natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Moreover, in view of the need for a targeted field study to generate data on the fate and behaviour of moxidectin in different environmental compartments under actual use conditions and to verify that the likelihood of persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity to occur in the environment is low, it is considered that conditions affecting the marketing authorisations should be imposed (see Annex IV). 
Poleg tega je treba glede na potrebo po ciljni terenski študiji za pridobitev podatkov o končnem stanju in obnašanju moksidektina v različnih ekosistemih v pogojih dejanske uporabe in za preverjanje, ali je verjetnost za obstojnost, kopičenje v organizmih in strupenost v realnih pogojih majhna, uveljaviti pogoje, ki vplivajo na dovoljenja za promet z zdravilom (glejte Prilogo IV).
The Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) derived by dividing the most sensitive endpoints (LC50/EC50) for the most sensitive standard organism by an assessment factor of 100 amount to 4.7 and 10 µg/kg dry weight for the dung fly (Musca autumnalis) and the dung beetle (Aphodius constans), respectively. 
Predvideni koncentraciji brez učinka (PNEC) so izračunali tako, da so delili vrednosti dveh najobčutljivejših opazovanih dogodkov (LC50/EC50) za najobčutljivejši standardni organizem s faktorjem ocenjevanja 100; to je pomenilo 4,7 µg/kg suhe teže pri jesenski muhi (Musca autumnalis) in 10 µg/kg pri iztrebkarju (Aphodius constans).
Apart from macrocyclic lactones, established classes of antiparasitics in cattle, sheep and horses include benzimidazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines (pyrantel), imidazothiazoles (levamisole), amino-acetonitril derivates (monepantel), spiroindoles (derquantel). 
Poleg makrocikličnih laktonov uveljavljeni razredi antiparazitikov pri govedu, ovcah in konjih vključujejo benzimidazole, tetrahidropirimidine (pirantel), imidazotiazole (levamisol), aminoacetonitrilne derivate (monepantel) in spiroindole (derkantel).
6.6 Special precautions for the disposal of unused veterinary medicinal product or waste materials derived from the use of such products Any unused veterinary medicinal product or waste material derived from such veterinary medicinal products should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 
6.6 Posebni varnostni ukrepi za odstranjevanje neporabljenega zdravila ali odpadnih snovi Vsako neporabljeno zdravilo za uporabo v veterinarski medicini ali odpadne snovi, ki nastanejo iz teh zdravil, je treba odstraniti v skladu z lokalnimi predpisi.
Thus, to verify the weight of evidence approach as proposed by the marketing authorisation holders, and to assess whether the theoretical hazards translate into environmental impacts, the CVMP considered that data on fate and behaviour of moxidectin in the environment under actual use conditions should be generated. 
Torej je za preverjanje metode teže dokazov, kot predlagajo imetniki dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom, in za ocenjevanje, ali se teoretične nevarnosti preslikajo v vplive na okolje, odbor CVMP presodil, da je treba pridobiti podatke o končnem stanju in obnašanju moksidektina v okolju v pogojih dejanske rabe.
Equest 2% Oral Gel for Horses 
Equest 2% Oral Gel for Horses moksidektin peroralni gel
The maximum PECsoil_initial equals 4.18 µg/kg dry weight for cattle after subcutaneous route of administration (injectable products) using a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight and the respective default values. 
Najvišja vrednost PECtla_začetna znaša 4,18 µg/kg suhe teže za govedo po subkutanem vnosu (zdravila za injiciranje) z uporabo odmerka 0,5 mg/kg telesne mase in ustreznih privzetih vrednosti.
The NOECs for emergence ratio, the most sensitive study endpoint, were 235 μg/kg dry weight based on nominal sediment concentrations and 111 µg moxidectin equivalents/kg dry weight, respectively. 
Vrednosti NOEC za koeficient preobrazbe, najobčutljivejši opazovani dogodek študije, sta bili 235 μg/kg suhe teže na podlagi nazivnih koncentracij v sedimentu oziroma 111 µg ekvivalentov moksidektina/kg suhe teže.
The subacute toxicity was investigated in a GLP compliant study according to US FDA Environmental Assessment Technical Assistance Document no. 4.1214. 
Subakutno strupenost so preučevali v študiji, skladni z dobro laboratorijsko prakso in dokumentom za tehnično pomoč pri ocenjevanju vpliva na okolje ameriške agencije FDA št. 4.1214.
A qualitative risk assessment based on a weight of evidence discussion was provided and this considered the likelihood of persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity to occur under real environmental conditions. 
Predložena je bila kvalitativna ocena tveganja na podlagi razprave o teži dokazov, v kateri so ocenjevali verjetnost, da bo v realnih pogojih okolja prišlo do obstojnosti, kopičenja v organizmih in strupenosti.
EC50: the concentration which results in 50% of the test species individuals being adversely affected, i.e. both mortality and sub-lethal effects. 
EC50: koncentracija, ki povzroči škodljive učinke, tj. umrljivost in subletalne učinke, pri 50 % pripadnikov testne vrste.
The CVMP considered the experimental laboratory study on [3H]-moxidectin transformation in soils in accordance with OECD guideline no. 307 the most reliable and appropriate reference for assessing the persistence of moxidectin in different soil types and determining the DT50 for the substance. 
Odbor CVMP je presodil, da je eksperimentalna laboratorijska študija o pretvorbi [3H]-moksidektina v tleh v skladu s smernico OECD št. 307 najzanesljivejša in najprimernejša referenca za ocenjevanje obstojnosti moksidektina v različnih vrstah tal in določanje DT50 za snov.
The CVMP guideline on the assessment of PBT/vPvB substances in veterinary medicinal products (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012) suggests that the standard approach used to determine the risk to the environment associated with veterinary medicinal products (risk quotient approach, where a risk is characterised by calculating the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC)/Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) ratio) is not appropriate for substances classified as PBT. 
Smernica CVMP o ocenjevanju snovi PBT/vPvB v zdravilih za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012) navaja, da standardni pristop, ki se uporablja za ugotavljanje tveganja za okolje, povezanega z zdravili za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (metoda količnika tveganja, pri kateri se tveganje določi z izračunom razmerja med predvideno koncentracijo v okolju (PEC) in predvideno koncentracijo brez učinka (PNEC)), ni primeren za snovi, razvrščene med PBT.
The CVMP acknowledged that aquatic exposure might be low due to immobility of moxidectin in soil and rapid partitioning into sediment and consequently might reduce toxicity to aquatic organisms. 
Odbor CVMP je priznal, da je vodna izpostavljenost zaradi imobilnosti moksidektina v tleh in hitre porazdelitve v sediment lahko majhna, kar lahko zmanjša strupenost za vodne organizme.
Taking into account all the information provided it can be concluded that moxidectin is highly toxic to dung fauna with dung fly being the most sensitive species. 
Z upoštevanjem vseh predloženih informacij je mogoče zaključiti, da je moksidektin zelo strupen za organizme v gnoju, najobčutljivejša vrsta pa je jesenska muha.
The NOEC of moxidectin for reproduction in D. magna was therefore concluded to be >10 ng/l. 
Zato so zaključili, da je vrednost NOEC moksidektina za razmnoževanje pri D. magna > 10 ng/l.
19,5 mg/g Horse 
19,5 mg/g konji
The PBT hazard assessment clearly identifies moxidectin as a PBT substance based on the laboratory data provided. 
Z oceno nevarnosti PBT je moksidektin na podlagi predloženih laboratorijskih podatkov jasno opredeljen kot snov PBT.
A tiered approach was applied considering the CVMP draft guideline on the higher tier testing of veterinary medicinal products to dung fauna (EMA/CVMP/ERA/409350/2010)13. 
Uporabljen je bil stopenjski pristop z upoštevanjem osnutka smernice CVMP o višjestopenjskem testiranju zdravil za uporabo v veterinarski medicini na organizme v gnoju (EMA/CVMP/ERA/409350/2010)13.
• the CVMP considered that in order to reduce the identified risks for aquatic and sediment organisms, risk mitigation measures should be included in the product information. 
• odbor CVMP je presodil, da je za zmanjšanje ugotovljenih tveganj za vodne organizme in organizme v sedimentu v informacije o zdravilu treba vključiti ukrepe za zmanjšanje tveganja.
The threshold specified in the CVMP guideline on the assessment of PBT/vPvB substances in veterinary medicinal products (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012) is NOEC or EC10 for marine or freshwater organisms less than 0.01 mg/l. 
Mejna vrednost, določena v smernici CVMP o ocenjevanju snovi PBT/vPvB v zdravilih za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012), je NOEC ali EC10 za morske ali sladkovodne organizme, ki znaša manj kot 0,01 mg/l.
Consequently, given the limited number of different classes of end/ectoparasiticides, veterinary medicinal products containing moxidectin are an important therapeutic alternative to other veterinary medicinal products containing macrocyclic lactones. 
Zato so zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo moksidektin, glede na omejeno število različnih razredov endo-/ektoparaziticidov pomembna terapevtska alternativa drugim zdravilom za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo makrociklične laktone.
As previously noted, and as outlined in the CVMP guideline on the assessment of PBT/vPvB substances in veterinary medicinal products (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012), a quantitative risk assessment is not appropriate for the PBT hazard assessment. 
Kot že prej omenjeno in kot je navedeno v smernici CVMP o ocenjevanju snovi PBT/vPvB v zdravilih za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012), kvantitativna ocena tveganja ni ustrezna za ocenjevanje nevarnosti PBT.
An impact on dung flies was shown for all target species (cattle, sheep, and horses) and all routes of administration (pour-on, injectable, oral). 
Vpliv na jesensko muho je bil dokazan pri vseh ciljnih vrstah (govedo, ovce in konji) in vseh poteh uporabe (kožni poliv, z injekcijo, peroralno).
The first study was conducted with [3H]-moxidectin and resulted in a NOEC and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for reproduction as well as for parental growth at 0.0031 μg/l and 0.025 µg/l, respectively. 
Prvo študijo so izvedli z [3H]-moksidektinom in določili vrednost NOEC kot 0,0031 μg/l in najnižjo koncentracijo z opaznim učinkom (LOEC) za razmnoževanje in starševsko rast kot 0,025 µg/l.
The NOEC for fry survival, the most sensitive study endpoint, was established as 3.2 ng/l. 
Vrednost NOEC za preživetje mladic, najobčutljivejši opazovani dogodek študije, so določili kot 3,2 ng/l.
Although the efficacy of veterinary medicinal products containing moxidectin has not been re-assessed specifically in this referral procedure, these pour-on, injectable and oral products are considered effective veterinary medicines in the treatment of the abovementioned internal and external parasites in cattle, sheep and horses. 
Čeprav učinkovitosti zdravil za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo moksidektin, v tem napotitvenem postopku niso izrecno ponovno ocenjevali, veljajo ta zdravila v obliki kožnega poliva, injekcij in peroralna zdravila za učinkovita zdravila za uporabo v veterinarskih zdravilih pri zdravljenju zgoraj navedenih notranjih in zunanjih parazitov pri govedu, ovcah in konjih.
The second biodegradation study with moxidectin was performed in three different soils (i.e. sandy loam, loam and silt loam with an organic carbon content of 0.58%, 1.39%, and 1.8%, respectively, and a moisture content maintained at 70% of the field capacity) at 25 °C under aerobic conditions for 63 days in the dark. 
Drugo študijo biološke razgradljivosti z moksidektinom so izvedli v treh različnih vrstah tal (tj. peščeno-ilovnatih tleh z vsebnostjo organskega ogljika 0,58 %, ilovnatih tleh z vsebnostjo 1,39 % in muljasto-ilovnatih tleh z vsebnostjo 1,8 %, pri čemer so vsebnost vlage vzdrževali pri 70 % poljske kapacitete) pri 25 °C v aerobnih pogojih v obdobju 63 dni v temi.
BCFS = bioconcentration factor at steady state BCFSL = bioconcentration factor at steady state corrected for 5% lipid content BCFK = kinetic bioconcentration factor 
BCFS = biokoncentracijski faktor v stanju dinamičnega ravnovesja BCFSL = biokoncentracijski faktor v stanju dinamičnega ravnovesja, korigiran na 5-odstotno vsebnost maščob BCFK = kinetični biokoncentracijski faktor
Zoetis Česká republika, s.r.o. 
Slovaška Zoetis Česká republika, s.r.o.
Data on the fate and behaviour of moxidectin in the environment under real conditions to verify the proposed low likelihood of environmental impact are not available. 
Podatki o končnem stanju in obnašanju moksidektina v okolju v realnih pogojih, s katerimi bi lahko preverili predlagano majhno verjetnost vpliva na okolje, niso na voljo.
For cattle, the highest PECs for surface water were 0.436 ng/l for run-off after subcutaneous route of administration (injectable products) and 0.219 ng/l for direct excretion into surface waters after topical (cutaneous) route of administration (pour-on products). 
Pri govedu sta bili najvišji vrednosti PEC za površinske vode 0,436 ng/l pri odtekanju po subkutani uporabi (zdravila za injiciranje) in 0,219 ng/l pri neposrednem izločanju v površinske vode po topični (kožni) poti uporabe (zdravila v obliki kožnega poliva).
• the CVMP considered that veterinary medicinal products containing moxidectin to be administered to cattle, sheep and horses as pour-on, injectable and oral formulations are an important therapeutic alternative, given the limited number of different classes of end-/ectoparasiticides and the responsible use principle requiring the use of substances of different classes of antiparasitics for the control of parasitoses in order to reduce the risk of resistance development; 
• odbor CVMP je presodil, da so zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo moksidektin, za dajanje govedu, ovcam in konjem v obliki kožnega poliva, injekcij in peroralnih formulacij glede na omejeno število različnih endo-/ektoparaziticidov in načelo odgovorne uporabe, ki pri zatiranju parazitoz zahteva uporabo učinkovin iz različnih razredov antiparazitikov, da se zmanjša tveganje za razvoj odpornosti, pomembna terapevtska možnost;
The effect of prolonged exposure of moxidectin on the early life stages of the fathead minnow, (Pimephales promelas), was investigated in a GLP compliant study according to OECD guideline no. 21011. 
Učinek dolgotrajne izpostavljenosti moksidektinu na zgodnje razvojne stopnje tolstoglavega pisanca (Pimephales promelas) so preučevali v študiji, skladni z dobro laboratorijsko prakso in smernico OECD št. 21011.
Overall the CVMP considered that moxidectin fulfils the T criterion based on the high toxicity of moxidectin to aquatic organisms, i.e. a NOEC of 3.1 ng/l for Daphnia magna and a NOEC of 3.2 ng/l for fish (Pimephales promelas). 
Na splošno je odbor CVMP presodil, da moksidektin izpolnjuje merilo strupenosti, in sicer na podlagi visoke strupenosti moksidektina za vodne organizme, tj. vrednosti NOEC 3,1 ng/l za Daphnia magna in vrednosti NOEC 3,2 ng/l za ribe (Pimephales promelas).
Thus, the standard risk assessment approach where the risk is characterised by calculating the PEC/PNEC ratio is not appropriate for PBT substances as outlined in the CVMP guideline on the assessment of PBT/vPvB substances in veterinary medicinal products (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012). 
Zato standardni pristop za oceno tveganja, pri katerem se tveganje določa z izračunom razmerja PEC/PNEC, za snovi PBT ni primeren, kot je navedeno v smernici CVMP o ocenjevanju snovi PBT/vPvB v zdravilih za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012).
The second study in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), was performed in accordance with US FDA Environmental Assessment Technical Assistance Document no. 4.1110. 
Druga študija na šarenki (Oncorhynchus mykiss) je bila opravljena v skladu z dokumentom za tehnično pomoč pri ocenjevanju vpliva na okolje ameriške agencije FDA št.
The assumption that the likelihood of persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity occurring under real-world environmental conditions is low is based on theoretical considerations, as outlined above. 
Domneva, da je verjetnost za obstojnost, kopičenje v organizmih in strupenost v realnih pogojih majhna, temelji na teoretičnih premislekih, kot je navedeno zgoraj.
The following dissipation half-lives (DT50) at 20 °C were calculated using the best fit kinetic model i.e. simple first-order: 78.6, 139.0, 78.7 and 133.6 days for the soils sandy loam, sand, clay loam and loam, respectively. 
Naslednje razpolovne dobe razkroja (DT50) pri 20 °C so izračunali po kinetičnem modelu najboljšega prileganja, tj. preprostem modelu prvega reda: 78,6 dneva v peščeno-glinenih tleh, 139,0 dneva v peščenih tleh, 78,7 dneva v glineno-ilovnatih tleh in 133,6 dneva v ilovnatih tleh.
Risk mitigation measures for dung insects fulfilling the criteria of the CVMP reflection paper on risk mitigation measures related to the environmental risk assessment of veterinary medicinal products (EMA/CVMP/ERAWP/409328/2010)16 could not be established. 
Ukrepov za zmanjšanje tveganja za insekte v gnoju, ki bi izpolnjevali merila dokumenta o presoji odbora CVMP glede ukrepov za zmanjšanje tveganja, povezanih z oceno tveganja za okolje zdravil za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (EMA/CVMP/ERAWP/409328/2010),16 ni mogoče vzpostaviti.
Based on the available data high toxicity of moxidectin to aquatic and sediment organisms has been identified, i.e. a NOEC of 3.1 ng/l for Daphnia magna, a NOEC of 3.2 ng/l for fish and a NOEC of 111 µg/kg dry weight for chironomids. 
Na podlagi razpoložljivih podatkov je bila ugotovljena visoka strupenost moksidektina za vodne organizme in organizme v sedimentu, tj. NOEC 3,1 ng/l za Daphnia magna, NOEC 3,2 ng/l za ribe in NOEC 111 µg/kg suhe teže za trzače.
The marketing authorisation holders' conclusion that the likelihood of persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity occurring under realistic conditions is low, is based on theoretical considerations, as outlined above. 
Zaključek imetnikov dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom, da je verjetnost za obstojnost, kopičenje v organizmih in strupenost v realnih pogojih majhna, temelji na teoretičnih premislekih, kot je navedeno zgoraj.
The NOEC for reproduction was determined as 0.84 mg/kg dry soil based on nominal concentrations. 
Vrednost NOEC za razmnoževanje je bila na podlagi nazivnih koncentracij določena kot 0,84 mg/kg suhih tal.
Furthermore, the PBT status of moxidectin should be communicated in the product information; 
Poleg tega je treba v informacijah o zdravilu navesti oceno moksidektina kot snovi PBT;
the CVMP has recommended the variation of the marketing authorisations for veterinary medicinal products containing moxidectin to be administered orally, topically or subcutaneously to cattle, sheep and horses (see Annex I) in order to amend the summaries of product characteristics, labelling and package leaflets in line with recommended changes in the product information as set out in Annex III. 
odbor CVMP je priporočil spremembo dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom za zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo moksidektin, za peroralno, topično ali subkutano dajanje govedu, ovcam in konjem (glejte Prilogo I), da se spremenijo povzetki glavnih značilnosti zdravila, označevanje in navodila za uporabo v skladu s priporočenimi spremembami informacij o zdravilu, opredeljenimi v Prilogi III.
PECsediment direct (ng/kg)* 35 (sheep, solution for injection containing 20 mg moxidectin per ml) 
PECsediment_neposredno (ng/kg)* 35 (govedo, raztopina za injiciranje, ki vsebuje 20 mg moksidektina na ml)
Data on the fate and behaviour of moxidectin in the environment to verify the proposed low likelihood under real conditions are not available. 
Podatki o končnem stanju in obnašanju moksidektina v okolju, s katerimi bi lahko preverili predlagano majhno verjetnost v realnih razmerah, niso na voljo.
• the CVMP considered that veterinary medicinal products containing moxidectin to be administered to cattle, sheep and horses as pour-on, injectable and oral formulations are effective veterinary medicines in the treatment of the internal and external parasites in cattle, sheep and horses; 
• odbor CVMP je presodil, da so zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo moksidektin, za dajanje govedu, ovcam in konjem v obliki kožnega poliva, injekcij in peroralnih formulacij učinkovita zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini pri zdravljenju notranjih in zunanjih parazitov pri govedu, ovcah in konjih;
Other precautions regarding impact on the environment Moxidectin fulfils the criteria for a (very) persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substance; therefore, exposure of the environment to moxidectin must be limited to the extent possible. 
Drugi previdnostni ukrepi v zvezi z vplivom na okolje Moksidektin izpolnjuje merila za (zelo) obstojno snov, ki se kopiči v organizmih in je strupena (PBT), zato je treba izpostavljenost okolja moksidektinu čim bolj omejiti.
The data generated further to the fulfilment of these conditions, along with any other relevant information which might become available, will form the basis of a subsequent assessment by the CVMP of its conclusions on the benefit-risk balance for veterinary medicinal products containing moxidectin to be administered to cattle, sheep and horses as pour-on, injectable and oral formulations. 
Podatki, pridobljeni v zvezi z izpolnjevanjem teh pogojev, skupaj z drugimi relevantnimi informacijami, ki bodo morda na voljo, bodo podlaga za nadaljnjo oceno odbora CVMP in njegovih zaključkov o razmerju med tveganji in koristmi zdravil za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo moksidektin, za dajanje govedu, ovcam in konjem v obliki kožnega poliva, injekcij in peroralnih formulacij.
• the CVMP considered that based on the available data high toxicity of moxidectin to aquatic and sediment organisms and a risk for dung fauna have been identified; 
• odbor CVMP je presodil, da je bila na podlagi razpoložljivih podatkov ugotovljena velika strupenost moksidektina za vodne organizme in organizme v sedimentu ter tveganje za organizme v gnoju;
It has been established in laboratory tests that moxidectin may temporarily affect dung beetle reproduction; however, studies with incurred residues indicate no long-term effects. 
Z laboratorijskimi testi je bilo ugotovljeno, da lahko moksidektin začasno vpliva na razmnoževanje iztrebkarja, vendar študije z nakopičenimi ostanki kažejo, da dolgoročnih učinkov ni.
It was considered that degradation in soil might be faster under higher temperatures, that aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation might be reduced due to intermittent rather than continuous exposure, and that moxidectin would adsorb rapidly to sediment. 
Ugotavljali so, da je razgradnja v tleh pri višjih temperaturah morda hitrejša, da je strupenost za vodo in kopičenje v organizmih morda manjša, saj je izpostavljenost nestalna, ne pa neprekinjena, in da se moksidektin hitro adsorbira na sediment.
The CVMP considered the study as reliable and concluded that moxidectin fulfils the B criterion for bioaccumulation (BCFKL 2543 l/kg) as specified in CVMP guideline on the assessment of PBT/vPvB substances in veterinary medicinal products (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012), i.e. the bioconcentration factor in aquatic species is higher than 2000. 
Odbor CVMP je presodil, da je študija zanesljiva, in zaključil, da moksidektin izpolnjuje merilo B za kopičenje v organizmih (BCFKL 2 543 l/kg), kot določa smernica CVMP o ocenjevanju snovi PBT/vPvB v zdravilih za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (EMA/CVMP/ERA/52740/2012), tj. biokoncentracijski faktor v vodnih vrstah je večji od 2 000.
A number of GLP compliant laboratory studies on toxicity in aquatic invertebrates, fish, green algae, sediment invertebrates and dung insects were provided. 
Predloženih je bilo več laboratorijskih študij, skladnih z dobro laboratorijsko prakso, o strupenosti pri vodnih nevretenčarjih, ribah, zelenih algah, nevretenčarjih v sedimentu in insektih v gnoju.