natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Conditioning shall consist of the specified number of test bench cycles for the engine capacity class of vehicle, for which the exhaust system was designed.
Vsakemu ciklu na preskusni napravi sledi premor, ki traja najmanj 6 ur, da se dosežejo učinki ohladitve motorja in kondenziranja.
The number of cycles for each vehicle class shall be:
Vsak cikel sestavlja šest faz.
Number of cycles
Stanje motorja za posamezno fazo in trajanje faze:
Each test-bench cycle shall be followed by a break of at least six hours in order to reproduce the effects of cooling and condensation.
Faza
Each test-bench cycle shall consist of six phases.
Pogoji
The engine conditions for, and the duration of, each phase shall be:
Trajanje faze
Phase
Motorji do 250 cm3
Conditions
Motorji z 250 cm3 ali več
Duration of phase
prosti tek
Engines of less than 250 cm3
obremenitev 25 % pri 75 % nrated
Engines of 250 cm3 or more
obremenitev 50 % pri 75 % nrated
Idling
obremenitev 100 % pri 75 % nrated
25 per cent load at 75 per cent of nrated
obremenitev 50 % pri 100 % nrated
50 per cent load at 75 per cent of nrated
obremenitev 25 % pri 100 % nrated
100 per cent load at 75 per cent of nrated
Skupni čas
50 per cent load at 100 per cent of nrated
2 uri 30 minut
25 per cent load at 100 per cent of nrated
Med tem postopkom priprave se lahko na zahtevo proizvajalca motor in dušilnik ohlajata, tako da temperatura, izmerjena na točki, ki je največ 100 mm oddaljena od odprtine za izpušne pline, ne preseže temperature, izmerjene pri vožnji vozila s 110 km/h ali pri 75 odstotkih nazivne vrtilne frekvence motorja, kot je opredeljena v odstavku 2.4 tega pravilnika, v najvišji prestavi.
Total time
Vrtilna frekvenca motorja in/ali hitrost vozila se določita z dovoljenim odstopanjem ± 3 odstotke.
2 h 30 min
Izpušni plini niso v stiku z vlaknastimi materiali, na vlaknaste materiale pa ne vplivajo spremembe tlaka.
During this conditioning procedure, at the request of the manufacturer, the engine and the silencer may be cooled in order that the temperature recorded at a point not more than 100 mm from the exhaust gas outlet does not exceed that measured when the vehicle is running at 110 km/h or 75 per cent of the rated engine speed as defined in paragraph 2.4 of this Regulation in top gear.
Diagram in oznake
The engine and/or vehicle speeds shall be determined with a tolerance of ± 3 per cent.
Diagram in kotiran prerez dušilnika se priloži dokumentu iz Priloge 1 k temu pravilniku.
Exhaust gases are not in contact with fibrous materials and fibrous materials are not under the influence of pressure variations.
Vsi originalni dušilniki imajo vsaj naslednje:
Diagram and markings
znak „E“ ki mu sledi identifikacija države, ki je podelila homologacijo;
The diagram and a dimensioned cross-section of the silencer shall be annexed to the document mentioned in Annex 1 to this Regulation.
naziv proizvajalca vozila ali njegovo blagovno znamko ter
All original silencers shall bear at least the following:
znamko in identifikacijsko številko dela.
The ‘E’ mark followed by the reference to the country which granted the type-approval;
Ta oznaka je berljiva, neizbrisna in vidna v položaju, v katerem bo nameščen dušilnik.
The vehicle manufacturer's name or trademark; and
Vsa embalaža originalnih nadomestnih izpušnih sistemov ali sistemov za dušenje zvoka je berljivo označena z napisom „originalni del“ ter ima oznake proizvajalca in izdelka, med katere spada tudi znak „E“ z navedbo države izvora.
The make and identifying part number.
Vstopni dušilnik
This reference shall be legible, indelible and visible in the position at which it is to be fitted.
Če mora biti sistem dovoda zraka v motor zato, da izpolnjuje zahteve za ravni zvoka, opremljen z zračnim filtrom in/ali vstopnim dušilnikom, se filter in/ali dušilnik štejeta kot del sistema dušenja zvoka in se zahteve iz odstavkov 5.1 in 5.2 uporabljajo tudi zanju.
Any packaging of original replacements for exhaust or silencing systems shall be marked legibly with the words ‘original part’ and the make and type reference integrated together with the ‘E’ mark and also the reference of the country of origin.
Neodvisno merjenje hitrosti pomeni merjenje, pri katerem se vrednosti vAA′ in vBB′ določajo z dvema ali več ločenimi napravami.
Intake silencers
Naprave za neprekinjene meritve, kot je radar, določajo vse potrebne podatke o hitrosti z eno napravo.
If the engine intake has to be fitted with an air filter and/or intake silencer in order to comply with the permissible sound level, the filter and/or silencer shall be regarded as part of the silencer and the requirements of paragraphs 5.1 and 5.2 above shall also be applicable to them.
PRILOGA 4
Independent measurements of speed are when two or more separate devices will determine the values of vAA′ and vBB′.
NAJVIŠJA RAVEN ZVOKA (NOVA VOZILA)
A continuous measuring device such as radar will determine all required speed information with one device.
Kategorija vozila
ANNEX 4
Najvišje ravni zvoka v dB(A)
MAXIMUM SOUND LEVEL LIMITS (NEW VEHICLES)
PRILOGA 5
Vehicle category
SPECIFIKACIJE POSKUSNE STEZE
Maximum sound level values in dB(A)
UVOD
ANNEX 5
V tej prilogi so opisane specifikacije za fizikalne značilnosti in gradnjo preskusne steze.
TEST TRACK SPECIFICATIONS
V teh specifikacijah, ki temeljijo na posebnem standardu, so opisane zahtevane fizikalne značilnosti in tudi metode za preskušanje teh značilnosti.
INTRODUCTION
ZAHTEVANE LASTNOSTI POVRŠINE
This annex describes the specifications relating to the physical characteristics and the laying of the test track.
Šteje se, da je površina v skladu z navedenim standardom, če izmerjene vrednosti za strukturo in količino praznin ali koeficient vpijanja zvoka izpolnjujejo vse zahteve iz odstavkov 2.1–2.4 in če so izpolnjene zahteve glede konstrukcije (odstavek 3.2).
These specifications based on a special standard describe the required physical characteristics as well as the test methods for these characteristics.
Količina preostalih praznin
REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE
Količina preostalih praznin VC v mešanici za tlakovanje preskusne steze ne presega 8 odstotkov.
A surface is considered to conform to this standard provided that the texture and voids content or sound absorption coefficient have been measured and found to fulfil all the requirements of paragraphs 2.1 to 2.4 below and provided that the design requirements (paragraph 3.2 below) have been met.
Merilni postopek je opisan v odstavku 4.1.
Residual voids content
Zahtevi iz odstavka 2.1 in tega odstavka sta izpolnjeni tudi, če je bilo izmerjeno samo vpijanje zvoka in znaša α ≤ 0,10.
For the measurement procedure, see paragraph 4.1 below.
Vendar je vpijanje zvoka treba meriti samo, kadar površina ne izpolnjuje zahteve glede količine praznin.
Sound absorption coefficient If the surface fails to conform to the residual voids content requirement, the surface is acceptable only if its sound absorption coefficient, α ≤ 0,10.
Razlog za to je, da je v zvezi s količino praznin precej negotovosti glede meritev in ustreznosti, zato bi lahko bile nekatere površine ob upoštevanju zgolj meritev praznin neupravičeno zavrnjene.
For the measurement procedure, see paragraph 4.2 below.
Globina strukture
The requirements of paragraph 2.1 above and this paragraph are met also if only sound absorption has been measured and found to be α ≤ 0,10.
Globina strukture (TD), izmerjena po volumetrični metodi (glej odstavek 4.3), mora biti:
Note: The most relevant characteristic is the sound absorption, although the residual voids content is more familiar among road constructors.
TD ≥ 0,4 mm
However, sound absorption needs to be measured only if the surface fails to comply with the voids requirement.
Homogenost površine
This is because the latter is connected with relatively large uncertainties in terms of both measurements and relevance and some surfaces therefore may be rejected erroneously on the basis of the voids measurement only.
Z vsemi sredstvi se zagotovi, da je površina na preskusnem območju izdelana čim bolj homogeno.
Texture depth
To zajema strukturo in vsebino praznin, treba pa je upoštevati tudi dejstvo, da je zaradi intenzivnejšega valjanja na posameznih mestih struktura lahko različna in se lahko pojavijo odstopanja v enakomernosti, ki povzročijo neravnine.
The texture depth (TD) measured according to the volumetric method (see paragraph 4.3 below) shall be:
Obdobje preskušanja
TD ≥ 0,4 mm
Da bi preverili, ali površina še vedno ustreza zahtevam glede strukture in količine praznin oziroma vpijanja zvoka, ki so predpisane v tem standardu, se površina redno preskuša v naslednjih presledkih:
Homogeneity of the surface
količine preostalih praznin oziroma vpijanje zvoka:
Every practical effort shall be made to ensure that the surface is made to be as homogeneous as possible within the test area.
ko je površina nova; če površina kot nova ustreza zahtevam, niso potrebna redna preverjanja.
This includes the texture and voids content, but it should also be observed that if the rolling process results in more effective rolling at some places than at others, the texture may be different and unevenness causing bumps may also occur.
globina strukture (TD):
Period of testing
ko je površina nova; na začetku merjenja zvoka (opomba: najmanj štiri tedne po izgradnji), potem vsakih 12 mesecev.
In order to check whether the surface continues to conform to the texture and voids content or sound absorption requirements stipulated in this standard, periodic testing of the surface shall be done at the following intervals:
KONSTRUKCIJA PRESKUSNE POVRŠINE
For residual voids content or sound absorption:
Območje
When the surface is new; if the surface meets the requirements when new, no further periodical testing is required.
Pri konstruiranju preskusne steze je pomembno zagotoviti vsaj, da je območje za vozila na preskusni poti prekrito s predpisanim preskusnim materialom in opremljeno s primernimi robniki, ki omogočajo varno in praktično vožnjo.
For texture depth (TD):
V skladu z odstavkom 3.1.1.1 Priloge 3 je treba meritve opraviti na obeh straneh vozila.
When the surface is new; when the sound testing starts (Note: Not before four weeks after laying); then every 12 months.
V ta namen se meritve lahko opravijo bodisi z namestitvijo dveh mikrofonov (po enega na vsaki strani steze) pri vožnji v eno smer bodisi z enim mikrofonom samo na eni strani steze, vendar pri vožnji v dve smeri.
When designing the test track lay-out it is important to ensure that, as a minimum requirement, the area traversed by the vehicles running through the test strip is covered with the specified test material with suitable margins for safe and practical driving.
Osenčeni del se imenuje „preskusno območje“
This will require the width of the track to be at least 3 m and the length of the track to extend beyond lines AA and BB by at least 10 m at either end.
Minimalna površina, pokrita s preskusno površino, tj. preskusni poligon
Figure 1 shows a plan of a suitable test site and indicates the minimum area which shall be machine laid and machine compacted with the specified test surface material.
Središčnica smeri vožnje Leg.
According to Annex 3, paragraph 3.1.1.1, measurements have to be made on each side of the vehicle.
Mikrofon (višina 1,2 m)
This can be done either by measuring with two microphone locations (one on each side of the track) and driving in one direction, or measuring with a microphone only on one side of the track but driving the vehicle in two directions.
Dimenzije v metrih
If the latter method is used, then there are no surface requirements on that side of the track where there is no microphone.
OPOMBA – Znotraj tega polmera ne sme biti velikih predmetov, ki bi odbijali zvok
Minimum requirement for test surface area.
Konstrukcija in priprava površine
The shaded part is called ‘Test Area’ Key
Osnovne zahteve glede konstrukcije Preskusna površina izpolnjuje štiri zahteve glede konstrukcije:
Microphone (height 1,2 m)
izdelana je iz kompaktnega asfaltnega betona;
Minimum area covered with test road surface, i.e. test area
zrnca peska imajo premer največ 8 mm (z dovoljenim odstopanjem od 6,3 do 10 mm);
Dimensions in metres
debelina obrabne plasti je ≥ 30 mm;
Centreline of travel
vezivo je nemodificiran bitumen, ki je sposoben penetracije.
NOTE – There shall be no large acoustically reflective objectives within this radius.
Smernice za konstrukcijo
Design and preparation of the surface
Za pomoč graditelju preskusne površine je na sliki 2 prikazana krivulja zrnavosti agregata z zaželenimi lastnostmi.
Basic design requirements; the test surface shall meet four design requirements:
Poleg tega preglednica 1 vključuje nekaj smernic za doseganje zaželene strukture in trdnosti.
It shall be a dense asphaltic concrete;
Za krivuljo zrnatosti velja naslednja formula:
The maximum chipping size shall be 8 mm (tolerances allow from 6,3 to 10 mm);
P (% presevka) = 100 · (d/dmax)1/2
The thickness of the wearing course shall be ≥ 30 mm;
pri čemer je:
The binder shall be a straight penetration grade bitumen without modification.
d = premer zanke na situ v mm,
Design guidelines
d max = 8 mm za središčno krivuljo,
As a guide to the surface constructor, an aggregate grading curve which will give desired characteristics is shown in Figure 2.
d max = 10 mm za spodnjo tolerančno krivuljo,
In addition, Table 1 gives some guidelines for obtaining the desired texture and durability.
d max = 6,3 mm za zgornjo tolerančno krivuljo.
The grading curve fits the following formula:
Krivulja zrnatosti agregata v asfaltni mešanici s tolerancami
P (% passing) = 100 · (d/dmax)1/2
Odstotek presevka (po masi)
where:
Velikost sita v mm
d = square mesh sieve size, in mm
Poleg zgoraj navedenega se priporoča naslednje:
d max = 8 mm for the mean curve
frakcija peska (0,063 mm < premer zanke na situ < 2 mm) vsebuje največ 55 odstotkov naravnega peska in najmanj 45 odstotkov drobljenega peska;
d max = 10 mm for the lower tolerance curve
zgornji in spodnji nosilni sloj v skladu z najboljšimi praksami cestne gradnje zagotavljata dobro stabilnost in ravnost;
d max = 6,3 mm for the upper tolerance curve
uporablja se drobljenec (drobljen na vseh straneh) iz surovine z visoko porušitveno trdnostjo;
Grading curve of the aggregate in the asphaltic mix with tolerances
zrnca peska, uporabljena v mešanici, se operejo;
per cent passing (by mass)
na površino se ne smejo dodati dodatna zrnca peska;
Sieve size in mm
trdnost veziva, izražena kot vrednost PEN, je 40–60, 60–80 ali celo 80–100, odvisno od podnebnih razmer posamezne države.
In addition to the above, the following recommendations are given:
Praviloma se v skladu z običajno prakso izbere čim trdnejše vezivo;
The sand fraction (0,063 mm < square mesh sieve size < 2 mm) shall include no more than 55 per cent natural sand and at least 45 per cent crushed sand;
temperatura mešanice pred valjanjem se izbere tako, da se v nadaljevanju pri postopku valjanja doseže zahtevana količina praznin.
The base and sub-base shall ensure a good stability and evenness, according to best road construction practice;
Za večjo verjetnost, da bodo izpolnjene specifikacije iz odstavkov 2.1–2.4, se preuči kompresijsko razmerje ne le glede na izbiro temperature mešanice, temveč tudi glede na ustrezno število prehodov valjarja in izbiro valjarja.
The chippings shall be crushed (100 per cent crushed faces) and of a material with a high resistance to crushing;
Ciljne vrednosti
The chippings used in the mix shall be washed;
Dovoljena odstopanja
No extra chippings shall be added onto the surface;
glede na skupno maso mešanice
The binder hardness expressed as PEN value shall be 40-60, 60-80 or even 80-100 depending on the climatic conditions of the country.
glede na maso agregata
The rule is that as hard a binder as possible shall be used, provided this is consistent with common practice;
Masa peska 0,063 < SM < 2 mm
The temperature of the mix before rolling shall be chosen so as to achieve by subsequent rolling the required voids content.
Masa polnila SM < 0,063 mm
In order to increase the probability of satisfying the specifications of paragraphs 2.1 to 2.4 above, the compactness shall be studied not only by an appropriate choice of mixing temperature, but also by an appropriate number of passing and by the choice of compacting vehicle.
Masa veziva (bitumen)
Target values
se ne uporablja
by mass of the aggregate
Trdota veziva
Mass of stones, square mesh sieve (SM) > 2 mm
(glej odstavek 3.2.2(f))
Mass of sand 0,063 < SM < 2 mm
Koeficient obrabe (PSV)
Mass of filler SM < 0,063 mm
Kompresijsko razmerje glede na kompresijsko razmerje po Marshallu
Mass of binder (bitumen)
PRESKUSNA METODA
N.A.
Merjenje količine preostalih praznin
Max. chipping size
Za te meritve se vzorci izvrtajo na najmanj štirih različnih mestih preskusne steze, ki so enakomerno razporejena na preskusnem območju med črtama AA in BB (glej sliko 1).
6,3-10
Za preprečevanje nehomogenosti in neravnosti na kolesnicah se vzorci ne smejo izvrtati v kolesnicah, temveč v njihovi bližini.
Binder hardness
V bližini kolesnic se izvrtata (najmanj) dva vzorca, (najmanj) en vzorec pa približno na sredini med kolesnicami in vsakim mikrofonom.
(see paragraph 3.2.2.(f))
Če obstaja sum, da pogoji homogenosti niso izpolnjeni (glej odstavek 2.4), se vzorci odvzamejo na več mestih na preskusnem območju.
Polished stone value (PSV)
Na vsakem vzorcu se določi količina preostalih praznin, nato pa se izračuna srednja vrednost za vse vzorce, ki se primerja z zahtevami iz odstavka 2.1.
Compactness, relative to Marshall compactness
Poleg tega je lahko količina praznin v posameznem vzorcu največ 10 odstotkov.
TEST METHOD
Graditelj preskusne steze mora upoštevati težave, ki lahko nastanejo pri jemanju vzorcev, če se preskusna steza ogreva s cevmi ali električnimi prevodniki.
Measurement of the residual voids content
Takšne naprave je treba skrbno načrtovati glede na prihodnja mesta za vrtanje vzorcev.
For the purpose of this measurement, cores have to be taken from the track in at least four different positions which are equally distributed in the test area between lines AA and BB (see Figure 1).
Priporočljivo je pustiti nekaj delov, velikih približno 200 × 300 mm, na katerih ne bo prevodnikov/cevi ali pa bodo ti nameščeni dovolj globoko, da se pri vzorčenju iz površinske plasti ne bi poškodovali.
In order to avoid in homogeneity and unevenness in the wheel tracks, cores should not be taken in wheel tracks themselves, but close to them.
Koeficient vpijanja zvoka
Two cores (minimum) should be taken close to the wheel tracks and one core (minimum) should be taken approximately midway between the wheel tracks and each microphone location.
Koeficient vpijanja zvoka (navpični vpad) se meri po postopku impedančne cevi skladno z ISO/DIS 10 534: „Akustika – Določanje koeficienta vpijanja zvoka in impedance po postopku impedančne cevi“.
If there is a suspicion that the condition of homogeneity is not met (see paragraph 2.4 above), cores shall be taken from more locations within the test area.
Za preskusne vzorce veljajo iste zahteve kot pri količini preostalih praznin (glej odstavek 4.1).
The residual voids content has to be determined for each core, then the average value from all cores shall be calculated and compared with the requirement of paragraph 2.1 above.
Vpijanje zvoka se meri v frekvenčnem območju 400 Hz do 800 Hz in območju 800 Hz do 1600 Hz (vsaj pri srednjih frekvencah terčnih pasov) in za obe območji se določijo najvišje vrednosti.
In addition, no single core shall have a voids value which is higher than 10 per cent.
Povprečna vrednost teh najvišjih vrednosti za vse preskusne vzorce pomeni končni rezultat.
The test surface constructor is reminded of the problem which may arise when the test area is heated by pipes or electrical wires and cores shall be taken from this area.
Volumetrično merjenje makrostrukture
Such installations shall be carefully planned with respect to future core drilling locations.
Za namen tega standarda se globina strukture meri na najmanj 10 mestih, enakomerno razporejenih vzdolž kolesnic na preskusni poti, povprečna vrednost pa se primerja s predpisano najmanjšo globino strukture.
It is recommended that a few locations of size approximately 200 × 300 mm should be left where there are no wires/pipes or where the latter are located deep enough in order not to be damaged by cores taken from the surface layer.
Postopek je opisan v standardu ISO 10844:1994.
Sound absorption coefficient
ODPORNOST PROTI STARANJU IN VZDRŽEVANJE
The sound absorption coefficient (normal incidence) shall be measured by the impedance tube method using the procedure specified in ISO/DIS 10 534: ‘Acoustics — Determination of sound absorption coefficient and impedance by a tube method’.
Vpliv staranja
Regarding test specimens, the same requirements shall be followed as regarding the residual voids content (see paragraph 4.1 above).
Podobno kot pri drugih cestnih površinah se pričakuje, da se lahko na preskusni površini izmerjena raven zvoka, ki ga povzročajo pnevmatike pri vožnji po cestišču, v prvih 6 do 12 mesecih po izgradnji rahlo poveča.
The sound absorption shall be measured in the range between 400 Hz and 800 Hz and in the range between 800 Hz and 1600 Hz (at least at the centre frequencies of third octave bands) and the maximum values shall be identified for both of these frequency ranges.
Površina doseže predpisane lastnosti šele štiri tedne po izgradnji.
Then these values, for all test cores shall be averaged to constitute the final result.
Odpornost proti staranju se določa zlasti z obrabo in kompresijo, ki ju povzročajo vozila na preskusni površini.
Volumetric macrotexture measurement
Redno se preverja v skladu z odstavkom 2.5.
For the purpose of this standard, texture depth measurements shall be made on at least 10 positions evenly spaced along the wheel tracks of the test strip and the average value taken to compare with the specified minimum texture depth.
Vzdrževanje preskusne površine
For the description of the procedure see standard ISO 10844:1994.
S površine cestišča je treba odstraniti kamenčke ali prah, ki bi lahko znatno zmanjšali učinkovito globino strukture.
STABILITY IN TIME AND MAINTENANCE
V državah z zimskim podnebjem se za razledenitev včasih uporablja sol za posipavanje.
Age influence
Sol lahko začasno ali celo trajno spremeni površino tako, da okrepi zvok, in zato ni priporočljiva.
In common with any other surfaces, it is expected that the tyre/road sound level measured on the test surface may increase slightly during the first 6-12 months after construction.
Popravilo preskusnega območja
The surface will achieve its required characteristics not earlier than four weeks after construction.
Če je treba preskusno stezo popraviti, je treba običajno popraviti le preskusno pot (široko 3 m, glej sliko 1), po kateri vozijo vozila, če je preostalo preskusno območje ustrezalo zahtevam glede količine preostalih praznin ali vpijanja zvoka, ko so bile te meritve opravljene.
The stability over time is determined mainly by the polishing and compaction by vehicles driving on the surface.
DOKUMENTACIJA O PRESKUSNI POVRŠINI IN PRESKUSIH, OPRAVLJENIH NA NJEJ
It shall be periodically checked as stated in paragraph 2.5 above.
Dokumentacija o preskusni površini
Maintenance of the surface
V dokumentu, v katerem je opisana preskusna površina, se navedejo naslednji podatki:
Loose debris or dust which could significantly reduce the effective texture depth shall be removed from the surface.
lokacija preskusne steze;
In countries with winter climates, salt is sometimes used for de-icing.
vrsta veziva, trdota veziva, vrsta agregata, največja teoretična gostota betona (DR), debelina obrabne plasti ter krivulja zrnatosti, dobljena na podlagi vzorcev, izvrtanih na preskusni stezi;
Salt may alter the surface temporarily or even permanently in such a way as to increase sound, and is therefore not recommended.
postopek valjanja (npr. tip valjarja, masa valjarja, število prehodov valjarja);
Repaving the test area
temperatura mešanice in zraka okolja ter hitrost vetra med gradnjo preskusne steze;