natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
It is held accountable by the European Parliament and European citizens for the fulfilment of its mandate , its acts and omissions are subject to legal review by the European Court of Justice and its financial integrity is scrutinised by the European Court of Auditors .
Tako je za opravljanje svojega mandata odgovorna Evropskemu parlamentu in evropskim državljanom , njena dejanja ali opustitev dejanj so predmet sodnega preverjanja s strani Sodišča Evropskih skupnosti , njeno finančno integriteto pa preverja Evropsko računsko sodišče .
Chapter 5 describes the ECB 's involvement in the external representation of the euro area .
Poglavje 5 opisuje vlogo ECB pri zastopanju euroobmočja navzven .
In the light of growing globalisation , the participation of the ECB in international organisations and fora is of utmost importance for the fulfilment of its mandate .
Glede na vse večjo globalizacijo je namreč sodelovanje ECB v mednarodnih organizacijah in forumih velikega pomena za opravljanje zaupanega mandata .
Chapter 6 presents the ECB as a corporate entity .
Poglavje 6 predstavlja ECB kot gospodarski subjekt .
It shows in particular how the policy mission of the ECB is substantiated in its corporate governance , internal organisation and staff policy .
Še zlasti , kako se njeno poslanstvo udejanja v upravljanju , notranji organizaciji in kadrovski politiki .
The Treaty on European Union ( Maastricht Treaty ) with the Statute of the ESCB and of the ECB , signed on 7 February 1992 .
Pogodba o Evropski uniji ( Maastrichtska pogodba ) s Statutom ESCB in ECB , podpisana 7 . februarja 1992
1 E M U , T H E E C B A N D T H E E U RO This chapter gives an overview of the steps that have culminated in the establishment of EMU and describes its main organisational features . 1 .
1 EKONOMSKA IN MONETARNA UNIJA , ECB TER EURO V tem poglavju je pregled korakov , ki so privedli do ustanovitve ekonomske in monetarne unije ( EMU ) , in opis glavnih značilnosti njene organiziranosti .
1 T H E RO A D TO E M U A N D T H E E U RO So how did it all start ?
1.1 POT DO EKONOMSKE IN MONETARNE UNIJE TER EURA Kako se je torej vse skupaj začelo ?
One possible starting point for this chronology of economic and monetary union in Europe might be the Treaties of Rome1 , which entered into force on 1 January 1958 . After all , the realisation of EMU is one of the achievements of European integration ;
Ena od možnih točk , s katero bi lahko začeli kronološki pregled razvoja ekonomske in monetarne unije v Evropi , sta Rimski pogodbi1 , ki sta začeli veljati 1 . januarja 1958 .
indeed probably the most important one so far . However , a single currency was not yet in the mind of the authors of the Treaties of Rome ;
Nenazadnje je uresničitev ekonomske in monetarne unije eden od dosežkov povezovanja Evrope , pravzaprav verjetno kar najpomembnejši doslej .
the aims and objectives of the original treaties were much more limited .
Vendar pa avtorji Rimskih pogodb še niso imeli v mislih enotne valute , cilji prvotnih pogodb so bili veliko bolj omejeni .
Another starting point might be 1989 , when the European Council decided to initiate the realisation of EMU by the end of the century . However , it would be historically incorrect to discard the first steps towards European monetary integration , which had started in the mid-1960s .
Druga možna izhodiščna točka bi bilo lahko leto 1989 , ko se je Evropski svet odločil , da še do konca stoletja uresniči ekonomsko in monetarno unijo . Vendar bi bilo zgodovinsko napačno spregledati prve korake , ki so se začeli že sredi šestdesetih let .
The early attempts at monetary integration were characterised by varying degrees of success , and progress alternated with setbacks .
Ti so bili različno uspešni , napredku je sledil zastoj in obratno .
Nevertheless , the achievements of this period , and some of the lessons learned , were indispensable in shaping the process of monetary integration that finally took off in the 1990s .
Kljub temu so bili takratni dosežki in nekatere izkušnje nujni za oblikovanje procesa denarnega povezovanja Evrope , ki se je končno začel v devetdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja .
Taking all this into account , the most appropriate starting point would therefore seem to be the year 1962 ( see Box 1 ) and a European Commission document known as the Marjolin Memorandum .
Če upoštevamo vse povedano , se zdi torej še najprimernejše izhodišče leto 1962 ( glej okvir 1 ) in dokument Evropske komisije , znan kot Marjolinov memorandum .
This memorandum initiated the first discussion on monetary integration at the Community level and prompted the first , albeit very limited , measures in the field of monetary cooperation .
Z njim se je začela prva razprava o denarnem povezovanju na ravni Skupnosti , sledili pa so mu tudi prvi , čeprav zelo omejeni ukrepi na področju denarnega sodelovanja .
1 F i r s t s t e p s t ow a rd s E u ro p e a n m o n e t a r y i n t e g r a t i o n Europe 's « founding fathers » , who negotiated the Treaties of Rome in the 1950s , did not dwell on the idea of a common currency .
1.1.1 Prvi koraki k denarnemu povezovanju Evrope „Ustanovni očetje » Evrope , ki so se v petdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja pogajali o Rimskih pogodbah , še niso razmišljali o skupni valuti .
To start with , the initial aims of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) were largely limited to realising a customs union and a common agricultural market , which was not perceived to require integration in the monetary field .
Prvotni cilji Evropske gospodarske skupnosti ( EGS ) so bili namreč pretežno omejeni na vzpostavitev carinske unije in skupnega kmetijskega trga , kar po takratnem mnenju ni zahtevalo povezovanja na denarnem področju .
Moreover , at the time , all the EEC countries were part of a reasonably well-functioning international monetary system ( the Bretton Woods system ) .
Poleg tega so bile v tistem času vse članice EGS del razmeroma dobro delujočega mednarodnega denarnega ( „brettonwoodskega ") sistema .
Within this system , exchange rates were fixed but adjustable and remained relatively stable until the mid-1960s , both within the EEC and globally .
V njem so bili devizni tečaji fiksni , vendar prilagodljivi , in so do sredine šestdesetih let ostali relativno stabilni tako znotraj EGS kot tudi v svetovnem merilu .
The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ( EEC ) and the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community ( Euratom ) .
Pogodba o ustanovitvi Evropske gospodarske skupnosti ( EGS ) in Pogodba o ustanovitvi Evropske skupnosti za atomsko energijo ( Euratom ) .
The Treaties entered into force on 1 January 1958 .
Pogodbi sta začeli veljati 1 . januarja 1958 .
The two new Communities were added to the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) , which had been established in 1952 for a period of 50 years .
Obe novi Skupnosti sta se pridružili Evropski skupnosti za premog in jeklo ( ESPJ ) , ki je bila ustanovljena leta 1952 za obdobje 50 let .
B ox 1 T h e ro a d t o t h e e u ro 1962 May 1964 The European Commission makes its first proposal ( Marjolin Memorandum ) for economic and monetary union .
Okvir 1 Pot do eura 1962 Maj 1964 Evropska komisija pripravi prvi predlog ( Marjolinov memorandum ) za ekonomsko in monetarno unijo .
A Committee of Governors of the central banks of the Member States of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) is formed to institutionalise the cooperation among EEC central banks .
Ustanovljen je Odbor guvernerjev centralnih bank držav članic Evropske gospodarske skupnosti ( EGS ) , ki naj institucionalizira sodelovanje med centralnimi bankami EGS .
The Werner Report sets out a plan to realise an economic and monetary union in the Community by 1980 .
Wernerjevo poročilo predstavi načrt za uresničitev ekonomske in monetarne unije Skupnosti do leta 1980 .
A system ( the « snake ") for the progressive narrowing of the margins of fluctuation between the currencies of the Member States of the European Economic Community is established .
Vzpostavljen je sistem ( „kača ") za postopno zmanjšanje nihanj med deviznimi tečaji valut držav članic EGS .
The European Monetary Cooperation Fund ( EMCF ) is set up to ensure the proper operation of the snake .
Ustanovljen je Evropski sklad za monetarno sodelovanje ( ESMS ) , ki naj zagotovi ustrezno delovanje kače .
The European Monetary System ( EMS ) is created .
Ustanovljen je evropski monetarni sistem ( EMS ) .
The Single European Act ( SEA ) is signed .
Podpisan je Enotni evropski akt .
The European Council mandates a committee of experts under the chairmanship of Jacques Delors ( the « Delors Committee ") to make proposals for the realisation of EMU .
Evropski svet pooblasti odbor strokovnjakov , ki mu predseduje Jacques Delors ( „Delorsov odbor ") , da pripravi predlog za uresničitev ekonomske in monetarne unije .
The « Delors Report » is submitted to the European Council .
Evropski komisiji je predloženo „Delorsovo poročilo » .
The European Council agrees on the realisation of EMU in three stages .
Evropski svet sprejme odločitev o uresničitvi ekonomske in monetarne unije v treh fazah .
Stage One of EMU begins .
Začne se prva faza ekonomske in monetarne unije .
An Intergovernmental Conference to prepare for Stages Two and Three of EMU is launched .
Začne se medvladna konferenca , ki naj pripravi vse potrebno za drugo in tretjo fazo ekonomske in monetarne unije .
The Treaty on European Union ( the « Maastricht Treaty ") is signed .
Podpisana je Pogodba o Evropski uniji ( „Maastrichtska pogodba ") .
Frankfurt am Main is chosen as the seat of the EMI and of the ECB and a President of the EMI is nominated .
Frankfurt na Majni je izbran za sedež Evropskega monetarnega inštituta ( EMI ) in ECB ; nominiran je predsednik EMI .
The Treaty on European Union enters into force .
Veljati začne Pogodba o Evropski uniji .
Alexandre Lamfalussy is appointed as President of the EMI , to be established on 1 January 1994 .
Alexandre Lamfalussy je imenovan za predsednika EMI , ustanovljenega 1 . januarja 1994 .
Stage Two of EMU begins and the EMI is established .
Prične se druga faza ekonomske in monetarne unije ; ustanovljen je EMI .
The Madrid European Council decides on the name of the single currency and sets out the scenario for its adoption and the cash changeover .
Evropski svet na zasedanju v Madridu določi ime enotne valute ter predstavi načrt za uvedbo eura in zamenjavo gotovine .
The EMI presents specimen euro banknotes to the European Council .
EMI Evropskemu svetu predstavi vzorce bankovcev .
The European Council agrees on the Stability and Growth Pact .
Evropski svet se dogovori o Paktu za stabilnost in rast .
Belgium , Germany , Spain , France , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Austria , Portugal and Finland are considered to fulfil the necessary conditions for the adoption of the euro as their single currency ;
Belgija , Nemčija , Španija , Francija , Irska , Italija , Luksemburg , Nizozemska , Avstrija , Portugalska in Finska izpolnijo potrebne pogoje za uvedbo eura kot enotne valute ;
the Members of the Executive Board of the ECB are appointed .
imenovani so člani Izvršilnega odbora ECB .
The ECB and the ESCB are established .
Ustanovljena sta Evropska centralna banka ( ECB ) in Evropski sistem centralnih bank ( ESCB ) .
The ECB announces the strategy and the operational framework for the single monetary policy it will conduct from 1 January 1999 .
ECB predstavi strategijo in operativni okvir enotne denarne politike , ki jo bo vodila od januarja 1999 dalje .
Stage Three of EMU begins ;
Začne se tretja faza ekonomske in monetarne unije ;
the euro becomes the single currency of the euro area ;
euro postane enotna valuta euroobmočja ;
conversion rates are fixed irrevocably for the former national currencies of the participating Member States ;
menjalna razmerja nacionalnih valut sodelujočih držav članic so nepreklicno določena ;
a single monetary policy is conducted for the euro area .
v euroobmočju se vodi enotna denarna politika .
1971 April 1972 April 1973 March 1979 February 1986 June 1988
1971 April 1972 April 1973 Marec 1979 Februar 1986 Junij 1988
May 1989 June 1989 July 1990 December 1990 February 1992 October 1993 November 1993 December 1993 January 1994 December 1995 December 1996 June 1997 May 1998
Maj 1989 Junij 1989 Julij 1990 December 1990 Februar 1992 Oktober 1993 November 1993 December 1993 Januar 1994 December 1995 December 1996 Junij 1997 Maj 1998
June 1998 October 1998 January 1999
Junij 1998 Oktober 1998 Januar 1999
B ox 1 T h e r o a d t o t h e e u r o ( c o n t « d ) January 2001 January 2002 Greece becomes the 12th EU Member State to join the euro area .
Okvir 1 Pot do eura Januar 2001 Januar 2002 Grčija postane dvanajsta država članica , ki se pridruži euroobmočju .
The euro cash changeover : euro banknotes and coins are introduced and become sole legal tender in the euro area by the end of February 2002 .
Zamenjava gotovine v eure : uvedeni so eurobankovci in eurokovanci , ki do konca februarja 2002 postanejo edino zakonito plačilno sredstvo v euroobmočju .
The NCBs of the ten new EU Member States join the ESCB .
Nacionalne centralne banke desetih novih držav članic EU se pridružijo ESCB .
May 2004
Maj 2004
The idea of a common currency for the EEC Member States was first launched in the European Commission 's Memorandum of 24 October 1962 ( the Marjolin Memorandum ) .
Ideja o skupni valuti držav članic EGS se je prvič pojavila v memorandumu Evropske komisije z dne 24 . oktobra 1962 ( Marjolinov memorandum ) .
In its Memorandum , the Commission called for the customs union to lead on to an economic union by the end of the 1960s with irrevocably fixed exchange rates between the Member States » currencies .
V njem je Komisija pozvala , naj se carinska unija do konca šestdesetih let preoblikuje v ekonomsko unijo z nepreklicno določenimi deviznimi tečaji valut držav članic .
However , since the Bretton Woods system was ensuring widespread exchange rate stability , the Member States considered that intra-EEC exchange rate stability could be secured without the need for new institutional arrangements at the Community level .
Ker pa je brettonwoodski sistem že zagotavljal splošno stabilnost deviznih tečajev , so bile države članice mnenja , da bi se lahko tečajna stabilnost znotraj EGS še naprej zagotavljala brez potrebe po novih institucionalnih dogovorih na ravni Skupnosti .
Thus , no follow-up action was taken on the Memorandum , except that a Committee of Governors of the central banks of the Member States of the EEC ( the Committee of Governors ) was established in 1964 .
Zaradi tega v zvezi z memorandumom niso bili sprejeti nobeni nadaljnji ukrepi , z izjemo ustanovitve Odbora guvernerjev centralnih bank držav članic EGS ( Odbor guvernerjev ) leta 1964 .
The Committee of Governors complemented the Monetary Committee provided for by Article 105 ( 2 ) of the EEC Treaty .
Odbor guvernerjev je predstavljal dopolnitev Monetarnega odbora , predvidenega v členu 105 ( 2 ) Pogodbe EGS .
Initially the Committee of Governors had a very limited mandate , but over the years it gradually gained in importance to become the focus of monetary cooperation among the Community central banks .
Odbor guvernerjev je imel sprva zelo omejen mandat , vendar je z leti pridobil večji pomen in postal središče denarnega sodelovanja med centralnimi bankami Skupnosti .
In this capacity , the Committee developed and managed the framework for monetary cooperation that was subsequently established at the Community level . The Committee 's work would also prove instrumental in the final move to EMU .
V tej vlogi je razvil okvir denarnega sodelovanja , ki je bil pozneje predpisan na ravni Skupnosti . Pozneje se je vloga Odbora izkazala za ključno pri končnem koraku na poti do ekonomske in monetarne unije2 .
2 By the end of the 1960s , the international environment had changed significantly .
Do konca šestdesetih let se je mednarodno okolje zelo spremenilo .
The Bretton Woods system was showing signs of increasing strain as a result of US balance of payments policy .
Brettonwoodski sistem je zaradi plačilnobilančne politike ZDA kazal vse več znakov napetosti .
The EEC Member States increasingly differed on economic policy priorities .
Tudi prioritete ekonomskih politik držav članic EGS so se vse bolj razlikovale .
Greater price and cost divergences between them led to several exchange rate and balance of payments crises , which in turn threatened to disrupt the customs union and the common agricultural market , which had been functioning quite successfully up to then .
Precejšnje razlike v cenah in stroških so pripeljale do več tečajnih in plačilnobilančnih kriz , te pa so ogrožale carinsko unijo in skupni kmetijski trg , ki sta do takrat kar uspešno delovala .
In 1969 the European Commission submitted a plan ( the Barre Plan ) to create a distinct monetary identity in the Community .
Leta 1969 je Evropska komisija objavila načrt ( Barrov načrt ) za oblikovanje prepoznavne denarne identitete Skupnosti3 .
3 On the basis of this plan , the Heads of State or Government , meeting in The Hague , called on the Council of Ministers to draw up a plan for the realisation in stages of an economic and monetary union .
Na njegovi podlagi so predsedniki držav ali vlad na sestanku v Haagu pozvali Svet ministrov , naj pripravi načrt za postopno uresničitev ekonomske in monetarne unije .
This work was done by a group of experts , chaired by Pierre Werner , the Prime Minister of Luxembourg .
To delo je opravila skupina strokovnjakov , ki jo je vodil luksemburški predsednik vlade Pierre Werner .
The resulting Werner Report4 , which was published in 1970 , proposed to create economic and monetary union in several stages by 1980 .
V leta 1970 objavljenem Wernerjevem poročilu4 so predlagali , da se do leta 1980 postopoma ustanovi ekonomska in monetarna unija .
For a more detailed discussion of this issue , see Andrews , D. ( 2003 ) and Baer , G. D. ( 1994 ) .
Za več informacij glej Andrews , D. ( 2003 ) in Bear , G. D. ( 1994 ) .
Communication from the Commission to the Council regarding the formulation of a plan by stages with a view to the creation of economic and monetary union , 12 February 1969 .
Sporočilo Komisije Svetu v zvezi s formulacijo faznega načrta za oblikovanje ekonomske in monetarne unije , 12 . februar 1969 .
Report by the Working Group chaired by Pierre Werner on economic and monetary union , 8 October 1970 .
Poročilo delovne skupine pod predsedstvom Pierra Wernerja o ekonomski in monetarni uniji , 8 . oktober 1970 .
In parallel to these developments , the first mechanisms for intra-Community monetary and financial assistance were established in 1970 and 1971.5 In March 1971 the Member States agreed to realise an economic and monetary union6 .
Vzporedno so bili v letih 1970 in 1971 vzpostavljeni tudi prvi mehanizmi denarne in finančne pomoči znotraj Skupnosti5 . Marca 1971 so se države članice dogovorile o uresničitvi ekonomske in monetarne unije6 .
As part of the first stage , they established a Community system for the progressive narrowing of the fluctuation margins of the members » currencies .
V okviru prve faze so uvedle skupni sistem za postopno približevanje meja nihanja svojih valut .
This system , which became known as the « snake " 7 , was put into operation in April 1972 .
Sistem , ki je postal znan kot „kača " 7 , je začel delovati aprila 1972 .
In 1973 the European Monetary Cooperation Fund ( EMCF ) 8 was set up as the nucleus of a future Community organisation of central banks .
Leta 1973 je bil ustanovljen Evropski sklad za monetarno sodelovanje ( ESMS ) 8 , ki naj bi postal jedro bodoče organizacije centralnih bank Skupnosti .
And in 1974 , with a view to enhancing coordination of economic policies , the Council adopted a Decision on the attainment of a high degree of convergence in the Community9 and a Directive on stability , growth and full employment10 .
Svet je leta 1974 za večjo usklajenost ekonomskih politik sprejel Sklep o doseganju visoke stopnje konvergence v Skupnosti9 ter Direktivo o stabilnosti , rasti in polni zaposlenosti10 .
Yet , by the mid-1970s the process of integration had lost momentum under the pressure of divergent policy responses to the economic shocks of the period .
Do sredine sedemdesetih let je proces povezovanja pod pritiskom različnih odzivov politik na takratne gospodarske šoke izgubil zagon .
The « snake » became an exchange rate mechanism among the Deutsche Mark , the Benelux currencies and the Danish krone ( for a while two non-Community currencies -- the Swedish krona and Norwegian krone -- were also part of the system ) .
Od „kače » je ostal le še sistem deviznih tečajev nemške marke , valut Beneluksa in danske krone ( del sistema sta bili nekaj časa celo valuti dveh držav nečlanic , in sicer švedska in norveška krona ) .
The other Community currencies remained outside the system for all or most of its existence . 11 The EMCF turned out to be an empty shell with limited « bookkeeping » tasks : because the legal basis of the EMCF brought it under the control of the Community institutions , the Member States and their central banks were reluctant to assign it policy functions .
ESMS se je izkazal za prazno lupino z omejenimi „knjigovodskimi » nalogami : ker je zaradi svoje pravne podlage prišel pod nadzor institucij Skupnosti , so se države članice in njihove centralne banke upirale , da bi mu zaupale politične naloge . 1.1.2 Evropski monetarni sistem in Enotni evropski akt Marca 1979 je bil proces denarnega povezovanja ponovno zagnan z oblikovanjem evropskega monetarnega sistema ( EMS ) .
The Agreement of 9 February 1970 among the EEC central banks on the establishment of a short-term monetary support mechanism ;
februarja 1970 med centralnimi bankami EGS o vzpostavitvi kratkoročnega mehanizma denarne podpore in Sklep Sveta ministrov z dne 22 .
and the Decision of the Council of Ministers of 22 March 1971 on the creation of a machinery for medium-term financial assistance among the EEC Member States .
marca 1971 o oblikovanju mehanizmov za srednjeročno finančno pomoč med državami članicami EGS .
6 Resolution of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States of 22 March 1971 on the attainment by stages of economic and monetary union in the Community ( OJ C 28 , 27.3.1971 , p. 1 ) .
6 Resolucija Sveta in predstavnikov vlad držav članic z dne 22 . marca 1971 o faznem oblikovanju ekonomske in monetare unije Skupnosti ( UL C 28 , 27.3.1971 , str .
7 Under the snake , the spot exchange rates of the participating currencies were to be kept within a band of 2.25% , compared with a theoretically possible spread of 4.5% resulting from each currency 's fluctuation margin of ± 2.25% around its central rate vis-à-vis the US dollar ( snake in the tunnel ) .
7 V sistemu kače so morali promptni devizni tečaji sodelujočih valut ostati v pasu širine 2,25% v primerjavi s teoretično možnim pasom širine 4,5% , ki je izhajal iz dovoljenega nihanja vsake sodelujoče valute v višini 2,25% nad ali pod svojim centralnim tečajem do ameriške valute ( kača v tunelu ) .
The respective maximum limits of fluctuation were to be defended by intervention in US dollars and Community currencies .
Skrajni točki dovoljenega nihanja vsake valute sta se branili z intervencijami v ameriških dolarjih in valutah Skupnosti .
On 19 March 1973 the fluctuation margins vis-à-vis the US dollar were suspended and the snake fluctuated freely .
Dne 19 . marca 1973 je bilo konec omejevanja nihanja do ameriškega dolarja , tako da je kača lahko neomejeno vijugala .
8 The EMCF was set up under Regulation ( EEC ) No 907/73 of the Council of 3 April 1973 establishing a European Monetary Cooperation Fund ( OJ L 89 , 5.4.1973 , p. 2 ) .
907/73 z dne 3 . aprila 1973 o ustanovitvi Evropskega sklada za monetarno sodelovanje ( UL L 89 , 5.4.1973 , str .