natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The state aid rules only apply where a certain activity is provided in a market environment.
Pravila o državni pomoči se uporabljajo le, kadar se določena dejavnost opravlja v tržnem okolju.
The economic nature of certain services can therefore differ from one EFTA State to another.
Zato se lahko gospodarska narava nekaterih storitev med državami Efte razlikuje.
Moreover, due to political choice or economic developments, the classification of a given service can change over time.
Poleg tega se lahko zaradi politične izbire ali gospodarskega razvoja razvrstitev zadevne storitve sčasoma spremeni.
What is not a market activity today may turn into one in the future, and vice versa.
Današnje netržne dejavnosti lahko v prihodnosti postanejo tržne in obratno.
The decision of an authority not to allow third parties to provide a certain service (for example, because it wishes to provide the service in-house) does not rule out the existence of an economic activity.
Odločitev organa, da tretjim osebam ne bo omogočil opravljanja določene storitve (na primer ker želi storitev opravljati interno), ne izključuje obstoja gospodarske dejavnosti.
In spite of such market closure, an economic activity can exist where other operators would be willing and able to provide the service in the market concerned.
Četudi je trg s tem zaprt, gre za gospodarsko dejavnost, kadar so drugi subjekti pripravljeni opravljati storitev na zadevnem trgu in bi jo tudi lahko opravljali.
More generally, the fact that a particular service is provided in-house [15] has no relevance for the economic nature of the activity [16].
Dejstvo, da se določena storitev opravlja interno [15], na splošno ni pomembno za gospodarsko naravo dejavnosti [16].
Since the distinction between economic and non-economic services depends on political and economic specificities in a given EFTA State, it is not possible to draw up an exhaustive list of activities that a priori would never be economic.
Ker je razlikovanje med gospodarskimi in negospodarskimi storitvami odvisno od političnih in gospodarskih razmer v zadevni državi Efte, ni mogoče pripraviti izčrpnega seznama dejavnosti, za katere bi lahko vnaprej trdili, da niso gospodarske.
Such a list would not provide genuine legal certainty and would thus be of little use.
Takšen seznam ne bi zagotavljal resnične pravne varnosti in bi bil le malo uporaben.
The following paragraphs instead seek to clarify the distinction with respect to a number of important areas.
V naslednjih točkah je zato pojasnjena razlika med dejavnostmi po številnih pomembnih področjih.
In the absence of a definition of economic activity in the EEA Agreement, the case-law appears to offer different criteria for the application of internal market rules and for the application of competition law [17].
Ker v Sporazumu EGP gospodarske dejavnosti niso opredeljene, lahko v sodni praksi najdemo različna merila za uporabo pravil notranjega trga in za uporabo konkurenčnega prava [17].
Exercise of public powers
2.1.2 Izvajanje javnih pooblastil
It follows from the Court of Justice case-law that Article 107 of the Treaty, which corresponds to Article 61 of the EEA Agreement, does not apply where the State acts ‘by exercising public power’ [18] or where authorities emanating from the State act ‘in their capacity as public authorities’ [19].
Iz sodne prakse Sodišča je razvidno, da se člen 107 Pogodbe, ki ustreza členu 61 Sporazuma EGP, ne uporablja, kadar država „izvaja javna pooblastila“ [18] ali kadar organi, ki izvirajo iz države, „svoje dejavnosti opravljajo kot javni organi“ [19].
An entity may be deemed to act by exercising public powers where the activity in question is a task that forms part of the essential functions of the State or is connected with those functions by its nature, its aim and the rules to which it is subject [20].
Za subjekt je mogoče sklepati, da izvaja javna pooblastila, kadar je njegova dejavnost naloga, ki je del bistvenih nalog države ali je povezana z navedenimi nalogami po svoji naravi, namenu in pravilih, ki jih mora upoštevati [20].
Generally speaking, unless the EFTA State concerned has decided to introduce market mechanisms, activities that intrinsically form part of the prerogatives of official authority and are performed by the State do not constitute economic activities.
Na splošno dejavnosti, ki so neločljivo povezane s posebnimi pravicami uradnega organa in jih izvaja država, niso gospodarske dejavnosti, razen če se zadevna država Efte odloči uvesti tržne mehanizme.
Examples are activities related to:
Kot primere je mogoče navesti dejavnosti, povezane z:
the army or the police;
vojsko ali policijo,
air navigation safety and control [21];
varnostjo zračne plovbe in nadzorom nad njo [21],
maritime traffic control and safety [22];
varnostjo pomorskega prevoza in nadzorom nad njim [22],
anti-pollution surveillance [23]; and
nadzorom zračnega onesnaženja [23] ter
the organisation, financing and enforcement of prison sentences [24].
organizacijo, financiranjem in izvrševanjem zapornih kazni [24].
Social security
2.1.3 Socialna varnost
Whether schemes in the area of social security are to be classified as involving an economic activity depends on the way they are set up and structured.
Razvrstitev shem na področju socialne varnosti med sheme, ki vključujejo gospodarske dejavnosti, je odvisna od njihove organiziranosti in strukture.
In essence, the Court of Justice and the General Court distinguish between schemes based on the principle of solidarity and economic schemes.
Sodišče in Splošno sodišče v osnovi razlikujeta med shemami, ki temeljijo na načelu solidarnosti, in gospodarskimi shemami.
The Court of Justice and the General Court have used a range of criteria to determine whether a social security scheme is solidarity-based and therefore does not involve an economic activity.
Sodišče in Splošno sodišče sta uporabili vrsto meril za določitev, da shema socialne varnosti temelji na solidarnosti in torej ne vključuje gospodarske dejavnosti.
A bundle of factors can be relevant in this respect:
V tem pogledu je lahko pomembnih več dejavnikov, in sicer:
whether affiliation with the scheme is compulsory [25];
ali je udeležba v shemi obvezna [25],
whether the scheme pursues an exclusively social purpose [26];
ali ima shema izključno socialni namen [26],
whether the scheme is non-profit [27];
ali je shema nepridobitna [27],
whether the benefits are independent of the contributions made [28];
ali je izplačana podpora neodvisna od prispevkov [28],
whether the benefits paid are not necessarily proportionate to the earnings of the person insured [29]; and
ali izplačana podpora ni nujno sorazmerna s prihodki zavarovanca [29] in
whether the scheme is supervised by the State [30].
ali shemo nadzoruje država [30].
Such solidarity-based schemes must be distinguished from economic schemes [31].
Take sheme, ki temeljijo na solidarnosti, je treba razlikovati od gospodarskih shem [31].
In contrast with solidarity-based schemes, economic schemes are regularly characterised by:
V nasprotju s shemami, ki temeljijo na solidarnosti, je za gospodarske sheme pogosto značilno:
optional membership [32];
neobvezno članstvo [32],
the principle of capitalisation (dependency of entitlements on the contributions paid and the financial results of the scheme) [33];
načelo kapitalizacije (upravičenost do izplačila je odvisna od vplačanih prispevkov in finančnih rezultatov sheme) [33],
their profit-making nature [34]; and
pridobitni namen [34] ter
the provision of entitlements which are supplementary to those under a basic scheme [35].
zagotovitev upravičenosti do dodatnih izplačil, ki niso vključena v osnovno shemo [35].
Some schemes combine features of both categories.
Nekatere sheme združujejo značilnosti obeh kategorij.
In such cases, the classification of the scheme depends on an analysis of different elements and their respective importance [36].
V takih primerih je razvrstitev sheme odvisna od analize več elementov in njihove pomembnosti v shemi [36].
Health care
2.1.4 Zdravstveno varstvo
In the EEA, the health care systems differ significantly between the States.
V EGP imajo države zelo različne sisteme zdravstvenega varstva.
The degree to which different health care providers compete with each other in a market environment largely depends on these national specificities.
Stopnja konkurence med izvajalci zdravstvenih storitev v tržnem okolju je v veliki meri odvisna od naslednjih nacionalnih posebnosti.
In some national systems, public hospitals are an integral part of a national health service and are almost entirely based on the principle of solidarity [37].
V nekaterih nacionalnih sistemih so javne bolnišnice sestavni del nacionalnega sistema zdravstvenega varstva in skoraj v celoti temeljijo na načelu solidarnosti [37].
Such hospitals are directly funded from social security contributions and other state resources and provide their services free of charge to affiliated persons on the basis of universal coverage [38].
Takšne bolnišnice se financirajo neposredno iz prispevkov za socialno varnost in drugih državnih virov, za člane sheme pa storitve opravljajo zastonj na podlagi splošne pokritosti [38].
The Court of Justice and the General Court have confirmed that, where such a structure exists, the relevant organisations do not act as undertakings [39].
Sodišče in Splošno sodišče sta potrdili, da v državah s tako strukturo zadevne organizacije ne delujejo kot podjetja [39].
Where that structure exists, even activities that in themselves could be of an economic nature, but are carried out merely for the purpose of providing another non-economic service, are not of an economic nature.
Kadar obstaja navedena struktura, tudi dejavnosti, ki bi same po sebi lahko bile gospodarske narave, vendar se opravljajo le za zagotavljanje druge negospodarske storitve, ne razvrščamo med gospodarske.
An organisation that purchases goods — even in large quantities — for the purpose of offering a non-economic service does not act as an undertaking simply because it is a purchaser in a given market [40].
Organizacija, ki kupuje blago, četudi v velikih količinah, da bi opravljala negospodarsko storitev, ne deluje kot podjetje samo zato, ker je kupec na zadevnem trgu [40].
In other national systems, hospitals and other health care providers offer their services for remuneration, be it directly from patients or from their insurance [41].
V drugih nacionalnih sistemih bolnišnice in drugi izvajalci zdravstvenih storitev svoje storitve opravljajo v zameno za plačilo, bodisi neposredno od bolnikov ali prek njihovega zavarovanja [41].
In such systems, there is a certain degree of competition between hospitals concerning the provision of health care services.
V takšnih sistemih obstaja med bolnišnicami določena stopnja konkurence v zvezi z opravljanjem zdravstvenih storitev.
Where this is the case, the fact that a health service is provided by a public hospital is not sufficient for the activity to be classified as non-economic.
Zgolj dejstvo, da zdravstvene storitve opravlja javna bolnišnica, v tovrstnih primerih ni dovolj, da bi se lahko dejavnost razvrstila med negospodarske dejavnosti.
The Court of Justice and the General Court have also clarified that health care services which independent doctors and other private practitioners provide for remuneration at their own risk are to be regarded as an economic activity [42].
Sodišče in Splošno sodišče sta prav tako pojasnili, da je treba zdravstvene storitve, ki jih na lastno odgovornost in v zameno za plačilo izvajajo neodvisni zdravniki in drugi zasebni izvajalci, obravnavati kot gospodarsko dejavnost [42].
The same principles would apply as regards independent pharmacies.
Enako načelo se uporablja v zvezi z neodvisnimi lekarnami.
Education
2.1.5 Izobraževanje
Case-law has established that public education organised within the national educational system funded and supervised by the State may be considered as a non-economic activity.
Sodna praksa je določila, da se lahko sistem javnega izobraževanja, ki se organizira v okviru nacionalnega sistema izobraževanja ter ga financira in nadzira država, lahko obravnava kot negospodarska dejavnost.
In this regard, the Court of Justice has indicated that the State,
V zvezi s tem je Sodišče navedlo, da država,
‘by establishing and maintaining such a system of public education and financed entirely or mainly by public funds and not by pupils or their parents … does not intend to become involved in activities for remuneration, but carries out its task towards its population in the social, cultural and educational areas’ [43].27.
„z vzpostavitvijo in ohranjanjem takega sistema javnega izobraževanja, načeloma financiranega iz javnega proračuna in ne iz prispevkov učencev ali njihovih staršev, namreč nima namena sodelovati v pridobitnih dejavnostih, temveč izpolnjuje naloge, ki jih ima do svojih prebivalcev na socialnem, kulturnem in izobraževalnem področju“ [43].27.
According to the same case-law, the non-economic nature of public education is in principle not affected by the fact that pupils or their parents sometimes have to pay tuition or enrolment fees which contribute to the operating expenses of the system.
V skladu z isto sodno prakso dejstvo, da morajo učenci ali njihovi starši včasih plačati določen znesek za poučevanje ali vpis, ki je namenjen kritju operativnih stroškov sistema, načeloma ne vpliva na negospodarsko naravo sistema javnega izobraževanja.
Such financial contributions often only cover a fraction of the true costs of the service and can thus not be considered as remuneration for the service provided.
Takšni finančni prispevki pogosto krijejo le majhen del dejanskih stroškov storitve in jih zato ni mogoče obravnavati kot plačilo za opravljeno storitev.
They therefore do not alter the non-economic nature of a general education service predominantly funded by the public purse [44].
Zato tovrstni prispevki ne spreminjajo negospodarske narave splošnih izobraževanih storitev, ki se v glavnem financirajo iz državne blagajne [44].
These principles can cover public educational services such as vocational training [45], private and public primary schools [46] and kindergartens [47], secondary teaching activities in universities [48] and the provision of education in universities [49].
Ta načela lahko zajemajo javne izobraževalne storitve, kot je poklicno usposabljanje [45], zasebne in javne osnovne šole [46] in vrtce [47], poučevanje na univerzah [48], ki se opravlja postransko, ter univerzitetno izobraževanje [49].
Such public provision of educational services must be distinguished from services financed predominantly by parents or pupils or commercial revenues.
Takšno javno opravljanje izobraževalnih storitev je treba razlikovati od storitev, ki jih v glavnem financirajo starši ali učenci ali pa imajo komercialne prihodke.
For example, commercial enterprises offering higher education financed entirely by students clearly fall within the latter category.
V slednjo kategorijo spadajo na primer komercialna podjetja, ki organizirajo visokošolsko izobraževanje, ki ga v celoti financirajo študenti.
In certain systems, public institutions can also offer educational services which, due to their nature, financing structure and the existence of competing private organisations, are to be regarded as economic.
V nekaterih sistemih lahko javne institucije zagotavljajo tudi izobraževalne storitve, ki jih je treba zaradi njihovih značilnosti, strukture financiranja in obstoja konkurenčnih zasebnih organizacij obravnavati kot gospodarske.
In the State Aid Guidelines on aid for research and development and innovation [50], the Authority has clarified that certain activities of universities and research organisations fall outside the ambit of the state aid rules.
Nadzorni organ je v okviru smernic o državni pomoči za raziskave in razvoj ter inovacije [50] pojasnil, da nekatere dejavnosti univerz in raziskovalnih organizacij ne spadajo v področje uporabe pravil o državni pomoči.
This concerns the primary activities of research organisations, namely:
Gre za osnovne dejavnosti raziskovalnih organizacij, in sicer:
the conduct of independent research and development for more knowledge and better understanding, including collaborative research and development;
vodenje neodvisnih raziskav in razvoja za več znanja in boljše razumevanje, vključno s sodelovalnimi raziskavami in razvojem, in
and the dissemination of research results.
razširjanje rezultatov raziskav.
The Authority has also clarified that technology transfer activities (licensing, spin-off creation or other forms of management of knowledge created by the research organisation) are non-economic where those activities are of an internal nature [51] and all income is reinvested in the primary activities of the research organisations concerned [52].
Nadzorni organ je tudi pojasnil, da so dejavnosti prenosa tehnologij (licenciranje, ustvarjanje „oddaljenih podjetij“ ali druge oblike upravljanja znanja, ki so jih oblikovale raziskovalne organizacije) negospodarske narave, če so interne narave [51] in je ves dohodek ponovno vložen v osnovne dejavnosti zadevnih raziskovalnih organizacij [52].
State resources
2.2 Državna sredstva
Only advantages granted directly or indirectly through state resources can constitute state aid within the meaning of Article 61 of the EEA Agreement [53].
Državno pomoč v smislu člena 61 Sporazuma EGP lahko pomenijo samo ugodnosti, ki se dodelijo neposredno ali posredno iz državnih sredstev [53].
Advantages financed from private resources may have the effect of strengthening the position of certain undertakings but do not fall within the scope of Article 61 of the EEA Agreement.
Ugodnosti, ki jih financirajo zasebni viri, lahko okrepijo položaj nekaterih podjetij, vendar ne spadajo v področje uporabe člena 61 Sporazuma EGP.
This transfer of state resources may take many forms such as direct grants, tax credits and benefits in kind.
Tak prenos državnih sredstev lahko poteka v veliko oblikah, kot so neposredna nepovratna sredstva, davčne olajšave in plačila v naravi.
In particular, the fact that the State does not charge market prices for certain services constitutes a waiver of state resources.
Zlasti dejstvo, da država ne zaračunava tržnih cen za nekatere storitve, pomeni, da se odreka državnim sredstvom.
In its judgment in Case C-482/99 France v Commission [54], the Court of Justice also confirmed that the resources of a public undertaking constitute state resources within the meaning of Article 107 of the Treaty, corresponding to Article 61 of the EEA Agreement, because the public authorities are capable of controlling these resources.
Sodišče je v svoji sodbi v zadevi C-482/99, Francija proti Komisiji [54], potrdilo, da so sredstva javnega podjetja državna sredstva v smislu člena 107 Pogodbe, ki ustreza členu 61 Sporazuma EGP, saj lahko javni organi ta sredstva nadzorujejo.
In cases where an undertaking entrusted with the operation of an SGEI is financed by resources provided by a public undertaking and this financing is imputable to the State, such financing is thus capable of constituting state aid.
Kadar sredstva za financiranje podjetja, pooblaščenega za opravljanje storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena, zagotavlja javno podjetje in se lahko pripišejo državi, lahko to financiranje pomeni državno pomoč.
The granting, without tendering, of licences to occupy or use public domain, or of other special or exclusive rights having an economic value, may imply a waiver of state resources and create an advantage for the beneficiaries [55].
Dodelitev dovoljenj za zasedbo ali uporabo javnega prostora ali drugih posebnih ali izključnih pravic, ki imajo ekonomsko vrednost, brez javnega razpisa lahko pomeni odrekanje državnim sredstvom in ustvarjanje ugodnosti za upravičence [55].
EFTA States may, in some instances, finance an SGEI from charges or contributions paid by certain undertakings or users, the revenue from which is transferred to the undertakings entrusted with the operation of that SGEI.
Države Efte lahko v nekaterih primerih financirajo storitve splošnega gospodarskega pomena iz dajatev ali prispevkov, ki jih plačujejo nekatera podjetja ali uporabniki, zadevni prihodki pa se prenesejo na podjetja, pooblaščena za opravljanje storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena.
This type of financing arrangement has been examined by the Court of Justice, in particular in its judgment in Case 173/73 Italy v Commission [56], in which it held that:
Tovrstno ureditev financiranja je Sodišče proučilo zlasti v svoji sodbi v zadevi 173/73, Italija proti Komisiji [56], v kateri je navedlo:
‘As the funds in question are financed through compulsory contributions imposed by State legislation and as, as this case shows, they are managed and apportioned in accordance with the provisions of that legislation, they must be regarded as State resources within the meaning of Article [107 of the Treaty], even if they are administered by institutions distinct from the public authorities.’
„Ker se zadevna sredstva financirajo prek obveznih prispevkov, ki jih nalaga državna zakonodaja, in ker se, kakor je razvidno iz te zadeve, upravljajo in porazdelijo v skladu z določbami navedene zakonodaje, jih je treba obravnavati kot državna sredstva v smislu člena 107 Pogodbe, tudi če jih upravljajo institucije, ki so ločene od javnih organov.“
Similarly, in its judgment in Joined Cases C-78/90 to C-83/90 Compagnie Commerciale de l’Ouest [57], the Court of Justice confirmed that measures financed through parafiscal charges constitute measures financed through state resources.
Podobno je Sodišče v sodbi v združenih zadevah C-78/90 do C-83/90, Compagnie Commerciale de l’Ouest [57], potrdilo, da ukrepi, ki se financirajo iz davkom podobnih dajatev, pomenijo ukrepe, ki se financirajo iz državnih sredstev.
Accordingly, compensatory payments for the operation of SGEIs which are financed through parafiscal charges or compulsory contributions imposed by the State and managed and apportioned in accordance with the provisions of the legislation are compensatory payments made through state resources.
V skladu z navedenim so nadomestila za opravljanje storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena, ki se financirajo iz davkom podobnih dajatev ali obveznih prispevkov, ki jih nalaga država, pri čemer se sredstva upravljajo in porazdelijo v skladu z zakonodajo, nadomestila iz državnih sredstev.
Effect on trade
2.3 Učinek na trgovino
In order to be caught by Article 61 of the EEA Agreement, public service compensation must affect or threaten to affect trade between Contracting Parties.
Da bi nadomestilo za javne storitve spadalo v področje uporabe člena 61 Sporazuma EGP, mora vplivati na trgovino med pogodbenicami ali groziti, da bo nanjo vplivalo.
Such an effect generally presupposes the existence of a market open to competition.
Takšen učinek praviloma predpostavlja obstoj trga, ki je odprt za konkurenco.
Therefore, where markets have been opened up to competition either by the EEA Agreement or by national legislation or de facto by economic development, state aid rules apply.
Zato se v primerih, ko se trgi odprejo za konkurenco na podlagi Sporazuma EGP ali nacionalne zakonodaje ali dejanskega gospodarskega razvoja, uporabljajo pravila o državni pomoči.
In such situations EFTA States retain their discretion as to how to define, organise and finance SGEIs, subject to state aid control where compensation is granted to the SGEI provider, be it private or public (including in-house).
V takih primerih države Efte obdržijo svojo diskrecijsko pravico glede načina opredelitve, organizacije in financiranja storitev splošnega gospodarskega pomena, za katere velja nadzor državne pomoči, kadar se nadomestilo dodeli zasebnemu ali javnemu ponudniku storitve splošnega gospodarskega pomena (vključno z notranjim ponudnikom).
Where the market has been reserved for a single undertaking (including an in-house provider), the compensation granted to that undertaking is equally subject to state aid control.
Kadar je bil trg rezerviran za eno podjetje (vključno z notranjim ponudnikom), za nadomestilo temu podjetju prav tako velja nadzor državne pomoči.