natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Technologies that are essential are by necessity also complements.
sprejeti so ustrezni zaščitni ukrepi, ki zagotavljajo, da je izmenjava občutljivih informacij (kot so podatki o cenah in obsegu proizvodnje) omejena na tisto, kar je nujno potrebno za ustanovitev in delovanje združenja;
The fact that a technology holder merely declares that a technology is essential does not imply that such a technology is essential according to the criteria described in this point.
licence za združene tehnologije se v združenju podeljujejo na neizključni osnovi;
When technologies in a pool are substitutes, royalties are likely to be higher than they would otherwise be, because licensees do not benefit from rivalry between the technologies in question.
licence za združene tehnologije se podeljujejo vsem potencialnim pridobiteljem pod poštenimi, razumnimi in nediskriminatornimi pogoji (FRAND) [99];
When the technologies in the pool are complements the technology pool reduces transaction costs and may lead to lower overall royalties because the parties are in a position to fix a common royalty for the package as opposed to each party fixing a royalty for its own technology while not taking into account that a higher royalty for one technology will usually decrease the demand for complementary technologies.
pogodbenice, ki v združenje prispevajo tehnologije, in pridobitelji licenc imajo pravico izpodbijati veljavnost in bistvenost združenih tehnologij ter;
If royalties for complementary technologies are set individually, the total of these royalties may often exceed what would be collectively set by a pool for the package of the same complementary technologies.
pogodbenice, ki v združenje prispevajo tehnologije, in pridobitelj licenc lahko še naprej razvijajo konkurenčne izdelke in tehnologije.
The assessment of the role of substitutes outside the pool is set out in point (262) below.
Zunaj varnega pristana
The distinction between complementary and substitute technologies is not clear-cut in all cases, since technologies may be substitutes in part and complements in part.
Če so v združenje vključeni znatni nebistveni, a dopolnilni patenti, obstaja tveganje omejevanja dostopa tehnologijam tretjih oseb na trg.
When, due to efficiencies stemming from the integration of two technologies, licensees are likely to demand both technologies, the technologies are treated as complements, even if they are partly substitutable.
Ko je tehnologija vključena v združenje in se licenca zanjo podeljuje kot del paketa, je verjetno, da bodo imeli pridobitelji licenc malo spodbude za pridobitev licence za konkurenčno tehnologijo, če licenčnina, ki se plača za paket, že vključuje nadomestno tehnologijo.
In such cases it is likely that, in the absence of the pool, licensees would want to licence both technologies due to the additional economic benefit of using both technologies as opposed to using only one of them.
Poleg tega morajo pridobitelji licenc z vključitvijo tehnologij, ki niso nujne za namene proizvodnje izdelkov ali izvedbe procesov, na katere se tehnološko združenje navezuje, ali za izpolnjevanje standarda, ki vključuje združeno tehnologijo, plačevati tudi licenčnino za tehnologijo, ki je morda ne potrebujejo.
In the absence of such demand-based evidence on the complementarity of the pooled technologies, it is an indication that these technologies are complements if: (i) the parties contributing technology to a pool remain free to license their technology individually;
Vključitev takih dopolnilnih tehnologij tako pomeni kolektivno oblikovanje licenčnega paketa.
and (ii) the pool is willing, besides licensing the package of technologies of all parties, to license the technology of each party also separately; and (iii) the total royalties charged when taking separate licences to all pooled technologies do not exceed the royalties charged by the pool for the whole package of technologies.
Če združenje vključuje nebistvene tehnologije, je verjetno, da bo sporazum zajet v členu 53(1), kolikor ima združenje pomemben položaj na katerem koli upoštevnem trgu.
The inclusion of substitute technologies in the pool generally restricts inter-technology competition since it can amount to collective bundling and lead to price fixing between competitors.
Ker se nadomestne in dopolnilne tehnologije lahko razvijajo tudi po ustanovitvi združenja, potreba po presoji bistvenosti ne preneha nujno z ustanovitvijo združenja.
As a general rule the Authority considers that the inclusion of significant substitute technologies in the pool constitutes a violation of Article 53(1).
Tehnologija lahko po ustanovitvi združenja postane nebistvena zaradi pojava novih tehnologij tretjih oseb.
The Authority also considers that it is unlikely that the conditions of Article 53(3) will be fulfilled in the case of pools comprising to a significant extent substitute technologies.
Ko združenje izve, da se taka nova tehnologija tretjih oseb ponuja pridobiteljem licence in slednji po njej povprašujejo, se je mogoče izogniti težavam glede omejevanja dostopa na trg, s tem da se novim in obstoječim pridobiteljem licence ponudi licenca po ustrezno znižani licenčnini, iz katere so izključene tehnologije, ki niso več bistvene.
Given that the technologies in question are alternatives, no transaction cost savings accrue from including both technologies in the pool.
Vendar pa lahko obstajajo drugi načini za zagotovitev, da tehnologijam tretjih oseb dostop na trg ni omejen.
In the absence of the pool licensees would not have demanded both technologies.
Pri presoji tehnoloških združenj, ki vključujejo nebistvene, toda dopolnilne tehnologije, bo Nadzorni organ pri svoji skupni presoji med drugim upošteval naslednje dejavnike:
To alleviate the competition concerns it is not sufficient that the parties remain free to license independently.
ali obstajajo kakršni koli ugodni učinki na konkurenco, ki upravičujejo vključitev nebistvenih tehnologij v združenje, na primer zaradi stroškov presoje bistvenosti vseh tehnologij glede na veliko število tehnologij;
This is because the parties are likely to have little incentive to license independently in order not to undermine the pool's licensing activity, which allows them to jointly exercise market power.
ali lahko dajalci licenc neodvisno licencirajo lastne tehnologije:
Selection and function of independent experts
če je združenje sestavljeno iz omejenega števila tehnologij in zunaj združenja obstajajo nadomestne tehnologije, morda pridobitelji licenc želijo oblikovati lasten tehnološki paket, delno sestavljen iz tehnologij, ki pripadajo združenju, in delno iz tehnologij, ki so v lasti tretjih oseb;
Another relevant factor in assessing the competitive risks and the efficiencies of technology pools is the extent to which independent experts are involved in the creation and operation of the pool.
ali združenje v primerih, ko imajo združene tehnologije različne načine uporabe in za nekatere od njih ni potrebna uporaba vseh združenih tehnologij, ponuja tehnologije le v skupnem paketu ali posameznih paketih za ločene načine uporabe, od katerih vsak vsebuje le upoštevne tehnologije za zadevno uporabo:
For instance, the assessment of whether or not a technology is essential to a standard supported by a pool is often a complex matter that requires special expertise.
v slednjem primeru se tehnologije, ki niso bistvene za posamezen izdelek ali proces, ne vežejo na bistvene tehnologije;
The involvement in the selection process of independent experts can go a long way in ensuring that a commitment to include only essential technologies is implemented in practice.
ali so združene tehnologije na voljo zgolj kot skupni paket oziroma imajo pridobitelji licenc možnost pridobitve licence zgolj za del paketa z ustreznim znižanjem licenčnine.
Where the selection of technologies to be included in the pool is carried out by an independent expert this may also further competition between available technological solutions.
Možnost pridobitve licence zgolj za del paketa lahko zmanjša tveganje omejevanja dostopa na trg tehnologijam tretjih oseb zunaj združenja, zlasti če se pridobitelju licence prizna ustrezno znižanje licenčnine.
The Authority will take into account how experts are selected and the functions that they are to perform.
V skladu s tem je treba vsaki posamezni tehnologiji v okviru združenja dodeliti delež skupne licenčnine.
Experts should be independent from the undertakings that have formed the pool.
Če so licenčni sporazumi med združenjem in posameznimi pridobitelji licenc sklenjeni za sorazmerno dolgo časovno obdobje in če združena tehnologija podpira dejanski industrijski standard, je treba prav tako upoštevati, da lahko združenje omejuje dostop na trg novim nadomestnim tehnologijam.
If experts are connected to the licensors (or the licensing activity of the pool) or otherwise depend on them, the involvement of the expert will be given less weight.
Pri presoji tveganja omejevanja dostopa na trg je v takih primerih pomembno upoštevati, ali lahko pridobitelji licenc v razumnem roku odpovejo del licenčnega sporazuma in dosežejo ustrezno znižanje licenčnine.
Experts must also have the necessary technical expertise to perform the various functions with which they have been entrusted.
Če sporazum o ustanovitvi tehnološkega združenja ne krši člena 53, je naslednji korak presoja konkurenčnega učinka licence, o kateri se sporazumejo združenje in njegovi pridobitelji licenc.
The functions of independent experts may include, in particular, an assessment of whether or not technologies put forward for inclusion into the pool are valid and whether or not they are essential.
Člen 53(1) lahko zajema pogoje za podeljevanje teh licenc.
Finally, any dispute resolution mechanisms foreseen in the instruments setting up the pool are relevant and should be taken into account.
Namen tega poglavja je obravnavati določeno število omejitev, ki se v taki ali drugačni obliki pogosto pojavljajo v licenčnih sporazumih v okviru tehnoloških združenj in ki jih je treba presoditi v splošnem kontekstu združenja.
The more dispute resolution is entrusted to bodies or persons that are independent of the pool and its members, the more likely it is that the dispute resolution will operate in a neutral way.
Na splošno se TTBER ne uporablja za licenčne sporazume, sklenjene med združenjem in tretjimi pridobitelji licenc (glej točko 247 zgoraj).
Safeguards against exchange of sensitive information
To poglavje zato obravnava posamično presojo vprašanj, povezanih s podeljevanjem licenc v okviru tehnoloških združenj.
It is also relevant to consider the arrangements for exchanging sensitive information between the parties [97].
Nadzorni organ se bo pri presoji sporazumov o prenosu tehnologije med združenjem in njegovimi pridobitelji licenc skliceval na naslednja poglavitna načela:
In oligopolistic markets exchanges of sensitive information such as pricing and output data may facilitate collusion [98].
močnejši kot je tržni položaj združenja, večje je tveganje protikonkurenčnih učinkov;
In such cases the Authority will take into account to what extent safeguards have been put in place, which ensure that sensitive information is not exchanged.
močnejši kot je tržni položaj združenja, bolj verjetno dogovor, da se licence ne podeljujejo vsem potencialnim pridobiteljem licenc ali da se izdajajo pod diskriminatornimi pogoji, kršijo člen 53;
An independent expert or licensing body may play an important role in this respect by ensuring that output and sales data, which may be necessary for the purposes of calculating and verifying royalties is not disclosed to undertakings that compete on affected markets.
združenja ne bi smela neupravičeno omejevati dostopa na trg tehnologijam tretjih oseb ali omejevati ustanavljanja alternativnih združenj;
Special care should be taken to put in place such safeguards when interested parties participate simultaneously in efforts to form pools of competing standards where this may lead to exchange of sensitive information between competing pools.
sporazumi o prenosu tehnologije ne bi smeli vsebovati nobene nedopustne omejitve iz člena 4 TTBER (glej poglavje 3.4).
Safe harbour
Podjetja, ki ustanovijo tehnološko združenje, združljivo s členom 53, se praviloma lahko prosto pogajajo ter določajo licenčnine za tehnološki paket (ob upoštevanju vseh zavez, da se licenciranje izvaja pod poštenimi, razumnimi in nediskriminatornimi pogoji, FRAND) in delež licenčnine za vsako posamezno tehnologijo bodisi pred določitvijo standarda bodisi po njej.
The creation and operation of the pool, including the licensing out, generally falls outside Article 53(1), irrespective of the market position of the parties, if all the following conditions are fulfilled:
Tak sporazum je značilen za ustanovitev združenja in se ne more šteti za omejevalnega za konkurenco.
participation in the standard and pool creation process is open to all interested technology rights owners;
V nekaterih okoliščinah je lahko učinkoviteje, če so licenčnine združenja dogovorjene pred izbiro standarda, da se prepreči, da bi izbira standarda povišala stopnjo licenčnine, ker bi dala znatno stopnjo tržne moči eni ali več bistvenim tehnologijam.
sufficient safeguards are adopted to ensure that only essential technologies (which therefore necessarily are also complements) are pooled;
Po drugi strani morajo imeti pridobitelji licenc možnost prosto določati ceno izdelkov, ki se proizvajajo v okviru licence.
sufficient safeguards are adopted to ensure that exchange of sensitive information (such as pricing and output data) is restricted to what is necessary for the creation and operation of the pool;
Če ima združenje prevladujoč položaj na trgu, morajo biti licenčnine in drugi licenčni pogoji sorazmerni in nediskriminatorni, licence pa morajo biti neizključne [100].
the pooled technologies are licensed into the pool on a non-exclusive basis;
Te zahteve so potrebne za zagotovitev, da je združenje odprto in ne vodi k omejevanju dostopa na trg in drugim protikonkurenčnim učinkom na prodajnih trgih.
the pooled technologies are licensed out to all potential licensees on FRAND [99] terms;
Vendar pa te zahteve ne preprečujejo določanja različnih stopenj licenčnin za različne uporabe.
the parties contributing technology to the pool and the licensees are free to challenge the validity and the essentiality of the pooled technologies, and;
Običajno se ne šteje, da uporaba različnih stopenj licenčnin za različne proizvodne trge omejuje konkurenco, vendar pa ne sme biti diskriminacije znotraj proizvodnih trgov.
the parties contributing technology to the pool and the licensee remain free to develop competing products and technology.
Zlasti obravnava pridobiteljev licenc združenja ne bi smela biti odvisna od tega, ali so ti tudi dajalci licenc ali ne.
Outside the safe harbour
Zato bo Nadzorni organ upošteval, ali za dajalce in pridobitelje licenc veljajo enake obveznosti plačila licenčnin.
Where significant complementary but non-essential patents are included in the pool there is a risk of foreclosure of third-party technologies.
Dajalci in pridobitelji licenc morajo imeti možnost prosto razvijati konkurenčne izdelke in standarde.
Once a technology is included in the pool and is licensed as part of the package, licensees are likely to have little incentive to license a competing technology when the royalty paid for the package already covers a substitute technology.
Poleg tega morajo imeti možnost prosto podeljevati in pridobivati licence zunaj združenja.
Moreover, the inclusion of technologies which are not necessary for the purposes of producing the product(s) or carrying out the process(es) to which the technology pool relates or to comply with the standard which includes the pooled technology also forces licensees to pay for technology that they may not need.
Te zahteve so potrebne, da se omeji tveganje omejevanja dostopa tehnologijam tretjih oseb na trg in zagotovi, da združenje ne omejuje inovacij in ne preprečuje oblikovanja konkurenčnih tehnoloških rešitev.
The inclusion of such complementary technology thus amounts to collective bundling.
Če so združene tehnologije vključene v (dejanski) industrijski standard in če za pogodbenice veljajo prepovedi konkurence, združenje ustvarja posebno tveganje preprečevanja razvoja novih in izboljšanih tehnologij ter standardov.
Where a pool encompasses non-essential technologies, the agreement is likely to be caught by Article 53(1) where the pool has a significant position on any relevant market.
Obveznosti povratnega odstopa licence bi morale biti neizključne in omejene na razvoj, ki je bistven ali pomemben za uporabo združenih tehnologij.
Given that substitute and complementary technologies may be developed after the creation of the pool, the need to assess essentiality doesn't necessarily end with the creation of the pool.
To združenju omogoča prenos izboljšav združenih tehnologij in pridobitev koristi, ki so z njimi povezane.
A technology may become non-essential after the creation of the pool due to the emergence of new third-party technologies.
Pogodbenice lahko z uporabo obveznosti povratnega odstopa licence upravičeno zagotovijo, da izkoriščanja združenih tehnologij ne morejo zadržati pridobitelji licenc, vključno s podizvajalci, ki delujejo na podlagi licence pridobitelja licence, ki imajo ali pridobijo bistvene patente.
Where it is brought to the attention of the pool that such a new third-party technology is offered to and demanded by licensees, foreclosure concerns may be avoided by offering to new and existing licensees a licence without the no-longer-essential technology at a correspondingly reduced royalty rate.
Ena od težav, ugotovljenih v zvezi s tehnološkimi združenji, je tveganje, da ta združenja morda ščitijo neveljavne patente.
However, there may be other ways to ensure that third-party technologies are not foreclosed.
Združevanje lahko poveča stroške oziroma tveganja uspešnega izpodbijanja, ker izpodbijanje morda ne bo uspešno, že če je veljaven samo en patent v združenju.
In the assessment of technology pools comprising non-essential but complementary technologies, the Authority will in its overall assessment, inter alia, take account of the following factors:
Zaščita neveljavnih patentov v okviru združenja lahko pridobitelje licenc zaveže k plačevanju višjih licenčnin in lahko tudi prepreči inovacije na področju, ki ga pokriva neveljavni patent.
whether there are any pro-competitive reasons for including the non-essential technologies in the pool, for example due to the costs of assessing whether all the technologies are essential in view of the high number of technologies;
V tem okviru klavzule o neizpodbijanju, vključno z določbami o odpovedi [101], v sporazumu o prenosu tehnologije med združenjem in tretjimi osebami verjetno spadajo na področje uporabe člena 53(1).
whether the licensors remain free to license their respective technologies independently:
Združenja pogosto vključujejo patente in patentne prijave.
whether, in cases where the pooled technologies have different applications some of which do not require use of all of the pooled technologies, the pool offers the technologies only as a single package or whether it offers separate packages for distinct applications, each comprising only those technologies relevant to the application in question:
UL L 259, 4.10.2007, str. 1, in Dopolnilo EGP št. 46, 4.10.2007, str. 1.
in the latter case technologies which are not essential to a particular product or process are not tied to essential technologies;
TTBER nadomešča akt, ki je bil predhodno naveden v točki 5 v Prilogi XIV k Sporazumu EGP, tj. Uredbo Komisije (ES) št. 772/2004 z dne 27. aprila 2004 o uporabi člena 81(3) Pogodbe za skupine sporazumov o prenosu tehnologije (UL L 123, 27.4.2004, str. 11), vključeno v Sporazum EGP s Sklepom Skupnega odbora EGP št. 42/2005 z dne 11. marca 2005 (UL L 198, 28.7.2005, str. 42, in Dopolnilo EGP št. 38, 28.7.2005, str. 24).
whether the pooled technologies are available only as a single package or whether licensees have the possibility of obtaining a licence for only part of the package with a corresponding reduction of royalties.
Po analogiji glej sodbo Sodišča z dne 16. marca 2000 v združenih zadevah Compagnie Maritime Belge Transports (C-395/96 P in C-396/96 P, Recueil, str.
The possibility to obtain a licence for only part of the package may reduce the risk of foreclosure of third-party technologies outside the pool, in particular where the licensee obtains a corresponding reduction in royalties.
I-1365, točka 130) in točko 106 Smernic Nadzornega organa o uporabi člena 53(3) Sporazuma EGP, UL C 208, 6.9.2007, str. 1, in Dopolnilo EGP št. 42, 6.9.2007, str. 1.
This requires that a share of the overall royalty has been assigned to each technology in the pool.
Po Sporazumu, ki spreminja Protokol 4 k Sporazumu med državami Efte o ustanovitvi nadzornega organa in sodišča z dne 24. septembra 2004, ki je začel veljati 20. maja 2005, se v stebru Efte v poglavju II Protokola 4 k Sporazumu o nadzornem organu in sodišču v veliki meri odraža Uredba Sveta (ES) št. 1/2003 (UL L 1, 4.1.2003, str. 1).
Where the licence agreements concluded between the pool and individual licensees are of relatively long duration and the pooled technology supports a de facto industry standard, the fact that the pool may foreclose access to the market of new substitute technologies must also be taken into account.
V nadaljnjem besedilu izraz „sporazum“ vključuje usklajena ravnanja in sklepe podjetniških združenj.
In assessing the risk of foreclosure in such cases it is relevant to take into account whether or not licensees can terminate at reasonable notice part of the licence and obtain a corresponding reduction of royalties.
Glej Smernice Nadzornega organa o konceptu vpliva na trgovino, ki ga vsebujeta člena 53 in 54 Sporazuma EGP, UL C 291, 30.11.2006, str. 46, in Dopolnilo EGP št. 59, 30.11.2006, str. 18.
Even technology pool arrangements that restrict competition may give rise to pro-competitive efficiencies (see point (245) above), which must be considered under Article 53(3) and balanced against the negative effects on competition.
V nadaljnjem besedilu izraz „omejevanje“ vključuje preprečevanje in izkrivljanje konkurence.
For example, if the patent pool includes non-essential patents but fulfils all the other criteria of the safe harbour listed in point (261), where there are pro-competitive reasons for including non-essential patents in the pool (see point (264) above) and where licensees have the possibility of obtaining a licence for only part of the package with a corresponding reduction of royalties (see point (264) above), the conditions of Article 53(3) are likely to be fulfilled.
Kar vključuje pravice dajanja v najem.
Where the agreement to set up a technology pool does not infringe Article 53, the next step is to assess the competitive impact of the licences agreed by the pool with its licensees.
V zvezi s tem glej sodbo Sodišča z dne 17. maja 1988 v zadevi Warner Brothers in Metronome Video (158/86, Recueil, str. 2605) in sodbo Sodišča z dne 22. septembra 1998 v zadevi Foreningen af danske Videogramdistributører (C-61/97, Recueil, str.
The conditions under which these licences are granted may be caught by Article 53(1).
I-5171).