natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
It will normally be required that the technologies which support such a standard be licensed to third parties on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms.
Običajno se bodo morale tehnologije, ki podpirajo takšen standard, licencirati tretjim na pravičen, razumen in nediskriminacijski način.
Where the parties to the arrangement compete with third parties on an existing product market and the arrangement relates to that product market a closed standard is likely to have substantial exclusionary effects.
Če stranke dogovora konkurirajo s tretjimi na obstoječem proizvodnem trgu in se dogovor nanaša na navedeni proizvodni trg, lahko zaprti standard povzroči občutne izključitvene učinke.
This negative impact on competition can only be avoided by licensing also to third parties.
Ta negativni vpliv na konkurenco se lahko prepreči le tako, da se licence podelijo tudi tretjim.
Sales restrictions
Omejitve prodaje
Also as regards sales restrictions there is an important distinction to be made between licensing between competitors and between non-competitors.
Tudi pri omejitvah prodaje je pomembno razlikovati med licenčnimi sporazumi med konkurenti in licenčnimi sporazumi med nekonkurenti.
Restrictions on active and passive sales by one or both parties in a reciprocal agreement between competitors are hardcore restrictions of competition under Article 4(1)(c).
Omejitve aktivne in pasivne prodaje, naložene eni ali več strankam, udeleženim v vzajemnem sporazumu med konkurenti, se štejejo za nedopustne omejitve konkurence v skladu s členom 4(1)(c).
Sales restrictions on either party in a reciprocal agreement between competitors are caught by Article 53(1) of the EEA Agreement and are unlikely to fulfil the conditions of Article 53(3).
Omejitve prodaje, naložene eni od strank vzajemnega sporazuma med konkurenti, so zajete v členu 53(1) Sporazuma EGP in ni verjetno, da bi izpolnjevale pogoje iz člena 53(3).
Such restrictions are generally considered market sharing, since they prevent the affected party from selling actively and passively into territories and to customer groups which he actually served or could realistically have served in the absence of the agreement.
Takšne omejitve se običajno obravnavajo kot razdelitev trgov, ker udeleženi stranki preprečujejo, da aktivno in pasivno prodaja na ozemljih in skupinam kupcev, ki jih je dejansko oskrbovala ali bi jih realno lahko oskrbovala v odsotnosti sporazuma.
In the case of non-reciprocal agreements between competitors the block exemption applies to restrictions on active and passive sales by the licensee or the licensor into the exclusive territory or to the exclusive customer group reserved for the other party (cf. Article 4(1)(c)(iv).
V primeru nevzajemnih sporazumov med konkurenti se skupinska izjema uporablja za omejitve aktivne in pasivne prodaje pridobitelja ali dajalca licence na izključnem ozemlju ali izključni skupini kupcev, rezerviranima za drugo stranko sporazuma (glej člen 4(1)(c)(iv)).
Above the market share threshold of 20 % sales restrictions between licensor and licensee are caught by Article 53(1) when one or both of the parties have a significant degree of market power.
Omejitve prodaje med dajalcem in pridobiteljem licence, ki presegajo 20-odstotni prag tržnega deleža, so zajete v členu 53(1), če imata ena ali obe stranki znatno stopnjo tržne moči.
Such restrictions, however, may be indispensable for the dissemination of valuable technologies and therefore fulfil the conditions of Article 53(3).
Vendar pa so lahko takšne omejitve nujne za razširjanje tehnologij, ki imajo precejšnjo vrednost, in zato izpolnjujejo pogoje iz člena 53(3).
This may be the case where the licensor has a relatively weak market position in the territory where he exploits himself the technology.
To se lahko zgodi, če ima dajalec licence razmeroma šibek tržni položaj na ozemlju, na katerem sam izkorišča tehnologijo.
In such circumstances restrictions on active sales in particular may be indispensable to induce the licensor to grant the licence.
V takšnih okoliščinah so lahko zlasti omejitve aktivne prodaje nujne, da dajalca licence spodbudijo k podelitvi licence.
In the absence thereof the licensor would risk facing active competition in his main area of activity.
Če omejitev aktivne prodaje ne bi bilo, bi bil dajalec licence lahko izpostavljen aktivni konkurenci na svojem poglavitnem področju dejavnosti.
Similarly, restrictions on active sales by the licensor may be indispensable, in particular, where the licensee has a relatively weak market position in the territory allocated to him and has to make significant investments in order to efficiently exploit the licensed technology.
Podobno so lahko nujne omejitve aktivne prodaje, ki so naložene dajalcu licence, zlasti če ima pridobitelj licence razmeroma šibek tržni položaj na ozemlju, ki mu je dodeljeno, in mora izvesti obsežne naložbe, da učinkovito izkoristi licenčno tehnologijo.
The block exemption also covers restrictions on active sales into the territory or to the customer group allocated to another licensee, who was not a competitor of the licensor at the time when he concluded the licence agreement with the licensor.
V skupinski izjemi so zajete tudi omejitve aktivne prodaje na ozemlju ali skupini kupcev, dodeljenima drugemu pridobitelju licence, ki v času sklenitve licenčnega sporazuma z dajalcem licence slednjemu ni bil konkurent.
It is a condition, however, that the agreement between the parties in question is non-reciprocal.
Pogoj pa je, da je zadevni sporazum med strankami nevzajemen.
Above the market share threshold such active sales restrictions are likely to be caught by Article 53(1) when the parties have a significant degree of market power.
Verjetno je, da so takšne omejitve aktivne prodaje, ki presegajo prag tržnega deleža, zajete v členu 53(1), če imajo stranke znatno stopnjo tržne moči.
However, the restraint is likely to be indispensable within the meaning of Article 53(3) for the period of time required for the protected licensee to penetrate a new market and establish a market presence in the allocated territory or vis-à-vis the allocated customer group.
Vendar pa je verjetno, da je omejitev nujna v smislu člena 53(3) za obdobje, ki ga zaščiteni pridobitelj licence potrebuje za prodor na nov trg in vzpostavitev tržne prisotnosti na dodeljenem ozemlju ali glede na dodeljeno skupino kupcev.
This protection against active sales allows the licensee to overcome the asymmetry, which he faces due to the fact that some of the licensees are competing undertakings of the licensor and thus already established on the market.
Ta zaščita pred aktivno prodajo omogoča pridobitelju licence, da preseže asimetrijo, s katero se srečuje, ker so nekateri pridobitelji licenc konkurenčna podjetja dajalcu licence in so torej na trgu že uveljavljena.
Restrictions on passive sales by licensees into a territory or to a customer group allocated to another licensee are hardcore restrictions under Article 4(1)(c) of the TTBER.
Omejitve pasivne prodaje pridobiteljev licenc na ozemlju ali skupini kupcev, ki sta dodeljena drugemu pridobitelju licence, so nedopustne omejitve v skladu s členom 4(1)(c) TTBER.
In the case of agreements between non-competitors sales restrictions between the licensor and a licensee are block exempted up to the market share threshold of 30 %.
V primeru sporazumov med nekonkurenti so omejitve prodaje med dajalcem in pridobiteljem licence predmet skupinske izjeme do 30-odstotnega praga tržnega deleža.
Above the market share threshold restrictions on active and passive sales by licensees to territories or customer groups reserved for the licensor may fall outside Article 53(1) where on the basis of objective factors it can be concluded that in the absence of the sales restrictions licensing would not occur.
Pri preseženem pragu tržnega deleža lahko pridobiteljem licenc naložene omejitve aktivne in pasivne prodaje na ozemljih ali skupinam kupcev, ki so rezervirani za dajalca licence, ne sodijo v področje uporabe člena 53(1), če se lahko na podlagi objektivnih dejavnikov sklene, da v odsotnosti omejitev prodaje licenciranje ne bi nastopilo.
A technology owner cannot normally be expected to create direct competition with himself on the basis of his own technology.
Običajno ni mogoče pričakovati, da bi lastnik tehnologije ustvaril neposredno konkurenco s samim seboj na podlagi svoje lastne tehnologije.
In other cases sales restrictions on the licensee may be caught by Article 53(1) both where the licensor individually has a significant degree of market power and in the case of a cumulative effect of similar agreements concluded by licensors which together hold a strong position on the market.
V drugih primerih so lahko omejitve prodaje, naložene pridobitelju licence, zajete v členu 53(1), in sicer, če ima dajalec licence sam znatno stopnjo tržne moči, pa tudi v primeru kumulativnega učinka podobnih sporazumov, ki jih sklenejo dajalci licenc, ki imajo skupaj močan položaj na trgu.
Sales restrictions on the licensor, when caught by Article 53(1), are likely to fulfil the conditions of Article 53(3) unless there are no real alternatives to the licensor’s technology on the market or such alternatives are licensed by the licensee from third parties.
Če so omejitve prodaje, naložene dajalcu licence, zajete v členu 53(1), je verjetno, da izpolnjujejo pogoje iz člena 53(3), razen če tehnologija dajalca licence nima realnih nadomestnih tehnologij na trgu ali so licenco za takšne nadomestne tehnologije pridobitelju licence podelili tretji.
Such restrictions and in particular restrictions on active sales are likely to be indispensable within the meaning of Article 53(3) in order to induce the licensee to invest in the production, marketing and sale of the products incorporating the licensed technology.
Verjetno je, da so takšne omejitve in zlasti omejitve aktivne prodaje nujne v smislu člena 53(3), da pridobitelja licence spodbudijo k izvajanju naložb v proizvodnjo, trženje in prodajo izdelkov, ki vključujejo licenčno tehnologijo.
It is likely that the licensee’s incentive to invest would be significantly reduced if he would face direct competition from the licensor whose production costs are not burdened by royalty payments, possibly leading to sub-optimal levels of investment.
Verjetno je, da bodo spodbude pridobitelja licence za izvajanje naložb manjše, če se sooči z neposredno konkurenco dajalca licence, čigar proizvodni stroški niso obremenjeni s plačili licenčnin, kar bi lahko povzročilo suboptimalno raven naložb.
As regards restrictions on sales between licensees in agreements between non-competitors, the TTBER block exempts restrictions on active selling between territories or customer groups.
Glede omejitev prodaje med pridobitelji licenc v sporazumih med nekonkurenti so predmet skupinske izjeme TTBER omejitve aktivne prodaje med ozemlji ali skupinami kupcev.
Above the market share threshold restrictions on active sales between licensees’ territories and customer groups limit intra-technology competition and are likely to be caught by Article 53(1) when the individual licensee has a significant degree of market power.
Omejitve aktivne prodaje med ozemlji in skupinami kupcev, dodeljenimi pridobiteljem licenc, ki presegajo prag tržnega deleža, omejujejo konkurenco znotraj tehnologij in verjetno je, da so zajete v členu 53(1), če ima posamezni pridobitelj licence znatno stopnjo tržne moči.
Such restrictions, however, may fulfil the conditions of Article 53(3) where they are necessary to prevent free riding and to induce the licensee to make the investment necessary for efficient exploitation of the licensed technology inside his territory and to promote sales of the licensed product.
Takšne omejitve pa lahko izpolnjujejo pogoje iz člena 53(3), če so potrebne, da preprečijo pridobivanje nezasluženih koristi in pridobitelja licence spodbudijo k izvedbi naložbe, potrebne za učinkovito izkoriščanje licenčne tehnologije znotraj njegovega ozemlja, ter k pospeševanju prodaje licenčnega izdelka.
Restrictions on passive sales are covered by the hardcore list of Article 4(2)(b), cf. paragraph 101 above, when they exceed two years from the date on which the licensee benefiting from the restrictions first put the product incorporating the licensed technology on the market inside his exclusive territory.
Omejitve pasivne prodaje so zajete v seznamu nedopustnih omejitev iz člena 4(2)(b), glej odstavek 101 zgoraj, če trajajo več kot dve leti od dneva, ko je pridobitelj licence, ki ima ugodnosti od omejitev, na trg znotraj svojega izključnega ozemlja prvič dal izdelek, ki vključuje licenčno tehnologijo.
Passive sales restrictions exceeding this two-year period are unlikely to fulfil the conditions of Article 53(3).
Ni verjetno, da bodo pasivne omejitve prodaje, ki presežejo to dvoletno obdobje, izpolnjevale pogoje iz člena 53(3).
Output restrictions
Omejitve obsega proizvodnje
Reciprocal output restrictions in licence agreements between competitors constitute a hardcore restriction covered by Article 4(1)(b) of the TTBER (cf. point 82 above).
Vzajemno omejevanje obsega proizvodnje v okviru licenčnih sporazumov med konkurenti sodi med nedopustne omejitve, zajete v členu 4(1)(b) TTBER (glej točko 82 zgoraj).
Article 4(1)(b) does not cover output restrictions imposed on the licensee in a non-reciprocal agreement or on one of the licensees in an reciprocal agreement.
Člen 4(1)(b) ne vključuje omejitev obsega proizvodnje, ki se naložijo pridobitelju licence v nevzajemnem sporazumu ali enemu od pridobiteljev licence v vzajemnem sporazumu.
Such restrictions are block exempted up to the market share threshold of 20 %.
Takšne omejitve so predmet skupinske izjeme do 20-odstotnega praga tržnega deleža.
Above the market share threshold, output restrictions on the licensee may restrict competition where the parties have a significant degree of market power.
Če je presežen prag tržnega deleža, lahko omejitve obsega proizvodnje, naložene pridobitelju licence, omejijo konkurenco, kadar imata stranki znatno stopnjo tržne moči.
However, Article 53(3) of the EEA Agreement is likely to apply in cases where the licensor’s technology is substantially better than the licensee's technology and the output limitation substantially exceeds the output of the licensee prior to the conclusion of the agreement.
Vendar pa je verjetno, da se bo člen 53(3) Sporazuma EGP uporabljal v primerih, ko je tehnologija dajalca licence znatno boljša od tehnologije pridobitelja licence ter omejitev obsega proizvodnje znatno presega obseg proizvodnje pridobitelja licence pred sklenitvijo sporazuma.
In that case the effect of the output limitation is limited even in markets where demand is growing.
V navedenem primeru je učinek omejitve obsega proizvodnje omejen tudi na trgih, na katerih povpraševanje narašča.
In the application of Article 53(3) it must also be taken into account that such restrictions may be necessary in order to induce the licensor to disseminate his technology as widely as possible.
Pri uporabi člena 53(3) je treba upoštevati tudi možnost, da so takšne omejitve nujne, da je dajalec licence spodbujen k čim obsežnejšemu razširjanju svoje tehnologije.
For instance, a licensor may be reluctant to license his competitors if he cannot limit the licence to a particular production site with a specific capacity (a site licence).
Dajalec licence lahko na primer ni naklonjen podelitvi licence svojim konkurentom, če licence ne more omejiti na poseben proizvodni obrat s posebno zmogljivostjo (licenca, vezana na proizvodni obrat).
Where the licence agreement leads to a real integration of complementary assets, output restrictions on the licensee may therefore fulfil the conditions of Article 53(3).
Če ima licenčni sporazum za posledico stvarno povezovanje komplementarnih sredstev, lahko omejitve obsega proizvodnje, naložene pridobitelju licence, posledično izpolnjujejo pogoje iz člena 53(3).
However, this is unlikely to be the case where the parties have substantial market power.
Vendar pa je to malo verjetno, če imata stranki znatno tržno moč.
Output restrictions in licence agreements between non-competitors are block exempted up to the market share threshold of 30 %.
Omejitve obsega proizvodnje v okviru licenčnih sporazumov med nekonkurenti so predmet skupinske izjeme do 30-odstotnega praga tržnega deleža.
The main anti-competitive risk flowing from output restrictions on licensees in agreements between non-competitors is reduced intra-technology competition between licensees.
Poglavitno protikonkurenčno tveganje, ki izhaja iz omejitev obsega proizvodnje, naloženih pridobiteljem licenc v okviru sporazumov med nekonkurenti, je zmanjšana konkurenca med pridobitelji licenc znotraj tehnologij.
The significance of such anti-competitive effects depends on the market position of the licensor and the licensees and the extent to which the output limitation prevents the licensee from satisfying demand for the products incorporating the licensed technology.
Pomen takšnih protikonkurenčnih učinkov je odvisen od tržnega položaja dajalca licence in pridobiteljev licenc ter obsega, v katerem omejitev proizvodnje pridobitelju licence preprečuje, da zadosti povpraševanju po izdelkih, ki vključujejo licenčno tehnologijo.
When output restrictions are combined with exclusive territories or exclusive customer groups, the restrictive effects are increased.
Če so omejitve obsega proizvodnje kombinirane z omejitvami, vezanimi na dodelitev izključnih ozemelj ali izključnih skupin kupcev, se povečajo tudi omejevalni učinki.
The combination of the two types of restraints makes it more likely that the agreement serves to partition markets.
V primeru združitve obeh vrst omejitev je več verjetnosti, da je cilj sporazuma razdelitev trgov.
Output limitations imposed on the licensee in agreements between non-competitors may also have pro-competitive effects by promoting the dissemination of technology.
Omejitve obsega proizvodnje, naložene pridobitelju licence v okviru sporazumov med nekonkurenti, imajo lahko tudi učinke, ki spodbujajo konkurenco, ker pospešujejo razširjanje tehnologije.
As a supplier of technology, the licensor should normally be free to determine the output produced with the licensed technology by the licensee.
Dajalec licence naj bi kot dobavitelj tehnologije praviloma lahko določil obseg proizvodnje pridobitelja licence na podlagi licenčne tehnologije.
If the licensor were not free to determine the output of the licensee, a number of licence agreements might not come into existence in the first place, which would have a negative impact on the dissemination of new technology.
Če dajalec licence ne bi imel pravice določiti obsega proizvodnje pridobitelja licence, se številni licenčni sporazumi sploh ne bi mogli uresničiti, kar bi negativno vplivalo na razširjanje novih tehnologij.
This is particularly likely to be the case where the licensor is also a producer, since in that case the output of the licensees may find their way back into the licensor’s main area of operation and thus have a direct impact on these activities.
To zlasti velja, če je dajalec licence tudi proizvajalec, ker se lahko v navedenem primeru obseg proizvodnje pridobiteljev licenc ponovno vključi v okvir poglavitnega področja dejavnosti dajalca licence in tako neposredno vpliva na te dejavnosti.
On the other hand, it is less likely that output restrictions are necessary in order to ensure dissemination of the licensor’s technology when combined with sales restrictions on the licensee prohibiting him from selling into a territory or customer group reserved for the licensor.
Po drugi strani je manj verjetno, da bi bile omejitve obsega proizvodnje potrebne za zagotovitev razširjanja tehnologije dajalca licence, če so združene z omejitvami prodaje, naloženimi pridobitelju licence, ki mu ne dovoljujejo prodajati na ozemlju ali skupini kupcev, ki sta rezervirana za dajalca licence.
Field of use restrictions
Omejitve področja uporabe
Under a field of use restriction the licence is either limited to one or more technical fields of application or one or more product markets.
V okviru omejitve področja uporabe je licenca omejena bodisi na eno ali več tehničnih področij uporabe bodisi na enega ali več proizvodnih trgov.
There are many cases in which the same technology can be used to make different products or can be incorporated into products belonging to different product markets.
V mnogih primerih se ista tehnologija lahko uporablja za proizvajanje različnih izdelkov ali se lahko vključi v izdelke, ki pripadajo različnim proizvodnim trgom.
A new moulding technology may for instance be used to make plastic bottles and plastic glasses, each product belonging to separate product markets.
Nove tehnologije izdelave modelov se lahko na primer uporabijo pri izdelavi plastenk in plastičnih kozarcev, pri čemer vsak izdelek pripada ločenemu proizvodnemu trgu.
However, a single product market may encompass several technical fields of use.
Vendar pa lahko en sam proizvodni trg zajema več tehničnih področij uporabe.
For instance a new engine technology may be employed in four cylinder engines and six cylinder engines.
Nova tehnologija motorjev se na primer lahko uporabi pri motorjih s štirimi valji in motorjih s šestimi valji.
Similarly, a technology to make chipsets may be used to produce chipsets with up to four CPUs and more than four CPUs.
Podobno se lahko tehnologija za proizvodnjo čipja uporabi za proizvajanje čipja z največ štirimi CPE in čipja z več kot štirimi CPE.
A licence limiting the use of the licensed technology to produce say four cylinder engines and chipsets with up to four CPUs constitutes a technical field of use restriction.
Licenca, ki omejuje uporabo licenčne tehnologije, na primer na proizvodnjo motorjev s štirimi valji in čipja z največ štirimi CPE, pomeni omejitev tehničnega področja uporabe.
Given that field of use restrictions are block exempted and that certain customer restrictions are hardcore restrictions under Articles 4(1)(c) and 4(2)(b) of the TTBER, it is important to distinguish the two categories of restraints.
Ker so omejitve področja uporabe predmet skupinske izjeme in nekatere omejitve, ki se nanašajo na kupce, sodijo med nedopustne omejitve v skladu s členom 4(1)(c) in 4(2)(b) TTBER, je treba razlikovati med dvema skupinama omejitev.
A customer restriction presupposes that specific customer groups are identified and that the parties are restricted in selling to such identified groups.
Omejitev, ki se nanaša na kupce, predpostavlja, da so bile opredeljene posebne skupine kupcev in da so stranke sporazuma omejene pri prodaji tem opredeljenim skupinam.
The fact that a technical field of use restriction may correspond to certain groups of customers within a product market does not imply that the restraint is to be classified as a customer restriction.
Dejstvo, da lahko omejitev tehničnega področja uporabe sovpada z nekaterimi skupinami kupcev na proizvodnem trgu, ne pomeni, da je treba omejitev opredeliti kot omejitev, ki se nanaša na kupce.
For instance, the fact that certain customers buy predominantly or exclusively chipsets with more than four CPUs does not imply that a licence which is limited to chipsets with up to four CPUs constitutes a customer restriction.
Na primer dejstvo, da nekateri kupci kupujejo pretežno ali izključno čipje z več kot štirimi CPE, ne pomeni, da sodi licenca, omejena na čipje z največ štirimi CPE, med omejitve, ki se nanašajo na kupce.
However, the field of use must be defined objectively by reference to identified and meaningful technical characteristics of the licensed product.
Vendar pa je treba področje uporabe opredeliti na objektiven način s sklicevanjem na opredeljene in pomembne tehnične lastnosti licenčnega izdelka.
A field of use restriction limits the exploitation of the licensed technology by the licensee to one or more particular fields of use without limiting the licensor's ability to exploit the licensed technology.
Omejitev področja uporabe omejuje pridobitelja licence pri izkoriščanju licenčne tehnologije na eno ali več posebnih področij uporabe, ne da bi omejevala sposobnost dajalca licence pri izkoriščanju licenčne tehnologije.