natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Export prices rose less than in the previous year , mainly owing to smaller price increases for capital goods .
Izvozne cene so se zvišale manj kot v prejšnjem letu predvsem zaradi manjšega povišanja cen proizvodov za investicije .
Meanwhile , the appreciation of the euro in 2006 represented a decline in price and cost competitiveness and may have contributed to a further loss in euro area export market shares .
Medtem je apreciacija eura leta 2006 povzročila zmanjšanje cenovne in stroškovne konkurenčnosti ter prispevala k nadaljnjemu zmanjšanju tržnega deleža izvoznikov euroobmočja .
The declining trend in euro area export market shares was also related to structural factors of the global economy , such as the growing importance of new global players in the world export markets .
Trend zmanjševanja tržnega deleža izvoznikov euroobmočja je bil povezan tudi s strukturnimi dejavniki globalnega gospodarstva , kot je npr . vse večji pomen novih globalnih sil na svetovnem izvoznem trgu .
Box 7 describes in more detail how the euro area is adjusting to an increasingly global and competitive economic environment .
V okvirju 7 je podrobneje opisano , kako se euroobmočje prilagaja vse bolj globalnemu in konkurenčnemu gospodarskemu okolju .
B ox 7
Okvir 7
GLOBALISATION AND THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE EURO AREA 1 While globalisation is not a new phenomenon , there is growing consensus that its impact is fundamentally changing world patterns of production and trade .
GLOBALIZACIJA IN KONKURENČNOST EUROOBMOČJA 1 Čeprav globalizacija ni nov pojav , se vsi strinjajo , da njen vpliv temeljito spreminja vzorce svetovne proizvodnje in trgovinske menjave .
This box evaluates the recent changes in the export structure of the euro area and other major economies against the backdrop of globalisation .
V okviru skušamo ovrednotiti novejše spremembe v izvozni strukturi euroobmočja in drugih pomembnejših gospodarstev v razmerah globalizacije .
2 Using the Balassa index of revealed comparative advantages ( see table ) , which shows a value greater than 1 if a country 's exports in a given sector are higher than the world average , it appears that over the period 1993-2004 the euro area had a relatively diversified export structure , specialising in exports of predominantly capital and research-intensive , as well as labour-intensive , goods .
2 Kot je razvidno iz Balassovega indeksa izkazane primerjalne prednosti ( glej tabelo ) , ki kaže vrednost večjo od 1 , če je izvoz države v določeni panogi višji od svetovnega povprečja , je imelo euroobmočje v obdobju 1993 -- 2004 razmeroma raznoliko izvozno strukturo , pri čemer se je specializiralo predvsem za izvoz proizvodov za investicije in raziskovalno intenzivnih proizvodov ter tudi za izvoz delovno intenzivnih proizvodov .
The euro area 's partial specialisation in labour-intensive production is , at first sight , surprising , as the capital-labour ratio of the euro area is high in relation to many developing economies .
Delna specializacija euroobmočja za delovno intenzivno proizvodnjo je na prvi pogled presenetljiva , saj je količnik med kapitalom in delom v euroobmočju visok v primerjavi s številnimi gospodarstvi v razvoju .
Consequently , the results in the following table may be subject to some caveats .
Na rezultate v spodnji tabeli bi zato lahko vplivale nekatere pomanjkljivosti analize .
First , the Balassa index , which is not adjusted for imported intermediate goods , is somewhat misleading , as comparative advantages are likely to be related to processes and activities carried out within each domestic industry .
Prvič , Balassov indeks , ki ni prilagojen za uvožene proizvode za vmesno porabo , je nekoliko zavajajoč , saj so primerjalne prednosti običajno povezane s procesi in dejavnostmi znotraj vsake posamezne domače panoge .
Second , the classification into the four groups of goods in the table relies on relatively broad categories of exports .
Drugič , klasifikacija v štiri skupine proizvodov v tabeli 1 temelji na razmeroma širokih izvoznih kategorijah . 3 V nasprotju z euroobmočjem tri največja konkurenčna gospodarstva -- Japonska , Združeno kraljestvo in ZDA -- nimajo izkazane konkurenčne prednosti v delovno intenzivnem izvozu , bolj so namreč specializirana za razvojno intenzivne proizvode .
3 1 This box is based on U. Baumann and F. di Mauro , « Globalisation and euro area trade : interactions and challenges » , ECB Occasional Paper No 55 .
Pričakovano so se Kitajska in druga azijska gospodarstva ( dinamična azijska 1 Okvir temelji na U. Baumann in F. di Mauro , „Globalisation and euro area trade : interactions and challenges » , ECB Occasional Paper št . 55 .
2 The aggregate picture for the euro area masks significant differences in the trade structure and performance of individual euro area countries .
2 Za agregatom euroobmočja se skrivajo precejšnje razlike v trgovinski strukturi in uspešnosti med posameznimi državami euroobmočja .
3 For an alternative measure of relative export specialisation , see « Relative export structures and vertical specialisation : a simple cross-country index » , Banco de Portugal Working Papers , January 2007 . 74
3 Drugo možno merilo relativne izvozne specializacije je predstavljeno v članku „Relative export structures and vertical specialisation : a simple cross-country index » , Banco de Portugal , Working Papers , januar 2007 .
ECB Annual Report 2006 R eve a l e d c o m p a r a t i ve a d va n t a g e by f a c t o r i n t e n s i t y 1 ) ( index 2 ) ;
I z k a z a n a p r i m e r j a l n a p r e d n o s t p o fa k t o r s k i i n t e n z i v n o s t i 1 ) ( indeks 2 ) ;
average 1993-2004 ) United States 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.4 United Kingdom 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 Dynamic Asian economies 0.7 1.2 0.5 1.3
povprečje 1993 -- 2004 ) Dinamična azijska Kitajska gospodarstva 0,6 2,2 0,4 0,9 0,7 1,2 0,5 1,3
Exports are predominantly : Raw materials intensive Labour intensive Capital intensive Research intensive
Izvoz je pretežno : Surovinsko intenziven Delovno intenziven Kapitalsko intenziven Raziskovalno intenziven
Euro area 3 ) 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.1
Euroobmočje3 ) 0,5 1,1 1,2 1,1
Japan 0.1 0.5 1.5 1.4
Združeno kraljestvo 0,6 0,9 1,0 1,2
China 0.6 2.2 0.4 0.9
Japonska 0,1 0,5 1,5 1,4
CEECs 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.5
SVED 1,6 1,2 1,2 0,5
Sources : CHELEM database of the Centre d' Etudes Prospectives et d' Informations Internationales ( CEPII ) and ECB calculations . 1 ) See Annex A ( Table A3 ) of ECB Occasional Paper No 55 for a list of sectors that fall into each of the categories of factor intensity .
Vira : CHELEM database of the Centre d' Etudes Prospectives et d' Informations Internationales ( CEPII ) in izračuni ECB 1 ) Glej prilogo A ( tabela A3 ) začasnega zvezka ECP ( Occasional Paper ) št . 55 , ki vsebuje seznam dejavnosti , vključenih v vsako od kategorij faktorske intenzivnosti .
2 ) Balassa index of revealed comparative advantage , which computes the relative export specialisation of individual countries across four product groups ( i.e. raw material-intensive sectors , labour-intensive sectors , capital-intensive sectors and research-intensive sectors ) with respect to world averages as follows : RCAk , j =( Xk , j / ∑Xk , j )/( Xw , j / ∑Xw , j ) .
2 ) Balassa indeks izkazane primerjalne prednosti , ki izračuna relativno izvozno specializacijo posameznih držav za štiri sektorje ( tj . surovinsko intenzivne sektorje , delovno intenzivne sektorje , kapitalsko intenzivne sektorje in raziskovalno intenzivne sektorje ) glede na svetovna povprečja po naslednji formuli : RCAk , j = ( Xk , j / ∑Xk , j )/( Xw , j / ∑Xw , j ) .
The numerator represents the share of sector j in country k 's total exports and the denominator corresponds to the percentage share of sector j in total world exports .
Števec predstavlja delež sektorja j v skupnem izvozu države k , imenovalec pa ustreza odstotnemu deležu sektorja j v skupnem svetovnem izvozu .
3 ) Only extra-euro area exports are considered .
3 ) Upoštevan je samo izvoz zunaj euroobmočja .
By contrast , the three main developed competitor economies -- Japan , the United Kingdom and the United States -- have no revealed comparative advantages in labour-intensive exports ;
1 Pretežno raziskovalno intenziven izvoz euroobmočje ZDA DAG Japonska 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Združeno kraljestvo Kitajska SVED 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,5 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,5 1,0 2,0 2,5
instead they are more heavily specialised in research-intensive products .
2 Pretežno delovno intenziven izvoz euroobmočje ZDA DAG Japonska Združeno kraljestvo Kitajska SVED 2,5
Moreover , Japan is also specialised in predominantly capital-intensive goods , reflecting its high capital stock .
Vira : CHELEM in izračuni ECB 1 ) Balassa indeks izkazane primerjalne prednosti ( za podrobnosti o sestavi indeksa glej opombo 2 k zgornji tabeli ) .
Unsurprisingly , China , other Asian economies ( referred to here as dynamic Asian economies ( DAEs ) 4 ) and central and eastern European countries ( CEECs ) 5 specialise in labour-intensive goods , reflecting their relative factor intensities .
gospodarstva -- DAG 4 ) ter srednje - in vzhodnoevropske države ( SVED ) 5 specializirale za delovno intenzivne proizvode , kar odraža njihovo relativno faktorsko intenzivnost .
The DAEs , despite their comparative advantage in labour-intensive activities , also specialise in research-intensive products to a greater extent than the euro area .
Dinamična azijska gospodarstva so se kljub svoji primerjalni prednosti v delovno intenzivnih dejavnostih specializirala tudi za raziskovalno intenzivne proizvode , celo bolj kot euroobmočje .
The CEECs , whose lack of revealed comparative advantage in researchintensive goods clearly reflects low levels of R & D investment 6 , have a relatively high level of specialisation in raw material-intensive goods .
Srednjein vzhodnoevropske države , ki zaradi nizke ravni naložb v R & R 6 nimajo izkazane primerjalne prednosti v raziskovalno intenzivnih proizvodih , so razmeroma visoko specializirane za surovinsko intenzivne proizvode .
The euro area and other developed countries » export specialisations in research-intensive sectors show little change over time as compared with some major emerging economies , such as China , which are rapidly moving into these sectors ( see Chart A1 ) .
Izvozna specializacija euroobmočja in drugih razvitih držav v razvojno intenzivnih panogah se je sčasoma le malo spremenila v primerjavi s pomembnejšimi nastajajočimi gospodarstvi , kot je Kitajska , ki se hitro preusmerjajo v te panoge ( glej graf A1 ) .
7 Similarly , there have not been major changes in the specialisation of developed economies in labour-intensive goods , which , in the case of the euro area , remains relatively high ( see Chart A2 ) .
7 Ravno tako ni bilo večjih sprememb pri specializaciji razvitih gospodarstev na področju delovno intenzivnih proizvodov , ki ostaja v primeru euroobmočja razmeroma visoka ( graf A2 ) .
While its main focus is on medium-tech products , such as machinery and equipment , motor vehicles , chemicals and electrical goods , the euro area , on average , also specialises in some of the fast-growing sectors of world demand , such as pharmaceuticals , medical , precision and optical instruments , as well as aircraft and spacecraft . However , its specialisation in some slower-growing sectors , such as non-metallic mineral products , is also quite strong .
Medtem ko se euroobmočje usmerja predvsem na srednjetehnološke proizvode ( stroji in naprave , motorna vozila , kemikalije in električni izdelki ) , se v povprečju specializira tudi v nekaterih hitro rastočih panogah s svetovnim povpraševanjem , kot so farmacevtski izdelki , medicinski , finomehanični in optični instrumenti ter zračna in vesoljska plovila .
Overall , the euro area does not specialise heavily in one particular sector but is relatively diversified in its export structure compared with other industrialised economies . This possibly shelters euro 4 DAEs are India , Indonesia , Hong Kong SAR , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , Malaysia , the Philippines and Thailand .
Hkrati je 4 Te države so Indija , Indonezija , Hong Kong , Singapur , Južna Koreja , Tajvan , Malezija , Filipini in Tajska .
5 CEECs are the Commonwealth of Independent States ( Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , the Republic of Moldova , the Russian Federation , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , Uzbekistan ) , Estonia , Lithuania , Latvia , former Yugoslavia , ( subsequently Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia , Serbia , Montenegro and Slovenia ) , Albania , Bulgaria , former Czechoslovakia ( subsequently the Czech Republic and Slovakia ) , Hungary , Poland , Romania and Turkey .
5 To so Skupnost neodvisnih držav ( Armenija , Azerbajdžan , Belorusija , Gruzija , Kazahstan , Kirgizija , Moldavija , Rusija , Tadžikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukrajina in Uzbekistan ) , Estonija , Litva , Latvija , bivša Jugoslavija ( Bosna in Hercegovina , Hrvaška , Makedonija , Srbija , Črna gora in Slovenija ) , Albanija , Bolgarija , bivša Češkoslovaška ( Češka in Slovaška ) , Madžarska , Poljska , Romunija in Turčija .
6 Average gross domestic expenditure in R & D in CEECs is , on average , below 1 % of GDP .
6 Povprečni bruto izdatki za R & R v vzhodno - in srednjeevropskih državah v povprečju znašajo manj kot 1 % BDP .
This compares with 1.9% in the euro area , 2.6% in the United States and 3.2% in Japan ( source : OECD Science , Technology and Industry : Scoreboard 2005 and Eurostat , Structural Indicators Database ) .
To lahko primerjamo z 1,9% v euroobmočju , 2,6% v ZDA in 2,2% na Japonskem ( vir : OECD Science , Technology and Industry : Scoreboard 2005 , ter Eurostat , Structural Indicators Database ) .
7 While these developments could be influenced by the large relative weight in overall production of advanced versus emerging economies , they might also reflect technological catching-up in emerging countries .
7 Medtem ko bi lahko na takšna gibanja vplivala velika utež , ki jo imajo v skupni proizvodnji razvite države glede na nastajajoča gospodarstva , bi lahko odražala tudi tehnološko dohitevanje slednjih .
ECB Annual Report 2006 75
ECB Letno poročilo 2006
1 Predominantly research-intensive exports euro area United States DAEs Japan 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 United Kingdom China CEECs 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.0 2.5
specializacija euroobmočja močna tudi v nekaterih počasneje rastočih panogah , kot so nekovinski mineralni izdelki .
2 Predominantly labour-intensive exports euro area United States DAEs Japan United Kingdom China CEECs 2.5
Euroobmočje na splošno ni zelo specializirano v enem sektorju , ampak ima v primerjavi z drugimi industrijsko razvitimi gospodarstvi razmeroma raznoliko izvozno strukturo .
Sources : CHELEM and ECB calculations . 1 ) Balassa index of revealed comparative advantage ( see footnote 2 in the previous table for details ) .
To verjetno ščiti celotno proizvodnjo euroobmočja pred obdobji šibkega svetovnega povpraševanja v posamezni panogi .
area aggregate production from periods of weak world demand in any single sector . Despite the fact that , overall , the euro area 's export specialisation in research-intensive sectors shows little change over time , more disaggregated data show that euro area exporters have nevertheless increased their specialisation in some of the high-tech sectors ( such as pharmaceuticals and medical , precision and optical instruments as well as the information and communications technology ( ICT ) sectors ) , where world demand is growing robustly .
Kljub temu , da se izvozna specializacija euroobmočja v raziskovalno intenzivnih panogah na splošno sčasoma ni veliko spreminjala , bolj razčlenjeni podatki kažejo , da so izvozniki euroobmočja kljub temu povečali specializacijo v nekaterih visokotehnoloških panogah ( farmacevtski izdelki , medicinski , finomehanični in optični instrumenti ter informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije ( IKT )) . Nasprotno so druge razvite države , npr .
By contrast , other developed countries , such as Japan or the United States , have been decreasing their specialisation in this field , possibly owing to intense competition from emerging Asia and the bursting of the ICT bubble in 2000 .
Japonska in ZDA , zmanjševale svojo specializacijo na tem področju , verjetno zaradi močne konkurence iz nastajajočih azijskih gospodarstev in poka „internetnega mehurčka » leta 2000 .
A positive impact on the development of euro area export competitiveness might also come from other factors .
Na spremembe v izvozni konkurenčnosti euroobmočja so verjetno pozitivno vplivali tudi drugi dejavniki .
Recent surveys , empirical studies and theoretical models suggest that firms benefit from investing abroad .
Novejše ankete , empirične raziskave in teoretični modeli kažejo , da imajo podjetja koristi od investiranja v tujini .
Therefore , the strong foreign direct investment activity of euro area firms might contribute to raising euro area overall productivity .
Visoke neposredne tuje investicije podjetij euroobmočja tako prispevajo k zviševanju skupne produktivnosti .
8 Looking ahead , while the emerging economies have thus far specialised in low and mediumlow-tech sectors and selected high-tech sectors , it appears likely that they will increase their specialisation in medium-high-tech sectors in the future , which would expose some of the euro area 's traditional stronghold sectors , such as motor vehicles , machinery and equipment , to more competition and potentially large adjustments .
8 Medtem ko so se nastajajoča gospodarstva doslej specializirala v nizko in srednje nizkotehnoloških panogah in nekaterih visokotehnoloških panogah , se bodo v prihodnosti verjetno specializirala tudi v srednje visokotehnoloških panogah , kar bi lahko izpostavilo nekatere tradicionalno močne panoge euroobmočja ( motorna vozila ter stroji in naprave ) močnejši konkurenci in s tem morebitnim večjim prilagoditvam . Kot kaže , se to že dogaja , saj se je izvozna specializacija srednje - in vzhodnoevropskih držav ter dinamičnih azijskih gospodarstev v zadnjem desetletju povečala , in sicer v srednje visokotehnoloških panogah , vključno s proizvodnjo motornih vozil in transportnih naprav ter drugih strojev in naprav .
Indeed , there are signs that this is already 8 See , for instance , the article entitled « Germany in the globalisation process » in the December 2006 issue of the Deutsche Bundesbank 's Monthly Report ;
V primerjavi z ZDA , ki se očitno odločneje preusmerjajo k raziskovalno intenzivnim proizvodom , se euroobmočje še naprej delno 8 Glej npr . članek z naslovom „Germany in the Globalisation Process » , Deutsche Bundesbank , Monthly Report , december 2006 ;
A. Bernard , J. Jensen and P. Schott ( 2005 ) , « Importers , exporters , and multinationals : a portrait of firms in the US that trade goods » , NBER Working Paper 11404 ;
A. Bernard , J. Jensen in P. Schott ( 2005 ) , „Importers , exporters , and multinationals : a portrait of firms in the US that trade goods » , NBER Working Paper 11404 ;
and E. Helpman , M. Melitz and S. Yeaple ( 2004 ) , « Exports versus FDI » , American Economic Review , 94 , pp. 300-316 .
ter E. Helpman , M. Melitz in S. Yeaple ( 2004 ) , „Exports versus FDI » , American Economic Review , 94 , str .
happening , with the export specialisation of the CEECs , China and the DAEs having started to increase over the past decade in the medium-high-tech sectors , including motor vehicles and transport equipment as well as other machinery and equipment .
Hkrati euroobmočje izgublja svoj pomen v nekaterih tradicionalno močnih panogah , med drugim v proizvodnji strojev in naprav . To potrjujejo tudi podatki o močnem povečanju uvoza proizvodov za investicije iz novih držav članic EU , ki očitno deloma izpodriva uvoz znotraj euroobmočja .
C h a r t B C h a n g e i n e u ro a re a m a n u f a c t u r i n g i m p o r t s h a re s by c o u n t r y of origin ( percentage point changes , 1995-2005 ) China New Member States 1 ) Bulgaria , Romania and Turkey OPEC This initial assessment of the export ASEAN performance of the euro area should be South and Central America complemented by an explicit consideration of CIS the import side , since globalisation has also Canada had a large impact on import penetration and Denmark the composition of imports across countries .
G r a f B S p r e m e m b e v d e l e ž i h u v oz a industrijskih proizvodov euroobmočja po državah izvora ( spremembe v odstotnih točkah ; 1995 -- 2005 ) Kitajska Nove države članice 1 ) Bolgarija , Romnija in Turčija OPEC ASEAN Južna in Srednja Amerika SND Kanada Danska Norveška Švedska
Norway Trade liberalisation and the expansion of Sweden international production networks have Switzerland contributed to a sharp increase in import United States penetration for the largest industrialised Japan economies over the past decade .
Uspešnega nadaljnjega prilagajanja strukZDA turnim spremembam ne bo mogoče doseči Japonska s povečanim protekcionizmom , saj bi to zgolj Združeno kraljestvo podaljšalo obdobje prilagajanja .
Between United Kingdom 1991 and 2005 , the ratio of imports of goods Intra-euro area and services to GDP in real terms more than - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 tripled in the United States and almost doubled Sources : Eurostat and ECB calculations .
Namesto tega Znotraj euroobmočja je treba za uspešno prilagajanje zagotoviti - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 izvajanje potrebnih strukturnih sprememb Vira : Eurostat in izračuni ECB .
in Japan , while developments in the euro area Note : Import shares are based on trade in values and are calculated as the share of euro area imports of a given and the United Kingdom were somewhere incountry / region divided by total euro area imports ( including both intra - and extra-euro area imports ) .
v okolju , ki omogoča najnižjo možno Opomba : Uvozni deleži temeljijo na vrednosti trgovinske menjave in so izračunani kot delež uvoza euroobmočja iz prehodno izgubo blaginje ( npr .
import penetration has been accompanied by a large increase in imports from developing countries . For the euro area , this has implied a relative shift from intra-euro area trade partners and other industrial economies to emerging , lower-cost countries as providers of manufacturing goods ( see Chart B ) .
začasno določene države / regije , deljen s celotnim uvozom euroobmočja povečanje brezposelnosti ) in spodbuja prožno ( ki vključuje uvoz znotraj in zunaj euroobmočja ) .
At the same time , the euro area is losing ground in some traditional stronghold sectors , including machinery and equipment .
1 ) Države , ki so se EU pridružile leta 2004 .
This is corroborated by evidence of a strong rise in imports of capital goods from the new EU Member States , which appear in part to be displacing intra-euro area imports .
preusmeritev virov k novim in rastočim področjem .
Successful further adjustment to structural change will not be achieved by increased protectionism since this would lead only to more drawn-out periods of adjustment . Successful adjustment is more likely to be achieved by ensuring that the necessary structural change takes
Gospodarstvo se lahko tako najbolje odzove na izzive globalizacije .
This is the best way an economy can respond to the challenges of globalisation . This again requires structural reforms in the euro area , as well as increased spending on R & D , to facilitate the necessary innovation to develop new , promising areas of specialisation .
Za to so potrebne strukturne reforme v euroobmočju kakor tudi povečani izdatki za R & R , s čimer bi lahko spodbudili potrebne inovacije za razvoj novih in perspektivnih področij specializacije . Švica