natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In essence, the case-law distinguishes between schemes based on the principle of solidarity and economic schemes.
Razvrstitev shem na področju socialne varnosti med dejavnosti, ki vključujejo gospodarske dejavnosti, je odvisna od njihove organiziranosti in strukture.
Solidarity-based social security schemes that do not involve an economic activity typically have the following characteristics:
V osnovi sodna praksa razlikuje med shemami, ki temeljijo na načelu solidarnosti, in gospodarskimi shemami.
affiliation with the scheme is compulsory [24];
Sheme socialne varnosti, ki temeljijo na solidarnosti in ne vključujejo gospodarske dejavnosti, imajo običajno naslednje značilnosti:
the scheme pursues an exclusively social purpose [25];
udeležba v shemi je obvezna [24];
the scheme is non-profit [26];
shema ima izključno socialni namen [25];
the benefits are independent of the contributions made [27];
shema je nepridobitna [26];
the benefits paid are not necessarily proportionate to the earnings of the person insured [28]; and
podpora je neodvisna od prispevkov [27];
the scheme is supervised by the State [29].
izplačana podpora ni nujno sorazmerna s prihodki zavarovanca [28]; ter
Such solidarity-based schemes must be distinguished from schemes that involve an economic activity [30].
shemo nadzoruje država [29].
The latter are regularly characterised by:
Takšne sheme, ki temeljijo na solidarnosti, je treba razlikovati od shem, ki vključujejo gospodarsko dejavnost [30].
optional membership [31];
Za slednje je praviloma značilno:
the principle of capitalisation (dependency of entitlements on the contributions paid and the financial results of the scheme) [32];
neobvezno članstvo [31];
their profit-making nature [33]; and
načelo kapitalizacije (upravičenost do izplačila je odvisna od vplačanih prispevkov in finančnih rezultatov sheme) [32];
the provision of entitlements which are supplementary to those under a basic scheme [34].
njihova pridobitna narava [33]; ter
Some schemes combine features of both categories.
zagotovitev upravičenosti do dodatnih izplačil, ki niso vključena v osnovno shemo [34].
In such cases, the classification of the scheme depends on an analysis of different elements and their respective importance [35].
Nekatere sheme združujejo značilnosti obeh kategorij.
In the EEA, health care systems differ significantly between EEA States.
V takih primerih je razvrstitev sheme odvisna od analize različnih elementov in njihove pomembnosti v shemi [35].
Whether and to what degree different health care providers compete with each other depends on these national specificities.
V EGP imajo države EGP zelo različne sisteme zdravstvenega varstva.
In some EEA States, public hospitals are an integral part of a national health service and are almost entirely based on the principle of solidarity [36].
Od teh nacionalnih značilnosti je odvisno, ali izvajalci zdravstvenih storitev med seboj konkurirajo in kakšna je stopnja te konkurence.
Such hospitals are directly funded from social security contributions and other State resources and provide their services free of charge on the basis of universal coverage [37].
V nekaterih državah EGP so javne bolnišnice sestavni del nacionalnega sistema zdravstvenega varstva in skoraj v celoti temeljijo na načelu solidarnosti [36].
The EEA Courts have confirmed that, where such a structure exists, the relevant organisations do not act as undertakings [38].
Takšne bolnišnice se financirajo neposredno iz prispevkov za socialno varnost in drugih državnih sredstev, storitve pa opravljajo brezplačno na podlagi univerzalnega kritja [37].
Where that structure exists, even activities that in themselves could be of an economic nature, but are carried out merely for the purpose of providing another non-economic service, are not of an economic nature.
Sodišča EGP so potrdila, da v državah s takšno strukturo zadevne organizacije ne delujejo kot podjetja [38].
An organisation that purchases goods – even in large quantities – for the purpose of offering a non-economic service does not act as an undertaking simply because it is a purchaser in a given market [39].
Kadar obstaja navedena struktura, tudi dejavnosti, ki bi same po sebi lahko bile gospodarske narave, vendar se opravljajo le za zagotavljanje druge negospodarske storitve, ne razvrščamo med gospodarske.
In many other EEA States, hospitals and other health care providers offer their services for remuneration, be it directly from patients or from their insurance [40].
Organizacija, ki kupuje blago, čeprav v velikih količinah, da bi opravljala negospodarsko storitev, ne deluje kot podjetje samo zato, ker je kupec na zadevnem trgu [39].
In such systems, there is a certain degree of competition between hospitals concerning the provision of health care services.
V številnih drugih državah EGP bolnišnice in drugi izvajalci zdravstvenih storitev svoje storitve opravljajo v zameno za plačilo, bodisi neposredno od bolnikov bodisi prek njihovega zavarovanja [40].
Where this is the case, the fact that a health service is provided by a public hospital is not sufficient for the activity to be classified as non-economic.
V takšnih sistemih obstaja med bolnišnicami določena stopnja konkurence v zvezi z opravljanjem zdravstvenih storitev.
The EEA Courts have also clarified that health care services which independent doctors and other private practitioners provide for remuneration at their own risk are to be regarded as an economic activity [41].
Zgolj dejstvo, da zdravstvene storitve opravlja javna bolnišnica, v tovrstnih primerih ni dovolj, da bi se lahko dejavnost razvrstila med negospodarske dejavnosti.
The same principles apply to pharmacies.
Sodišči Unije sta prav tako pojasnili, da je treba zdravstvene storitve, ki jih na lastno odgovornost in v zameno za plačilo izvajajo neodvisni zdravniki in drugi zasebni subjekti, obravnavati kot gospodarsko dejavnost [41].
Public education organised within the national educational system funded and supervised by the State may be considered as a non-economic activity.
Enaka načela se uporabljajo za lekarne.
The Court of Justice held that the State: ‘by establishing and maintaining such a system of public education and financed entirely or mainly by public funds and not by pupils or their parents […] does not intend to become involved in activities for remuneration, but carries out its task towards its population in the social, cultural and educational areas’ [42].
Javno izobraževanje, organizirano v okviru nacionalnega sistema izobraževanja, ki ga financira in nadzira država, se lahko obravnava kot negospodarska dejavnost.
The non-economic nature of public education is in principle not affected by the fact that pupils or their parents sometimes have to pay tuition or enrolment fees which contribute to the operating expenses of the system.
Sodišče je odločilo, da država: „s tem da je vzpostavila in vzdrževala tak sistem javnega izobraževanja, načeloma financiran iz javnega proračuna in ne iz prispevkov učencev ali njihovih staršev, ni imela namena sodelovati v pridobitnih dejavnostih, temveč je izpolnjevala naloge, ki jih ima do svojih prebivalcev na socialnem, kulturnem in izobraževalnem področju.“ [42].
Such financial contributions often only cover a fraction of the true costs of the service and can thus not be considered as remuneration for the service provided.
Dejstvo, da morajo učenci ali njihovi starši včasih plačati šolnino ali vpisnino, ki sta namenjeni kritju operativnih stroškov sistema, načeloma ne vpliva na negospodarsko naravo javnega izobraževanja.
They therefore do not alter the non-economic nature of a general education service predominantly funded by the public purse [43].
Takšni finančni prispevki pogosto krijejo le majhen del dejanskih stroškov storitve in jih zato ni mogoče obravnavati kot plačilo za opravljeno storitev.
These principles can cover public educational services such as vocational training [44], private and public primary schools [45] and kindergartens [46], secondary teaching activities in universities [47] and the provision of education in universities [48].
Zato tovrstni prispevki ne spreminjajo negospodarske narave splošnih izobraževanih storitev, ki se v glavnem financirajo iz državne blagajne [43].
Such public education services must be distinguished from services financed predominantly by parents or pupils or commercial revenues.
Ta načela lahko zajemajo javne izobraževalne storitve, kot je poklicno usposabljanje [44], zasebne in javne osnovne šole [45] in vrtce [46], poučevanje na univerzah, ki se opravlja kot postranska dejavnost [47], ter zagotavljanje izobraževanja na univerzah [48].
For example, higher education financed entirely by students clearly fall within the latter category.
Take javne izobraževalne storitve je treba razlikovati od storitev, ki jih v glavnem financirajo starši ali učenci ali pa imajo komercialne prihodke.
In certain EEA States public entities can also offer educational services which, due to their nature, financing structure and the existence of competing private organisations, are to be regarded as economic.
Na primer, visokošolsko izobraževanje, ki ga v celoti financirajo študenti, očitno sodi v slednjo kategorijo.
In the light of the principles set out in paragraphs 28, 29 and 30, the Authority considers that certain activities of universities and research organisations fall outside the scope of the State aid rules.
V nekaterih državah EGP lahko tudi javne ustanove zagotavljajo izobraževalne storitve, ki jih je treba zaradi njihovih značilnosti, strukture financiranja in obstoja konkurenčnih zasebnih organizacij obravnavati kot gospodarske.
This concerns their primary activities, namely:
Glede na načela iz točk 28, 29 in 30 Nadzorni organ meni, da nekatere dejavnosti univerz in raziskovalnih organizacij ne spadajo na področje pravil o državni pomoči.
education for more and better skilled human resources;
To zadeva njihove glavne dejavnosti, in sicer:
the conduct of independent research and development for more knowledge and better understanding, including collaborative research and development;
izobraževanje za več in bolje usposobljene človeške vire;
the dissemination of research results.
vodenje neodvisnih raziskav in razvoja za več znanja in boljše razumevanje, vključno s sodelovalnimi raziskavami in razvojem;
The Authority considers that knowledge transfer activities (licensing, creation of spin-off, or other forms of management of knowledge created by the research organisation or infrastructure) are non-economic where they are conducted either by the research organisation or research infrastructure (including their departments or subsidiaries) or jointly with, or on behalf of other such entities, and all income from those activities is reinvested in the primary activities of the research organisations or infrastructures concerned [49].
razširjanje rezultatov raziskav.
Culture is a vehicle of identities, values and meanings that mirror and shape the EEA's societies.
Nadzorni organ meni, da so dejavnosti prenosa znanja (licenciranje, ustvarjanje odcepljenih podjetij ali druge oblike upravljanja znanja, ki so jih ustvarile raziskovalne organizacije ali infrastrukture) negospodarske narave, če jih vodijo bodisi raziskovalne organizacije ali raziskovalne infrastrukture (vključno z njihovimi oddelki ali podružnicami) bodisi se dejavnosti izvajajo skupaj z njimi ali v imenu drugih takšnih subjektov, ves dohodek od teh dejavnosti pa je ponovno vložen v osnovne dejavnosti zadevnih raziskovalnih organizacij ali infrastruktur [49].
The area of culture and heritage conservation covers a vast array of purposes and activities, inter alia, museums, archives, libraries, artistic and cultural centres or spaces, theatres, opera houses, concert halls, archaeological sites, monuments, historical sites and buildings, traditional customs and crafts, festivals and exhibitions, as well as cultural and artistic education activities.
Kultura je nosilka identitet, vrednot in pomenov, ki odražajo in oblikujejo družbe EGP.
Europe's rich natural heritage, including conservation of biodiversity, habitats and species further provides valuable benefits for societies in the EEA.
Področje kulture in ohranjanja kulturne dediščine zajema najrazličnejše namene in dejavnosti, med drugim muzeje, arhive, knjižnice, umetniške in kulturne centre ali prostore, gledališča, opere, koncertne dvorane, arheološka najdišča, spomenike, zgodovinske znamenitosti in stavbe, tradicionalne običaje in obrti, festivale in razstave ter dejavnosti kulturne in umetnostne vzgoje.
Taking into account their particular nature, certain activities related to culture, heritage and nature conservation may be organised in a non-commercial way and thus be non-economic in nature.
Poleg tega je za družbe v EGP dragocena tudi bogata evropska naravna dediščina, vključno z ohranjanjem biotske raznovrstnosti, habitatov in vrst.
Public funding thereof may therefore not constitute State aid.
Ob upoštevanju njihove posebne narave se lahko nekatere dejavnosti, povezane s kulturo in ohranjanjem kulturne dediščine ter ohranjanjem narave, organizirajo nekomercialno in so zato lahko negospodarske narave.
The Authority considers that public funding of a cultural or heritage conservation activity accessible to the general public free of charge fulfils a purely social and cultural purpose which is non-economic in nature.
Javno financiranje teh dejavnosti zato ne pomeni nujno državne pomoči.
In the same vein, the fact that visitors of a cultural institution or participants in a cultural or heritage conservation activity, including nature conservation, open to the general public are required to pay a monetary contribution that only covers a fraction of the true costs does not alter the non-economic nature of that activity, as it cannot be considered genuine remuneration for the service provided.
Nadzorni organ meni, da javno financiranje kulturnih dejavnosti ali dejavnosti ohranjanja kulturne dediščine, ki so najširši javnosti dostopne brezplačno, izpolnjuje izključno socialni in kulturni namen, ki je negospodarske narave.
In contrast, cultural or heritage conservation activities (including nature conservation) predominantly financed by visitor or user fees or by other commercial means (for example, commercial exhibitions, cinemas, commercial music performances and festivals and arts schools predominantly financed from tuition fees) should be qualified as economic in nature.
Podobno dejstvo, da morajo obiskovalci kulturne ustanove ali udeleženci kulturne dejavnosti ali dejavnosti ohranjanja kulturne dediščine, vključno z dejavnostjo na področju ohranjanja narave, ki je odprta najširši javnosti, plačati denarni prispevek, ki krije le delček dejanskih stroškov, ne spremeni negospodarske narave navedene dejavnosti, saj ga ni mogoče obravnavati kot dejansko plačilo za opravljeno storitev.
Similarly, heritage conservation or cultural activities benefitting exclusively certain undertakings rather than the general public (for example, the restoration of a historical building used by a private company) should normally be qualified as economic in nature.
Nasprotno pa bi bilo treba kulturne dejavnosti ali dejavnosti ohranjanja kulturne dediščine, vključno z dejavnostmi na področju ohranjanja narave, ki se večinoma financirajo s plačili obiskovalcev ali uporabnikov ali z drugimi komercialnimi sredstvi (npr. komercialne razstave, kinodvorane, komercialne glasbene predstave in festivale, umetniške šole, ki se večinoma financirajo s šolninami), opredeliti kot gospodarske po naravi.
Moreover, many cultural or heritage conservation activities are objectively non-substitutable (for example, keeping public archives holding unique documents) and thus exclude the existence of a genuine market.
Podobno bi bilo treba dejavnosti ohranjanja kulturne dediščine ali kulturne dejavnosti, ki koristijo izključno posameznim podjetjem, ne pa najširši javnosti (na primer obnova zgodovinske stavbe, ki jo uporablja zasebno podjetje), praviloma opredeliti kot gospodarske po naravi.
In the Authority's view, such activities would also qualify as non-economic in nature.
Poleg tega je veliko kulturnih dejavnosti ali dejavnosti ohranjanja kulturne dediščine objektivno nezamenljivih (na primer vodenje javnih arhivov z unikatnimi dokumenti), kar izključuje obstoj pravega trga.
In cases where an entity carries out cultural or heritage conservation activities, some of which are non-economic activities as set out in paragraphs 34 and 36 and some of which are economic activities, public funding it receives will fall under the State aid rules only insofar as it covers the costs linked to the economic activities [50].
Nadzorni organ meni, da je treba tudi takšne dejavnosti opredeliti kot negospodarske po naravi.
STATE ORIGIN
Kadar subjekt opravlja kulturne dejavnosti ali dejavnosti ohranjanja kulturne dediščine, od katerih so nekatere dejavnosti negospodarske, kakor so opredeljene v točkah 34 in 36, nekatere pa gospodarske, bo javno financiranje, ki ga subjekt prejme, spadalo na področje pravil o državni pomoči samo, kolikor krije stroške, povezane z gospodarskimi dejavnostmi [50].
The granting of an advantage directly or indirectly through State resources and the imputability of such a measure to the State are two separate and cumulative conditions for State aid to exist [51].
DRŽAVNI IZVOR
However, they are often considered together when assessing a measure under Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement, as they both relate to the public origin of the measure in question.
Zagotavljanje prednosti neposredno ali posredno iz državnih sredstev in pripisovanje takega ukrepa državi sta dva ločena in kumulativna pogoja za obstoj državne pomoči [51].
In cases where a public authority grants an advantage to a beneficiary, the measure is by definition imputable to the State, even if the authority in question enjoys legal autonomy from other public authorities.
Vendar sta pri presoji ukrepa na podlagi člena 61(1) Sporazuma EGP pogosto obravnavana skupaj, ker se oba nanašata na javni izvor zadevnega ukrepa.
The same applies if a public authority designates a private or public body to administer a measure conferring an advantage.
Če javni organ zagotovi prednost upravičencu, se ukrep po definiciji pripiše državi, tudi če je zadevni organ pravno avtonomen v razmerju do drugih javnih organov.
Indeed, EEA law cannot permit the rules on State aid to be circumvented through the creation of autonomous institutions charged with allocating aid [52].
Enako velja, če javni organ imenuje osebo zasebnega ali javnega prava za upravljanje ukrepa, ki zagotavlja prednost.
Imputability is less evident, however, if the advantage is granted through public undertakings [53].
Pravo Unije namreč ne more dopustiti, da bi se lahko pravilom o državni pomoči izognilo z ustanavljanjem avtonomnih ustanov, ki so pooblaščene za dodeljevanje pomoči [52].
In such cases, it is necessary to determine whether the public authorities can be regarded as having been involved, in one way or another, in adopting the measure [54].
Vendar je pripisovanje odgovornosti manj očitno, če se prednost zagotavlja prek javnih podjetij [53].
The mere fact that a measure is taken by a public undertaking is not per se sufficient to consider it imputable to the State [55].
V takih primerih je potrebno ugotoviti, ali se lahko šteje, da so bili javni organi tako ali drugače vpleteni v sprejetje ukrepa [54].
However, it does not need to be demonstrated that, in a particular case, the public authorities specifically incited the public undertaking to take the measure in question [56].
Zgolj dejstvo, da je ukrep sprejelo javno podjetje, samo po sebi ne zadostuje, da se šteje za ukrep, ki ga je mogoče pripisati državi [55].
In fact, since relations between the State and public undertakings are necessarily close, there is a real risk that State aid may be granted through the intermediary of those undertakings in a non-transparent manner and in breach of the rules on State aid laid down by the EEA Agreement [57].
Vendar pa ni treba dokazati, da so javni organi v posameznem primeru izrecno spodbujali javno podjetje k sprejetju zadevnega ukrepa [56].
Moreover, precisely because of the privileged relations that exist between the State and public undertakings, it will, as a general rule, be very difficult for a third party to demonstrate that measures taken by such an undertaking were in fact adopted on the instructions of the public authorities in a particular case [58].
Ker so država in javna podjetja nujno tesno povezani, obstaja dejansko tveganje, da se državna pomoč odobri s posredovanjem navedenih podjetij na nepregleden način in v nasprotju s pravili o državni pomoči iz Sporazuma EGP [57].
For these reasons, the imputability to the State of a measure taken by a public undertaking may be inferred from a set of indicators arising from the circumstances of the case and the context in which the measure was taken [59].
Prav zaradi privilegiranih odnosov, ki obstajajo med državo in javnimi podjetji, bo tretji osebi praviloma zelo težko dokazati, da so bili v posameznem primeru ukrepi, ki jih je sprejelo tako podjetje, dejansko sprejeti po navodilih javnega organa [58].
Possible indicators to establish whether a measure is imputable include the following [60]:
Iz teh razlogov se pripisljivost ukrepa, ki ga sprejme javno podjetje, državi, lahko sklepa iz vrste kazalnikov, ki izhajajo iz okoliščin primera, in okolja, v katerem je bil sprejet ukrep [59].
the fact that the body in question could not take the contested decision without taking account of the requirements of the public authorities;
Možni kazalniki za določitev, ali je ukrep mogoče pripisati državi, vključujejo naslednje [60]:
the presence of factors of an organic nature which link the public undertaking to the State;
dejstvo, da zadevna oseba javnega ali zasebnega prava ni mogla sprejeti sporne odločitve brez upoštevanja zahtev javnega organa;
the fact that the undertaking through which aid was granted had to take account of directives issued by governmental bodies [61];
prisotnost dejavnikov strukturne narave, ki javno podjetje povezujejo z državo;
the integration of the public undertaking into the structures of the public administration;
dejstvo, da je podjetje, prek katerega je bila pomoč dodeljena, moralo upoštevati smernice, ki so jih izdali vladni organi [61];
the nature of the public undertaking's activities [62] and their exercise on the market in normal conditions of competition with private operators;
vključevanje javnega podjetja v strukturo javne uprave;
the legal status of the undertaking (whether it is subject to public law or ordinary company law), although the mere fact that a public undertaking has been constituted in the form of a capital company under ordinary law cannot be regarded as sufficient reason to exclude imputability [63], having regard to the autonomy which that legal form confers on it;
narava dejavnosti javnega podjetja [62] in njihovo izvajanje na trgu v običajnih pogojih konkurence z zasebnimi izvajalci;
the degree of supervision that the public authorities exercise over the management of the undertaking;
pravni status podjetja (ali se zanj uporablja javno pravo ali običajno pravo družb), čeprav se zgolj dejstvo, da je bilo javno podjetje ustanovljeno v obliki kapitalske družbe na podlagi splošnega prava, ne more šteti za zadosten razlog za izključitev pripisljivosti državi [63], ob upoštevanju avtonomije, ki jo ta pravna oblika podjetju podeljuje;
any other indicator showing the involvement of the public authorities in adopting the measure in question or the unlikelihood of their not being involved, taking account of the scope of the measure, its content or the conditions it contains.
stopnja nadzora, ki ga javni organi izvajajo nad upravljanjem podjetja;
A measure is not imputable to an EEA State if the EEA State is under an obligation to implement it under EEA law without any discretion.
kateri koli drugi kazalnik, ki kaže na vpletenost javnih organov pri sprejemanju zadevnega ukrepa ali majhno verjetnost, da niso vpleteni, ob upoštevanju področja uporabe ukrepa, njegove vsebine ali pogojev, ki jih vsebuje.