natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Typical pollutant(s) abated
Elektrostatični filtri delujejo tako, da se delci naelektrijo in ločijo pod vplivom električnega polja.
Mercury, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen sulphide, odorous compounds
Delujejo lahko v zelo različnih pogojih.
Adsorption is a heterogeneous reaction in which gas molecules are retained on a solid or liquid surface that prefers specific compounds to others and thus removes them from effluent streams.
V suhem elektrostatičnem filtru se zajeti material odstrani mehansko (npr. s stresanjem, vibriranjem, stisnjenim zrakom), medtem ko se v mokrem elektrostatičnem filtru izplakne s primerno tekočino, običajno vodo.
When the surface has adsorbed as much as it can, the adsorbent is replaced or the adsorbed content is desorbed as part of the regeneration of the adsorbent.
Tekstilni filtri, pogosto imenovani tudi vrečasti filtri, so izdelani iz porozne tkanine ali klobučevine, skozi katero prehajajo plini, da se odstranijo delci.
When desorbed, the contaminants are usually at a higher concentration and can either be recovered or disposed of.
Za uporabo tekstilnega filtra je treba izbrati material, ki je ustrezen za značilnosti zadevnih odpadnih plinov in najvišjo obratovalno temperaturo.
The most common adsorbent is granular activated carbon.
Filter HEPA
Ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, volatile organic compounds, odorous compounds
Filtri HEPA (visokoučinkoviti zračni filtri za delce) so absolutni filtri.
The waste gas stream is passed through a bed of organic material (such as peat, heather, compost, root, tree bark, softwood and different combinations) or some inert material (such as clay, activated carbon, and polyurethane), where it is biologically oxidised by naturally occurring microorganisms into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts and biomass.
Filtrirni medij je iz papirja ali matiranih steklenih vlaken z visoko gostoto pakiranja.
A biofilter is designed considering the type(s) of waste input.
Tok odpadnih plinov prehaja skozi filtrirni medij, v katerem se zbirajo delci.
An appropriate bed material, e.g. in terms of water retention capacity, bulk density, porosity, structural integrity, is selected.
Oksidacija gorljivih plinov in vonjav v toku odpadnih plinov, ki se izvede tako, da se mešanica onesnaževal z zrakom ali kisikom v zgorevalni komori segreva do temperature, ki je nad njeno točko samovžiga, in vzdržuje na visoki temperaturi dovolj dolgo, da dokončno zgori v ogljikov dioksid in vodo.
Also important are an appropriate height and surface area of the filter bed.
Prah, hlapne organske spojine, plinaste kisle spojine (pralnik z bazo), plinaste bazične spojine (pralnik s kislino)
The biofilter is connected to a suitable ventilation and air circulation system in order to ensure a uniform air distribution through the bed and a sufficient residence time of the waste gas inside the bed.
Odstranjevanje plinastih ali trdnih onesnaževal iz plinskega toka z masnim prenosom v tekoče topilo, pogosto vodo ali vodno raztopino.
Condensation and cryogenic condensation
Vključuje lahko kemijsko reakcijo (npr. v pralniku s kislino ali bazo).
Volatile organic compounds
V nekaterih primerih se lahko iz topila ponovno pridobijo spojine.
Condensation is a technique that eliminates solvent vapours from a waste gas stream by reducing its temperature below its dew point.
Razpršene emisije organskih spojin v zrak
For cryogenic condensation, the operating temperature can be down to – 120 °C, but in practice it is often between – 40 °C and – 80 °C in the condensation device.
Strukturiran pristop k zmanjšanju ubežnih emisij organskih spojin z odkrivanjem in poznejšim popravilom ali zamenjavo komponent, ki puščajo.
Cryogenic condensation can cope with all VOCs and volatile inorganic pollutants, irrespective of their individual vapour pressures.
Trenutno sta za odkrivanje puščanj na voljo metodi vohanja (opisana v standardu EN 15446) in optičnega odkrivanja plina.
The low temperatures applied allow for very high condensation efficiencies which make it well-suited as a final VOC emission control technique.
Metoda vohanja: prvi korak je odkrivanje z uporabo ročnih analizatorjev organskih spojin, s katerimi se meri koncentracija tik ob opremi (npr. z uporabo plamenske ionizacije ali fotoionizacije).
Cyclone filters are used to remove heavier particulates, which ‘fall out’ as the waste gases are forced into a rotating motion before they leave the separator.
Drugi korak je zapiranje komponente v neprepustno vrečo, da se izvede neposredna meritev pri viru emisije.
Cyclones are used to control particulate material, primarily PM10.
Ta drugi korak se včasih nadomesti z matematičnimi korelacijskimi krivuljami, izpeljanimi iz statističnih rezultatov, pridobljenih iz velikega števila predhodnih meritev, opravljenih na podobnih komponentah.
Electrostatic precipitators operate such that particles are charged and separated under the influence of an electrical field.
Metode optičnega odkrivanja plina: pri optičnem odkrivanju se uporabljajo lahke ročne kamere, ki omogočajo vizualizacijo uhajanja plina v realnem času, tako da so na videoposnetku videti kot „dim“ skupaj z normalno sliko zadevne komponente, s čimer zlahka in hitro odkrijemo večja uhajanja organskih spojin.
Electrostatic precipitators are capable of operating under a wide range of conditions.
Aktivni sistemi naredijo sliko z razpršeno infrardečo lasersko svetlobo, ki se odbija na komponenti in njeni okolici.
In a dry ESP, the collected material is mechanically removed (e.g. by shaking, vibration, compressed air), while in a wet ESP it is flushed with a suitable liquid, usually water.
Pasivni sistemi temeljijo na naravnem infrardečem sevanju opreme in njene okolice.
Fabric filters, often referred to as bag filters, are constructed from porous woven or felted fabric through which gases are passed to remove particles.
Merjenje razpršenih emisij HOS
The use of a fabric filter requires the selection of a fabric suitable for the characteristics of the waste gas and the maximum operating temperature.
Metodi vohanja in optičnega odkrivanja plina sta opisani pri programu za odkrivanje puščanja in popravilo.
HEPA filter
Popoln pregled in kvantifikacija emisij iz obrata se lahko opravita z ustrezno kombinacijo dopolnilnih metod, kot sta zasenčenje sončnega toka (Solar occultation flux – SOF) ali diferencialni absorpcijski LIDAR (DIAL).
HEPA filters (high-efficiency particle air filters) are absolute filters.
Ti rezultati se lahko uporabljajo za oceno trenda skozi čas, navzkrižno preverjanje in posodabljanje/validacijo tekočega programa LDAR.
The filter medium consists of paper or matted glass fibre with a high packing density.
Zasenčenje sončnega toka (SOF): ta tehnika temelji na zapisovanju in spektrometrsko analizo s Fourierjevo transformacijo širokopasovnega infrardečega ali ultravijoličnega/vidnega sončnega spektra na dani geografski poti s prečkanjem smeri vetra in prehajanjem skozi oblake HOS.
The waste gas stream is passed through the filter medium, where particulate matter is collected.
Običajna ciljna onesnaževala
The oxidation of combustible gases and odorants in a waste gas stream by heating the mixture of contaminants with air or oxygen to above its auto-ignition point in a combustion chamber and maintaining it at a high temperature long enough to complete its combustion to carbon dioxide and water.
Biološka oksidacija raztopljenih organskih onesnaževal s kisikom z uporabo metabolizma mikroorganizmov.
Dust, volatile organic compounds, gaseous acidic compounds (alkaline scrubber), gaseous alkaline compounds (acid scrubber)
V prisotnosti raztopljenega kisika (ki se vbrizga kot zrak ali čisti kisik) se organske sestavine pretvorijo v ogljikov dioksid, vodo ali druge metabolite in biomaso (tj. aktivno blato).
The removal of gaseous or particulate pollutants from a gas stream via mass transfer to a liquid solvent, often water or an aqueous solution.
Mikroorganizmi se ohranijo v suspenziji v odpadnih vodah, celotna zmes pa se mehansko prezračuje.
It may involve a chemical reaction (e.g. in an acid or alkaline scrubber).
Zmes aktivnega blata se pošlje v napravo za ločevanje, od koder se blato reciklira v prezračevalni bazen.
In some cases, the compounds may be recovered from the solvent.
Adsorbljiva raztopljena onesnaževala, ki so biološko nerazgradljiva ali inhibicijska, npr. ogljikovodiki, živo srebro, AOX
Diffuse emissions of organic compounds to air
Metoda separacije, pri kateri se spojine (tj. onesnaževala) v tekočini (tj. odpadni vodi) zadržijo na trdni površini (običajno aktivno oglje).
A structured approach to reduce fugitive emissions of organic compounds by detection and subsequent repair or replacement of leaking components.
Organske spojine oksidirajo v manj škodljive in biološko lažje razgradljive spojine.
Currently, sniffing (described by EN 15446) and optical gas imaging methods are available for the identification of leaks.
Tehnike vključujejo mokro oksidacijo ali oksidacijo z ozonom ali vodikovim peroksidom, kar se lahko pospeši s katalizatorji ali UV-žarčenjem.
Sniffing method: The first step is the detection using hand-held organic compound analysers measuring the concentration adjacent to the equipment (e.g. using flame ionisation or photo-ionisation).
Kemična oksidacija se uporablja tudi za razgradnjo organskih spojin, ki povzročajo neprijeten vonj, okus in barvo, ter za razkuževanje.
The second step consists of enclosing the component in an impermeable bag to carry out a direct measurement at the source of the emission.
Kemična redukcija je pretvorba onesnaževal s kemičnimi reducenti v podobne, vendar manj škodljive ali nevarne spojine.
This second step is sometimes replaced by mathematical correlation curves derived from statistical results obtained from a large number of previous measurements made on similar components.
Koagulacija in flokulacija se uporabljata za ločevanje suspendiranih trdnih snovi iz odpadnih voda in se pogosto izvedeta ena za drugo.
Optical gas imaging methods: Optical imaging uses small lightweight hand-held cameras which enable the visualisation of gas leaks in real time, so that they appear as ‘smoke’ on a video recorder together with the normal image of the component concerned, to easily and rapidly locate significant organic compound leaks.
Koagulacija se izvede z dodatkom koagulantov z nabojem, ki je nasproten naboju suspendiranih trdnih snovi.
Active systems produce an image with a back-scattered infrared laser light reflected on the component and its surroundings.
Flokulacija se izvede z dodatkom polimerov, tako da trki mikrodelcev povzročijo povezovanje polimerov in torej nastajanje večjih kosmov.
Passive systems are based on the natural infrared radiation of the equipment and its surroundings.
Kosmi, ki nastanejo, se nato ločijo z usedanjem, flotacijo z zrakom ali filtracijo.
Measurement of diffuse VOC emissions
Destilacija je tehnika za ločevanje spojin z različnimi vrelišči z delnim uparjanjem in ponovno kondenzacijo.
Sniffing and optical gas imaging methods are described under leak detection and repair programme.
Destilacija odpadne vode je odstranjevanje onesnaževal z nizkim vreliščem iz odpadne vode z njihovim prenosom v parno fazo.
Full screening and quantification of emissions from the installation can be undertaken with an appropriate combination of complementary methods, e.g. Solar occultation flux (SOF) or Differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL) campaigns.
Destilacija se izvaja v kolonah, opremljenih s prekati ali polnilom, in nato v kondenzatorju.
Differential absorption LIDAR (DIAL): This is a laser-based technique using differential absorption LIDAR (light detection and ranging), which is the optical analogue of radio wave-based RADAR.
Uporaba destilacije (glej zgoraj) za koncentriranje vodnih raztopin snovi z visokim vreliščem za nadaljnjo uporabo, predelavo ali odstranitev (npr. sežiganje odpadne vode) s prenosom vode v parno fazo.
The technique relies on the backscattering of laser beam pulses by atmospheric aerosols, and the analysis of the spectral properties of the returned light collected with a telescope.
Običajno se izvaja v večstopenjskih enotah z naraščajočim vakuumom, da se zmanjša potreba po energiji.
Typical pollutant(s) targeted
Vodni hlapi se kondenzirajo, da se ponovno uporabijo ali izpustijo kot odpadna voda.
The biological oxidation of dissolved organic pollutants with oxygen using the metabolism of microorganisms.
Filtracija
In the presence of dissolved oxygen (injected as air or pure oxygen), the organic components are transformed into carbon dioxide, water or other metabolites and biomass (i.e. the activated sludge).
Ločevanje trdnih snovi iz odpadnih voda, tako da se usmerijo skozi porozni medij, npr. peščena filtracija, mikrofiltracija, ultrafiltracija.
The microorganisms are maintained in suspension in the waste water and the whole mixture is mechanically aerated.
Ločevanje trdnih ali tekočih delcev iz odpadnih voda, tako da se vežejo na drobne mehurčke plina, običajno zraka.
The activated sludge mixture is sent to a separation facility from where the sludge is recycled to the aeration tank.
Plavajoči delci se naberejo na vodni površini, od koder se odstranijo s posnemali.
Adsorbable dissolved non-biodegradable or inhibitory pollutants, e.g. hydrocarbons, mercury, AOX
Zadržanje nezaželenih ali nevarnih ionskih sestavin odpadnih voda in njihovo nadomeščanje z bolj sprejemljivimi ioni z uporabo smole za ionsko izmenjavo.
Separation method in which compounds (i.e. pollutants) in a fluid (i.e. waste water) are retained on a solid surface (typically activated carbon).
Onesnaževala se začasno zadržijo in nato sprostijo v tekočino za regeneracijo ali ponovno spiranje.
Organic compounds are oxidised to less harmful and more easily biodegradable compounds.
Kombinacija čiščenja z aktivnim blatom in membranske filtracije.
Techniques include wet oxidation or oxidation with ozone or hydrogen peroxide, optionally supported by catalysts or UV radiation.
Uporabljata se dve različici: (a) zunanja zanka za recirkulacijo med bazenom z aktivnim blatom in membranskim modulom ter (b) potopitev membranskega modula v prezračevan bazen z aktivnim blatom, kjer se iztok filtrira čez membrano iz votlih vlaken, biomasa pa ostane v bazenu.
Chemical oxidation is also used to degrade organic compounds causing odour, taste and colour and for disinfection purposes.
Membranska filtracija
Chemical reduction is the conversion of pollutants by chemical reducing agents into similar but less harmful or hazardous compounds.
Mikrofiltracija (MF) in ultrafiltracija (UF) sta postopka membranske filtracije, pri katerih se na eni strani membrane zadržijo in naberejo onesnaževala, kot so suspendirani delci in koloidni delci, vsebovani v odpadnih vodah.
Coagulation and flocculation are used to separate suspended solids from waste water and are often carried out in successive steps.
Uravnavanje vrednosti pH odpadnih voda na nevtralno raven (približno 7) z dodajanjem kemikalij.
Coagulation is carried out by adding coagulants with charges opposite to those of the suspended solids.
Za povečanje vrednosti pH se lahko uporabi natrijev hidroksid (NaOH) ali kalcijev hidroksid (Ca(OH)2), za zmanjšanje vrednosti pH pa se lahko uporabi žveplova kislina (H2SO4), klorovodikova kislina (HCl) ali ogljikov dioksid (CO2).
Flocculation is carried out by adding polymers, so that collisions of microfloc particles cause them to bond to produce larger flocs.
Med nevtralizacijo se lahko obarijo nekatera onesnaževala.
The flocs formed are subsequently separated by sedimentation, air flotation or filtration.
Nitrifikacija/denitrifikacija
Distillation is a technique to separate compounds with different boiling points by partial evaporation and recondensation.
Dvostopenjski postopek, ki se običajno izvaja v napravah za biološko čiščenje odpadnih voda.
Waste water distillation is the removal of low-boiling contaminants from waste water by transferring them into the vapour phase.
Prvi korak je aerobna nitrifikacija, pri kateri amonij (NH4+) ob delovanju mikroorganizmov oksidira v vmesni nitrit (NO2–), ki nadalje oksidira v nitrat (NO3–).
Distillation is carried out in columns, equipped with plates or packing material, and a downstream condenser.
Drugi korak je anoksična denitrifikacija, pri kateri nitrat ob delovanju mikroorganizmov kemično reducira v plinski dušik.
Balancing of flows and pollutant loads by using tanks or other management techniques.
Ločevanje olja in vode
Soluble pollutants
Olje/maščoba
The use of distillation (see above) to concentrate aqueous solutions of high-boiling substances for further use, processing or disposal (e.g. waste water incineration) by transferring water to the vapour phase.
Ločevanje olja in vode ter poznejše odstranjevanje olja z gravitacijskim ločevanjem prostega olja, pri čemer se uporabi oprema za ločevanje ali razbijanje emulzije (z uporabo kemikalij za razbijanje emulzije, kot so kovinske soli, mineralne kisline, adsorbenti ali organski polimeri).
It is typically carried out in multistage units with increasing vacuum, to reduce the energy demand.
Ločevanje suspendiranih delcev z gravitacijskim usedanjem.
The water vapours are condensed, to be reused or discharged as waste water.
Pretvorba raztopljenih onesnaževal v netopne spojine z dodajanjem sredstev za obarjanje.
Filtration
Trdne oborine, ki nastanejo, se nato ločijo z usedanjem, flotacijo z zrakom ali filtracijo.
The separation of solids from waste water by passing them through a porous medium, e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration and ultrafiltration.
Odstranjevanje onesnaževal, ki se lahko prepihujejo, iz vodne faze s plinsko fazo (npr. s paro, dušikom ali zrakom), ki se spusti skozi tekočino.
The separation of solid or liquid particles from waste water by attaching them to fine gas bubbles, usually air.
Nato se zajamejo (npr. s kondenzacijo) za nadaljnjo uporabo ali odstranitev.
The buoyant particles accumulate at the water surface and are collected with skimmers.
Učinkovitost odstranjevanja se lahko poveča s povišanjem temperature ali znižanjem tlaka.
The retention of undesired or hazardous ionic constituents of waste water and their replacement by more acceptable ions using an ion exchange resin.
Sortirne tehnike
The pollutants are temporarily retained and afterwards released into a regeneration or backwashing liquid.
Zračno klasiranje
A combination of activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration.
Zračno klasiranje (ali ločevanje z zrakom ali zračno ločevanje) je postopek približnega razvrščanja suhih mešanic različno velikih delcev po velikosti v skupine ali razrede na presečnih točkah, katerih širina mrežnega očesa znaša 10 mesh ali manj.
Two variants are used: a) an external recirculation loop between the activated sludge tank and the membrane module; and b) immersion of the membrane module in the aerated activated sludge tank, where the effluent is filtered through a hollow fibre membrane, the biomass remaining in the tank.
Zračni klasifikatorji (imenovani tudi zračna sita) dopolnjujejo sita, kadar je treba uporabiti presečne točke, manjše od velikosti komercialnih sit, ter nadomeščajo sita in rešetke za bolj grobe preseke, kadar je to potrebno zaradi specifičnih prednosti, ki jih prinaša zračno klasiranje.
Membrane filtration
Ločevalnik vseh kovin
Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) are membrane filtration processes that retain and concentrate, on one side of the membrane, pollutants such as suspended particles and colloidal particles contained in waste waters.
Kovine (železne in neželezne) se sortirajo z zaznavno tuljavo, v kateri na magnetno polje vplivajo kovinski delci in ki je povezana s procesorjem za uravnavanje zračnega curka za izmet zaznanih materialov.
The adjustment of the pH of waste water to a neutral level (approximately 7) by the addition of chemicals.
Elektromagnetno ločevanje neželeznih kovin
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) may be used to increase the pH, whereas sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) or carbon dioxide (CO2) may be used to decrease the pH.
Pri tem postopku se v nemagnetnih kovinah inducirajo začasne magnetne sile z enako polarnostjo kot rotor, kar povzroči, da se kovine odbijejo stran in nato ločijo od drugih materialov.
The precipitation of some pollutants may occur during neutralisation.
Ročno ločevanje
Nitrification/denitrification
Material se ročno ločuje z vizualnim pregledovanjem, ki ga osebje izvaja na sortirni liniji ali na tleh, tako da se bodisi selektivno odstrani ciljni material iz toka splošnih odpadkov bodisi se odstrani kontaminacija iz toka izhodnega materiala, da se poveča čistost.
A two-step process that is typically incorporated into biological waste water treatment plants.
Ta tehnika je na splošno primerna za odpadke, ki jih je mogoče reciklirati (steklo, plastika itd.), ter morebitne kontaminante, nevarne materiale in prevelike materiale, kot je OEEO.
The first step is aerobic nitrification where microorganisms oxidise ammonium (NH4+) to the intermediate nitrite (NO2-), which is then further oxidised to nitrate (NO3-).
Magnetno ločevanje
In the subsequent anoxic denitrification step, microorganisms chemically reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas.
Železne kovine se razvrščajo z magnetom, ki privlači materiale iz železnih kovin.
Oil-water separation
Materiali se razvrščajo z bližnjeinfrardečim senzorjem, ki skenira celotno širino transportnega traku in pošilja značilne spektre različnih materialov v obdelovalnik podatkov, ki regulira zračni curek za izmet zaznanih materialov.
Oil/grease
Na splošno NIRS ni primerna za razvrščanje črnih materialov.
The separation of oil and water and subsequent oil removal by gravity separation of free oil, using separation equipment or emulsion breaking (using emulsion breaking chemicals such as metal salts, mineral acids, adsorbents and organic polymers).
Rezervoarji za težkotekočinsko ločevanje
The separation of suspended particles by gravitational settling.
Trdni materiali se ločijo na dva toka na podlagi različne gostote materialov.
The conversion of dissolved pollutants into insoluble compounds by adding precipitants.
Ločevanje po velikosti
The solid precipitates formed are subsequently separated by sedimentation, air flotation or filtration.
Materiali se ločijo glede na velikost delcev.
The removal of purgeable pollutants from the aqueous phase by a gaseous phase (e.g. steam, nitrogen or air) that is passed through the liquid.
To se lahko izvaja z bobnastimi siti, linearnimi in krožnimi oscilacijskimi siti, nagibnimi siti, ploskimi siti, mešalnimi siti in pomičnimi rešetkami.
They are subsequently recovered (e.g. by condensation) for further use or disposal.
Vibracijska miza
The removal efficiency may be enhanced by increasing the temperature or reducing the pressure.
Materiali se ločijo glede na gostoto in velikost, tako da se gibljejo (v gošči v primeru mokrih miz ali mokrih ločevalnikov gostote) prek nagnjene mize, ki se nagiba nazaj in naprej.
Sorting techniques
Rentgenski sistemi
Air classification
Mešanice materialov se z rentgenskimi žarki razvrščajo glede na različno gostoto materialov, halogene sestavine ali organske sestavine.
Air classification (or air separation, or aeraulic separation) is a process of approximate sizing of dry mixtures of different particle sizes into groups or grades at cut points ranging from 10 mesh to sub-mesh sizes.
Značilnosti različnih materialov se pošljejo v obdelovalnik podatkov, ki regulira zračni curek za izmet zaznanih materialov.
Air classifiers (also called windsifters) complement screens in applications requiring cut points below commercial screen sizes, and supplement sieves and screens for coarser cuts where the special advantages of air classification warrant it.
Tehnike upravljanja
Electromagnetic separation of non-ferrous metals
Temelji na popisu onesnaževal, ki so prisotna ali so verjetno prisotna in bi lahko imela okoljske posledice, če bi ušla.
Non-ferrous metals are sorted by means of eddy current separators.
Načrt ravnanja z ostanki