natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The hardcore restriction of competition set out in Article 4(2)(a) concerns the fixing of prices charged when selling products to third parties.
Domneva se, da take omejitve, če ni presežen predpisani prag tržnega deleža, kljub morebitnemu omejevanju konkurence pospešujejo za konkurenco spodbudno razširjanje tehnologije in integracijo take tehnologije v proizvodne zmogljivosti pridobitelja licence.
More specifically, that provision covers restrictions which have as their direct or indirect object the establishment of a fixed or a minimum selling price or a fixed or minimum price level to be observed by the licensor or the licensee when selling products to third parties.
Da sta ozemlje ali skupina kupcev rezervirana za dajalca licence, ni treba, da dajalec licence dejansko proizvaja z licenčno tehnologijo na zadevnem ozemlju ali za zadevno skupino kupcev.
In the case of agreements that directly establish the selling price, the restriction is clear-cut.
Dajalec licence si lahko ozemlje ali skupino kupcev rezervira tudi za poznejše izkoriščanje.
However, the fixing of selling prices can also be achieved through indirect means.
Izjema 3:
Examples of the latter are agreements fixing margins, fixing the maximum level of discounts, linking the sales price to the sales prices of competitors, threats, intimidation, warnings, penalties, or contract terminations in relation to observance of a given price level.
S členom 4(2)(b)(ii) je v skupinsko izjemo vključena omejitev, v okviru katere je pridobitelj licence obvezan, da bo izdelke, ki vključujejo licenčno tehnologijo, proizvajal le za lastno (interno) uporabo.
Direct or indirect means of achieving price fixing can be made more effective when combined with measures to identify price-cutting, such as the implementation of a price monitoring system, or the obligation on licensees to report price deviations.
Če je pogodbeni izdelek sestavni del, je torej pridobitelju licence lahko naložena obveznost, da uporablja navedeni izdelek le za namene vgradnje v lastne izdelke in da izdelka ne prodaja drugim proizvajalcem.
Similarly, direct or indirect price fixing can be made more effective when combined with measures that reduce the licensee's incentive to lower its selling price, such as the licensor obliging the licensee to apply a most-favoured-customer clause, that is to say, an obligation to grant a customer any more favourable terms granted to any other customer.
Vendar pa mora biti pridobitelju licence omogočeno, da aktivno in pasivno prodaja izdelke kot rezervne dele za lastne izdelke in torej dobavlja tretjim osebam, ki izvajajo poprodajne storitve v zvezi s temi izdelki.
The same means can be used to make maximum or recommended prices work as fixed or minimum selling prices.
Omejitve, ki se nanašajo na lastno uporabo, so obravnavane tudi v poglavju 4.2.5.
However, the provision of a list of recommended prices to or the imposition of a maximum price on the licensee by the licensor is not considered in itself as leading to fixed or minimum selling prices.
Izjema 4:
Restrictions on passive sales by the licensee
Kot pri sporazumih med konkurenti (glej točko 112 zgoraj), se skupinska izjema uporablja tudi za sporazume, pri katerih je pridobitelj licence obvezan k proizvodnji pogodbenih izdelkov samo za določenega kupca, z namenom, da zadevnemu kupcu zagotovi alternativni vir dobave ne glede na trajanje licenčnega sporazuma (glej člen 4(2)(b)(iii)).
Article 4(2)(b) identifies as hardcore restrictions of competition agreements or concerted practices that have as their direct or indirect object the restriction of passive sales [62] by licensees of products incorporating the licensed technology [63].
Pri sporazumih med nekonkurenti ni verjetno, da bodo take omejitve zajete v prepovedi iz člena 53(1).
Passive sales restrictions on the licensee may be the result of direct obligations, such as the obligation not to sell to certain customers or to customers in certain territories or the obligation to refer orders from these customers to other licensees.
Izjema 5:
It may also result from indirect measures aimed at inducing the licensee to refrain from making such sales, such as financial incentives and the implementation of a monitoring system aimed at verifying the effective destination of the licensed products.
S členom 4(2)(b)(iv) je v skupinsko izjemo vključena obveznost za pridobitelja licence – če se ukvarja z veleprodajo – da ne prodaja končnim uporabnikom in da torej prodaja samo trgovcem na drobno.
Quantity limitations may be an indirect means to restrict passive sales.
Taka obveznost dajalcu licence dopušča, da pridobitelju licence dodeli grosistično distribucijo, in običajno ne spada na področje uporabe člena 53(1) [64].
The Authority will not assume that quantity limitations as such serve this purpose.
Izjema 6:
However, it will assume otherwise where quantity limitations are used to implement an underlying market partitioning agreement.
Končno člen 4(2)(b)(v) vključuje v okvir skupinske izjeme tudi omejitev za pridobitelja licence, da ne prodaja nepooblaščenim distributerjem.
Indications thereof include the adjustment of quantities over time to cover only local demand, the combination of quantity limitations and an obligation to sell minimum quantities in the territory, as well as minimum royalty obligations linked to sales in the territory, differentiated royalty rates depending on the destination of the products and the monitoring of the destination of products sold by individual licensees.
S to izjemo je dajalcu licence omogočeno, da pridobiteljem licence naloži obveznost, v skladu s katero slednji postanejo člani sistema selektivne distribucije.
The general hardcore restriction covering passive sales by licensees is subject to a number of exceptions, which are dealt with in points (120) to (125).
Vendar pa mora biti v navedenem primeru pridobiteljem licence skladno s členom 4(2)(c) dovoljena aktivna in tudi pasivna prodaja končnim uporabnikom, brez poseganja v možnost omejitve pridobitelja licence na veleprodajne dejavnosti, kakor je določeno v členu 4(2)(b)(iv) (glej točko 124 zgoraj).
Exception 1:
Na ozemlju, na katerem dajalec licence upravlja sistem selektivne distribucije, ta sistem ne sme biti kombiniran z izključnimi ozemlji ali izključnimi skupinami kupcev, če bi to lahko povzročilo omejitve aktivne ali pasivne prodaje končnim uporabnikom, saj bi to pomenilo nedopustno omejitev v skladu s členom 4(2)(c), brez poseganja v možnost prepovedi za pridobitelja licence, da posluje iz nepooblaščene poslovne enote.
Article 4(2)(b) does not cover sales restrictions (both active and passive) on the licensor.
Omejitve pasivne prodaje pridobiteljem licence na izključnem ozemlju ali izključni skupini kupcev, dodeljenima drugemu pridobitelju licence, običajno pomenijo nedopustno omejitev, vendar lahko določeno obdobje ne spadajo na področje uporabe člena 53(1), če so omejitve objektivno potrebne, da zaščiteni pridobitelj licence lahko prodre na nov trg.
All sales restrictions on the licensor are block-exempted up to the market share threshold of 30 %.
To se lahko zgodi, če morajo pridobitelji licence za zagon in razvoj novega trga izvesti precejšnje naložbe v proizvodne zmogljivosti in promocijske dejavnosti.
The same applies to all restrictions on active sales by the licensee, with the exception of what is said on active selling in point (125).
Tveganja, ki jim je izpostavljen nov pridobitelj licence, so zato lahko precejšnja, zlasti ker so promocijski izdatki in naložbe v sredstva, potrebna za proizvodnjo na podlagi določene tehnologije, pogosto nepovratni stroški, kar pomeni, da ob opustitvi zadevnega področja dejavnosti pridobitelj licence te naložbe ne more uporabiti za druge dejavnosti ali je prodati brez velikih izgub.
The block exemption of restrictions on active selling is based on the assumption that such restrictions promote investments, non-price competition and improvements in the quality of services provided by the licensees by solving free rider problems and hold-up problems.
Tako je pridobitelj licence na primer lahko prvi, ki začne proizvajati in prodajati novo vrsto izdelka, ali prvi, ki uporabi novo tehnologijo.
In the case of restrictions of active sales between licensees' territories or customer groups, it is not necessary that the protected licensee has been granted an exclusive territory or an exclusive customer group.
V takih okoliščinah se pogosto zgodi, da pridobitelji licence nočejo skleniti licenčnega sporazuma, ki ne vsebuje zaščite za določeno obdobje pred (aktivno in) pasivno prodajo na njihovem ozemlju ali njihovim skupinam kupcev s strani drugih pridobiteljev licence.
The block exemption also applies to active sales restrictions where more than one licensee has been appointed for a particular territory or customer group.
Kadar so za zagon in razvoj novega trga potrebne večje naložbe pridobitelja licence, omejitve pasivne prodaje drugih pridobiteljev licence na takem območju ali taki skupini kupcev ne spadajo na področje uporabe člena 53(1) za obdobje, ki je potrebno, da se pridobitelju licence povrnejo navedene naložbe.
Efficiency enhancing investment is likely to be promoted where a licensee can be sure that it will only face active sales competition from a limited number of licensees inside the territory and not also from licensees outside the territory.
V večini primerov se šteje, da je obdobje do dveh let od dne, ko zadevni pridobitelj licence izdelek prvič da na trg na izključnem ozemlju ali ga proda izključni skupini kupcev, dovolj dolgo, da se lahko pridobitelju licence povrnejo izvedene naložbe.
Exception 2:
Vendar je v posameznih primerih morda potrebno daljše obdobje zaščite pridobitelja licence, da se mu povrnejo nastali stroški.
Restrictions on active and passive sales by licensees into an exclusive territory or to an exclusive customer group reserved for the licensor do not constitute hardcore restrictions of competition (see Article 4(2)(b)(i)) and are block-exempted.
Podobno je mogoče, da prepoved prodaje nekaterim skupinam končnih uporabnikov, ki je naložena vsem pridobiteljem licence, ne omejuje konkurence, če je taka omejitev objektivno potrebna iz varnostnih ali zdravstvenih razlogov, povezanih z nevarno naravo zadevnega izdelka.
It is presumed that up to the market share threshold such restraints, where restrictive of competition, promote pro-competitive dissemination of technology and integration of such technology into the production assets of the licensee.
Člen 5 TTBER vsebuje tri vrste omejitev, ki so izvzete iz ugodnosti skupinske izjeme in jih je zato treba presoditi posamično na podlagi njihovih protikonkurenčnih učinkov in učinkov, ki spodbujajo konkurenco.
For a territory or customer group to be reserved for the licensor, the licensor does not actually have to be producing with the licensed technology in the territory or for the customer group in question.
Namen člena 5 je preprečiti, da bi skupinska izjema vključevala sporazume, ki lahko zmanjšajo spodbude za inovacije.
A territory or customer group can also be reserved by the licensor for later exploitation.
Iz člena 5 izhaja, da vključitev katere koli omejitve iz navedenega člena v licenčni sporazum ne preprečuje uporabe skupinske izjeme za preostali del sporazuma, če je preostali del mogoče ločiti od izvzetih omejitev.
Exception 3:
Iz ugodnosti skupinske izjeme je izvzeta le zadevna posamezna omejitev, ki ni zajeta s skupinsko izjemo, in jo je zato treba presoditi posamično.
Article 4(2)(b)(ii) brings under the block exemption a restriction whereby the licensee is obliged to produce products incorporating the licensed technology only for its own (captive) use.
Izključni povratni odstopi licence
Where the contract product is a component the licensee can thus be obliged to use that product only for incorporation into its own products and can be obliged not to sell the product to other producers.
Člen 5(1)(a) TTBER se nanaša na izključne povratne odstope licence (tj. izključne licence, podeljene nazaj dajalcu licence za izboljšave, ki jih razvije pridobitelj licence), ali na odstope izboljšav licenčne tehnologije dajalcu licence.
The licensee must however be able to actively and passively sell the products as spare parts for its own products and must thus be able to supply third parties that perform after sale services on these products.
Obveznost, da se dajalcu licence dodeli izključna licenca za izboljšave licenčne tehnologije, ali obveznost, da se dajalcu licence odstopijo take izboljšave, lahko za pridobitelja licence pomeni zmanjšanje spodbude za inovacije, saj ga ovira pri izkoriščanju lastnih izboljšav, vključno s podeljevanjem licenc tretjim osebam.
Captive use restrictions are also dealt with in Section 4.2.5.
Izključni povratni odstop licence je opredeljen kot povratni odstop licence, ki pridobitelju licence (ki je v tem primeru inovator in dajalec licence) preprečuje, da bi izkoriščal izboljšavo (bodisi za lastno proizvodnjo ali za podelitev licence zanjo tretjim osebam).
Exception 4:
To velja za primere, v katerih se izboljšave nanašajo na enak način uporabe kot velja pri licenčni tehnologiji, pa tudi za primere, v katerih pridobitelj licence razvije nove načine uporabe licenčne tehnologije.
As in the case of agreements between competitors (see point (112) above) the block exemption also applies to agreements whereby the licensee is obliged to produce the contract products only for a particular customer in order to provide that customer with an alternative source of supply, regardless of the duration of the licence agreement (cf.
V skladu s členom 5(1)(a) so take obveznosti izvzete iz ugodnosti skupinske izjeme.
Article 4(2)(b)(iii)).
Uporaba člena 5(1)(a) ni odvisna od tega, ali dajalec licence plača nadomestilo za prevzem izboljšav ali pridobitev izključne licence.
In the case of agreements between non-competitors, such restrictions are unlikely to be caught by Article 53(1).
Vendar pa sta lahko obstoj in višina takega nadomestila pomembna dejavnika v okviru posamične presoje na podlagi člena 53.
Exception 5:
Če se povratni odstopi licence izvedejo proti plačilu nadomestila, je manj verjetno, da bi obveznost pridobitelja licence odvračala od inovativnosti.
Article 4(2)(b)(iv) brings under the block exemption an obligation on the licensee, if operating at the wholesale level of trade, not to sell to end-users and thus only to sell to retailers.
Pri presoji izključnih povratnih odstopov licence zunaj področja uporabe skupinske izjeme je pomemben dejavnik tudi tržni položaj dajalca licence na tehnološkem trgu.
Such an obligation allows the licensor to assign the licensee to the wholesale distribution function and normally falls outside Article 53(1) [64].
Močnejši položaj dajalca licence pomeni večjo verjetnost, da bodo imele obveznosti glede izključnih povratnih odstopov licence omejevalne učinke na konkurenco na področju inovacij.
Exception 6:
Močnejši kot je položaj tehnologije dajalca licence, pomembneje je, da pridobitelj licence lahko postane pomemben vir inovacij in prihodnje konkurence.
Finally Article 4(2)(b)(v) brings under the block exemption a restriction on the licensee not to sell to unauthorised distributors.
Negativni vpliv obveznosti povratnega odstopa licence se lahko poveča tudi v primeru vzporednih mrež licenčnih sporazumov, ki vsebujejo take obveznosti.
This exception allows the licensor to impose an obligation on the licensees to form part of a selective distribution system.
Če omejeno število dajalcev licenc, ki pridobiteljem licenc nalagajo obveznosti izključnega povratnega odstopa, nadzoruje dostopne tehnologije, je tveganje protikonkurenčnih učinkov večje, kot če obstajajo številne tehnologije, od katerih je le nekaj licenciranih na podlagi izključnih povratnih odstopov licence.
In that case, however, the licensees must according to Article 4(2)(c) be permitted to sell both actively and passively to end-users, without prejudice to the possibility to restrict the licensee to a wholesale function as provided for in Article 4(2)(b)(iv) (see point (124) above).
Neizključne obveznosti povratnega odstopa licence so zajete v varnem pristanu TTBER.
Within the territory where the licensor operates a selective distribution system, this system may not be combined with exclusive territories or exclusive customer groups where this would lead to a restriction of active or passive sales to end-users as that would lead to a hardcore restriction under Article 4(2)(c), without prejudice to the possibility of prohibiting a licensee from operating out of an unauthorised place of establishment.
To velja tudi, če so te nevzajemne, torej če so naložene le pridobitelju licence, in če ima na podlagi sporazuma dajalec licence pravico, da izboljšave prenese na druge pridobitelje licenc.
Restrictions on passive sales by licensees into an exclusive territory or customer group allocated to another licensee, while normally a hardcore restriction, may fall outside Article 53(1) for a certain duration if the restraints are objectively necessary for the protected licensee to penetrate a new market.
Nevzajemna obveznost povratnega odstopa licence lahko spodbuja razširjanje nove tehnologije, s tem ko dajalcu licence dopušča, da prosto določi, ali naj svoje izboljšave prenese na svoje pridobitelje licenc in v kolikšnem obsegu naj to stori.
This may be the case where licensees have to commit substantial investments in production assets and promotional activities in order to start up and develop a new market.
Klavzula nadaljnjega prenosa lahko prav tako spodbuja razširjanje tehnologije, zlasti kadar vsak pridobitelj licence v času sklenitve sporazuma ve, da bo glede na tehnologijo, na podlagi katere proizvaja, v enakem položaju kot drugi pridobitelji licenc.
The risks facing a new licensee may therefore be substantial, in particular since promotional expenses and investment in assets required to produce on the basis of a particular technology are often sunk, that is to say, that upon leaving that particular field of activity the investment cannot be used by the licensee for other activities or sold other than at a significant loss.
Neizključne obveznosti povratnega odstopa licence imajo zlasti lahko negativne učinke na inovacije v primeru navzkrižnega licenciranja med konkurenti, pri čemer se obveznost povratnega odstopa licence, ki jo imata obe pogodbenici, kombinira z obveznostjo za obe pogodbenici, da si med seboj izmenjujeta izboljšave lastnih tehnologij.
For instance, the licensee may be the first to produce and sell a new type of product or the first to apply a new technology.
Izmenjava vseh izboljšav med konkurenti lahko vsakemu konkurentu onemogoči pridobitev konkurenčne prednosti pred drugim (glej tudi točko 241 v nadaljevanju).
In such circumstances, it is often the case that licensees would not enter into the licence agreement without protection for a certain period of time against (active and) passive sales into their territory or to their customer groups by other licensees.
Vendar pa je malo verjetno, da bi bilo pogodbenicama preprečeno pridobiti konkurenčno prednost drugi pred drugo, če je namen licence pogodbenicama omogočiti razvoj njunih tehnologij in če jima na podlagi licence pri oblikovanju njunih izdelkov ni treba uporabiti iste tehnološke zasnove.
Where substantial investments by the licensee are necessary to start up and develop a new market, restrictions of passive sales by other licensees into such a territory or to such a customer group fall outside Article 53(1) for the period necessary for the licensee to recoup those investments.
To se zgodi, če je namen licence prej vzpostaviti svobodo oblikovanja kot izboljšati tehnološko zasnovo pridobitelja licence.
In most cases a period of up to two years from the date on which the contract product was first put on the market in the exclusive territory by the licensee in question or sold to its exclusive customer group would be considered sufficient for the licensee to recoup the investments made.
Klavzule o neizpodbijanju in odpovedi
However, in an individual case a longer period of protection for the licensee might be necessary in order for the licensee to recoup the costs occurred.
Izvzeta omejitev iz člena 5(1)(b) TTBER zadeva klavzule o neizpodbijanju, torej neposredne ali posredne obveznosti, da se veljavnosti pravic intelektualne lastnine dajalca licence ne izpodbija, ne da bi to posegalo v možnost, da dajalec licence v primeru izključne licence odpove sporazum o prenosu tehnologije, če pridobitelj licence izpodbija veljavnost katere koli licenčne tehnološke pravice.
Similarly, a prohibition imposed on all licensees not to sell to certain categories of end-users may not be restrictive of competition if such a restraint is objectively necessary for reasons of safety or health related to the dangerous nature of the product in question.
Razlog za izključitev klavzul o neizpodbijanju iz področja uporabe skupinske izjeme gre pripisati dejstvu, da so pridobitelji licenc običajno najprimernejši za ugotovitev, ali je pravica intelektualne lastnine veljavna ali ne.
Article 5 of the TTBER lists three types of restrictions that are not block-exempted and which thus require individual assessment of their anti-competitive and pro-competitive effects.
Da se prepreči vsakršno izkrivljanje konkurence in v skladu z načeli, na katerih temelji zaščita intelektualne lastnine, bi bilo treba neveljavne pravice intelektualne lastnine odpraviti.
The purpose of Article 5 is to avoid block exemption of agreements that may reduce the incentive to innovate.
Neveljavne pravice intelektualne lastnine zavirajo inovacije, namesto da bi jih spodbujale.
It follows from Article 5 that the inclusion in a licence agreement of any of the restrictions contained in that Article does not prevent the application of the block exemption to the rest of the agreement, if the remainder is severable from the excluded restriction(s).
Člen 53(1) se lahko uporablja za klavzule o neizpodbijanju, če ima licenčna tehnologija precejšnjo vrednost in zato podjetja, ki je ne morejo uporabljati ali jo lahko uporabljajo samo proti plačilu licenčnin, postavlja v podrejen konkurenčni položaj.
It is only the individual restriction in question that is not covered by the block exemption, implying that individual assessment is required.
V takih primerih je malo verjetno, da bi bili izpolnjeni pogoji iz člena 53(3).
Exclusive grant-backs
Če pa se licenčna tehnologija nanaša na tehnično zastarel proces, ki ga pridobitelj licence ne uporablja, ali če se licenca podeli brezplačno, omejevanja konkurence ni [65].
Article 5(1)(a) TTBER concerns exclusive grant-backs (that is to say an exclusive licence back to the licensor of the licensee's improvement) or assignments to the licensor of improvements of the licensed technology.
V zvezi s klavzulami o neizpodbijanju v okviru sporazumov o poravnavi glej točki 242 in 243 v nadaljevanju.
An obligation to grant the licensor an exclusive licence to improvements of the licensed technology or to assign such improvements to the licensor is likely to reduce the licensee's incentive to innovate since it hinders the licensee in exploiting the improvements, including by way of licensing to third parties.
Na splošno določba, ki obvezuje pridobitelja licence, da ne izpodbija lastništva tehnoloških pravic, ne pomeni omejitve konkurence v smislu člena 53(1).
An exclusive grant-back is defined as a grant-back which prevents the licensee (which is the innovator and licensor of the improvement in this case) from exploiting the improvement (either for its own production or for licensing out to third parties).
Ne glede na to, ali je dajalec licence lastnik tehnoloških pravic, je uporaba tehnologije s strani pridobitelja licence in katere koli tretje osebe v vsakem primeru odvisna od pridobitve licence, zato taka določba na splošno ne bi vplivala na konkurenco [66].
This is the case both where the improvement concerns the same application as the licensed technology and where the licensee develops new applications of the licensed technology.
Člen 5(1)(b) TTBER iz varnega pristana skupinske izjeme izključuje tudi pravico, da dajalec licence v primeru neizključnih licenc odpove sporazum, če pridobitelj licence izpodbija veljavnost katerih koli pravic intelektualne lastnine, ki jih ima dajalec licence v EGP.