natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Therefore, α2-adrenergic agonists should be used with caution in animals dosed with the veterinary medicinal product due to potentially additive or synergistic effects.
Zato je treba α2adrenergične agoniste uporabljati previdno pri živalih, ki so prejele to zdravilo zaradi možnih aditivnih ali sinergističnih učinkov.
This depression may be reversed by use of a suitable reversal agent, such as naloxone.
To depresijo je mogoče preprečiti z uporabo primernega sredstva za reverzijo, kot je nalokson.
In case of accidental exposure of protective clothing to the veterinary medicinal product, immediately remove any contaminated clothing.
Ob nenamerni izpostavitvi zaščitne obleke zdravilu takoj odstranite vso onesnaženo obleko.
Store the Summary of Product Characteristics together with the vial, and read before use
Hranite Povzetek glavnih značilnosti zdravila skupaj z vialo in ga preberite pred uporabo.
Vomiting and diarrhoea are also common adverse reactions.
Bruhanje in driska sta tudi običajna neželena učinka.
The effects of transdermal fentanyl could last longer than the effects of the opioid reversal agent.
Učinki transdermalnega fentanila lahko trajajo dlje kot učinki sredstva za reverzijo opioidov.
Fentanyl exerts its analgesic action by binding to and activating µ (mu) opioid receptors that are predominantly found in the pain regulating areas of the brain and spinal cord.
Fentanil deluje analgetsko z vezanjem na in aktiviranjem μ (mi) opioidnih receptorjev, ki se pretežno nahajajo v območjih možganov in hrbtenjače, ki regulirajo bolečino.
• To anywhere except between your dogs shoulder blades.
• Drugam kakor samo med lopatice.
The clearance of fentanyl ranges from 1.7 to 4.7 l/h/kg in dogs.
Izčistek fentanila je v območju od 1,7 do 4,7 l/h/kg pri psih.
Do not allow other animals contact with the application site for at least 72 hours after application.
Ne dovolite, da pridejo druge živali v stik z mestom dajanja najmanj 72 ur po dajanju.
If a small child touches the application site within 72 hours of application, the child's skin that touched the dog (for example, fingers) should not contact the child's mouth, and the skin should be washed with soap and water.
Če se majhen otrok dotika mesta nanosa do 72 ur po aplikaciji, se njegova koža, ki je bila v stiku s psom (npr. prsti), ne sme dotakniti otrokovih ust, kožo pa je treba oprati z milom in vodo.
Do not store or use near a naked flame.
Ne shranjujte ali uporabljajte v bližini odprtega ognja.
Do not use the veterinary medicinal product in lactating or pregnant bitches or breeding animals (see section 4.7).
Ne uporabite zdravila pri psicah med laktacijo ali brejostjo ali za vzrejne živali (glejte poglavje 4.7).
Fentanyl partitions from the stratum corneum through the deeper skin layers and into the systemic circulation over a period of days.
Fentanil se porazdeljuje iz stratum corneum skozi globlje kožne plasti in v sistemski obtok več dni.
Therefore, special precautions should be taken by people whose dogs have been treated with Recuvyra.
Zato morajo ljudje, katerih psi so bili zdravljeni z Recuvyro, izvajati posebne ukrepe.
However, for children such contact might still result in serious exposure to fentanyl.
Za otroke pa bi takšen stik še lahko imel za posledico resno izpostavitev fentanilu.
Once Recuvyra has been administered, your veterinarian will carefully monitor your dog to ensure it responds safely to the product.
Po dajanju Recuvyre bo veterinar skrbno nadziral psa, da bo zagotovil njegov varen odziv na zdravilo.
Before using the product it is recommended to consider the availability of an opiate antagonist, e.g. naloxone, in case reversal is required (see sections 4.6 and 4.10).
Pred uporabo zdravila je priporočljivo imeti pri roki opiatni antagonist, npr. nalokson, če je potrebna reverzija (glejte poglavji 4.6 in 4.10).
DATE ON WHICH THE PACKAGE LEAFLET WAS LAST APPROVED Detailed information on this product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) http://www.ema.europa.eu/.
DATUM ZADNJE ODOBRITVE NAVODIL ZA UPORABO Podrobne informacije o tem zdravilu za uporabo v veterinarski medicini so na voljo na spletni strani Evropske agencije za zdravila (European Medicines Agency, EMEA) http://www.ema.europa.eu/.
Do not allow the dog or other animals to lick the site of application as oral bioavailability following licking is high in the first five minutes after application.
Ne dovolite, da pes ali druge živali ližejo mesto dajanja, ker je peroralna biološka razpoložljivost, ki sledi lizanju, prvih 5 minut po dajanju velika.
Do not use in case of hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.
Ne uporabite v primeru preobčutljivosti na zdravilno učinkovino ali katero od pomožnih snovi.
Additional class effects that may be observed following administration of fentanyl include dysphoria and urinary retention, therefore appropriate precautionary measures should be in place.
Dodatni učinki te skupine, ki se lahko pojavijo po dajanju zdravila Fentanil, vključujejo disforijo in zastajanje urina, zato se je treba držati ustreznih previdnostnih ukrepov.
Appropriate eye lubrication should therefore be applied prior to and following surgery and continued until the dog resumes normal blinking function.
Zato je treba pred in po kirurški operaciji nanesti primerno mazilo za oči in nadaljevati z dajanjem, dokler pes ne začne normalno mežikati.
Also, the veterinary medicinal product might cause skin irritation.
Zdravilo tudi lahko povzroči iritacijo kože.
Children should not touch the dog before: Date
Otroci se lahko dotikajo psa od: Datum ura
The veterinary medicinal product should be used with caution in conjunction with morphine or other opioid type analgesics as the effects have not been studied.
To zdravilo je treba uporabljati previdno v povezavi z morfinom ali drugimi analgetiki opioidnega tipa, ker učinkov niso bili proučeni.
Recuvyra also contains octyl salicylate and isopropyl alcohol.
Recuvyra vsebuje tudi oktilsalicilat in izopropil alkohol.
The most common symptoms associated with fentanyl overdose in people include respiratory depression, sedation and myosis.
Najbolj pogosti simptomi pri prevelikem odmerjanju fentanila pri ljudeh so depresija dihanja, sedacija in zoženje zenic.
As a class, opioids, including this veterinary medicinal product, may cause low body temperature, slow respiratory rate, low blood pressure or slow heart rate.
Opioidi kot skupina, v katero spada to zdravilo, lahko povzročijo nizko telesno temperaturo, počasno dihanje, nizek krvni tlak ali počasen srčni utrip.
The recommended dose is 2.6 mg fentanyl/kg bodyweight (i.e. 0.052 ml/kg bw), applied topically to the dorsal scapular area 2 to 4 hours prior to surgery and according to the dosing table below.
Priporočeni odmerek je 2,6 mg fentanila/kg telesne teže (tj. 0,052 ml/kg telesne teže), ki se nanese topikalno na hrbtno skapularno območje 2 do 3 ure pred kirurško operacijo v skladu s spodnjo tabelo odmerkov.
Do not use in dogs with cardiac failure, hypotension, hypovolaemia, respiratory depression, hypertension, a history of epilepsy, non age related corneal pathology or those who have or are suspected of having a paralytic ileus.
Ne uporabite pri psih s srčno napako, hipotenzijo, hipovolemijo, depresijo dihanja, hipertenzijo, epilepsijo v preteklosti in kornealno patologijo, ki ni v zvezi s staranjem, ali pri tistih, ki imajo ali za katere obstaja sum o paralitičnem ileusu.
• Vomiting and diarrhoea.
• Bruhanje in drisko.
Administration of naloxone at 0.04 mg/kg may be used to reverse adverse reactions associated with topical fentanyl.
Dajanje naloksona v odmerkih 0,04 mg/kg se lahko uporablja za reverzijo neželenih učinkov, povezanih s topikalnim fentanilom.
Two to four hours before your dog has surgery, the recommended dose (2.6 mg fentanyl/kg bodyweight) of Recuvyra solution is applied directly on the skin between the dog's shoulder blades.
Dve do štiri ure pred kirurško operacijo se psu nanese priporočeni odmerek (2,6 mg fentanila/kg telesne teže) raztopine Recuvyre neposredno na kožo med lopaticama.
1.3 - Not Reached
1,3-ni dosežen
After the application site is dry, direct contact to the application site should not pose a risk to adults.
Ko je mesto nanosa suho, naj bi direkten stik z mestom ne predstavljal nevarnosti za odrasle.
Severe overdose may result in renal failure secondary to hypotension produced by gastrointestinal hypomobility.
Močno preveliko odmerjanje ima lahko za posledico odpoved ledvic, ki sledi hipotenziji, povzročeni z gastrointestinalno hipomobilnostjo.
Do not blow out any residual volume in the syringe or applicator tip as this has been accounted for in the dosing table.
Ne izpihujte preostale tekočine iz brizge ali aplikacijskega nastavka, ker je ta všteta v tabeli odmerkov.
The veterinary medicinal product should not come into direct contact with the oral cavity or mucous membranes of dogs.
Zdravilo za uporabo v veterinarski medicini ne sme priti v neposreden stik z ustno votlino ali sluznico psov.
Recuvyra is a solution designed to be applied to the skin between the shoulder blades of your dog (see picture) only by a veterinarian using a specially designed single use applicator, which does not involve any needles.
Recuvyra je raztopina, zasnovana za nanašanje na kožo med lopaticama vašega psa (glejte sliko), ki ga opravi samo veterinar s pomočjo posebej zasnovanega aplikatorja za enkratno uporabo, ki ne potrebuje igel.
Only use the syringes provided.
Uporabljajte samo priložene brizge.
WITHDRAWAL PERIOD Not applicable.
Aplikacijski nastavek ni za ponovno uporabo.
A single dose relieves pain for at least 4 days.
En odmerek lajša bolečine najmanj 4 dni.
You should tell your veterinarian if you know any of these applies about your dog before treatment is given.
Če veste, da karkoli od tega velja za vašega psa, povejte vašemu veterinarju pred začetkom zdravljenja.
As Recuvyra contains fentanyl (the active substance), it will only ever be kept in a veterinarian's surgery under secure conditions.
POSEBNA NAVODILA ZA SHRANJEVANJE Ker Recuvyra vsebuje fentanil (zdravilno učinkovino), se shranjuje samo v veterinarskem kirurškem oddelku v varnih pogojih.
Any unused veterinary medicinal product or waste material derived from such veterinary medicinal products should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Vsako neporabljeno zdravilo za uporabo v veterinarski medicini ali odpadne snovi, nastale iz tega zdravila, je treba odstraniti v skladu z lokalnimi predpisi.
Recuvyra is a strong and long-lasting painkiller, and should only be used for major surgery that requires opiate analgesia for a duration of at least 4 days.
Recuvyra je močno protibolečinsko sredstvo z dolgotrajnim delovanjem in se lahko uporablja samo za večje kirurške posege, ki zahtevajo opiatno analgezijo v trajanju najmanj 4 dni.
The use of syringes not supplied with this veterinary medicinal product, or storage of this veterinary medicinal product in a syringe may lead to dosing inaccuracy.
Uporaba brizg, ki niso priložene temu zdravilu, ali shranjenjevanje tega zdravila v brizgi lahko privede do nenatančnih odmerkov.
Commonly (i.e. in 1 to 10% of treated dogs)
Pogosto (tj. med 1 in 10 % zdravljenih psov)
Blot up any noticeable solution using an absorbent material such as paper tissues.
Popivnajte vso vidno raztopino z absorpcijskim materialom kot npr. s papirnatimi brisačami.
To avoid anaesthetic overdose in dogs treated with the veterinary medicinal product, anaesthetic agents should be administered until the desired effect is produced.
Za preprečevanje prevelikega odmerjanja anestetikov pri psih, ki so bili zdravljeni s tem zdravilom, je treba anestetike odmerjati, dokler ne dosežejo želenih učinkov.
• A 3 ml polypropylene syringe with a silicone O-ring fitted to the plunger.
• 3- mililitrska polipropilenska brizga s silikonskim tesnilnim obročkom, nameščenim na bat
If symptoms develop following exposure to the veterinary medicinal product such as erythema, confusion, nausea or vomiting, medical advice should be sought immediately.
Če se po izpostavitvi zdravilu pojavijo simptomi kot rdečina, zmedenost, slabost ali bruhanje, je treba takoj poiskati zdravniško pomoč.
The mean plasma fentanyl concentration from time 0 through 96 hours post-dose administration is approximately 1.32 ng/ml.
Srednja koncentracija fentanila v plazmi v času od 0 do 96 ur po dajanju odmerka je približno 1,32 ng/ml.
Your veterinarian should use Recuvyra with caution in conjunction with other morphine or other opioid pain relievers, or α-adrenergic agonists because the possible side-effects have not been studied.
Veterinar mora uporabljati Recuvyro previdno v kombinaciji z drugim morfinom ali drugimi opioidnimi protibolečinskimi sredstvi ali α-adrenergičnimi agonisti, ker možnih stranskih učinkov niso proučevali.
Withdrawing the solution from the vial (see Figure 2):
Jemanje raztopine iz viale (glejte sliko 2):
Keep this package leaflet in a safe place.
Hranite to navodilo za uporabo na varnem mestu.
THE WORDS “FOR ANIMAL TREATMENT ONLY” For animal treatment only.
BESEDILO "SAMO ZA ŽIVALI” Samo za živali.
At a high dose, fentanyl is known to cause a potentially fatal respiratory depression.
Znano je, da lahko fentanil v visokem odmerku eventualno povzroči smrtno depresijo dihanja.
Restrain the dog for approximately 2 minutes and avoid contact with the application site for 5 minutes to allow complete drying of the solution.
Držite psa pri miru približno 2 minuti in se izogibajte stiku z mestom nanosa 5 minut, da omogočite
Dogs must not be discharged to owners until post-operative sedation is mild or absent and dogs are drinking water and eating voluntarily at an appropriate level for the condition that required surgery.
Psi se ne smejo odpustiti k lastnikom, dokler ni postoperativna sedacija blaga ali je ni več in psi prostovoljno pijejo vodo in jedo v količinah, primerljivih s stanjem pred kirurško operacijo.
The use of the veterinary medicinal product may result in corneal drying during prolonged sedation.
Uporaba zdravila lahko med podaljšano sedacijo povzroči sušenje roženice.
Fentanyl is extensively metabolised and excreted into the urine.
Fentanil se obsežno presnavlja in izloča v urin.
STATEMENT OF THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S) AND OTHER INGREDIENT(S) Recuvyra is a clear, colourless to light yellow solution containing 50 mg of fentanyl (the active substance) per ml of solution.
NAVEDBA ZDRAVILNE UČINKOVINE IN DRUGIH SESTAVIN Recuvyra je bistra, brezbarvna do svetlo rumena raztopina, ki vsebuje 50 mg fentanila (zdravilne učinkovine) na ml raztopine.
Following application to the skin, fentanyl is rapidly absorbed into the skin.
Po nanosu na kožo se fentanil hitro absorbira v kožo.
Do not administer to skin that does not have an intact stratum corneum due to injury or disease.
Ne uporabite na koži, pri kateri je zaradi rane ali bolezni poškodovan stratum corneum.
Accumulation of fentanyl following repeated administration could result in severe adverse reactions, including death.
Kopičenje fentanila po ponovnem dajanju ima lahko za posledico hude neželene učinke, tudi smrt.
Fentanyl is a potent anaesthetic sparing substance.
Fentanil je močno nadomestno anestezijsko sredstvo.
In case of accidental spillage onto skin, immediately flush the area with water, then wash the area with copious amounts of soap and water and seek prompt medical advice, showing the physician this warning, the package leaflet or the label.
Ob nenamernem razlitju po koži takoj sperite mesto z vodo, nato ga umijte z veliko količino mila in vode in se takoj posvetujte z zdravnikom ter mu pokažite navodilo za uporabo, ovojnino ali nalepko.
PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Transdermal solution.
FARMACEVTSKA OBLIKA Transdermalna raztopina.
Following application to dogs, do not touch the site for 5 minutes.
Po nanosu na psa se mesta nanosa ne dotikajte vsaj 5 minut.
Therefore, dogs should be continuously monitored for rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate and heart rhythm during surgical anaesthesia.
Zato je treba psom med kirurško anestezijo neprekinjeno nadzirati rektalno temperaturo, pulz, hitrost dihanja in srčni ritem.
The use of the veterinary medicinal product is intended as a single application administered 2 to 4 hours prior to surgery to provide analgesia for at least 4 days.
Namen uporabe zdravila je z enim dajanjem 2 do 4 ure pred kirurško operacijo zagotoviti analgezijo v trajanju najmanj 4 dni.
Do not give more than the recommended dose of the veterinary medicinal product.
Ne dajajte več kot priporočenega odmerka zdravila.
When the vial is broached for the first time, the date on which any product remaining in the vial should be discarded should be written in the space provided on the label, using the in-use shelf-life.
Ko je viala prvič odprta, je treba v prostor na nalepki zapisati datum, ob katerem je treba zavreči preostanek zdravila v viali, pri čemer se upošteva rok uporabnosti od prve uporabe.
Only up to 0.5 ml can be applied to one area of skin.
Na eno mesto na koži se lahko nanese največ do 0,5 ml.
STATEMENT OF ACTIVE AND OTHER SUBSTANCES Fentanyl 50 mg/ml
NAVEDBA ZDRAVILNE UČINKOVIN IN DRUGIH SNOVI Fentanil 50 mg/ml
Personal protective equipment consisting of latex or nitrile gloves, eye protection and suitable protective clothing should be worn when handling this veterinary medicinal product.
Pri ravnanju z zdravilom nosite osebno zaščitno opremo, ki sestoji iz lateksnih ali nitrilnih rokavic, zaščite za oči in ustrezne zaščitne obleke.
Application of Recuvyra will not cause your dog any pain and your veterinarian will use a dosing table and a specially designed applicator to carefully apply the product onto the skin surface without using any needles.
Nanos Recuvyre psu ne bo povzročil bolečin in veterinar bo uporabil tabelo odmerkov ter posebej zasnovan aplikator, s katerim bo skrbno nanesel zdravilo na površino kože brez uporabe igel.
Plasma fentanyl concentrations reach 1.0 ng/ml, (which is generally considered analgesic) in more than 60% of dogs within 4 hours of administration.
Pri več kot 60 % psov dosežejo koncentracije fentanila v plazmi 1,0 ng/ml (kar se na splošno šteje kot analgetsko) v prvih 4 urah po dajanju.
The maximum plasma fentanyl concentrations of 0.7 to 4.7 ng/ml are reached within 10 to 18 hours of dose administration.
Maksimalne koncentracije fentanila 0,7 do 4,7 ng/ml v plazmi se dosežejo med 10 do 18 urami po dajanju odmerka.
However, in dogs with thick hair coats, it is advisable to clip the hair prior to application to assure direct contact of the veterinary medicinal product with the skin.
Pri psih z gosto dlako pa jo je priporočljivo pred nanosom dlako ostriči, da se zagotovineposreden stik zdravila s kožo.
Recuvyra is a solution designed to be carefully applied to your dog's skin only by a veterinarian.
Recuvyra je raztopina, zasnovana za pazljivo dajanje na pasjo kožo, ki ga opravi samo veterinar.
Do not give a second dose of the veterinary medicinal product within 7 days.
Drugega odmerka zdravila ne dajajte vsaj 7 dni.
Fentanyl is highly lipid soluble and distributes rapidly into a variety of tissues readily crossing the blood-brain barrier in the dog.
Fentanil je zelo topen v lipidih in se hitro porazdeli v različna tkiva, pri čemer pri psu hitro prestopi krvno-možgansko pregrado.
To accurately withdraw the correct amount, align the top of the O-ring on the syringe plunger with the appropriate tick mark on the syringe barrel.
Za točen odvzem pravilne količine poravnajte vrh tesnilnega obročka na batu brizge z ustrezno črtico skale na valju brizge.
Dispose of the used syringe/applicator tip as a unit in an appropriate container.
Odlagajte uporabljeno brizgo/aplikacijski nastavek v enem kosu v ustrezno zbirno posodo.
Do not administer to areas other than the dorsal scapular region.
Ne uporabite na drugih območjih, kot je hrbtno skapularno.
Type I amber glass vial containing 10 ml solution, closed with a grey butyl rubber stopper sealed with a two piece aluminium seal with a grey flip-off plastic disc.
Viala iz rjavega stekla tipa I z 10 ml raztopine, s sivim zamaškom iz butilnega kavčuka, z dvodelno aluminijasto zaporko sivo plastično odmično ploščico.
Isopropyl alcohol
Oktilsalicilat Izopropilalkohol
SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY Accidental administration is dangerous - see Summary of Product Characteristics before use
POSEBNO OPOZORILO, ČE JE POTREBNO Nenamerno dajanje je nevarno - pred uporabo preberite Povzet ek glavni h značilnosti zdravila.
In the event that any of the following observations are made following the application/overdose of the veterinary medicinal product, reversal should be initiated: severe sedation, unconsciousness, seizures, laboured or abdominal breathing or severe hypotension.
Začnite z reverzijo, če po nanosu/prevelikem odmerjanju tega zdravila opazite naslednje pojave: močno sedacijo, nezavest, krče, težavno ali abdominalno dihanje ali močno hipotenzijo.
For the control of post-operative pain associated with major orthopaedic and soft tissue surgery in dogs.
Za lajšanje postoperativnih bolečin pri večjih kirurških ortopedskih operacijah in operacijah mehkih tkiv pri psih.
• A 2-pronged polycarbonate applicator tip.
• 2-krak polikarbonaten aplikacijski nastavek
The vial must be placed upright on a firm, stable surface during placement and application of the adaptor.
Vialo je treba med nameščanjem in uporabo adapterja postaviti navpično na trdno stabilno površino.
Do not re-use syringes.
Ne uporabljajte jih ponovno.
In case of accidental eye contact with the veterinary medicinal product, rinse with abundant quantities of water and seek medical advice immediately.
Ob nenamernem stiku z očmi z zdravilom spirajte oči z obilo vode in takoj poiščite zdravniško pomoč.
Place applicator tip at an approximate 45º angle directly onto the skin in the dorsal scapular region.
Postavite aplikacijski nastavek neposredno na kožo na hrbtnem skapularnem območju pod kotom 45°.
Turn the vial into the upright position, grasp the adaptor, turn the syringe ¼ turn anti-clockwise and remove the syringe.
Obrnite vialo v pokončen položaj, primite adapter, zavrtite brizgo za ¼ v nasprotni smeri gibanja urinih kazalcev in jo odstranite.
Dose (ml)
Odmerek (ml)
The application site should be clean and free of any surface matter.
Mesto nanosa mora biti čisto in brez tujkov na površini.
Laboratory studies conducted in rats have not shown any evidence of teratogenic effect, or any adverse effect on fertility or embryo-foetal development.
Plodnost: Laboratorijske študije na podganah niso dokazale teratogenih učinkov ali drugih neželenih učinkov na
Dogs weighing 20 kg or more will be kept at the veterinary clinic for at least 48 hours after treatment with Recuvyra.
Psi s težo 20 kg ali več bodo ostali na veterinarski kliniki najmanj 48 ur po zdravljenju z Recuvyro.
Dogs that are moderately sedated and not drinking water and eating voluntarily should be evaluated for dehydration and administered supplemental fluid and nutrition support as necessary.
Pri psih, ki so v stanju zmerne sedacije in ne pijejo vode in ne jedo prostovoljno, je treba oceniti dehidracijo in po potrebi dajati dodatno tekočinsko in prehransko podporo.
If your dog is more than mildly sedated, or has decreased appetite or water intake, you should contact your veterinary surgeon for advice.
Če je pes v stanju, slabšem od blage sedacije, ali ima zmanjšan tek ali pije manj vode, se posvetujte z vašim veterinarjem.
Once applied to the skin, the veterinary medicinal product rapidly dries resulting in percutaneous absorption of fentanyl.
Po nanosu na kožo se veterinarsko zdravilo hitro suši zaradi absorpcije fentanila skozi kožo.
Dogs that are moderately sedated, and are not drinking water and eating voluntarily at an appropriate level for the condition that required surgery, should be evaluated for dehydration and administered supplemental fluid and nutrition support as necessary.
Psom, ki so v stanju zmerne sedacije in ne pijejo vode in ne jedo prostovoljno v količinah, primerljivih s stanjem pred kirurško operacijo, je treba oceniti dehidracijo in po potrebi dajati dodatno tekočinsko in prehransko podporo.
• Is lactating, pregnant or a dog used for breeding.
• Je v obdobju laktacije ali brejosti ali če se uporablja kot vzrejna žival.