natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The CVMP notes that after further considerations regarding the current EU rules and Good Agricultural Practice on manure spreading, and how the target animals are kept and how manure is be managed, the initially suggested risk mitigation measures would slow down the accumulation of zinc in each compartment.
Odbor CVMP se strinja, da bi po nadaljnji preučitvi veljavnih pravil EU in dobre kmetijske prakse o gnojenju ter o nastanitvi ciljnih živali in ravnanju z gnojem prvotno predlagani ukrepi za zmanjšanje tveganja upočasnili kopičenje cinka v posameznem ekosistemu.
Therefore, the continued beneficial effect of zinc oxide after cessation of treatment remains unclear.
Posledično še vedno ni jasno, ali so trajni pozitivni učinki cinkovega oksida prisotni tudi po prenehanju zdravljenja.
In conclusion the combination of zinc oxide and sulfaguanidine is not justified.
Zaključili so, da kombinacija cinkovega oksida in sulfagvanidina ni utemeljena.
Report to the European Food Safety Authority - link 20 EFSA Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of zinc compounds (E6) as feed additive for all animal species: Zinc oxide, based on a dossier submitted by Grillo Zinkoxid GmbH/EMFEMA - link validation of the IDMM has been performed by the comparison of model predictions against published monitoring data for zinc applications.
Report to the European Food Safety Authority - link 20 EFSA Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of zinc compounds (E6) as feed additive for all animal species: Zinc oxide, based on a dossier submitted by Grillo Zinkoxid GmbH/EMFEMA - link ni boljše možnosti, velja, da se lahko z modelom IDMM pridobi smiselna ocena tveganja za okolje, ki jo pomeni uporaba zdravila Gutal ali drugega zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebuje cink.
The study was performed on 260 piglets from 36 litters weaned at the age of 28 days and assigned, according to initial body weight and the litter of origin, to one of six treatment groups: 0 ppm zinc, 100 ppm zinc; 200 ppm zinc; 1000 ppm zinc; 2500 ppm zinc and 4000 ppm zinc.
Študijo so izvedli na 260 prašičkih iz 36 legel, ki so jih odstavili pri starosti 28 dni in nato glede na začetno telesno maso in izvorno leglo razdelili v šest skupin zdravljenja: 0 ppm cinka, 100 ppm cinka, 200 ppm cinka, 1 000 ppm cinka, 2 500 ppm cinka in 4 000 ppm cinka.
Therefore the information submitted by those marketing authorisation holders at the stage of reexamination was taken into consideration in order to safeguard their rights.
Zato so se pri ponovni preučitvi upoštevali podatki, ki sta jih predložila navedena imetnika dovoljenja za promet z zdravilom, in sicer za zaščito njunih pravic.
Although there were uncertainties in both PEC and PNEC calculations on environmental compartments, the overall risk assessment was viewed as conservative and as a result various risk mitigation measures were proposed, which were anticipated to reduce the accumulation of zinc in the environment.
Kljub negotovostim pri izračunavanju vrednosti PEC in PNEC v ekosistemih je splošna ocena tveganja obveljala za konservativno, zato so bili predlagani različni ukrepi za zmanjšanje tveganja, ki naj bi predvidoma zmanjšali kopičenje cinka v okolju.
• the CVMP acknowledged that there is a risk of co-selection for resistance associated with the use of zinc oxide, but at the present time, that risk is not quantifiable;
• odbor CVMP je priznal, da obstaja tveganje za koselekcijo odpornosti, povezano z uporabo cinkovega oksida, vendar trenutno tega tveganja ni mogoče količinsko opredeliti;
Effect assessment
Ocena učinka
The marketing authorisation holders, while acknowledging that there is a risk to the environment due to accumulation of zinc, are proposing to collect data on the sale and consumption of veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide within the ESVAC activity, as it is already done with antibiotics, as such data would help to further investigate the use and consequent environmental impact of zinc oxide when used as a veterinary medicinal product.
Imetniki dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom sicer priznavajo, da zaradi kopičenja cinka obstaja tveganje za okolje, vendar v okviru dejavnosti ESVAC predlagajo zbiranje podatkov o prodaji in porabi zdravil za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo cinkov oksid, kot se že izvaja za antibiotike, saj bi takšni podatki pripomogli k nadaljnji preučitvi uporabe cinkovega oksida kot zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini in njegovega posledičnega vpliva na okolje.
The CVMP was requested to review all available data and to evaluate the overall benefit-risk balance of the products concerned in order to determine the benefits associated with the use of zinc oxide in food producing species and also the risks for the environment and risks of (co-)selection of resistance genes.
Odbor CVMP je bil zaprošen, naj pregleda vse razpoložljive podatke in ovrednoti splošno razmerje med tveganji in koristmi za zadevna zdravila ter tako ugotovi koristi, povezane z uporabo cinkovega oksida pri vrstah za proizvodnjo živil, ter tveganja za okolje in (ko)selekcijo genov za odpornost.
With regard to environmental risks, the marketing authorisation holders consider that in the initial assessment the CVMP did not use the risk assessment methodology applied during the EU RAR on zinc, and argues that the developments in the scientific literature published after the EU RAR on zinc, on how to incorporate metal bioavailability in the a risk assessment, were not taken into consideration.
Kar zadeva tveganja za okolje, imetnika dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom menita, da odbor CVMP v prvotni oceni ni uporabil metodologije za oceno tveganja, kakršna je bila uporabljena v poročilu EU RAR za cink, in trdita, da niso upoštevane najnovejše ugotovitve iz znanstvene literature, objavljene po objavi poročila EU RAR za cink, o vključitvi biološke uporabnosti kovin v oceno tveganja.
The posology of aniMedica's veterinary medicinal products (daily dose of 1 g product per 5 kg bw, equivalent to 5 mg colistin sulphate and 96 mg zinc oxide per kg bw, for 5 - 7 days), means that the concentration of zinc oxide in-feed will be 3000 ppm (approximately 2400 ppm zinc).
Način odmerjanja zdravil družbe aniMedica za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (dnevni odmerek 1 g zdravila na 5 kg telesne mase, kar ustreza 5 mg kolistinijevega sulfata in 96 mg cinkovega oksida na kg telesne mase, v obdobju 5-7 dni) pomeni, da je koncentracija cinkovega oksida v krmi 3 000 ppm (približno 2 400 ppm cinka).
The CVMP recognises the importance of bioavailability when addressing toxicity of metals, and considers that while different models might take into consideration the bioavailable fraction of zinc oxide and conclude on a slight different timeframe for when (i.e., in which year) environmental risks are predicted to occur, none of the models support a prediction of no environmental risk from the use of zinc oxide as a veterinary medicinal product, nor that zinc in soil will not become bioavailable to soil, water or aquatic biota.
Odbor CVMP priznava pomen biološke uporabnosti pri obravnavi toksičnosti kovin in meni, da lahko različni modeli sicer upoštevajo biološko uporabno frakcijo cinkovega oksida in je tako iz njih mogoče izpeljati nekoliko drugačen časovni okvir za čas (tj. v letih), ko naj bi se pojavila tveganja za okolje, vendar nobeden od modelov ne podpira napovedi, da tveganje za okolje zaradi uporabe cinkovega oksida ne obstaja, in da cink v prsti ne bo postal biološko uporaben za tla, vodo ali vodne organizme.
During the weaning period, piglets loose the benefit of passive immunity from the sow's milk and experience gastrointestinal changes that accompany the change in diet, which causes them a degree of stress and leaves them vulnerable to secondary infections.
V obdobju odstavljanja prašički niso več deležni koristi pasivne imunosti iz svinjinega mleka in zaradi spremenjene prehrane doživijo prebavne spremembe, kar jim povzroči stres in postanejo dovzetni za sekundarne okužbe.
In the aquatic compartment, zinc bioavailability in water has been predicted using the Metal Bioavailability Assessment Tool (United Kingdom Environment Agency)13, a user-friendly version of the Biotic Ligand Model, a model that is used to predict the bioavailable metals for different aquatic species (algae, Daphnia and fish) and has been used and well reported in a large number of peer-reviewed studies for zinc, and the data used in the EU RAR on zinc (2010).
V vodnem ekosistemu se biološka uporabnost cinka v vodi napoveduje z orodjem za ocenjevanje biološke uporabnosti kovin (Agencija Združenega kraljestva za okolje)13, tj. uporabniku prijazno različico biotskega ligandskega modela, ki se uporablja za napovedovanje biološke uporabnosti kovin pri različnih vodnih vrstah (algah, vodnih bolhah in ribah) ter so ga uporabljali in o njem obširno poročali v številnih medsebojno strokovno pregledanih študijah o cinku ter pri podatkih, uporabljenih v poročilu EU RAR za cink (2010).
During the above-mentioned referral procedure, a complete benefit-risk assessment was not conducted by the CVMP, and while the therapeutic benefits of Gutal were not taken into account as the product is a generic and bioequivalence with the reference product was accepted, quality, target animal safety, user safety impact on antimicrobial resistance development and residues were not assessed during the initial referral procedure, (given the scope of that referral).
V okviru navedenega napotitvenega postopka odbor CVMP ni opravil celotne ocene razmerja med tveganji in koristmi, in čeprav terapevtske koristi zdravila Gutal niso bile upoštevane, saj gre za generično zdravilo in je bila sprejeta biološka enakovrednost z referenčnim zdravilom, v prvotnem napotitvenem postopku (zaradi namena napotitve) niso bili ocenjeni kakovost, varnost ciljnih živali, vpliv razvoja protimikrobne odpornosti na varnost uporabnikov in ostanki.
In the terrestrial and aquatic compartments a risk (RQ >1) was found at 4 out of 19 scenarios and at 5 of out 15 scenarios from 2060 onwards, for the worst case and lower application rate, respectively.
V kopenskem in vodnem ekosistemu je bilo tveganje (KT > 1) ugotovljeno pri 4 od 19 scenarijev v najslabšem možnem primeru in pri 5 od 15 scenarijev pri manjšem odmerku od leta 2060 naprej.
• the CVMP considered that risk mitigation measures will only dilute and not decrease the total zinc emission output to the environment, and thus it will only be a matter of time before risks are present in all compartments;
• odbor CVMP je presodil, da bodo predlagani ukrepi za zmanjšanje tveganja le razredčili in ne zmanjšali skupnega iznosa cinka v okolje, zato je le vprašanje časa, kdaj bodo tveganja prisotna v vseh ekosistemih;
• A risk of zinc to soil dwelling species will on average be reached in approximately 31 years in sandy soils.
• tveganje zaradi cinka za vrste, ki živijo v tleh, v peščenih tleh v povprečju doseženo v približno 31 letih.
Exposure: accumulation, bioavailability and model calculation of zinc concentrations in the environment It is acknowledged that due to the physico-chemical properties of zinc (non-volatile and nondegradable), continual application of manure from treated animals to land under practices of intensive pig breeding will cause a gradual increase in the topsoil zinc concentration, followed by an increase in other relevant compartments, over time.
Izpostavljenost: kopičenje, biološka uporabnost in modelni izračun koncentracij cinka v okolju Priznava se, da zaradi fizikalno-kemijskih lastnosti cinka (nehlapnost in nerazgradljivost) stalen vnos gnoja zdravljenih živali na zemljišča pri intenzivni prašičereji postopoma zviša koncentracije cinka v vrhnji plasti tal, čemur sčasoma sledi zvišanje v drugih ustreznih ekosistemih.
Regardless of the approach presented, data indicates that if the uses of zinc oxide as a veterinary medicinal product in pig farming, and applications of manure to land continue as they have been in the last years, zinc will continue to accumulate within the soil matrix, leading to an increase in bioavailable fraction of zinc in soils, eventually to levels higher than the PNEC.
Ne glede na predstavljeni pristop podatki kažejo, da se bo v primeru, če se bo cinkov oksid kot zdravilo za uporabo v veterinarski medicini pri prašičereji še naprej uporabljal in se bo vnos gnoja na zemljišča nadaljeval kot v preteklih letih, cink kopičil v talni matrici, zaradi česar se bo povečala biološko uporabna frakcija cinka v tleh in bo sčasoma presežena vrednost PNEC.
However, increases in MRSA prevalence during the administration of zinc oxide to piglets appear partly transient (Slifierz et al., 2015)25.
Kljub temu se zdi, da je večja prevalenca bakterij MRSA v času dajanja cinkovega oksida prašičkom deloma prehodne narave (Slifierz idr., 2015)25.
The PNEC values in this report are considered reliable and, hence, are suitable for use in the risk characterisation veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide administered orally to food producing animals.
Vrednosti PNEC v tem poročilu veljajo za zanesljive in so torej primerne za uporabo pri določanju tveganja zdravil za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo cinkov oksid, za peroralno dajanje vrstam za proizvodnjo živil.
The Committee accepts that, while there may be a benefit in monitoring the zinc oxide consumption as a veterinary medicine, a risk to the environment has been identified and, at this time, the risks are considered to outweigh the benefits for zinc oxide as a veterinary medicine.
Odbor priznava, da bi bilo spremljanja porabe cinkovega oksida kot zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini sicer koristno, vendar je bilo tveganje za okolje že ugotovljeno, zato se trenutno šteje, da tveganja odtehtajo koristi cinkovega oksida kot zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini.
Treatments consisted in a baseline diet of 100 ppm zinc in the form of zinc oxide or the same diet supplemented with 2400 ppm zinc (as zinc oxide).
Zdravljenje je bilo sestavljeno iz izhodiščne prehrane s 100 ppm cinka v obliki cinkovega oksida ali enake prehrane, v katero so dodajali 2 400 ppm cinka (v obliki cinkovega oksida).
Taking into account the overall data available, despite the absence of GCP studies, the CVMP considered that the effect of zinc oxide supplementation on the reduction of post-weaning diarrhoea was considered to be sufficiently substantiated.
Z upoštevanjem skupnih razpoložljivih podatkov kljub odsotnosti študij, skladnih z dobro klinično prakso, je odbor CVMP menil, da je učinek dodajanja cinkovega oksida na zmanjšanje driske po odstavitvi dovolj utemeljen.
The Metal Bioavailability Assessment Tool is based on the outputs from the zinc Biotic Ligand Models and the dataset used in the derivation of the Environmental Quality Standard for zinc, and only requires input data for water pH, dissolved organic carbon and dissolved calcium concentration, but does not take into account the presence of other ions that could affect zinc speciation and, hence, bioavailability.
Orodje za ocenjevanje biološke uporabnosti temelji na izhodnih podatkih biotskih ligandskih modelov za cink in naborih podatkov, uporabljenih pri izpeljavi okoljskega standarda kakovosti za cink, ter zahteva le vhodne podatke za pH vode, koncentracijo raztopljenega organskega ogljika in raztopljenega kalcija, vendar ne upošteva prisotnosti drugih ionov, ki bi lahko vplivali na sestavo drobnih delcev cinka in s tem na njegovo biološko uporabnosti.
In a study on the administration of zinc oxide in weaned piglets (Poulsen, 1995)8, the administration of high amounts of zinc as zinc oxide for a duration of 1, 2 or 3 weeks after weaning affected the incidence of post-weaning diarrhoea, among other parameters.
V študiji o dajanju cinkovega oksida pri odstavljenih prašičkih (Poulsen, 1995)8 je dajanje velikih količin cinka v obliki cinkovega oksida v enem, dveh ali treh tednih po odstavitvi med drugimi parametri vplivalo tudi na pojavnost driske po odstavitvi.
Thus, it seems that the indication should be limited to the prevention of unspecific diarrhoea of post-weaning i.e. induced by the practice of weaning in certain conditions of breeding.
Zdi se, da je treba indikacijo omejiti na preprečevanje nespecifične driske po odstavitvi, torej driske, ki se v določenih vzrejnih pogojih pojavi ob odstavljanju.
However, and as noted above, the previously suggested risk mitigation measures would slow down the accumulation of zinc in each compartment, thus just delaying the total zinc accumulation in the environment (i.e. the time when PEC will exceed PNECs), but given the nature of zinc they cannot guarantee that they can effectively eliminate imminent and future environmental risks identified in the risk assessment.
Vendar pa bi, kot je navedeno zgoraj, predhodno predlagani ukrepi za zmanjšanje tveganja le upočasnili kopičenje cinka v posameznem ekosistemu in tako le odložili skupno kopičenje cinka v okolju (tj. podaljšali čas, ko bo vrednost PEC presegla vrednosti PNEC), vendar glede na naravo cinka ni mogoče zagotoviti, da bi z njimi učinkovito odpravili takojšnja in prihodnja tveganja za okolje, ugotovljena v oceni tveganja.
The marketing authorisation holders accept that, based on the CVMP assessment, the risk mitigation measures proposed will only dilute and not decrease the total zinc output to the environment, and thus it will only be a matter of time before risks are present in all compartments.
Imetniki dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom se strinjajo, da bi na podlagi ocene odbora CVMP predlagani ukrepi za zmanjšanje tveganja le razredčili in ne zmanjšali skupnega iznosa cinka v okolje, zato je le vprašanje časa, kdaj bodo tveganja prisotna v vseh ekosistemih.
The CVMP confirmed that, at this level, zinc oxide cannot be considered as an excipient only and that furthermore, considering the substantial amount of zinc oxide present in the aforementioned products (Enteroxid N AMV aniMedica and aniMedica Enteroxid N), the classification of the substance as an excipient or active substance is not relevant.
Odbor CVMP je potrdil, da se cinkov oksid pri tej koncentraciji ne more šteti samo za pomožno snov in da glede na precejšnjo količino cinkovega oksida v navedenih zdravilih (Enteroxid N AMV aniMedica in aniMedica Enteroxid N) razvrstitev snovi kot pomožne snovi ali zdravilne učinkovine ni ustrezna.
For the grounds of re-examination, the marketing authorisation holder focuses on what they believe to be inconclusive results from a recent Danish soil monitoring study (Bak et al. 2015).
Pri razlogih za ponovno preučitev se imetnik dovoljenja za promet z zdravilom osredotoča na po njegovem mnenju nejasne rezultate nedavne študije spremljanja prsti (Bak idr.
The published data from Hu et al. (Hu et al., 2013a3; Hu et al., 2013b4) showed in two different nonGCP studies a statistically significant effect on faecal consistency (scored from 1 to 5) of the feed supplementation with 2250 ppm zinc in weaned piglets (aged 21 days) for 14 days, in comparison with a negative control.
(Hu idr., 2013a3; Hu idr., 2013b4), so v dveh študijah, neskladnih z dobro klinično prakso, pokazali statistično značilen učinek 14-dnevnega dodajanja 2 250 ppm cinka v krmo na konsistenco blata (ocenjeno z ocenami od 1 do 5) odstavljenih prašičkov (starih 21 dni) v primerjavi z negativno kontrolo.
It appears that zinc oxide administered at high doses may co-select for antimicrobial resistance, a phenomenon shown in vivo for LA-MRSA ST398.
Zdi se, da lahko cinkov oksid v velikih odmerkih povzroči koselekcijo za protimikrobno odpornost, tj. pojav, ki je bil dokazan v poskusih in vivo pri LA-MRSA ST398.
12 European Union Risk Assessment Report (EU RAR) on zinc (2010) - link marketing authorisation holders to establish (refine) the PNECs for the relevant environmental compartments.
12 European Union Risk Assessment Report (EU RAR) on zinc (2010) - link za poročilo EU RAR (2010) zaključilo, pa je na voljo več podatkov, ki so jih uporabili nekateri imetniki dovoljenj za promet z zdravilom za določitev (izboljšavo) vrednosti PNEC za ustrezne ekosisteme.
Hence, where an excess of AVS exists and zinc sulfides are formed, the PNEC may be exceeded considerably before any adverse effects are observed.
V prisotnosti presežnih količin AVS in pri tvorbi cinkovih sulfidov je vrednost PNEC lahko bistveno presežena, še preden so vidni škodljivi učinki.
aniMedica's scientific grounds for re-examination focused on benefits associated with the use of their products (veterinary medicinal products containing colistin sulfate and zinc oxide), risks for (co-)selection of resistance genes and risks for the environment associated with the use their products.
Znanstveni razlogi družbe aniMedica za ponovno preučitev se osredotočajo na koristi, povezane z uporabo njihovih zdravil (zdravil za uporabo v veterinarski medicini, ki vsebujejo kolistinijev sulfat in cinkov oksid), tveganja za (ko)selekcijo genov za odpornost in tveganja za okolje, povezana z uporabo njihovih zdravil.
In the study from Trckova et al. (2015)5, clinical observation of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxic E. coli demonstrated a lower diarrhoea score and diarrhoea incidence in the treated animals (fed with a diet containing 2500 ppm zinc oxide in feed) than in the control animals (untreated pigs).
(2015)5 so klinična opažanja pri odstavljenih prašičkih po provokaciji z enterotoksično E. coli dokazala zmanjšanje resnosti in pojavnosti driske pri zdravljenih živalih (hranjenih s krmo, ki je vsebovala 2 500 ppm cinkovega oksida) v primerjavi s kontrolnimi živalmi (nezdravljenimi prašiči).
The latter can reduce zinc bioavailability and, although levels are variable, where zinc sulfides are formed PNECs may be greatly exceeded before adverse effects are observed.
Ti zmanjšujejo biološko uporabnost cinka in kljub spremenljivosti njihovih koncentracij so lahko vrednosti PNEC na območjih, na katerih nastajajo cinkovi sulfidi, bistveno presežene, preden je mogoče opaziti škodljive učinke.
The calculation of site-specific PNECs for Gutal was carried out using an Excel tool soil PNEC calculator (developed by Arche Consulting)14 which incorporates parameters relevant to determine soil zinc bioavailability, such as pH, organic and clay content, and the cation exchanged capacity.
Vrednosti PNEC, specifične za posamezno mesto, za zdravilo Gutal so bile izračunane z Excelovim orodjem za računanje PNEC (ki ga je razvilo podjetje Arche Consulting),14 ki vključuje parametre, pomembne za določanje biološke uporabnosti cinka v prsti, kot so pH, vsebnost organskih snovi in gline ter kationska izmenjalna kapaciteta.
Significant reduction of diarrhoea (p<0.02) was observed in animals treated with high zinc diets, although significant differences were not observed between both treatment periods.
Pri živalih, ki so prejemale prehrano z veliko vsebnostjo cinka, so opazili pomembno zmanjšanje driske (p < 0,02), med obdobjema zdravljenja pa ni bilo pomembnih razlik.
In the frame of the aforementioned procedure, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) considered that there is some uncertainty associated with the calculated risks for some environmental compartments as the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) due to the use of zinc as a veterinary medicinal product could not be validated, and the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) did not always account for zinc bioavailability (specifically for the sediment compartment).
Odbor za zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini (CVMP) je v okviru navedenega postopka ocenil, da obstaja določena negotovost, povezana z izračunanimi tveganji za določene ekosisteme, saj predvidene okoljske koncentracije (PEC) zaradi uporabe cinka kot zdravila za uporabo v veterinarski medicini ni mogoče validirati, pri predvideni koncentraciji brez učinka (PNEC) pa se ne upošteva vedno biološka razpoložljivost cinka (zlasti v usedlinah).
The Committee acknowledged that there is a risk of coselection for resistance associated with the use of zinc oxide, but at the present time, that risk is not quantifiable.
Odbor priznava, da obstaja tveganje za koselekcijo odpornosti, povezano z uporabo cinkovega oksida, vendar trenutno tega tveganja ni mogoče količinsko opredeliti.