natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
26. poziva države članice, naj izvajajo ukrepe za zagotavljanje psihosocialne pomoči, da bosta otrok in mati bolje pripravljena na ločitev, ter pri tem zmanjšajo negativne posledice;
Asks Member States to provide psycho-social treatment to ensure the best possible preparation for the separation of women prisoners from their children and to lessen the negative impact;
27. priporoča državam članicam, naj sprejmejo potrebne ukrepe, s katerimi bodo vsem zapornikom in zapornicam zagotovile možnosti opravljanja ustrezno plačnega in raznolikega dela, ki jim bo nudilo osebno zadovoljstvo, brez ločevanja glede na spol in drugih oblik diskriminacije, v ta namen pa naj vzpostavijo partnerstva s podjetji;
Recommends that Member States should adopt the measures necessary to ensure that all prisoners, male and female, are offered the chance of adequately paid and varied work that will permit their personal development, without any segregation on the basis of gender or any other form of discrimination, and, to this end, set up partnerships with companies;
29. poudarja, da bi morali ti programi zajemati jezikovne tečaje, vključno z učenjem državnega jezika (ali vsaj enega od nacionalnih jezikov) za tuje zapornike in zapornice, tečaje računalništva ter socialnega in poklicnega vedenja;
Stresses that these programmes should include language courses, including the teaching of the national language in question (or at least one of them) for the benefit of foreign prisoners, information technology courses and courses in social and professional behaviour;
32. poudarja, da morajo biti delovni pogoji za zapornike in zapornice, zlasti nosečnice in ženske, ki so pravkar rodile, v skladu z nacionalno in evropsko zakonodajo, pristojni organi pa jih morajo redno preverjati;
Stresses that working conditions for male and female prisoners, in particular pregnant women and women who have just given birth, should be in conformity with national and Community legislation, and regularly monitored by the competent authorities;
37. opozarja, da je treba vsem zapornikom omogočiti redni dostop do športnih in rekreativnih dejavnosti ter možnosti umetniškega ali kulturnega izobraževanja, da bi s tem ohranili psihološko ravnovesje in imeli večje možnosti za ponovno vključitev v družbo;
Stresses that regular access for all prisoners to sports and recreational activities, and to artistic and cultural education opportunities, is crucial to maintaining their psychological wellbeing and improving their chances with regard to social reintegration;
Ženske v Evropi predstavljajo povprečno od 4,5 do 5 % vseh zapornikov (od 2,9 % na Poljskem do 7,8 % v Španiji).
Women in Europe constitute an average of roughly 4.5% to 5.0% of the total prison population (from 2.9% in Poland to 7.8 % in Spain).
Zapori so narejeni bolj po meri moških zapornikov in se v njih večinoma ne upošteva posebnih problemov žensk, katerih delež med zaporniki je sicer majhen, a se povečuje.
Prisons remain geared towards male prisoners and tend to ignore the specific problems of women who are a small though growing proportion of people held in prison.
Glavna vprašanja so zdravstveno varstvo, položaj mater z otroki ter ponovna poklicna in družbena vključitev.
Main areas of concern are healthcare, situation of mothers with children and professional and social reintegration.
Struktura ženske populacije v zaporih kaže, da je med njimi veliko zlorabe drog, mnoge pa so bile psihološko, telesno ali spolno zlorabljene.
The inmate structure reveals that female prisoners show a high incidence of substance abuse and a great number of inmates have a history of psychological, physical or sexual abuse.
Posebno skrb bi bilo treba nameniti zdravstvenim in higienskim potrebam žensk, saj zlasti noseče zapornice potrebujejo specializirano pomoč in skrb pri prehrani, telovadbi, oblačenju, zdravilih in zdravstveni oskrbi.
Specific attention should be paid to women's health care and hygiene needs, in particular pregnant women prisoners require specialised resources and attention, in respect of diet, exercise, clothing, medication and medical care.
Več kot polovica zapornic v evropskih zaporih ima vsaj enega otroka, ta delež pa je zlasti velik v Španiji in Grčiji.
More than half of the prisoners in European prisons are mothers of at least one child, this percentage being particularly high in Spain and in Greece.
Otroci, ki ostanejo pri materi v zaporu, potrebujejo ustrezno zaščito in skrb ter jih ne bi smela doleteti diskriminacija v nobeni obliki.
Children who remain with their imprisoned mothers require adequate protection and care and should not suffer from any form of discrimination.
Zaporna kazen žensk ima še posebej hude posledice, če so pred tem edine skrbnice svojih otrok.
Imprisonment of women can have particularly grave implications when they have been the sole carers of their children prior to imprisonment.
Problematično je tudi ohranjanje družinskih vezi.
An additional problem is the preservation of family ties.
Ker je zaporov, ki sprejmejo ženske, manj, lahko zaporno kazen prestajajo tudi daleč od doma in domače skupnosti, zato imajo manj možnosti za obiske.
As there are fewer prisons holding women, they may be imprisoned far away from their homes and communities, thus limiting the visiting possibilities.
Ženske v zaporu lahko doživijo diskriminacijo pri dostopanju do služb, izobraževanja in usposabljanja, česar je pogosto premalo, je oblikovano samo za en spol in le redko prilagojeno potrebam na trgu dela.
Women in prison may also face discrimination with regard to access to work, education and training facilities which are often insufficient, gender oriented and rarely adapted to the labour market needs.
Število zapornic v več evropskih državah narašča, ponekod celo hitreje kot populacija moških zapornikov (na primer v Angliji in Walesu je med letoma 1992 in 2002 populacija moških zapornikov narasla za 50 %, ženska pa za 173 %
Given the fact that the number of women prisoners in many European countries has been increasing, sometimes even faster than the size of the men’s prison population (for example in England and Wales between 1992 and 2002 the male prison population increased by 50%, while the female — by 173%
Women and the criminal justice system (Ženske in sistem kazenskega prava), Fawcett Society, 2004. ), zato je treba nujno sprejeti ukrepe za izpolnitev potrebe žensk v zaporih.
Women and the criminal justice system, Fawcett Society, 2004 ), it has become imperative to take steps to meet the needs of women in prison.
Zdravstvena oskrba v zaporu
Health care in prison.
Zaskrbljenost v zvezi z zdravstveno oskrbo v zaporih se pojavlja v skoraj vseh študijah, ki se ukvarjajo z bivalnimi razmerami zapornikov.
Concerns about the health care in prison are raised in almost all the studies dealing with the living conditions of the prison population.
Po mednarodnih in evropskih standardih in konvencijah bi morali vsi zaporniki, ženske in moški, imeti enak dostop do zdravstvenih storitev, ki bi morale biti enake kakovosti kot storitve za drugo prebivalstvo.
According to international and European standards and Conventions, all prisoners, women and men, should enjoy equal access to health care services which should be of the same quality as the ones provided to the general population.
Čeprav imajo ženske in moški v nekaterih pogledih podobne zdravstvene težave, je med spoloma velika razlika v naravi, jakosti in kompleksnosti teh težav.
Although in some respects women and men in prison face similar health problems, there is a significant difference in the nature, intensity and complexity of the problems in the gender groups.
V zaporniških sistemih, ki so oblikovani pretežno za moške, zdravstvene potrebe žensk v zaporniški politiki, programih, postopkih in pri osebju pogosto niso zadovoljivo obravnavane.
In prison systems mostly primarily designed for men, women's health needs are often not sufficiently addressed by prison policy, programs, procedures and staff.
Ženske imajo dodatne in drugačne potrebe, ne le glede higiene, porodništva in ginekološkega zdravja, pač pa tudi na področju psihološkega zdravja, in sicer zaradi večje pogostnosti pretekle ali nedavne zlorabe, tako psihične, čustvene ali spolne.
Women have additional and different needs with respect not only to hygiene, maternity care and gynaecological health but also to psychological health notably because of a greater incidence of past or recent abuse whether physical, emotional or sexual in nature.
Zato je pomembno poudariti, da je potrebno zagotoviti zdravstvene programe in higienske razmere, posebej prilagojene potrebam žensk v zaporih, in zaporniškemu medicinskemu osebju omogočiti ustrezno usposabljanje.
It is therefore important to underline the necessity to provide for healthcare programmes and hygiene conditions that are adapted to the specific needs of imprisoned women and to ensure adequate training of the prison's medical staff.
Poleg tega je treba uveljaviti celovit pristop k odvisnostim in drugim zdravstvenim težavam.
In addition, an integrated approach to addiction or other health problems needs to be implemented.
Kurikulum usposabljanja za ženske zapore – zdravstveni vidiki, Claudia Kestermann, v:
Training curriculum for women's prisons - health aspects, Claudia Kestermann, in "International Study on Women's Imprisonment - Current situation, demand analysis and "best practice",
Nedavno izvedena študija pa kaže, da je le nekaj evropskih državah razvilo programe odvajanja od mamil za zapornike
However, according to a recent study, only a few European countries have developed drug treatment programmes for prisoners
Letno poročilo 2006 : Stanje pojava drog v Evropi, posebno vprašanje številka 2, http://issues06.emcdda.europa.eu/en/page013-en.html. zapisala, da je „splošno sprejeto dejstvo, da je razumevanje razlik med spoloma pri oblikah vedenja, povezanih z drogami, bistvena zahteva pri razvijanju učinkovitega odziva“ in da sta „zagotavljanje enakega dostopa do storitev in zaznavanje vprašanj, značilnih za spola, pri storitvah ključni vprašanji za razvijanje visokokakovostne oskrbe na tem področju“.
Special issue 2. http://issues06.emcdda.europa.eu/en/page013-en.html , the EMCDDA concludes that "It is now accepted that understanding gender differences in drug-related behaviours is a critical requirement for developing effective responses" and "ensuring equality of access to services and sensitivity to gender-specific issues within services are two of the key themes for developing high-quality care in this area".
Duševno zdravje
B. Mental health
Institucija zapora ni le slaba rešitev za obravnavanje posameznikov z akutnimi in kroničnimi duševnimi boleznimi, pač pa izolacija in odvzem možnosti za odločanje o svojem življenju, ki ju prinaša, lahko še prispevata k razvoju duševnih bolezni.
The prison institution as it stands is not only a poor solution to managing individuals with acute and chronic mental health diseases, but the isolative and disempowering nature of imprisonment can also be a contributor to the development of mental health diseases.
Čeprav naj bi zaporniško osebje vzdrževalo red in varnost, je zapor sovražno okolje, kar lahko prizadene osebe, ki so bile že žrtve nasilja in zlorabe.
Even if prison's staff is supposed to maintain order and security, prison is still a hostile environment which can affect persons who have been previously subjected of violence and abuses.
Zato je bistvenega pomena, da se sprejme celovita zdravstvena politika, ki bi zajemala tako duševne kot telesne težave, pa tudi zagotavljala psihološko podporo duševno bolnim zapornikom.
Consequently, the adoption of an integrated health policy that would cover both mental and physical problems as well as the provision of psychological support to mentally ill prisoners is of paramount importance.
Odbor Združenih narodov za človekove pravice v svojih pripombah k Mednarodnemu paktu o državljanskih in političnih pravicah ugotavlja: „Nosečnice, ki se jim odvzame prostost, bi bilo treba vedno obravnavati človečno in spoštovati njihovo dostojanstvo, zlasti pri rojevanju in skrbi za novorojenčka; države bi morale poročati o tem, katere ustanove lahko to zagotovijo, in o medicinski in zdravstveni oskrbi za te matere in dojenčke.“
The UN Human Rights Committee in its comments on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights notes that: " Pregnant women who are deprived of their liberty should receive humane treatment and respect for their inherent dignity at all times, and in particular during the birth and while caring for their newborn children; States parties should report on facilities to ensure this and on medical and health care for such mothers and babies."
Nosečnice v zaporu potrebujejo ustrezno predporodno in poporodno medicinsko oskrbo, vendar se jim pri tem ne daje prednosti, ker je zaporniškega osebja premalo in je o tem premalo osveščeno.
Pregnant women in prison are required to be given adequate medical ante-natal and post-natal care but they may not be seen as medical priorities by poorly resourced and security conscious prison staff.
V standardnih minimalnih pravilih za ravnanje z zaporniki se v pravilu št. 23 priporoča, naj bodo „v ustanovah za ženske posebni prostori za predporodno in poporodno skrb in nego“
The Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, rule n° 23 (1) recommends that "in women's institutions there shall be special accommodation for all necessary pre-natal and post-natal care and treatment"
Potrebujejo tudi posebno prehrano, posebno medicinsko oskrbo in posebne telovadne režime, kar v zaporniškem okolju ni omogočeno v zadostni meri.
They also have dietary requirements, medical special needs and specialised exercise regimes, which are not sufficiently provided for in the prison environment.
Matere v zaporu
Mothers in prison
Zaporna kazen matere lahko povzroči popoln razkroj družinskega življenja.
The mother's imprisonment can result in a complete disruption to family life.
Ločitev je škodljiva za matere in otroke, ki tako postanejo nedolžne žrtve odločitve o usodi njihove matere.
The separation is harmful for mothers and children which become innocent victims of the decision taken over their mother.
Povprečna starost večine žensk v zaporih v Evropi je med 20 in 40 leti, ko je najbolj verjetno, da so matere ali bodo to postale.
The average age of the majority of imprisoned women in Europe is between 20 and 40 and as a consequence the women are likely to be or become mothers.
Če so ob prijetju že matere, so pogosto primarni ali edini skrbnik svojih otrok.
When they are already mothers at the time of their arrest, they are often the primary or the only carers of their children.
– med materami jih je bilo 34 % pred zaporno kaznijo samohranilk, vključno s tistimi, ki naj bi postale samohranilke ob izpustu, pa je delež celo 43 %.
- 34% of mothers were single parents before prison, with the proportion rising to 43% for those who expected to be single parent on release."
Ženske v priporu navajajo zaskrbljenost za otroke kot enega najpomembnejših dejavnikov, ki jim povzročajo depresijo in strah in ki so razlog za samopoškodovanje.
Concern over their children is cited by women in custody as one of the most important factors in causing them depression and anxiety, and in leading to self-harm.
V študiji, izvedeni na pobudo Evropske komisije
The study conducted on behalf of the European Commission
„Ženske, vključevanje in zapor: analiza procesov vključevanja zapornic v družbo in delo v Evropi“, project MIP, ki ga je usklajevala organizacija SURT za podatke za ponovno vključevanje v delo (Associació de dones per la Reinserció Laboral) (januar 2005) , http://mip.surt.org/en/final_results.html. , je bilo potrjeno, da „je bilo v vseh državnih poročilih zelo poudarjeno, da so izgube in rane zaradi ločitve od [...] otrok največji vir bolečine za ženske v zaporih“.
"Women, Integration and Prison: an Analysis of the Processes of the Socio-Labour Integration of Women Prisoners in Europe", MIP project, coordinated by SURT, Associació de dones per la Reinserció Laboral (January 2005). http://mip.surt.org/en/final_results.html confirms that "losses and ruptures due to separation from [...] children were very much emphasised by all country reports as a major source of pain in prison for the women".
Zapornice, ki niso bile uspešne kot državljanke, so lahko uspešne kot matere, še več, ta starševska uspešnost jim lahko pomaga, da postanejo boljše državljanke.
Prisoners who have failed as citizens can succeed as parents and furthermore, success as parent can help them to become better citizens.
Študije so dokazale, da so dobre družinske vezi ob času izpusta pomembne, predvsem zato, ker trdno družinsko okolje, v katerega se lahko vrnejo, močno odvrača od povratništva
Studies have proved that good family links are important at the time of the release notably because having a stable family environment to return is a major disincentive to recidivism
Zgoraj navedena študija Oliverja Robertsona. .
Oliver Robertson's study cited previously. .
Številne študije kažejo, da je težko kakor koli posploševati glede tega, kako ločitev od staršev zaradi zaporne kazni vpliva na otroke
Several studies have noted the difficulties involved in making any generalisations about the impact on children of separation from their parents as a result of imprisonment
Do kakšne mere bo na otroka vplivalo to, da so starši v zaporu, je odvisno od številnih spremenljivk: starost, pri kateri otroka ločijo od staršev, dolžina te ločitve, koliko blizu je otroku njegov novi skrbnik in stopnja zaznamovanosti, ki jo zapor pomeni za otrokovo skupnost
The extent to which a child will be affected by parental incarceration depends on a large number of variables: the age at which the parent-child separation occurs, the length of separation, the child's familiarity with his or her new caregiver, and the degree of stigma that the child's community associates with imprisonment
Ann Cunningham: „Pozabljene družine – vplivi zaporne kazni“ v:Family Matters, 2001, str.36–37. .
"Forgotten Families - the impacts of imprisonment" in Family Matters, Ann Cunningham, Winter 2001, p.36-37. .
Dilema, ali naj otrok in mati ostaneta skupaj, poraja številna vprašanja o tem, kaj je treba omogočiti tem otrokom, da se jim zagotovi ustrezen razvoj – telesni, duševni in čustveni, vključno z interakcijo z ljudmi od zunaj (še največ z drugimi otroki).
Keeping a baby with his mother raises complex issues about the facilities available for such children to ensure their own appropriate development – physical, mental and emotional, including their interaction with external people (more especially other children).
Svet Evrope je v poročilu, objavljenem leta 2000, priporočil, naj „za maloštevilne matere, ki so pod tovrstnim nadzorom, oblikujejo majhne varovane in polodprte enote s podporo socialnih storitev, v katerih bodo lahko skrbele za otroke v zanje primernem okolju, v katerem bodo otrokovi interesi prva zahteva, javnosti pa bo zagotovljena varnost“
The Council of Europe recommends, in a report published in 2000, the development of "small scale secure and semi-secure units with social services support for the small number of mothers who do require such custody, where children can be cared for in a child-friendly environment and where the best interests of the child will be paramount, but where security can be offered to the public"
Četudi so kje zagotovljene posebne enote za matere in otroke, jih je pogosto premalo.
Even in the cases where special mother and baby units are provided, these are often very limited in numbers.
Te enote so drage za vzdrževanje, zato je ponudba manjša kot povpraševanje.
These units are expensive to fund and as a result supply is lower than demand.
Obiski so pomembni za ohranjanje družinskih vezi zapornikov, in to jim je treba kar najhitreje omogočiti.
Visits are a vital way of maintaining meaningful family relationships to prisoners, and this opportunity should be offered as soon as possible.
S študijo v Franciji so ugotovili, da če prestopnik prvih šest mesecev po začetku zaporne kazni nima stika z otrokom, se v nadaljevanju stiki z otrokom ne vzpostavijo
A study in France found that if an offender had no contact with a child during the first six months of detention, no further contact with the child ensued.
Ohranjanje družinskih vezi ima pomembno vlogo pri preprečevanju povratništva in ponovnem vključevanju zapornikov v družbo.
The preservation of family ties plays an important role in the prevention of recidivism and social reintegration of prisoners.
Vendar nekateri dejavniki, na primer neprožne razmere za obiske in neprijazno okolje za obiske, lahko povzročijo motnjo v družinskih vezeh in stikih z otroki.
However, a certain number of factors such as inflexible visiting conditions and unfriendly visiting environments can cause a disruption in family relationships and contact with children.
Vprašanje je, kako ustvariti okolje, v katerem bodo zahteve po varnosti uravnovešene s potrebo po dobrih stikih z družino (prožne razmere za obiske, prostori za obiske, v katerih bo mogoče nekaj svobode gibanja in družinske zasebnosti, otrokom prijazno okolje itd..
The challenge is to create an environment that balances both the needs of security and of good family contact (flexible visiting conditions, visit room allowing some freedom of movement and family privacy, friendly environment for children etc).
Priprave na prihodnost: ponovna vključitev v družbo in delovno okolje
Preparing the future: social and professional reintegration
Zapori imajo dve pomembni nalogi, ki se dopolnjujeta:
Prisons have to fulfil two essential and complementary missions:
– zaščita javnosti pred ljudmi, ki predstavljajo nevarnost oziroma je njihovo vedenje kaznivo, in
- the protection of the public from people who have had dangerous or at least punishable behaviours and;
Izobraževanje, usposabljanje in zaposlovanje
A. Education, training and employment:
Statistike o zapornicah kažejo splošno nizko stopnjo izobrazbe in pomanjkanje poklicnih spretnosti.
Statistics on women's prisoners suggest a generally low level of education and a professional skills deficit.
V Združenem kraljestvu jih na primer 47 % nima nobenih kvalifikacij.
In the UK for instance, "47% have no educational qualifications.
Medtem ko je bilo iz šole izključene 2 % vse populacije, je ta delež med obsojenimi zapornicami kar 33 %
Whilst 2 % of the general population have been excluded from school, 33% of sentenced women prisoners were excluded from school"
Če se čas v zaporu porabi za to, da se jetnice pripravi na stabilnejše življenje, ko pridejo iz zapora, bi moralo biti pomembno orodje za to izobraževanje
If the time spent in prison is to be used to prepare the inmates for a more stable life after their release, education should be an important tool in that purpose.
Zaradi omejenih virov (osebja in financ) zapori v Evropi ne morejo nadomestiti pomanjkanja izobrazbe in znanj, lahko pa zapornikom ponudijo možnost za pridobitev osnovnošolskih znanj, potrebnih za njihovo prihodnjo ponovno vključitev v družbo.
Because of limited resources (staff and finance) prisons in Europe are not able to compensate for all educational and skill deficits but should at least offer all prisoners the possibility to acquire the basic educational skills that are necessary for their future social reintegration.
V mnogih evropskih zaporih so opazili razliko med poklicnim usposabljanjem za ženske in potrebami trga dela.
In many European prisons a division is observed between vocational training for women and the demands of the labour market.
Večina zaporov ponuja usposabljanje za feminizirane poklice, ki je omejeno na pridobivanje znanj in spretnosti, ki se tradicionalno pripisujejo ženskam oziroma kulturni in družbeni vlogi žensk (krojaštvo, frizerstvo, čiščenje, tkanje, vezenje itd.).
Most prisons offer a feminized job training limited to the development of the skills and abilities traditionally attributed to women in the cultural and societal female role (dressmaking, hairdressing, cleaning, textiles, embroidery, etc.).