natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
For instance, a licensor may be reluctant to license its competitors if it cannot limit the licence to a particular production site with a specific capacity (a site licence).
Če dajalec licence pridobiteljem licenc ne bi mogel preprečiti, da delujejo na področjih, na katerih sam izkorišča tehnologijo, ali na področjih, na katerih vrednost tehnologije še ni uveljavljena, dajalec licence verjetno ne bi imel spodbude za licenciranje ali bi ga to spodbudilo k določanju višjih licenčnin.
Where the licence agreement leads to a real integration of complementary assets, output restrictions on the licensee may therefore fulfil the conditions of Article 53(3).
Prav tako je treba upoštevati dejstvo, da se v nekaterih sektorjih podeljevanje licenc pogosto pojavlja, da se zagotovi svoboda oblikovanja s preprečevanjem tožb zaradi kršitve pravic.
However, this is unlikely to be the case where the parties have substantial market power.
Pridobitelj licence lahko v okviru področja uporabe licence razvija lastno tehnologijo, ne da bi bil izpostavljen tveganju, da bo dajalec licence vložil tožbo zaradi kršitve pravic.
Output restrictions in licence agreements between non-competitors are block-exempted up to the market share threshold of 30 %.
Omejitve področja uporabe, naložene pridobiteljem licenc v okviru sporazumov med dejanskimi ali potencialnimi konkurenti, so predmet skupinske izjeme do 20-odstotnega praga tržnega deleža.
The main anti-competitive risk flowing from output restrictions on licensees in agreements between non-competitors is reduced intra-technology competition between licensees.
V primeru takih omejitev je poglavitni pomislek glede konkurence tveganje, da pridobitelj licence preneha biti konkurenčna sila zunaj licenčnega področja uporabe.
The significance of such anti-competitive effects depends on the market position of the licensor and the licensees and the extent to which the output limitation prevents the licensee from satisfying demand for the products incorporating the licensed technology.
Tveganje je večje v primeru navzkrižnega licenciranja med konkurenti, če so v sporazumu določene asimetrične omejitve področja uporabe.
When output restrictions are combined with exclusive territories or exclusive customer groups, the restrictive effects are increased.
Omejitev področja uporabe je asimetrična, če je eni pogodbenici dovoljena uporaba licenčne tehnologije v okviru enega industrijskega sektorja, proizvodnega trga ali tehničnega področja uporabe, drugi pogodbenici pa je dovoljena uporaba druge licenčne tehnologije v okviru drugega industrijskega sektorja, proizvodnega trga ali tehničnega področja uporabe.
The combination of the two types of restraints makes it more likely that the agreement serves to partition markets.
Pomisleki glede konkurence se lahko zlasti pojavijo, če se proizvodni obrat pridobitelja licence, ki je opremljen za uporabo licenčne tehnologije, uporablja tudi za proizvodnjo izdelkov zunaj licenčnega področja uporabe z uporabo njegove lastne tehnologije.
Output limitations imposed on the licensee in agreements between non-competitors may also have pro-competitive effects by promoting the dissemination of technology.
Če je verjetno, da bo pridobitelj licence zaradi sporazuma zmanjšal obseg proizvodnje zunaj licenčnega področja uporabe, obstaja verjetnost, da bo sporazum zajet v členu 53(1).
As a supplier of technology, the licensor should normally be free to determine the output produced with the licensed technology by the licensee.
Ni verjetno, da bi bile simetrične omejitve področja uporabe, torej sporazumi, s katerimi si pogodbenici podelita licence za medsebojno uporabo tehnologij v okviru istih področij uporabe, zajete v členu 53(1).
If the licensor were not free to determine the output of the licensee, a number of licence agreements might not come into existence in the first place, which would have a negative impact on the dissemination of new technology.
Taki sporazumi verjetno ne bodo omejevali konkurence, ki bi obstajala, če sporazum ne bi bil sklenjen.
This is particularly likely to be the case where the licensor is also a producer, since the licensee' output may find its way back into the licensor's main area of operation and thus have a direct impact on those activities.
Prav tako ni verjetno, da bi se člen 53(1) uporabljal v primeru sporazumov, ki pridobitelju licence omogočajo le razvoj in izkoriščanje lastne tehnologije v okviru področja uporabe licence, ne da bi bil izpostavljen tveganju, da bo dajalec licence vložil tožbo zaradi kršitve pravic.
On the other hand, it is less likely that output restrictions are necessary in order to ensure dissemination of the licensor's technology when they are combined with sales restrictions on the licensee prohibiting it from selling into a territory or customer group reserved for the licensor.
V takih okoliščinah omejitve področja uporabe same po sebi ne omejujejo konkurence, ki je obstajala pred sklenitvijo sporazuma.
Under a field of use restriction the licence is either limited to one or more technical fields of application or one or more product markets or industrial sectors.
Pred sklenitvijo sporazuma je pridobitelj licence prav tako tvegal tožbe zaradi kršitve pravic zunaj licenčnega področja uporabe.
An industrial sector may encompass several product markets but not part of a product market.
Če pa pridobitelj licence brez poslovne utemeljitve preneha ali zmanjša svoje dejavnosti na območju zunaj licenčnega področja uporabe, lahko to pomeni, da osnovni dogovor o razdelitvi trgov pomeni nedopustno omejitev v skladu s členom 4(1)(c) TTBER.
There are many cases in which the same technology can be used to make different products or can be incorporated into products belonging to different product markets.
Omejitve področja uporabe, naložene pridobitelju licence in dajalcu licence v okviru sporazumov med nekonkurenti, so predmet skupinske izjeme do 30-odstotnega praga tržnega deleža.
A new moulding technology may for instance be used to make plastic bottles and plastic glasses, each product belonging to a separate product market.
Omejitve področja uporabe v okviru sporazumov med nekonkurenti, pri katerih dajalec licence enega ali več proizvodnih trgov ali tehničnih področij uporabe pridrži zase, običajno bodisi ne omejujejo konkurence bodisi povečujejo učinkovitost.
However, a single product market may encompass several technical fields of use.
Take omejitve pospešujejo razširjanje nove tehnologije, s tem da dajalca licence spodbujajo k podeljevanju licenc za izkoriščanje na področjih, na katerih sam ne želi izkoriščati tehnologije.
For instance a new engine technology may be employed in four-cylinder engines and six-cylinder engines.
Če dajalec licence pridobiteljem licenc ne bi mogel preprečiti opravljanja dejavnosti na področjih, na katerih sam izkorišča tehnologijo, mu podeljevanje licenc verjetno ne bi bilo v interesu.
Similarly, a technology to make chipsets may be used to produce chipsets with up to four CPUs and more than four CPUs.
V sporazumih med nekonkurenti ima dajalec licence običajno tudi pravico, da različnim pridobiteljem licenc podeljuje edine ali izključne licence, omejene na eno ali več področij uporabe.
A licence limiting the use of the licensed technology to produce, say, four-cylinder engines and chipsets with up to four CPUs constitutes a technical field of use restriction.
Take omejitve omejujejo konkurenco med pridobitelji licenc znotraj tehnologij na enak način kot izključne licence in tudi analizirajo se na enak način (glej poglavje 4.2.2.1 zgoraj).
Given that field of use restrictions are covered by the block exemption and that certain customer restrictions are hardcore restrictions under Articles 4(1)(c) and 4(2)(b) of the TTBER, it is important to distinguish the two categories of restrictions.
Omejitev v zvezi z lastno uporabo je mogoče opredeliti kot obveznost za pridobitelja licence, da omeji proizvodnjo licenčnega izdelka na količine, potrebne za proizvodnjo lastnih izdelkov ter vzdrževanje in popravilo lastnih izdelkov.
A customer restriction presupposes that specific customer groups are identified and that the parties are restricted in selling to such identified groups.
Drugače povedano, ta vrsta omejitve uporabe se pojavlja v obliki obveznosti, naložene pridobitelju licence, da izdelke, ki vključujejo licenčno tehnologijo, uporablja zgolj kot proizvodni dejavnik za vgradnjo v lastno proizvodnjo;
The fact that a technical field of use restriction may correspond to certain groups of customers within a product market does not imply that the restraint is to be classified as a customer restriction.
ne vključuje prodaje licenčnega izdelka za vgradnjo v izdelke drugih proizvajalcev.
For instance, the fact that certain customers buy predominantly or exclusively chipsets with more than four CPUs does not imply that a licence which is limited to chipsets with up to four CPUs constitutes a customer restriction.
Omejitve v zvezi z lastno uporabo so predmet skupinske izjeme do 20-odstotnega oziroma 30-odstotnega praga tržnega deleža.
However, the field of use must be defined objectively by reference to identified and meaningful technical characteristics of the contract product.
Zunaj področja uporabe skupinske izjeme je treba pri omejitvi proučiti učinke, ki konkurenco spodbujajo, in učinke, ki konkurenco omejujejo.
Because certain output restrictions are hardcore restrictions under Article 4(1)(b) of the TTBER, it is important to note that field of use restrictions are not considered to be output restrictions because a field of use restriction does not limit the output the licensee may produce within the licensed field of use.
V zvezi s tem je treba sporazume med konkurenti razlikovati od sporazumov med nekonkurenti.
A field of use restriction limits the exploitation of the licensed technology by the licensee to one or more particular fields of use without limiting the licensor's ability to exploit the licensed technology.
V primeru licenčnih sporazumov med konkurenti omejitev, v skladu s katero mora pridobitelj licence v okviru licence proizvajati le za namene vgradnje v lastne izdelke, pridobitelju licence preprečuje dobavljanje sestavnih delov tretjim proizvajalcem.
In addition, as with territories, these fields of use can be allocated to the licensee under an exclusive or sole licence.
Če pred sklenitvijo sporazuma pridobitelj licence ni bil dejanski ali potencialni dobavitelj sestavnih delov drugim proizvajalcem, omejitev v zvezi z lastno uporabo ne spremeni ničesar v primerjavi s predhodno obstoječimi okoliščinami.
Field of use restrictions combined with an exclusive or sole licence also restrict the licensor's ability to exploit its own technology, by preventing it from exploiting it itself, including by way of licensing to others.
V takih okoliščinah se omejitev presodi na enak način kot v primeru sporazumov med nekonkurenti.
In the case of a sole licence only licensing to third parties is restricted.
Če pa je po drugi strani pridobitelj licence dejanski ali potencialni dobavitelj sestavnih delov, je treba proučiti učinek sporazuma na to dejavnost.
Field of use restrictions combined with exclusive and sole licences are treated in the same way as the exclusive and sole licenses dealt with in Section 4.2.2 above.
Če pridobitelj licence, s tem ko se opremi za uporabo tehnologije dajalca licence, preneha samostojno uporabljati lastno tehnologijo in torej ni več dobavitelj sestavnih delov, sporazum omejuje konkurenco, ki je obstajala pred sklenitvijo sporazuma.
In particular, for licensing between competitors, this means that reciprocal exclusive licensing is hardcore under Article 4(1)(c).
To lahko povzroči hude negativne učinke na trg, če ima dajalec licence znatno stopnjo tržne moči na trgu sestavnih delov.
Field of use restrictions may have pro-competitive effects by encouraging the licensor to license its technology for applications that fall outside its main area of focus.
V primeru licenčnih sporazumov med nekonkurenti lahko omejitve v zvezi z lastno uporabo povzročijo dve poglavitni tveganji za konkurenco:
If the licensor could not prevent licensees from operating in fields where it exploits the technology itself or in fields where the value of the technology is not yet well established, it would be likely to create a disincentive for the licensor to license or would lead it to charge a higher royalty.
omejitev konkurence znotraj tehnologij na trgu za dobavo proizvodnih dejavnikov in izključitev arbitraže med pridobitelji licenc, ki dajalcu licence daje večjo možnost, da pridobiteljem licenc nalaga diskriminatorne licenčnine.
The fact that in certain sectors licensing often occurs to ensure design freedom by preventing infringement claims must also be taken into account.
Omejitve v zvezi z lastno uporabo pa lahko prav tako spodbujajo licenciranje, ki je za konkurenco pozitivno.
Within the scope of the licence the licensee is able to develop its own technology without fearing infringement claims by the licensor.
Če je dajalec licence dobavitelj sestavnih delov, je lahko omejitev potrebna, da se pojavi razširjanje tehnologije med nekonkurenti.
Field of use restrictions on licensees in agreements between actual or potential competitors are block-exempted up to the market share threshold of 20 %.
Če omejitve ni, se lahko zgodi, da dajalec licence ne podeli licence ali to stori le proti plačilu višjih licenčnin, ker bi v nasprotnem primeru samemu sebi povzročil neposredno konkurenco na trgu sestavnih delov.
The main competitive concern in the case of such restrictions is the risk that the licensee ceases to be a competitive force outside the licensed field of use.
V takih primerih omejitev v zvezi z lastno uporabo običajno bodisi ne omejuje konkurence ali pa je zajeta v členu 53(3).
This risk is greater in the case of cross-licensing between competitors where the agreement provides for asymmetrical field of use restrictions.
Vendar pa pridobitelj licence ne sme biti omejen pri prodaji licenčnih izdelkov kot nadomestnih delov za lastne izdelke.
A field of use restriction is asymmetrical where one party is permitted to use the licensed technology within one industrial sector, product market or technical field of use and the other party is permitted to use the other licensed technology within another industrial sector, product market or technical field of use.
Pridobitelj licence mora imeti možnost opravljanja poprodajnih storitev za lastne izdelke, tudi prek neodvisnih storitvenih podjetij za vzdrževanje in popravilo njegovih izdelkov.
Competition concerns may in particular arise where the licensee's production facility, which is tooled up to use the licensed technology, is also used to produce products outside the licensed field of use with its own technology.
Če dajalec licence ni dobavitelj sestavnih delov na upoštevnem proizvodnem trgu, zgoraj navedeni razlog za naložitev omejitev v zvezi z lastno uporabo ne velja.
If the agreement is likely to lead the licensee to reduce output outside the licensed field of use, the agreement is likely to be caught by Article 53(1).
V takih primerih lahko omejitev v zvezi z lastno uporabo načeloma spodbudi razširjanje tehnologije, tako da zagotovi, da pridobitelji licenc ne prodajajo proizvajalcem, ki konkurirajo dajalcu licence na drugih proizvodnih trgih.
Symmetrical field of use restrictions, that is to say, agreements whereby the parties are licensed to use each other's technologies within the same field(s) of use, are unlikely to be caught by Article 53(1).
Vendar pa omejitev, naložena pridobitelju licence, da ne prodaja nekaterim skupinam kupcev, ki so rezervirane za dajalca licence, običajno pomeni manj omejevalno alternativo.
Such agreements are unlikely to restrict competition that existed in the absence of the agreement.
Zato v takih primerih omejitev v zvezi z lastno uporabo praviloma ni potrebna za namene razširjanja tehnologije.
Article 53(1) is also unlikely to apply in the case of agreements that merely enable the licensee to develop and exploit its own technology within the scope of the licence without fearing infringement claims by the licensor.
Na področju podeljevanja tehnoloških licenc nastopi vezanje licenc, če dajalec licence pogoji podelitev licence za določeno tehnologijo (zavezujoči izdelek) s tem, da pridobitelj licence pridobi licenco za drugo tehnologijo ali od dajalca licence oziroma osebe, ki jo je slednji pooblastil, kupi izdelek (vezani izdelek).
In such circumstances field of use restrictions do not in themselves restrict competition that existed in the absence of the agreement.
Za licenčni paket šteje, če se dve tehnologiji ali ena tehnologija in en izdelek prodajata le v paketu.
In the absence of the agreement the licensee also risked infringement claims outside the scope of the licensed field of use.
V obeh primerih pa je pogoj, da so zadevni izdelki in tehnologije ločeni v smislu, da po vsakem izdelku oziroma vsaki tehnologiji, ki je del vezave ali paketa, obstaja ločeno povpraševanje.
However, if the licensee terminates or scales back its activities in the area outside the licensed field of use without business justification, this may be an indication of an underlying market sharing arrangement amounting to a hardcore restriction under Article 4(1)(c) of the TTBER.
To običajno ne velja, če so tehnologije ali izdelki nujno povezani na način, da se licenčna tehnologija ne more izkoriščati brez vezanega izdelka ali se en del paketa ne more izkoriščati brez drugega dela.
Field of use restrictions on licensee and licensor in agreements between non-competitors are block-exempted up to the market share threshold of 30 %.
V nadaljnjem besedilu se izraz „vezanje licenc“ nanaša na vezanje licenc in licenčne pakete.
Field of use restrictions in agreements between non-competitors whereby the licensor reserves one or more product markets or technical fields of use for itself are generally either non-restrictive of competition or efficiency enhancing.
Člen 3 TTBER, ki s pragovi tržnih deležev omejuje uporabo skupinske izjeme, zagotavlja, da vezanje licenc in licenčni paketi niso predmet skupinske izjeme, če je presežen 20-odstotni prag tržnega deleža v primeru sporazumov med konkurenti in 30-odstotni prag tržnega deleža v primeru sporazumov med nekonkurenti.
They promote dissemination of new technology by giving the licensor an incentive to license for exploitation in fields in which it does not want to exploit the technology itself.
Pragovi tržnih deležev se uporabljajo za vse upoštevne tehnološke ali proizvodne trge, ki so predmet licenčnega sporazuma, vključno s trgom za vezani izdelek.
If the licensor could not prevent licensees from operating in fields where the licensor exploits the technology itself, it would be likely to create a disincentive for the licensor to licence.
Pri preseženih pragovih tržnih deležev je treba uravnovesiti učinke vezanja licenc, ki konkurenco omejujejo, in učinke, ki konkurenco spodbujajo.
In agreements between non-competitors the licensor is normally also entitled to grant sole or exclusive licences to different licensees limited to one or more fields of use.
Poglavitni omejevalni učinek vezanja licenc je omejevanje dostopa konkurenčnim dobaviteljem vezanega izdelka na trg.
Such restrictions limit intra-technology competition between licensees in the same way as exclusive licensing and are analysed in the same way (see Section 4.2.2.1 above).
Prav tako lahko vezanje licenc dajalcu licence omogoči, da na trgu zavezujočega izdelka ohrani tržno moč, s tem da poveča vstopne ovire, saj lahko slednje nove konkurente prisilijo, da istočasno vstopijo na več trgov.
A captive use restriction can be defined as an obligation on the licensee to limit its production of the licensed product to the quantities required for the production of its own products and for the maintenance and repair of its own products.
Poleg tega lahko vezanje licenc dajalcu licence omogoči, da poviša licenčnine, zlasti če sta zavezujoči izdelek in vezani izdelek delno nadomestna in se ne uporabljata v določenem razmerju.
In other words, this type of use restriction takes the form of an obligation on the licensee to use the products incorporating the licensed technology only as an input for incorporation into its own production;
Vezanje licenc pridobitelju licence preprečuje, da preide na nadomestne proizvodne dejavnike v primeru povišanih licenčnin za zavezujoči izdelek.
it does not cover the sale of the licensed product for incorporation into the products of other producers.
Ti pomisleki glede konkurence niso odvisni od tega, ali sta pogodbenici sporazuma konkurenta ali ne.
Captive use restrictions are block-exempted up to the respective market share thresholds of 20 % and 30 %.
Da ima lahko vezanje licenc protikonkurenčne učinke, mora imeti dajalec licence znatno stopnjo tržne moči na trgu zavezujočega izdelka, tako da lahko omeji konkurenco na trgu vezanega izdelka.
Outside the scope of the block exemption it is necessary to examine the pro-competitive and anti-competitive effects of the restraint.
Če nima tržne moči glede zavezujočega izdelka, dajalec licence ne more uporabljati lastne tehnologije za protikonkurenčni namen omejevanja dostopa na trg dobaviteljem vezanega izdelka.
In this respect it is necessary to distinguish agreements between competitors from agreements between non-competitors.
Poleg tega mora vezava – tako kot v primeru prepovedi konkurence – zajemati določen delež trga vezanega izdelka, zato da se pojavijo znatni učinki omejevanja dostopa na trg.
In the case of licence agreements between competitors a restriction that imposes on the licensee to produce under the licence only for incorporation into its own products prevents it from supplying components to third-party producers.
V primerih, ko ima dajalec licence tržno moč na trgu vezanega izdelka in ne na trgu zavezujočega izdelka, se omejitev šteje kot prepoved konkurence ali kot nakupna kvota, kar kaže na dejstvo, da imajo vse težave v zvezi s konkurenco svoj izvor na trgu „vezanega“ izdelka, ne pa na trgu „zavezujočega“ izdelka [88].
If prior to the conclusion of the agreement, the licensee was not an actual or likely potential supplier of components to other producers, the captive use restriction does not change anything compared to the pre-existing situation.
Vezanje licenc lahko povzroči tudi povečane učinkovitosti.
In those circumstances the restriction is assessed in the same way as in the case of agreements between non-competitors.
To se na primer zgodi, če je vezani izdelek nujno potreben za tehnično zadovoljivo izkoriščanje licenčne tehnologije ali za zagotovitev, da proizvodnja v okviru licence ustreza standardom kakovosti, ki jih upoštevajo dajalec licence in drugi pridobitelji licence.
If, on the other hand, the licensee is an actual or likely supplier of components, it is necessary to examine what is the impact of the agreement on that activity.
V takih primerih vezanje licenc običajno bodisi ne omejuje konkurence bodisi je zajeto v členu 53(3).
If by tooling up to use the licensor's technology the licensee ceases to use its own technology on a stand alone basis and thus to be a component supplier, the agreement restricts competition that existed prior to the agreement.
Če pridobitelji licenc uporabljajo znamko ali tržno ime dajalca licence oziroma če je potrošnikom kako drugače očitno, da obstaja povezava med izdelkom, ki vključuje licenčno tehnologijo, in dajalcem licence, je v zakonitem interesu dajalca licence zagotoviti, da je kakovost izdelkov taka, da ne škoduje vrednosti njegove tehnologije ali njegovemu slovesu, ki ga ima kot gospodarski subjekt.
It may result in serious negative market effects when the licensor has a significant degree of market power on the component market.
Če potrošniki poleg tega vedo, da pridobitelji licenc (in dajalec licence) proizvajajo na podlagi iste tehnologije, je malo verjetno, da bi bili pridobitelji licenc pripravljeni prevzeti licenco, če vsi tehnologije ne izkoriščajo na tehnično zadovoljiv način.
In the case of licence agreements between non-competitors there are two main competitive risks stemming from captive use restrictions:
Vezanje licence lahko prav tako spodbuja konkurenco, če vezani izdelek pridobitelju licence omogoča, da na znatno učinkovitejši način izkorišča licenčno tehnologijo.