natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Young people have a command of English that they themselves perceive to be “very good” and “good”, which is an important advance compared to knowledge a decade ago. 
Angleščino mladi obvladajo večinsko po samozaznavi »zelo dobro« in »dobro«, kar je pomemben napredek v primerjavi z znanjem pred enim desetletjem.
In all other foreign languages a major reversal has been observed. 
Pri vseh drugih tujih jezikih pa se kaže pomembno nazadovanje.
This decline applies to the minority languages and especially to the languages of the former Yugoslavia. 
To upadanje velja za jezike manjšin in zlasti za jezike nekdanje države Jugoslavije.
Despite the growing influence of English and its use, there are still other things that Slovenian youths need to know. 
Kljub naraščanju vplivnosti angleščine in njene rabe to ni zadostna popotnica za slovensko mladino.
Meanwhile the small group of those with a command of three or more languages has not increased. 
Tudi sicer se majhno število tistih, ki obvladajo tri jezike ali več, ni povečalo.
This is linked primarily to a reduction in the knowledge of languages of the former Yugoslavia, but in any event it does not indicate any improvement in the linguistic competence of Slovenian youths overall. 
To je povezano predvsem z zmanjševanjem znanja jezikov nekdanje države Jugoslavije, vsekakor pa ne kaže na izboljšanje jezikovnih kompetenc slovenskih mladostnikov v celoti.
This does not align with the requirements of a knowledge-based society and with the possibilities for employment, where other languages apart from English tend to be required. 
To ni v skladu z zahtevami družbe znanja in možnostmi zaposlovanja, kjer se utegnejo zahtevati tudi drugi jeziki, ne le angleščina.
It seems that in this respect there has been no shift towards multiculturalism, but rather towards the predominance of English. 
Kaže, da s tega vidika ni prišlo do premika v smeri večkulturnosti, temveč samo v smeri prevlade angleščine.
3.7 Education abroad 
3.7 Izobraževanje v tujini
Modern circumstances of mobility, and especially the Bologna system of tertiary education, encourage the pursuit of part of one's education abroad. 
Sodobne razmere mobilnosti, zlasti pa bolonjski sistem terciarnega šolanja spodbujajo opravljanje dela izobraževanja v tujini.
This can be very important, not just in terms of academic benefit, but also as a life experience in terms of multicultural experiences and perfecting foreign languages. 
To je lahko zelo pomembno ne le kot študijska korist, temveč tudi kot življenjska izkušnja v smislu medkulturnih izkušenj in izpopolnjevanja tujih jezikov.
This can of course serve to raise the quality of education, but of course it can work the other way around (if, for instance, it makes it easier to gain the necessary ECTS points). 
Tako se lahko poveča tudi kakovost izobraževanja, je pa seveda lahko tudi obratno (če je npr. tako laže pridobiti potrebne točke ECTS).
Below we present an analysis of Youth 2010 data regarding education abroad. 
Spodaj prikazujemo analizo podatkov Mladine 2010 o izobraževanju v tujini.
We have used responses obtained from current Slovenian students (full-time, part-time and those on hiatus). 
Upoštevali smo odgovore, ki smo jih pridobili od sedanjih slovenskih študentov (rednih, izrednih in tistih, ki pavzirajo).
In response to the question whether they had already gained such experience, 16.3 percent of surveyed students answered in the affirmative. 
Na vprašanje, ali so že pridobili tako izkušnjo, je pritrdilno odgovorilo 16,3 odstotka anketiranih študentov.
We should also note the fact that just 5.3 percent of students pursued education abroad for three months or more, something that facilitates more significant and longer-lasting influence. 
Upoštevati je treba še podatek, da se je samo 5,3 odstotka študentov izobraževalo v tujini3 mesece ali več, kar omogoča pomembnejši in trajnejši vpliv.
At that time it was also found that there were major differences among the universities, and especially among faculties, and that students with better grades made greater use of this form of gaining knowledge and experience. 
Takrat je bilo ugotovljeno še, da so med univerzami, zlasti pa med fakultetami, pomembne razlike in da študenti z boljšim uspehom bolj uporabljajo te oblike pridobivanja znanja in izkušenj.
Regarding the intention of pursuing such forms of education, 24.2 percent of surveyed students confirm that they have their own such desires (the response “maybe” was disregarded), which far outstrips the actual fulfilment of these desires to date. 
Glede namenov vključevanja v tovrstne oblike izobraževanja 24,2 odstotka anketiranih študentov potrjuje svoje tovrstne želje (odgovori »morda« niso bili upoštevani), kar močno presega dosedanjo realizacijo.
Despite the demonstrated subjective intentions, this is far from a predominant (realistic) form of education. 
Kljub izkazanim subjektivnim nameram je to daleč od prevladujoče (realne) oblike izobraževanja.
The higher probability of such education (as well as the intention to pursue it) is clearly spurred by the higher material standing of the family, while gender is not a statistically significant factor. 
Na višjo verjetnost takega izobraževanju (kot tudi na namene zanj) jasno vpliva boljši gmotni položaj družine, spol pa ni statistično značilen dejavnik.
Graph 25: Pursuing courses or education abroad, student samples, Youth 2010 and ŠOS 2005 
Grafikon 25: Opravljanje študija ali izobraževanja v tujini, študentski vzorci, Mladina 2010 in ŠOS 2005
Intention to pursue part of studies abroad Part of education pursued abroad 
Prisotnost namena opravljanja dela študija v tujini Opravljen del izobraževanja v tujini
SOURCES: Youth 2010 and Proﬁ le of Slovenian Students 2005 
Mladina 2010 (študentska populacija) ŠOS 2005 (študentska populacija)
Youth 2010 (student population) ŠOS 2005 (student population) 
VIRA: Mladina 2010 in Profil študentov Slovenije 2005
The extent of studying abroad among students has more than doubled over the past ﬁ ve years. 
Obseg študija v tujini se je med študenti v zad njih petih letih več kot podvojil.
There has been an even more signiﬁ cant increase (from 8 to 24 percent) in the proportion of students who intend to pursue part of their studies abroad. 
Še bistveno bolj (z 8 na 24 odstotkov) se je povečal delež študentov, ki nameravajo opravljati del študija v tujini.
3.8 Key ﬁ ndings 1. 
3.8 Ključne ugotovitve
In 2008 the proportion of young people aged between 20 and 24 years in Slovenia who were studying was by far the highest among the EU-27 countries. 
1. V letu 2008 je bil delež študirajoče mladine v starosti med 20 in 24 let v Sloveniji daleč najvišji med državami EU-27.
2. The pronounced increase in the number of students in the period from 2001 to 2007 coincides with a decline in the proportion of GDP allocated to tertiary education, which raises doubts about the necessary substantive quality of such education. 
2. Izrazito povečanje števila študentov v obdobju 2001-2007 sovpada z upadanjem deleža BDP, namenjenega terciarnemu izobraževanju, kar poraja dvom o potrebni vsebinski kakovosti tega izobraževanja.
3. In 2007 the proportion of individuals in EU-27 that dropped out of education early was lowest in Slovenia. 
3. Delež posameznikov, ki zgodaj opustijo šolanje, je bil v letu 2007 med državami EU-27 najnižji prav v Sloveniji.
4. Relative academic success for young people is positively influenced to a significant extent by being female, by parental education (especially that of the mother) and by appropriate (authoritative or democratic) socialisation styles. 
4. Na večjo šolsko uspešnost mladih pomembno pozitivno vplivajo ženski spol, izobrazba staršev (zlasti materina) in ustrezni (avtoritativni oz. demokratični) socializacijski slogi.
5. Three quarters of young people aged 15-29 years have a command of English, which is significantly higher than in 2000 (60 percent). 
5. Angleščino obvladajo tri četrtine mladih v starosti 15-29 let, kar je bistveno več kot leta 2000 (60 odstotkov).
The Ministry of Education should promote the provision of tuition in other foreign languages at schools on all levels. 
Ministrstvo za šolstvo naj spodbuja ponudbo učenja drugih tujih jezikov v šolah na vseh ravneh.
6. The majority (more than 60 percent) of Slovenian adolescents describe their feeling in secondary school as mainly favourable. 
6. Večina (več kot 60 odstotkov) slovenskih mladostnikov opisuje svoje počutje v srednji šoli kot pretežno ugodno.
7. Among the problems that young people identify in Slovenian education, we should point out the (excessively) weak link between the education system and the labour market. 
7. Med težavami, ki jih mladi ugotavljajo v slovenskem šolstvu, je treba opozoriti na (pre)šibko povezanost med izobraževalnim sistemom in trgom dela.
8. More than 92 percent of young people believe that in the future they will participate in non-formal forms of education. 
8. Več kot 92 odstotkov mladih meni, da se bodo v prihodnje udeleževali neformalnih oblik izobraževanja.
9. Slovenian youths are aware of the importance of non-formal education, but apart from foreign languages and computing they make scant mention of components relating to entrepreneurship, self-employment and inventing. 
9. Mladostniki v Sloveniji se zavedajo pomena neformalnega izobraževanja, vendar razen tujih jezikov in računalništva skoraj ne omenjajo sestavin, ki spadajo v podjetništvo, samozaposlovanje in izumiteljstvo.
10. The extent of studying abroad among students has more than doubled over the past five years. 
10. Vključevanje v študij v tujini se je med študenti v zadnjih petih letih več kot podvojilo.
There has been an even more significant increase (from 8 to 24 percent) in the proportion of students who intend to pursue part of their studies abroad. 
Še bistveno bolj (z 8 na 24 odstotkov) se je povečal delež študentov, ki nameravajo opravljati del študija v tujini.
3.9 Sources used 
3.9 Uporabljeni viri
and Hirsch S. Ruchlin (ed.), Economic and Education: Principles 
in Hirsch S. Ruchlin (ur.), Economic and Education: Principles and
and Application. 
Application.
Depaepe, M., and Smeyers, M. (2008). 
Depaepe, M., in Smeyers, M. (2008).
Europe 2020, European Council document, March 2010. 
Evropa 2020, dokument Evropskega sveta, marec 2010.
Flere, S., and drugi (2005). 
Flere, S., in drugi (2005).
Flere, S. (ed.) (2009). 
Flere, S. (ur.) (2009).
Ljubljana: Education Institute. 
Ljubljana: Pedagoški inštitut.
Flere, S. (ed.)( 
Flere, S. (ur.)(
Electronic source. 
Elektronski vir.
Ljubljana: Education Institute. http://www.pei.si/Sifranti/StaticPage. aspx?id=77 
Ljubljana: Pedagoški inštitut.http://www.pei.si/Sifranti/StaticPage. aspx?id=77
L., and Sandlin, J. A. (2010). 
L., in Sandlin, J. A. (2010).
Gintis, H., and Bowles, S. (1975). 
Gintis, H., in Bowles, S. (1975).
Global neo-liberalism, the Deformation of education and 
Global neo-liberalism, the Deformation of education
resistance. 
and resistance.
Lisbon Strategy of the European Council of 2000 (Presidency conclusions of the Lisbon European Council of 23 and 24 March 2000), http://www. consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/00100-r1. en0.htm 
Lizbonska strategija Evropskega sveta iz leta 2000 (predsedniški sklepi lizbonskega Evropskega sveta z dne 23. in 24. marca 2000), http://www. consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/00100-r1. en0.htm
In: Vlado 
V: Vlado
Miheljak (ed.), Mladina 2000: slovenska mladina na prehodu v tretje 
Miheljak (ur.), Mladina 2000: slovenska mladina na prehodu v tretje
Ljubljana: Ministry of Education and Sports, Office of the Republic of Slovenia for Youth; Maribor: Aristej. 
Ljubljana: Ministrstvo za šolstvo, znanost in šport, Urad Republike Slovenije za mladino; Maribor: Aristej.
Miheljak, V. (ed.) (2002). 
Miheljak, V. (ur.) (2002).
McGuinness, S., and Bennett, J. (2009). 
McGuinness, S., in Bennett, J. (2009).
Ministry of Education 
Ministrstvo za šolstvo
and Sports, 2010. 
in šport, 2010.
Available at:www.mss.si/datoteke/dokumenti/MSS-13110-PP_izobrazevanjemladih.pdf,20. 12. 2010. 
Dostopno na:www.mss.si/datoteke/dokumenti/MSS-13110-PP_izobrazevanjemladih.pdf,20. 12. 2010.
C., and Smith, T. (2008). 
C., in Smith, T. (2008).
Ljubljana: Statistical Institute of the SR Slovenia. 
Ljubljana: Zavod za statistiko SR Slovenije.
SORS. 
SURS.
Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 
Ljubljana: Urad RS za statistiko.
Rudi Klanjšek and Miran Lavrič 
Rudi Klanjšek in Miran Lavrič
4 Employment and entrepreneurship 
4 Zaposlovanje in podjetništvo
4.1 New conditions in the labour market and young people 
4.1 Nove razmere na trgu dela in mladi
Amidst global competition and unfavourable demographic trends, Europe is encountering forces that are radically changing the labour market and education. 
Evropa se v svetovni konkurenčni tekmi ob neugodnih demografskih gibanjih srečuje s silami, ki korenito spreminjajo trg dela in izobraževanja.
Traditional forms of permanent (open-term) employment are increasingly being replaced by less secure and more flexible forms of employment, while the age at which people first enter the jobs market is rising, and the actual transition takes longer and is less certain (Vertot, 2009). 
Tradicionalne oblike zaposlenosti za nedoločen čas vse bolj zamenjujejo manj gotove, prožne oblike zaposlenosti, zvišuje se starost prvega vstopa na trg dela, sam prehod traja dlje in je tudi bolj negotov (Vertot, 2009).
Some authors even doubt the justification for the term “transition”, since for an increasing portion of the population, stable employment is unattainable in the long term (Dwyer and Wyn, 2001; Furlong and Kelly, 2005). 
Nekateri avtorji celo dvomijo o upravičenosti pojma prehoda, saj so stabilne zaposlitve za vse večji del prebivalstva tudi dolgoročno nedosegljive (Dwyer in Wyn, 2001; Furlong in Kelly, 2005).
Of course Slovenia is no exception in these trends. 
Slovenija seveda ni izvzeta iz teh gibanj.
As can be seen from development reports (OMAD, 2006, 2008, 2010), in Slovenia, too, the proportion of temporary employment (i.e. fixed-term employment) in overall employment has been constantly growing. 
Kot je mogoče razbrati iz poročil o razvoju (UMAR, 2006, 2008, 2010), tudi v Sloveniji delež začasnih zaposlitev (tj. zaposlitev za določen čas) v skupni zaposlenosti stalno narašča.
More precisely, in the period 1996-2005 this proportion supposedly doubled (OMAD, 2006), wherein the greatest increase in temporary employment in Slovenia was precisely among young people. 
Natančneje, v obdobju 1996-2005 naj bi se ta delež podvojil (UMAR, 2006), pri čemer naj bi do največjega povečanja začasnih zaposlitev v Sloveniji prišlo ravno med mladimi.
This is also confirmed by the data presented in the graph below. 
To potrjujejo tudi podatki, prikazani v spodnjem grafikonu.
Graph 26: Proportion of temporarily employed persons,* EU and Slovenia, by age group and selected years 
Grafikon 26: Delež začasno zaposlenih,* EU in Slovenija, po starostnih skupinah in izbranih letih
EU 15 (15-64) Slovenia (15-64) EU 15 (15-24) Slovenia (15-24) 
EU 15 (15-64) Slovenija (15-64) EU 15 (15-24) Slovenija (15-24)
NOTE: *Data relate to the second quarter of the year. 
OPOMBA: * Podatki se nanašajo na drugo četrtletje leta.
SOURCE: Eurostat - Population and social conditions/Employment and unemployment (Labour Force 
VIR: Eurostat- Population and social conditions/Employement and unemployement (Labour Force Survey)
Survey) 
Čeprav je t.
Although what is termed the “age-segregation of the labour market” (Ignjatović and Trbanc, 2009), which characterises a larger portion of the temporary employment among young people than among other employed persons, is som1234ething familiar to the majority of EU countries, in terms of the spread of temporary employment among young people, with a 65.5-percent share (this level is even higher for young women: 74.2 percent; young men: 58.6 percent), Slovenia is in top place in the EU (both for EU-15 and EU-27). 
i. »starostna segregacija trga dela« (Ignjatović in Trbanc, 2009), ki jo označuje večji delež začasnih zaposlitev med mladimi zaposlenimi kot med drugimi zaposlenimi, nekaj, kar poznajo v večini držav EU, pa je Slovenija po razširjenosti začasnih zaposlitev med mladimi s 65,5-odstotnim deležem (stopnja je še višja, ko gre za mlade ženske: 74,2 odstotka; mladi moški: 58,6 odstotka) na prvem mestu v EU (ne glede na EU-15 ali EU-27).
Slovenia is in top place in the EU in temporary employment among young people. 
Po začasnih zaposlitvah med mladimi je Slovenija na prvem mestu v EU.
Age-segregation of the labour market (which is “more flexible” for young people) leads to greater uncertainty regarding employment stability, and this affects the possibility for “full economic and social emancipation” (Ignjatović and Trbanc, 2009: 40) as well as major life decisions, including about starting a family (OMAD, 2008: 42). 
Starostna segmentacija trga dela (ki je »prožnejši« za mlade) vodi do večje negotovosti glede stabilnosti zaposlitve, to pa vpliva na možnost »polne ekonomske in socialne osamosvojitve« (Ignjatović in Trbanc, 2009: 40) ter na pomembne življenjske odločitve, med drugim tudi o oblikovanju družine (UMAR, 2008: 42).
As Ignjatović and Trbanc (2009) have found, alongside fixed-term employment, among work-active young people (aged 15-24 years) there is an increasing proportion that have part-time work contracts. 
Kot ugotavljata Ignjatović in Trbanc (2009), pa poleg zaposlitve za določen čas med delovno aktivnimi mladimi (15-24 let) narašča tudi delež mladih, ki imajo sklenjene pogodbe za skrajšani delovni čas.
Graph 27: Proportion of part-time employees among the working population, EU and Slovenia, by age group and selected years 
Grafikon 27: Delež delno zaposlenih med delovno aktivnimi, EU in Slovenija, po starostnih skupinah in izbranih letih
NOTE: Data relate to the second quarter of the year. 
OPOMBA: Podatki se nanašajo na drugo četrtletje leta.
This offers the conclusion that the labour market in Slovenia, especially where young people are concerned, is more adaptable than the average. 
Glede na to je mogoče izpeljati sklep, da je trg dela v Sloveniji, predvsem ko gre za mlade, nadpovprečno prilagodljiv.
Both temporary jobs and part-employments are used as an indicator of the adaptability or flexibility of the labour market (OMAD, 2010: 40). 
Oboje, začasne in delne zaposlitve, se namreč uporabljajo kot kazalnik prilagodljivosti oziroma prožnosti trga dela (UMAR, 2010: 40).
The labour market in Slovenia, especially where young people are concerned, is more adaptable than the average. 
Trg dela v Sloveniji je, predvsem ko gre za mlade, nadpovprečno prilagodljiv.
The proportion of temporarily and partly employed persons among work-active young people (15-24 years) in Slovenia exceeds the proportion shown in the same segment by the economically most advanced countries of Europe (EU-15) and by the European Union as a whole (EU-27). 
Delež začasno in delno zaposlenih med delovno aktivnimi mladimi (15-24 let) v Sloveniji presega delež, ki ga v enakem segmentu izkazujejo gospodarsko najrazvitejše države Evrope (EU-15) oziroma Evropska unija v celoti (EU-27).
It includes shift work, Saturday and Sunday work, evening work and night work. 
Sem spadajo izmensko, sobotno in nedeljsko delo, delo v večernih urah in nočno delo.
The graph below shows the status in this regard of young employees and employed persons generally in Slovenia. 
Spodnji grafikoni kažejo, kakšen je glede tega položaj mladih zaposlenih in zaposlenih sploh v Sloveniji.
Graph 28: Proportion of shift employees among all employees, EU and Slovenia, by age group and selected years 
Grafikon 28: Delež izmensko zaposlenih med vsemi zaposlenimi, EU in Slovenija, po starostnih skupinah in izbranih letih
EU 27 (15-64) EU 15 (15-64) Slovenia (15-64) EU 27 (15-24) EU 15 (15-24) Slovenia (15-24) 
EU 27 (15-64) EU 15 (15-64) Slovenija (15-64) EU 27 (15-24) EU 15 (15-24) Slovenija (15-24)
SOURCE: Eurostat- Population and social conditions/Employement and unemployement (Labour Force Survey) 
VIR: Eurostat- Population and social conditions/Employement and unemployement (Labour Force Survey)
The graph shows that within the “wider and narrower” European Union (EU-27/EU-15) Slovenia stands way ahead in its share of shift employees, especially where young people (15-24 years) are concerned. 
Iz grafikona je razvidno, da Slovenija v »širši in ožji« Evropski uniji (EU27/EU-15) izrazito prednjači po deležu izmensko zaposlenih, še posebej ko gre za mlade (15-24 let).
The proportion of shift-employed young people among all employees is thus on average around twice as high as the European average, which is between 15 (EU-15) and 20 percent (EU-27). 
Delež izmensko zaposlenih mladih med vsemi zaposlenimi je tako v povprečju približno dvakrat višji od evropskega povprečja, ki je med 15 (EU-15) in 20 odstotkov (EU-27).
We should also point out that Slovenia stands out again when the proportion of shift-employed young people is compared to the proportion of all shift employees. 
Omeniti je še treba, da Slovenija izstopa tudi, ko se primerja delež izmensko zaposlenih mladih z deležem vseh izmensko zaposlenih.
While this difference in EU-27 amounts at most to 2.2 percentage points, in Slovenia it is between 8.2 and 12.3 percentage points. 
Medtem ko ta razlika v EU-27 znaša do največ 2,2 odstotne točke, je v Sloveniji med 8,2 in 12,3 odstotne točke.
The picture does not change when we look at the proportion of those that never have to work on Saturdays. 
Podoba se ne spremeni, ko se pogleda delež tistih, ki jim nikoli ni treba delati v soboto.
Here, too, Slovenia is ahead in terms of all employees, as well as in terms of young employees. 
Tudi tukaj Slovenija prednjači z vidika vseh zaposlenih, pa tudi z vidika mladih zaposlenih.
Graph 29: Proportion of employees (out of all employees) that “never” work on Saturdays, EU and Slovenia, by age group and selected years 
Grafikon 29: Delež zaposlenih (med vsemi zaposlenimi), ki »nikoli« ne dela v soboto, EU in Slovenija, po starostnih skupinah in izbranih letih
SOURCE: Eurostat- Population and social conditions/Employment and unemployment (Labour Force Survey) 
VIR: Eurostat- Population and social conditions/Employement and unemployement (Labour Force Survey)
Indeed the data show that the proportion of young employees that do not have to work on Saturdays is markedly higher in the EU than in Slovenia (2009: EU-27 = 48.8 percent; Slovenia = 34.6 percent). 
Podatki namreč pokažejo, da je delež mladih zaposlenih, ki jim ni treba delati ob sobotah, opazno višji v EU kot v Sloveniji (leto 2009: EU 27 = 48,8 odstotka; Slovenija = 34,6 odstotka).
Meanwhile we cannot talk of stability where Sunday work is concerned. 
O stabilnosti pa ni mogoče govoriti, ko gre za nedeljsko delo.
According to Eurostat data, this is growing in Slovenia, with the increase especially notable among young employees. 
To v Sloveniji, sodeč po podatkih Eurostata, narašča, pri čemer je to povečanje še posebej očitno med mladimi zaposlenimi.
Graph 30: Proportion of employees (out of all employees) that “never” work on Sundays, EU and Slovenia, by age group and selected years 
Grafikon 30: Delež zaposlenih (med vsemi zaposlenimi), ki »nikoli« ne dela v nedeljo, EU in Slovenija, po starostnih skupinah in izbranih letih
A similar trend to that of Sunday work can be found in evening work, where over the last ten years the proportion of those employees that never work in the evening has fallen from 63 to 54 percent (age group 15-64) and from 59 to 52 percent (age group 15-24). 
Podoben trend kot pri nedeljskem delu je mogoče zaznati tudi pri večernem delu, pri katerem se je v zadnjih desetih letih delež tistih zaposlenih, ki nikoli ne dela zvečer, zmanjšal s 63 na 54 odstotkov (starostna skupina 15-64 let) oziroma z 59 na 52 odstotkov (starostna skupina 15-24 let).
Graph 31: Proportion of employees (out of all employees) that “never” work in the evening, EU and Slovenia, by age group and selected years 
Grafikon 31: Delež zaposlenih (med vsemi zaposlenimi), ki »nikoli« ne dela zvečer, EU in Slovenija, po starostnih skupinah in izbranih letih