natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
wa (SRTT) = 2/3 R1 + 1/3 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T1; and:
povprečje2
wa (SRTT) = 1/3 R1 + 2/3 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T2.
povprečje1
The snow grip index (SG) in per cent of a candidate tyre shall be computed as:
Izračun „povprečnega AA“
Snow Grip Indexcandidate
Če je R1 povprečje vrednosti „AA“ v prvem preskusu referenčne pnevmatike, R2 pa povprečje vrednosti „AA“ v drugem preskusu referenčne pnevmatike, se v skladu s preglednico 1 izvedejo naslednje operacije:
Meancandidate
„Ta“ (a = 1, 2, …) je povprečje vrednosti AA za preskus preskušane pnevmatike.
Statistical validations
Izračun koeficienta sile pospeševanja
The sets of repeats of measured or computed mfdd for each tyre should be examined for normality, drift, eventual outliers.
Imenuje se tudi AFC (Acceleration Force Coefficient).
The consistency of the means and standard-deviations of successive braking tests of SRTT should be examined.
Izračun AFC(Ta) in AFC(Ra), kot je opredeljeno v preglednici 2:
The means of two successive SRTT braking tests shall not differ by more than 5 per cent.
Koeficient sile pospeševanja „AFC“ je:
The coefficient of variation of any braking test shall be less than 6 per cent.
Ra in Ta sta izražena v m/s2.
If those conditions are not met, tests shall be performed again after re-grooming the test course.
„g“ je gravitacijski pospešek (zaokrožen na 9,81 m/s2).
In the case where the candidate tyres cannot be fitted to the same vehicle as the SRTT, for example, due to tyre size, inability to achieve required loading and so on, comparison shall be made using intermediate tyres, hereinafter referred to as ‘control tyres’, and two different vehicles.
Izračun relativnega indeksa oprijema pnevmatike na snegu
One vehicle shall be capable of being fitted with the SRTT and the control tyre and the other vehicle shall be capable of being fitted with the control tyre and the candidate tyre.
Indeks oprijema na snegu pomeni relativno učinkovitost preskušane pnevmatike v primerjavi z referenčno pnevmatiko.
The snow grip index of the control tyre relative to the SRTT (SG1) and of the candidate tyre relative to the control tyre (SG2) shall be established using the procedure in paragraphs 3.1 to 3.4.2 above.
Indeks oprijema na snegu
The snow grip index of the candidate tyre relative to the SRTT shall be the product of the two resulting snow grip indices that is SG1 × SG2.
Izračun razmerja zdrsa
The ambient conditions shall be comparable.
Razmerje zdrsa se lahko izračuna kot povprečje razmerja zdrsa iz odstavka 4.3.4 te priloge ali s primerjavo povprečne razdalje iz odstavka 4.7.5.3 te priloge, narejene pri najmanj 6 potekih preskusa, z razdaljo, narejeno med potekom preskusa brez zdrsa (zelo rahlo pospeševanje).
All tests shall be completed within the same day.
povpreča razdalja
The same set of control tyres shall be used for comparison with the SRTT and with the candidate tyre and shall be fitted in the same wheel positions.
razdalja brez zdrsa
Control tyres that have been used for testing shall subsequently be stored under the same conditions as required for the SRTT.
„Razdalja brez zdrsa“ pomeni razdaljo, ki jo naredi kolo med potekom preskusa pri stalni hitrosti ali neprekinjenemu rahlemu pospeševanju.
The SRTT and control tyres shall be discarded if there is irregular wear or damage or when the performance appears to have been deteriorated.
Primerjava oprijema na snegu med preskušano pnevmatiko in referenčno pnevmatiko s kontrolno pnevmatiko
Acceleration method for Class C3 tyres
Kadar je velikost preskušane pnevmatike bistveno drugačna od velikosti referenčne pnevmatike, se lahko zgodi, da ju ni mogoče neposredno primerjati na istem vozilu.
According to the definition of C3 tyres reported into paragraph 2.4.3, the additional classification for the purpose of this test method only applies:
Pri tem pristopu se uporablja vmesna pnevmatika (v nadaljnjem besedilu: kontrolna pnevmatika).
C3 Narrow (C3N), when the C3 tyre nominal section width is lower than 285 mm
Načelo temelji na uporabi kontrolne pnevmatike in 2 različnih vozil za oceno preskušane pnevmatike v primerjavi z referenčno pnevmatiko.
C3Wide (C3W), when the C3 tyre nominal section width is greater or equal to 285 mm
Vsi pogoji so v skladu z odstavkom 4.7.
Methods for measuring Snow grip index
Rezultat (indeks oprijema na snegu 1) je relativna učinkovitost kontrolne pnevmatike v primerjavi z referenčno pnevmatiko.
Snow performance is based on a test method by which the average acceleration in an acceleration test, of a candidate tyre is compared to that of a standard reference tyre.
Rezultat (indeks oprijema na snegu 2) je relativna učinkovitost preskušane pnevmatike v primerjavi s kontrolno pnevmatiko.
The relative performance shall be indicated by a snow grip index (SG).
Drugo ocenjevanje se opravi na isti preskusni stezi kot prvo ocenjevanje.
When tested in accordance with the acceleration test in paragraph 4.7 below, the average acceleration of a candidate snow tyre shall be at least 1,25 compared to one of the two equivalent SRTTs — ASTM F 2870 and ASTM F 2871.
Temperatura zraka mora biti v območju ± 5 °C od temperature pri prvem ocenjevanju.
A sensor suitable for measuring speed and distance covered on snow/ice surface between two speeds must be used.
Komplet kontrolnih pnevmatik je isti kot pri prvem ocenjevanju.
To measure vehicle speed, a fifth wheel or non-contact speed-measuring system (including radar, GPS …) shall be used.
Indeks oprijema preskušane pnevmatike na snegu v primerjavi z referenčno pnevmatiko se dobi z množenjem zgoraj izračunanih relativnih učinkovitosti:
For speed measurements: ± 1 per cent (km/h) or 0,5 km/h whichever is greater.
indeks oprijema na sneg × SG1 × SG2.
For distance measurements: ± 1 × 10– 1 m
Komplet kontrolnih pnevmatik je skupina enakih pnevmatik, proizvedenih v isti tovarni v obdobju enega tedna.
A display of the measured speed or the difference between the measured speed and the reference speed for the test is recommended inside the vehicle so that the driver can adjust the speed of the vehicle.
Več podrobnosti je v dodatku k standardu ASTM F1805-06.
For Acceleration test covered in paragraph 4.7 below, a display of the slip ratio of the driven tyres is recommended inside the vehicle and shall be used in the particular case of paragraph 4.7.2.1.1 below.
Opredelitev piktograma „simbol snežinke“
The slip ratio is calculated by
Osnovnica in višina znašata najmanj 15 mm.
Slip Ratio %
Zgornja risba ne sme biti v povečanem ali zmanjšanem merilu.
Wheel Speed
Poročila in podatki o preskusu za pnevmatike razredov C1 in C2
Vehicle Speed
Razred pnevmatik: …
Vehicle speed is measured as defined in 4.3.1 above (m/s)
Indeks oprijema na snegu v zvezi s SRTT v skladu z odstavkom 6.4.1.1
Wheel speed is calculated on a tyre of the driven axle by measuring its angular velocity and its loaded diameter
Preskusni postopek in uporabljene SRTT …
Wheel Speed = π × loaded diameter × angular speed
Značilnosti preskusne steze:
Where, π = 3,1416 (m/360 deg), the loaded diameter (m) and the angular speed (revolution per second = 360 deg/sec).
Na začetku preskusov
A data acquisition system can be used for storing the measurements.
Na koncu preskusov
The test shall be done on a flat test surface of sufficient length and width, with a maximum 2 per cent gradient, covered with packed snow.
Specifikacija
The snow compaction index measured with a CTI penetrometer shall be between 80 and 90.
Vreme
Refer to the appendix of ASTM F1805 for additional details on measuring method.
Temperatura okolice
The air temperature, measured about one meter above the ground, shall be between – 2 °C and – 15 °C; the snow temperature, measured at a depth of about one centimetre, shall be between – 4 °C and – 15 °C.
2 °C do – 15 °C
Air temperature shall not vary more than 10 °C during the test.
Temperatura snega
Tyres preparation and break-in
4 °C do – 15 °C
Fit the test tyres on rims as per ISO 4209-1 using conventional mounting methods.
Indeks CTI
The tyres should be ‘broken-in’ prior to testing to remove spew, compound nodules or flashes resulting from moulding process.
75 do 85
They should be placed such that they all have the same ambient temperature prior to testing and be shielded from the sun to avoid excessive heating by solar radiation.
Preskusno vozilo (znamka, model in tip, leto): …
Testing sequence
Podrobnosti o preskusni pnevmatiki …
R1, T, R2
Podatki o preskusni pnevmatiki: …
A maximum of 3 candidate tyres may be tested before repeating the SRTT test, for example: R1, T1, T2, T3, R2.
SRTT (1. preskus)
Recommendations are that the zones where acceleration is fully applied shall not overlap without reworking.
Preskušana
When a new set of tyres is tested the runs are performed after shifting the vehicle trajectory in order not to accelerate on the tracks of the previous tyre; when it is no longer possible not to overlap full acceleration zones, the test course should be re-groomed.
Dimenzije pnevmatik
Acceleration on snow test procedure for snow grip index of Classes C3N and C3W
Koda širine preskusnega platišča
The test method covers a procedure for measuring the snow grip performance of commercial vehicle tyres during acceleration, using a commercial vehicle having a Traction Control System (TCS, ASR, etc.).
Obremenitve pnevmatik spredaj/zadaj (v kg)
Starting with a defined initial speed, the full throttle is applied to activate the Traction Control System, the Average acceleration is calculated between two defined speeds.
Indeks obremenitve spredaj/zadaj (v %)
The test shall be conducted with a standard 2 axle commercial vehicle in good running order with:
Tlak v pnevmatikah spredaj/zadaj (v kPa)
Low rear axle weight and an engine powerful enough to maintain the average percentage of slip during the test as required in paragraphs 4.7.5.1 and 4.7.5.2.1 below;
Rezultati preskusa: povprečni polni pojemki (m/s2)/koeficient oprijema [1].
A manual gearbox (automatic gearbox with manual shift allowed) having a gear ratio covering the speed range of at least 19 km/h between 4 km/h and 30 km/h;
Številka poteka preskusa
Differential lock on driven axle is recommended to improve repeatability;
SRTT (2. preskus)
A standard commercial system controlling/limiting the slip of the driving axle during acceleration (Traction Control, ASR, TCS, etc.).
Srednja vrednost
In the particular case where a standard commercial vehicle equipped with a traction control system is not available, a vehicle without Traction Control/ASR/TCS is permitted provided the vehicle is fitted with a system to display the percentage slip as stated in paragraph 4.3.4 of this annex and a mandatory differential lock on the driven axle used in accordance with operating procedure 4.7.5.2.1 below.
Std. odstopanje
If a differential lock is available it shall be used; if the differential lock, however, is not available, the average slip ratio should be measured on the left and right driven wheel.
Potrditev SRTT
The permitted modifications are:
Povprečje SRTT
Those allowing to increase the number of tyre sizes capable to be mounted on the vehicle;
Indeks oprijema na snegu
Those permitting to install an automatic activation of the acceleration and the measurements.
Poročila in podatki o preskusu za pnevmatike razreda C3
Any other modification of the acceleration system is prohibited.
80 do 90
Vehicle fitting
Preskušana 2
The rear driven axle may be indifferently fitted with 2 or 4 test tyres if respecting the loading by tyre.
Preskušana 3
The front steer non-driven axle is equipped with 2 tyres having a size suitable for the axle load.
Indeks obremenitve spredaj/zadaj (v %)
These 2 front tyres could be maintained along the test.
Tlak v pnevmatikah spredaj/zadaj (v kPa)
Load and inflation pressure
Rezultati preskusa: Povprečni pospeški (m/s2)
The static load on each rear driven test tyres must be between 20 per cent and 55 per cent of the tested tyre load capacity written on the sidewall.
Preskušana 1
The vehicle front steer total static axle load should be between 60 per cent and 160 per cent of the driven rear total axle load.
Razmerje zdrsa (v %)
The static tyre load on the same driven axle should not differ by more than 10 per cent.
(SRTT) ≤ 6 %
The driven tyres inflation pressure shall be 70 per cent of the one written on the sidewall.
„Ojačana pnevmatika“ ali „pnevmatika s povečano nosilnostjo“ razreda C1 pomeni strukturo pnevmatike, zasnovano za večjo obremenitev pri višjem tlaku v pnevmatikah od obremenitve ustrezne standardne različice pnevmatike pri standardnem tlaku v pnevmatikah, določenim v standardu ISO 4000-1:2010 [2].2.10 „Pnevmatika za pogonsko os“ pomeni pnevmatiko razreda C2 ali C3 z napisom „TRACTION“, ki je namenjena predvsem za namestitev na pogonske osi vozila za povečanje prenosa sile v različnih razmerah.
The steer tyres are inflated at nominal sidewall pressure.
trgovsko oznako (glej odstavek 2.2 tega pravilnika).
If the pressure is not marked on the sidewall, refer to the specified pressure in applicable tyre standards manuals corresponding to maximum load capacity.
Vendar trgovska oznaka ni potrebna, kadar je enaka trgovskemu imenu;
Testing runs
v dB(A)
Mount first the set of reference tyres on the vehicle when on the testing area.
če nova površina ustreza zahtevam, redna preverjanja niso potrebna.
Drive the vehicle at a constant speed between 4 km/h and 11 km/h and the gear ratio capable of covering the speed range of at least 19 km/h for the complete test programme (e.g. R-T1-T2-T3-R).
Preskusno območje
The Recommended Gear ratio selected is 3rd or 4th and shall give a minimum 10 per cent average slip ratio in the measured range of speed.
Pri projektiranju preskusne steze je pomembno zagotoviti vsaj to, da je območje za vozila na preskusni poti prekrito s predpisanim preskusnim materialom in opremljeno s primernimi robniki, ki omogočajo varno in praktično vožnjo.
In case of Traction Control System equipped vehicles (already switched ‘on’ before the run) apply full throttle until the vehicle has reached the final speed.
V skladu z odstavkom 3.2 Priloge 3 je treba meritve opraviti na vsaki strani vozila.
Final speed = Initial speed + 15 km/h
V ta namen se meritve lahko opravijo bodisi z namestitvijo dveh mikrofonov (po enega na vsaki strani steze) pri vožnji v eno smer bodisi z enim mikrofonom samo na eni strani steze, vendar pri vožnji v dve smeri.
No rearward restraining force shall be applied to the test vehicle.
Pri uporabi slednje metode ni nobenih zahtev za površino na tisti strani steze, kjer ni mikrofona.
In the particular case of paragraph 4.7.2.1.1 of this annex where a standard commercial vehicle equipped with a Traction Control system is not available, the driver shall manually maintain the average slip ratio between 10 and 40 per cent (Controlled Slip procedure in place of the Full Slip) within the prescribed range of speeds.
Minimalne zahteve za območje preskusne površine.
If a differential lock is not available, the averaged slip ratio difference between the left and right driven wheel shall not be higher than 8 per cent for each run.
Osenčeni del se imenuje „preskusno območje“
All the tyres and runs in the test session are performed with Controlled Slip procedure.
Dimenzije v metrih Sredinska črta potovanja
Measure the distance between the initial speed and the final speed.
Mikrofon (višina 1,2 m)
For every candidate tyre and the standard reference tyre, the acceleration test runs shall be repeated a minimum of 6 times and the coefficients of variation (standard deviation/average*100) calculated for minimum 6 valid runs on the distance shall be lower than or equal to 6 per cent.
Opomba:
In case of Traction Control System equipped vehicle, the Average Slip ratio shall be in the range from 10 per cent to 40 per cent (calculated as per paragraph 4.3.4 of this annex).
Znotraj tega polmera ne sme biti velikih predmetov, ki bi odbijali zvok.
Apply testing sequence as defined in paragraph 4.6 above.
Konstrukcija in priprava površine
Calculation of the average acceleration AA
Osnovne zahteve glede konstrukcije
Each time the measurement is repeated, the average acceleration AA (m · s – 2) is calculated by
Preskusna površina izpolnjuje štiri zahteve glede konstrukcije:
Where D (m) is the distance covered between the initial speed Si (m · s– 1) and the final speed Sf (m · s– 1).
Izdelana je iz kompaktnega asfaltnega betona.
The coefficient of variation of the average acceleration is calculated for all the candidate tyres.
Največji premer zrnc peska znaša 8 mm (tolerance od 6,3 mm do 10 mm).
If one coefficient of variation is greater than 6 per cent, discard the data for this candidate tyre and repeat the test.
8 mm
coefficient of variation
koeficient vpijanja zvoka vsakega izvrtanega vzorca (če se meri).
If the coefficient of variation of the average acceleration ‘AA’ for each group of min 6 runs of the reference tyre is higher than 6 per cent, discard all data and repeat the test for all tyres (the candidate tyres and the reference tyre).
Navedejo se rezultati za vsak vzorec in vsako frekvenčno območje ter tudi skupno povprečje;
In addition and in order to take in account possible test evolution, the coefficient of validation is calculated on the basis of the average values of any two consecutive groups of min 6 runs of the reference tyre.
Ra = 3/4 R1 + 1/4 R2
If the coefficient of validation is greater than 6 per cent, discard the data for all the candidate tyres and repeat the test.
Ra = 1/2 (R1 + R2) 2 R1 – T1 – T2 – R2
coefficient of validation
Ra = 1/2 (R1 + R2) T3 Ra = 1/4 R1 + 3/4 R2
Average2
Pri enoosnih priklopnikih se, po obremenitvi preskusne pnevmatike z določeno preskusno obremenitvijo, prilagodita višina in prečni položaj veznega člena, da rezultati meritev ne bi bili moteni.
Average1
Vzdolžna razdalja od središčne črte vrtišča povezave do prečne središčne črte osi priklopnika mora biti vsaj desetkrat večja od „višine veznega člena“ ali „višine povezave (veznega člena)“.
Calculation of the ‘average AA’
(R1 – T1 – R2)
If R1 is the average of the ‘AA’ values in the first test of the reference tyre, R2 is the average of the ‘AA’ values in the second test of the reference tyre, the following operations are performed, according to Table 1:
referenčno stanje temperature mokre površine,
‘Ta’ (a = 1, 2, …) is the average of the AA values for a test of a candidate tyre.
20 °C za običajne pnevmatike, 10 °C za zimske pnevmatike,
‘AFC’ Calculation (Acceleration Force Coefficient)
Pri metodi s priklopnikom se preskus izvede tako, da se zavira manj kot 10 metrov od točke, kjer so bile ugotovljene značilnosti površine.
Also called AFC Acceleration Force Coefficient
Metoda z nihalom
Calculation of AFC(Ta) and AFC(Ra) as defined in Table 2:
Uporabi se lahko naslednja formula, razen če je proizvajalec nihala navedel priporočila za korekcijo temperature:
The acceleration force coefficient ‘AFC’ is:
Število kompletov preskušanih pnevmatik med dvema zaporednima potekoma preskusa z referenčno pnevmatiko
Ra and Ta are in m/s2
Ra = 1/3 R1 + 2/3 R2 3 R1 – T1 – T2 – T3 – R2
‘g’ = gravity acceleration (rounded to 9,81 m/s2)
BFCT
Calculation of the relative snow grip index of the tyre
Izbira kompleta pnevmatik kot kompleta kontrolnih pnevmatik
The Snow grip index represents the relative performance of the candidate tyre compared to the reference tyre.
30 min.
Snow Grip Index
Izračun: Fpl = Tt/R,
Calculation of the Slip Ratio
električni potencial pogonu naprave, v voltih,
The slip ratio can be calculated as the average of Slip ratio as mentioned in paragraph 4.3.4 of this annex or by comparing the average distance referred to in paragraph 4.7.5.3 of this annex of the minimum 6 runs to the distance of a run done without slip (very low acceleration)
temperatura okolice v stopinjah Celzija,
Average distance
K enak
No slip distance
n = (σm/x)2,
No slip distance means the wheel distance calculated on a run done with a constant speed or a continuous low acceleration.
čas:
Snow grip performance comparison between a candidate tyre and a reference tyre using a control tyre
± 1,5 kPa
When the candidate tyre size is significantly different from the reference tyre a direct comparison on the same vehicle may be not possible.
std.odst.
This is an approach using an intermediate tyre, hereinafter called the control tyre.
Ra = 2/3 R1 + 1/3 R2
The principle lies upon the use of a control tyre and 2 different vehicles for the assessment of a candidate tyre in comparison with a reference tyre.
Zgornja homologacijska oznaka pomeni, da je bila zadevna pnevmatika homologirana na Nizozemskem (E4) v skladu s Pravilnikom št. 117 (označena s S2 (kotalni hrup na stopnji 2)) pod homologacijsko številko 0212345 in Pravilnikom št. 30 pod homologacijsko številko 0236378.
All conditions are in conformity with paragraph 4.7 above.
Prvi dve števki homologacijske številke (02) pomenita, da je bila homologacija podeljena v skladu s spremembami 02, Pravilnik št. 30 pa je vključeval spremembe 02.
The result (Snow Grip Index 1) is the relative efficiency of the control tyre compared to the reference tyre.
Zgornja homologacijska oznaka pomeni, da je bila zadevna pnevmatika homologirana na Nizozemskem (E4) v skladu s Pravilnikom št. 117 (označena s S2WR2 (kotalni hrup na stopnji 2, oprijem na mokri podlagi in kotalni upor na stopnji 2)) pod homologacijsko številko 0212345 in Pravilnikom št. 30 pod homologacijsko številko 0236378.
The result (Snow grip index 2) is the relative efficiency of the candidate tyre compared to the control tyre.
d maks
The air temperature must be in the range of +/– 5 deg C of the temperature of the first assessment.
V obeh primerih je potreben pritisk na stopalko s silo najmanj 600 N.
The control tyre set is the same set as the set used for the first assessment.
BFC(R0) koeficient zavorne sile za referenčno pnevmatiko v referenčnih pogojih, BFC(R0) = 0,68,
The snow grip performance index of the candidate tyre compared to the reference tyre is deduced by multiplying the relative efficiencies calculated above:
Površino je mogoče močiti s strani steze ali s pomočjo sistema za močenje, ki je vgrajen v preskusno vozilo ali priklopnik.
Snow Grip Index × SG1 × SG2
Če se uporablja sistem močenja s strani steze, se preskusna površina namoči vsaj pol ure pred preskušanjem, da se temperatura površine izenači s temperaturo vode.
A control tyre set is a group of identical tyres made in the same factory during one week period.
težišče obremenjenega vozila,
See appendix of ASTM standard F1805-06 for details.
Izračun: Fpl = Ft (1 + rL/R),
Pictogram definition of ‘Alpine Symbol’
Zato mora biti steza široka najmanj 3 m, dolžina steze pa mora na vsaki strani presegati črti AA in BB za najmanj 10 m.
Minimum 15 mm base and 15 mm height.
Na sliki 1 je prikazan načrt ustreznega preskusnega poligona in prikazuje najmanjše območje, ki je strojno položeno in strojno valjano z materialom, predpisanim za preskusno površino.
Above drawing not to scale.
masa (v kilogramih) obremenjenega vozila,
Test reports and test data for C1 and C2 tyres
vodoravna razdalja med podlago in težiščem obremenjenega vozila (m),
Tyre class: …
± 10 W
Test procedure and SRTT used …
Temperatura zraka
Test track characteristics:
0,1 km/h
At start of tests
CV (v %)
At end of tests
Raven hrupa levo [2], merjena
Weather
wa (SRTT) = (R1 + R2)/2,
Ambient temperature
R – T1 – R
2 °C to – 15 °C
R – T1 — T2 – R
Snow temperature
R – T1 – T2 – T3 – R.
4 °C to – 15 °C
R – T1 – T2 – T3 – R – T4 – T5 – R.
CTI index
Preskušana pnevmatika
75 to 85
Preglednica 1 Število kompletov preskušanih pnevmatik med dvema zaporednima potekoma preskusa z referenčno pnevmatiko
Test vehicle (make, model and type, year): …
vodoravna razdalja med zadnjo osjo in težiščem obremenjenega vozila,
Tyre dimensions
Globina strukture (mm): μpeak (SRTT14 E1136):
Run number
temperatura mešanice pred valjanjem se izbere tako, da se v nadaljevanju pri postopku valjanja doseže zahtevana količina praznin.
SRTT(2nd test)
Za večjo verjetnost, da bodo izpolnjene specifikacije iz odstavkov 2.1 do 2.4, se preuči kompresijsko razmerje ne le glede na izbiro temperature mešanice, temveč tudi glede na ustrezno število prehodov valjarja in izbiro valjarja.