natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
CRITERIA FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF STATE AID FOR TRAINING SUBJECT TO INDIVIDUAL NOTIFICATION [1]1.
MERILA ZA ANALIZO ZDRUŽLJIVOSTI DRŽAVNE POMOČI ZA USPOSABLJANJE, ZA KATERO VELJA POSAMIČNA PRIGLASITEV [1]1.
Training usually has positive external effects for society as a whole since it increases the pool of skilled workers from which undertakings can draw and it improves the competitiveness of the economy and promotes a knowledge society capable of embracing a more innovative development path.
Običajno ima usposabljanje pozitivne zunanje učinke za celotno družbo, ker povečuje obseg kvalificirane delovne sile, iz katere lahko podjetja črpajo zaposlene, izboljšuje konkurenčnost gospodarstva in spodbuja družbo znanja, zmožno sprejeti bolj inovativno razvojno pot.
Undertakings may, however, provide less than a socially optimal level of training if employees are free to change employers and other undertakings can benefit from recruiting employees trained by them.
Vendar podjetja ne nudijo vedno družbeno najugodnejše ravni usposabljanja, glede na to, da lahko zaposleni svobodno menjajo delodajalce, pri čemer bodo imela druga podjetja koristi pri zaposlitvi delavcev, ki so jih prva usposabljala.
This is particularly true of training targeted at skills that are transferable between undertakings.
To zlasti velja za usposabljanje, usmerjeno v znanja, ki se lahko uporabljajo v različnih podjetjih.
State aid may help to create additional incentives for employers to provide training at a level that is socially desirable.
Državna pomoč lahko delodajalce dodatno spodbuja k zagotavljanju usposabljanja na ravni, ki je družbeno zaželena.
This Chapter sets out guidance as to the criteria the EFTA Surveillance Authority (hereinafter ‘the Authority’) will apply for the assessment of training aid measures.
V tem poglavju so določene smernice glede meril, ki jih bo Nadzorni organ Efte (v nadaljnjem besedilu: Nadzorni organ) uporabljal za ocenjevanje ukrepov pomoči za usposabljanje.
This guidance is intended to make the Authority’s reasoning transparent and to create predictability and legal certainty.
Te smernice so namenjene zagotavljanju preglednosti odločitev Nadzornega organa ter ustvarjanju predvidljivosti in pravne varnosti.
Pursuant to Article 6(1)(g) of the Act referred to at point 1j of Annex XV to the EEA Agreement (Commission Regulation (EC) No 800/2008 of 6 August 2008 declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the common market in application of Articles 87 and 88 of the Treaty (General block exemption Regulation) [2]), as adapted to the EEA Agreement by Protocol 1 thereto [3] (hereinafter referred to as ‘the General Block Exemption Regulation’), any individual training aid, whether granted ad hoc or on the basis of a scheme, will be subject to this guidance when its grant equivalent exceeds EUR 2 million per training project.
V skladu s členom 6(1)(g) akta iz točke 1j Priloge XV k Sporazumu EGP (Uredba Komisije (ES) št. 800/2008 z dne 6. avgusta 2008 o razglasitvi nekaterih vrst pomoči za združljive s skupnim trgom z uporabo členov 87 in 88 Pogodbe (Uredba o splošnih skupinskih izjemah) [2], kakor je bila prilagojena Sporazumu EGP s protokolom 1 k Sporazumu [3] (v nadaljnjem besedilu: Uredba o splošnih skupinskih izjemah), bodo te smernice veljale za vsako individualno pomoč za usposabljanje, dodeljeno kot ad hoc pomoč ali na podlagi sheme, kadar ekvivalent dotacije presega 2 milijona EUR na projekt usposabljanja.
The criteria set out in this guidance will not be applied mechanically.
Merila, določena v teh smernicah, se ne uporabljajo samodejno.
The level of the Authority’s assessment and the kind of information it may require will be proportional to the risk of distortion of competition.
Raven ocene Nadzornega odbora in vrsta informacij, ki jih lahko zahteva, bosta sorazmerni s tveganjem izkrivljanja konkurence.
The scope of the analysis will depend on the nature of the case.
Obseg analize bo odvisen od narave primera.
Existence of market failures
Obstoj tržnih pomanjkljivosti
Skilled workers contribute to increasing the productivity and competitiveness of undertakings.
Kvalificirana delovna sila prispeva k večji produktivnosti in konkurenčnosti podjetij.
Nevertheless, employers and employees may underinvest in training for a number of reasons.
Vendar lahko delodajalci in zaposleni zaradi številnih razlogov premalo vlagajo v usposabljanje.
Employees may limit their investment in training if they are risk averse, suffer from financial constraints or have difficulties signalling the level of their acquired knowledge to future employers.
Zaposleni lahko omejijo svoje naložbe v usposabljanje, če ne želijo tvegati, so finančno omejeni ali prihodnjim delodajalcem težko sporočijo raven pridobljenega znanja.
Undertakings may refrain from training their workforce at the level that would be optimal for society as a whole.
Podjetja se lahko vzdržijo usposabljanja svoje delovne sile na ravni, ki bi bila najugodnejša za družbo kot celoto.
This is due to the market failure linked with the positive externalities of training and to difficulties in appropriating the rents if employees are free to change employers.
To je posledica tržne pomanjkljivosti, povezane s pozitivnimi zunanjimi učinki usposabljanja, in težav v zvezi z določanjem povračil za usposabljanje, če lahko zaposleni menjajo delodajalce.
Undertakings may invest less into training, if they are concerned that once trained, an employee will leave before the undertaking has recouped its investment.
Podjetja lahko v usposabljanje vlagajo manj, če jih skrbi, da bo usposobljen delavec zapustil podjetje, še preden bo to dobilo povrnjeno svojo naložbo.
Undertakings may be reluctant to provide sufficient training to their workers unless training pays off quickly or is rather specific to the needs of the undertaking concerned, or unless contractual clauses can prevent the trained employee from leaving the undertaking before the training cost have been amortised or (part of) the training expenses have been reimbursed.
Podjetja so lahko nenaklonjena zagotavljanju primernega usposabljanja za svoje zaposlene, razen če se usposabljanje hitro da rezultate ali je specifično glede na potrebe zadevnega podjetja ali obstajajo pogodbene klavzule, ki lahko zaposlenemu preprečijo odhod iz podjetja, dokler se stroški usposabljanja ne amortizirajo ali se ti stroški (delno) ne povrnejo.
Underinvestment in training may even occur if the undertaking can fully recoup its investment but its private benefits are smaller than the benefits for society as a whole.
Premajhne naložbe v usposabljanje se lahko pojavijo tudi, če lahko podjetje v celoti nadomesti svojo naložbo, vendar so pri tem njegove zasebne koristi manjše od koristi za celotno družbo.
Such positive externalities of training may arise in particular if training improves transferable skills; that is to say, skills that can be used in more than one undertaking.
Taki pozitivni zunanji učinki usposabljanja se lahko pojavijo zlasti, kadar usposabljanje izboljša prenosljiva znanja, tj. znanja, ki se lahko uporabljajo v več podjetjih.
In contrast, specific training only yields productivity gains in a specific undertaking and can be easily appropriated by undertakings [4].
Nasprotno posebno usposabljanje zagotavlja le večjo produktivnost posameznega podjetja, pri čemer si ga lahko podjetja lastijo [4].
Thus the scope for positive externalities of specific training is less pronounced than the scope for such externalities of general training.
Zato je obseg pozitivnih zunanjih učinkov posebnega usposabljanja manj izražen kot obseg takih zunanjih učinkov splošnega usposabljanja.
Where undertakings are faced with higher costs and uncertain benefits for training disadvantaged or disabled workers [5] there may be an incentive to provide less training to those groups.
Kadar se podjetja soočajo z višjimi stroški ter negotovimi koristmi usposabljanja prikrajšanih delavcev ali invalidov [5], jih to lahko spodbuja k manjšemu obsegu usposabljanja teh skupin.
However, training disadvantaged or disabled workers can usually be expected to produce positive externalities for society as a whole [6].
Vendar se ponavadi lahko pričakuje, da bo usposabljanje prikrajšanih delavcev ali invalidov zagotovilo pozitivne zunanje učinke za celotno družbo [6].
EFTA States should demonstrate that there is a market failure justifying the aid.
Države Efte morajo dokazati obstoj tržne pomanjkljivosti, ki upravičuje pomoč.
In its analysis, the Authority will, among other things, consider the following elements:
Nadzorni organ bo v svoji analizi med drugim upošteval naslednje elemente:
the nature of the training – whether it is specific or general within the meaning of Article 38 of the General Block Exemption Regulation; a single training project can comprise both general and specific elements; general training will produce more positive externalities;
naravo usposabljanja – ali je posebno ali splošno v smislu člena 38 Uredbe o splošnih skupinskih izjemah; posamezen projekt usposabljanja lahko vključuje splošne in posebne elemente; splošno usposabljanje bo zagotovilo več pozitivnih zunanjih učinkov;
the transferability of the skills acquired during the training; the more transferable the skills the higher the likelihood of positive externalities training will be considered to provide transferable skills if, for example:
prenosljivost znanj, pridobljenih z usposabljanjem; bolj ko so znanja prenosljiva, večja je verjetnost pozitivnih zunanjih učinkov; usposabljanje zagotavlja prenosljiva znanja, če:
training is jointly organised by several independent undertakings, or if employees of different undertakings may benefit from the training;
ga skupaj organizira več različnih neodvisnih podjetij ali če je odprto za zaposlene iz različnih podjetij;
training is certified, leads to a recognised diploma or is validated by public authorities or institutions;
je potrjeno, se zaključi s priznano diplomo ali so ga preverili javni organi ali institucije;
training targets the categories of employees that are characterised by a high turnover in the undertaking and in the sector concerned;
je namenjeno kategorijam zaposlenih, za katere je značilna večja fluktuacija v podjetju in zadevnem sektorju;
training could be valuable for the employee beyond his current job (future occupations in another undertaking, social life, well-being, etc.);
je lahko koristno za zaposlenega zunaj njegovega sedanjega delovnega mesta (prihodnje zaposlitve v drugem podjetju, družbeno življenje, blaginja itd.);
the participants in the training: the inclusion of disabled or disadvantaged workers may increase the positive externalities of the training.
udeležence usposabljanja: vključitev prikrajšanih delavcev ali invalidov lahko poveča pozitivne zunanje učinke usposabljanja.
State aid as an appropriate policy instrument
Državna pomoč kot ustrezen instrument politike
State aid is not the only policy instrument available to EFTA States to encourage training.
Državna pomoč ni edini instrument politike, ki je državam Efte na voljo za spodbujanje usposabljanja.
Most training is provided through education systems (for example, universities, schools, or vocational training carried out or sponsored by state authorities).
Večina usposabljanja se zagotovi prek izobraževalnih sistemov (na primer univerz, šol, poklicnega usposabljanja, ki ga izvajajo ali podpirajo državni organi).
Training can also be undertaken by the individuals themselves, with or without the support of their employers.
Zaposleni se lahko usposabljanja udeležijo tudi samostojno, s podporo svojih delodajalcev ali brez nje.
Where the EFTA State has considered other policy options, and the advantages of using a selective instrument such as State aid for a specific undertaking are established, the measures concerned are considered to constitute an appropriate instrument.
Če je država Efte predvidela druge politične možnosti ter so bile ugotovljene prednosti uporabe selektivnega instrumenta, kot so državne pomoči, za posamezna podjetja, se zadevni ukrepi štejejo za ustrezen instrument.
The Authority will in particular take account of any impact assessment of the proposed measure the EFTA State may have made.
Nadzorni organ bo zlasti upošteval vsako oceno učinka predlaganega ukrepa, ki jo bo izvedla država Efte.
State aid for training must result in the aid beneficiary changing its behaviour so that it provides more and/or better training than would have been the case without the aid.
Državna pomoč za usposabljanje mora spremeniti ravnanje upravičenca, da zagotovi več usposabljanja in/ali boljše usposabljanje kot v primeru brez pomoči.
If such an increase in the quantity or quality of planned training activities does not take place, the aid is considered not to have an incentive effect.
Če se količina ali kakovost načrtovanih dejavnosti usposabljanja ne povečata, pomoč nima spodbujevalnega učinka.
The incentive effect is identified by counterfactual analysis, comparing the levels of intended training with aid and without aid.
Spodbujevalni učinek opredeljuje analiza hipotetičnih scenarijev, ki primerja ravni načrtovanega usposabljanja s pomočjo in brez nje.
Most employers find it necessary to train their workforce in order to ensure the proper functioning of their undertakings.
Večina delodajalcev meni, da je usposabljanje delovne sile nujno za zagotovitev primernega delovanja svojih podjetij.
It cannot be presumed that State aid for training, especially for specific training, is always needed.
Ne sme se domnevati, da je državna pomoč za usposabljanje, zlasti za posebno usposabljanje, vedno potrebna.
EFTA States should demonstrate to the Authority the existence of the incentive effect and the necessity of the aid.
Države Efte morajo Nadzornemu organu dokazati obstoj spodbujevalnega učinka in potrebe po pomoči.
First, the beneficiary must have submitted an application for the aid to the EFTA State concerned before it started the training project.
Preden začne izvajati projekt usposabljanja, mora upravičenec predložiti vlogo za pomoč zadevni državi Efte.
Second, the EFTA State must demonstrate that the State aid leads to an increase, by comparison to the situation without aid, in the size, quality, scope or targeted participants of the training project.
Poleg tega mora država Efte dokazati, da državna pomoč v primerjavi z razmerami brez pomoči pomeni več projektov usposabljanja, kakovostnejše in obsežnejše projekte ter boljše prilagajanje teh projektov udeležencem.
The additional amount of training offered with aid can be shown, for example by higher number of training hours or courses, higher numbers of participants, shifting from undertaking-specific to general training, or increasing the participation of certain categories of disadvantaged or disabled workers.
Dodatna količina usposabljanja, zagotovljenega s pomočjo, se lahko na primer pokaže z večjim številom ur usposabljanja ali tečajev, več udeleženci, prehodom iz usposabljanja za posamezna podjetja na splošno usposabljanje ali večjo udeležbo nekaterih kategorij prikrajšanih delavcev ali invalidov.
In its analysis, the Authority will consider, among other things, the following elements:
Nadzorni organ bo v svoji analizi med drugim upošteval naslednje elemente:
internal documents of the aid beneficiary on training costs, budgets, participants, content and scheduling for two scenarios: training with aid and training without aid;
notranje dokumente upravičencev do pomoči o stroških usposabljanja, proračunskih sredstvih, udeležencih, vsebini in razporedu za dve možnosti: usposabljanje s pomočjo in usposabljanje brez pomoči;
the existence of a legal obligation for employers to provide a certain type of training (for example, safety): if such an obligation exists, the Authority will normally conclude that there is no incentive effect;
obstoj zakonske obveznosti delodajalcev, da se zagotovi določena vrsta usposabljanja (na primer varnostno usposabljanje). Če taka obveznost obstaja, Nadzorni organ običajno sklene, da ni spodbujevalnega učinka;
the credibility of the project submitted, for example by referring to and comparing it with training budgets for previous years;
izvedljivost predloženega načrta usposabljanja, na primer s sklicevanjem na proračunska sredstva za usposabljanje iz prejšnjih let in primerjavo z njimi;
the relationship between the training programme and the business activities of the aid beneficiary: the closer the relationship, the less likely the incentive effect.
povezanost med programom usposabljanja in poslovnimi dejavnostmi upravičenca do pomoči: večja, kot je povezanost, manjša je možnost spodbujevalnega učinka.
For example, training on the introduction of a new technology in a specific sector is unlikely to have an incentive effect since undertakings have no choice but to train their workforce on the newly introduced technology.
Na primer, usposabljanje za uvedbo nove tehnologije v posameznem sektorju verjetno ne bo imelo spodbujevalnega učinka, ker podjetja morajo usposobiti svoje zaposlene za uporabo na novo uvedene tehnologije.
The EFTA State must demonstrate that the aid is necessary and the amount is kept to the minimum in order to achieve the objective of the aid.
Država Efte mora dokazati, da je pomoč potrebna in da je znesek pomoči omejen na najmanjšega potrebnega, da se doseže cilj pomoči.
Eligible costs must be calculated in accordance with Article 39 of the General Block Exemption Regulation and be limited to the costs arising from training activities which would not be undertaken without aid.
Upravičeni stroški se izračunajo v skladu s členom 39 Uredbe o splošnih skupinskih izjemah in so omejeni na stroške, ki izhajajo iz dejavnosti usposabljanja, ki se brez pomoči ne bi izvajale.
EFTA States should provide evidence that the aid amount does not exceed the part of the eligible costs that cannot be appropriated by the undertaking [7].
Države Efte morajo predložiti dokaze, da znesek pomoči ne presega dela upravičenih stroškov, ki si ga podjetje ne more prilastiti [7].
In any case, aid intensities must never exceed those laid down in Article 39 of the General Block Exemption Regulation and will be applied to the eligible costs [8].3.
Vsekakor pa intenzivnosti pomoči ne smejo nikoli preseči intenzivnosti pomoči iz člena 39 Uredbe o splošnih skupinskih izjemah in se bodo uporabljale za upravičene stroške [8].3.
If the aid is proportionate to achieve the objective of the aid the negative effects of the aid are likely to be limited and an analysis of the negative effects may not be necessary [9].
Če je pomoč sorazmerna, tako da lahko doseže cilj pomoči, so negativni učinki pomoči verjetno omejeni in analiza negativnih učinkov morda ni potrebna [9].
However, in some cases, even where aid is necessary and proportionate for a specific undertaking to increase the amount of training provided, the aid may result in a change in the behaviour of the beneficiary which significantly distorts competition.
Vendar lahko pomoč v nekaterih primerih, čeprav je potrebna in sorazmerna, da posamezno podjetje poveča obseg zagotovljenega usposabljanja, povzroči spremembo v ravnanju upravičenca, kar znatno izkrivlja konkurenco.
In those cases the Authority will conduct a thorough analysis of the distortion of competition.
V teh primerih bo Nadzorni organ izvedel podrobno analizo izkrivljanja konkurence.
The extent of the distortion of competition caused by the aid can vary depending on the characteristics of the aid and of the markets affected [10].
Obseg izkrivljanja konkurence, ki ga povzroči pomoč, je lahko različen glede na značilnosti pomoči in prizadetih trgov [10].
The aid characteristics that may affect the likelihood and the extent of the distortion are:
Značilnosti pomoči, ki lahko vplivajo na verjetnost in obseg izkrivljanja, so:
selectivity;
selektivnost;
the size of the aid;
obseg pomoči;
the repetition and duration of the aid;
pogostnost in trajanje pomoči;
the effect of the aid on the undertaking’s costs.
učinek pomoči na stroške podjetja.
For example, a training scheme used to encourage undertakings in general in an EFTA State to undertake more training is likely to have a different effect on the market than a large amount of aid given to a single undertaking to enable it to increase its training.
Na primer, shema usposabljanja, ki se uporablja za splošno spodbujanje podjetij v državi Efte k izvajanju več usposabljanja, bo na trg verjetno vplivala drugače kot visok znesek pomoči, dodeljen enemu podjetju za povečanje obsega usposabljanja.
The latter is likely to distort competition more significantly as the aid beneficiary’s competitors become less able to compete [11].
Visok znesek pomoči, ki je dodeljen enemu podjetju, lahko v večji meri izkrivi konkurenco, ker postanejo konkurenti upravičenca do pomoči manj konkurenčni [11].
The distortion will be even greater if the training costs in the beneficiary’s business represent a high share of the total costs.
Izkrivljanje je še večje, če stroški usposabljanja v podjetju upravičenca predstavljajo visok delež celotnih stroškov.
In assessing the market characteristics, which can give a much more accurate picture of the likely impact of an aid, the Authority will among other things consider:
Nadzorni organ bo pri ocenjevanju značilnosti trga, ki zagotavljajo natančnejšo predstavo verjetnega učinka posamezne pomoči, med drugim upošteval:
the structure of the market; and
strukturo trga in
the characteristics of the sector or industry.
značilnosti sektorja ali panoge.
The structure of the market will be assessed through the concentration of the market, the size of undertakings [12], importance of product differentiation [13] and barriers to entry and exit.
Struktura trga se bo ocenjevala glede na tržno koncentracijo, velikost podjetij [12], pomembnost diferenciranja izdelkov [13] ter ovire za vstop na trg in izstop z njega.
Market shares and concentration ratios will be calculated once the relevant market has been defined.
Tržni deleži in razmerja koncentracije se bodo izračunali po opredelitvi upoštevnega trga.
In general, the fewer undertakings there are, the larger their share of the market and the less competition one would expect to observe [14].
Na splošno je pri manjšem številu podjetij na trgu njihov tržni delež večji, konkurence med njimi pa je malo [14].
If the affected market is concentrated with high barriers to entry [15] and the aid beneficiary is a major player on it then it is more likely that competitors will have to alter their behaviour in response to the aid.
Če ima prizadeti trg velike ovire za vstop [15] in je upravičenec do pomoči pomemben udeleženec na tem trgu, potem je bolj verjetno, da bodo morali konkurenti zaradi dodeljene pomoči spremeniti svoje ravnanje.
While examining the characteristics of the sector the Authority will look among other things at the importance of the trained workforce for the business, the existence of overcapacity, whether the markets in the industry are growing, mature or declining, financing strategies of competitors for training (State aid, employees, and employers).
Ob proučevanju značilnosti sektorja bo Nadzorni organ med drugim proučil pomembnost usposobljene delovne sile za podjetje, obstoj presežne zmogljivosti, ali so trgi v panogi rastoči, zreli ali nazadujoči ter strategije za financiranje usposabljanja pri konkurentih (državna pomoč, zaposleni, delodajalci).
For example, training aid in a declining industry may increase the risk of a distortion of competition by keeping an inefficient undertaking afloat.
Pomoč za usposabljanje v nazadujoči industriji lahko na primer poveča tveganje izkrivljanja konkurence, ker pomaga neučinkovitim podjetjem.
Training aid may, in particular cases, lead to distortions of competition in respect of market entry and exit, effect on trade flows and crowding out of training investment.
Pomoč za usposabljanje lahko v posameznih primerih povzroči izkrivljanja konkurence v zvezi z vstopom na trg in izstopom z njega, učinkom na trgovinske tokove in izrinjanjem naložb v usposabljanje.
Market entry and exit
Vstop na trg in izstop z njega
In a competitive market undertakings sell products that generate profits.
Na konkurenčnem trgu podjetja prodajajo izdelke, ki ustvarjajo dobiček.