natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Concerning the reduction of the use of antibiotics by use of zinc oxide it is considered that the clinical data were too sparse to conclude on this potential effect. 
Kar zadeva zmanjšanje uporabe antibiotikov zaradi uporabe cinkovega oksida, velja, da so klinični podatki preskromni, da bi lahko izpeljali zaključek o tem morebitnem učinku.
Pulvis for oral use 
prašek za peroralno uporabo
Fixed combination product can only be justified, if such combination offers an advantage over their active substances, when used as single substance products. 
Zdravilo s fiksno kombinacijo je mogoče utemeljiti le, če ima takšna kombinacija prednost pred zdravilnimi učinkovinami, kadar se uporabljajo kot zdravila z eno učinkovino.
Nevertheless, the CVMP would like to note that although these assessments are not considered further, the outcome of two of them also indicate a risk (PEC/PNEC≥1) for the only compartments assessed (soil and surface waters).For the other two, no Phase II data were provided. 
Kljub temu bi želel opozoriti, da čeprav te ocene niso nadalje obravnavane, rezultat dveh od njih kaže na tveganje (PEC/PNEC ≥ 1) za edina ocenjena ekosistema (tla in površinske vode).
For instance, soils contaminated over an extended period of time show reduced toxicity compared to freshly spiked soils. 
Tla, ki so onesnažena daljše časovno obdobje, so na primer manj toksična kot pravkar onesnažena tla.
Also, according to Mateos et al., 19987 zinc supplement should not be prolonged further than the weaning period. 
Kot navajajo Mateos idr., 1998,7 dodajanje cinka ne bi smelo trajati dlje kot obdobje odstavljanja.
In addition, it appears that zinc oxide is useful to reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhoea but not to treat diarrhoea and that it is not possible to clearly identify the mechanism of action of zinc oxide and thus any specific target. 
Poleg tega se zdi, da je cinkov oksid koristen za zmanjševanje pojavnosti driske po odstavitvi, ne pa za zdravljenje driske, in da ni mogoče jasno opredeliti mehanizma delovanja cinkovega oksida in s tem posebnega cilja.
The CVMP acknowledges that LA-MRSA is a rare cause of infection in pigs, but an emerging public health concern due to the high carrier status in pigs and the transference of MRSA to food products and in-contact humans (e.g. pig farmers, veterinarians, slaughter house employees). 
Odbor CVMP priznava, da je LA-MRSA le redko vzrok za okužbo pri prašičih, vendar tveganje za javno zdravje zaradi povečanega prenašalskega statusa prašičev in prenosa MRSA na živila ter osebe v stiku (npr. rejce prašičev, veterinarje, zaposlene v klavnicah) narašča.
The zinc oxide supplementation was given for three weeks from weaning and the challenge performed four days after weaning. 
Cinkov oksid so dodajali tri tedne po odstavitvi, provokacijo pa so izvedli štiri dni po odstavitvi.
If high amounts of zinc were administered for only one week, no differences were observed between treatments, while administration of high levels of zinc during two or three weeks significantly reduced the number of days with diarrhoea per piglet. 
Če so velike količine cinka dajali samo en teden, med zdravljenjema ni bilo razlik, če pa so velike količine cinka dajali dva ali tri tedne, se je število dni z drisko pri posameznem prašičku bistveno zmanjšalo.
The degree of stress experienced during the weaning period in piglets varies with age of weaning (more stress in younger piglets) and husbandry conditions, and can influence the severity of post-weaning diarrhoea. 
Stopnja stresa, ki jo prašički občutijo med odstavitvijo, se spreminja glede na starost ob odstavitvi (mlajši prašički doživijo večji stres) in pogoje reje ter lahko vpliva na resnost driske po odstavitvi.
At an earlier time (year 2020) a risk is identified for two of 15 surface water scenarios (acidic, sandy soils) and for all 15 sediment scenarios. 
Prej (leta 2020) je bilo tveganje ugotovljeno pri dveh od 15 scenarijev za površinske vode (kisla, peščena tla) in pri vseh 15 scenarijih za sedimente.
• The absence of a multicentre field study conducted through Europe according to GCP to test the efficacy of such products in various field conditions does not permit to define the indication more precise than ‘post-weaning diarrhoea', neither to conclude on the efficacy of the products in situations where specific pathogen(s) is (are) involved nor in situations other than e.g. weaning piglets at 3-4 weeks of age. 
• Ker ni na voljo multicentrične terenske študije, izvedene po vsej Evropi skladno z dobro klinično prakso za testiranje učinkovitosti takih zdravil v različnih terenskih pogojih, indikacije ni mogoče opredeliti natančneje kot „driska po odstavitvi“, prav tako pa ni mogoče izpeljati zaključka o učinkovitosti zdravil v primerih, ko so vključeni specifični patogeni, niti v primerih, ki ne zajemajo npr. odstavljenih prašičkov v starosti tri ali štiri tedne.
Recommended duration of administration The available information supports the duration of 12 to 14 days for prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. 
Priporočeno trajanje dajanja Razpoložljivi podatki podpirajo dajanje zdravila od 12 do 14 dni po odstavitvi pri prašičkih za preprečevanje driske.
If current practices remain unchanged in the near future, the continual application of manure from treated animals will result in risks (defined by RQ values >1) being established in 4 of 19 soil scenarios, 5 of 15 surface water scenarios and each of the 15 sediment scenarios by 2060. 
Če se sedanje prakse v bližnji prihodnosti ne bodo spremenile, bo stalno gnojenje z gnojem zdravljenih živalih do leta 2060 povzročilo tveganja (opredeljena z vrednostmi KT > 1) pri 4 od 19 scenarijev za tla, 5 od 15 scenarijev za vodo in pri vseh 15 scenarijih za sedimente.
Although limited data were available, results show zinc concentrations are predicted accurately in soils but less so in surface waters and sediment. 
Čeprav so bili na voljo le omejeni podatki, rezultati kažejo, da so napovedane koncentracije cinka za tla natančne, manj natančne pa so za površinske vode in sedimente.
They further state that their products contribute to achieving lower antimicrobial consumption in pigs, and that the identified risks will not be mitigated by removing veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide from the market. 
Nadalje navajajo, da njihova zdravila prispevajo k manjši porabi protimikrobnih učinkovin pri prašičih in da ugotovljena tveganja z umikom zdravil za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo cinkov oksid, s trga, ne bodo odpravljena.
The marketing authorisation holder Huvepharma, however, did provide robust summaries of the additional peer-reviewed studies used in the effect assessment, that were not included in the EU RAR (2010), including a conclusion on the reliability and validity of each study. 
Imetnik dovoljenja za promet z zdravilom Huvepharma je predložil okvirne povzetke dodatnih medsebojno strokovno pregledanih študij, uporabljenih za oceno učinka, ki niso bile vključene v poročilo EU RAR (2010), vključno z zaključkom o zanesljivosti in veljavnosti posamezne študije.
Higher yields were described in animals treated with 3000 ppm zinc in the first 21 days after weaning than in control animals, but the animals treated with zinc showed signs of toxicity in the three following weeks. 
Pri živalih, zdravljenih s 3 000 ppm cinka v prvih 21 dneh po odstavitvi, so opisali večje donose kot pri kontrolnih živalih, vendar so se pri živalih, zdravljenih s cinkom, v naslednjih treh tednih pokazali znaki toksičnosti.
1 CVMP opinion on Article 33(4) referral for Gutal 1000 g/kg premix for medicated feeding stuff for piglets (Procedure no. EMEA/V/A/108) - link results was submitted and study methods were poorly reported (no study protocols, no raw data, no statistical analysis). 
1 CVMP opinion on Article 33(4) referral for Gutal 1000 g/kg premix for medicated feeding stuff for piglets (Procedure no. EMEA/V/A/108) - link informacij, ki so vsebovale samo povzetke rezultatov študij, poročila o metodah študij pa so bila skromna (brez študijskih protokolov, neobdelanih podatkov in statističnih analiz).
The CVMP also notes that other sources of zinc in the environment will also contribute to the yearly increase of zinc oxide to agricultural land. 
Odbor CVMP tudi ugotavlja, da bodo k vsakoletnemu povečevanju cinkovega oksida na kmetijskih zemljiščih prispevali tudi drugi viri cinka v okolju.
The marketing authorisation holder's justification of the combination is based on the addition of the two effects: bactericidal activity of colistin and unspecific protective effect of zinc oxide during the post-weaning period. 
Utemeljitev imetnika dovoljenja za promet z zdravilom za kombinacijo temelji na dodajanju dveh učinkov: baktericidnega delovanja kolistina in nespecifičnega zaščitnega učinka cinkovega oksida v obdobju po odstavitvi.
Treatment of post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets In the absence of data the indication ‘treatment of post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets' is not supported. 
Zdravljenje driske po odstavitvi pri prašičkih Zaradi pomanjkanja podatkov indikacija „zdravljenje driske po odstavitvi pri prašičkih“ ni podprta.
At this time a detailed risk assessment to examine the risk(s) associated with the co-selection for antimicrobial resistance following the use of zinc oxide is not available. 
Trenutno podrobna ocena tveganja za preučitev tveganj, povezanih s koselekcijo pri protimikrobni odpornosti po uporabi cinkovega oksida, ni na voljo.
The Committee therefore considered that it is not justified to associate an antimicrobial substance (by definition, only appropriate for infectious diseases involving target pathogen(s) and for treatment and metaphylaxis) to zinc oxide because it is not specific-pathogen targeted and has not demonstrated efficacy for treatment. 
Odbor je zato presodil, da ni upravičeno povezovati protimikrobne snovi (ki je že po definiciji primerna samo za nalezljive bolezni, ki vključujejo ciljne patogene, ter za zdravljenje in metafilakso) in cinkovega oksida, saj ta ni osredotočen na določen patogen in nima dokazane učinkovitosti pri zdravljenju.
However, the CVMP was not able to establish the validity of the PNEC values reported as the Arche Soil PNEC calculator and the set of relevant input parameters was not made available to the CVMP during the initial assessment. 
Vendar odbor CVMP ni mogel ugotoviti veljavnosti vrednosti PNEC, izračunanih z računalom Arche Soil PNEC, in med prvotno oceno ni imel na voljo nabora ustreznih vhodnih parametrov.
Duration of the protective effect The duration of the protective effect was investigated only in one study (Johansen et al. (2007), in which the follow-up period was approximately 41 days. 
Trajanje zaščitnega učinka Trajanje zaščitnega učinka je bilo preučeno samo v eni študiji (Johansen idr.
On 1 February 2016, the Netherlands and France presented to the European Medicines Agency a referral notification in accordance with Article 35 of Directive 2001/82/EC for veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide to be administered orally to food producing species, due to concerns related to the risk to the environment and the potential increase of prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria from the use of products containing zinc oxide. 
Nizozemska in Francija sta 1. februarja 2016 Evropski agenciji za zdravila predložili obvestilo o napotitvi v skladu s členom 35 Direktive 2001/82/ES za zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo cinkov oksid, za peroralno dajanje vrstam za proizvodnjo živil, in sicer zaradi pomislekov, povezanih s tveganjem za okolje in morebitnim povečanjem prevalence bakterij, odpornih proti antibiotikom, zaradi uporabe zdravil, ki vsebujejo cinkov oksid.
The results demonstrated that, among the piglets fed with 2500 ppm or 4000 ppm zinc, a significantly lower number of piglets required anti-diarrhoea treatment. 
Rezultati so pokazali, da je med prašički, hranjenimi z 2 500 ppm ali 4 000 ppm cinka, bistveno manj prašičkov potrebovalo zdravljenje proti driski.
The study was a nonGood Clinical Practice (GCP) single-farm comparative study conducted with 3200 piglets. 
To je bila primerjalna študija, neskladna z dobro klinično prakso, ki je bila opravljena na eni kmetiji pri 3 200 prašičkih.
Environment 
Okolje
This effect is limited to prevention of unspecific diarrhoeas occurring at post-weaning period in piglets. 
Ta učinek je omejen na preprečevanje nespecifičnih drisk, ki se pojavijo pri prašičkih v obdobju po odstavitvi.
Considering the specific conditions when the products should be recommended, it should be noted that it was not possible to identify a specific target pathogen for zinc oxide and that the published literature supports only the use of zinc oxide in conditions of physiological diarrhoea of the post-weaning period in piglets. 
V zvezi s posebnimi stanji, v katerih je zdravilo treba priporočati, je treba poudariti, da ni bilo mogoče določiti določenega ciljnega patogena za cinkov oksid in da objavljena literatura podpira uporabo cinkovega oksida samo pri stanjih fiziološke driske v obdobju po odstavitvi pri prašičkih.
The CVMP has calculated PECsoils when taking into account the two approaches noted above, separately. 
Odbor CVMP je izračunal vrednost PECtla ob ločenem upoštevanju navedenih pristopov.
The data showed that the use of pig slurry on soils has led to a significant increase in soil concentrations of zinc, especially in the latest period monitored (1998 to 2014). 
Podatki so pokazali, da je uporaba prašičje gnojevke v tleh privedla do pomembnega povečanja koncentracij cinka v tleh, zlasti v zadnjem spremljanem obdobju (od 1998 do 2014).
At the time of the zinc EU RAR (2010) there were too few effects or exposure data to be able to account for the effect of these two parameters (AVS/SEM) on zinc bioavailability in sediments. 
Med pripravo poročila EU RAR za cink (2010) še ni bilo dovolj podatkov o učinkih ali izpostavljenosti, da bi lahko upoštevali učinek teh dveh parametrov (AVS/SEM) na biološko uporabnost cinka v sedimentih.
The Committee considered that colistin mono-product alone would be sufficient to reduce clinical diarrhoea, when used for seven days in close connection to weaning, where E. coli diarrhoea is the primary cause of diarrhoea. 
Odbor je ocenil, da bi za zmanjšanje klinične driske zadoščalo zdravilo, ki vsebuje samo kolistin in bi se uporabljalo sedem dni po odstavitvi, kadar je glavni vzrok driske E. coli.
However, the study supports the line of evidence that the use of zinc oxide as a veterinary medicinal product in pig farming will lead to a gradual accumulation in agricultural soils, which will eventually not only exceed safe concentrations of zinc in soil, but also in sediment and water systems. 
Vendar pa študija podpira dokaze, da bo uporaba cinkovega oksida kot zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini pri prašičereji povzročila postopno kopičenje na kmetijskih zemljiščih, zaradi česar bodo sčasoma presežene ne le varne koncentracije cinka v tleh, temveč tudi v sedimentih in vodnih sistemih.
Considering that the recommended duration of colistin administration in pigs is seven days the concomitant administration of zinc oxide included in the product will also be for seven days. 
Ker je priporočeno trajanje dajanja kolistina pri prašičih sedem dni, sočasno dajanje cinkovega oksida, ki je vključen v zdravilo, prav tako traja sedem dni.
The marketing authorisation holder concludes that the amount of zinc oxide released to the environment from the use of these products in Germany is significantly lower than that from other concerned products, and below established annual loads allowed for environmental release of zinc in Germany. 
Imetnik dovoljenja za promet z zdravilom ugotavlja, da je količina cinkovega oksida, ki se sprošča v okolje zaradi uporabe teh zdravil v Nemčiji, bistveno manjša kot pri drugih zadevnih zdravilih in pod ugotovljenimi letnimi obremenitvami, dovoljenimi za sproščanje cinka v okolje v Nemčiji.
In this report, monitoring data in soil from Denmark showed that the use of pig slurry on soils has led to a significant increase in total soil concentrations of zinc, especially in the latest monitoring period from 1998 to 2014. 
V tem poročilu je spremljanje podatkov z Danske pokazalo, da je uporaba prašičje gnojevke v tleh povzročila pomembno povečanje skupnih koncentracij cinka v tleh, zlasti v zadnjem spremljanem obdobju od leta 1998 do leta 2014.
Although this risk mitigation measure could be considered in line with the criteria set out by the CVMP reflection paper on risk mitigation measures (EMA/CVMP/ERAWP/409328/2010), the CVMP was of the view that, in practice, applying this risk mitigation measure will not be feasible where there may not be the possibility to apply treated manure on different areas of land or where there is trading of manure. 
Čeprav je ta ukrep za zmanjšanje tveganja v skladu z merili iz dokumenta o presoji odbora CVMP o ukrepih za zmanjšanje tveganja ((EMA/CVMP/ERAWP/409328/2010), je odbor CVMP menil, da v praksi izvajanje tega ukrepa za zmanjšanje tveganja ne bi bilo mogoče, kadar gnoja zdravljenih živali ni mogoče uporabiti na različnih delih zemljišča ali v primeru trgovine z gnojem.
A number of marketing authorisation holders referred to the European Union Risk Assessment Report (EU RAR) on zinc (2010)12 in their effect assessment. 
Številni imetniki dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom so se pri svoji oceni učinka sklicevali na poročilo EU o oceni tveganja (EU RAR) za cink (2010)12.
The marketing authorisation holder states that concerns for antimicrobial resistance related to high dose zinc oxide do not apply to their products, and most concerns are hypothetical. 
Imetnik dovoljenja za promet z zdravilom navaja, da pomisleki zaradi protimikrobne odpornosti, povezani z velikimi odmerki cinkovega oksida, ne veljajo za njihova zdravila, pri čemer je večina pomislekov zgolj hipotetičnih.
As zinc is a metal, general assumptions that are usually made about degradation are not applicable; therefore, once critical concentrations are exceeded, the risk will be difficult to remedy. 
Ker je cink kovina, običajne splošne predpostavke o razpadanju ne veljajo, zato je tveganje težko obvladati, ko so kritične koncentracije že presežene.
A study to evaluate the effects of adding high amounts of zinc in the diets of weaned pigs (Lima et al., 1994)9 included 162 piglets from a farm with a previous history of diarrhoea due to E. coli. 
Študija vrednotenja učinkov dodajanja velikih količin cinka v prehrani odstavljenih prašičkov (Lima idr., 1994)9 je vključevala 162 prašičkov s kmetije, na kateri je v preteklosti že bila prisotna driska zaradi E. coli.
The available data did not include a multicentre GCP field study conducted in several geographical arears Europe and on animals representing the range of various husbandry practices. 
Razpoložljivi podatki niso vključevali multicentrične terenske študije, skladne z dobro klinično prakso, izvedene na različnih geografskih območjih Evrope in na živalih, ki vključuje najrazličnejpe vzrejne prakse.
In some of the other trials, no diarrhoea was observed in the piglet groups. 
V nekaterih drugih preskušanjih v skupinah prašičkov niso opazili driske.
The CVMP considered that the majority of risk assessments provided for concern products showed deficiencies in the fate models used. 
Odbor CVMP je ocenil, da ima večina ocen tveganja, predloženih za zadevna zdravila, pomanjkljivosti, kar zadeva uporabljene modele končnega stanja.
Based on the totality of the data available, including the information submitted during the original assessment procedure and the detailed scientific grounds for re-examination put forward by the marketing authorisation holders, the CVMP concluded that there were not sufficient scientific grounds to revise its previous conclusions as included in its opinion of 8 December 2016, which concluded that the overall benefit-risk balance for the veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide to be administered orally to food producing species is negative. 
Odbor CVMP je na podlagi vseh razpoložljivih podatkov, vključno s podatki, predloženimi v okviru prvotnega postopka ocenjevanja, in podrobnimi znanstvenimi razlogi za ponovno preučitev, ki so jih predložili imetniki dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom, zaključil, da ni zadostnih znanstvenih razlogov za dopolnitev predhodnih zaključkov, vključenih v njegovo mnenje z dne 8. decembra 2016, v katerem je zaključil, da je splošno razmerje med tveganji in koristmi za zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo cinkov oksid, za peroralno dajanje vrstam za proizvodnjo živil negativno.
Additionally the marketing authorisation holders consider that an ad hoc expert group together EFSA could help to address the environmental risks from a broader point of view. 
Poleg tega menijo, da bi pri obravnavi tveganj za okolje s širšega vidika lahko pomagala ad hoc strokovna skupina skupaj z agencijo EFSA.
It is believed that bioavailability of metals in sediment can be predicted by measuring the acid volatile sulphide (AVS) and the simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) contents of sediments. 
Domneva se, da je mogoče biološko uporabnost kovin v sedimentu napovedati z merjenjem vsebnosti v kislini hlapnega sulfida (AVS) in sočasno ekstrahirane kovine (SEM) v sedimentih.
• A risk of zinc to soil dwelling species will on average be reached in approximately 55 years in clay soils; 
• tveganje zaradi cinka za vrste, ki živijo v tleh, v glinenih tleh v povprečju doseženo v približno 55 letih;
Concerning sediment PECs specifically, accumulation factors are not considered (e.g. deposition, re-suspension, and burial of zinc), it is assumed that suspended sediments are representative of the deposited sediment, and no account is made for acid volatile sulfide levels. 
Kar zadeva vrednosti PEC za sedimente, dejavniki kopičenja niso bili upoštevani (npr. odlaganje, resuspenzija in zakopavanje cinka), zato se predvideva, da so suspendirani sedimenti reprezentativni za odložene sedimente, koncentracije v kislini hlapnih sulfidov pa niso upoštevane.
The use of zinc oxide may promote the selection of bacteria expressing zinc resistance. 
Uporaba cinkovega oksida lahko spodbudi selekcijo bakterij, ki izražajo odpornost proti cinku.
Grounds for the refusal of the marketing authorisations and for withdrawal of the existing marketing authorisations 
Podlaga za zavrnitev dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom in umik obstoječih dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom
Considering the duration of the administration of high amounts of zinc in the feed of weaned piglets (between 2500 and 3000 ppm of zinc), Hollis (2000)6 advises that administration of high zinc content feed should not be prolonged for more than two weeks after weaning, and that zinc used should be in the form of zinc oxide. 
Glede na trajanje dajanje velikih količin cinka v krmo odstavljenih prašičkov (od 2 500 do 3 000 ppm cinka) Hollis (2000)6 svetuje, da dajanje krme z veliko vsebnostjo cinka ne sme trajati dlje kot dva tedna po odstavitvi in da mora biti uporabljeni cink v obliki cinkovega oksida.
Several marketing authorisation holders provided proprietary studies for veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide as single active substance. 
Več imetnikov dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom je predložilo lastniške študije za zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo cinkov oksid kot edino zdravilno učinkovino.
Advantages of the combination sulfagunidine and zinc oxide versus the use of the individual substances were not provided. 
Dokazi o prednostih kombinacije sulfagvanidina in cinkovega oksida v primerjavi z uporabo posameznih učinkovin niso bili predloženi.
A target animal safety study was performed at the recommended dose (100 mg/kg bw per day during 14 days) and no significant side effects have been observed. 
Opravljena je bila študija varnosti pri ciljnih živalih s priporočenim odmerkom (100 mg/kg telesne mase v obdobju 14 dni), v kateri niso bili opaženi pomembni neželeni učinki.