natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Use with other antihyperglycaemic medicinal products and hypoglycaemia
Uporaba z drugimi antihiperglikemiki in hipoglikemija
Alogliptin exists predominantly as the (R)-enantiomer (> 99%) and undergoes little or no chiral conversion in vivo to the (S)-enantiomer.
Večina alogliptina je v obliki (R)-enantiomera (> 99 %) in je in vivo le v manjši meri ali nič podvržen kiralni pretvorbi v (S)-enantiomer.
The relevance to humans of the tumourigenic findings in the male rat cannot be excluded.
Pomena teh izsledkov o tumorogenosti pri samcih podgan za človeka ni mogoče izključiti.
The adverse reactions are listed by system organ class and frequency.
Neželeni učinki so navedeni po organskih sistemih in pogostosti.
Incresync is used to lower blood sugar levels in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Zdravilo Incresync uporabljamo za zniževanje vrednosti krvnega sladkorja pri odraslih s sladkorno boleznijo tipa 2.
The following data are findings from studies performed with alogliptin or pioglitazone individually.
Naslednji podatki so bili pridobljeni pri študijah, izvedenih posamezno z alogliptinom ali s pioglitazonom.
If you forget to take Incresync
Če ste pozabili vzeti zdravilo Incresync
Elderly (≥ 65 years old)
Starostniki (stari 65 let ali starejši)
In vitro data indicate that CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 contribute to the limited metabolism of alogliptin.
Podatki in vitro kažejo, da CYP2D6 in CYP3A4 prispevata k omejeni presnovi alogliptina.
- if you have cysts on your ovaries (polycystic ovarian syndrome).
• če imate ciste na jajčnikih (sindrom policističnih jajčnikov).
Higher doses of alogliptin were not teratogenic but resulted in maternal toxicity, and were associated with delayed and/or lack of ossification of bones and decreased foetal body weights.
Večji odmerki alogliptina niso bili teratogeni, vendar pa so povzročili toksičnost pri materi in so bili povezani z zakasnelo in/ali pomanjkljivo osifikacijo kosti in manjšo telesno maso plodov.
You should also discuss with your doctor if you experience the following side effects:
Posvetujte se z zdravnikom tudi, če se pojavi kateri od naslednjih neželenih učinkov:
Following initiation of therapy with Incresync, it is recommended that liver enzymes be monitored periodically based on clinical judgement.
Po uvedbi zdravljenja z zdravilom Incresync je priporočljivo redno spremljanje jetrnih encimov na osnovi klinične presoje.
Combinations not studied
Neraziskane kombinacije
- if you have a special type of diabetic eye disease called macular oedema (swelling of the back of the eye).
• če imate posebno obliko diabetične bolezni oči, ki ji pravimo edem rumene pege (oteklina na očesnem ozadju).
Incresync should not be used during pregnancy.
Zdravila Incresync se med nosečnostjo ne sme uporabljati.
Close monitoring of glycaemic control should be considered (see section 4.4).
Urejenost glikemije je treba natančno nadzirati (glejte poglavje 4.4).
Pioglitazone effects may be mediated by a reduction of insulin resistance.
Učinki pioglitazona so morda posledica zmanjšanja odpornosti proti insulinu.
• Patient selection criteria including that Pioglitazone should not be used as first line therapy and emphasising the need for regular review of treatment benefit.
Vključeno mora biti dejstvo, da se pioglitazona ne sme predpisovati kot zdravila prve izbire in poudarjena potreba po rednem ocenjevanju koristi zdravljenja.
Cardiovascular Safety
Kardiovaskularna varnost
Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.
Bolniki z redko dedno intoleranco za galaktozo, odsotnostjo encima laktaze ali malabsorpcijo glukoze/galaktoze, ne smejo jemati tega zdravila.
No effects on the toxicokinetics of either compound were observed.
Vplivov katere koli od obeh učinkovin na toksikokinetiko niso opazili.
In the alogliptin group, 11.3% of patients experienced a MACE compared to 11.8% of patients in the placebo group.
V skupini, ki je prejemala alogliptin, so o MACE poročali pri 11,3 % bolnikov, v skupini, ki je prejemala placebo, pa pri 11,8 % bolnikov.
Following a single intravenous dose of 12.5 mg alogliptin to healthy subjects, the volume of distribution during the terminal phase was 417 L indicating that the active substance is well distributed into tissues.
Po enkratnem intravenskem odmerku 12,5 mg alogliptina je volumen porazdelitve v končni fazi pri zdravih osebah znašal 417 litrov, kar kaže, da se učinkovina dobro porazdeli v tkiva.
In one-year clinical studies, pioglitazone consistently gave a statistically significant reduction in the albumin/creatinine ratio compared to baseline.
V enoletnih kliničnih študijah je pioglitazon dosledno statistično značilno znižal razmerje albumin/kreatinin v primerjavi z izhodiščnimi vrednostmi.
Animal studies of up to 13-weeks duration have been conducted with the combined substances in Incresync.
Pri živalih so bile izvedene študije s kombinacijo učinkovin zdravila Incresync, ki so trajale do 13 tednov.
Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting and rapid weight loss.
Simptomi vključujejo pretirano žejo, pogosto uriniranje, izgubo apetita, siljenje na bruhanje ali bruhanje in hitro izgubljanje telesne mase.
In an animal model of familial adenomatous polyposis, treatment with two other thiazolidinediones increased tumour multiplicity in the colon.
V živalskem modelu družinske adenomatozne polipoze je zdravljenje z dvema drugima tiazolidindionoma povečalo število tumorjev v debelem črevesu.
Furthermore, clinical data do not suggest interaction with p-glycoprotein inhibitors or substrates.
Klinični podatki tudi ne kažejo na medsebojno delovanje z zaviralci ali s substrati za p-glikoprotein.
Additional symptoms may include general itching and feeling of heat especially affecting the scalp, mouth, throat, palms of hands and soles of feet (Stevens-Johnson syndrome).
Dodatni simptomi lahko vključujejo splošno srbenje in občutek vročine, še posebej v predelu lasišča, ust, žrela, dlani in podplatov (Stevens-Johnsonov sindrom).
Carnauba wax Glycerol mono-oleate Glycerol mono-oleate
karnauba vosek karnauba vosek glicerilmonooleat glicerilmonooleat
Total and peak exposure to alogliptin increased proportionately across single doses of 6.25 mg up to 100 mg alogliptin (covering the therapeutic dose range).
Skupna in največja izpostavljenost alogliptinu sta se v razponu enkratnih odmerkov od 6,25 mg do 100 mg alogliptina (kar pokriva razpon terapevtskih odmerkov) povečevali sorazmerno.
There may be an increased possibility of becoming pregnant because you may ovulate again when you take Incresync.
V tem primeru obstaja večja možnost zanositve, saj lahko med jemanjem zdravila Incresync ponovno pride do ovulacije.
HOMA analysis shows that pioglitazone improves beta-cell function as well as increasing insulin sensitivity.
Analiza modela homeostaze (HOMA) kaže, da pioglitazon izboljša delovanje celic beta in poveča občutljivost za insulin.
In these studies, 312 alogliptin/pioglitazone-treated patients were ≥ 65 years old.
V teh študijah se je z alogliptinom/pioglitazonom zdravilo 312 bolnikov, starih 65 let ali starejših.
- pioglitazone belongs to a group of medicines called thiazolidinediones.
- Pioglitazon spada v skupino zdravil, imenovano tiazolidindioni.
Therefore, haemodialysis is of little clinical benefit in overdose.
Hemodializa ima v primeru prevelikega odmerjanja tako le majhno klinično korist.
A clinical study of alogliptin as add-on therapy to pioglitazone demonstrated that there was no clinically relevant increase in hypoglycaemia rate compared to placebo.
Klinična študija alogliptina kot dodatka k zdravljenju s pioglitazonom je pokazalo, da ne obstaja klinično pomembno povečanje deleža hipoglikemije v primerjavi s placebom.
Mean levels of liver enzymes decreased with treatment with pioglitazone.
Povprečne vrednosti jetrnih encimov so se pri zdravljenju s pioglitazonom znižale.
- alogliptin belongs to a group of medicines called DPP-4 inhibitors (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors).
- Alogliptin spada v skupino zdravil, imenovano zaviralci DPP-4 (zaviralci dipeptidil-peptidaze-4).
This indicates no time-dependency in the kinetics of alogliptin after multiple dosing.
To kaže na odsotnost časovne odvisnosti kinetike alogliptina po večkratnem odmerjanju.
Nonfatal Stroke *Overall there were 153 subjects (5.7%) in the alogliptin group and 173 subjects (6.5%) in the placebo group who died (all-cause mortality)
Neusodna možganska kap * V skupini, ki je prejemala alogliptin, je vsega skupaj umrlo 153 oseb (5,7 %), v skupini, ki je prejemala placebo, pa 173 oseb (6,5 %) (umrljivost zaradi vseh vzrokov).
Interactions with CYP inhibitors are thus not expected and have not been shown.
Medsebojno delovanje z zaviralci CYP tako ni pričakovano in tudi ni bilo ugotovljeno.
Clinically meaningful reductions in HbA1c compared to control were also observed regardless of baseline background medicinal product dose.
Klinično pomembna zmanjšanja vrednosti HbA1c v primerjavi s kontrolo so bila opažena tudi ne glede na odmerek osnovno zdravila v izhodišču.
However, the incidences of oedema, weight gain and heart failure were increased.
Vendar pa je bila pojavnost edemov, povečanja telesne mase in srčnega popuščanja večja.
Incresync is indicated as a second or third line treatment in adult patients aged 18 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus:
Zdravilo Incresync je indicirano kot drugi ali tretji izbor za zdravljenje odraslih bolnikov, starih 18 let in starejših, s sladkorno boleznijo tipa 2:
In case of kidney disease, your doctor may reduce the dose of Incresync.
V primeru bolezni ledvic bo zdravnik odmerek zdravila Incresync morda zmanjšal.
Following administration of an oral dose of [14C] alogliptin, 76% of total radioactivity was eliminated in the urine and 13% was recovered in the faeces.
Po uporabi peroralnega odmerka z radioaktivnim izotopom označenega [14C] alogliptina se je 76 % skupne radioaktivnosti izločilo z urinom, 13 % pa z blatom.
The Prescriber Guide should highlight the following:
Priporočilo za zdravnike mora izpostaviti naslednje:
The highest doses of alogliptin administered in clinical studies were single doses of 800 mg to healthy subjects and doses of 400 mg once daily for 14 days to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (equivalent to 32 times and 16 times the recommended daily dose of 25 mg alogliptin, respectively).
Največji odmerki alogliptina, uporabljeni v okviru kliničnih študij, so bili enkratni odmerki 800 mg pri zdravih osebah in odmerki 400 mg enkrat na dan v obdobju 14 dni pri bolnikih s sladkorno boleznijo tipa 2 (kar je 32-krat oziroma 16-krat več od priporočenega dnevnega odmerka 25 mg alogliptina).
At baseline, patients had a mean age of 61 years, mean duration of diabetes of 9.2 years, and mean HbA1c of 8.0%.
Povprečna starost bolnikov v izhodišču je bila 61 let, povprečno trajanje sladkorne bolezni 9,2 let, povprečna vrednost HbA1c pa 8,0 %.
Studies in animal models of diabetes showed that concomitant treatment with alogliptin and pioglitazone produced both additive and synergistic improvements in glycaemic control, increased pancreatic insulin content and normalised pancreatic beta-cell distribution.
Študije na živalskih modelih sladkorne bolezni so pokazale, da je sočasno zdravljenje z alogliptinom in s pioglitazonom povzročilo tako aditivna kot sinergistična izboljšanja urejenosti glikemije, povečalo vsebnost pankreatičnega insulina in normaliziralo porazdelitev pankreatičnih celic beta.
Dietary acidification significantly decreased but did not abolish the incidence of tumours.
Prehransko zakisanje je pojavnost tumorjev bistveno zmanjšalo, ni pa je odpravilo.
Patients should be advised to promptly seek the attention of their physician if macroscopic haematuria or other symptoms such as dysuria or urinary urgency develop during treatment.
Bolnikom je treba svetovati, da morajo nemudoma poiskati zdravniško pomoč, če se med zdravljenjem pojavijo makroskopska hematurija ali drugi simptomi, kot sta disurija ali povečana potreba po uriniranju.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Diabetična ketoacidoza.
Your blood sugar will be checked and your dose of Incresync may need to be changed.
Vrednost krvnega sladkorja bodo preverili in po potrebi spremenili odmerek zdravila Incresync.
If any patient develops symptoms suggesting hepatic dysfunction, which may include unexplained nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, anorexia and/or dark urine, liver enzymes should be checked.
Če se pri bolniku pojavijo simptomi, ki kažejo na moteno delovanje jeter, med njimi so lahko nepojasnjena navzea, bruhanje, bolečina v trebuhu, utrujenost, anoreksija in/ali temen urin, je treba preveriti jetrne encime.
Almost all subjects (95%) were receiving cardiovascular medicinal products (beta blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, diuretics, aspirin, statins, fibrates).
Skoraj vsi vključeni bolniki (95 %) so prejemali kardiovaskularna zdravila (zaviralci adrenergičnih receptorjev beta, zaviralci angiotenzinske konvertaze (ACE), antagonisti angiotenzina II, zaviralci kalcijevih kanalčkov, nitrati, diuretiki, acetilsalicilna kislina, statini, fibrati).
Results from alogliptin studies with metformin, pioglitazone (thiazolidinedione), voglibose (alphaglucosidase inhibitor) and glyburide (sulphonylurea) have shown no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions.
Rezultati študij z metforminom, s pioglitazonom (tiazolidindion), z voglibozo (zaviralec glukozidaze alfa) in gliburidom (sulfonilsečnina) ne kažejo klinično pomembnih farmakokinetičnih interakcij.
A 24-month mechanistic study in male rats demonstrated that administration of pioglitazone resulted in an increased incidence of hyperplastic changes in the bladder.
24-mesečna študija mehanizma pri samcih podgan je pokazala, da se pri uporabi pioglitazona poveča pojavnost hiperplastičnih sprememb v sečnem mehurju.
When treating patients who have at least one risk factor for development of congestive heart failure (e.g. prior myocardial infarction or symptomatic coronary artery disease or the elderly), physicians should start pioglitazone therapy with the lowest available dose and increase the dose gradually.
Pri zdravljenju bolnikov z vsaj enim dejavnikom tveganja za razvoj kongestivnega srčnega popuščanja (npr. predhodni miokardni infarkt, simptomatska bolezen koronarnih arterij ali višja starost) je treba zdravljenje s pioglitazonom uvesti v najmanjšem možnem odmerku in ga postopno povečevati.
In addition, a prospective randomised cardiovascular outcomes safety study was conducted with 5,380 patients with high underlying cardiovascular risk to examine the effect of alogliptin compared with placebo (when added to standard of care) on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including time to the first occurrence of any event in the composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke in patients with a recent (15 to 90 days) acute coronary event.
Poleg tega pa je bila izvedena tudi prospektivna randomizirana študija izidov kardiovaskularne varnosti, v katero je bilo vključenih 5.380 bolnikov z velikim osnovnim kardiovaskularnim tveganjem za ovrednotenje učinka alogliptina v primerjavi s placebom (kot dodatek k standardnemu zdravljenju) na pomembne neželene kardiovaskularne dogodke (MACE, “major adverse cardiovascular events”), vključno s časom do prvega pojava katerega koli dogodka, sestavljenega iz kardiovaskularne smrti, neusodnega miokardnega infarkta in neusodne možganske kapi pri bolnikih z nedavnim (15 do 90 dni) akutnim koronarnim dogodkom.
Risk factors for bladder cancer should be assessed before initiating Incresync treatment (risks include age, smoking history, exposure to some occupational or chemotherapy medicinal products e.g. cyclophosphamide or prior radiation treatment in the pelvic region).
Pred uvedbo zdravljenja z zdravilom Incresync je treba oceniti dejavnike tveganja za rak sečnega mehurja (tveganja vključujejo starost, kajenje v anamnezi, poklicna izpostavljenost nekaterim dejavnikom ali izpostavljenost kemoterapevtikom, npr. ciklofosfamidu, ali predhodno zdravljenje z obsevanjem v predelu medenice).
In case of hypoglycaemia, a lower dose of the thiazolidinedione or metformin may be considered.
V primeru pojava hipoglikemije je treba razmisliti o zmanjšanju odmerka tiazolidindiona ali metformina.
The pharmacokinetics of alogliptin has been shown to be similar in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Dokazano je bilo, da je farmakokinetika alogliptina pri zdravih osebah in bolnikih s sladkorno boleznijo tipa 2 podobna.
If a dose is missed, it should be taken as soon as the patient remembers.
Če bolnik pozabi vzeti odmerek zdravila, ga mora vzeti takoj, ko se spomni.
In patients who fail to show an adequate response, Incresync should be discontinued.
Pri bolnikih, pri katerih ni zadovoljivega odziva, je treba zdravljenje z zdravilom Incresync ukiniti.
Alogliptin is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine and metabolism by the cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzyme system is negligible (see section 5.2).
Alogliptin se primarno izloča z urinom v nespremenjeni obliki, presnova z encimskim sistemom citokroma (CYP - cytochrome) P450 pa je zanemarljiva (glejte poglavje 5.2).
Alogliptin was not genotoxic in a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies.
Alogliptin ni bil genotoksičen v standardnem naboru študij genotoksičnosti in vitro ter in vivo.
The majority of these episodes were mild to moderate in intensity.
Večina epizod hipoglikemije je bila blagih do zmernih.
Visual disturbance has been reported mainly early in treatment and is related to changes in blood glucose due to temporary alteration in the turgidity and refractive index of the lens as seen with other hypoglycaemic treatments.
O motnjah vida so večinoma poročali kmalu po uvedbi zdravljenja, povezane pa so s spremembami vrednosti glukoze v krvi, in sicer zaradi začasnih sprememb turgidnosti in refrakcijskega indeksa leče, kakršne se pojavljajo tudi pri drugih antidiabetikih.
If jaundice is observed, the medicinal product should be discontinued.
Če se pojavi zlatenica, je treba zdravljenje z zdravilom prekiniti.
Since insulin and pioglitazone are both associated with fluid retention, concomitant administration may increase the risk of oedema.
Ker sta tako insulin kot pioglitazon povezana z zastajanjem tekočine, se lahko pri njuni sočasni uporabi poveča tveganje za razvoj edemov.
GLP-1 and GIP increases insulin biosynthesis and secretion from pancreatic beta cells, while GLP-1 also inhibits glucagon secretion and hepatic glucose production.
GLP-1 in GIP povečujeta biosintezo insulina in izločanje iz beta celic trebušne slinavke, GLP-1 pa tudi zavira izločanje glukagona in tvorbo glukoze v jetrih.
Studies in vitro have shown alogliptin to be a mild inducer of CYP3A4, but alogliptin has not been shown to induce CYP3A4 in studies in vivo.
Študije in vitro so pokazale, da je alogliptin blag induktor CYP3A4, vendar pa pri študijah in vivo alogliptin ni induciral CYP3A4.
The effect of pioglitazone (45 mg monotherapy vs. placebo) was studied in a small 18-week study in type 2 diabetics.
Vpliv pioglitazona (45 mg v monoterapiji v primerjavi s placebom) so raziskali v majhni, 18-tedenski študiji pri bolnikih s sladkorno boleznijo tipa 2.
- Severe and persistent pain in the abdomen (stomach area) which might reach through to your back, as well as nausea and vomiting, as it could be a sign of an inflamed pancreas (pancreatitis).
• Huda in trdovratna bolečina v trebuhu (v predelu želodca), ki lahko izžareva v hrbet, pa tudi siljenje na bruhanje in bruhanje, so lahko znak vnetja trebušne slinavke (pankreatitisa).
In the prospective randomised controlled cardiovascular outcomes study, investigator reported events of hypoglycemia were similar in patients receiving placebo (6.5%) and patients receiving alogliptin (6.7%) in addition to standard of care.
V prospektivni randomizirani nadzorovani študiji kardiovaskularnih izidov so raziskovalci poročali o podobni pojavnosti hipoglikemičnih dogodkov pri bolnikih, ki so poleg standardnega zdravljenja prejemali placebo (6,5 %) in bolnikih, ki so prejemali alogliptin (6,7 %).
Combination of alogliptin with other anti-diabetic medicinal products
Kombinacije alogliptina z drugimi antidiabetiki
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps) bladder cancer uncommon
Benigne, maligne in neopredeljene novotvorbe (vključno s cistami in polipi) rak sečnega mehurja občasni
In studies in vitro, alogliptin was not an inhibitor of the following renal transporters; OAT1, OAT3 and OCT2.
Pri študijah in vitro alogliptin ni zaviral ledvičnih prenašalcev OAT1, OAT3 in OCT2.
For patients switching from separate tablets of alogliptin and pioglitazone, both alogliptin and pioglitazone should be dosed at the daily dose already being taken.
Pri bolnikih, ki prehajajo z ločenih tablet alogliptina in pioglitazona, je treba tako odmerek alogliptina kot odmerek pioglitazona določiti na osnovi dnevnega odmerka, ki ga že jemljejo.
It is unclear whether or not there is a direct association between pioglitazone and macular oedema but prescribers should be alert to the possibility of macular oedema if patients on Incresync report disturbances in visual acuity; an appropriate ophthalmological referral should be considered.
Ni jasno, če obstaja neposredna povezava med uporabo pioglitazona in razvojem makularnega edema, vendar pa morajo biti zdravniki pozorni na možnost makularnega edema, če bolnik, ki se zdravi z zdravilom Incresync, navaja težave z ostrino vida.
Nylon/aluminium/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blisters with push through aluminium lidding foil.
Pretisni omoti iz najlona/aluminija/polivinil klorida (PVC - polyvinyl chloride), prekriti z aluminijasto pretisno folijo.
Clinically meaningful reductions in HbA1c compared to placebo were also observed with 25 mg alogliptin regardless of whether patients were receiving concomitant metformin or sulphonylurea therapy.
Klinično pomembna znižanja vrednosti HbA1c v primerjavi s placebom so bila opažena tudi pri uporabi alogliptina v odmerku 25 mg ne glede na to, ali so se bolniki sočasno zdravili z metforminom ali s sulfonilsečnino.
In studies in vitro, alogliptin was found to be neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of key transporters associated with disposition of the active substance in the kidney: organic anion transporter-1, organic anion transporter-3 or organic cationic transporter-2 (OCT2).
V študijah in vitro je bilo ugotovljeno, da alogliptin ni niti substrat niti zaviralec ključnih prenašalcev, povezanih z odlaganjem učinkovine v ledvicah: organskega anionskega prenašalca-1, organskega anionskega prenašalca-3 ali organskega kationskega prenašalca-2 (OCT2; “organic cationic transporter-2”).
In animal fertility studies conducted with pioglitazone there was no effect on copulation, impregnation or fertility index.
Pri študijah plodnosti pri živalih, izvedenih s pioglitazonom, niso opazili vplivov na parjenje, oploditev ali indeks plodnosti.
A single dose of 50 mg alogliptin was administered to 4 groups of patients with varying degrees of renal impairment (CrCl using the Cockcroft-Gault formula): mild (CrCl = > 50 to ≤ 80 mL/min), moderate (CrCl = ≥ 30 to ≤ 50 mL/min), severe (CrCl = < 30 mL/min) and end-stage renal disease on haemodialysis.
Enkratni odmerek 50 mg alogliptina so prejele 4 skupine bolnikov z različno stopnjo okvare ledvic (CrCl po enačbi Cockcroft-Gault): blaga (CrCl = > 50 do ≤ 80 ml/min), zmerna (CrCl = ≥ 30 do ≤ 50 ml/min), huda (CrCl = <30 ml/min) in končna ledvična odpoved na hemodializi.
M-I is an active metabolite and is a highly selective inhibitor of DPP-4 similar to alogliptin; M-II does not display any inhibitory activity towards DPP-4 or other DPP-related enzymes.
M-I je aktiven presnovek in zelo selektiven zaviralec DPP-4, podobno kot alogliptin, M-II pa ne kaže zaviralne aktivnosti v razmerju do DPP-4 ali drugih encimov, sorodnih DPP.