natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
• The method of administration; some studies used gavage administration (which improves the accuracy of the dose, but also (potentially) affects the metabolic profile of the substance, since this is in effect a bolus dose, rather than a continuous dose), some studies used drinking water administration, as specified in the SPCs (which could lead to more variable results due to some birds drinking more medicated water than others, but is more representative of what would happen ‘in the field');
• način uporabe; nekatere študije so uporabile gavažo (ki izboljša natančnost odmerjanja, vendar prav tako (morda) vpliva na presnovni profil učinkovine, saj omogoča učinek bolusnega odmerjanja in ne neprekinjenega odmerjanja), nekatere študije so uporabile dajanje zdravila v vodo za pitje, kot je navedeno v povzetkih glavnih značilnosti zdravila (kar lahko povzroči bolj variabilne rezultate, saj nekatere ptice popijejo več vode z zdravilom kot druge, vendar pa bolje prikažejo, kaj bi se zgodilo „na terenu“);
Dose rates less than 8.3 mg/kg bw were highly effective and the MIC study indicated that A.paragallinarium is highly susceptible to enrofloxacin.
Odmerki, manjši od 8,3 mg/kg telesne mase, so bili zelo učinkoviti, študija MIK pa je pokazala, da je A. paragallinarium zelo občutljiv za enrofloksacin.
• Breed of bird used in the study; faster-growing or slower-growing; different metabolism;
• vrsta ptic, uporabljenih v študiji; hitro- ali počasi rastoče živali, različna presnova;
Gliniana 32, 20-616 Lublin, Poland
Gliniana 32, 20-616 Lublin Poljska
These showed that there is a gradual increase in MIC and resistance over the last 10 years.
Te so pokazale, da se MIK in odpornost v zadnjih 10 letih postopoma večata.
Rates of decreased susceptibility of E. coli to ciprofloxacin (based on an epidemiological cut-off of 0.06 mg/l) were 19.3% in 1999-2000 and 33.5% in 2005-2006.
Deleži zmanjšane občutljivosti E. coli za ciprofloksacin (na podlagi epidemiološke mejne vrednosti 0,06 mg/l) so bili 19,3 % v letih 1999-2000 in 33,5 % v letih 2005-2006.
The study by Evans at al (2009)17 concluded that in the UK humans infected with fluoroquinoloneresistant Campylobacter did not suffer a more severe disease than those infected with susceptible Campylobacter even when use of antimicrobials is taken into account, however the authors did not state if there was any impact on specific vulnerable sub-groups.
(2009)17 zaključili, da se pri ljudeh v Združenem kraljestvu, okuženih s proti fluorokinolonom odporno bakterijo Campylobacter, ni razvila hujša bolezen kot pri ljudeh, okuženih z občutljivo bakterijo Campylobacter, tudi če se upošteva uporaba protimikrobnih zdravil, vendar avtorji niso navedli, ali je bil prisoten vpliv na posebne ranljive podskupine.
24010 Leon, Spain
24010 Leon, Španija
Given the inter-individual variability surrounding Css values and the fact that several studies quoted MIC90 values for enrofloxacin against E. coli of 0.5-1 µg/ml, it seems that plasma concentrations greater than the MIC would not be achieved in all individuals against all isolates.
Glede na variabilnost vrednosti Css med posameznimi živalmi in na podlagi več študij, ki so navedle vrednosti MIK90 za enrofloksacin proti E. coli od 0,5 do 1 µg/ml, je videti, da koncentracije v plazmi, večje od MIK, ne bodo dosežene pri vseh živalih in proti vsem izolatom.
Luxembourg Bayer Belgium J.E.
Luksemburg Bayer Belgium J.E.
Turkeys: Meat and offal: 13 days.
Purani: meso in organi: 13 dni.
Clinical resistance of E.coli in chickens to ciprofloxacin was 1.9% in 1999-2000 and increased through 2002-2003 to 5.9% in 2005-2006.
Klinična odpornost E. coli proti ciprofloksacinu pri piščancih je bila v letih 19992000 1,9 %, v letih 2002-2003 pa se je večala, tako da je v letih 2005-2006 dosegla 5,9 %.
A comprehensive review of data regarding resistance in E.coli, Salmonella sp and Campylobacter spp (bacteria of concern to human health) from poultry from EU Member States isolated during 2002-2009 was provided.
Predložen je bil izčrpen pregled podatkov o odpornosti bakterij E. coli, Salmonella sp in Campylobacter spp (bakterij, nevarnih za zdravje človeka), izoliranih med letoma 2002 in 2009, pri perutnini iz držav članic EU.
The susceptibility of E.coli isolated predominantly from Germany as part of the GermVet 20087 and 20098 and Germap 20109 resistance monitoring during 2004-2009 was provided.
Predložili so se podatki za obdobje med letoma 2004 in 2009 o občutljivosti E. coli, izolirani predvsem v Nemčiji v sklopu spremljanja odpornosti GermVet 20087 ter 20098 in Germap 20109.
Romania INVESA C/ Esmeralda 19-21 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona Spain
Romunija INVESA C/ Esmeralda 19-21 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona Španija
A further study by the same authors determined that treatment with a therapeutic dose of enrofloxacin for a prolonged duration (up to 35 days) to 21 day old broiler chickens did not cause arthropathy in growing chickens and toxicity is not caused by cumulative effects.
Nadaljnja študija istih avtorjev je pokazala, da dolgotrajno (do 35 dni) zdravljenje pitovnih piščancev, starih 21 dni, s terapevtskim odmerkom enrofloksacina, ni povzročilo artropatije pri rastočih piščancih in da kumulativni učinki niso povzročili toksičnosti.
The evaluation of data generated in fulfilment of these conditions should be undertaken by CVMP in the interests of maintaining the harmonised EU approach achieved by this referral procedure, and given the EU-wide importance of achieving an optimal dose regimen for this range of products.
Odbor CVMP mora oceniti podatke, zbrane za namene izpolnjevanja teh pogojev, kar bo omogočalo vzdrževanje usklajenega pristopa v EU, ki se bo vzpostavil s tem napotitvenim postopkom, in določitev optimalnega režima odmerjanja za ta nabor zdravil, ki so v EU zelo pomembna.
Usually resistance to fluoroquinolones arises spontaneously because of point mutations that result in amino acid substitutions within the topoisomeerase subunits gyrA, gyrB, parC or parE, a decreased expression of outer membrane porins, or an overexpression of multidrug efflux pumps.
Navadno se odpornost proti fluorokinolonom pojavi spontano zaradi točkastih mutacij, ki povzročajo substitucije aminokislin znotraj podenot topoizomeraze gyrA, gyrB, parC ali parE, zmanjšanega izražanja porinov zunanje membrane ali čezmernega izražanja črpalk za prehajanje več zdravil.
The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) was requested to consider the indications, dosage regimens and withdrawal periods for chickens and turkeys in order to ensure consumer safety, efficacious treatment in chickens and turkeys, as well as lower the risk of development of antimicrobial resistance to enrofloxacin.
Odbor za zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (CVMP) so prosili, naj preveri indikacije, režime odmerjanja in karence za piščance in purane, da bi zagotovili varnost potrošnikov, učinkovito zdravljenje piščancev in puranov ter zmanjšali tveganje razvoja odpornosti mikroorganizmov proti enrofloksacinu.
Reus - Vinyols Km 4,1 Riudoms 43330 (Tarragona) Spain
Reus - Vinyols Km 4,1 Riudoms 43330 (Tarragona) Španija
Overall summary of the scientific evaluation of all veterinary medicinal products containing enrofloxacin to be administered via the drinking water to chickens and/or turkeys (see Annex I)
Splošni povzetek znanstvenega vrednotenja vseh zdravil za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo enrofloksacin in se dajejo piščancem in/ali puranom v vodo za pitje (glejte Prilogo I)
Field studies conducted in 1997-1998 showed that an inclusion rate of 50 ppm reduced clinical signs but the pathogen was not eliminated.
Terenske študije, opravljene med letoma 1997 in 1998, so pokazale, da je vsebnost 50 ppm zmanjšala klinične znake, vendar do odprave patogena ni prišlo.
Amend where applicable:
Spremenite, kadar je primerno:
Alternative treatments include amoxicillin, tetracyclines, macrolides and sulphonamides.
Druge oblike zdravljenja vključujejo amoksicilin, tetracikline, makrolide in sulfonamide.
This review states that multiple studies have demonstrated the rapid development of fluoroquinolone resistant mutants in chickens originally infected with fluoroquinolone-susceptible C.jejuni, but treated with enrofloxacin.
Poročilo navaja, da je več študij pokazalo hiter razvoj proti fluorokinolonom odpornih mutant pri piščancih, izvirno okuženih z za fluorokinolone občutljivo C.jejuni in zdravljenih z enrofloksacinom.
There are adequate data to support the indication of Mycoplasma spp in turkeys, based on the fact that they are considered a minor species and extrapolation can be made from the data in chickens.
Podatki za podporo indikacije za Mycoplasma spp pri puranih so zadostni, saj so purani manj pomembne vrste, zato se lahko podatki ekstrapolirajo iz podatkov pri piščancih.
• on the basis of the available residue depletion data in chickens and turkeys, the CVMP considered that withdrawal periods of 7 days for chicken meat and offal and 13 days for turkeys meat and offal were safe;
• na podlagi razpoložljivih podatkov o črpanju ostankov pri piščancih in puranih je odbor CVMP menil, da je varna karenca za meso in drobovje piščancev 7 dni, za meso in drobovje puranov pa 13 dni;
The Joint ECDC/EFSA/EMA scientific opinion15 identified resistance to fluoroquinolones in salmonella of major concern for public health as ciprofloxacin is the antimicrobial of choice for treatment of severe or invasive Salmonella infections in humans.
Z združeno strokovno presojo agencij ECDC/EFSA/EMA15 je bila ugotovljena odpornost salmonele proti fluorokinolonom, kar je zelo nevarno za javno zdravje, saj je ciprofloksacin antibiotik prve izbire za zdravljenje hude ali invazivne okužbe s salmonelo pri človeku.
The MIC50 and MIC90 values of the E coli isolates were 1 and 32 mg/L, respectively, which results in Cmax/MIC and AUC/MIC parameters considerably below the breakpoints for fluoroquinolones.
Vrednosti MIK50 in MIK90 za izolate E. coli sta bili 1 oziroma 32 mg/l, kar je povzročilo, da so bili parametri Cmax/MIK in AUC/MIK precej po mejo za fluorokinolone.
Grójecka 6, 05-651 Drwalew, Poland
Grójecka 6, 05-651 Drwalew Poljska
Treatment of infections caused by the following bacteria susceptible to enrofloxacin: Chickens
Zdravljenje okužb, ki jih povzročajo naslednje bakterije, občutljive za enrofloksacin: Piščanci
The mutant population continues to persist even after removal of the selection pressure as fluoroquinolone resistance mediated by gyrA mutations can be stably maintained in Campylobacter and possess an enhanced fitness.
Populacija mutant vztraja tudi po odstranitvi selekcijskega pritiska, saj se lahko odpornost proti fluorokinolonom, ki jo pri bakteriji Campylobacter povzročajo mutacije gyrA, stabilno vzdržuje in ima okrepljeno prilagodljivost.
In the strains that were isolated, resistance to ciprofloxacin was absent.
V izoliranih sevih niso ugotovili odpornosti proti ciprofloksacinu.
Dose rates up to 35.4 mg/kg in young broilers showed optimum reduction in mortality and reduction in E.coli reisolation rate.
Odmerki do 35,4 mg/kg so pri mladih pitovnih piščancih povzročili optimalno zmanjšanje umrljivosti in zmanjšan delež ponovne izolacije E. coli.
In addition, PK/PD concepts have recently been developed that use the hypothesis of the mutant selection window in order to elaborate a dosing regimen that can limit the emergence of resistant organisms (Drlica & Zhao, 2007)13.
Poleg tega so se nedavno razvili farmakokinetični/farmakodinamični koncepti, ki za izboljšanje režima odmerjanja, ki lahko omeji pojavnost odpornih organizmov, uporablja hipotezo okna za selekcijo mutant (Drlica in Zhao 2007)13.
Cmax was determined as approximately 0.67 µg/ml in healthy birds and 0.54 µg/ml in sick birds infected with APEC, and AUC0-24 as 7.4 mg/h/l in healthy birds and 7.7 mg/h/l in sick birds.
Pri zdravih pticah je bila vrednost Cmax 0,67 µg/ml in 0,54 µg/ml pri bolnih pticah, okuženih z APEC, vrednost AUC0-24 pa je bila 7,4 mg/h/l pri zdravih pticah in 7,7 mg/h/l pri obolelih pticah.
Two references were provided showing that in 1993, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of enrofloxacin to M.gallisepticum isolates was 0.0125-0.1 µg/ml and for M.synoviae it was 0.01250.8 µg/ml, and in 1997, MIC for M.gallisepticum isolates was 0.025-1.0 µg/ml and for M.synoviae it was 0.05-0.5 µg/ml.
Dve predloženi referenci sta pokazali, da je bila leta 1993 minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija (MIK) enrofloksacina proti izolatom M. gallisepticum 0,0125-0,1 µg/ml in proti M. synoviae 0,01250,8 µg/ml, leta 1997 pa 0,025-1,0 µg/ml proti M. gallisepticum in 0,05-0,5 µg/ml proti M. synoviae.
• on the basis of the available data, the CVMP considered that the current dosing regimen for E. coli infections is not optimised in terms of efficacy or limiting the development of resistance in this target pathogen;
• na podlagi razpoložljivih podatkov je odbor CVMP menil, da trenutni režim odmerjanja proti okužbam z E. coli ni optimiziran glede učinkovitosti ali omejevanja razvoja odpornosti pri tem ciljnem patogenu;
ACROLIN 10 solução oral para frangos de carne
ACROLIN 10 solução oral para frangos de carne pitovni piščanci
The current dosing regimen for E. coli infections is not considered to be optimised in terms of efficacy or limiting the development of resistance in this target pathogen.
Trenutni režim odmerjanja proti E. coli ni optimiziran glede učinkovitosti ali omejevanja razvoja odpornosti pri tem ciljnem patogenu.
Enrofloxacin is active against many Gram-negative bacteria, against Gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma spp.
Enrofloksacin je učinkovit proti mnogim gramnegativnim bakterijam, grampozitivnim bakterijam in proti Mycoplasma spp.
Chickens: Meat and offal: 7 days.
Piščanci: meso in organi: 7 dni.
In this regard, turkeys are recognised as being a minor species.
Pri tem so purani manj pomembna vrsta;
Do not administer to layer replacement birds within 14 days of coming into lay.
Ne uporabite pri nadomestnih kokoših nesnicah v obdobju 14 dni, preden začnejo nesti jajca.
Veterinary medicinal products as oral solutions contain 50 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg enrofloxacin per ml for use in drinking water.
Zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini v obliki peroralnih raztopin vsebujejo 50 mg, 100 mg ali 200 mg enrofloksacina na ml za dajanje v vodo za pitje.
4.2 Indications for use, specifying the target species Treatment of infections caused by the following bacteria susceptible to enrofloxacin: Chickens
4.2 Indikacije za uporabo pri ciljnih živalskih vrstah Zdravljenje okužb, ki jih povzročajo naslednje bakterije, občutljive za enrofloksacin: Piščanci
Czysta 4, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
Czysta 4, 96-100 Skierniewice Poljska
Ireland HCS bvba, H. Kennisstraat 53, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
HCS bvba, H. Kennisstraat 53, 2650 Edegem Belgija
24010 Leon Spain
24010 Leon Španija
Resistance to fluoroquinolones has been reported to arise from five sources, (i) point mutations in the genes encoding for DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV leading to alterations of the respective enzyme, (ii) alterations of drug permeability in Gram-negative bacteria, (iii) efflux mechanisms, (iv) plasmid mediated resistance and (v) gyrase protecting proteins.
Poročali so, da je odpornost proti fluorokinolonom posledica petih virov: i) točkastih mutacij v genih, ki kodirajo DNK-girazo in/ali topoizomerazo IV, kar privede do sprememb zadevnega encima, ii) sprememb pri permeabilnosti zdravila pri gramnegativnih bakterijah, iii) mehanizmov prehajanja zdravila skozi membrano, iv) odpornosti, ki jo povzročajo plazmidi, in v) beljakovin, ki ščitijo girazo.
A further warning in section 4.4 of the SPCs should be added also to advise that treatment of mycoplasma infections may not eradicate the organism.
Prav tako je treba dodati opozorilo v poglavje 4.4 povzetka glavnih značilnosti zdravila, ki navaja, da pri zdravljenju okužb z mikoplazmo morda ne bo prišlo do eradikacije organizma.
In total, approximately 2000 isolates from broilers, turkeys and layers showed that the overall MIC range was 0.015-≥32 µg/ml, with up to 8.7% resistance.
Skupno približno 2 000 izolatov iz pitovnih piščancev, puranov in nesnic je pokazalo, da je bil splošni razpon MIK od 0,015 do ≥ 32 µg/ml, odpornost pa 8,7-odstotna.
A considerable number of studies and references have been submitted to support the indication of E.coli.
V podporo indikaciji za E. coli je bilo predloženih veliko študij in referenc.
Laboratorios Maymo, S.A., Via Augusta 302, 08017 Barcelona Spain
Laboratorios Maymo, S.A., Via Augusta 302, 08017 Barcelona Španija
It has been postulated that AUC0-24h/MIC and Cmax/MIC ratios of >100 and >8, respectively, are predictive of clinical outcome for fluoroquinolones.
Predpostavili so, da sta razmerji AUC0-24h/MIK > 100 in Cmax/MIK > 8 prediktorja za klinični izid uporabe fluorokinolonov.
Tolerance data from 2009 show that at doses of 300 and 600 mg enrofloxacin /kg bw administered once or for 5 days to 21 day old broiler chickens, diarrhoea and abnormal behaviour such as reluctance to move, reduced motor activity and disturbed coordination of movement were seen.
Podatki o toleranci iz leta 2009 kažejo, da so pri odmerkih 300 in 600 mg enrofloksacina/kg telesne mase, ki so se v obliki enkratnega odmerka ali 5 dni dajali pitovnim piščancem, starim 21 dni, opazili diarejo in nenormalno vedenje, kot so odpor do premikanja, zmanjšana motorična dejavnost ter motena koordinacija gibov.
In Europe, several antimicrobials are authorised for treatment of colibacillosis in chickens and turkeys (apramycin, chlortetracycline, colistin, difloxacin, doxycycline and sulphadiazine + trimethoprim), but the widespread multidrug resistance of pathogenic E.coli has led to the extensive use of enrofloxacin.
V Evropi so za zdravljenje kolibaciloze pri piščancih in puranih odobrena mnoga protimikrobna zdravila (apramicin, klortetraciklin, kolistin, difloksacin, doksiciklin in kombinacija sulfadiazina ter trimetoprima), vendar je razširjena odpornost patogene E. coli proti več zdravilom povzročila obsežno uporabo enrofloksacina.
A report by Sellyei et al, 20094, advised that although P.multocida isolates are susceptible to most widely used antimicrobials, remarkable resistance was detected to sulphonamides, tetracyclines, first generation quinolones and aminoglycosides.
20094 so v svojem poročilu navedli, da čeprav so izolati P. multocida občutljivi za večino splošno uporabljanih protimikrobnih zdravil, se je ugotovila znatna odpornost proti sulfonamidom, tetraciklinom, kinolonom prve generacije in aminoglikozidom.
In the more recent laboratory study (2007) which simulated field conditions, turkeys were administered enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg bw for 5 days, but the re-isolation rate was not investigated.
V novejši laboratorijski študiji (2007), ki je simulirala pogoje na terenu, so puranom 5 dni dajali enrofloksacin v odmerku 10 mg/kg telesne mase, vendar deleža ponovne izolacije niso preučevali.
• The marketing authorisation holders should also provide scientific justification/s that this new dosing regimen will be effective for the treatment of the remaining target pathogens in the SPC.
• imetniki dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom morajo v povzetek glavnih značilnosti zdravila vključiti tudi znanstveno(e) utemeljitev(ve), da bo nov režim odmerjanja učinkovit pri zdravljenju preostalih ciljnih patogenov;
• due to the lack of support for the dosing regimen, especially in regards to elimination of infection, and EU legislation in regards to national control programmes for the control of salmonella in poultry that state that antimicrobials should not be used except in exceptional circumstances (Regulation EC 1177/2006), the CVMP considered that the indication for treatment of salmonella infections should be removed from the SPCs;
• zaradi pomanjkljive podpore za režim odmerjanja, zlasti v povezavi z odpravo okužbe, in zakonodaje EU, povezane z nacionalnimi programi za nadzorovanje salmonele pri perutnini, ki navaja, da se smejo protimikrobna zdravila uporabljati samo v izjemnih okoliščinah (Uredba (ES) 1177/2006), je odbor CVMP menil, da je treba indikacijo za zdravljenje okužb s salmonelo odstraniti iz povzetkov glavnih značilnosti zdravila;
Two studies conducted in 1997 and 2002 both demonstrated that when birds were infected with E.coli with reduced susceptibility, MIC=0.5 µg/ml, the efficacy of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin was reducedclinical signs were less well controlled and in one study mortality was approximately 43%.
Študiji, opravljeni v letih 1997 in 2002, sta pokazali, da se je pri pticah z zmanjšano občutljivostjo (MIK = 0,5 g/ml), okuženih z E. coli, učinkovitost enrofloksacina v odmerku 10 mg/kg zmanjšalaklinični znaki so bili manj nadzorovani in v eni študiji je bila umrljivost približno 43-odstotna.
Available online at www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal for non-pathogenic strains.
Na voljo na spletu na www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal
Ceva Animal Health Slovakia, spol s r.o., Račianska 77, 831 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
Ceva Animal Health Slovakia, spol s.r.o., Račianska 77, 831 02 Bratislava, Slovaška
Calier Portugal, S.A Centro Empresarial Sintra Estoril II, Ed. C, R. Pé do Mouro Estrada de Albarraque
Portugalska Calier Portugalska, S.A Centro Empresarial Sintra Estoril II, Ed. C,
When administered continuously in drinking water (based on a daily dose of 10 mg/kg bw), steadystate plasma concentrations (Css) for enrofloxacin were 0.33 ± 0.04 µg/ml in turkeys and 0.56 ± 0.13 µg/ml in chickens.
Ko se je enrofloksacin neprekinjeno dajal v vodo za pitje (na podlagi dnevnega odmerka 10 mg/kg telesne mase), so bile koncentracije enrofloksacina v plazmi v stanju dinamičnega ravnovesja (Css) 0,33 ± 0,04 µg/ml pri puranih in 0,56 ± 0,13 µg/ml pri piščancih.
Since enrofloxacin was first authorised for use in poultry, there has been widespread reduction in susceptibility of E.coli to fluoroquinolones and emergence of resistant organisms.
Ker je bil enrofloksacin najprej odobren pri perutnini, je prišlo do obsežnega zmanjšanja občutljivosti E. coli za fluorokinolone in pojava odpornih organizmov.
MIC90 was determined as 0.5 µg/ml in most references.
V večini reference je bila koncentracija MIK90 določena pri 0,5 µg/ml.
06511 Carros cedex France
06511 Carros cedex Francija
Farma vet Ltd. 40 Otec Paisii Str. Shumen 9700
Bolgarija Farma vet Ltd. 40 Otec Paisii Str.
A further field study conducted in the EU demonstrated that dose rates up to 20.6 mg/kg bw again controlled signs but did not eliminate the pathogen.
Druga študija, opravljena v EU, je prav tako pokazala, da so odmerki do 20,6 mg/kg telesne mase nadzorovali znake, vendar niso povzročili odprave patogena.
A comprehensive PK/PD analysis was provided.
Preložena je bila izčrpna farmakokinetična/farmakodinamična analiza.
Ceva Santé Animale, 10 avenue de La Ballastière, 33500 Libourne France
Ceva Santé Animale, 10 avenue de La Ballastière, 33500 Libourne Francija
Crta de Castellvell, 24 43206 Reus (Tarragona) Spain
Crta de Castellvell, 24 43206 Reus (Tarragona) Španija
In vitro susceptibility has been shown in strains of (i) Gram-negative species such as Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida and Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum and (ii) Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae.
Občutljivost so in vitro pokazali pri sevih i) gramnegativnih vrst, kot so Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida ter Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum, in (ii) Mycoplasma gallisepticum ter Mycoplasma synoviae.
One study also demonstrated that continuous administration of the product at 10 mg/kg bw was better than pulsed
Ena študija je prav tako pokazala, da je bila neprekinjena uporaba zdravila v odmerku 10 mg/kg telesne mase boljša od impulzne uporabe v istem odmerku.
The MIC of the challenge strain was 0.06 µg/ml, where reported.
Koncentracija MIK proti sevu, uporabljenem v provokacijskem testu, je bila 0,06 µg/ml, kadar so o njej poročali.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: quinolone and quinoxaline antibacterials, fluoroquinolones.
Farmakoterapevtska skupina: kinoloni in kinoksalini; fluorokinoloni.
08620 Sant Vicenc del Horts, Barcelona Spain
08620 Sant Vicenc del Horts, Barcelona Španija
s r.o., Murgašova 5, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
s r.o., Murgašova 5, 949 01 Nitra Slovaška