obrestnih mer.
Microcredit should also be promoted by tax incentives and the abolition of interest rate caps.
Razlog za omejevanje obrestnih mer je zaščita kreditojemalcev pred previsokimi stroški najemanja kreditov.
The reason behind interest rate caps is the protection of borrowers against excessively high costs of borrowing.
Vendar pa omejitve obrestnih mer kreditodajalcem onemogočajo kritje stroškov posojanja in ljudi prisilijo, da si sposojajo pri oderuhih, pri katerih so obrestne mere še višje.
However interest rate caps can prevent lenders from covering their costs of lending and force people to borrow from loan sharks that charge even higher interest rates.
Številni izvajalci na področju mikrokreditov pravijo, da na področju mikrokreditov kreditojemalcev ne zadržujejo stroški, ampak dostopnost.
Many practitioners engaged in the microcredit business argue that the bottleneck with regard to microcredit on the borrower's side is not costs but access.
Mikrokrediti so majhni zneski s kratkim rokom odplačila, zato so obroki odplačila manjši, čeprav so obrestne mere na prvi pogled videti izredno visoke.
As microcredits are small amounts with short maturity, repayment instalments are minor in spite of interest rates that seem to be prohibitively high at first glance.
Zato bi bilo torej treba omejitve obrestnih mer uporabljati samo pri potrošniških kreditih.
Therefore, interest rate caps should be applied only when it comes to consumer loans.
Financiranje EU
EU funding
Pobude EU, ki bi morale spodbujati mikrokredite, se z izjemo pobude JASMINE uporabljajo širše kakor mikrokrediti, kar posega v cilj osredotoči se posebej na podporo ogroženim osebam z odobritvijo mikrokredita.
With the exception of JASMINE, the EU initiatives that should foster microcredit have a wider application range than microcredit, which interferes with the objective of specifically focussing on the support of disadvantages people by granting them microcredit.
Poleg tega številčnost pobud in njihova administrativna zapletenost majhnim projektom otežujeta izkoriščanje.
Moreover, the plurality of initiatives and their administrative complexity make it difficult for small projects to benefit from them.
Poenostavitev pobud EU in bolj natančno razlikovanje med posebnimi ciljnimi skupinami bi lahko bila koristna.
A streamlining of the EU initiatives and a more accurate differentiation between the specific target groups could be useful.
Da bi spodbudili najemanje mikrokreditov v socialno ogroženih ciljnih skupinah, bi se morala sredstva EU odobriti pod pogojem, da se podpirajo ljudje iz teh ciljnih skupin na naslednjih področjih:
To foster the provision of microcredit to disadvantaged target groups, EU funding should be granted under the condition that people belonging to these target groups are supported, in the following fields:
- Posredna podpora z zagotavljanjem jamstev, saj to pomeni spodbudo za dodatno zasebno pomoč.
- Indirect support by the provision of guarantees, as this provides incentives for additional private support.
- Kritje stroškov zagotavljanja storitev za podporo podjetjem, če jih izvajajo MFI same ali druge organizacije.
- The covering of costs for the provision of business support services, if carried out by the MFI itself or other organisations.
Nujen je dostop do storitev za podporo podjetjem (kot so mentorstvo, usposabljanje, svetovanje, finančno izobraževanje, mikropodjetniški krogi) za ustanovitelje mikropodjetij, ki pripadajo prikrajšanim ciljnim skupinam.
Access to business support services (such as mentoring, training, advice, financial education, hotlines, micro-entrepreneur circles) for founders of micro-enterprises belonging to a disadvantaged target group is essential.
- Raziskave in izmenjava najboljših praks, npr. v zvezi z inovativnimi tehnikami za dodelitev, varovanje in zmanjševanje tveganja mikrokredita (kot so zahteve za alternativno zavarovanje, neobičajni načini ocenjevanja kreditne sposobnosti ali sistemi točkovanja).
- Research and exchange of best practices, e.g. as regards innovative techniques for the granting, safeguarding and risk mitigation of microcredit (such as alternative collateral requirements, non-traditional credit worthiness evaluation methods or scoring systems).
Treba je oceniti, v kolikšni meri taki pristopi delujejo v okviru EU in s katerimi ciljnimi skupinami .
It should be assessed to what extend such approaches work in an EU context and with which target group.
Treba je spodbujati obširno izmenjavo najboljših praks in izkušenj (z državami in regijami v Evropi in zunaj nje).
An extensive exchange of best practices and experiences (of countries and regions in and outside Europe) should be promoted.
Reguliranje ponudnikov mikrokreditov
Regulation of microcredit providers
Direktiva o kapitalskih zahtevah ne določa neposrednih ovir za odobritev mikrokreditov v pooblaščenih finančnih institucijah.
As regards the provision of microcredit by licensed financial institutions, the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) does not seem to pose direct obstacles.
Vendar pa običajne banke po definiciji niso pripravljene poslovati z osebami, ki niso zanimive za banke, in videti je, da so za pokrivanje te ciljne skupine bolj primerne nebančne MFI.
However by definition traditional banks are not willing to serve 'non-bankable' people and non-bank MFIs seem therefore better positioned to cover this target group.
Kljub temu bi bilo treba v direktivi o kapitalskih zahteva predvideti bolj ugodno obravnavo za mikrokredite, ki so po preteklih podatkih manj tvegani (izkušnje številnih izdajateljev mikrokreditov so pokazale, da so stopnje odplačila na splošno izredno visoke).
Nevertheless a more favourable treatment under the CRD for microcredits which historical record indicate as less risky (experience of many microcredit providers has shown that repayment rates are in general remarkably high) should be foreseen.
Uvedba izraza mikrokredit v direktivo o kapitalskih zahtevah bi prispevala tudi k njegovi večji prepoznavnosti.
An introduction of the term 'microcredit' in the CRD would also contribute to its wider recognition.
Poleg tega nekateri vidiki direktive o kapitalskih zahtevah in dejstvo, da je osnovana na načelu minimalne uskladitve, predstavljajo posredne ovire.
Furthermore, some aspects of the CRD and the fact that this Directive is based on the minimum harmonisation principle, pose obstacles indirectly.
Prvič, v skladu z direktivo o kapitalskih zahtevah smejo samo finančne institucije sprejemati vloge ali druga vračljiva sredstva od prebivalcev.
First of all, according to the CRD, only financial institutions are allowed to take deposits or other repayable funds from the public.
Upravna obremenitev za finančne institucije je visoka, zato nebančni ponudniki mikrokreditov primerjajo prednosti dovoljenja za opravljanje bančnih storitev (in s tem dostopa do sorazmerno poceni financiranja z vlogami) s slabimi stranmi statusa zakonsko reguliranega subjekta.
The administrative burden for financial institutions is high, which compels non-banking providers of micro-credit to weigh up the advantages of having a banking licence (and thereby access to relatively cheap deposit funding) against the disadvantages of being a regulated entity.
Še bolj pomembno je, da so nekatere države članice nadgradile določbe iz direktive o kapitalskih zahtevah v svoji zakonodaji tako, da so omejile skoraj vse posojilne dejavnosti na pooblaščene banke.
Even more relevant is that some Member States upgraded the CRD provisions in their national laws by restricting almost all lending activities to licensed banks.
Neposredno nadaljnje posojanje sredstev, sposojenih od bank, najemnikom mikrokreditov, je v številnih državah članicah prav tako omejeno.
The direct on-lending of funds borrowed from banks to microcredit borrowers is also restricted in several Member States.
Take zahteve predstavljajo oviro za MFI, ki bi želele ponujati mikrokredite.
Such requirements pose an obstacle to the provision of microcredit by non-bank MFIs.
Da bi spodbudil ustanavljanje nebančnih MFI poročevalec podpira izčrpni usklajeni okvir EU za nebančne MFI.
To foster the formation of non-bank MFIs, the rapporteur supports a comprehensive harmonised EU framework for non-bank MFIs.
Usklajeni okvir za nebančne MFI pa ne bi smel prisiliti obstoječih ponudnikov mikrokreditov, da se odrečejo svoji posebnosti.
However a harmonised framework for non-bank MFIs should not force existing microcredit providers to give up their individuality.
V tem sektorju so se v državah članicah oblikovali različni modeli, ki so prilagojeni tamkajšnjim pravnim, ekonomskim in socialnim okoljem.
The sector has generated different models in the Member States which are adapted to the respective legal, economic and social environment.
Poleg tega je treba zagotoviti, da ne bo nastajala nepoštena konkurenca s pooblaščenimi bankami.
Moreover, it must be ensured that no unfair competition with licensed banks will be created.
Zakonodaja o prepre č evanju pranja denarja in financiranja terorizma
Anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism legislation
Določbe direktive 2005/60/ES lahko ljudem, ki nimajo stalnega naslova ali osebnih dokumentov, preprečujejo dostop do kreditov.
The provisions of Directive 2005/60/EC may exclude people who have no permanent address or identification documents from accessing loans.
Vendar pa teh skupin ljudi ne bi smeli izključevati iz možnosti pridobivanja mikrokreditov.
However these groups of people should not be excluded from obtaining a microcredit.
Glede na nizke zneske mikrokreditov, posebne izjeme ne bodo spodkopale ciljev direktive.
Given the low amount of a microcredit, the objectives of the Directive will not be undermined by specific exemptions.
Uredba o državni pomo č i/pomo č i de minimis
State aid / de minimis Regulation
Državna pomoč je pomemben dejavnik pri podpori mikrokreditov.
State aid is an important factor in the support of microcredit.
Uredba EU o obveznosti prijavljanja pomoči de minimis lahko predstavlja težave glede finančne podpore za mikrokredite, saj v skladu z uredbo državna finančna podpora, ki znaša manj kot 200.000 EUR v obdobju 3 finančnih let za določeno podjetje ne predstavlja državne pomoči.
The EU de minimis Regulation on notification obligations can pose problems as regards the financial support for microcredit, as, according to the Regulation, state financial support of less than 200,000 EUR over a period of 3 financial years in favour of a given company does not constitute state aid.
To pravilo se uporablja za vse države članice brez razlik, čeprav se razmere, zlasti kar zadeva majhna podjetja in samozaposlene, močno razlikujejo.
This rule applies to all Member States without any differentiation, although the conditions, in particular as regards small enterprises and self-employed people, differ widely.
Zato bi bilo treba razmisliti o diferenciaciji omejitve pomoči de minimis med državami članicami.
Therefore, a differentiation of the de minimis limit between Member States should be considered.
Za podjetja, ki so dejavna v kmetijskem sektorju, skupna pomoč de minimis , dodeljena enemu podjetju, ne presega 7500 EUR v obdobju treh let.
For undertakings active in the agricultural sector, the total de minimis aid granted to one undertaking shall not exceed 7,500 EUR over three years.
Vendar pa ta sektor predstavlja velik delež potencialnega trga za mikrokredite in ne bi smel biti diskriminiran.
However this sector makes up a good share of the potential market for microcredit and should not be discriminated.
Poleg tega številni kmetje, ki imajo majhna podjetja v kmetijskem sektorju, nimajo dostopa do subvencij, saj se ponavadi za subvencije zahteva določena minimalna velikost (površina itd.) podjetja.
Furthermore, many farmers who run small-scale businesses in the agricultural sector have no access to subsidies as usually a minimum size (of acreage etc.) is necessary to benefit from them.
To diskriminacijo kmetijskega sektorja na področju pomoči de minimis bi bilo treba ponovno pregledati.
This discrimination of the agricultural sector in de minimis regulation should be reviewed.
Na koncu je treba omeniti, da je videti, da je postopek Komisije za potrditev metodologije za pridobitev pravice do izjeme za jamstvene sheme dolgotrajen in zapleten.
Finally, there is evidence that the procedure regarding the admission by the Commission of a methodology in order to benefit from the exemption for guarantee schemes is lengthy and complex.
Treba bi bilo preučiti, ali obstajajo možnosti za poenostavitev postopka za potrditev preglednosti pomoči, če je dana v okviru jamstvene sheme.
It should be analysed if there is room for simplification as regards the acceptance of aid being 'transparent' when provided under a guarantee scheme.
o Evropski pobudi za razvoj mikrokredita v podporo rasti in zaposlovanju
on a European initiative for the development of micro-credit in support of growth and employment
(Pobuda v skladu s členom 39 Poslovnika)
(Initiative - Rule 39 of the Rules of Procedure)