natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Galerijo fotografij iz žalne slovesnosti za žrtve sobotne letalske nesreče pri Smolensku si lahko ogledate na spodnji povezavi.
Reflecting on the outpouring of grief Mr Buzek said that "in unity lies strength - we are stronger when we are united".
Črne žalne obleke in bele vrtnice za vsako izmed žrtev nesreče.
A photo gallery of moments from Wednesday's ceremony can be found using the Flickr link below.
20100413STO72658 Posnetek žalne slovesnosti Izjava predsednika EP Jerzyja Buzeka ob nesreči Galerija fotografij iz žalne slovesnosti na Flickr
As the names were read out a flower was placed in their memory 20100413STO72658 Recording of the commemoration ceremony Buzek statement Flickr
v sredo, 14. aprila 2010, od 15.00 do 18.30
Wednesday 14 April 2010, 15.00 - 18.30
Javna obravnava na temo fiskalne krize v Evropski uniji - kaj se je mogoče naučiti iz grškega primera: gospodarski nadzor, statistika in zunajbilančne dejavnosti
Public Hearing on the Fiscal Crisis in the European Union - Lessons from Greece: Economic surveillance, statistics and off-balance sheet operations.
Ponedeljek, 19. april 2010, od 15.00 do 18.30
Monday, 19 April 2010, 15:00 - 18:30
v sredo, 14. aprila 2010, od 18.00 do 19.15
Wednesday 14 April 2010, 18.00 - 19.15
14. april 2010, od 18.00 do 19.15
14 April 2010, 18.00 - 19.15
Izmenjava mnenj s pomočnikom generalnega sekretarja OZN pristojnim za politične zadeve Oscarjem Fernandez Tarancem o preprečevanju konfliktov, posredovanju in prihodnjem pregledu komisije za vzpostavitev miru
Exchange of views with Oscar Fernandez-Taranco, UN Assistant Secretary-General for Political Affairs, on conflict prevention, mediation and the upcoming review of the Peace Building Commission
torek, 27. aprila 2010, od 15.00 do 18.30 v Bruslju sreda, 28. aprila 2010, od 9.00 do 12.30 in od 15.00 do 18.30 v Bruslju
Tuesday, 27 April 2010, 15:00-18:30, Brussels Wednesday, 28 April 2010, 09:00-12:30 and 15:00-18:30, Brussels
Slovar za lažjo orientacijo po finančni in gospodarski krizi
Financial crisis glossary
Gospodarska vprašanja zadevajo vsakogar, zato je dobro vedeti, o čem natančno se govori v razpravah o svetovni finančni in gospodarski krizi. ©BELGA/EPA/DAI KUROKAWA Želite bolje spoznati vzroke za finančno in gospodarsko krizo?
A man looks worried as the stock market crumbles. ©BELGA/EPA/DAI KUROKAWA ABC guide to the financial crisis Navigate your way around financial terms The financial crisis that erupted in late 2008 with the demise of Lehman Brothers, a US investment bank, has spread all over the world, developing into the most serious economic slump since the Great Depression of 1930s.
Se težko znajdete med množico strokovnih ekonomskih izrazov?
The EU and eurozone too are grappling with the fallout.
Evropski parlament, v katerega pristojnost spada med drugim tudi regulacija finančnih trgov, v zadnjem času vse več pozornosti namenja ukrepom, ki naj bi zagotovili, da se kaj podobnega v prihodnje ne bi več moglo zgoditi.
In this section we present basic economic concepts that are often used in media reports on the crisis.
Namen pričujočega slovarja je bralcem ponuditi ustrezne razlage različnih ekonomskih pojmov, da bi lahko ti lažje sledili razpravam, ki o finančnih in gospodarskih vprašanjih potekajo in bodo še potekale v Parlamentu.
They are not presented in the alphabetical order, but follow what is today an established narrative on the causes of the crisis.
Finančna in gospodarska kriza: Osnovni pojmi
ABC guide to the financial crisis
Gor in dol: Svetovno gospodarstvo je zaplulo v razburkane vode. ©BELGA/EPA/JEON HEON-KYUN Neravnotežja v svetovnem gospodarstvu kot vzrok krize Zakaj se uporabljajo eksotični finančni izdelki kot npr.
The fluctuations can result in later unemployment for millions. ©BELGA/EPA/JEON HEON-KYUN From Trade surpluses to bad loans Trade surpluses and deficits .
Zato je takšna država dolžnica, država s trgovinskim presežkom pa posojilodajalka.
In the first case, a country is a creditor vis-à-vis the rest of the world, in the second case it is a debtor.
neravnotežja v svetovnem gospodarstvu .
Persistent trade surpluses and deficits give rise to
To pomeni, da nekatere države v daljšem časovnem obdobju kopičijo velike trgovinske presežke, druge pa velike trgovinske primanjkljaje, kar je dolgoročno nevzdržno.
Global imbalances in the world economy, a situation where some countries are running persistent and large, yet clearly unsustainable, surpluses, while other are running persistent and large, yet clearly unsustainable deficits.
Vsa gospodarstva hkrati ne morejo biti izvozni prvaki, ki izvažajo več kot uvažajo
Deficit countries absorb these exports as imports.
Obstajati morajo torej države s trgovinskimi primanjkljaji, ki so pripravljene uvažati več kot izvažati, manjkajoča sredstva pa si s pomočjo mednarodnih finančnih trgov sposodijo od držav s presežki.
Being short of money, they must necessarily borrow from surplus countries to pay for them.
To je podobno posojilu, ki vam ga ponudi prodajalec avtomobilov, da pri njemu kupite avto.
It is not unlike being offered a loan by the car dealer to buy a car.
Takšno izposojanje običajno pomeni, da
Borrowing usually means that
zasebni dolg , t.j. dolg podjetij in gospodinjstev, naraste.
Private debt , i.e. debt of consumers and companies, increases.
Ker imajo zaradi velikih trgovinskih presežkov nekatera gospodarstva presežek denarja, je smiselno, da ga finančne institucije usmerijo tja, kjer ga bolj potrebujejo.
With excess money from big exporters cheaply available on international financial markets, it makes sense for banks and other financial institutions to channel it to where it is most needed.
Podjetja in gospodinjstva v gospodarstvih, ki s prihodki iz izvoza ne morejo pokriti svojih želja po uvozu, so logična izbira.
Companies and consumers in economies that wish to consume more than they produce are an obvious target.
Pri tem pa lahko pride do
However, there is a problem of
slabih posojil , t.j. posojil oz. dolgov, ki jih posojilojemalci sploh ne morejo odplačati, ali pa jih lahko odplačajo le delno.
Bad loans , i.e. loans that cannot be paid off at all or cannot be paid off in full.
Če banka, ki je denar posodila, denarja ne more v celoti dobiti nazaj, lahko to zanjo pomeni težave pri vračanju denarja, ki ga je ona sama dolžna varčevalcem, drugim bankam ali vlagateljem v njene obveznice.
If a bank does not get back (all) the money it is owed, it is hard for it to pay back (all) the money it owes to depositors, other banks or bond holders.
V zadnjih nekaj letih so banke na veliko posojale denar za nakup potrošniških dobrin in gradnjo stanovanj, vendar pa imajo sedaj zaradi naraščajoče brezposelnosti in poka nepremičninskega balončka težave, ko zahtevajo denar nazaj.
In recent years, banks lent a lot of money for consumer spending and real estate construction; with rising unemployment consumer loans are turning bad, as are real estate loans because developers cannot sell houses and offices they built in expectation of high profits.
Ti ljudje bi posojila lahko vrnili le, če bi gospodarstvo in cene nepremičnin še naprej rasli zelo hitro in bi obrestne mere še naprej vztrajale na nizki ravni.
Subprime mortgage loans were given to borrowers which could have only payed them back, if house prices had kept rising, if the economy had continued to boom and if interest rates had stayed low.
Nič od tega se ni zgodilo, zato so posojilojemalci bankrotirali, banke pa s tem izpostavili velikim izgubam.
These assumptions proved to be false, pushing borrowers into default and exposing banks to big losses.
Proračunski presežki ali primanjkljaji nastanejo v določenem letu takrat, ko države ali z davki poberejo več denarja, kot ga porabijo (presežek), ali pa porabijo več denarja, kot ga poberejo z davki (primanjkljaj).
Budget surpluses or deficits arise when the government, in any given year, either raises more in taxes than it spends on various goods and services (surplus) or spends more than it takes in taxes (deficit).
Ker so bile banke zaradi izgub pri slabih posojilih na robu zloma, so jih morale vlade reševati z milijardami evrov davkoplačevalskega denarja.
With banks teetering, governments have had to come to the rescue by injecting billions of euros into banks to cover losses from bad loans.
To pa skupaj s padajočimi davčnimi prihodki zaradi recesije pomeni, da je večina državnih proračunov globoko v primanjkljaju.
This has meant that with falling tax receipts in the wake of recession, government budgets have swung sharply in deficit.
Državni dolg je količina denarja, ki ga država dolguje posojilojemalcem, in predstavlja vsoto vsakoletnih proračunskih primanjkljajev.
Government debt , the amount of money a government owes to its creditors, i.e. the accumulation of budget deficits, has thus also risen.
Ker so narasli slednji, je narasel tudi državni dolg, ki ga imenujemo tudi javni dolg , saj ga morajo konec koncev vrniti davkoplačevalci preko davkov.
It is also called public debt because it is taxpayers that in the end have to come up with necessary funds to pay it off.
Če država porabi več denarja, kot ga pobere z davki, si lahko manjkajoča sredstva sposodi s prodajo
If a government spends more than it raises in taxes, it must borrow additional money , usually by selling
Obveznica pomeni obljubo prodajalca obveznice (npr. države), da bo v določenem času vrnil denar, vključno z obrestmi, kupcu obveznice (npr. banki ali pokojninskemu skladu).
A bond is a promise of the seller of a bond (e.g. government) to pay back, with interest, the money that was lent to it by buyers (e.g. banks, pension funds, etc.) of bonds.
Če država uspešno proda obveznice, se v proračun steče določena količina denarja, vlagatelji v obveznice pa lahko pričakujejo, da bodo čez čas ta denar dobili vrnjen z obrestmi.
With a successful bond sale, money is transferred to the budget; investors in bonds, of course, count on being repaid with interest in the future.
Obrestna mera na državne obveznice določa, kakšno breme bo državno zadolževanje pomenilo za davkoplačevalca.
Interest rate on government bonds determines how heavy state borrowing will weigh on the taxpayer.
Razlika v obrestnih merah je razlika med obrestnimi merami najbolj varnih obveznic (v območju evra so to nemške državne obveznice) in drugimi obveznicami.
Interest rate spread is the difference (in basis points, 1%=100bp) in interest rates on bonds considered the safest (German bunds in eurozone) and other bonds.
350 bazičnih točk (1 odstotek = 100 bazičnih točk) in je obrestna mera na nemške obveznice tri odstotke, to pomeni, da mora druga država plačevati obrestno mero v višini 6,5 odstotka.
If a spread on a particular eurozone country's bonds is, say, 350bp, and German bonds carry a 3% interest rate, this means that this country must pay 6,5% interest on its bonds.
Če se ta razlika poveča na npr.
If a spread widens, say from 350 to 400bp, this is a sign investors think bonds have gotten riskier.
400 bazičnih točk, to pomeni, da vlagatelji državo ocenjujejo kot bolj tvegano.
Refinancing the debt means paying it off with newly borrowed money.
Refinanciranje dolga je običajen postopek v finančnem poslovanju tako držav kot podjetij, v katerem dolžnik za poplačilo obstoječega dolga najame novo posojilo.
When existing bonds are close to coming due, the government can issue new bonds, using the proceeds to repay the investors in old ones.
Država lahko vlagateljem v svoje obveznice starejšega datuma vrne denar tako, da izda nove obveznice in izkupiček nameni za poplačilo dolga iz starih obveznic.
Treasuries around the world do this all the time.
Težave se pojavijo takrat, ko vlagatelji zaradi večjega tveganja niso več pripravljeni na refinanciranje oz. nakup novih obveznic in zgolj zahtevajo svoj denar nazaj.
The problem arises when investors are not prepared to refinance because they deem this too risky and just want their money back.
Zamenjave kreditnega tveganja (credit default swaps, CDS) so finančni instrumenti, ki vlagateljem v obveznice omogočajo, da se zavarujejo pred možnostjo, da svojega denarja, vloženega v obveznice, ne bodo dobili povrnjenega v celoti.
Credit default swaps (CDS) on government bonds offer investors in those bonds an insurance against default , i.e. against a possibility that a government will not pay back the money it owes (in full).
Z nakupom CDS vlagatelj prenese tveganje, da mu država denarja ne bo vrnila, na prodajalca CDS.
If a country defaults, the holder of a CDS will get his money back anyway; the losses will be borne by those who sold the CDS.
V primeru, da država bankrotira, bo lastnik CDS denar, ki mu ga država dolguje, vseeno dobil nazaj - ampak od prodajalca CDS, pri katerem se je zavaroval.
An investor can buy a CDS (insure herself against losses on bonds) from various financial institutions, such as banks, hedge funds and others.
Prodajalci CDS so običajno banke in različni skladi.
Naked CDS is a CDS held by an investor who does not own the underlying bond.
Gre predvsem za špekulante, ki z nakupom zavarovanja za primer bankrota države, ki je izdala obveznice, računajo, da bodo lahko to zavarovanje prodali dražje, če bo država res zašla v težave.
Speculators can buy CDSs to bet on default of governments; higher the possibility of default, higher the value of CDS which is an insurance against default.
EU razmišlja o tem, da bi gole CDS prepovedala.
EU is thinking of banning this practice.
Enako velja za gospodinjstva in podjetja: če zaslužijo več, kot porabijo, lahko denar posojajo.
The same goes for companies and households; if they earn more than they spend, they have money to lend.
Povezovanje tistih, ki si lahko privoščijo, da denar posojajo, in tistih, ki si ga želijo sposoditi, imenujemo tudi finančno posredništvo.
Financial intermediation , matching those who can afford to lend money with those who need to borrow.
Finančne institucije povezujejo posojilodajalce in posojilojemalce tako med državami (omogočajo npr. da Kitajska svoje trgovinske presežke naloži v ameriške obveznice) kot znotraj držav (ko npr. bančne vloge gospodinjstev uporabijo za posojila podjetjem).
It, happens between economies (e.g. China investing its trade surpluses in US bonds) and inside them (e.g. a bank lending deposits to a company building a factory).
Najbolj znan finančni posrednik je prav gotovo
The best-known financial intermediary is a
Poslovanje banke je preprosto.
They are shareholders of the bank.
Denar si izposoja od varčevalcev oz. tistih, ki svoj denar v zameno za obresti zaupajo banki (recimo, da je obrestna mera za te vloge tri odstotke) ter ga v obliki posojil daje na voljo gospodinjstvom in podjetjem (recimo, da jim za te zaračuna obrestno mero v višini petih odstotkov).
The bank's business is simple: it borrows money from depositors (let's say the interest rate on savings is 3%) and loans it to households and companies (let's say the interest rate on these loans is 5%).
Ker ima banka manj stroškov s plačevanjem obresti na denar, ki si ga sposoja ( obveznosti ) , kot pa ima prihodkov od obresti na posojila in drugih naložb ( premoženje ), ustvari lep dobiček v višini pet minus tri odstotke.
Because it has to pay less interest on the money it borrows ( liabilities ) than it earns in interest on loans and other investments ( assets ), the bank makes a profit of 5% - 3%.
Tako vsaj potekajo stvari v dobrih časih.
That's how things work in good times.
Sedaj pa si predstavljajte, da pade gospodarstvo v recesijo.
Now imagine that the economy goes into a deep slump.
Podjetja se soočajo z izgubami, gospodinjstva z brezposelnostjo, oboji pa imajo težave z odplačevanjem posojil.
Ailing firms and battered households start having problems paying back their loans.
Banka je tako v škripcih.
This puts the bank in a bind.
Še vedno namreč dolguje isto vsoto denarja varčevalcem in drugim, ki so ji posodili denar, vendar pa s posojili, ki jih je izdala sama, zasluži vedno manj, saj vsa podjetja in gospodinjstva ne zmorejo vrniti svojih dolgov (v celoti).
It still owes the same amount of money to depositors and others (e.g. other banks, bond holders), but it earns less money on loans because they are not being repaid (in full).
Če varčevalci izgubijo zaupanje v takšno banko, lahko to pripelje do
If depositors lose confidence, a
bančne panike .
bank run may occur.
Če ste mnenja, da je vaša banka pridelala toliko slabih posojil, da bo kmalu imela težave z vračanjem denarja varčevalcem, potem je najbolj pametno, da svoj denar iz banke čim prej dvignete.
If you think that so many of the bank's loans have turned bad that the institution may soon find itself out of cash, the only rational thing to do is to pull your money out as soon as possible.
Če to stori veliko ljudi, kakor je to običajno v časih krize in negotovosti, bo banka postala
If enough people follow your example (as usually happens), the bank will become
Ker je banka depozite varčevalcev v obliki posojil posredovala v gospodarstvo, jih sedaj ne more na vrat na nos priklicati nazaj.
As the bank has lent out the majority of depositors' funds, that money is tied up in loans.
Če bi želelo denar v določenem časovnem obdobju dvigniti le nekaj varčevalcev, bi jim banka brez težav ustregla.
If only a few depositors demand their money back at any given time, the bank can oblige without difficulty.
Ko pa vsi varčevalci svoj denar zahtevajo nazaj takoj, bo banka prisiljena zapreti vrata - četudi bi v daljšem časovnem obdobju imela čisto dovolj denarja, da poplača varčevalce.
But if all the depositors demand their money back at the same time, the bank will be forced to close - even if over time it would have no problem paying back deposits.
Takšen položaj se razlikuje od
This is different from the bank being
Četudi bi slednje banka takoj prodala, ne bi imela dovolj denarja, da vsem varčevalcem in drugim, ki so ji posodili denar, tega vrne.
Even if the assets were sold immediately, it wouldn't generate enough money to pay back creditors.
Ko enkrat postane jasno, da posojilo ne bo vrnjeno v celoti, to za banko pomeni izgubo, saj je ena izmed njenih naložb izgubila vrednost ( oslabitev ).
When a loan turns bad, the bank registers a loss because the asset it owns has lost value (a write-down ).
Vendar so izgube, če le niso prevelike, običajen del posla.
But losses, if not too big, are normal in every business.
Banke morajo poskrbeti le za to, da imajo dovolj denarja, da poplačajo svoje upnike (varčevalce, lastnike obveznic), četudi nekaj njihovih posojil propade.
Banks just have to make sure they have enough money to pay back their debts and thus stay in business, even if a small portion of loans default.
Ravno zato je tako pomemben
That is why
lastni kapital banke.
capital is so important.
Spomnimo, delničarji so v banko vložili svoj kapital in ta je prvi na vrsti takrat, ko je treba pokriti izgube iz slabih posojil.
Capital is money that the owners of the bank have put into the company and they have shares to prove it.
Lastni kapital stoji med izgubami banke zaradi slabih posojil in izgubami, ki bi jih zaradi slabih posojil utegnili utrpeti varčevalci.
This capital is the first in line to absorb losses from bad loans.
Ker je kapital tako pomemben za preživetje bank v slabih časih, regulatorji od bank zahtevajo, da dosegajo določen količnik kapitalske ustreznosti .
Having enough capital to weather economic storms when loans turn bad is essential to avoid banking panics, so regulators have imposed capital adequacy ratios.
To pomeni, da mora banka imeti 8 evrov kapitala za vsako 100-evrsko posojilo, ki ga odobri.
Let say that required ratio is 8% a bank must have €8 of its own capital for every €100 loan they make.
Tudi če banka na koncu od tega posojila dobi nazaj le 92 evrov, je kapitala dovolj, da pokrije to izgubo, varčevalci pa so lahko brez skrbi.
So even if a bank gets repaid only €92 on the loan, its capital cushion can absorb the loss.
Višji je zahtevani količnik, varnejši so depoziti.
The higher the capital adequacy ratio, the safer deposits are.
Finančni vzvod je podoben pojem, le obraten - gre namreč za količnik med dolgom in lastnim kapitalom.
Leverage is the ratio between debt and capital.
Recimo, da imate 50 evrov (vaš kapital), s katerimi želite staviti na zmagovalnega konja v dirki ter tako podvojiti vaš vložek na 100 evrov.
Let’s say that you have €50 (your capital) to bet on a horse you are sure will win the race and double your initial investment to €100.
To je 100-odstotni dobiček!
That’s a 100% profit!
S finančnim vzvodom v višini 1 (en evro dolga za vsak evro vašega kapitala) boste zaslužili 200 evrov, 50 jih boste vrnili prijatelju, 150 pa jih bo ostalo vam.
With a leverage ratio of 1 (€1 of debt for each euro of capital), you’ll make €200.
Svoj vložek ste s pomočjo finančnega vzvoda pravkar potrojili.
Once you pay back your friend €50 you will be left with €150, tripling your initial investment.
To je vsa lepota finančnega vzvoda - škoda le, da deluje v obe smeri.
Such is the beauty of leverage – but it works both ways.
Če stavo izgubite, ne izgubite le svojih 50 evrov, ampak tudi prijateljevih 50, pri čemer ste jih mu še vedno dolžni.
If you lose the bet, you not only lose your €50, you end up owing your friend another €50.
Finančni vzvod poveča dobiček, če se stvari izidejo, in poveča izgubo, če se ne.
Leverage magnifies profit when things work and magnifies losses when they don’t.
Važno je vedeti, da vse finančne institucije, ne glede na to, ali so banke, pokojninski skladi ali hedge skladi, v bistvu poslujejo na enak način .
It is important to remember that all financial institutions - banks, pension funds and hedge funds do business in basically the same way .
Najprej morajo lastniki zagotoviti dovolj lastnega kapitala, da lahko začne podjetje poslovati in utrpi nekaj neizbežnih izgub.
First, owners have to provide enough capital to start a financial firm and absorb eventual losses.
Nato si lahko začne podjetje izposojati denar (od varčevalcev, zaposlenih, ki varčujejo za upokojitev, investicijskih bank) ter ga vlagati v različne finančne produkte (posojila podjetjem, delnice in obveznice, izvedene finančne instrumente), da bi na ta način ustvarilo dobiček.
The firm then proceeds to borrow money (from depositors, employees saving for retirement, investment banks) and invests it in various financial products (making loans and mortgages, buying stocks and bonds, or betting on derivatives), trying to make a profit.
Ob tem finančne institucije uporabljajo finančni vzvod, da bi tako povečale donos na svoje naložbe.
Leverage, i.e. other people's money, is used to make bigger returns on investment.
Ko začno posojila propadati, delniški trgi padati, obveznice pa izgubljati vrednost, so izgube zaradi tega običajno veliko večje, kakor je bilo to predvideno v modelih, na katere so se zanašali finančni trgi in regulatorji.
When loans go bad, stock markets dive and bonds teeter on the brink of default, the resulting losses are usually far bigger than financial institutions and regulators predicted.
Obseg kapitala je običajno veliko premajhen, da bi lahko pokril izgube, zaradi česar finančne trge zajame panika.
Capital to cushion the losses usually proves insufficient and financial panic ensues.
Ker so posojila zrak, ki ga diha gospodarstvo, finančni sistem pa njegovo okostje, so vlade prisiljene reševati finančne institucije z davkoplačevalskim denarjem.
As credit is the lifeblood of the economy and financial markets its plumbing, governments are obliged to step in with taxpayers' money.
Da se to ne bi dogajalo, Evropski parlament zahteva strožjo regulacijo finančnih trgov.
In order to prevent this from happening, many MEPs think tighter financial market regulation is needed.
v torek, 15. aprila 2010, od 9.00 do 12.30 in od 15.00 do 18.30
Thursday 15 April 2010, 9.00 - 12.30 and 15.00 - 18.30
15. april 2010, od 9.00 do 12.30
15 April 2010, 9.00 - 12.30
· 25. februarja 2010 PV – PE440.012v01-00
· 25 February 2010 PV – PE440.012v01-00
Delovni dokument št. 4 – Prispevek kohezijske politike k obnovi gospodarstva: povezovanje politike za izhod iz krize z dolgoročno rastjo in strukturnimi spremembami
Working Document N° 4 - The contribution of cohesion policy to the economic recovery: linking crisis exit policy with long term growth and structural change