natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
If overdose occurs, the patient should be treated supportively with appropriate monitoring as necessary.
V primeru prevelikega odmerka je treba bolnika zdraviti podporno in ga ustrezno nadzorovati, kot je potrebno.
Elderly patients (> 65 years old)
Starejši ljudje (> 65 let)
If a dose is missed the next dose should be taken at the usual time the next day.
V primeru pozabljenega odmerka je treba naslednji odmerek uporabiti ob običajnem času naslednji dan.
The dose counter counts down by 1 to confirm.
Števec odmerkov za potrditev odšteva po 1.
Do not use Relvar Ellipta if you are allergic to fluticasone furoate, vilanterol or any other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6).
Ne uporabljajte zdravila Relvar Ellipta če ste alergični na flutikazonfuroat, vilanterol ali katero koli sestavino tega zdravila (navedeno v poglavju 6).
If your symptoms (breathlessness, wheezing, cough) do not improve or get worse, or if you are using your quick-acting inhaler more often:
Če se vaši simptomi (zasoplost, piskajoče dihanje, kašelj) ne izboljšajo ali se poslabšajo, ali če uporabljate vaš kratkodelujoči inhalator pogosteje:
This helps to open the airways and makes it easier for air to get in and out of the lungs.
To pomaga odpreti dihalne poti in olajša vstopanje in izstopanje zraka v pljuča in iz njih.
**Fractures
**Zlomi
NAME OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER GSK Logo
IME IMETNIKA DOVOLJENJA ZA PROMET GSK Logo
The primary endpoint was the annual rate of moderate and severe exacerbations.
Primarni opazovani dogodek je bil letni delež zmernih in hudih poslabšanj.
Corticosteroids reduce inflammation.
Kortikosteroidi zmanjšajo vnetje.
The effects of haemodialysis have not been studied.
Učinki hemodialize niso raziskani.
If you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to some sugars, or to milk protein, contact your doctor before using this medicine.
Če vam je vaš zdravnik povedal, da imate intoleranco za nekatere sladkorje ali mlečne beljakovine, se posvetujte z zdravnikom, preden uporabite zdravilo.
They reduce the swelling and irritation in the small air passages in the lungs and so gradually ease breathing problems.
Zmanjšajo oteklost in draženje v malih dihalnih poteh v pljučih in tako postopoma olajšajo težave z dihanjem.
However, there was no evidence for the higher systemic exposure in this population to be associated with greater effect on 24 hour urinary cortisol excretion.
Vendar ni dokazov, da bi večjo sistemsko izpostavljenost pri tej populaciji spremljal večji učinek na 24-urno izločanje kortizola v urinu.
• Whenever the risk management system is modified, especially as the result of new information being received that may lead to a significant change to the benefit/risk profile or as the result of an important (Pharmacovigilance or risk minimisation) milestone being reached.
• ob vsakršni spremembi sistema za obvladovanje tveganj, zlasti kadar je tovrstna sprememba posledica prejema novih informacij, ki lahko privedejo do znatne spremembe razmerja med koristmi in tveganji, ali kadar je ta sprememba posledica tega, da je bil dosežen pomemben mejnik
Similar effects in reduction of moderate and severe exacerbations were observed in this subgroup as compared with the overall population.
V tej podskupini so opažali podobne učinke na zmanjšanje zmernih in hudih poslabšanj kot v celotni populaciji.
These studies included measures of lung function, dyspnoea and moderate and severe exacerbations.
Te študije so vključevale meritve pljučne funkcije, dispneje ter zmernih in hudih poslabšanj.
Allergic reactions to Relvar Ellipta are rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people).
Alergijske reakcije pri zdravilu Relvar Ellipta so redke (pojavijo se lahko pri največ 1 od 1.000 bolnikov).
In an integrated analysis of 11 studies in asthma (7,034 patients), the incidence of fractures was <1%, and usually associated with trauma.
V integrirani analizi 11 študij pri astmi (7.034 bolnikov) je bila incidenca zlomov < 1 % in so bili po navadi povezani s poškodbo.
if you have tuberculosis (TB) of the lung, or any long standing or untreated infections.
če imate pljučno tuberkulozo (TB) ali katerokoli dolgotrajno nezdravljeno okužbo;
For the SUMMIT study, the incidence of all events of fracture with FF/VI, FF, VI and placebo were 2% in each arm; fractures commonly associated with ICS use were less than 1 % in each arm.
V študiji SUMMIT je bila pojavnost vseh zlomov s FF/VI, FF, VI in placebom v vseh skupinah 2 %; zlomov, ki so pogosto povezani z uporabo ICS, je bilo v vsaki od skupin manj kot 1 %.
HZA106837 was of variable treatment duration (from a minimum of 24 weeks to a maximum of 76 weeks with the majority of patients treated for at least 52 weeks).
V HZA106837 je bilo trajanje zdravljenja spremenljivo (od najmanj 24 tednov do največ 76 tednov; večina bolnikov je bila zdravljenih vsaj 52 tednov).
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking any of these medicines.
Svojemu zdravniku ali farmacevtu morate povedati, če jemljete katerokoli od teh zdravil.
These effects are much less likely to occur than with oral corticosteroids.
Ti učinki so veliko manj verjetni kot med uporabo peroralnih kortikosteroidov.
Administration of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol to pregnant women should only be considered if the expected benefit to the mother is greater than any possible risk to the foetus.
Uporaba flutikazonfuroata/vilanterola pri nosečnicah pride v poštev le, če je pričakovana korist za mater večja od možnega tveganja za plod.
Systemic corticosteroid effects
Sistemski učinki kortikosteroidov
Relvar Ellipta should be used every day and not only when you have breathing problems or other symptoms of COPD and asthma.
Zdravilo Relvar Ellipta morate uporabljati vsak dan in ne samo, kadar imate težave z dihanjem ali druge simptome KOPB in astme.
Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity
Genotoksičnost in kancerogenost
You may notice that your heart is beating faster than usual, you feel shaky or have a headache.
Opazite lahko hitrejše bitje srca kot po navadi, občutek drhtenja ali glavobol.
Moderate and severe exacerbations Adjusted mean annual rate
Zmerna in huda poslabšanja Korigirani povprečni letni delež
PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS 6.1 List of excipients Lactose monohydrate Magnesium stearate
FARMACEVTSKI PODATKI 6.1 Seznam pomožnih snovi laktoza monohidrat magnezijev stearat
ONCE DAILY
1-krat/dan
Treatment Dose of FF/VI*(micrograms)
Terapevtski odmerek FF/VI* (mikrogrami)
12 month studies
12-mesečni študiji
Concurrent use of both non-selective and selective beta2-adrenergic blockers should be avoided unless there are compelling reasons for their use.
Sočasni uporabi z antagonisti adrenergičnih receptorjev beta2 (tako neselektivnih kot selektivnih) se je treba izogibati, razen če ostajajo nujni razlogi za njihovo uporabo.
The enhanced anti-inflammatory effect of the LABA component was similar to that obtained with other ICS/LABA combinations.
Izrazitejši protivnetni učinek LABA je bil podoben, kot je dosežen z drugimi kombinacijami ICS/LABA.
When you take these two active substances together regularly, they will help to control your breathing difficulties more than either medicine alone.
Če ti zdravilni učinkovini redno uporabljate skupaj, vam bosta pomagali obvladovati težave z dihanjem bolj kot vsako zdravilo posebej.
Corticosteroids also help to prevent attacks of asthma and aggravation of COPD.
Kortikosteroidi pomagajo tudi preprečiti napade astme in poslabšanje KOPB.
The following convention has been used for the classification of frequencies: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000).
Za razvrstitev pogostnosti je uporabljen naslednji dogovor: zelo pogosti (≥ 1/10); pogosti (≥ 1/100 do < 1/10); občasni (≥ 1/1000 do < 1/100); redki (≥ 1/10.000 do < 1/1000); zelo redki (< 1/10.000).
Fluticasone furoate belongs to a group of medicines called corticosteroids, often simply called steroids.
Flutikazonfuroat spada v skupino zdravil, imenovanih kortikosteroidi, pogosto preprosto imenovanih steroidi.
In HZA106837 all patients had at least one exacerbation that required treatment with oral corticosteroids in the year prior to visit 1.
V študiji HZA106837 so imeli vsi bolniki vsaj eno poslabšanje, ki je zahtevalo zdravljenje s peroralnimi kortikosteroidi v letu pred 1. obiskom.
Adults aged 18 years and over
Odrasli, stari 18 let ali več
In adolescents (12 years or older), there are no recommended dose modifications.
Pediatrična populacija Pri mladostnikih (starih 12 let ali več) ni priporočenih prilagoditev odmerka.
Absolute difference in number per year vs VI (95% CI)
Absolutna razlika v številu/leto v primerjavi z VI (95% CI)
The allergen was house dust mite, cat dander, or birch pollen; the selection was based on individual screening tests.
Alergeni so bili pršica iz hišnega prahu, mačji prhljaj ali brezin pelod; alergen so izbrali na podlagi individualnih presejalnih testov.
If you have used more than instructed for a long period of time, it is particularly important that you ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice.
Če ste odmerke, večje od priporočenega, uporabljali dolgo časa, je še posebej pomembno, da se posvetujete z zdravnikom ali farmacevtom.
Each delivered dose contains approximately 25 mg of lactose (as monohydrate).
Vsak dostavljen odmerek vsebuje približno 25 mg laktoze (v obliki monohidrata).
If you are using this medicine for COPD you may be at an increased risk of developing an infection of the lungs known as pneumonia.
Če uporabljate zdravilo za zdravljenje KOPB, imate lahko večje tveganje za pojav okužbe pljuč, imenovane pljučnica.
- Contact your doctor if you experience blurred vision or other visual disturbances.
- Posvetujte se s svojim zdravnikom, če se vam pojavi zamegljen vid ali druge motnje vida.
A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue fluticasone furoate/vilanterol therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Odločiti se je treba bodisi za prenehanje dojenja bodisi za prenehanje zdravljenja s flutikazonfuroat/vilanterolom, upoštevaje koristi dojenja za otroka in korist zdravljenja za žensko.
Step by step instructions
Navodila po korakih
This is because larger doses of Relvar Ellipta may reduce the amount of steroid hormones produced naturally by your body.
Večji odmerki zdravila Relvar Ellipta namreč lahko zmanjšajo količino steroidnih hormonov, ki naravno nastajajo v telesu.
The incidence of cardiovascular history/risk factors was similar across the treatment groups with patients most commonly suffering from hypertension (46%), followed by hypercholesterolemia (29%) and diabetes mellitus (12%).
Incidenca kardiovaskularne anamneze/dejavnikov tveganja je bila po terapevtskih skupinah podobna; bolniki so najpogosteje imeli hipertenzijo (46 %), ki sta ji sledili hiperholesterolemija (29 %) in sladkorna bolezen (12 %).
Co-administration should be avoided unless the benefit outweighs the increased risk of systemic corticosteroid undesirable effects, in which case patients should be monitored for systemic corticosteroid undesirable effects.
Sočasni uporabi se je treba izogniti, razen če korist odtehta povečano tveganje za pojav sistemskih neželenih učinkov kortikosteroidov; v tem primeru je treba bolnike nadzorovati glede sistemskih neželenih učinkov kortikosteroidov.
The requirements for submission of periodic safety update reports for this medicinal product are set out in the list of Union reference dates (EURD list) provided for under Article 107c(7) of Directive 2001/83/EC and any subsequent updates published on the European medicines web-portal.
• Redno posodobljena poročila o varnosti zdravila (PSUR) Zahteve glede predložitve rednega posodobljenega poročila o varnosti zdravila za to zdravilo so določene v seznamu referenčnih datumov EU (seznamu EURD), opredeljenem v členu 107c(7) Direktive 2001/83/ES,
The medicine is now ready to be inhaled.
Zdravilo je zdaj pripravljeno za inhaliranje.
Immediate breathing difficulties after using Relvar Ellipta are rare.
Takojšnje težave z dihanjem Takojšnje težave z dihanjem po uporabi zdravila Relvar Ellipta so redke.
Administration of fluticasone furoate combined with vilanterol did not result in any significant new toxicity.
Uporaba flutikazonfuroata v kombinaciji z vilanterolom ni povzročila pomembnih novih toksičnih učinkov.
When it is taken regularly, it helps the small air passages to remain open.
Če je vilanterol rabljen redno, pomaga ohraniti male dihalne poti odprte.
Increased cyclic AMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells.
Zvišanje ravni cikličnega AMP povzroči sprostitev bronhialnih gladkih mišic in zavre sproščanje mediatorjev takojšnje preobčutljivosti iz celic, predvsem iz mastocitov.
A severe asthma exacerbation was defined as deterioration of asthma requiring the use of systemic corticosteroids for at least 3 days or an inpatient hospitalization or emergency department visit due to asthma that required systemic corticosteroids.
Hudo poslabšanje astme je bilo opredeljeno kot poslabšanje astme, ki je zahtevalo vsaj 3-dnevno uporabo sistemskih kortikosteroidov ali sprejem v bolnišnico ali obisk na oddelku za nujno medicinsko pomoč zaradi astme, ki je zahtevala sistemske kortikosteroide.
No dosage adjustment is necessary based on gender, weight or BMI.
Odmerjanja ni treba prilagoditi glede na spol, telesno maso ali ITM.
The adjusted mean treatment difference of -37 mL between the groups was not statistically significant (p=0.162).
Korigirana povprečna razlika med zdravljenjema 37 ml med skupinama ni bila statistično značilna (p = 0,162).
Patients should be regularly reassessed by a healthcare professional so that the strength of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol they are receiving remains optimal and is only changed on medical advice.
Zdravnik mora bolnike redno kontrolirati, da ostane jakost uporabljane kombinacije flutikazonfuroat/vilanterol optimalna in se spremeni le po nasvetu zdravnika.
Some medicines may affect how this medicine works, or make it more likely that you will have side effects.
Nekatera zdravila lahko vplivajo na delovanje tega zdravila ali povečajo verjetnost neželenih učinkov.
Moderate/ severe exacerbations were defined as worsening symptoms that required treatment with oral corticosteroids and/or antibiotics or in-patient hospitalisation.
Zmerna/huda poslabšanja so bila opredeljena kot poslabšanje simptomov, ki je zahtevalo zdravljenje s peroralnimi kortikosteroidi in/ali antibiotiki ali sprejem v bolnišnico.
Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol are both substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
Flutikazonfuroat in vilanterol sta oba substrata P-glikoproteina (P-gp).
Six month studies
6-mesečni študiji
All subjects had to have been on a stable dose of an ICS for at least 4 weeks prior to visit 1 (screening visit) and the use of LABAs was not permitted within 4 weeks of visit 1.
Vsi preiskovanci so morali prejemati stabilen odmerek inhaliranega kortikosteroida vsaj 4 tedne pred 1. obiskom (presejalni obisk) in uporaba LABA ni bila dovoljena v 4-tedenskem obdobju po 1. obisku.
This leaflet was last revised in <{MM/YYYY}>
Navodilo je bilo nazadnje revidirano dne <{MM/LLLL}> Drugi viri informacij
Excipients with known effect:
Pomožna(e) snov(i) z znanim učinkom:
The precise mechanism through which fluticasone furoate affects asthma and COPD symptoms is not known.
Natančen mehanizem, po katerem flutikazonfuroat vpliva na simptome astme in KOPB, ni znan.
Adverse reactions are listed by system organ class and frequency.
Neželeni učinki so navedeni po organskih sistemih in pogostnosti.
Vilanterol trifenatate
Vilanterolijev trifenatat
Vilanterol trifenatate was not teratogenic in rats.
Vilanterolijev trifenatat pri podganah ni bil teratogen.
Corticosteroids have been shown to have a wide range of actions on multiple cell types (e.g. eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes) and mediators (e.g. cytokines and chemokines involved in inflammation).
Dokazano je, da imajo kortikosteroidi širok spekter vplivov na več vrst celic (npr. na eozinofilce, makrofage, limfocite) in mediatorjev (npr. na citokine in kemokine, ki sodelujejo pri vnetju).
In the asthma clinical development program a total of 7,034 patients were included in an integrated assessment of adverse reactions.
V programu kliničnega razvoja pri astmi je bilo v integrirano oceno neželenih učinkov vključenih skupno 7.034 bolnikov.
With the exception of pneumonia and fractures, the safety profile was similar in patients with asthma and COPD.
Z izjemo pljučnice in zlomov so bile varnostne značilnosti pri bolnikih z astmo in KOPB podobne.
Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity at exposures which are not clinically relevant (see section 5.3).
Študije na živalih so pokazale vpliv na sposobnost razmnoževanja pri izpostavljenostih, ki niso klinično pomembne (glejte poglavje 5.3).
Patients with asthma should be given the strength of Relvar Ellipta containing the appropriate fluticasone furoate (FF) dosage for the severity of their disease.
Bolniki z astmo morajo dobiti tisto jakost zdravila Relvar Ellipta, ki vsebuje odmerek flutikazonfuroata (FF), ustrezen izrazitosti njihove bolezni.
In HZA106837 the primary endpoint was the time to first severe asthma exacerbation.
V študiji HZA106837 je bil primarni opazovani dogodek čas do prvega hudega poslabšanja astme.
If you open and close the cover without inhaling the medicine, you will lose the dose.
Če odprete in zaprete pokrovček, ne da bi vdihnili zdravilo, boste izgubili odmerek.
PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 30 doses
FARMACEVTSKA OBLIKA IN VSEBINA 30 odmerkov
This should be treated immediately with a short-acting inhaled bronchodilator.
Takšno stanje je treba nemudoma zdraviti s hitrodelujočim inhalacijskim bronhodilatatorjem.
Beta2-adrenergic blockers may weaken or antagonise the effect of beta2-adrenergic agonists.
Antagonisti adrenergičnih receptorjev beta2 lahko oslabijo ali antagonizirajo učinek agonistov adrenergičnih receptorjev beta2.
Vilanterol belongs to a group of medicines called long acting bronchodilators.
Vilanterol spada v skupino zdravil, imenovanih dolgodelujoči bronhodilatatorji.
Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the total lactase deficiency or glucosegalactose malabsorption should not use this medicinal product.
Bolniki z redko dedno intoleranco za galaktozo, popolno zmanjšano aktivnostjo laktaze ali malabsorpcijo glukoze/galaktoze ne smejo jemati tega zdravila.
Studies in subjects with mild, moderate and severe hepatic impairment showed an increase in systemic exposure to fluticasone furoate (both Cmax and AUC) (see section 5.2).
Študije pri bolnikih z blago, zmerno in hudo okvaro jeter so pokazale večjo sistemsko izpostavljenost flutikazonfuroatu (tako Cmax kot AUC) (glejte poglavje 5.2).
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
KOPB (kronična obstruktivna pljučna bolezen)
Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol should be administered with caution in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis or in patients with chronic or untreated infections.
Flutikazonfuroat/vilanterol je treba uporabljati previdno pri bolnikih s pljučno tuberkulozo in bolnikih s kroničnimi ali nezdravljenimi okužbami.
- The other ingredients are lactose monohydrate (See section 2) and magnesium stearate.
- Pomožni snovi sta laktoza monohidrat (glejte poglavje 2) in magnezijev stearat.
These synergistic interactions are reflected in enhanced anti-inflammatory activity, which has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo in a range of inflammatory cells relevant to the pathophysiology of both asthma and COPD.
Ti sinergistični učinki se izražajo z močnejšim protivnetnim delovanjem, ki je bilo in vitro in in vivo dokazano pri celi vrsti vnetnih celic, pomembnih tako za patofiziologijo astme kot KOPB.
Concomitant administration of other sympathomimetic medicinal products (alone or as part of combination therapy) may potentiate the adverse reactions of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol.
Sočasna uporaba drugih simpatikomimetičnih zdravil (samih ali kot sestavin kombiniranega zdravljenja) lahko stopnjuje neželene učinke flutikazonfuroata/vilanterola.
Paradoxical bronchospasm may occur with an immediate increase in wheezing after dosing.
Pojavi se lahko paradoksni bronhospazem s takojšnjim pojačanjem piskajočega dihanja po uporabi zdravila.
However, there was no evidence that this higher vilanterol Cmax resulted in clinically significant effects on heart rate.
Vendar ni dokazov, da bi ta večja Cmax vilanterola klinično pomembno vplivala na srčno frekvenco.
• sore, raised patches in the mouth or throat caused by a fungal infection (candidiasis).
• boleče, dvignjene lehe v ustih ali žrelu, ki jih povzroča glivična okužba (kandidoza),
In the COPD clinical development programme a total of 6,237 subjects were included in an integrated assessment of adverse reactions.
V programu kliničnega razvoja pri KOPB je bilo v integrirano oceno neželenih učinkov vključenih skupno 6.237 preiskovancev.
Table 1 - Results of primary and key secondary endpoints in HZA106827 and HZA106829
Rezultati primarnega in ključnih sekundarnih opazovanih dogodkov v HZA106827 in
INFORMATION IN BRAILLE relvar ellipta 184:22
PODATKI V BRAILLOVI PISAVI relvar ellipta 184:22
Clinical pharmacology studies with a specific P-gp inhibitor and fluticasone furoate have not been conducted.
Kliničnih farmakoloških študij s specifičnim zaviralcem P-gp in flutikazonfuroatom niso izvedli.
• Slide the cover down until you hear a “click”.
• Potisnite pokrovček dol, dokler ne zaslišite "klik".
It relaxes the muscles of the small air passages in the lungs.
Sprosti mišice v malih dihalnih poteh v pljučih.
Relvar Ellipta should be discontinued immediately, the patient assessed and alternative therapy instituted if necessary.
Uporabo zdravila Relvar Ellipta je treba takoj prekiniti, bolnika pregledati in uvesti drugo zdravljenje, če je potrebno.
Interaction with CYP3A4 inhibitors
Medsebojno delovanje z zaviralci CYP3A4
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for obstructive airways diseases, adrenergics in combination with corticosteroids or other drugs, excl. anticholinergics ATC code: R03AK10.
Farmakoterapevtska skupina: Zdravila za obstruktivne pljučne bolezni; adrenergiki v kombinaciji s kortikosteroidi ali drugimi učinkovinami razen antiholinergikov, oznaka ATC: R03AK10.
If you get this sort of attack you must use a quick-acting inhaler (such as salbutamol).
Če se vam pojavi takšen napad, morate uporabiti hitrodelujoč inhalator (npr. salbutamol).
Subjects used salbutamol on an as-needed basis throughout the studies.
Preiskovanci so ves čas študij uporabljali salbutamol po potrebi.
Do not give this medicine to children under the age of 12 years for the treatment of asthma, or in children and adolescents of any age for the treatment of COPD.
Tega zdravila ne smete dajati za zdravljenje astme otrokom, mlajšim od 12 let, ali za zdravljenje KOPB otrokom in mladostnikom ne glede na starost.
INFORMATION IN BRAILLE relvar ellipta 92:22
PODATKI V BRAILLOVI PISAVI relvar ellipta 92:22
If you feel you are getting breathless or wheezy more often than normal, or if you are using your quickacting inhaler more than usual, see your doctor.
Če se vam zasoplost ali piskajoče dihanje pojavlja pogosteje kot po navadi, ali če svoj hitrodelujoči inhalator uporabljate pogosteje kot po navadi, obiščite svojega zdravnika.
LIST OF EXCIPIENTS Also contains lactose and magnesium stearate.
SEZNAM POMOŽNIH SNOVI Vsebuje tudi laktozo in magnezijev stearat.
Asthma is a serious, long term lung disease where the muscles surrounding the smaller airways become tight (bronchoconstriction) and swollen and irritated (inflammation).
Astma je resna, dolgotrajna bolezen pljuč, ki se pojavi, če se mišice, ki obdajajo manjše dihalne poti, skrčijo (bronhokonstrikcija) ter otečejo in so razdražene (vnetje).