natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Therefore, children should not be treated as if they were ‘small adults’.
V drugih primerih pa nevarnosti ni mogoče zlahka prepoznati, kot npr. kratek stik v električnem likalniku, oznake z opozorili se spregledajo ali napačno razumejo, potrošniki pa bodo lahko le redkokdaj sprejeli preventivne ukrepe.
In conclusion, a product that is normally safe for an average adult may not be safe for vulnerable consumers.
vedenje potrošnika v primeru nesreče: kadar se potrošniku zgodi nesreča, lahko povzroči poškodbo.
This has to be taken into account when determining the severity and probability of an injury (see below) and thus the risk.
Zato je treba v oceni tveganja preučiti, kakšen bi lahko bil odziv potrošnika.
Intended and reasonably foreseeable use: Consumers may use a product for other purposes than the one for which it is intended, although the instructions are clearly understandable, including any warnings.
Ali bo mirno odložil proizvod in izvedel preventivni ukrep, na primer pogasil požar, ki ga je povzročil proizvod, ali pa bo proizvod v paniki odvrgel?
Therefore, as warnings may not be fully effective, other uses than the intended ones also have to be taken into account in a risk assessment.
Ranljivi potrošniki, zlasti otroci, se ne vedejo tako kot drugi potrošniki, ki niso ranljivi.
This aspect is particularly important for the manufacturer of a product, since he has to ensure that the product is safe under any reasonably foreseeable conditions of use.
Na tveganje, ki ga predstavlja proizvod, lahko vpliva kulturno ozadje potrošnika in način uporabe proizvoda v njegovi državi.
Reasonably foreseeable use may have to be based on experience, because there may be no information available in official accident statistics or other sources of information.
Te kulturne razlike morajo upoštevati zlasti proizvajalci, ko uvajajo nov proizvod na trg.
It may then be difficult to draw the line between ‘reasonably foreseeable’ and ‘totally unperceived’ scenarios.
Izkušnje proizvajalcev na tem področju so lahko dragocen vir informacij za organe, ki pripravljajo oceno tveganja.
Nevertheless, even ‘totally unperceived’ scenarios can be considered under these guidelines, even when they lead to very severe injuries, because such scenarios will always have very low probability.
Večino scenarijev poškodb sestavljajo naslednji trije glavni koraki:
This possibly safeguards against such scenarios having too much of an influence in determining the overall risk of the product.
proizvod ima „napako“ ali pa lahko med svojo predvideno življenjsko dobo povzroči „nevarno situacijo“;
Frequency and duration of use: Different consumers may use a product often or not so often, and for longer or shorter periods of time.
posledica „napake“ ali „nevarne situacije“ je nesreča;
This depends on the attractiveness of the product and the ease with which it can be used.
posledica nesreče je poškodba.
Daily or long-term use could make a consumer entirely familiar with a product and its specifics, including its hazards, instructions and warning labels, thus making the risk minor.
Ti trije glavni koraki se lahko razdelijo v nadaljnje korake, ki pokažejo, kako lahko nevarnost proizvoda pripelje do poškodbe in podobnega.
On the other hand, daily or long-term use may make the consumer too used to the product and lead to user fatigue where he recklessly ignores instructions and warnings, thus increasing the risk.
Ne glede na to morajo biti ti „koraki do poškodbe“ jasni in zgoščeni ter ne smejo pretiravati v podrobnostih ali številu korakov.
Finally, daily or long-term use may also accelerate product ageing, and any parts that cannot withstand such frequent use may quickly fail and cause a hazard, and possibly an injury, which also increases the risk.
Na podlagi pridobljenih izkušenj bo opredelitev pogojev za pojav katere koli navedene poškodbe in „najkrajše poti do poškodbe“ (ali „kritične poti do poškodbe“) vedno lažje.
Hazard recognition and protective behaviour and equipment: Some products are known for their hazards, such as scissors, knives, do-it-yourself drilling machines, chain saws, roller blades, bicycles, motor bikes and cars.
Verjetno je najlažje začeti s scenarijem za potrošnika, kateremu je proizvod namenjen, ko potrošnik uporablja proizvod v skladu z navodili, ali če teh ni, običajnim ravnanjem in uporabo.
In all these cases, the product hazard is clearly known or readily recognisable, or described in the instructions, which will include risk management measures.
Če je rezultat te ocene največja stopnja tveganja, nadaljnje ocene običajno niso potrebne in se lahko sprejmejo ustrezni ukrepi za zmanjšanje tveganja.
The consumer can then act carefully or use personal protective equipment such as gloves, helmets or seat-belts, thereby using the product in a way that minimises the risk.
Podobno lahko v primeru poročila o nezgodi v pritožbi potrošnika zadostuje en scenarij poškodbe, na podlagi katerega se lahko sprejmejo ustrezni ukrepi za zmanjšanje tveganja.
In other cases, the product hazard may not be so readily recognisable, such as a short-circuit within an electric iron, warning labels may be overlooked or misunderstood, and consumers will only rarely be able to take preventive measures.
V nasprotnem primeru se lahko nadaljuje razvijanje scenarijev, ki vključujejo ranljive potrošnike, zlasti otroke (glej preglednico 1), manjše ali bolj izraženo odstopanje od običajne uporabe, uporabo v različnih podnebnih razmerah, kot sta hud mraz ali huda vročina, neugodne okoliščine uporabe, kot je odsotnost ustrezne dnevne svetlobe ali razsvetljave, uporabo, priporočeno ob prodaji proizvoda (svetilko, ki se prodaja v trgovini z igračami, je na primer treba oceniti tudi glede tveganja, kadar jo uporablja otrok), uporabo skozi celotno življenjsko dobo (vključno s fizično obrabo).
Consumer behaviour in the event of an incident: Where the hazard impinges on the consumer it may cause injury.
Vsak scenarij je treba upoštevati v celotnem postopku ocenjevanja tveganja.
It is thus important for a risk assessment to consider how the consumer may react.
Kadar proizvod izkazuje več nevarnosti, je treba razviti scenarije poškodbe in tveganja za vsako od teh nevarnosti.
Will he put the product to one side calmly and take preventive action, such as combating a fire caused by the product, or will he throw it away in a panic?
Ne glede na to pa lahko preverjanje verjetnosti, ali lahko scenarij poškodbe privede do tveganja, ki zahteva ukrepanje, omeji število scenarijev poškodb.
Vulnerable consumers, especially children, may after all not behave the same as other, non-vulnerable consumers.
Izmed vseh teh scenarijev je za odločitev o sprejemu ukrepov za zmanjšanje tveganja običajno odločilen scenarij z največjim tveganjem (= „tveganje“, ki ga predstavlja proizvod), saj je ukrepanje v zvezi z največjim tveganjem običajno najučinkovitejše za njegovo zmanjšanje.
The consumer's cultural background and the way a product is used in his home country may influence the risk of a product.
Izjema od tega pravila bi lahko bilo posebno tveganje, ki je manjše od največjega in izhaja iz druge nevarnosti ter ga je mogoče obvladati s posebnimi ukrepi, seveda pa mora zajemati tudi največje tveganje.
Manufacturers in particular have to take account of these cultural differences when launching a new product on a market.
Kot pravilo palca lahko scenariji poškodbe vodijo do največje stopnje tveganja, kadar:
Manufacturers' experience in this area can thus be a valuable source of information for authorities preparing a risk assessment.
so obravnavane poškodbe na največji stopnji resnosti (stopnji 4 ali 3);
Most injury scenarios consist of the following three main steps:
je celotna verjetnost scenarija poškodbe dokaj velika (vsaj > 1/100).
the product has a ‘defect’ or can lead to a ‘dangerous situation’ during its foreseeable lifetime;
V preglednici 4 so nadaljnja navodila v zvezi s tem.
the ‘defect’ or ‘dangerous situation’ results in an accident;
Ta lahko pomagajo omejiti število scenarijev.
the accident results in an injury.
Seveda ostaja število scenarijev poškodb odgovornost ocenjevalca tveganja in je odvisno od številnih dejavnikov, ki jih je treba upoštevati pri določanju „tveganja“ proizvoda.
These three main steps can be divided into further steps to show how the product hazard can lead to injury and the like.
Zato je nemogoče napovedati število scenarijev poškodb, ki bi bili potrebni v posebnem primeru.
Nevertheless, these ‘steps to injury’ have to be clear and concise, and not exaggerate the detail or the number of steps.
Kot pomoč pri pripravi ustreznega števila scenarijev vključujejo te smernice preglednico z značilnimi scenariji poškodb (preglednica 2).
With experience, it will be increasingly easier to identify the conditions for the occurrence of any given injury and the ‘shortest path to injury’ (or ‘critical path to injury’).
Treba jih je prilagoditi glede na določen proizvod, vrsto potrošnika in druge okoliščine.
It is probably easiest to start with a scenario with the consumer for whom the product is intended where the consumer uses the product as per the instructions or, if there are none, according to normal handling and use.
Poškodba, ki jo lahko nevarnost povzroči potrošniku, ima lahko različne stopnje resnosti.
If this assessment produces the highest risk level, there is normally no need to carry out further assessments, and appropriate risk reduction measures can be taken.
Resnost poškodbe zato odraža učinek nevarnosti na potrošnika pod pogoji, opisanimi v scenariju poškodbe.
Similarly, where an incident is reported in a specific consumer complaint, a single injury scenario may be sufficient to conclude as to appropriate risk reduction measures.
Resnost poškodbe je lahko odvisna od:
Otherwise, further scenarios could be developed to include vulnerable consumers, in particular children (see Table 1), slight or more pronounced deviations from normal use, use under different climate conditions, such as very cold or very hot, unfavourable conditions of use, such as without proper daylight or illumination, use as suggested when the product was sold (for instance, a lamp sold in a toy shop should also be assessed for its risk when used by a child), use over the entire lifetime (including wear and tear), etc.
vrste nevarnosti (glej prej in v preglednici 2 navedeni seznam nevarnosti).
Each scenario should be considered through the entire risk assessment procedure.
Mehanska nevarnost, kot so ostri robovi, lahko povzroči vreznine na prstih, ki so takoj opazne in potrošnik poskrbi za zdravljenje poškodbe.
Where the product displays several hazards, injury and thus risk scenarios should be developed for each of them.
Na drugi strani pa lahko kemična nevarnost povzroči raka.
Nevertheless, a plausibility check as to whether an injury scenario might lead to a risk requiring action can limit the number of injury scenarios.
Tega dogajanja običajno ne opazimo in bolezen se lahko pojavi šele po nekaj letih ter se šteje za zelo resno poškodbo, saj je rak zelo težko, če sploh, ozdravljiv,
From all the scenarios generated, the scenario providing the highest risk (= ‘the risk’ of the product) will normally be decisive for the risk reduction measures to be taken, because action on the highest risk reduces the risk most effectively.
tega, kako močna je nevarnost.
An exception to the rule might be a specific, less-than-highest risk stemming from a different hazard, which could be managed by specific measures and should, of course, also cover the highest risk.
Površina, segreta na 50 °C, lahko na primer povzroči manjše opekline, medtem ko površina, segreta na 180 °C, povzroči hude opekline,
As a rule of thumb, injury scenarios can lead to the highest risk level when:
trajanja delovanja nevarnosti na potrošnika.
the injury(ies) considered are in the highest severity levels (levels 4 or 3),
Kratek čas trajajoč stik z nevarnostjo odrgnin lahko povzroči samo površinsko odrgnino na koži potrošnika, medtem ko lahko dalj časa trajajoč stik odstrani velike dele kože,
the overall probability of an injury scenario is quite high (at least > 1/100).
dela telesa, ki je poškodovan.
Table 4 provides further guidance in this respect.
Vbod kože na roki z ostro konico je na primer boleč, vendar je vbod v oko resnejša poškodba, ki lahko vpliva na življenje potrošnika,
This might help to limit the number of scenarios.
vpliva nevarnosti na enega ali več delov telesa.
Of course, the number of injury scenarios remains the responsibility of the risk assessor, and it depends on the number of factors that need to be taken into account when determining ‘the risk’ of the product.
Nevarnost električnega udara lahko povzroči električni udar z nezavestjo in posledično požar, ki lahko poškoduje pljuča nezavestne osebe, ki vdihava dim,
It is therefore impossible to give a specific number of injury scenarios that may be necessary in a specific case.
vrste in vedenja potrošnika.
To help develop a suitable number of scenarios, these guidelines provide a table with typical injury scenarios (Table 2).
Proizvod, označen z opozorilnim sporočilom, lahko odrasel potrošnik uporablja brez škode, saj se prilagodi uporabi proizvoda.
These should be adapted to the specific product, consumer type and other circumstances.
Na drugi strani pa lahko otrok ali druga ranljiva oseba (glej preglednico 1), ki ne zna brati ali ne razume opozorilne oznake, utrpi zelo resne poškodbe.
The injury that a hazard can cause to the consumer can have different degrees of severity.
Za količinsko opredelitev resnosti poškodb vsebuje preglednica 3 v teh smernicah razvrstitev poškodb v štiri kategorije glede na reverzibilnost poškodbe, tj. če je po poškodbi možna ozdravitev in do kakšne mere.
The severity of the injury thus reflects the effect the hazard has on the consumer under the conditions described in the injury scenario.
Ta razvrstitev je navedena le kot vodilo in ocenjevalec tveganja mora po potrebi spremeniti kategorijo ter o tem poročati v oceni tveganja.
The severity of the injury can depend on:
Kadar se v oceni tveganja upošteva več scenarijev poškodb, je treba razvrstiti resnost vsake poškodbe posebej in jo upoštevati v celotnem postopku ocenjevanja tveganja.
the type of hazard (see list of hazards above and in Table 2).
Primer: potrošnik uporabi kladivo za zabijanje žeblja v steno.
A mechanical hazard, such as sharp edges, can cause cuts to the fingers; these are immediately noticed, and the consumer will take action to heal his injuries.
Glava kladiva je prekrhka (zaradi napačnega materiala) in se zlomi, eden od delcev odleti v oko potrošnika s tako silo, da povzroči slepoto.
On the other hand, a chemical hazard may cause cancer.
Poškodba je torej „poškodba oči, tujek v očesu: trajna izguba vida (eno oko)“, ki je v preglednici 3 razvrščena pod poškodbo 3. stopnje.
This normally passes unnoticed, and the illness may appear only after many years, and is considered to be very severe since cancer is very difficult to cure, if at all,
„Verjetnost poškodbe“ je verjetnost, da se bo scenarij poškodbe uresničil med pričakovano življenjsko dobo proizvoda.
how powerful the hazard is.
Ocenjevanje te verjetnosti ni preprosto, vendar če je scenarij opisan z jasnimi koraki, se vsakemu koraku določi verjetnost, zmnožek teh delnih verjetnosti pa prikazuje celotno verjetnost scenarija.
For example, a surface heated to 50 °C may cause slight burns, whereas a surface at 180 °C will cause severe burns,
S pristopom v več korakih naj bi se olajšalo ocenjevanje celotne verjetnosti.
how long the hazard impinges on the consumer.
Kadar obstaja več scenarijev, je seveda treba določiti celotno verjetnost za vsak scenarij posebej.
A short contact time with an abrasion hazard may scratch the consumer's skin only superficially, whereas a longer time may take off large parts of the skin,
Kadar je scenarij poškodbe kljub vsemu opisan v enem koraku, se lahko verjetnost scenarija prav tako določi samo z enim samim korakom.
what body part is injured.
Vendar bi bilo to le „ugibanje“, ki bi lahko sprožilo resne kritike in postavilo pod vprašaj celotno oceno tveganja.
For example, penetration by a sharp point into the skin of the arm is painful, but penetration into an eye is a more serious and perhaps a life-affecting injury,
Zato je primernejša preglednejša določitev verjetnosti scenarija v več korakih, zlasti ker lahko delne verjetnosti temeljijo na neizpodbitnih dokazih.
what impact the hazard has on one or several body parts.
Te smernice razvrščajo celotno verjetnost v 8 stopenj verjetnosti: od < 1/1000000 do > 50 % (glej levo stran preglednice 4).
An electrical hazard may cause an electric shock with unconsciousness and, subsequently, a fire which may damage the lungs when the unconscious person inhales the smoke,
Naslednji primer glave kladiva, ki poči, ko uporabnik zabija žebelj v steno, prikazuje, kako se vsakemu koraku določi verjetnost in kako se razvrsti celotno verjetnost: Prvi korak Glava kladiva poči, ko uporabnik zabija žebelj v steno, ker je material, iz katerega je izdelana glava kladiva, prekrhek.
the type and behaviour of the consumer.
Krhkost je bila določena s preskusom in na podlagi tako ugotovljene krhkosti je verjetnost, da bo glava kladiva med njegovo sicer pričakovano življenjsko dobo počila, 1/10.
A product labelled with a warning message can be used, without harm, by an adult consumer, because the consumer adjusts to using the product.
Drugi korak Ko glava kladiva poči, eden od koščkov kladiva zadene uporabnika.
On the other hand, a child or other vulnerable consumer (see Table 1) who cannot read or understand the warning label may be very seriously injured.
Verjetnost tega dogodka je 1/10, saj je območje izpostavljenosti zgornjega dela telesa koščkom, ki odletavajo, predvidoma 1/10 polkrogle pred zidom.
To quantify the severity of injury(ies), Table 3 in these guidelines shows how to classify injuries into four categories, depending on the reversibility of an injury, i.e. whether recovery from an injury is possible and to what extent.
Če bi uporabnik stal zelo blizu stene, bi njegovo telo zavzelo večji delež polkrogle in verjetnost bi bila večja.
This categorisation is for guidance only, and a risk assessor should change the category if necessary, and report it in the risk assessment.
Tretji korak Delec udari uporabnika v glavo.
Where several injury scenarios are considered in the risk assessment, the severity of each injury should be classified separately, and considered throughout the entire risk assessment process.
Četrti korak Delec zadene uporabnika v oko.
An example: A consumer uses a hammer to knock a nail into a wall.
Za to so potrebne izkušnje in je priporočljivo poiskati pomoč osebe z izkušnjami pri ocenjevanju tveganja (glej oddelek „Naj drugi preverijo vašo oceno tveganja“).
The hammer head is too weak (due to incorrect material) and it breaks, one of the pieces flying into the eye of the consumer so hard that it causes blindness.
Z izkušnjami, pridobljenimi na podlagi teh smernic, je ocenjevanje verjetnosti lažje, na voljo pa bo vedno večje število primerov, ki bodo olajšali to nalogo.
This probability is not easy to estimate; but when a scenario is described in distinct steps, each step can be given a certain probability, and multiplying these partial probabilities together gives the overall probability of the scenario.
To velja zlasti za otroke, ki običajno nimajo izkušenj z izvajanjem preprečevalnih ukrepov, nasprotno (glej tudi „Ranljivi potrošniki“ v oddelku 3.3);
The following example of a hammer head that breaks when the user knocks a nail into a wall should illustrate how to assign a probability to each step, and how to classify overall probability.
kadar rezultati preskusov proizvoda močno odstopajo od mejnih vrednosti, ki se zahtevajo (po ustreznem standardu ali zakonodaji), je lahko verjetnost za nastanek poškodbe (scenarija) večja, kot če so rezultati preskusa proizvoda blizu mejnih vrednosti.
Step 1 The hammer head breaks when the user tries to knock a nail into a wall because the material of the hammer head is too weak.
„Verjetnost poškodbe“ je v tem primeru verjetnost, da se scenarij poškodbe dejansko uresniči.
The weakness was determined in a test, and with the reported weakness the probability of the hammer head breaking during the otherwise expected lifetime of the hammer is put at 1/10.
Verjetnost torej ne opisuje splošne izpostavljenosti populacije proizvodu, izračunane na primer za milijone kosov proizvodov, prodanih na trgu, od katerih nekateri morda ne bi izpolnjevali zahtev.
Step 2 One of the pieces of the hammer hits the user when it breaks.
Takšen način razmišljanja se uporablja pri določanju ustreznih ukrepov za zmanjšanje tveganja (glej oddelek 4).
The probability of this happening is put at 1/10, since the area of upper body exposed to the pieces flying off is considered to be 1/10 of the half-sphere in front of the wall.
Kadar se za ocenjevanje verjetnosti uporabljajo statistični podatki o nesrečah, je potrebna previdnost, četudi se nanašajo samo na določen proizvod.
Of course, if the user were standing very close to the wall, his body would take a larger share of the half-sphere, and the probability would be higher.
Ne glede na to lahko statistični podatki o nesrečah osvetlijo scenarije poškodb in njihovo verjetnost.
Step 3 The piece hits the user on the head.
Ko sta določeni resnost poškodbe in verjetnost, če je mogoče, za več scenarijev poškodb, je treba v preglednici 4 poiskati stopnjo tveganja.
The head is estimated to be about 1/3 of the upper body, and the probability is therefore 1/3.
Preglednica 4 združuje resnost poškodbe in verjetnost, največje tveganje pa je „tveganje“, ki ga predstavlja proizvod.
Step 4 The piece hits the user in the eye.
Poročati je treba tudi o tveganjih, ki zahtevajo posebne ukrepe za obvladovanje tveganja, za zagotovitev, da so vsa tveganja zmanjšana na najnižjo možno raven.
The eyes are considered to be about 1/20 of the area of the head, and therefore the probability is 1/20.
Te smernice razlikujejo med 4 stopnjami tveganja: resno, veliko, srednje in majhno.
Multiplying the probabilities of the above steps together gives an overall probability for the scenario of 1/10 × 1/10 × 1/3 × 1/20 = 1/6000.
Stopnja tveganja med mejnimi resnostmi poškodbe ali verjetnostmi se običajno spremeni za 1 stopnjo.
This translates into > 1/10000 (see left-hand side of Table 4).
To je v skladu s splošnimi izkušnjami, da se tveganje ne poveča, če se dejavniki vnosa spreminjajo postopoma.
Once the overall probability has been calculated for an injury scenario, it should be checked for plausibility.
Kadar se resnost poškodbe poveča s stopnje 1 na stopnjo 2 (desna stran preglednice 4), se nekatere stopnje tveganja povečajo za 2 stopnji, to je s srednje na resno in z majhne na veliko.
This requires rather a lot of experience, thus suggesting that the assistance of persons experienced in risk assessment should be sought (see above in section ‘Let others check your risk assessment’).
To je posledica dejstva, da te smernice vključujejo štiri stopnje resnosti poškodbe, medtem ko jih je prvotna metoda (glej Uvod) vključevala pet.
As experience is gained with these guidelines estimating probability should become easier, and an increasing number of examples will become available to facilitate this task.
Ne glede na to pri proizvodih za potrošnike zadostujejo štiri stopnje, saj zagotavljajo solidno oceno resnosti; uporaba petih stopenj bi bila preveč zapletena, saj niti resnosti poškodbe niti verjetnosti ni mogoče določiti z zelo veliko natančnostjo.
Assigning probabilities to different injury scenarios for the same product may lead to the following.
Ob koncu ocene tveganja, pa naj se ta nanaša na posamezen scenarij poškodbe ali celotno tveganje, ki ga predstavlja proizvod, je treba upoštevati verjetnost stopnje tveganja in negotovosti ocen.
This applies in particular to children, since children do not normally have the experience to take preventive action, on the contrary (see also ‘Vulnerable consumers’ in Section 3.3).
V pomoč so lahko tudi povratne informacije sodelavcev in drugih strokovnjakov.