natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Frankfur t am Main , April 2009 Jean-Claude Trichet President of the European Central Bank
Frankfurt na Majni , april 2009 Jean-Claude Trichet Predsednik Evropske centralne banke
THE ROAD TO ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION 1.1 The idea of establishing an economic and monetary union in Europe E U RO P E A N I N T E G R AT I O N
POt dO eKOnOMsKe in MOnetArne Unije 1.1 Ideja o ustanovitvi ekonomske in monetarne unije v Evropi je stara že več Z d r u ž E va n j E E v ro pE
goes back more than half a century .
kot petdeset let .
It was a vision of the political leaders who , in 1952 , founded the European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) , which consisted of six countries -- Belgium , Germany , France , Italy , Luxembourg and the Netherlands .
Zamislili so si jo politični voditelji , ki so leta 1952 ustanovili Evropsko skupnost za premog in jeklo ( ESPJ ) , v katero je bilo vključenih šest držav -- Belgija , Francija , Italija , Luksemburg , Nemčija in Nizozemska .
Gradual expansion of the Fur ther steps were taken towards European integration in the 1950s and European Union thereafter .
Postopna širitev evropske unije V petdesetih letih in v letih , ki so sledila , se je združevanje Evrope še okrepilo .
This expansion continued on 1 May 2004 , when the Czech Republic , Estonia , Cyprus , Latvia , Lithuania , Hungary , Malta , Poland , Slovenia and Slovakia acceded to the European Union .
Širitev se je nadaljevala 1 . maja 2004 , ko so k Evropski uniji kot nove članice pristopile Češka , Estonija , Ciper , Latvija , Litva , Madžarska , Malta , Poljska , Slovenija in Slovaška .
Bulgaria and Romania are the latest members , having joined on 1 January 2007 .
Najnovejši članici sta Bolgarija in Romunija , ki sta se EU pridružili 1 . januarja 2007 .
criteria .
Merila za pridružitev eU Pogoji za pristop k EU se imenujejo kopenhagenski kriteriji .
These require the prospective members ( i ) to have stable institutions guaranteeing democracy , the rule of law , human rights and the respect for and protection of minorities , and ( ii ) to have a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure , in order to be able to take on the obligations of membership , including the aims of political , economic and monetary union . Criteria for accession to the EU The conditions to be fulfilled before entering the EU are the Copenhagen
Z njimi se od prihodnjih članic zahteva , da imajo ( i ) stabilne institucije , s katerimi zagotavljajo demokracijo , pravno državo , človekove pravice , spoštovanje in varstvo manjšin , in ( ii ) delujoče tržno gospodarstvo , države pa morajo biti prav tako pripravljene na konkurenčne pritiske , da bi lahko prevzele s članstvom povezane obveznosti , vključno s cilji politične , ekonomske in monetarne unije .
The road to Economic and Monetary Union Structure and tasks
Pot do ekonomske in monetarne unije
The TARGET2 system
Sistem TARGET2
Euro banknotes and coins Banking supervision 6
Eurobankovci in eurokovanci Bančni nadzor
The first attempt to create an economic and monetary union was described in the Werner Repor t 1 of 1970 , which envisaged three stages to be completed by 1980 .
v Wernerjevem poročilu 1 iz leta 1970 , ki je predvidevalo , da bodo tri faze izvedene do leta 1980 .
Its main feature was the exchange rate mechanism ( ERM ) , which introduced fixed but adjustable exchange rates among the currencies of the nine countries .
Glavna značilnost sistema je bil mehanizem deviznih tečajev ( ERM ) , ki je med valutami devetih držav uvedel fiksne , vendar prilagodljive devizne tečaje . 1.2 Prvi poskus ustanovitve ekonomske in monetarne unije je bil opisan G o s p o da r s ko p ov E Zova n j E
In the second half of the 1980s the idea of an economic and monetary union was revived in the Single European Act of 1986 , which created a single market .
V drugi polovici osemdesetih let se je v Enotnem evropskem aktu iz leta 1986 , s katerim je bil ustanovljen enotni trg , ponovno pojavila ideja o ekonomski in monetarni uniji .
It was signed in Maastricht in February 1992 ( so it is sometimes called the Maastricht Treaty ) and entered into force on 1 November 1993 .
Podpisana je bila februarja 1992 v Maastrichtu ( zato se krajše imenuje tudi Maastrichtska pogodba ) , veljati pa je začela 1 . novembra 1993 .
Stage Two ( 1994 -- 1998 ) started with the creation of the European Monetary Institute , and was dedicated to the technical preparations for the single currency , the avoidance of excessive deficits , and enhanced convergence of
Druga faza ( 1994 -- 1998 ) se je pričela z ustanovitvijo Evropskega monetarnega inštituta .
Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992 Three stages towards EMU : I. Single European Market II .
Njen cilj je bilo izvajanje tehničnih priprav na enotno valuto ,
ECB and the euro 1 Named after Pierre Werner , then Prime Minister of Luxembourg .
1 Poročilo je poimenovano po Pierru Wernerju , takratnem ministrskem predsedniku Luksemburga .
THE ROAD TO ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION the economic and monetary policies of the Member States ( to ensure stability of prices and sound public finances ) .
POt dO eKOnOMsKe in MOnetArne Unije izogibanje čezmernemu primanjkljaju in okrepljeno zbliževanje gospodarskih in denarnih politik držav članic ( z namenom zagotovitve stabilnosti cen in vzdržnosti javnih financ ) .
Stage Three began on 1 January 1999 with the irrevocable fixing of exchange rates , the transfer of monetary policy competence to the ECB and the introduction of the euro as the single currency .
Z nepreklicno določitvijo menjalnih razmerij , prenosom pristojnosti za denarno politiko na ECB in uvedbo eura kot enotne valute se je 1 . januarja 1999 začela tretja faza .
On 1 January 2002 euro banknotes and coins became legal tender in the par ticipating countries and by the end of February 2002 national banknotes and coins ceased to be legal tender .
Prvega januarja 2002 so eurobankovci in eurokovanci v sodelujočih državah postali zakonito plačilno sredstvo , veljavnost nacionalnih bankovcev in kovancev pa je potekla konec februarja 2002 .
Stability-oriented economic CONVERGENCE CRITERIA policies and independent Countries wishing to adopt the euro as their currency must achieve central banks a high degree of « sustainable convergence » .
ko n v E r G E n č n i k r i t E r i j i stabilnostna usmeritev Države , ki želijo sprejeti euro kot svojo valuto , morajo doseči visoko stopnjo ekonomskih politik in neodvisne » trajne ekonomske konvergence «.
The degree of convergence is -* -* -* -* a high degree of price stability sound public finances a stable exchange rate low and stable long-term interest rates .
Stopnja konvergence se oceni na podlagi več centralne banke kriterijev iz Maastrichtske pogodbe , s katerimi se od držav zahteva : -* -* -* -* visoka stopnja stabilnosti cen , vzdržne javne finance , stabilen devizni tečaj , nizke in stabilne dolgoročne obrestne mere .
assessed on the basis of several criteria in the Maastricht Treaty , which require a countr y to have : The criteria are designed to ensure that only countries with stabilityoriented economic policies and a track record in price stability are admitted to Stage Three of EMU .
Kriteriji zagotavljajo , da v tretjo fazo EMU vstopijo le države s stabilnostno naravnano gospodarsko politiko in izkazano stabilnostjo cen .
16 Member States In May 1998 an EU summit meeting in Brussels confirmed that 11 of the have adopted the euro then 15 EU Member States -- Belgium , Germany , Spain , France , Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Austria , Por tugal and Finland -- had met the criteria for the adoption of the single currency .
euro je sprejelo 16 držav članic EU je maja 1998 na srečanju na vrhu v Bruslju potrdila , da 11 od takratnih 15 držav članic EU -- Belgija , Nemčija , Španija , Francija , Irska , Italija , Luksemburg , Nizozemska , Avstrija , Portugalska in Finska -- izpolnjuje pogoje za uvedbo enotne valute .
Other Member States have since complied with the convergence criteria and also joined the euro area -- Slovenia on 1 Januar y 2007 , Cyprus and Malta on 1 January 2008 and Slovakia on 1 January 2009 .
januarja 2007 , Ciper in Malta 1 . januarja 2008 ter Slovaška 1 .
One Member State , Sweden , see Glossary 6
Ena od držav članic , in sicer Švedska , ni izpolnila vseh pogojev , Danska in Združeno kraljestvo pa sta » državi članici s posebnim statusom «.
did not fulfil all the conditions . Moreover , Denmark and the United Kingdom are « Member States with a special status » .
Ti državi sta v skladu s protokoloma , ki sta priložena Pogodbi o gl . glosar
In protocols annexed to the Treaty establishing the European Community , the two countries were granted the right to choose whether or not to participate in Stage Three of EMU , i.e. to adopt the euro .
ustanovitvi Evropske skupnosti , pridobili pravico , da se sami odločita , ali želita sodelovati v tretji fazi EMU oz . sprejeti euro .
They both made use of this so-called « opt-out clause » by notifying the EU Council that they do not intend for the time being to move to StageThree , i.e. they do not yet wish to become part of the euro area .
S tem ko sta državi obvestili Svet EU , da še ne nameravata preiti v tretjo fazo oz . da se zaenkrat ne želita pridružiti euroobmočju , sta uporabili tako imenovano » zavrnilno klavzulo «.
Sweden , as well as 8 of the 12 countries that have joined since 2004 , count as members with a « derogation » since they have not yet met all the requirements to adopt the euro .
Za Švedsko in osem od dvanajstih držav , ki so se EU pridružile od leta 2004 , velja , da so članice z » odstopanjem «, saj še niso izpolnile vseh zahtev za sprejetje eura .
Like Sweden , the other Member States of the EU which have not yet adopted the euro have no « opt-out » clauses , such as those negotiated by the United Kingdom and Denmark .
Tako kot Švedska tudi druge države članice , ki še niso uvedle eura , nimajo takšnih » zavrnilnih « klavzul , kot sta jih s pogajanji dosegla Združeno kraljestvo in Danska .
Two Member States have « opted out » New EU Member States are committed to ultimately adopting the euro
dve državi članici sta se izrekli proti euru nove države članice eU morajo prej ali slej sprejeti euro
1.4 K E Y The individual countries that now comprise the euro area were relatively open economies before they joined the euro area .
1.4 Sedanje države euroobmočja so imele pred vstopom vanj razmeroma k l j u č n E Z n a č i l n o s t i E u ro o b m o č ja
However , they are now part of a larger , much more self-contained economy .
odprto gospodarstvo , sedaj pa so del večjega in precej bolj samozadostnega gospodarstva .
The size of the euro area makes it comparable with major economies such as the United States and Japan .
Euroobmočje lahko zaradi njegove velikosti primerjamo z najpomembnejšimi gospodarstvi , kot so Združene države Amerike ali Japonska .
THE ROAD TO ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION The euro area is one of the largest economies in the world , with a population
POt dO eKOnOMsKe in MOnetArne Unije Euroobmočje je eno največjih gospodarstev na svetu , saj je leta 2006 obsegalo
One of the world 's of 318 million in 2006 . The European Union as a whole has 27 Member States largest economies and a population of 493 million .
eno največjih gospodarstev 318 milijonov ljudi , celotna Evropska unija , ki zajema 27 držav članic , pa šteje na svetu 493 milijonov prebivalcev .
By comparison , the United States and Japan have 299 and 128 million inhabitants respectively .
Za primerjavo povejmo , da v Združenih državah Amerike živi 299 milijonov ljudi , na Japonskem pa 128 milijonov .
In terms of gross domestic product ( GDP ) expressed in purchasing power parities , the United States was the largest economy in 2006 , with 19.7% of world GDP , followed by the euro area with 14.3% .
Leta 2006 so bile Združene države Amerike po bruto domačem proizvodu ( BDP ) , izraženem s pariteto kupne moči , največje gospodarstvo in so predstavljale 19,7% svetovnega BDP .
Japan 's share was 6.3% .
Euroobmočje je bilo na drugem mestu s 14,3% , delež Japonske pa je znašal 6,3% .
The shares of the individual euro area countries are significantly smaller : the largest accounted for 3.9% of world GDP in 2006 .
Deleži posameznih držav euroobmočja so občutno manjši : delež največje države v svetovnem BDP je leta 2006 znašal 3,9% .
Limited dependence on Although the euro area can be significantly affected by developments in the foreign trade global economy , the fact that the euro area has a less open economy means that movements in prices of foreign goods have only a limited impact on domestic prices .
Omejena odvisnost od Čeprav lahko gibanja v svetovnem gospodarstvu precej vplivajo na mednarodne menjave euroobmočje , pa manjša odprtost njegovega gospodarstva pomeni , da imajo gibanja cen tujega blaga omejen vpliv na domače cene .
Euro area expor ts of goods and services as a share of GDP were significantly higher in 2006 ( 21.6% ) 2 than the corresponding figures for the United States ( 11 %) and Japan ( 16.8% ) .
Leta 2006 je bil izvoz blaga in storitev euroobmočja 2 , ki je kot delež BDP znašal 21,6% , občutno višji kot v Združenih državah Amerike ( 11 %) in na Japonskem ( 16,8% ) .
B E N E F I T S O F T H E E U RO With the establishment of Economic and Monetary Union ( EMU ) , A real single market for goods and services the EU has made an important step towards completing the internal market .
resničen enotni trg za pr E d n o s t i u v E d b E i n u p o r a b E E u r a blago in storitve EU je z ustanovitvijo ekonomske in monetarne unije ( EMU ) pomembno prispevala k zaokrožitvi notranjega trga .
The introduction of euro banknotes and coins on 1 January 2002 has made travelling simpler within the euro area .
Ko so bili 1 . januarja 2002 uvedeni eurobankovci in eurokovanci , je bilo potovanje po euroobmočju poenostavljeno .
2 The figure for the euro area excludes Cyprus and Malta . see Glossary
gl . glosar 2 Euroobmočje brez Cipra in Malte .
9 Integration of financial markets
Povezovanje finančnih trgov 9
MILESTONES 1952 1979 1981 European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) is established by Belgium , Germany , France , Italy , Luxembourg and the Netherlands .
1958 Belgija , Nemčija , Francija , Italija , Luksemburg in Nizozemska ustanovijo Evropsko skupnost za premog in jeklo ( ESPJ ) .
Treaties of Rome enter into force ;
veljati začneta Rimski pogodbi ;
Merger Treaty combines three existing Communities ( ECSC , EEC , EURATOM ) .
1986 1987 Grčija se pridruži Evropskim skupnostim .
Single European Act enters into force , paving the way for the single market .
Španija in Portugalska se pridružita Evropskim skupnostim .
Establishment of European Monetary System ( EMS ) . 1958 1967 1970
1970 s Pogodbo o združitvi se povežejo tri obstoječe Skupnosti ( ESPJ , EGS , EURATOM ) .
1986 Greece joins the European Communities .
1989 1973 predstavljeno je Wernerjevo poročilo oz .
Spain and Por tugal join EC . 1989 Werner Repor t , first « blueprint » for a monetary union , is presented .
prvi » osnutek « monetarne unije . veljati začne Enotni evropski akt , s katerim so ustvarjeni pogoji za ustanovitev enotnega trga .
Denmark , Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Communities ( EC ) .
Danska , Irska in Združeno kraljestvo se pridružijo Evropskim skupnostim ( ES ) .
1973 10 Delors Committee presents repor t on Economic and Monetary Union .
Delorsov odbor predstavi poročilo o ekonomski in monetarni uniji . 10
1990 Star t of Stage One of EMU .
začetek prve faze EMU . 1990
Treaty on European Union ( Maastricht Treaty ) enters into force . 2001
2001 veljati začne Pogodba o Evropski uniji ( Maastrichtska pogodba ) .
Amended Treaty on European Union ( Treaty of Amsterdam ) enters into force . 2002 2003
2002 2003 Grčija se kot 12 .
Greece joins euro area as 12th country .
država pridruži euroobmočju .
Euro banknotes and coins are put into circulation .
uporabljati se začnejo eurobankovci in eurokovanci .
Austria , Finland and Sweden join EU
Avstrija , Finska in Švedska pristopijo k EU .
11 EMI is liquidated ;
EMI preneha obstajati ;
Ten more countries join EU on 1 May .
1 . maja se deset novih držav pridruži EU .
EU grows to 27 members with accession of Bulgaria and Romania .
z vstopom Bolgarije in Romunije se EU poveča na 27 držav članic .
Slovenia joins euro area .
Slovenija vstopi v euroobmočje .
Treaty of Lisbon is signed in December . Star t of Stage Three of EMU with 11 par ticipating countries ;
Decembra je podpisana Lizbonska pogodba .
2009 Cyprus and Malta join euro area , which now has 15 members .
Ciper in Malta vstopita v euroobmočje , ki se tako poveča na 15 držav članic .
Slovakia joins euro area .
Slovaška vstopi v euroobmočje .
STRUCTURE AND TASKS
strUKtUrA in nALOge
2.1 T H E
2.1 Evropski sistem centralnih bank ( ESCB )
The European System of Central Banks ( ESCB ) was accordance with the Maastricht Treaty and the Statute of System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank the European Central Bank ( ECB ) and the national central of all EU Member States . THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM OF CENTRAL BANKS AND E U RO S YS T E M
je bil ustanovljen v skladu z Maastrichtsko pogodbo in Statutom Evropskega sistema centralnih bank in Evropske centralne banke . Sestavljajo ga Evropska centralna banka ( ECB ) in nacionalne centralne banke ( NCB ) vseh držav članic EU .
It comprises banks ( NCBs ) The Eurosystem comprises the ECB and the NCBs of the EU Member States which have adopted the euro ( currently 16 ) .
Eurosistem obsega ECB in nacionalne centralne banke držav članic EU , ki so že sprejele euro ( teh je trenutno 16 ) .
T H E E U RO P E A N C E N T R A L B A N K The ECB is a supra-national The ECB was established in June 1998 in Frankfur t am Main , taking organisation over from its predecessor , the European Monetary Institute ( EMI ) .
E v ro p s k a c E n t r a l n a b a n k a eCB je nadnacionalna ECB je bila ustanovljena junija 1998 v Frankfurtu na Majni in je s tem organizacija prevzela delo svojega predhodnika -- Evropskega monetarnega inštituta .
supra-national institution with its own legal personality .
Je nadnacionalna ustanova s svojo pravno osebnostjo .
The ECB is based in three buildings in the hear t of Frankfur t but will move to its new headquar ters , currently under construction in the eastern par t of the city , in 2011 .
ECB domuje v treh stavbah v središču Frankfurta , v vzhodnem delu mesta pa gradi svoj novi sedež , kamor se bo preselila leta 2011 .
The staff of the ECB is truly European ; its members come from all 27 countries of the European Union .
Osebje ECB je evropsko v pravem pomenu besede , saj zaposleni prihajajo iz vseh 27 držav članic Evropske unije .
The road to Economic and Monetary Union Structure and tasks 2.1 The European System of Central Banks and the Eurosystem 2.2 The European Central Bank 2.3 Tasks of the Eurosystem 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Independence National central banks Decision-making bodies of the ECB ESCB Committees
2.1 Evropski sistem centralnih bank in Eurosistem 2.2 Evropska centralna banka 2.3 Naloge Eurosistema 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Euro banknotes and coins Banking supervision
Eurobankovci in eurokovanci Bančni nadzor
monetary policy adopted by the Governing Council of the ECB -- e.g. decisions on the key ECB interest rates ( the minimum bid rate on the main refinancing operations as well as interest rates on the marginal lending facility and the deposit facility and , where appropriate , decisions relating to monetary objectives and the supply of reserves ) .
Eurosistem tako na primer izvaja sklepe o ključnih obrestnih merah ECB ( izklicna obrestna mera za operacije glavnega refinanciranja ter obrestni meri za odprto ponudbo mejnega posojila in odprto ponudbo mejnega depozita ) , po potrebi pa tudi sklepe v zvezi s cilji denarne politike in zagotavljanjem rezerv .
The second and third tasks of the Eurosystem are to conduct foreign exchange operations and to hold and manage the official reserves of the euro area countries .
Druga in tretja naloga Eurosistema sta , da opravlja devizne posle in upravlja uradne devizne rezerve držav euroobmočja .
The Eurosystem NCBs have transferred foreign reser ve assets to the ECB totalling some Euros 40 billion ( 85 % in foreign currency holdings and 15 % in gold ) . In exchange , the NCBs have received interest-bearing claims on the ECB , denominated in euro .
Nacionalne centralne banke Eurosistema so na ECB prenesle devizne rezerve v skupni vrednosti približno 40 milijard EUR ( od tega 85 % v deviznih sredstvih in 15 % v zlatu ) in v zameno pridobile obrestonosne terjatve do ECB , izražene v eurih .
The Maastricht Treaty also specifies that the ECB has the exclusive right to authorise the issue of euro banknotes . 2.3 The Eurosystem has four main tasks .
Maastrichtska pogodba prav tako določa , da ima ECB izključno pravico odobriti izdajanje eurobankovcev .
The first task is to carry out the TA S K S O F T H E E U RO S YS T E M Governing Council decides on key interest rates
devizne rezerve , ki jih hranijo eCB in nacionalne centralne banke
2.4 When performing Eurosystem-related tasks , the ECB and the national INDEPENDENCE central banks must not seek or take instructions from Community institutions or bodies , from any government of an EU country or from any other body .
2.4 ECB in nacionalne centralne banke pri opravljanju nalog , povezanih n E o dv i s n o s t z Eurosistemom , ne smejo zahtevati ali sprejemati informacij od institucij ali organov Skupnosti , vlad držav članic EU ali drugih organov .
The Statute of the ESCB and of the ECB provides for security of tenure for governors of NCBs and members of the Executive Board as follows : -* a minimum term of office for NCB governors of five years ;
V statutu ESCB in ECB je varnost mandata guvernerjev nacionalnih centralnih bank in članov Izvršilnega odbora ECB določena , kot sledi : -* najmanj petletni mandat za guvernerje nacionalnih centralnih bank ;
in this respect the Court of Justice of the European Communities is competent to settle any disputes . Personal independence
za reševanje s tem povezanih sporov je pristojno Sodišče Evropskih skupnosti .
2.5 The national central banks of the Eurosystem have a legal personality N AT I O N A L C E N T R A L B A N K S ( under the law of their respective country ) which is separate from that of the ECB .
z zakonodajo svoje države ) in kot take ločene od pravne osebnosti ECB .
At the same time , they are an integral part of the Eurosystem , which is responsible for price stability in the euro area ; they operate in line with the ECB 's guidelines and instructions in the performance of the Eurosystem 's tasks .
Vendar so hkrati tudi sestavni del Eurosistema , ki je odgovoren za stabilnost cen v euroobmočju , pri opravljanju nalog Eurosistema pa delujejo v skladu s smernicami in navodili ECB . 2.5 Nacionalne centralne banke Eurosistema so pravne osebe ( v skladu n ac i o n a l n E c E n t r a l n E b a n k E
NCBs carry out monetary policy The NCBs are involved in conducting the single monetary policy of the euro operations area .
nacionalne centralne banke izvajajo Nacionalne centralne banke sodelujejo pri izvajanju enotne denarne politike operacije denarne politike euroobmočja .
DECISION-MAKING BODIES OF THE ECB Governing Council meets every The Governing Council of the ECB comprises the members of the second Thursday Executive Board of the ECB and the governors of the NCBs of the euro area countries .
o r G a n i o d l o č a n ja E c b svet eCB se sestaja vsak Svet ECB sestavljajo člani Izvršilnega odbora ECB in guvernerji nacionalnih drugi četrtek centralnih bank držav euroobmočja .
The Statute of the ESCB states that the Governing Council of the ECB must meet at least ten times a year .
Statut ESCB določa , da se mora Svet ECB sestati vsaj desetkrat na leto .
The dates of its meetings are decided by the Governing Council itself on the basis of a proposal from the Executive Board .
Datume zasedanj določi Svet na predlog Izvršilnega odbora .
Unless at least three governors object , meetings may also be held by see Glossary
Zasedanja lahko potekajo tudi v obliki telekonference , razen če temu nasprotujejo najmanj trije guvernerji .