natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Present interest in smallpox is due to its possible use as a bioterrorism agent. 
Sedanje zanimanje za črne koze temelji na možni uporabi te bolezni kot bioteroristično sredstvo.
Sexually transmitted infections 
Spolno prenosljive okužbe
Sexually transmitted infections is a group of infections that may transmit through vaginal, oral and anal sexual intercourse. 
Spolno prenosljive okužbe so skupina okužb, ki se lahko prenašajo z vaginalnimi, oralnimi in analnimi spolnimi odnosi.
The classical such infections include, gonorrhoea, syphilis and chlamydia infection, but also blood-borne virus such as HIV infection, hepatitis B and hepatitis C could be sexually transmitted. 
Tovrstne klasične okužbe so gonoreja, sifilis in okužba s klamidijo, spolno pa se lahko prenašajo tudi virusi, ki se prenašajo s krvjo, kot so okužba s HIV, hepatitis B in hepatitis C.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. 
Sifilis je spolno prenosljiva okužba (SPO), ki jo povzroča bakterija Treponema pallidum.
It may also be transmitted mother-to-child (congenital syphilis). 
Lahko se prenaša tudi z matere na otroka (kongenitalni sifilis).
Humans are the only reservoir and, apart from congenital cases, the only epidemiologically relevant mode of transmission is by direct contact with treponema-rich, open lesions and contaminated secretions from a patient. 
Ljudje so edini rezervoar, poleg kongenitalnega načina je edini epidemiološko relevanten način prenosa neposredni stik z odprtimi razjedami, v katerih je prisotna treponema, in kontaminiranimi izločki bolnika.
After an incubation period of 10 to 90 days (three weeks on average) clinical symptoms appear: 
Po inkubacijski dobi od 10 do 90 dni (v povprečju tri tedne) se pojavijo klinični simptomi:
at first a primary lesion at the site of infection (chancre), then a series of eruptions on mucous membranes and skin (secondary syphilis), followed by long periods of latency (latent or tertiary syphilis). 
najprej primarna razjeda na mestu okužbe (čankar), nato vrsta izpuščajev na sluznicah in koži (sekundarni sifilis), čemur sledijo še dolga obdobja latence (latentni ali terciarni sifilis).
If untreated, many years after the initial infection, tertiary syphilis lesions might finally appear (visceral, multi-organ involvement, including serious vascular and neurological damage). 
Če bolezni ne zdravimo, se lahko več let po začetni okužbi pojavijo terciarne sifilitične lezije (visceralne, prizadetost več organov, vključno s hudimi poškodbami ožilja in živcev).
Mother-to-child transmission might result in foetal death, perinatal death or congenital syphilis. 
Prenos z matere na otroka lahko privede do fetalne smrti, perinatalne smrti ali kongenitalnega sifilisa.
The latter can be without symptoms or present stigmata or determine multi-organ pathology. 
Slednji je lahko brez simptomov ali prisotnih znakov ali pa povzroča patološko stanje več organov.
With the widespread use of penicillin, syphilis prevalence had significantly declined after World War II. 
Z razširjeno uporabo penicilina se je razširjenost sifilisa po 2. svetovni vojni bistveno zmanjšala.
However, in several industrialised countries a considerable resurgence occurred in the late 1980s. 
Vendar pa je v nekaterih industrializiranih državah prišlo do znatnega ponovnega porasta v poznih 80. letih 20. stoletja.
Tetanus is an often fatal disease, which is present worldwide. 
Tetanus je pogosto smrtna bolezen, ki je prisotna po vsem svetu.
It is a consequence of a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. 
Povzroča jo toksin, ki ga tvori bakterija Clostridium tetani.
The main reservoirs of the bacterium are herbivores, which harbour the bacteria in their bowels (with no consequences for them) and disseminate the “spore form” of the bacteria in the environment with their faeces. 
Glavni rezervoar bakterije so rastlinojedci, ki gostijo bakterijo v črevesju (brez posledic zanje) in s svojimi iztrebki razširjajo bakterijo v obliki spore v okolje.
Most cases of human disease occur as a result of a wound being contaminated by earth or dust. 
Večina primerov bolezni pri ljudeh je posledica okužbe rane z zemljo ali prahom.
After an incubation period averaging two weeks (sometimes longer), the toxin produced by the bacteria in the wound is absorbed and starts producing its effects. 
Po inkubacijski dobi, ki traja v povprečju dva tedna (včasih dlje), se toksin, ki ga tvori bakterija v rani, absorbira in začne učinkovati.
Non-specific early signs (fever, irritability) are followed by the appearance of localised muscular contractions. 
Nespecifičnim zgodnjim znakom (povišana telesna temperatura, razdražljivost) sledi pojav lokaliziranih mišičnih krčev.
Finally, generalised spasms may occur, often leading to death from heart and lung failure. 
Nato se lahko pojavijo generalizirani spazmi, ki pogosto povzročijo smrt zaradi odpovedi srca ali pljuč.
The overall death rate is close to 50%, depending on the clinical presentation, patient’s age and medical support. 
Celokupna smrtnost znaša blizu 50 %, odvisno od klinične slike, starosti bolnika in zdravstvene oskrbe.
Therapy is based on cleaning the infected wound, administration of antibiotics and specific immunoglobulins, and intensive care support. 
Zdravljenje obsega čiščenje okužene rane, dajanje antibiotikov in specifičnih imunoglobulinov ter intenzivno nego.
An effective, inactivated vaccine is available. 
Na voljo je učinkovito, inaktivirano cepivo.
Prophylaxis is based on its generalised use and on the appropriate treatment of contaminated wounds. 
Profilaksa temelji na generalizirani uporabi cepiva in ustrezni negi kontaminiranih ran.
Toxoplasmosis 
Toksoplazmoza
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. 
Toksoplazmoza je okužba, ki jo povzroča zajedavec Toxoplasma gondii.
Cats are the reservoir of the parasite. 
Njegov rezervoar so mačke.
They excrete cysts in the environment, able to infect many other animals, and humans can become infected either by ingesting the cysts (by direct contact with cats or through food or water contaminated by cat faeces), or by eating poorly cooked meat containing cysts, especially pork and mutton. 
Te v okolje izločajo ciste, ki lahko okužijo številne druge živali, ljudje pa se lahko okužijo z zaužitjem cist (ob neposrednem stiku z mačkami oz. s hrano ali vodo, ki je okužena z iztrebki mačk) ali z zaužitjem nezadostno kuhanega mesa, ki vsebuje ciste, zlasti svinjine in ovčetine.
Usually toxoplasmosis goes with no symptoms in humans (and animals), but healthy individuals may experience swollen lymph glands. 
Toksoplazmoze pri ljudeh (in živalih) navadno ne spremljajo simptomi, lahko pa pri zdravih posameznikih pride do otekanja bezgavk.
However, it may also cause life-threatening disease in individuals with impaired immune defence. 
Pri posameznikih z oslabljenim imunskim sistemom pa lahko toksoplazmoza nasprotno povzroči tudi smrtno nevarno bolezen.
During pregnancy the infection can affect the foetus. 
Med nosečnostjo lahko okužba prizadene plod.
Pregnant women, also without symptoms, may transmit the infection to the foetus, which can result in abortion, still-birth, perinatal death (due to disseminated toxoplasmosis), or congenital infection with severe malformation affecting the eyes and the brain. 
Nosečnice, ki so prav tako brez simptomov, lahko prenesejo okužbo na plod, kar ima lahko za posledico splav, mrtvorojenost, perinatalno smrt (zaradi razsejane toksoplazmoze) ali kongenitalno okužbo s hudo deformacijo, ki prizadene oči in možgane.
Infection in individuals with impaired immunity tends to seriously affect the central nervous system, but also other organs may be affected. 
Okužba pri posameznikih z oslabljeno imunsko odpornostjo hudo prizadene osrednji živčni sistem, lahko pa tudi druge organe.
Such patients may require prolonged (sometimes life-long) therapy. 
Takšni bolniki utegnejo potrebovati podaljšano (včasih trajno) zdravljenje.
The Toxoplasma cysts can survive in the environment for a long time, contaminating fruit and vegetables, and cysts in meat remain infective as long as the meat is edible. 
Ciste toksoplazme lahko preživijo v okolju dolgo časa, pri čemer kontaminirajo sadje in zelenjavo, ciste v mesu pa ostanejo infekciozne toliko časa, dokler je meso užitno.
Trichinellosis 
Trihineloza
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Trichinella parasites. 
Trihineloza je zoonoza, ki jo povzroča zajedavec Trichinella.
The disease occurs worldwide. 
Bolezen se pojavlja povsod po svetu.
Many animals may act as reservoirs, but those most frequently involved in cases of human infection are pigs and horses. 
Mnoge živali imajo lahko vlogo rezervoarja, pri okužbah ljudi pa so najpogosteje vpleteni prašiči in konji.
In Europe, wild boars have also been implicated. 
V Evropi so imeli takšno vlogo tudi divji merjasci.
Infested animals harbour larvae encysted in their muscles, and consumption of raw or undercooked meat products may lead to disease. 
Infestirane živali gostijo v svojih mišicah encistirane ličinke (obdane s cisto ali kapsulo), uživanje surovih ali nezadostno kuhanih mesnih izdelkov pa lahko privede do nastanka bolezni.
Typically, after an incubation phase of about 24–48 hours, fever and intestinal symptoms may appear, due to larvae invading the intestine. 
Običajno se po inkubacijski dobi približno 24– 48 ur zaradi invazije ličink v črevesje pojavijo povišana telesna temperatura in črevesni simptomi.
Then, about a week after infection, larval invasion of the muscles begins: 
Približno teden dni po infestaciji se prične invazija ličink v mišice:
muscle aches and fever are characteristic. 
značilne so bolečine v mišicah in povišana telesna temperatura.
Finally, acute symptoms fade, but muscle problems may take a long time to resolve. 
Akutni simptomi naposled izginejo, težave z mišicami pa lahko minejo šele čez dolgo časa.
Depending on the number of viable larvae consumed, symptoms will vary from without any symptoms to extremely severe or even fatal (massive invasion of the bowel and/or massive invasion of internal organs) disease. 
Glede na število zaužitih ličink, ki so sposobne preživeti, so simptomi v razponu od stanja brez kakršnih koli simptomov do izredno hude ali celo smrtne (množična invazija v črevesje in/ali notranje organe) bolezni.
Effective treatment is available. 
Na voljo je učinkovito zdravljenje.
Trichinellosis prevention is based on accurate inspection of all slaughtered pigs and horses, which is mandatory in the EU. 
Preprečevanje trihineloze temelji na podrobnem pregledovanju vseh zaklanih prašičev in konjev, ki je v EU obvezno.
Imported and wild animal meat presents a higher risk and its consumption in the undercooked or raw state should be discouraged. 
Uvoženo meso ali meso divjih živali predstavlja večje tveganje, njegovo zaužitje v nezadostno kuhanem ali surovem stanju pa se odsvetuje.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease which affects different human organs, but primarily the lung. 
Tuberkuloza (TB) je bakterijska bolezen, ki prizadene različne človeške organe, vendar primarno pljuča.
It is most commonly acquired via inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in cough droplets from another person with pulmonary disease. 
Najpogosteje se prenaša z vdihavanjem bakterije Mycobacterium tuberculosis v kapljicah kašlja druge osebe z boleznijo pljuč.
It can also be less frequently acquired by drinking contaminated milk or through laboratory contamination. 
Manj pogosto se prenaša s pitjem kontaminiranega mleka ali zaradi kontaminacije laboratorija.
Only 5–10% of infected persons go on to develop active TB. 
Samo pri 5-10 % okuženih oseb se razvije aktivna TB.
HIV infection increases the likelihood of progression while preventive therapy reduces this risk. 
Okužba s HIV povečuje možnost napredovanja, medtem ko preventivno zdravljenje to tveganje zmanjšuje.
The BCG vaccine is effective in limiting severe disease in childhood but has little effect on transmission. 
Cepivo BCG je učinkovito pri omejevanju hude bolezni v otroštvu, vendar pa ima majhen učinek na prenašanje.
Therefore, TB control relies mainly on the early detection of infectious patients and then consistent treatment for at least six months with a combination of antibiotics. 
Posledično je nadzor TB usmerjen predvsem na zgodnje odkrivanje bolnikov, ki so nosilci okužb, in nato na konsistentno zdravljenje s kombinacijo antibiotikov vsaj šest mesecev.
Inadequate treatment may result in failure of cure, early relapse or the development of drug-resistant disease. 
Posledice neustreznega zdravljenja so lahko neuspešno zdravljenje, zgodnja ponovitev ali pojav bolezni, ki je odporna na zdravila.
The emergence of strains resistant to the two most effective anti-TB agents isoniazid and rifampicin (multi-drug resistant, MDR), as well as to other second line antibiotics (extensively drug-resistant, XDR), poses a serious challenge to TB control today. 
Pojav sevov, odpornih na dve najučinkovitejši učinkovini proti TB, izoniazid in rifampicin, (odpornih na več zdravil, MDR) ter na druge antibiotike druge izbire (zelo odpornih na zdravila, XDR), predstavlja dandanes velik izziv za nadzor TB.
Within the EU, TB is more common in migrants, the homeless, prisoners and drug users than in other sectors of the population. 
V EU je TB pogostejša med begunci, brezdomci, zaporniki in uporabniki drog kot med ostalim prebivalstvom.
Tularaemia 
Tularemija
Tularaemia is a zoonosis (infection that could transmit from animals to humans), caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, capable of surviving for weeks at low temperatures in water, moist soil, hay, straw or animal carcasses. 
Tularemija je zoonoza (okužba, ki se lahko prenaša z živali na ljudi), ki jo povzroča bakterija Francisella tularensis, ki lahko več tednov preživi pri nizkih temperaturah v vodi, vlažnih tleh, senu, slami ali živalskih truplih.
Natural reservoirs are many types of animals, mainly rabbits, hares, squirrels, foxes and ticks. 
Naravni rezervoar so številne vrste živali, predvsem kunci, zajci, veverice, lisice in klopi.
Human infection can occur through a variety of mechanisms, the most important of which is through bites of infected insects (ticks, mosquitoes and flies). 
Okužba ljudi lahko nastane na mnoge načine, med katerimi je najpomembnejši okužba s piki okuženih žuželk (klopov, komarjev in muh).
Other ways are through direct contact with infected animal tissues and contaminated soil or by drinking contaminated water and eating undercooked infected meat. 
Drugi načini so neposredni stik z okuženimi živalskimi tkivi in kontaminirano prstjo ali pitje kontaminirane vode in uživanje nezadostno kuhanega okuženega mesa.
On rare occasions infection could also occur through inhalation of infective aerosols. 
Redko lahko okužba nastane z vdihavanjem infektivnih aerosolov.
After an incubation period of about 3–5 days symptoms start abruptly with high fever. 
Po inkubacijski dobi približno 3– 5 dni se simptomi pojavijo nenadoma z močno povišano telesno temperaturo.
Vaccine can be used to protect workers at occupational risk. 
Za zaščito delavcev, pri katerih obstaja poklicno tveganje za izpostavitev, se lahko uporabi cepivo.
Typhoid/paratyphoid fever 
Trebušni tifus in paratifus
An effective vaccine is also available. 
Na voljo je tudi učinkovito cepivo.
Typing 
Tipizacija
Other symptoms vary with the portal of entry, and include swollen lymph glands, eye infection, throat infection, pneumonia and severe infection with blood stream infection. 
Drugi simptomi so odvisni od predela vstopa in vključujejo otekle bezgavke, okužbo oči, okužbo grla, pljučnico in hudo okužbo z okužbo krvnega obtoka.
The infection is curable by antibiotic treatment, and death is rare in Europe. 
Okužbo je mogoče pozdraviti z antibiotiki, primeri smrti so v Evropi redki.
General preventive measures include protection against tick bites, avoid drinking potentially contaminated water, and ensure that rabbit and hare meat is cooked thoroughly. 
Splošni preventivni ukrepi obsegajo zaščito pred piki klopov, izogibanje pitju potencialno kontaminirane vode in zagotavljanje, da je meso kuncev in zajcev temeljito kuhano.
Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are systemic diseases caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, respectively. 
Trebušni tifus in paratifus sta sistemski bolezni, ki ju povzroča bakterija Salmonella typhi oz. Salmonella paratyphi.
Humans are the only reservoir for Salmonella typhi (which is the most serious), whereas Salmonella paratyphi also has animal reservoirs. 
Ljudje so edini rezervoar bakterije Salmonella typhi (ki je najhujša oblika), medtem ko ima Salmonella paratyphi tudi živalske rezervoarje.
Humans can carry the bacteria in the gut for very long times (chronic carriers), and transmit the bacteria to other persons (either directly or via food or water contamination). 
Ljudje lahko nosijo bakterijo v črevesju zelo dolgo časa (kronični prenašalci) in jo prenašajo na druge osebe (neposredno ali s kontaminirano hrano ali vodo).
After 1-2 weeks incubation period, a disease characterised by high fever, malaise, cough, rash and enlarged spleen develops. 
Po inkubacijski dobi 1– 2 tednov nastopi za bolezen značilna močno povišana telesna temperatura, slabo počutje, kašelj, izpuščaji in povečana vranica.
Diarrhoea may be present at some stage. 
V določeni fazi se lahko pojavi tudi driska.
When Salmonella typhi is the cause, intestinal perforation and haemorrhage may occur. 
Kadar je vzrok bolezni Salmonella typhi, se lahko pojavijo črevesna perforacija in krvavitve.
Salmonella typhi blood stream infection can also cause infection in all organs. 
Okužba krvnega obtoka z bakterijo Salmonella typhi lahko povzroči tudi okužbo vseh organov.
Antibiotic therapy has radically changed the prognosis of typhoid, which, untreated, has a 10% death rate. 
Zdravljenje z antibiotiki je radikalno spremenilo napoved za tifus, ki ima 10-odstotno smrtnost, če ga ne zdravimo.
Preventive measures include good personal and food hygiene. 
Preventivni ukrepi vključujejo dobro higieno oseb in hrane.
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 
Variantna Creutzfeldt-Jakobova bolezen
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a fatal form of “human spongiform encephalopathy” (prion disease), which was first recognised in 1996 in the UK. 
Variantna Creutzfeldt-Jakobova bolezen (vCJD) je smrtna oblika »humane spongiformne encefalopatije« (prionske bolezni), ki so jo prvič odkrili leta 1996 v Združenem kraljestvu.
It is linked causally to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) – “mad cow disease”. 
Vzročno je povezana z bovino spongiformno encefalopatijo (BSE) – »boleznijo norih krav«.
The clinical picture is characterised by progressive neurological symptoms and death, with a mean survival of about 14 months from the onset of symptoms. 
Za klinično sliko so značilni progresivni nevrološki simptomi in smrt, povprečno preživetje po nastopu simptomov je 14 mesecev.
The suspected route of transmission is through consumption of infected beef products (although recently human-to-human transmission of vCJD through blood transfusion has been described). 
Okužba se domnevno prenaša z zaužitjem okuženih govejih izdelkov (čeprav so nedavno poročali o prenosu vCJD s človeka na človeka s transfuzijo krvi).
The incubation period is unknown. 
Inkubacijska doba ni znana.
Genetic susceptibility appears to favour the onset of disease. 
Nastop bolezni naj bi spodbujala genetska dovzetnost.
Patients’ ages range between 15 and 73 years. 
Starost bolnikov sega od 15 do 73 let.
Preventive measures include ensuring that prions do not enter the human or animal food chains and that medical (transfusions) and surgical practices are conducted safely. 
Preventivni ukrepi obsegajo zagotavljanje, da prioni ne vstopijo v prehrambeno verigo ljudi ali živali, ter zagotavljanje varnega izvajanja zdravstvenih (transfuzija) in kirurških postopkov.
Prions are very resistant to common disinfection and sterilisation practices. 
Prioni so zelo odporni na običajne postopke razkuževanja in sterilizacije.
Vaccine issues 
Cepiva
After general hygiene improvements – first of all clean water supply – vaccines represent the most effective and cost-saving public health intervention. 
Cepiva predstavljajo takoj za izboljšanji splošne higiene – v prvi vrsti oskrbe s čisto vodo – najbolj učinkovit in stroškovno ugoden ukrep javnega zdravja.
Still, vaccines continue to be under-used all over the world. 
Kljub temu se cepiva po svetu še vedno premalo uporabljajo.
In developing countries money shortage and poor socio-economic situation are the main reasons for low vaccination coverage. 
V državah v razvoju sta pomanjkanje denarja in slab družbeno-ekonomski položaj poglavitna vzroka slabe razširjenosti cepiv.
In wealthy regions other factors usually affect immunisation programs. 
V bogatih regijah na programe imunizacije običajno vplivajo drugi dejavniki.
These factors are complex; 
Ti dejavniki so kompleksni.
false beliefs, ignorance, lack of advocacy are often on the basis of the failure of vaccination strategies. 
Predsodki, nevednost in pomanjkanje zagovornikov so pogosto razlog za neuspešnost strategij cepljenja.
Information and communication play key roles in such an issue. 
Pri takih ukrepih imajo ključno vlogo informacije in komuniciranje.
Improving knowledge about immunisation and confidence in vaccines among decision-makers, general public and health care workers remains a main goal to achieve in the fight against infectious diseases. 
Boljše poznavanje imunizacije in zaupanje nosilcev odločanja, splošne javnosti in zdravstvenih delavcev v cepiva ostajata glavni cilj v boju proti nalezljivim boleznim.
Viral haemorrhagic fevers 
Virusne hemoragične mrzlice
The common denominator is the possible emergence of a disease with general bleedings – often leading to death. 
Skupni imenovalec je možnost razvoja bolezni s splošnimi krvavitvami, ki pogosto privedejo do smrti.
Another common feature is the potential risk that such patients might pose to close contacts and to health and laboratory personnel until a firm diagnosis is established. 
Druga skupna značilnost je potencialno tveganje, ki ga takšni bolniki lahko predstavljajo za osebe, ki so z njimi v tesnem stiku, ter za zdravstvene in laboratorijske delavce, dokler ni postavljena točna diagnoza.
Fortunately most of these viruses do not transmit easily (with the exception of yellow fever virus and Dengue virus which are spread through infected mosquitoes). 
K sreči se večina teh virusov ne prenaša zlahka (izjema sta virus rumene mrzlice in virus denga, ki ju širijo okuženi komarji).
Present in Europe are Hantaan and Puumula VHF, also called ‘epidemic nephropathy’ (transmitted through direct/indirect exposure to infected rodents) and Crimean-Congo VHF (transmitted through tick bites). 
V Evropi so prisotne mrzlici Hantaan in Puumula, imenovani tudi »epidemična nefropatija«, (prenašata se z neposredno/posredno izpostavitvijo okuženim glodalcem) in krimsko-kongoška virusna hemoragična mrzlica (prenaša se s piki klopov).
Others, are mainly seen as imported infections, such as Lassa fever (transmitted by rodents), yellow fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever (transmitted through mosquito bites), Lassa fever and Marburg fever (monkey associated) 
Druge okužbe so pretežno uvožene, npr. mrzlica Lassa (prenesena z glodalci), rumena mrzlica in hemoragična mrzlica denga (prenesena s piki komarjev), mrzlica Lassa in mrzlica Marburg (prenesena z opicami).
Verotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) 
Verotoksična Escherichia coli (VTEC)
Escherichia coli (E.coli) are very common bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, and part of the normal bacterial flora. 
Escherichia coli (E. coli) je zelo pogosta bakterija v prebavnem traktu in sestavni del normalne bakterijske flore.
However, some E.coli strains are able to produce a toxin that could produce serious infection. 
Vendar pa so nekateri sevi E.coli sposobni tvoriti toksin, ki lahko povzroči hudo okužbo.
The main reservoir of such E.coli strains is grass-feeding animals, cattle in particular. 
Glavni rezervoar takšnih sevov E. coli so travojede živali, predvsem govedo.