natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
State aid may therefore contribute to the implementation of projects which result in an overall societal or economic benefit and which would otherwise not be pursued.
V nekaterih primerih lahko nepopolne in asimetrične informacije tudi ovirajo dostop do financiranja.
However, neither are all benefits of R&D&I activities externalities, nor does the presence of externalities alone automatically mean that State aid is compatible with the functioning of the EEA Agreement.
Vendar nepopolne informacije in obstoj tveganja sami po sebi ne upravičujejo potrebe po državni pomoči.
In general, consumers are willing to pay for the direct benefit of new products and services while firms can appropriate the benefits from their investment through other existing instruments, such as IPR.
Če se projekti z nižjo donosnostjo zasebnih naložb ne financirajo, je lahko to znak tržne učinkovitosti.
In some cases, however, those means are imperfect and leave a residual market failure that may be corrected by State aid.
Poleg tega je tveganje del vsake poslovne dejavnosti in samo po sebi še ne pomeni nedelovanja trga.
For instance, as is often argued for fundamental research, it may be difficult to exclude others from gaining access to the results of some activities, which might therefore have a public good character.
Vendar lahko tveganje skupaj z asimetričnimi informacijami zaostri težave s financiranjem,
On the other hand, more specific knowledge related to production can often be well protected, for example through patents, allowing the inventor to reap a higher return on the invention,
nepopolnosti pri usklajevanju in mrežne nepopolnosti
imperfect and asymmetric information
zmožnost medsebojnega usklajevanja podjetij ali njihovega sodelovanja za zagotavljanje R&R&I se lahko poslabša iz različnih razlogov, vključno zaradi težav pri usklajevanju velikega števila sodelujočih partnerjev, pri čemer imajo nekateri od njih različne interese, ter težav pri pripravi pogodb in usklajevanju sodelovanja, na primer zaradi izmenjave občutljivih informacij.
R&D&I activities are characterised by a high degree of uncertainty.
Medtem ko lahko določeno nedelovanje trga ovira skupno raven R&R&I v EGP, pa vseh podjetij in gospodarskih sektorjev ne prizadene enako.
Under certain circumstances, due to imperfect and asymmetric information, private investors may be reluctant to finance valuable projects and highly-qualified personnel may be unaware of recruitment possibilities in innovative undertakings.
Zato bi morale države Efte za individualno pomoč, ki jo je treba priglasiti, zagotoviti ustrezne informacije o tem, ali pomoč odpravlja splošno nedelovanje trga glede R&R&I v EGP ali posebno nedelovanje trga, ki je na primer povezano z določenim sektorjem ali poslovnim področjem.
As a result, the allocation of human and financial resources may not be adequate and projects which may be valuable for society or the economy may not be carried out.
Nadzorni organ glede na posebne vrste nedelovanja trga, ki jih je treba obravnavati, upošteva naslednje elemente:
In certain cases, imperfect and asymmetric information may also hamper access to finance.
učinke prelivanja znanja
However, imperfect information and the presence of risk do not automatically justify the need for State aid.
predvidena raven razširjanja znanja;
Projects with lower private returns on investments not being financed can very well be a sign of market efficiency.
posebnost ustvarjenega znanja;
Moreover, risk is part of every business activity and is not a market failure in itself.
dostopnost zaščite pravic intelektualne lastnine;
However, in a context of asymmetric information, risk may exacerbate financing problems,
stopnja dopolnjevanja z ostalimi proizvodi in storitvami,
coordination and network failures
raven tveganja in zapletenosti dejavnosti R&R&I;
the ability of undertakings to coordinate with each other or to interact in order to deliver R&D&I may be impaired for various reasons, including difficulties in coordinating among a large number of collaboration partners where some of them have diverging interests, problems in designing contracts, and difficulties in coordinating collaboration due for example to sensitive information being shared.
potreba po zunanjem financiranju;
Whilst certain market failures may hamper the overall level of R&D&I in the EEA, not all undertakings and sectors in the economy are affected by them to the same extent.
značilnosti upravičenca do pomoči v zvezi z dostopom do zunanjega financiranja,
Consequently, for notifiable individual aid, EFTA States should provide adequate information about whether the aid addresses a general market failure regarding R&D&I in the EEA, or a specific market failure regarding, for example, a particular sector or line of business.
nepopolnosti pri usklajevanju
Depending on the specific market failure to be addressed, the Authority will take into consideration the following elements:
število sodelujočih podjetij;
knowledge spillovers
intenzivnost sodelovanja;
level of knowledge dissemination envisaged;
različnost interesov sodelujočih partnerjev;
specificity of the knowledge created;
težave pri oblikovanju pogodb;
availability of IPR protection;
težave pri usklajevanju sodelovanja.
degree of complementarity with other products and services,
Nadzorni organ pri svoji analizi domnevnega nedelovanja trga zlasti upošteva vse razpoložljive sektorske primerjave in druge študije, ki bi jih morale zagotoviti zadevne države Efte.
level of risk and complexity of R&D&I activities;
Države Efte morajo ob priglasitvi pomoči za naložbe ali tekoče poslovanje za grozde zagotoviti informacije o načrtovani ali pričakovani specializaciji inovacijskega grozda, obstoječih regionalnih možnostih in prisotnosti grozdov v EGP s podobnimi nameni.
need for external finance;
Kar zadeva državno pomoč, dodeljeno projektom ali dejavnostim, ki se financirajo tudi v okviru enega od programov Unije, ki so vključeni v Sporazum EGP [35], Nadzorni organ šteje, da je bila ugotovljena potreba po državni intervenciji.
characteristics of the aid beneficiary regarding access to external finance,
Če pa se državna pomoč dodeli projektom ali dejavnostim, ki so po tehnološki vsebini, stopnji tveganja in obsegu podobni tistim, ki so bili v EGP že izvedeni po tržnih pogojih, Nadzorni organ načeloma predpostavlja, da nedelovanja trga ni ter zahteva dodatne dokaze in utemeljitev za potrebo po državni intervenciji.
coordination failures
Državna pomoč ni edini instrument politike, ki je državam Efte na voljo za spodbujanje dejavnosti R&R&I.
number of collaborating undertakings;
Zavedati se je treba, da morda obstajajo drugi, primernejši instrumenti, kot so ukrepi na strani povpraševanja, ki vključujejo predpise, javna naročila ali standardizacijo, pa tudi povečanje financiranja javnih raziskav in izobraževanja ter splošne fiskalne ukrepe.
intensity of collaboration;
Primernost instrumenta politike v določenih razmerah je običajno povezana z značilnostmi težave, ki se rešuje.
diverging interests among collaborating partners;
Za reševanje težav novega udeleženca pri doseganju rezultatov R&R&I je lahko zmanjšanje tržnih ovir na primer primernejše od državne pomoči.
problems in designing contracts;
Povečanje naložb v izobraževanje je lahko primernejše za obravnavanje pomanjkanja usposobljenega osebja kot dodelitev državne pomoči.
problems to coordinate collaboration.
Pomoč za R&R&I je mogoče odobriti kot izjemo od splošne prepovedi državne pomoči, kadar je nujna za doseganje cilja skupnega interesa.
In its analysis of an alleged market failure the Authority will in particular take into account any available sectoral comparisons and other studies, which should be provided by the EFTA State concerned.
Pomembno vprašanje v tem pogledu je, ali in v kakšnem obsegu se lahko pomoč za R&R&I šteje za ustrezen instrument za povečanje dejavnosti R&R&I glede na to, da se lahko z drugimi, manj izkrivljajočimi instrumenti, dosežejo enaki rezultati.
When notifying investment or operating aid for clusters, EFTA States must provide information on the planned or expected specialisation of the innovation cluster, existing regional potential and presence of clusters in the EEA with similar purposes.
Nadzorni organ pri analizi združljivosti zlasti upošteva vsako oceno učinka predlaganega ukrepa, ki jo opravi zadevna država Efte.
With respect to State aid which is awarded for projects or activities that are also financed by one of the Union programmes incorporated into the EEA Agreement [35], the Authority will consider that the need for state intervention has been established.
Za ustrezen instrument se štejejo ukrepi, pri katerih so države Efte proučile druge možnosti politike ter za katere so ugotovljene in nadzornemu organu predložene prednosti uporabe selektivnega instrumenta, kot je državna pomoč.
On the other hand, where State aid is awarded for projects or activities which, with respect to their technological content, level of risk and size, are similar to those already delivered within the EEA at market conditions, the Authority will in principle presume that no market failure is present and will require further evidence of and justification for the need for state intervention.
Kar zadeva državno pomoč, dodeljeno projektom ali dejavnostim, ki se financirajo tudi v okviru enega od programov Unije, ki so vključeni v Sporazum EGP [36], Nadzorni organ šteje, da je bila ugotovljena ustreznost ukrepa pomoči.
State aid is not the only policy instrument available to EFTA States to promote R&D&I activities.
Državna pomoč za R&R&I se lahko dodeli v različnih oblikah.
It is important to keep in mind that there may be other, better placed instruments such as demand-side measures involving regulation, public procurement or standardisation, as well as an increase in funding of public research and education and general fiscal measures.
Zato bi morale države Efte zagotoviti, da se pomoč dodeli v obliki, ki bo po vsej verjetnosti povzročila najmanjše izkrivljanje konkurence in trgovine.
The appropriateness of a policy instrument in a given situation is normally linked to the nature of the problem that is being addressed.
Če je dodeljena pomoč v oblikah, ki zagotavljajo neposredno denarno korist (kot so neposredna nepovratna sredstva, davčne oprostitve oziroma znižanja davkov, drugi obvezni prispevki ali pridobitev zemljišča, proizvodov ali storitev po ugodnih cenah), mora zadevna država Efte vključiti analizo drugih možnosti in pojasniti, zakaj oziroma v kakšnem smislu so manj ustrezne druge, potencialno manj izkrivljajoče oblike pomoči, kot so vračljivi predujmi ali oblike pomoči, ki temeljijo na dolžniških ali kapitalskih instrumentih (kot so državna jamstva, nakup lastniških deležev ali drugačne pridobitve dolga ali kapitala pod ugodnimi pogoji).
For instance, reducing market barriers may be more appropriate than State aid to deal with a new entrant's difficulty to appropriate R&D&I results.
Instrument pomoči bi bilo treba izbrati glede na vrsto nedelovanja trga, ki naj bi se z njim odpravila.
Increased investment in education may be more appropriate to deal with a lack of qualified personnel than awarding State aid.
Na primer, če gre pri temeljnem nedelovanju trga za težavo z dostopom do zunanjega dolžniškega financiranja zaradi asimetričnih informacij, bi morale države Efte običajno dodeliti pomoč v obliki likvidnostne podpore, kot je posojilo ali jamstvo, ne pa pomoči v obliki nepovratnih sredstev.
Aid for R&D&I can be authorised as an exception to the general prohibition of State aid, when it is necessary to achieve an objective of common interest.
Če je treba poleg tega podjetju zagotoviti določeno stopnjo porazdelitve tveganja, bi morale države Efte običajno izbrati vračljivi predujem.
An important element in this respect is therefore whether and to what extent aid for R&D&I can be considered an appropriate instrument to increase R&D&I activities, given that other less distortive instruments may achieve the same results.
Zlasti če pomoč ni dodeljena v obliki likvidnostne podpore ali vračljivega predujma za dejavnosti, ki so blizu trga, morajo države Efte utemeljiti ustreznost izbranega instrumenta za odpravo posebnega nedelovanja trga.
In its compatibility analysis, the Authority will take particular account of any impact assessment of the proposed measure carried out by the EFTA State concerned.
Pomoč za R&R&I se lahko šteje za združljivo z delovanjem Sporazuma EGP le, če ima spodbujevalni učinek.
Measures, for which EFTA States have considered other policy options and for which the advantages of using a selective instrument such as State aid are established and submitted to the Authority, are considered to constitute an appropriate instrument.
Spodbujevalni učinek se pojavi, kadar pomoč spremeni ravnanje podjetja tako, da se to začne ukvarjati z dodatnimi dejavnostmi, ki jih sicer ne bi izvajalo ali bi jih brez pomoči izvajalo le v omejenem obsegu oziroma drugače.
With respect to State aid which is awarded for projects or activities that are also financed by one of the Union programmes incorporated into the EEA Agreement [36], the Authority will consider that the appropriateness of the aid measure has been established.
Vendar pomoč ne sme subvencionirati stroškov dejavnosti, ki bi jih podjetje imelo v vsakem primeru, in ne sme biti nadomestilo za običajno poslovno tveganje gospodarske dejavnosti [37].
State aid for R&D&I can be awarded in various forms.
Nadzorni organ meni, da pomoč ne pomeni spodbude za upravičenca v vseh primerih, kadar se je delo v zvezi z zadevnimi dejavnostmi R&R&I [38] začelo že pred njegovo prošnjo za pomoč, naslovljeno na nacionalne organe [39].
EFTA States should therefore ensure that the aid is awarded in the form that is likely to generate the least distortions of competition and trade.
Če začetek del nastopi, preden upravičenec predloži prošnjo za pomoč nacionalnim organom, projekt ne bo upravičen do pomoči.
In this respect, where the aid is awarded in forms that provide a direct pecuniary advantage (such as direct grants, exemptions or reductions in taxes or other compulsory charges, or the supply of land, products or services at favourable prices), the EFTA State concerned must include an analysis of other options and explain why or how other potentially less distortive forms of aid such as repayable advances or forms of aid that are based on debt or equity instruments (such as state guarantees, the purchase of a share-holding or an alternative provision of debt or capital on favourable terms) are less appropriate.
Prošnja za pomoč mora vsebovati vsaj ime prosilca in njegovo velikost, opis projekta, vključno z njegovo lokacijo ter začetnim in končnim datumom, znesek javne podpore, ki je potreben za njegovo izvedbo, ter seznam upravičenih stroškov.
The choice of the aid instrument should be made in view of the market failure which it seeks to address.
Če davčni ukrepi pomenijo državno pomoč, lahko Nadzorni organ na podlagi ocenjevalnih študij [40], ki jih predložijo države Efte, presodi o spodbujevalnem učinku teh ukrepov, in sicer glede na to, ali spodbujajo večjo porabo podjetij na področju R&R&I.
For instance, where the underlying market failure is a problem of access to external debt finance due to asymmetric information, EFTA States should normally resort to aid in the form of liquidity support, such as a loan or guarantee, rather than a grant.
Za individualno pomoč, ki jo je treba priglasiti, morajo države Efte Nadzornemu organu dokazati, da ima pomoč spodbujevalni učinek, in zato predložiti jasne dokaze, da ima pomoč pozitiven učinek na odločitev podjetja, da bo opravljalo dejavnosti R&R&I, ki jih sicer ne bi izvajalo.
Where it is also necessary to provide the firm with a certain degree of risk sharing, a repayable advance should normally be the aid instrument of choice.
Da bi lahko Nadzorni organ izvedel celovito oceno zadevnega ukrepa pomoči, mora zadevna država Efte poleg informacij v zvezi s projektom, ki prejema pomoč, predložiti tudi, kolikor je to mogoče, celovit opis okoliščin, do katerih bi prišlo oziroma bi po razumnih pričakovanjih lahko prišlo, če podjetje pomoči ne bi dobilo, tj. hipotetični scenarij.
In particular, where aid is awarded in a form other than liquidity support or a repayable advance for activities that are close to the market, EFTA States must justify the appropriateness of the chosen instrument for tackling the specific market failure in question.
Hipotetični scenarij lahko predvideva stanje, ko se ne izvede noben nadomestni projekt ali ko se izvede jasno opredeljen in dovolj predvidljiv nadomestni projekt, ki ga je upravičenec obravnaval v okviru svojega internega sprejemanja odločitev, ter se lahko nanaša na nadomestni projekt, ki se v celoti ali delno izvaja zunaj EGP.
R&D&I aid can only be found compatible with the functioning of the EEA Agreement if it has an incentive effect.
Nadzorni organ v svoji analizi upošteva naslednje elemente:
An incentive effect occurs where the aid changes the behaviour of an undertaking in such a way that it engages in additional activities, which it would not carry out or it would carry out in a restricted or different manner without the aid.
opredelitev predvidene spremembe
The aid must however not subsidise the costs of an activity that an undertaking would anyhow incur and must not compensate for the normal business risk of an economic activity [37].
natančno je treba opisati pričakovano spremembo ravnanja zaradi državne pomoči, tj. ali se začenja nov projekt oziroma se povečuje velikost, obseg ali hitrost projekta,
The Authority considers that aid does not present an incentive for the beneficiary wherever work on the relevant R&D&I activity [38] has already started prior to the aid application by the beneficiary to the national authorities [39].
analizo nasprotnih dejstev
Where start of works takes place before the aid application is submitted by the beneficiary to the national authorities, the project will not be eligible for aid.
sprememba ravnanja mora biti opredeljena s primerjavo pričakovanega rezultata in ravni načrtovane dejavnosti v primeru dodelitve pomoči in brez nje.
The aid application must include at least the applicant's name and size, a description of the project, including its location and start and end dates, the amount of public support needed to carry it out, and a list of eligible costs.
Razlika med obema primeroma kaže učinek ukrepa pomoči in njegov spodbujevalni učinek,
To the extent they constitute State aid, the Authority may consider that fiscal measures have an incentive effect, by stimulating higher R&D&I spending by undertakings, on the basis of evaluation studies [40] provided by EFTA States.
raven donosnosti
For notifiable individual aid, EFTA States must demonstrate to the Authority that the aid has an incentive effect and therefore need to provide clear evidence that the aid has a positive impact on the decision of the undertaking to pursue R&D&I activities which would otherwise not have been pursued.
če projekt sam po sebi ne bi bil toliko donosen, da bi ga podjetje izvedlo, vendar bi prinesel pomembne koristi za družbo, je verjetneje, da ima pomoč spodbujevalni učinek,
To enable the Authority to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the aid measure in question, the EFTA State concerned must provide not only information concerning the aided project but also, to the extent possible, a comprehensive description of what would have happened or could reasonably have been expected to happen without aid, that is to say the counterfactual scenario.
znesek naložbe in časovni okvir denarnih tokov
The counterfactual scenario may consist in the absence of an alternative project or in a clearly defined and sufficiently predictable alternative project considered by the beneficiary in its internal decision making, and may relate to an alternative project that is wholly or partly carried out outside the EEA.
visoka zagonska naložba, nizka stopnja denarnih tokov, ki jih je mogoče pridobiti, in znaten del denarnih tokov, ki bodo na voljo v zelo daljni prihodnosti ali zelo negotovo, se štejejo za pozitivne elemente pri oceni spodbujevalnega učinka,
In its analysis, the Authority will take into consideration the following elements:
raven tveganja
specification of intended change
ocena tveganja zlasti upošteva nepovrnljivost naložbe, verjetnost gospodarskega neuspeha, tveganje, da bo projekt manj produktiven, kot je pričakovano, tveganje, da bo izvajanje projekta ogrozilo druge dejavnosti upravičenca do pomoči, in tveganje, da bodo stroški projekta ogrozili finančno sposobnost podjetja za preživetje.
the change in behaviour which is expected to result from State aid, that is to say whether a new project is triggered, or the size, scope or speed of a project is enhanced, has to be well-specified,
Države Efte so pozvane, naj upoštevajo zlasti dokumente uprav, ocene tveganja, finančna poročila, notranje poslovne načrte, mnenja strokovnjakov in druge študije, povezane s projektom, ki se ocenjuje.
counterfactual analysis
Dokumenti, ki vsebujejo informacije o napovedih povpraševanja in stroškov ter finančnih napovedih, dokumenti, ki so predloženi odboru za naložbe in podrobno opisujejo različne naložbene scenarije, ali dokumenti, ki so predloženi finančnim ustanovam, lahko državam Efte pomagajo pri dokazovanju spodbujevalnega učinka.
the change of behaviour has to be identified by comparing what the expected outcome and level of intended activity would be with and without aid.
Da bi Nadzorni organ zagotovil, da se spodbujevalni učinek določi na objektivni podlagi, lahko pri svoji oceni podatke o posameznem podjetju primerja s podatki, ki se nanašajo na gospodarsko panogo, v kateri je dejaven upravičenec do pomoči.
The difference between the two scenarios shows the impact of the aid measure and its incentive effect,
Države Efte bi morale zlasti, kadar je to mogoče, zagotoviti podatke, ki se nanašajo na določeno gospodarsko panogo in dokazujejo, da so hipotetični scenarij upravičenca, njegova zahtevana raven donosnosti in pričakovani denarnih tokovi v razumnih mejah.
level of profitability
V tem okviru se lahko raven donosnosti oceni na podlagi metodologij, ki se očitno uporabljajo v podjetju, ki je prejemnik pomoči, ali so ustaljene v zadevni gospodarski panogi in ki lahko vključujejo metode za ocenjevanje neto sedanje vrednosti projekta [41], notranje stopnje donosa [42] ali povprečnega donosa naložbenega kapitala.
where a project would not, in itself, be profitable to carry out for an undertaking, but would generate important benefits for society, it is more likely that the aid has an incentive effect,
Če pomoč ne spremeni ravnanja upravičenca s spodbujanjem dodatnih dejavnosti R&R&I, pomeni, da nima pozitivnih učinkov v smislu spodbujanja R&R&I v EGP.
amount of investment and time-frame of cash flows
Zato se pomoč, kadar se zdi, da bi se iste dejavnosti izvajale ali bi se lahko izvajale tudi brez pomoči, ne šteje za združljivo z delovanjem Sporazuma EGP.
a high start-up investment, a low level of appropriable cash flows and a significant fraction of the cash flow arising in the very far future or in a very uncertain manner, will be considered positive elements in assessing the incentive effect,
Da bi se kakršna koli pomoč za R&R&I štela za sorazmerno, mora biti njena višina omejena na najnižjo vrednost, potrebno za izvedbo dejavnosti, ki prejema pomoč.
level of risk involved
Za zagotovitev, da je raven pomoči sorazmerna z nedelovanjem trga, ki ga namerava obravnavati, mora biti pomoč določena v skladu z vnaprej določenim sklopom upravičenih stroškov ter omejena na določen delež teh upravičenih stroškov („intenzivnost pomoči“).
the assessment of risk will in particular take into account the irreversibility of the investment, the probability of commercial failure, the risk that the project will be less productive than expected, the risk that the project undermines other activities of the aid beneficiary and the risk that the project costs undermine its financial viability.
Intenzivnost pomoči je treba določiti za vsakega upravičenca do pomoči, vključno s sodelovalnim projektom.