natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
When meeting in Barcelona in March 2002, the European Council adopted a clear goal for the future development of research spending.
Evropski svet je na svojem srečanju v Barceloni marca 2002 sprejel jasen cilj za prihodnji razvoj porabe sredstev za raziskave.
It agreed that overall spending on research and development (hereinafter: R&D) and innovation in the Community should be increased with the aim of approaching 3 % of gross domestic product by 2010.
Strinjal se je, da se mora skupna poraba sredstev za raziskave in razvoj ter inovacije v Skupnosti povečati, da bi do leta 2010 dosegla približno 3 % bruto domačega proizvoda.
It further clarified that two-thirds of this new investment should come from the private sector.
Nadalje je pojasnil, da morata dve tretjini teh novih naložb izhajati iz zasebnega sektorja.
To reach this objective, research investment should grow at an average of 8 % every year, shared between a 6 % growth rate for public expenditure [2] and a 9 % yearly growth rate for private investment [3].
Da se ta cilj doseže, se morajo naložbe v raziskave vsako leto v povprečju povečati za 8 %, razdeljenih med 6-odstotno stopnjo rasti za javne izdatke [2] in 9-odstotno letno stopnjo rasti za zasebne naložbe [3].
The objective is through State aid to enhance economic efficiency [4] and thereby, contribute to sustainable growth and jobs.
Cilj tega je povečati gospodarsko učinkovitost [4] z državno pomočjo ter s tem prispevati k trajnostni rasti in delovnim mestom.
Therefore, State aid for R & D & I shall be compatible if the aid can be expected to lead to additional R & D & I and if the distortion of competition is not considered to be contrary to the common interest, which the Authority equates for the purposes of this chapter with economic efficiency.
Torej bo državna pomoč za R & R & I združljiva, če se bo lahko pričakovalo, da bo pripeljala do dodatnih R & R & I, in če izkrivljanje konkurence ne bo v nasprotju s skupnim interesom, ki ga Nadzorni organ za potrebe tega poglavja izenačuje z gospodarsko učinkovitostjo.
The aim of this chapter is to ensure this objective and in particular, to make it easier for EFTA States to better target the aid to the relevant market failures [5].
Namen tega poglavja je zagotoviti ta cilj in zlasti olajšati državam Efte boljše usmerjanje pomoči v zadevne tržne nepopolnosti [5].
Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement lays down the principle that State aid is prohibited.
Člen 61(1) Sporazuma EGP določa načelo, da je državna pomoč prepovedana.
In certain cases, however, such aid may be compatible with the functioning of the EEA Agreement on the basis of Article 61(2) and (3).
Vendar je v določenih primerih lahko taka pomoč združljiva z delovanjem Sporazuma EGP na podlagi člena 61(2) in (3).
Aid for R&D&I will primarily be justified on the basis of its Article 61(3)(b) and 61(3)(c).
Pomoč za R&R&I bo zlasti upravičena na podlagi člena 61(3)(b) in (c) Sporazuma.
In this chapter the Authority lays down rules which it will apply in the assessment of aid notified to it, thereby exercising its discretion and increasing legal certainty and transparency of its decision-making.
V tem poglavju Nadzorni organ določa pravila, ki jih bo uporabil pri ocenjevanju priglašene pomoči ter tako uveljavil svojo diskrecijsko pravico in povečal pravno varnost in preglednost pri svojem sprejemanju odločitev.
State aid policy and R&D&I
Politika državne pomoči in R&R&I
In the context of the Lisbon strategy, the level of R&D&I is considered not to be optimal for the economy in the Community, implying that an increase in the level of R&D&I would lead to higher growth in the Community.
V okviru lizbonske strategije za raven R&R&I velja, da ni optimalna za gospodarstvo v Skupnosti, kar pomeni, da bi povečanje ravni R&R&I pripeljalo do večje rasti v Skupnosti.
The Authority, in line with the developments in the Community, considers that the existing rules for State aid to R&D have to be modernised and enhanced to meet this challenge.
Nadzorni organ v skladu z razvojem v Skupnosti meni, da je treba obstoječa pravila o državni pomoči za raziskave in razvoj posodobiti in izboljšati, da bodo kos temu izzivu.
Firstly, the Authority, in this chapter, expands the existing possibilities of aid to R&D to new activities supporting innovation.
Prvič, Nadzorni organ v tem poglavju razširja obstoječe možnosti pomoči za raziskave in razvoj na nove dejavnosti, ki podpirajo inovacije.
Innovation is related to a process connecting knowledge and technology with the exploitation of market opportunities for new or improved products, services and business processes compared to those already available on the common market, and encompassing a certain degree of risk.
Inovacije so povezane s procesom, ki povezuje znanje in tehnologijo z izkoriščanjem tržnih priložnosti za nove ali izboljšane proizvode, storitve in poslovne procese v primerjavi s tistimi, ki so že na voljo na skupnem trgu, in ki vključuje določeno stopnjo tveganja.
For the purpose of State aid rules, the Authority considers however that State aid for innovation should be authorised not on the basis of an abstract definition of innovation but only to the extent that it relates to precise activities, which clearly address the market failures that are hampering innovation and for which the benefits of State aid are likely to outweigh any possible harm to competition and trade.
Vendar za namene pravil o državni pomoči Nadzorni organ meni, da se državna pomoč za inovacije ne sme odobriti na podlagi abstraktne opredelitve inovacij, ampak samo v obsegu, v katerem se nanaša na točno določene dejavnosti, ki jasno obravnavajo tržne nepopolnosti, ki ovirajo inovacije, in za katere bodo koristi državne pomoči verjetno večje od morebitne škode za konkurenco in trgovino.
Secondly, the Authority aims at supporting a better administration of State aid to R&D&I.
Drugič, cilj Nadzornega organa je podpreti boljše upravljanje državne pomoči za R&R&I.
Plans are impending to extend the scope of the block-exemption for R&D, which is currently limited to aid to small and medium-sized enterprises (hereafter: SMEs) [6].
Neizbežni so načrti za razširitev področja uporabe skupinske izjeme za raziskave in razvoj, ki je trenutno omejeno na pomoč malim in srednjim podjetjem (v nadaljnjem besedilu: MSP) [6].
A future general block exemption regulation (hereafter: BER) will cover the less problematic aid measures in the area of R&D&I.
Prihodnja splošna uredba o skupinski izjemi bo zajemala manj težavne ukrepe pomoči na področju R&R&I.
This chapter will continue to apply for all measures notified to the Authority whether because the measure is not covered by the BER incorporated into the EEA Agreement, because of an obligation in the BER to notify aid individually, or because the EFTA State decides to notify a measure which could in principle have been exempted under the BER, as well as for the assessment of all non-notified aid.Thirdly, in order to better focus the Authority’s scrutiny, this chapter provides, for the assessment of measures falling within its scope, not only rules on the compatibility of certain aid measure (Section 5 below) but also, due to the increased risk of certain aid measures distorting competition and trade, additional elements concerning the analysis of the incentive effect and necessity of aid (Section 6 below) and an additional methodology to be applied in case of detailed assessment (Section 7 below).
To poglavje se bo tudi v prihodnje uporabljalo za vse ukrepe, ki so bili Nadzornemu organu priglašeni, ker ukrep ni zajet v uredbi o skupinski izjemi, ki je vključena v Sporazum EGP, zaradi zahteve v okviru uredbe o skupinski izjemi, da se pomoč priglasi individualno, ali ker se država Efte odloči za priglasitev ukrepa, ki bi ga bilo v okviru uredbe o skupinski izjemi načeloma mogoče uvrstiti v skupinsko izjemo, ter za oceno vseh nepriglašenih pomoči.Tretjič, da bi bilo spremljanje Nadzornega organa bolje usmerjeno, to poglavje za oceno ukrepov, ki sodijo na njegovo področje uporabe, ne določa samo pravil o združljivosti določenega ukrepa pomoči (oddelek 5 spodaj), ampak zaradi povečanega tveganja, da bi določeni ukrepi pomoči izkrivljali konkurenco in trgovino, tudi dodatne elemente v zvezi z analizo spodbujevalnega učinka in nujnostjo pomoči (oddelek 6 spodaj) ter dodatno metodologijo, ki jo je treba uporabiti v primeru podrobne ocene (oddelek 7 spodaj).
In this context the Authority underlines that competitive markets should in principle, on their own, lead to the most efficient outcome in terms of R&D&I.
V zvezi s tem Nadzorni organ poudarja, da bi konkurenčni trgi načeloma morali sami pripeljati do najučinkovitejšega rezultata v smislu R&R&I.
However, this may not always be the case in the field of R&D&I and government intervention might then improve the outcome.
Vendar na področju R&R&I to ne velja vedno in posredovanje države bi torej lahko izboljšalo rezultat.
Undertakings will invest more in research only to the extent that they can draw concrete commercial benefits from the results and are aware of the possibilities to do so.
Podjetja bodo več vlagala v raziskave samo v obsegu, v katerem imajo lahko dejanske gospodarske koristi od rezultatov, zavedajo pa se tudi možnosti, da to lahko storijo.
There are many reasons for low levels of R&D&I, which are partly due to structural barriers, and partly to the presence of market failures.
Obstaja veliko razlogov za nizke ravni R&R&I, deloma zaradi strukturnih ovir, deloma zaradi tržnih nepopolnosti.
Structural barriers should preferably be handled by structural measures [7], whereas State aid may play a role in counter-weighing inefficiencies due to market failures.
Strukturne ovire naj bi se po možnosti obvladovale s strukturnimi ukrepi [7], medtem ko lahko državna pomoč pripomore k izravnavanju neučinkovitosti zaradi tržnih nepopolnosti.
Furthermore, empirical evidence indicates that for State aid to be efficient it must be accompanied by favourable framework conditions, such as adequate intellectual property right systems, a competitive environment with research and innovation-friendly regulations and supportive financial markets.
Poleg tega empirični dokazi kažejo, da morajo državno pomoč, če naj bo učinkovita, spremljati ugodni okvirni pogoji, kot so ustrezni sistemi pravic intelektualne lastnine, konkurenčno okolje z uredbami, naklonjenimi raziskavam in inovacijam, ter podporni finančni trgi.
However, State aid also distorts competition, and strong competition is at the same time a crucial factor for the market-driven stimulation of investment in R&D&I.
Vendar državna pomoč tudi izkrivlja konkurenco, močna konkurenca pa je hkrati eden ključnih dejavnikov za tržno usmerjeno spodbujanje naložb v R&R&I.
Therefore, State aid measures must be carefully designed in order to limit the distortions.
Zato je treba ukrepe državne pomoči načrtovati pazljivo, da se omeji izkrivljanje.
Otherwise, State aid can become counter-productive and reduce the overall level of R&D&I and economic growth.
Sicer lahko državna pomoč postane kontraproduktivna ter zniža skupno raven R&R&I in gospodarsko rast.
The main concern related to R&D&I aid to undertakings is that rival undertakings dynamic incentives to invest are distorted and possibly reduced.
Glavni pomislek v zvezi s pomočjo za R&R&I za podjetja je, da se dinamične spodbude konkurenčnih podjetij za naložbe izkrivljajo in po možnosti zmanjšujejo.
When an undertaking receives aid, this generally strengthens its position on the market and reduces the return on investment for other undertakings.
Ko podjetje prejme pomoč, to na splošno utrdi njegov položaj na trgu in zmanjša donosnost naložb za druga podjetja.
When the reduction is significant enough, it is possible that rivals will cut back on their R&D&I activity.
Če je zmanjšanje dovolj veliko, se lahko zgodi, do bodo konkurenti zmanjšali svoje dejavnosti R&R&I.
In addition, when the aid results in a soft budget constraint for the beneficiary, it may also reduce the incentive to innovate at the level of the beneficiary.
Poleg tega lahko pomoč, ki povzroči blago omejitev proračuna za upravičenca, zmanjša tudi spodbude za inovacije na ravni upravičenca.
Furthermore, the aid can support inefficient undertakings or enable the beneficiary to enhance exclusionary practices or market power.
Poleg tega lahko pomoč podpre neučinkovita podjetja ali omogoči upravičencu povečanje izključevalnih ravnanj ali tržne moči.
The balancing test and its application to aid to research and development and innovation
Test tehtanja in njegova uporaba pri pomoči za raziskave in razvoj ter inovacije
The State Aid Action Plan: less and better targeted aid, balancing test for the assessment of aid
Akcijski načrt državnih pomoči: manjša in bolje usmerjena pomoč, test tehtanja za oceno pomoči
In its State Aid Action Plan [8], the Commission announced that “to best contribute to the re-launched Lisbon Strategy for growth and jobs, the Commission will, when relevant, strengthen its economic approach to State aid analysis. An economic approach is an instrument to better focus and target certain State aid towards the objectives of the re-launched Lisbon Strategy”.
Komisija je v svojem akcijskem načrtu državnih pomoči [8] napovedala: ‚Da bi se kar najbolje prispevalo k ponovnemu zagonu lizbonske strategije za rast in delovna mesta, bo Komisija, če je to primerno, okrepila svoj gospodarski pristop k analizi državnih pomoči. Gospodarski pristop je instrument za boljše osredotočenje in usmerjenost nekaterih državnih pomoči k ciljem ponovno spodbujene lizbonske strategije.‘
In assessing whether an aid measure can be deemed compatible with the functioning of the EEA Agreement, the Authority, adopting the same approach as that of the Commission, balances the positive impact of the aid measure in reaching an objective of common interest against its potentially negative side effects by distortion of trade and competition.
Pri presojanju, ali se lahko ukrep pomoči šteje kot združljiv z delovanjem Sporazuma EGP, Nadzorni organ s sprejetjem enakega pristopa, kot ga je imela Komisija, pretehta pozitiven učinek ukrepa pomoči pri doseganju cilja skupnega interesa ter njegove možne negativne stranske učinke zaradi izkrivljanja trgovine in konkurence.
The Commission’s State Aid Action Plan, building on existing practice, has formalised this balancing exercise in what has been termed a “balancing test” [9].
Akcijski načrt državnih pomoči, ki ga je pripravila Komisija in temelji na obstoječih praksah, je to tehtanje formaliziral z izrazom ‚test tehtanja‘ [9].
It operates in three steps to decide upon the approval of a State aid measure; the first two steps are addressing the positive effects of State aid and the third is addressing the negative effects and resulting balancing of the positive and negative effects:(1) Is the aid measure aimed at a well-defined objective of common interest (e.g. growth, employment, cohesion, environment)?
Poteka v treh korakih za odločitev o odobritvi ukrepa državne pomoči; pri prvih dveh korakih se obravnavajo pozitivni učinki državne pomoči, pri tretjem pa negativni učinki ter posledično tehtanje pozitivnih in negativnih učinkov:1. Ali je ukrep pomoči usmerjen v jasno opredeljen cilj skupnega interesa (npr. v rast, zaposlovanje, kohezijo, okolje)?
Is the aid well designed to deliver the objective of common interest i.e. does the proposed aid address the market failure or other objective?
Ali je pomoč oblikovana tako, da zagotavlja cilj splošnega interesa, tj. ali predlagana pomoč obravnava tržno nepopolnost ali drugi cilj?
Is there an incentive effect, i.e. does the aid change the behaviour of firms?
Ali obstaja spodbujevalni učinek, tj. ali pomoč spreminja ravnanje podjetij?
Is the aid measure proportional, i.e. could the same change in behaviour be obtained with less aid?
Ali je ukrep pomoči sorazmeren, tj. ali bi lahko enako spremembo ravnanja dosegli z manj pomoči?
Are the distortions of competition and effect on trade limited, so that the overall balance is positive?
Ali sta izkrivljanje konkurence in učinek na trgovino omejena, tako da je skupno ravnovesje pozitivno?
This balancing test is applicable to the design of State aid rules as well as for the assessment of cases.
Ta test tehtanja se uporablja za oblikovanje pravil o državni pomoči in ocenjevanje primerov.
For a block exemption regulation, the State aid is compatible if the conditions laid down are fulfilled.
V skladu z uredbo o skupinski izjemi je državna pomoč združljiva, če so izpolnjeni pogoji, določeni v uredbi.
The same applies in general to most cases addressed in this chapter.
Enako velja na splošno za večino primerov, obravnavanih v tem poglavju.
However, for the individual aid measures which may have a high distortive potential due to high aid amounts, the Authority will make an overall assessment of the positive and negative effects of the aid based on the proportionality principle.
Vendar bo Nadzorni organ za individualne ukrepe pomoči, ki so zaradi visokih zneskov pomoči lahko zelo izkrivljajoči, skupaj ocenil pozitivne in negativne učinke pomoči na podlagi načela sorazmernosti.
The objective of common interest addressed by the chapter
Cilj skupnega interesa, ki ga obravnava to poglavje
This chapter addresses the objective of common interest of promoting research and development and innovation.
To poglavje obravnava cilj skupnega interesa za spodbujanje raziskav in razvoja ter inovacij.
It aims at enhancing economic efficiency by tackling well defined market failures, which prevent the economy in the EEA from reaching the optimal level of R&D&I.
Njegov namen je povečati gospodarsko učinkovitost z odpravljanjem dobro opredeljenih tržnih nepopolnosti, ki gospodarstvu v EGP preprečujejo doseganje optimalne ravni R&R&I.
To establish rules ensuring that aid measures achieve this objective, it is, first of all, necessary to identify the market failures hampering R&D&I.
Za določitev pravil, ki zagotavljajo, da bodo ukrepi pomoči dosegli ta cilj, je najprej treba prepoznati tržne nepopolnosti, ki ovirajo R&R&I.
R&D&I takes place through a series of activities, which are upstream to a number of product markets, and which exploit available R&D&I capabilities to develop new or improved products [10] and processes in these product markets, thus fostering growth in the economy.
R&R&I se izvajajo prek cele vrste dejavnosti, ki so predhodne številnim proizvodnim trgom in izkoriščajo razpoložljive zmogljivosti R&R&I za razvoj novih ali izboljšanih proizvodov [10] in procesov na teh proizvodnih trgih ter s tem spodbujajo rast v gospodarstvu.
However, given the available R&D&I capabilities, market failures may prevent the market from reaching the optimal output and lead to an inefficient outcome for the following reasons:
Vendar lahko tržne nepopolnosti glede na razpoložljive zmogljivosti R&R&I preprečijo, da bi trg dosegel optimalni rezultat, in zaradi naslednjih razlogov pripeljejo do nezadostnega izida:
Positive externalities/knowledge spill-overs: R&D&I often generate benefits for society in the form of knowledge spill-overs.
pozitivni zunanji učinki/učinki prelivanja znanja: R&R&I pogosto prinašajo koristi za družbo v obliki učinkov prelivanja znanja.
However, left to the market, a number of projects may have an unattractive rate of return from a private perspective, even though the projects would be beneficial for society because profit seeking undertakings neglect the external effects of their actions when deciding how much R&D&I they should undertake.
Vendar so lahko številni projekti, če jih prepustimo trgu, premalo privlačni za zasebnike, tudi če bi bili projekti koristni za družbo, ker dobičkaželjna podjetja zanemarjajo zunanje učinke svojih dejavnosti, ko se odločajo, koliko se bodo ukvarjala z R&R&I.
Consequently, projects in the common interest may not be pursued unless the government intervenes,
Zato se projekti skupnega interesa lahko izvajajo šele s posredovanjem države,
Public good/knowledge spill-overs: For the creation of general knowledge, like fundamental research, it is impossible to prevent others from using the knowledge (public good), whereas more specific knowledge related to production can be protected, for example through patents allowing the inventor a higher return on their invention.
javne dobrine/učinki prelivanja znanja: Pri ustvarjanju splošnega znanja, kot so temeljne raziskave, je drugim nemogoče preprečiti uporabo znanja (javna dobrina), medtem ko je bolj specifično znanje v zvezi s proizvodnjo mogoče zaščititi, npr. s patenti, ki omogočajo izumitelju višjo donosnost njegovega izuma.
To find the appropriate policy to support R&D&I, it is important to distinguish between creation of general knowledge and knowledge that can be protected.
Da bi poiskali ustrezno politiko za podporo R&R&I, je treba razlikovati med ustvarjanjem splošnega znanja in znanja, ki ga je mogoče zaščititi.
Undertakings tend to free ride on the general knowledge created by others, which makes undertakings unwilling to create the knowledge themselves.
Podjetja pogosto izkoriščajo splošno znanje, ki so ga ustvarili drugi, in zaradi tega niso pripravljena sama ustvarjati znanja.
In fact, the market may not only be inefficient but completely absent.
Pravzaprav trg ni samo neučinkovit, ampak tudi popolnoma odsoten.
If more general knowledge was produced, the whole society could benefit from the knowledge spill-overs throughout the economy.
Če bi se ustvarjalo več splošnega znanja, bi lahko celotna družba imela koristi od učinkov prelivanja znanja po vsem gospodarstvu.
For this purpose, governments may have to support the creation of knowledge by undertakings.
Vlade bi v ta namen verjetno morale podpreti ustvarjanje znanja s strani podjetij.
In the case of fundamental research, they may have to pay fully for companies’ efforts to conduct fundamental research,
V primeru temeljnih raziskav bi morda morale v celoti poplačati prizadevanja podjetij za izvedbo temeljnih raziskav.
Imperfect and asymmetric information: R&D&I are characterised by a high degree of risk and uncertainty.
nepopolne in nesimetrične informacije: Za R&R&I je značilna visoka stopnja tveganja in negotovosti.
Due to imperfect and/or asymmetric information, private investors may be reluctant to finance valuable projects; highly-qualified personnel may be unaware of recruitment possibilities in innovative undertakings.
Zaradi nepopolnih in/ali nesimetričnih informacij zasebni vlagatelji včasih neradi financirajo dragocene projekte; visokokvalificirano osebje se ne zaveda vedno zaposlitvenih možnosti v inovativnih podjetjih.
As a result, the allocation of human resources and financial resources may not be adequate in these markets and valuable projects for the economy may not be carried out,
Posledično dodelitev človeških in finančnih virov na teh trgih ni vedno ustrezna in za gospodarstvo dragoceni projekti se ne izvajajo,
Coordination and network failures: The ability of undertakings to coordinate with each other or at least interact, and thus deliver R&D&I may be impaired.
usklajevanje in mrežne nepopolnosti: Zmogljivost podjetij za medsebojno usklajevanje ali vsaj sodelovanje in s tem zagotavljanje R&R&I se lahko poslabša.
Problems may arise for various reasons, including difficulties in coordinating R&D and finding adequate partners.
Problemi lahko nastanejo zaradi različnih razlogov, vključno s težavami pri usklajevanju raziskav in razvoja ter iskanju ustreznih partnerjev.
It is important to keep in mind that there may be other, better placed instruments to increase the level of R&D&I in the economy, for example regulation, increase in funding of universities, general tax measures in favour of R&D&I [11].
Pomembno je zavedati se, da morda obstajajo drugi, primernejši instrumenti za povečanje ravni R&R&I v gospodarstvu, npr. pravna ureditev, večje financiranje univerz, splošni davčni ukrepi v korist R&R&I [11].
The appropriateness of a policy instrument in a given situation is normally linked to the main reasons behind the problem.
Primernost instrumenta politike v določenih razmerah je običajno povezana z glavnimi vzroki za problem.