natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
• The risk of opportunistic infections, in particular CMV viraemia • Recommendation to avoid vaccination with live vaccines for at least 12 months following o That treatment for hypersensitivity reactions, including measures for resuscitation should be available during administration o That the risk of infusion reactions is highest in first week of therapy o That if the reaction is moderate or severe dosing should continue at the same level (ie no dose escalation) until each dose is well tolerated o That if therapy is withheld for more than 7 days then MabCampath should be reinstituted with gradual dose escalation 
o Da je tveganje infuzijskih reakcij reakcij najvišje v prvem tednu zdravljenja o Če je reakcija zmerna ali močna, se mora odmerna shema nadaljevati pri z enako stopnjo (to pomeni brez zvečanja odmerka), dokler bolnik odmerka ne prenese dobro o Če je bilo zdravljenje prekinjeno za več kot 7 dni, je treba MabCampath ponovno uvesti s postopnim stopnjevanjem odmerka
The Member States shall ensure that the MAH provides all doctors who are expected to prescribe MabCampath with a healthcare professional information pack containing the 
Države članice bodo zagotovile, da bo imetnik dovoljenja za promet vsem zdravnikom, ki predpisujejo zdravilo MabCampath, priskrbel strokovno zdravstveno opisno dokumentacijo, ki bo vsebovala naslednje:
- To agree the details of an educational brochure with the MAH. 
Dogovoriti se z imetnikom dovoljenja za promet o podrobnostih za izobraževalno brošuro.
This summary was last updated on 30/08/2012. 
Povzetek je bil nazadnje posodobljen dne 30/08/2012.
It is a solution for injection (0.1 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml). 
Zdravilo je raztopina za injiciranje (0,1 mg/ml in 0,5 mg/ml).
In addition, the blood pressure will increase before returning to normal or below normal. 
Poleg tega se krvni tlak najprej poviša in se nato vrne na normalno raven ali pod njo.
The marketing authorisation was renewed on 2 August 2007. 
Dovoljenje za promet z zdravilom je bilo podaljšano 2. avgusta 2007.
Dexdomitor dexmedetomidine 
Dexdomitor deksmedetomidin
The duration and depth of sedation and analgesia depend on the dose that is used. 
Trajanje in globina sedacije in analgezije sta odvisna od uporabljenega odmerka.
It works by preventing the release of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline from nerve cells in the body. 
Deluje tako, da preprečuje sproščanje živčnega prenašalca noradrenalina iz živčnih celic telesa.
The European Commission granted a marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union, for Dexdomitor on 30 August 2002. 
Evropska komisija je dovoljenje za promet z zdravilom Dexdomitor, veljavno po vsej Evropski uniji, odobrila dne 30. avgusta 2002.
• Before inducing general anaesthesia. 
• pred uvedbo splošne anestezije.
Dexmedetomidine is an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist. 
Deksmedetomidin, je agonist alfa2-adrenoreceptorja.
Pregnant women should take special care to avoid self-injection. 
Nosečnice morajo biti še posebej previdne, da ne pride do samoinjiciranja zdravila.
The use of waterproof gloves is advisable. 
Priporočljiva je uporaba nepropustnih rokavic.
Since noradrenaline is involved in maintaining alertness and arousal, reducing its release decreases the level of consciousness, including the sensation of pain. 
Ker je noradrenalin udeležen pri vzdrževanju budnega stanja, zmanjšanje stopnje njegovega sproščanja zniža raven zavesti in občutek bolečine.
Other information about Dexdomitor: 
Druge informacije o zdravilu Dexdomitor:
If contact does occur, rinsing with large amounts of water is advised. 
Če do stika pride, je treba mesto izprati z veliko količino vode.
However, the person should not drive due to the risk of sedation and changes in blood pressure. 
Vendar pa zaradi tveganja sedacije in sprememb krvnega tlaka oseba ne sme voziti.
The safety of the use of Dexdomitor has not been studied in puppies below 16 weeks of age or in kittens below 12 weeks of age. 
Varnost uporabe zdravila Dexdomitor ni bila preverjena pri kužkih, mlajših od 16 tednov, ali muckah, mlajših od 12 tednov.
As for medetomidine, ‘good' or ‘excellent' analgesia was reached in about 40 to 50 % of the animals, supporting its used in non-invasive mildly to moderately painful procedures. 
Kar zadeva medetomidin, so pri 40 do 50 % živali dosegli „dobro“ ali „odlično“ analgezijo, kar je v prid uporabi tega zdravila pri neinvazivnih, blago do zmerno bolečih posegih.
It is used in non-invasive procedures which do not involve breaking the skin or a body cavity. 
Uporablja se pri neinvazivnih posegih, kar pomeni, da se pri postopku ne predre kože ali stene telesne votline;
The studies included dogs and cats of various ages and breeds, which were undergoing procedures requiring sedation or analgesia. 
Študije so vključevale pse in mačke različnih starosti in pasem, na katerih so morali izvesti postopke, ki so zahtevali sedacijo ali analgezijo.
What benefit has Dexdomitor shown during the studies? 
Kakšne koristi je zdravilo Dexdomitor izkazalo med študijami?
Dexmedetomidine is closely related to another substance used to sedate animals, medetomidine, that has been used in veterinary medicine for many years. 
Deksmedetomidin je tesno povezan z drugo snovjo, ki se uporablja za sedacijo živali, medetomidinom, ki ga v veterinarskih zdravilih uporabljajo že dolga leta.
Vomiting may occur five to 10 minutes after injection or at the time of recovery. 
Pet do deset minut po vbrizganju ali v času prenehanja delovanja zdravila lahko pride do bruhanja.
In some dogs and cats, there may be a decrease in breathing rate and the mucous membranes may appear pale or with a blue tinge. 
Pri nekaterih psih in mačkah se lahko zmanjša hitrost dihanja, sluznična membrana pa je lahko videti bleda ali modrikasta.
• For deep sedation and analgesia in dogs in combination with butorphanol (a sedative and analgesic) for procedures including minor surgery. 
• za globoko sedacijo in analgezijo pri psih ob sočasni uporabi z butorfanolom (sedativom in analgetikom) za postopke, ki vključujejo manjše kirurške posege.
• When carrying out mildly to moderately painful procedures and examinations that require the animal to be restrained or sedated and made less sensitive to pain (analgesia). 
• kadar se izvajajo blago do zmerno boleči postopki in pregledi, pri katerih mora biti žival ukročena ali mirna ter manj občutljiva na bolečino (analgezija).
Dexdomitor causes a decrease in heart rate and body temperature. 
Zdravilo Dexdomitor povzroči upočasnitev bitja srca in zmanjšanje telesne temperature.
The CVMP concluded that the benefits of Dexdomitor exceed the risks and recommended that it be given a marketing authorisation. 
Odbor za zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (CVMP) je zaključil, da so koristi zdravila Dexdomitor večje od z njim povezanih tveganj, in priporočil, da se zanj odobri dovoljenje za promet.
When used in cats, ketamine should be used as the anaesthetic agent. 
Kadar se uporablja pri mačkah, je treba kot anestetično sredstvo uporabiti ketamin;
Information on the prescription status of this product may be found on the label/outer package. 
Podatki o predpisovanju zdravila so navedeni na nalepki/zunanji ovojnini.
Other side effects can occur when Dexdomitor is used with other medicines. 
Drugi neželeni učinki se lahko pojavijo, če se zdravilo Dexdomitor uporablja sočasno z drugimi zdravili.
Dexdomitor is used to sedate (calm down) dogs and cats in the following situations: 
Zdravilo Dexdomitor se uporablja za sedacijo (pomiritev) psov in mačk v naslednjih primerih:
It should not be used in animals that have problems with their heart or blood vessels, with severe systemic (whole body) disease, that are moribund (close to death) or that are known to be hypersensitive (allergic) to dexmedetomidine or any of the other ingredients. 
Zdravilo se ne sme uporabljati pri živalih, ki imajo težave s srcem ali ožiljem, imajo resno sistemsko bolezen (vključuje celo telo), so moribundne (tik pred poginom) ali so ugotovljeno preobčutljive za (alergične na) deksmedetomidin ali katero koli drugo sestavino zdravila.
What is the risk associated with Dexdomitor? 
Kakšna tveganja so povezana z zdravilom Dexdomitor?
People who are known to be hypersensitive to dexmedetomidine or any of the other ingredients should give the medicine with caution. 
Osebe z znano preobčutljivostjo na deksmedetomidin ali katero koli drugo sestavino zdravila morajo zdravilo dajati previdno.
The dose depends on the body surface area in dogs (calculated using bodyweight) and bodyweight in cats. 
Odmerek je pri psih odvisen od telesne površine (izračuna se s pomočjo telesne mase), pri mačkah pa od telesne mase.
Why has Dexdomitor been approved? 
Zakaj je bilo zdravilo Dexdomitor odobreno?
Dexdomitor was investigated in studies involving dogs and cats in which its effectiveness was compared with that of medetomidine. 
Zdravilo Dexdomitor so proučevali v študijah pri psih in mačkah, v katerih so njegovo učinkovitost primerjali z učinkovitostjo medetomidina.
If Dexdomitor is accidentally self-injected or taken by mouth, medical advice should be sought immediately and the package leaflet or the label shown to the doctor. 
Če se zdravilo Dexdomitor nenamerno injicira ali nenamerno zaužije, je treba nemudoma poiskati zdravniško pomoč in zdravniku pokazati navodilo za uporabo ali nalepko.
Contact with the skin, eyes of mucous (moist body surfaces) should be avoided. 
Izogibati se je treba tudi stiku zdravila s kožo, očmi ali sluznico (vlažnimi površinami telesa).
Dexdomitor also showed adequate effectiveness for deep sedation of dogs in combination with butorphanol, and for premedication in dogs and cats before induction of general anaesthesia, reducing the amount of anaesthetic that the dogs and cats require. 
Zdravilo Dexdomitor je pokazalo primerno učinkovitost tudi pri globoki sedaciji psov ob sočasni uporabi z butorfanolom in kot priprava na poseg pri psih in mačkah pred uvajanjem splošne anestezije, pri čemer je zmanjšalo količino anestetika, ki so ga psi in mačke potrebovali.
In cats, it is given by intramuscular injection. 
Mačkam se zdravilo daje z intramuskularno injekcijo.
Dexdomitor contains the active substance dexmedetomidine, which belongs to a class of medicines having a psycholeptic (sedative) action. 
Zdravilo Dexdomitor vsebuje zdravilno učinkovino deksmedetomidin, ki spada v razred zdravil s psiholeptičnimi (pomirjevalnimi) učinki.
The studies showed that Dexdomitor had an equivalent level of effectiveness as medetomidine in inducing sedation and analgesia in dogs and cats. 
Študije so pokazale, da je imelo zdravilo Dexdomitor enakovreden učinek kot medetomidin pri sedaciji in analgeziji psov in mačk.
Finally, it was studied as a premedication in dogs and cats prior to induction of general anaesthesia. 
Nenazadnje so zdravilo proučevali tudi kot pripravo na poseg pri psih in mačkah pred uvajanjem splošne anestezije.
In dogs, Dexdomitor is given by intravenous or intramuscular injection. 
Psom se zdravilo Dexdomitor daje z intravensko ali intramuskularno injekcijo.
In dogs, both intravenous and intramuscular injections of Dexdomitor were studied. 
Pri psih so proučevali tako intravenske kot intramuskularne injekcije zdravila Dexdomitor.
What is Dexdomitor used for? 
Za kaj se zdravilo Dexdomitor uporablja?
Dexdomitor was also compared with medetomidne for premedication (sedation prior to anaesthesia) in cats about to undergo general anaesthesia with ketamine and for deep sedation of dogs in combination with butorphanol. 
Zdravilo Dexdomitor so primerjali z medetomidinom kot pripravo na poseg pri mačkah (sedacijo pred anestezijo) pred uvajanjem splošne anestezije s ketaminom in za globoko sedacijo psov pri sočasni uporabi butorfanola.
How does Dexdomitor work? 
Kako zdravilo Dexdomitor deluje?
For a full list of all side effects reported with Dexdomitor, see the package leaflet. 
Za celoten seznam neželenih učinkov, o katerih so poročali pri uporabi zdravila Dexdomitor, glejte navodilo za uporabo.
How has Dexdomitor been studied? 
Kako je bilo zdravilo Dexdomitor raziskano?
The dose is chosen according to the species being treated, the use, whether it is given by intravenous (into a vein) or intramuscular (into a muscle) injection and any other medicines that are also being used. 
Odmerek je treba izbrati glede na vrsto živali, ki se zdravi, glede na namen dajanja zdravila, glede na to, ali se zdravilo vbrizga v veno ali mišico, in glede na druga sočasno uporabljana zdravila.
Dexdomitor was at least as effective as medetomidine in inducing general anaesthesia in cats in combination with ketamine. 
Zdravilo Dexdomitor je bilo pri vzpostavljanju stanja splošne anestezije pri mačkah ob sočasni uporabi ketamina vsaj tako učinkovito kot medetomidin.
Muscle tremors (shaking) and corneal opacities (cloudy spots in the cornea, the clear part of the eye in front of the pupil) may occur during sedation. 
Med sedacijo se lahko pojavi drgetanje mišic, roženica pa lahko postane motna (motna mesta v prozornem delu očesa pred zenico).
What is Dexdomitor? 
Kaj je zdravilo Dexdomitor?
60 sachets + 2 syringes (1 ml) + 2 syringes (3 ml) + 2 syringes (10 ml) + 2 mixing cups 
60 vrečic + dve 1-ml brizgi + dve 3-ml brizgi + dve 10-ml brizgi + 2 posodici za mešanje
Granules for oral suspension sachet (PET/Alu/LLDPE) 
100 mg zrnca za peroralno suspenzijo peroralna uporaba vrečica (PET/Alu/LLDPE)
21 March 2014 EMA/167920/2014 EMEA/H/C/002670 
21. marec 2014 EMA/167920/2014 EMEA/H/C/002670
In addition, there were still outstanding problems related to quality control during its manufacture. 
Poleg tega je bilo še vedno nekaj nerešenih težav, povezanih z nadzorom kakovosti pri njegovi izdelavi.
The main measure of effectiveness was progression-free survival (how long the patients lived without the disease getting worse). 
Glavno merilo učinkovitosti je bilo preživetje brez napredovanja bolezni (čas, ki so ga bolniki preživeli brez poslabšanja bolezni).
This means that it blocks certain enzymes known as tyrosine kinases. 
To pomeni, da zavira specifične encime, imenovane tirozin-kinaze.
Therefore, the Committee concluded that there were insufficient data to establish the benefits of Masican. 
Zato je Odbor sklenil, da ni bilo zadostnih podatkov za določitev koristi zdravila Masican.
By blocking these receptors, Masican might help in controlling cell division and thereby slow down the growth of the cancer. 
Z zaviranjem teh receptorjev lahko zdravilo Masican pomaga pri nadzorovanju celične delitve ter s tem upočasni rast raka.
At the time of the initial evaluation, the CHMP was concerned that the study was not designed to compare Masican with sunitinib and that it was difficult to interpret the results. 
V času prvotne ocene je imel CHMP pomislek, da študija ni bila zasnovana za primerjavo zdravila Masican s sunitinibom in da je bilo težko interpretirati rezultate.
The company that applied for authorisation is AB Science. 
Vlogo za dovoljenje je predložila družba AB Science.
After considering the grounds for this request, the CHMP re-examined the initial opinion, and confirmed the refusal of the marketing authorisation on 20 March 2014. 
Po preučitvi podlage za to zahtevo je CHMP ponovno pregledal prvotno mnenje in dne 20. marca 2014 potrdil zavrnitev vloge za dovoljenje za promet z zdravilom.
The study was a ‘phase II study', an exploratory study designed to see if a medicine is worth investigating further. 
faze‟, raziskovalna študija, s katero so želeli preveriti, ali bi bilo zdravilo vredno nadalje raziskati.
During the re-examination, although the medicine's safety was of less concern, the Committee still had major concerns about the medicine's benefits. 
Med ponovnim pregledom, pri katerem varnost zdravila ni bila v ospredju, je imel Odbor še vedno velike pomisleke glede koristi zdravila.
Refusal of the marketing authorisation for Masican (masitinib) EMA/167920/2014 
Zavrnitev vloge za dovoljenje za promet z zdravilom Masican (masitinib) EMA/167920/2014
Finally, there were concerns about the quality control of the medicine during manufacture, which led to uncertainties about the impurities that patients would be exposed to. 
Poleg tega so se pojavili pomisleki o nadzoru kakovosti zdravila med proizvodnjo, kar je vodilo do negotovosti glede nečistot, ki bi jim bili izpostavljeni bolniki.
The study included a group of patients treated with Masican and one group treated with sunitinib, another medicine of the same class. 
Študija je vključevala skupino bolnikov, ki so prejemali zdravljenje z zdravilom Masican, in eno skupino, ki je prejemala zdravljenje s sunitinibom, drugim zdravilom iz istega razreda.
What is Masican? 
Kaj je zdravilo Masican?
The CHMP was also concerned that safety data were only available for a few patients treated with Masican at the proposed dose and this did not allow a proper evaluation of the medicine's side effects. 
CHMP je prav tako izrazil pomislek, da so bili podatki o varnosti na voljo samo za nekaj bolnikov, ki so prejemali zdravljenje z zdravilom Masican v predlaganem odmerku, in da to ni omogočilo ustrezne ocene neželenih učinkov zdravila.
On 21 November 2013, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) adopted a negative opinion, recommending the refusal of the marketing authorisation for the medicinal product Masican, intended for the treatment of malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). 
Odbor za zdravila za uporabo v humani medicini (CHMP) je 21. novembra 2013 sprejel negativno mnenje in priporočil zavrnitev vloge za dovoljenje za promet z zdravilom Masican, namenjenim za zdravljenje malignega gastrointestinalnega stromalnega tumorja (gastrointestinal stromal tumourGIST).
Refusal of the marketing authorisation for Masican (masitinib) 
Zavrnitev vloge za dovoljenje za promet z zdravilom Masican (masitinib)
Masican was expected to be used to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST), a cancer of the stomach and bowel, in adults whose cancer cannot be removed surgically or has spread and is getting worse despite treatment with imatinib, another medicine used to treat this cancer. 
Zdravilo Masican naj bi se uporabljalo za zdravljenje gastrointestinalnega stromalnega tumorja, raka želodca in črevesja pri odraslih, pri katerih raka ni mogoče kirurško odstraniti ali pa se je razširil in se stanje slabša kljub zdravljenju z imatinibom, drugim zdravilom za zdravljenje te vrste raka.
Although the group of patients treated with Masican appeared to live longer than those treated with sunitinib, the possibility that this was a chance finding could not be ruled out because of the exploratory nature of the study and because other supportive evidence was lacking. 
Čeprav se je zdelo, da so bolniki iz skupine, ki je prejemala zdravljenje z zdravilom Masican, živeli dlje od bolnikov, ki so prejemali zdravljenje s sunitinibom, možnosti, da je bila to zgolj naključna ugotovitev, ni bilo mogoče izključiti zaradi raziskovalne narave študije in zaradi pomanjkanja drugih podpornih dokazov.
Therefore the CHMP concluded that the benefits of Masican did not outweigh its risks and maintained the previous recommendation that the medicine be refused marketing authorisation. 
Odbor CHMP je zato zaključil, da koristi zdravila Masican niso večje od z njim povezanih tveganj, in ostal pri svojem prejšnjem priporočilu, da naj se dovoljenje za promet zanj zavrne.
The applicant presented results of a main study in 44 patients with GIST that could not be removed surgically or that had spread and was resistant to imatinib treatment. 
Predlagatelj je predstavil rezultate glavne študije pri 44 bolnikih z gastrointestinalnim stromalnim tumorjem, ki ga ni bilo mogoče kirurško odstraniti ali se je razširil in je bil odporen na zdravljenje z imatinibom.
The active substance in Masican, masitinib, is a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor. 
Zdravilna učinkovina zdravila Masican, masitinib, je zaviralec tirozin-kinaze.
Masican is an anticancer medicine that contains the active substance masitinib. 
Masican je zdravilo proti raku, ki vsebuje zdravilno učinkovino masitinib.
What was Masican expected to be used for? 
Za kaj naj bi se zdravilo Masican uporabljalo?
Masican was designated an ‘orphan medicine' (a medicine to be used in rare diseases) on 21 December 2004 for the treatment of malignant GIST. 
Zdravilo Masican je bilo dne 21. decembra 2004 določeno kot „zdravilo sirota‟ (zdravilo za zdravljenje redkih bolezni) za zdravljenje malignega gastrointestinalnega stromalnega tumorja.
How is Masican expected to work? 
Kako naj bi zdravilo Masican delovalo?
surface of cancer cells, including the receptors that are involved in stimulating the cells to divide uncontrollably. 
Ti encimi so na nekaterih receptorjih na površini rakavih celic, med drugim tudi na receptorjih, ki pospešujejo nenadzorovano deljenje celic.
It is given to newborn calves once a day for one week. 
Daje se novorojenim teletom enkrat na dan v obdobju enega tedna.
The infection is known as cryptosporidiosis. 
Okužba je znana kot kriptosporidioza.
30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom 
30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom tega parazita, ki se širijo z iztrebki telet.
The full EPAR for Halagon can be found on the Agency's website: ema.europa.eu/Find medicine/Veterinary medicines/European public assessment reports. 
Celotno evropsko javno poročilo o oceni zdravila Halagon je na voljo na spletni strani agencije: ema.europa.eu/Find medicine/Veterinary medicines/European public assessment reports.
The Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) concluded that, in accordance with EU requirements, Halagon has been shown to have comparable quality to Halocur. 
Odbor za zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (CVMP) pri agenciji je zaključil, da je bilo v skladu z zahtevami EU dokazano, da ima zdravilo Halagon primerljivo raven kakovosti kot zdravilo Halocur.
The company provided data on the quality and manufacture of Halagon. 
Družba je priskrbela podatke o kakovosti in proizvodnji zdravila Halagon.
For prevention of diarrhoea, treatment should start within 24 to 48 hours of birth; for reducing diarrhoea, treatment should start within 24 hours of the start of diarrhoea. 
Za preprečevanje driske je treba zdravljenje uvesti 24 do 48 ur po skotitvi, za zmanjševanje driske pa v 24 urah po pojavu driske.
This is a summary of the European public assessment report (EPAR) for Halagon. 
To je povzetek evropskega javnega poročila o oceni zdravila (EPAR) za zdravilo Halagon.
What are the benefits and risks of Halagon? 
Kakšne so koristi in tveganja, povezani z zdravilom Halagon?
Halagon is a medicine used to treat newborn calves to prevent or reduce diarrhoea caused by an organism called Cryptosporidium parvum. 
Halagon je zdravilo, ki se uporablja za zdravljenje novorojenih telet za preprečevanje in zmanjševanje driske, ki jo povzroča organizem, imenovan Cryptosporidium parvum.
The withdrawal period for meat from newborn calves treated with Halagon is 13 days. 
Karenca za meso novorojenih telet, zdravljenih z zdravilom Halagon, je 13 dni.
Halagon is a ‘generic medicine'. 
Zdravilo Halagon je „generično zdravilo“.
It is not intended to provide practical advice on how to use Halagon. 
Povzetek ni namenjen zagotavljanju praktičnih nasvetov o njegovi uporabi.
The active substance in Halagon, halofuginone, prevents the growth of Cryptosporidium parvum. 
Zdravilna učinkovina v zdravilu Halagon, halofuginon, preprečuje rast parazita Cryptosporidium parvum.
Halagon should be given after feeding. 
Zdravilo Halagon je treba dajati po hranjenju.
This means that Halagon is similar to a ‘reference medicine' already authorised in the EU called Halocur. 
To pomeni, da je podobno referenčnemu zdravilu, ki je že odobreno v Evropski uniji (EU), in sicer zdravilu Halocur.
Halagon can only be obtained with a prescription and is available as an oral solution (liquid to be given by mouth). 
Izdaja zdravila Halagon je le na recept in je na voljo v obliki peroralne raztopine (tekočine, ki se daje skozi usta).
The Committee recommended that Halagon be approved for use in the EU. 
Priporočil je, da se zdravilo Halagon odobri za uporabo v EU.
What is Halagon and what is it used for? 
Kaj je zdravilo Halagon in za kaj se uporablja?