natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use [The wording on diarrhoea and hepatotoxicity in this section should be presented and read as follows]
4.4 Posebna opozorila in previdnostni ukrepi [Besedilo o driski in hepatotoksičnosti v tem poglavju se mora glasiti, kot sledi]
It takes some time for [Invented Name] to have its effect.
Da zdravilo [izmišljeno ime] začne učinkovati, traja nekaj časa.
Intake of diacerein can lead to diarrhoea and hypokalaemia.
Jemanje diacereina lahko povzroči drisko in hipokaliemijo.
Tell your doctor immediately if you have abdominal pain, jaundice (yellow discolouration of the eyes or skin), impaired consciousness or itching of the skin, as these may indicate serious conditions such as liver disease.
Če imate trebušne bolečine, zlatenico (rumeno obarvanje oči ali kože), motnje zavesti ali vas srbi koža, se takoj posvetujte z zdravnikom, saj ti znaki lahko kažejo na resno stanje, kot je jetrna bolezen.
[The following wording should also be reflected in this section] Diacerein is not recommended in patients older than 65 years.
[Tudi spodnje besedilo je treba vnesti v to poglavje] Diacerein se ne priporoča pri bolnikih, starejših od 65 let.
Treatment with diacerein is not recommended in patients with rapidly progressive hip osteoarthritis, as they may have a weaker response to diacerein.
Zdravljenje z diacereinom ni priporočljivo pri bolnikih s hitro napredujočim osteoartritisom kolka, saj je njihov odziv na diacerein lahko slabši.
Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of hepatic injury (see section 4.4).
Pri bolnikih je treba spremljati pojav znakov in simptomov jetrne poškodbe (glejte poglavje 4.4.)
A diagnosis of liver disease is a contraindication to diacerein use (see section 4.3).
Diagnoza jetrne bolezni je kontraindikacija za uporabo diacereina (glejte poglavje 4.3).
[The following contraindication should be added in this section and replace any existing wording on hepatic insufficiency]
[V to poglavje je treba dodati naslednje kontraindikacije, ki morajo nadomestiti obstoječe besedilo o jetrni insuficienci]
• if you have any liver problems or a history of liver problems
• če imate ali ste v preteklosti imeli težave z jetri
Patients should be advised about the signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity and must be advised to immediately contact their physician in case of appearance of symptoms suggestive of liver damage.
Bolnike je treba poučiti o znakih in simptomih hepatotoksičnosti ter jim naročiti, naj se ob pojavu simptomov, ki kažejo na jetrno bolezen, takoj obrnejo na zdravnika.
Uncommon (≥ 1/1000 and < 1/100): Cases of elevated hepatic enzymes in serum.
BOLEZNI JETER, ŽOLČNIKA IN ŽOLČEVODOV Občasni (≥ 1/1000 do < 1/100): primeri zvišanih vrednosti jetrnih encimov v serumu.
Very common (> 1/10): diarrhoea, abdominal pain.
Zelo pogosti (> 1/10): driska, trebušna bolečina.
Patients should be advised to limit their alcohol intake while on treatment with diacerein.
Bolnikom je treba svetovati, da med zdravljenjem z diacereinom omejijo uživanje alkohola.
Particular caution should also be exercised in case of hypokalaemia in patients treated with cardiac glycosides (digitoxin, digoxin) (see section 4.5).
Previdnost je še zlasti potrebna v primeru hipokaliemije pri bolnikih, ki se zdravijo s srčnimi glikozidi (digitoksinom, digoksinom) - glejte poglavje 4.5.
Caution must be exercised in the concomitant administration of diuretics (high-ceiling loop and thiazides) and/or cardiac glycosides (digitoxin, digoxin), as the risk of arrhythmia is increased (see section 4.4).
Pri sočasnem jemanju diuretikov (diuretikov vhodnega kraka Henlejeve zanke in tiazidov) in/ali srčnih glikozidov (digitoksina, digoksina) je potrebna previdnost, saj se poveča tveganje za aritmijo (glejte poglavje 4.4).
[The following wording should also be reflected in this section]
[Spodnje besedilo je treba prav tako vnesti v to poglavje]
[The following wording should be reflected in this section] It is recommended that you start treatment with one capsule in the evening for the first 2-4 weeks, after which the dose can be increased to two capsules per day.
Priporočamo, da zdravljenje pričnete z eno kapsulo zvečer, kar naj traja prva dva do štiri tedne.
Some patients may experience loose stools or diarrhoea after the intake of [Invented Name].
Nekateri bolniki imajo po jemanju zdravila [izmišljeno ime] mehko blato ali drisko.
Common (> 1/100 and < 1/10): frequent bowel movements, flatulence.
Pogosti (> 1/100 do < 1/10): pogosto odvajanje blata, flatulenca.
[The following side effects should be inserted in this paragraph] Common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people treated): - frequent bowel movements, - flatulence - pruritus (itching), rash, eczema (itchy, red rash).
[V ta odstavek je treba vnesti naslednje neželene učinke] Pogosti neželeni učinki (pojavijo se lahko pri največ 1 od 10 zdravljenih bolnikov): - pogosto odvajanje blata, - napihnjenost, - pruritus (srbečica), izpuščaj, ekcem (srbeč, rdeč izpuščaj).
Caution should be exercised in patients receiving diuretics, because dehydration and hypokalaemia may occur.
Pri bolnikih, ki jemljejo diuretike, je zaradi morebitnega pojava dehidracije in hipokaliemije potrebna previdnost.
[The following side effects should be inserted in this paragraph] Very common side effects (may affect more than 1 in 10 people treated): - diarrhoea, - abdominal pain
[V ta odstavek je treba vnesti naslednje neželene učinke] Zelo pogosti neželeni učinki (pojavijo se lahko pri več kot 1 od 10 zdravljenih bolnikov): - driska, - trebušna bolečina.
Patients should be advised to stop diacerein treatment in case of diarrhoea and contact their physician to discuss treatment alternatives.
Bolnikom je treba svetovati, naj v primeru driske zdravljenje z diacereinom prekinejo in se obrnejo na zdravnika ter se z njim pogovorijo o drugih možnostih zdravljenja.
The amendments to the Summary of Product Characteristics and package leaflets may need to be subsequently updated by the national competent authorities, in liaison with the Reference Member State if appropriate
Nacionalni pristojni organi bodo morda morali v sodelovanju z zadevno državo članico posodobiti spremembe povzetka glavnih značilnosti zdravila in navodil za uporabo.
[In addition, any existing dose recommendation for patients with hepatic impairment should be deleted from this section as diacerein is now contraindicated in patients with liver disease.]
[Poleg tega je treba iz tega poglavja izbrisati vsako priporočilo glede odmerka za bolnike z jetrno okvaro, saj je diacerein zdaj kontraindiciran pri bolnikih z jetrno boleznijo.]
What [Invented Name] is and what it is used for [This section should be read as follows] [Invented Name] contains diacerein and is used to relieve symptoms of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee.
Zdravilo [izmišljeno ime] vsebuje diacerein in se uporablja za lajšanje simptomov osteoartritisa kolka ali kolena.
SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DISORDERS
BOLEZNI JETER, ŽOLČNIKA IN ŽOLČEVODOV
You should not take laxatives during your treatment with [Invented Name].
Med zdravljenjem z zdravilom [izmišljeno ime] ne jemljite odvajal.
[In addition, any existing dose recommendation in case of hepatic impairment should be deleted from this section as diacerein is now contraindicated in patients with liver disease.]
[Iz tega poglavja je treba izbrisati tudi vsako priporočilo glede odmerka v primeru jetrne okvare, saj je diacerein zdaj kontraindiciran pri bolnikih z jetrno boleznijo.]
Elevated serum hepatic enzyme levels and symptomatic acute hepatic injury have been reported with diacerein in the post-marketing phase (see section 4.8).
Pri jemanju diacereina v obdobju po pridobitvi dovoljenja za promet so poročali o povišanih vrednostih jetrnih encimov v serumu in akutnih simptomatskih poškodbah jeter (glejte poglavje 4.8).
Concomitant intake of laxatives should be avoided.
Izogibati se je treba sočasnemu jemanju odvajal.
[Invented Name] with food, drink and alcohol [The following wording should be reflected in this section] Drinking alcohol while taking [Invented Name] may increase the risk of liver damage.
Zdravilo [izmišljeno ime] skupaj s hrano, pijačo in alkoholom [Spodnje besedilo je treba vnesti v to poglavje]
Posology
Driska
Other medicines and [Invented Name] [The following wording should be reflected in this section] Please tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other medicines.
Obvestite zdravnika ali farmacevta, če jemljete, ste pred kratkim jemali ali pa boste morda začeli jemati katero koli drugo zdravilo.
Common (> 1/100 and < 1/10): pruritus, rash, eczema.
BOLEZNI KOŽE IN PODKOŽJA Pogosti (> 1/100 do < 1/10): pruritus, izpuščaj, ekcem.
[The following wording should be reflected in this section] In some cases, diarrhoea can be severe with life threatening complications such as fluid loss and electrolyte disturbances.
V nekaterih primerih je driska lahko huda, pride lahko do življenjsko nevarnih zapletov, kot so izguba tekočine in motnje elektrolitov.
Liver problems including raised liver enzymes in the blood and hepatitis (inflammation in the liver) have been reported in some patients taking diacerein.
Pri nekaterih bolnikih, ki so jemali diacerein, poročajo o težavah z jetri, vključno s povišanimi vrednostmi jetrnih encimov v krvi in hepatitisu (vnetju jeter).
Cases of acute liver injury, including elevated serum hepatic enzymes and cases of hepatitis have been reported in the post-marketing phase with diacerein.
Iz obdobja po pridobitvi dovoljenja za promet z diacereinom poročajo o primerih akutne jetrne poškodbe, vključno s povišanimi vrednostmi jetrnih encimov v serumu, in primerih hepatitisa.
You should limit your alcohol consumption while you are undergoing treatment with [Invented Name].
Med zdravljenjem z zdravilom [izmišljeno ime] omejite pitje alkohola.
Talk to your doctor before taking [Invented Name] if you have ever suffered from liver disease.
Če ste kadar koli imeli jetrno bolezen, se pred začetkom jemanja zdravila [izmišljeno ime] posvetujte z zdravnikom.
Treatment with diacerein should be stopped if elevation of hepatic enzymes or suspected signs or symptoms of liver damage are detected.
Če se zvišajo vrednosti jetrnih encimov oziroma če odkrijete znake ali simptome jetrne poškodbe, je treba zdravljenje z diacereinom prekiniti.
Warnings and precautions [The following wording should be reflected in this section]
Druga zdravila in zdravilo [izmišljeno ime] [Spodnje besedilo je treba vnesti v to poglavje]
Diarrhoea
BOLEZNI PREBAVIL
[The following side effects should be inserted in this paragraph] Uncommon side effects (may affect up to 1 in 100 people):
[V ta odstavek je treba vnesti naslednje neželene učinke] Občasni neželeni učinki (pojavijo se lahko pri največ 1 od 100 bolnikov): - povišane vrednosti jetrnih encimov v krvnih preiskavah.
Signs of hepatic injury should be monitored and caution should be exercised when diacerein is used concomitantly with other medicinal products associated with hepatic injury.
Če se diacerein uporablja sočasno z drugimi zdravili, povezanimi z jetrnimi poškodbami, je potrebno spremljanje znakov jetrne poškodbe ter previdnost.
Content Pack Size
4 napolnjene brizge + 4 igle
Responses were maintained on average for around 14 months.
Odzivi so bili v povprečju ohranjeni približno 14 mesecev.
Further information on Alunbrig can be found on the Agency's website: ema.europa.eu/medicines/human/EPAR/Alunbrig.
Nadaljnje informacije o zdravilu Alunbrig so na voljo na spletni strani agencije: ema.europa.eu/medicines/human/EPAR/Alunbrig.
The medicine is available as tablets (30 mg, 90 mg and 180 mg).
Zdravilo je na voljo v obliki tablet (30 mg, 90 mg in 180 mg).
Treatment can continue for as long as the patient benefits from it.
Zdravljenje se nadaljuje tako dolgo, dokler je za bolnika koristno.
The European Medicines Agency decided that Alunbrig's benefits are greater than its risks and it can be authorised for use in the EU.
Evropska agencija za zdravila je zaključila, da so koristi zdravila Alunbrig večje od z njim povezanih tveganj in da se lahko odobri za uporabo v EU.
The most common side effects with Alunbrig (which may affect more than 1 in 4 people) are hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar levels), hyperinsulinaemia (high blood insulin levels), anaemia (low red blood cell counts), nausea (feeling sick), low white blood cell counts including decreased levels of the white blood cells called lymphocytes, diarrhoea, tiredness, cough, headache, hypophosphataemia (low blood levels of phosphates), rash, vomiting, dyspnoea (difficulty breathing), hypertension (high blood pressure), myalgia (muscle pain), peripheral neuropathy (damage to the nerves in the extremities) and blood test results indicating abnormalities of liver (increased levels of ALT and AST and alkaline phosphatase), pancreas (increased lipase and amylase), muscle function (increased CPK) or blood clotting (increased APTT).
Najpogostejši neželeni učinki zdravila Alunbrig (ki se lahko pojavijo pri več kot 1 od 4 bolnikov) so hiperglikemija (visoka raven sladkorja v krvi), hiperinzulinemija (visoka raven inzulina v krvi), anemija (nizko število rdečih krvničk), navzeja (siljenje na bruhanje), nizko število belih krvničk, vključno z zmanjšanim številom belih krvnih celic, imenovanih limfociti, driska, utrujenost, kašelj, glavobol, hipofosfatemija (nizka reven fosfatov v krvi), izpuščaj, bruhanje, dispneja (oteženo dihanje), hipertenzija (visok krvni tlak), mialgija (bolečine v mišicah), periferna nevropatija (poškodba živcev v okončinah) in rezultati krvnih preiskav, ki nakazujejo na nepravilnosti jeter (povečane vrednosti ALT in AST in alkalne fosfataze), trebušne slinavke (povečanje lipaze in amilaze), delovanja mišic (povišana raven CPK) ali strjevanja krvi (povečane vrednosti APTT).
The recommended starting dose is 90 mg taken once a day for the first 7 days and then increased to 180 mg once a day afterwards.
Priporočeni začetni odmerek je 90 mg enkrat na dan v prvih sedmih dneh in nato 180 mg na dan.
What measures are being taken to ensure the safe and effective use of Alunbrig?
Kateri ukrepi se izvajajo za zagotovitev varne in učinkovite uporabe zdravila Alunbrig?
Out of patients who received 90 mg Alunbrig a day and increased to 180 mg after 7 days, around 56% showed a complete or partial response to the medicine.
Med bolniki, ki so prejeli 90-miligramski odmerek zdravila Alunbrig na dan, ki je bil po sedmih dneh povišan na 180 mg na dan, je pri 56 % prišlo do popolnega ali delnega odziva na zdravilo.
As for all medicines, data on the use of Alunbrig are continuously monitored.
Tako kot za vsako zdravilo se tudi podatki o uporabi zdravila Alunbrig stalno spremljajo.
Other information about Alunbrig
Druge informacije o zdravilu Alunbrig
Once appropriate measures are taken to manage the potentially serious side effect of lung disease, the safety profile of Alunbrig is considered manageable.
Po sprejemu ustreznih ukrepov za obvladovanje potencialno resnega neželenega učinka bolezni pljuč velja varnostni profil zdravila Alunbrig za obvladljivega.
Patients with severely reduced kidney function should be closely monitored especially during the first week of treatment for symptoms of lung disease such as cough or difficulty breathing.
Bolnike z močno okvarjenim delovanjem jeter je treba skrbno spremljati med prvim tednom zdravljenja glede znakov bolezni pljuč, kot je kašelj in težave z dihanjem.
Why is Alunbrig authorised in the EU?
Zakaj je zdravilo Alunbrig odobreno v EU?
An overview of Alunbrig and why it is authorised in the EU
Pregled zdravila Alunbrig in zakaj je odobreno v EU
Side effects reported with Alunbrig are carefully evaluated and any necessary action taken to protect patients.
Neželeni učinki, o katerih so poročali pri zdravilu Alunbrig, se skrbno ovrednotijo in po potrebi se sprejmejo ukrepi za zaščito bolnikov.
Recommendations and precautions to be followed by healthcare professionals and patients for the safe and effective use of Alunbrig have also been included in the summary of product characteristics and the package leaflet.
Priporočila in previdnostni ukrepi, ki jih morajo za varno in učinkovito uporabo zdravila Alunbrig upoštevati zdravstveni delavci in bolniki, so vključeni tudi v povzetek glavnih značilnosti zdravila in navodilo za uporabo.
It will also provide an alert card for patients summarising key safety information about the risk of lung disease with the medicine and what to do in case of signs and symptoms.
Prav tako bo bolnikom zagotovila opozorilno kartico, v kateri bodo povzete ključne varnostne informacije o tveganju med zdravljenjem s tem zdravilom za bolezni pljuč ter kaj storiti v primeru znakov in simptomov teh neželenih učinkov.
Alunbrig was not compared with any other treatment or placebo (a dummy treatment).
Zdravila Alunbrig niso primerjali z nobenim drugim zdravilom ali placebom (zdravilom brez zdravilne učinkovine).
For more information about using Alunbrig, see the package leaflet or contact your doctor or pharmacist.
Za več informacij glede uporabe zdravila Alunbrig glejte navodilo za uporabo ali se posvetujte z zdravnikom ali farmacevtom.
What is Alunbrig and what is it used for?
Kaj je zdravilo Alunbrig in za kaj se uporablja?
What benefits of Alunbrig have been shown in studies?
Kakšne koristi je zdravilo Alunbrig izkazalo v študijah?
Alunbrig can only be obtained with a prescription and treatment must be started and supervised by a doctor who is experienced in using cancer medicines.
Predpisovanje in izdaja zdravila Alunbrig je le na recept, zdravljenje z njim pa mora uvesti in nadzorovati zdravnik, ki ima izkušnje z uporabo zdravil za zdravljenje raka.
The most common serious side effects (which may affect more than 1 in 50 people) are pneumonitis (inflammation in the lungs), pneumonia (infection of the lungs) and dyspnoea.
Najpogostejši resni neželeni učinki zdravila Alunbrig (ki lahko prizadenejo več kot 1 osebo od 50) so pneumonitis (vnetje pljuč), pljučnica in dispneja.
What are the risks associated with Alunbrig?
Kakšna tveganja so povezana z zdravilom Alunbrig?
The patient's cancer should be tested before starting treatment to confirm it has the gene changes affecting ALK (‘ALK-positive' status).
Rak bolnika je treba pred začetkom zdravljenja pregledati, da bi potrdili prisotnost genske spremembe, ki vpliva na anaplastično limformsko kinazo (da je rak ALK-poizitiven).
Alunbrig has been shown to be effective in treating ALK-positive NSCLC in one main study involving 222 patients in whom the disease progressed despite previous treatment with crizotinib.
Zdravilo Alunbrig se je izkazalo za učinkovito pri zdravljenju ALK-pozitivnega nedrobnoceličnega pljučnega raka v eni glavni študiji, ki je vključevala 222 bolnikov, katerih bolezen je napredovala kljub predhodnemu zdravljenju z krizotinibom.
The company that markets Alunbrig will submit the results of an ongoing study on the effectiveness and safety of Alunbrig in patients with ALK-positive NSCLC who have not received previous treatment targeted to ALK.
Družba, ki trži zdravilo Alunbrig, bo predložila rezultate tekoče študije o učinkovitosti in varnosti zdravila pri bolnikih z ALK-pozitivnim nedrobnoceličnim rakom pljuč, ki niso bili predhodno zdravljeni s ciljnimi zdravili za ALK.
The active substance in Alunbrig, brigatinib, works by blocking the activity of ALK, thereby reducing the growth and spread of the cancer.
Učinkovina v zdravilu Alunbrig, brigatinib, deluje tako, da zavira aktivnost anaplastične limfomske kinaze, s čimer zmanjšuje rast in širjenje raka.
ALK belongs to a family of enzymes called receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which are involved in the growth of cells and the development of new blood vessels that supply them.
Anaplastična limfomska kinaza spada v skupino encimov, imenovanih receptorji tirozin-kinaze (RTK), ki sodelujejo pri rasti celic in razvoju novih krvnih žil, ki te celice oskrbujejo.
Reduced doses are recommended in patients with severely reduced liver or kidney function.
Pri bolnikih, ki imajo močno okvarjeno delovanje jeter ali ledvic, se priporoča nižji odmerek.
Alunbrig is used on its own and only if the NSCLC is ‘ALK-positive', which means that the cancer cells have certain changes affecting the gene that makes a protein called ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase).
Zdravilo Alunbrig se uporablja samostojno in le, če je nedrobnocelični pljučni rak ALK-pozitiven, kar pomeni, da imajo rakave celice določene spremembe gena, ki tvori beljakovino, imenovano anaplastična limfomska kinaza (ALK).
For the full list of side effects and restrictions with Alunbrig, see the package leaflet.
Za celoten seznam neželenih učinkov in omejitev pri uporabi zdravila Alunbrig glejte navodilo za uporabo.
Alunbrig is a cancer medicine that is used to treat adults with a type of lung cancer called non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have been treated before with a cancer medicine called crizotinib.
Alunbrig je zdravilo, ki se uporablja za zdravljenje odraslih z vrsto pljučnega raka, imenovano nedrobnocelični pljučni rak (NSCLC), ki so bili predhodno zdravljeni z zdravilom krizotinib.
How is Alunbrig used?
Kako se zdravilo Alunbrig uporablja?
positive NSCLC, an abnormal form of ALK is produced that stimulates the cancer cells to divide and grow in an uncontrolled fashion.
Pri bolnikih z ALK-pozitivnim nedrobnoceličnim pljučnim rakom nastaja nenormalna oblika anaplastične limfomske kinaze, ki rakave celice spodbuja k nenadzorovani delitvi in rasti.
How does Alunbrig work?
Kako zdravilo Alunbrig deluje?
Alunbrig contains the active substance brigatinib.
Vsebuje zdravilno učinkovino brigatinib.
Alunbrig was effective in treating patients with ALK-positive NSCLC previously treated with crizotinib.
Zdravilo Alunbrig je bilo učinkovito pri zdravljenju bolnikov z ALK-pozitivnim nedrobnoceličnim pljučnim rakom, ki so bili predhodno zdravljeni s krizotinibom.
19 August 2014 EMA/515780/2014
19. avgust 2014 EMA/515780/2014
• If you have any questions about your treatment, you should contact your doctor or pharmacist.
• če imate dodatna vprašanja o vašem zdravljenju, se posvetujte z zdravnikom ali farmacevtom.
1 For more information, see here.
1 Več informacij je na voljo tukaj.
Tel. +44 (0)20 7418 8427 E-mail: press@ema.europa.eu
Tel.: +44 (0)20 7418 8427 E-pošta: press@ema.europa.eu
Both medicines have been authorised in the EU through national procedures for over 40 years.
Obe zdravili sta bili v EU odobreni po nacionalnih postopkih in sta na voljo že več kot 40 let.
The product information for both creams will be updated with the following recommendations:
Informacije o zdravilu za obe kremi bodo posodobljene z naslednjimi priporočili:
The review has been carried out by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) responsible for questions concerning medicines for human use.
Pregled je opravil Odbor za zdravila za uporabo v humani medicini (CHMP), pristojen za vprašanja, povezana z zdravili za uporabo v humani medicini.
A limit to the duration of use and other measures put in place to manage potential risk of side effects
Omejitev trajanja uporabe in drugi ukrepi, sprejeti za obvladovanje možnega tveganja za neželene učinke
The CHMP issued an opinion in December 2013.
Odbor CHMP je mnenje izdal decembra 2013.
• Both creams should not be used for more than 4 weeks.
• nobena od teh krem se ne sme uporabljati več kot štiri tedne.
Treatment with both creams should be limited to a maximum duration of 4 weeks.
Zdravljenje z obema kremama je treba omejiti na največ štiri tedne.
Linoladiol N is marketed in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovakia, while Linoladiol HN is marketed in Estonia, Germany, Latvia and Lithuania.
Krema Linoladiol N se trži v Bolgariji, Češki republiki, Estoniji, Nemčiji, na Madžarskem, v Latviji, Litvi in na Slovaškem, krema Linoladiol HN pa v Estoniji, Nemčiji, Latviji in Litvi.