natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Micturition frequency Renal failure, renal insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome
pogosto uriniranje ledvična odpoved, ledvična insuficienca, nefrotski sindrom
Solvent: water for injections 1 ml/ampoule
- Vehikel: voda za injekcije 1 ml/ampula.
Clean the rubber top of the vial with a cleansing swab.
Očistite gumijasti vrh viale s čistilnim tamponom.
Mutagenicity studies with interferon alfa-2b revealed no adverse events.
Raziskave mutagenosti interferona alfa-2b niso pokazale nobenih neželenih dogodkov
The reconstituted solution should be clear and colourless.
Rekonstitutirana raztopina mora biti bistra in brezbarvna.
Dispose of the syringe and needles safely in a closed container.
Brizgo in igle zavrzite varno, v zaprti posodi.
Additionally, patients treated with Viraferon and ribavirin combination therapy and zidovudine could be at increased risk of developing anaemia (low number of red blood cells).
Pri bolnikih zdravljenih z zdravilom Viraferon v kombinaciji z ribavirinom in zidovudinom, se lahko poveča verjetnost za razvoj anemije (majhno število rdečih krvnih celic).
For multidose vials, be sure to return the vial to the refrigerator.
Pri uporabi vial z večimi odmerki ne pozabite vialo po uporabi vrniti nazaj v hladilnik.
4.6 Pregnancy and lactation
4.6 Nosečnostjo in dojenje
With one hand, pinch a fold of loose skin.
S prstoma ene roke oblikujte kožno gubo.
While fever may be associated with the flu-like syndrome reported commonly during interferon therapy, other causes of persistent fever must be ruled out.
Četudi je zvišana telesna temperatura lahko povezana z gripoznim sindromom, ki je pogost med zdravljenjem z interferonom, morate najprej izključiti druge vzroke za trdovratno zvišanje telesne temperature.
In general, the adverse event profile in the limited paediatric population studied was similar to that observed in adults, although there is a paediatric specific concern regarding growth inhibition as decrease in height (mean percentile decrease of growth velocity of 9 %) and weight (mean percentile decrease of 13 %) percentile were observed during treatment (see section 4.4).
Na splošno je bil profil neželenih dogodkov v omejeni pediatrični populaciji, ki je bila vključena v študije, podoben profilu pri odraslih, se je pri njih pojavila dodatna skrb glede zaviranja rasti, saj so med zdravljenjem opažali zmanjšanje percentila telesne višine (srednje percentilno zmanjšanje hitrosti rasti za 9 %) in telesne mase (srednje percentilno zmanjšanje za 13 %) (glejte poglavje 4.4).
Despite these measures, when medicines prepared from human blood or plasma are administered, the possibility of passing on infection cannot be totally excluded.
Kljub tem ukrepom pa pri dajanju zdravil, izdelanih iz človeške krvi ali plazme, ni mogoče popolnoma izključiti možnosti za prenos okužbe.
Be sure to discuss this with your doctor.
Pogovorite se o tem s svojim zdravnikom.
You can save the swab to clean the skin area where you will inject the dose.
Tega lahko shranite, da si boste z njim očistili tudi predel kože, kamor boste injicirali odmerek zdravila.
Patients with signs or symptoms compatible with autoimmune disorders should be evaluated carefully, and the benefit-risk of continued interferon therapy should be reassessed (see also section 4.4 Chronic hepatitis C, Monotherapy (thyroid abnormalities) and section 4.8).
Vse bolnike z znaki ali simptomi, ki bi lahko kazali na avtoimunsko bolezen, morate skrbno pregledati in preiskati ter pri njih oceniti razmerje med koristmi in tveganji nadaljnje terapije z interferonom (glejte tudi poglavji 4.4 Kronični hepatitis C, monoterapija (ščitnične motnje) in 4.8).
Adequate hydration must be maintained in patients undergoing Viraferon therapy since hypotension related to fluid depletion has been seen in some patients.
Pri bolnikih na terapiji z zdravilom Viraferon morate vzdrževati ustrezno hidracijo, saj so pri nekaterih bolnikih opažali hipotenzijo zaradi izgube tekočine.
Since a small amount of air may collect in the injection needle and reservoir during storage, the next step is to remove any air bubbles.
Ker se lahko med skladiščenjem v injekcijski igli in rezervoarju nabere majhna količina zraka, morate najprej odstraniti morebitne zračne mehurčke, kar imenujemo injiciranje v zrak.
Be sure the solution is at room temperature at the time of injection.
Pazite, da bo raztopina ob injiciranju na sobni temperaturi.
Relapse patients: A total of 345 interferon alpha relapse patients were treated in two clinical trials with Viraferon monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin.
Bolniki s ponovitvijo oz. relapsom bolezni: Skupaj 345 bolnikov z interferon alfa relapsom je bilo zdravljenih v dveh kliničnih raziskavah z zdravilom Viraferon, v monoterapiji ali v kombinaciji z ribavirinom.
Viraferon solution for injection, may be injected directly after withdrawal of the appropriate doses from the vial with a sterile injection syringe.
Viraferon raztopino za injiciranje lahko injicirate takoj, ko posesate ustrezni odmerek iz viale s sterilno injekcijsko brizgo.
What Viraferon is and what it is used for Before you use Viraferon How to use Viraferon
Kaj je zdravilo Viraferon in za kaj ga uporabljamo Kaj morate vedeti, preden boste vzeli zdravilo Viraferon Kako uporabljati zdravilo Viraferon Možni neželeni učinki
Turn the vial and the syringe upside down in one hand.
Obrnite vialo in brizgo narobe in ju držite v eni roki.
Severity was generally mild to moderate.
Po jakosti so bili neželeni učinki običajno blagi do zmerni.
Your doctor has prescribed Viraferon specifically for you and your current condition; do not share this medicine with anyone else.
Zdravnik je zdravilo Viraferon predpisal prav vam in za vaše trenutne zdravstvene težave, zato ga ne smete dati drugim.
It is strongly recommended that every time you receive a dose of Viraferon the name and batch number of the product are recorded in order to maintain a record of the batches used.
Močno priporočamo, da se vsakič, ko prejmete odmerek zdravila Viraferon, zapišeta ime in številka serije zdravila za vodenje evidence uporabljenih serij.
Other CNS effects including aggressive behaviour (sometimes directed against others), confusion and alterations of mental status have been observed with alpha interferons.
Opažali so tudi druge učinke interferona alfa na CŽS, vključno z agresivnostjo (ki je včasih usmerjena proti drugim), zmedenostjo in spremembami duševnega statusa.
After first opening the container: Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 28 days at 2ºC - 8ºC.
Po prvem odpiranju vsebnika: Med uporabo je zdravilo kemično in fizikalno stabilno 28 dni pri temperaturi od 2 do 8 ºC.
Rarely:
Redki:
Dyspnoea*, coughing*
dispneja*, kašelj*
Depression, emotional lability, insomnia Suicidal ideation, aggressive reaction, confusion, behaviour disorder, agitation, somnambulism, anxiety, nervousness, sleep disorder, abnormal dreaming, apathy
depresija, čustvena nestabilnost, nespečnost samomorilne misli, agresivne reakcije, zmedenost, vedenjske motnje, vznemirjenost, somnambulizem, tesnoba, živčnost, motnje spanja, nenormalne sanje, apatija
Examine the reconstituted solution prior to administration: it should be clear and colourless.
Preglejte rekonstituirano raztopino pred uporabo: biti mora bistra in brezbarvna.
The clear and colourless solution is contained in a glass cartridge.
Bistra in brezbarvna raztopina je v stekleni viali.
If the product is not used during the seven-day period, it cannot be put back in the refrigerator for a new storage period and must be discarded.
Če zdravila ne porabite v 7 dneh, ga ne smete dati nazaj v hladilnik za naslednje obobje shranjevanja, ampak ga morate zavreči.
Ribavirin 15 mg/kg/day as 2 divided doses (n = 17)
Ribavirin 15 mg/kg na dan v obliki 2 deljenih odmerkov (n = 17)
Within the organ system classes, adverse reactions are listed under headings of frequency using the following categories: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100, <1/10).
V okviru razvrstitve po organskih sistemih so neželeni učinki dodatno razvrščeni po pogostnosti v naslednji dve kategoriji: zelo pogosti (≥1/10), pogosti (≥1/100, <1/10).
Superior efficacy has been demonstrated with the combination of pegylated interferon with ribavirin (sustained response rate of 61 % achieved in a study performed in naïve patients with a ribavirin dose > 10.6 mg/kg, p < 0.01).
Boljša učinkovitost pa se je pokazala pri uporabi pegiliranega interferona z ribavirinom (v študiji, opravljeni pri bolnikih, ki še niso prejemali tega zdravila, je bil z uporabo ribavirina v odmerku > 10,6 mg/kg, p < 0,01 61 % dosežen trajen virološki odziv na zdravljenje).
Adult patients: Viraferon alone or in combination with ribavirin has been studied in 4 randomised Phase III clinical trials in 2,552 interferon-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C. The trials compared the efficacy of Viraferon used alone or in combination with ribavirin.
Odrasli bolniki: Zdravilo Viraferon v monoterapiji ali v kombinaciji z ribavirinom so raziskovali v 4 randomiziranih kliničnih raziskavah tretje faze pri 2.552 bolnikih, ki še niso bili zdravljeni z interferonom in so imeli kronični hepatitis C. V teh raziskavah so primerjali učinkovitost zdravila Viraferon v monoterapiji ali v kombinaciji z ribavirinom.
Cardiovascular (CVS) adverse events, particularly arrhythmia, appeared to be correlated mostly with preexisting CVS disease and prior therapy with cardiotoxic agents (see section 4.4).
Videti je bilo, da kardiovaskularni (KVS) neželeni pojavi, še posebej aritmija, statistično korelirajo predvsem z obstoječo KVS boleznijo in predhodno terapijo s kardiotoksičnimi snovmi (glejte poglavje 4.4).
A general reversal of these trends was noted during the 6 months follow-up post treatment.
V času 6-mesečnega spremljanja po zdravljenju so opazili splošni obrat teh trendov.
Dispose of the syringe and needle safely in a closed container.
Brizgo in iglo zavrzite varno, v zaprti posodi.
The push button scale will show you the dose set (see Diagram N below).
Na lestvici pritisnega gumba je viden nastavljeni odmerek (glejte sliko N spodaj).
The development of auto-antibodies and autoimmune disorders has been reported during treatment with alpha interferons.
Poročali so o pojavu avtoprotiteles in avtoimunskih bolezni med zdravljenjem z alfa interferoni.
Some children have had a decrease in their rate of growth (height and weight).
Pri nekaterih otrocih se je upočasnila rast (telesna višina in masa)
Treatment should be discontinued in case of severe leukopaenia (< 1,200/mm3), severe neutropaenia (< 750/mm3) or severe thrombocytopaenia (< 70,000/mm3).
Zdravljenje ukinite v primeru hude levkopenije (< 1.200/mm3), hude nevtropenije (< 750/mm3) ali hude trombocitopenije (< 70.000/mm3).
This must be considered during concomitant therapy with medicinal products metabolised by this route, such as the xanthine derivatives theophylline or aminophylline.
Interferoni lahko vplivajo na oksidativne presnovne procese, kar morate upoštevati med sočasno terapijo z zdravili, ki se presnovijo po tej poti, npr. s ksantinskima derivatoma teofilinom in aminofilinom.
If the product is not used during this four-week period, it should be discarded.
Če zdravila v teh 4 tednih ne uporabite, ga morate zavreči.
Table 3 Sustained virologic response rates with Viraferon + ribavirin (one year of treatment) by genotype and viral load
Preglednica 3: Pogostnosti ohranjenega virološkega odziva pri uporabi zdravila Viraferon in ribavirina (enoletno zdravljenje) glede na genotip in virusno obremenitev
To prepare the Viraferon solution insert the needle through the rubber top of the Viraferon vial and gently place the needle tip against the glass wall of the vial without touching the cleaned top of the vial with your hands.
Za pripravo raztopine zdravila Viraferon vbodite iglo skozi gumijasti vrh viale z zdravilom Viraferon in previdno naslonite vrh igle na stekleno steno viale, ne da bi se pri tem z rokami dotaknili očiščenega vrha viale.
As in adult patients, children and adolescents experienced other psychiatric adverse events (e.g., depression, emotional lability, and somnolence).
Tako kot pri odraslih bolnikih so tudi pri otroci in mladostniki opazili druge psihiatrične neželene dogodke (npr. depresijo, čustveno labilnost in zaspanost).
At the beginning of treatment with Viraferon, you may experience a flu-like reaction, with fever, fatigue, headache, muscle ache, joint pain and chills/rigors.
Na začetku zdravljenja z zdravilom Viraferon boste lahko imeli gripi podobno reakcijo z zvišano telesno temperaturo, utrujenostjo, glavobolom, mišičnimi bolečinami, bolečinami v sklepih in mrzlico ali tresenjem.
A new injection needle must be used for each dose.
Za vsak odmerek morate uporabiti novo injekcijsko iglo.
Remove the needle guard without touching the needle and keep the syringe with the needle in your hand.
Snemite zaščitni pokrovček igle, ne da bi se dotaknili igle, in držite brizgo z iglo trdno v rokah.
Viraferon 3 MIU/m
Viraferon (3 m.i.e.
Chronic Hepatitis B: The recommended dosage is in the range 5 to 10 million IU administered subcutaneously three times a week (every other day) for a period of 4 to 6 months.
Kronični hepatitis B: Priporočeni odmerek je v razponu od 5 do 10 milijonov i.e., injiciran subkutano trikrat na teden (vsak drugi dan) v času 4 do 6 mesecev.
Sufficient needles and swabs are provided to use the Viraferon pen for administering the smallest measurable doses.
V pakiranju je dovolj igel in tamponov, da si lahko z uporabo peresnika Viraferon bolnik da tudi najmanjše še merljive odmerke.
However, the chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at 25ºC.
Vseeno je zdravilo med uporabo kemično in fizikalno stabilno 24 ur pri temperaturi 25 ºC.
Pack of 12 vials
Pakiranje: 12 vial
Children and adolescents: Multiple-dose pharmacokinetic properties for Viraferon injection and ribavirin capsules in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C, between 5 and 16 years of age, are summarized in Table 6.
Otroci in mladostniki: Farmakokinetične lastnosti pri dajanju večih odmerkov zdravila Viraferon injekcije in ribavirin kapsule pri otrocih in mladostnikih s kroničnim hepatitisom C v starosti od 5 do 16 let so povzete v Preglednici 6.
Although not all of these side effects may occur, they may need medical attention if they do.
Ni nujno, da se bodo pojavili vsi navedeni neželeni učinki, če pa se, bo zaradi njih lahko potreben obisk pri zdravniku.
Insert the needle into the vial containing the Viraferon solution and inject air into the vial.
Vstavite iglo v vialo z raztopino zdravila Viraferon in injicirajte zrak v vialo.
If ALT flares during Viraferon therapy to greater than or equal to 2 times baseline, Viraferon therapy may be continued unless signs and symptoms of liver failure are observed.
Tudi če se med terapijo z zdravilom Viraferon naglo povečajo vrednosti ALT na 2-kratno začetno vrednost ali celo več, lahko terapijo z zdravilom Viraferon nadaljujete, razen če opažate simptome in znake jetrne odpovedi.
The reconstituted solutions are isotonic for parenteral administration.
Rekonstituirane raztopine so izotonične za parenteralno uporabo.
Patients with existence of or history of severe psychiatric conditions:
Bolniki s hudimi psihiatričnimi motnjami v sedanji ali pretekli anamnezi:
Chronic Hepatitis C:
Kronični hepatitis C:
Discontinuation of Viraferon therapy has not reversed thyroid dysfunction occurring during treatment (also see Children and adolescents, Thyroid monitoring).
Motnje delovanja žleze ščitnice, ki so se pojavile med terapijo z zdravilom Viraferon, niso minile ob prekinitvi terapije (glejte tudi Otroci in mladostniki, Spremljanje delovanja ščitnice).
Completely unscrew the injection needle assembly using an anti-clockwise turning motion as shown in Diagram R. Then carefully lift it off the pen and discard the capped injection needle (see Diagram S).
Do konca odvijte sklop injekcijske igle, nasprotno smeri urnega kazalca, kot je prikazano na sliki R. Potem ga previdno dvignite s peresnika in zavrzite pokrito injekcijsko iglo (glejte sliko S).
Viraferon, solution for injection, multidose pen is injected subcutaneously after attaching an injection needle and dialing the prescribed dose.
Viraferon, raztopina za injiciranje v večodmernem peresniku, se injicira subkutano po pritrditvi injekcijske igle in nastavitvi predpisanega odmerka.
if you have a history of seizures (convulsions).
- če ste imeli kdaj v preteklosti epileptične napade (konvulzije).
Despite this, when medicinal products prepared from human blood or plasma are administered, the possibility of transmitting infective agents cannot be totally excluded.
Kljub temu pa pri dajanju zdravil, izdelanih iz človeške krvi ali plazme, ni mogoče popolnoma izključiti možnosti za prenos povzročiteljev infekcijskih bolezni.
Keeping the pen pointing upwards, press the push button up fully and see if a drop of Viraferon, solution for injection, appears at the injection needle tip (Notice the drop at the tip of injection needle in Diagram K below).
Pritisnite na gumb do konca in poglejte, ali se na vrhu injekcijske igle pojavi kapljica Viraferon raztopine za injiciranje (glejte kapljico na vrhu injekcijske igle na sliki K spodaj).
Proper precautions should be taken during reconstitution to prevent microbial contamination (refer to package leaflet).
Med rekonstitucijo je potrebno upoštevati določene ukrepe za preprečevanje okužb (nanaša se na navodilo za uporabo).
In combination therapy with ribavirin, take notice of the respective informing texts of ribavirin containing medicinal products.
V primeru kombinirane terapije z ribavirinom morate upoštevati tudi ustrezne informacije o zdravilu, ki vsebuje ribavirin.
HCV/HIV Co-infected patients
Bolniki, sočasno okuženi z virusoma HCV in HIV
Arthralgia, myalgia, musculoskeletal pain
artralgija, mialgija, mišičnoskeletne bolečine
If the product is not reconstituted during the four-week period, it cannot be put back in the refrigerator for a new storage period and must be discarded.
Če zdravilo v času 4 tednov ni rekonstituirano, ga ne smete dati nazaj v hladilnik za naslednje 4 tedne, ampak ga morate zavreči.
Adults: The efficacy of Viraferon is enhanced when given in combination with ribavirin.
Odrasli: Učinkovitost zdravila Viraferon je večja, če ga uporabljate v kombinaciji z ribavirinom.
After withdrawal of the dose, any remaining solution must be discarded.
Po odvzemu odmerka iz viale morate vso preostalo raztopino zavreči.
Ribavirin 15 mg/kg/day as 2 divided doses
Ribavirin 15 mg/kg na dan v obliki 2 deljenih odmerkov
Clinically significant laboratory abnormalities, most frequently occurring at doses greater than 10 million IU daily, include reduction in granulocyte and white blood cell counts; decreases in haemoglobin level and platelet count; increases in alkaline phosphatase, LDH, serum creatinine and serum urea nitrogen levels.
Med klinično pomembna odstopanja laboratorijskih vrednosti, ki se najpogosteje pojavijo pri odmerkih, večjih od 10 milijonov i.e. na dan, sodijo zmanjšanje števila granulocitov in levkocitov, zmanjšanje vrednosti hemoglobina in števila trombocitov, povečanje vrednosti alkalne fosfataze, LDH, serumskega kreatinina in dušičnih retentov iz sečnine v serumu.
Measuring the dose of Viraferon
Merjenje odmerka zdravila Viraferon
Tap the top of the ampoule of solvent gently to make sure that all the liquid is at the bottom of the ampoule.
Nežno potrkajte po vrhu ampule s topilom, da bo vsa tekočina stekla na dno ampule.
Use a new injection needle for each dose.
Za vsak odmerek uporabite novo injekcijsko iglo.
Remove the pen from the refrigerator approximately 30 minutes before administration to allow the injectable solution to reach room temperature (not more than 25°C).
Peresnik vzemite iz hladilnika približno 30 minut pred uporabo, da se bo raztopina za injiciranje lahko segrela na sobno temperaturo (na največ 25 C).
The mean serum interferon concentrations following subcutaneous and intramuscular injections were comparable.
Srednja serumska koncentracija interferona po subkutanem injiciranju je bila podobna tisti po intravenskem injiciranju.
Periodontal (affecting gums) and dental disorders, altered mental status, loss of consciousness, acute hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria (hives), angioedema (swelling of the hands, feet, ankles, face, lips, mouth, or throat which may cause difficulty in swallowing or breathing), bronchoconstriction and anaphylaxis (a severe, whole-body allergic reaction) have been reported, but their frequency is unknown.
Poročali so tudi o periodontalni bolezni (prizadetost dlesni), zobnih boleznih, spremenjenem duševnem stanju, izgubi zavesti ter akutnih preobčutljivostnih reakcijah, vključno z urtikarijo (koprivnica), angioedemom (otekanje dlani, stopal, gležnjev, obraza, ustnic, ust ali žrela, ki lahko povzroči težave pri požiranju ali dihanju), bronhokonstrikcijo in anafilaksijo (huda alergijska reakcija po vsem telesu), vendar njihova pogostnost ni znana.
METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION Subcutaneous use.
POSTOPEK IN POT(I) UPORABE ZDRAVILA Subkutana uporaba
However, as for any pharmacologically active compound, symptomatic treatment with frequent monitoring of vital signs and close observation of the patient is indicated.
Ni poročil o primerih prevelikega odmerjanja, ki bi vodil do akutnih kliničnih pojavov, vendar je kot pri vsaki farmakološko aktivni spojini indicirano simptomatsko zdravljenje s pogostim spremljanjem vitalnih znakov in natančnim opazovanjem bolnika.
HOW TO SELF INJECT VIRAFERON
KAKO SI SAMI INJICIRATE ZDRAVILO VIRAFERON
An improvement in liver histology has been observed.
Opažali so tudi izboljšanje histološkega izvida jeter.
Your doctor may recommend that you take paracetamol if you develop these symptoms.
Če se pojavijo ti simptomi, vam bo vaš zdravnik lahko priporočil jemanje paracetamola.
Examine the solution prior to administration: it should be clear and colourless.
Preglejte raztopino pred uporabo: biti mora bistra in brezbarvna.
Due to the lack of data in children with severe progression of the disease, and the potential for undesirable effects, the benefit/risk of the combination of ribavirin and interferon alfa-2b needs to be carefully considered in this population (see sections 4.1, 4.4 and 4.8).
Zaradi pomanjkanja podatkov pri otrocih s hudim napredovanjem bolezni in možnostjo pojava neželenih učinkov je potrebno pred uporabo kombinacije ribavirina in interferona alfa-2b v tej populaciji skrbno pretehtati razmerje med koristnostjo zdravljenja in tveganjem.
Preparation Collect necessary items before you begin: the Viraferon multidose pen; a needle for subcutaneous injection (provided in the packaging); a cleansing swab.
Preden začnete, si pripravite vse potrebne pripomočke: - večodmerni peresnik zdravila Viraferon; - iglo za subkutano injiciranje (priložena v pakiranju); - čistilni tampon.
A wide variety of autoimmune and immune-mediated disorders have been reported with alpha interferons including thyroid disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (new or aggravated), idiopathic and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, vasculitis, neuropathies including mononeuropathies (see also section 4.4).
Pri uporabi alfa interferonov so poročali o širokem razponu avtoimunskih in imunsko odvisnih motenj, npr. motnjah delovanja žleze ščitnice, sistemski lupus eritematosus, reumatoidni arthritis (novonastali ali že poslabšan), idiopatski in trombotični trombocitopenični purpuri, vaskulitisu ter nevropatijah, vključno z mononevropatijami (glejte tudi poglavje 4.4).
The following instructions explain how to inject Viraferon yourself.
V teh navodilih je opisano, kako si lahko sami injicirate zdravilo Viraferon.
Psychiatric disorders Very common:
Psihiatrične motnje§ Zelo pogosti:
The dosage will vary according to the disease being treated.
Odmerki zdravila Viraferon se razlikujejo med bolniki, glede na bolezen, ki jo zdravimo.
Genotype 2,
Genotipa 1, Genotipa 2,
Now screw the injection needle onto the pen securely by turning it in a clockwise direction (see Diagram F).
Trdno privijte injekcijsko iglo na peresnik tako, da jo obračate v smeri urnega kazalca (glejte sliko F).