natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
if the beginning of the head contact can be determined satisfactorily, t1 and t2 are the two time instants, expressed in seconds, defining an interval between the beginning of the head contact and the end of the recording for which the value of HPC is maximum;
če se lahko zadovoljivo določi začetek dotika glave, sta t1 in t2 dva časa, izražena v sekundah, ki opredeljujeta časovni razmik med začetkom dotika glave in koncem merjenja, v katerem ima HPC največjo vrednost;
if the beginning of the head contact cannot be determined, t1 and t2 are the two time instants, expressed in seconds, defining a time interval between the beginning and the end of the recording for which the value of HPC is maximum.
če začetka dotika glave ni mogoče določiti, sta t1 in t2 dva časa, izražena v sekundah, ki opredeljujeta časovni presledek med začetkom dotika glave in koncem zajemanja meritev, v katerem ima HPC največjo vrednost;
Values of HPC for which the time interval (t1 – t2) is greater than 36 ms are ignored for the purposes of calculating the maximum value.
Vrednosti HPC, pri katerih časovni razmak (t1 – t2) presega 36 ms, se pri izračunu največje vrednosti zanemarijo.
The value of the resultant head acceleration during forward impact which is exceeded for 3 ms cumulatively is calculated from the resultant head acceleration measured according to paragraph 5.2.1 of annex 3.
Vrednost rezultante pospeška glave med čelnim trkom, ki je kumulativno presežena za 3 ms, se izračuna iz rezultante pospeška glave, ki je bil izmerjen skladno z odstavkom 5.2.1 Priloge 3.
NECK INJURY CRITERIA (NIC)
MERILO ZA POŠKODBO VRATU (NIC)
These criteria are determined by the compressive axial force, the axial tensile force and the fore/aft shear forces at the head/neck interface, expressed in kN and measured according to paragraph 5.2.2 of annex 3 and by the duration of these forces expressed in ms.
Ta merila se določijo s pomočjo tlačne osne sile, natezne osne sile in strižnih sil na prehodu med glavo in vratom pred trčenjem in po njem, izraženih v kN in izmerjenih skladno z odstavkom 5.2.2 Priloge 3, ter s trajanjem teh sil, izraženim v ms.
The neck bending moment criterion is determined by the bending moment, expressed in Nm, about a lateral axis at the head/neck interface and measured according to paragraph 5.2.2 of annex 3.
Merilo za upogibni moment vratu se določi s pomočjo upogibnega momenta, izraženega v Nm, okoli prečne osi na prehodu med glavo in vratom, izmerjenega skladno z odstavkom 5.2.2 Priloge 3.
The neck flexion bending moment, expressed in Nm, shall be recorded.
Zabeleži se upogibni moment vratu, izražen v Nm.
THORAX COMPRESSION CRITERION (ThCC) AND VISCOUS CRITERION (V * C)
MERILO ZA STISNJEN PRSNI KOŠ (ThCC) IN MERILO ZA HITROST DEFORMACIJE (V * C)
The thorax compression criterion is determined by the absolute value of the thorax deformation, expressed in mm and measured according to paragraph 5.2.3 of annex 3.
Merilo za stisnjen prsni koš se določi s pomočjo absolutne vrednosti deformacije prsnega koša, izražene v mm in izmerjene skladno z odstavkom 5.2.3 Priloge 3.
The viscous criterion (V * C) is calculated as the instantaneous product of the compression and the rate of deflection of the sternum, measured according to paragraph 6 and also paragraph 5.2.3 of annex 3.
Merilo hitrosti deformacije (V * C) se izračuna kot trenutni zmnožek stisnjenja in hitrosti deformacije prsnice, izmerjenih skladno z odstavkoma 6 in 5.2.3 Priloge 3.
FEMUR FORCE CRITERION (FFC)
MERILO ZA OBREMENITEV STEGNENICE (FFC)
This criterion is determined by the compression load expressed in kN, transmitted axially on each femur of the dummy and measured according to paragraph 5.2.4 of annex 3 and by the duration of the compressive load expressed in ms.
To merilo se določi s pomočjo tlačne obremenitve, izražene v kN, ki se osno prenaša na vsako stegnenico preskusne lutke in se meri skladno z odstavkom 5.2.4 Priloge 3, in s pomočjo trajanja tlačne obremenitve, izražene v ms.
TIBIA COMPRESSIVE FORCE CRITERION (TCFC) AND TIBIA INDEX (TI)
MERILO ZA TLAČNO SILO NA GOLENICO (TCFC) IN INDEKS GOLENICE (TI)
The tibia compressive force criterion is determined by the compressive load (FZ) expressed in kN, transmitted axially on each tibia of the dummy and measured according to paragraph 5.2.4 of annex 3.
Merilo za tlačno silo na golenico se določi s pomočjo tlačne obremenitve (Fz), izražene v kN, ki se osno prenaša na vsako golenico preskusne lutke in se meri skladno z odstavkom 5.2.4 Priloge 3.
The tibia index is calculated on the basis of the bending moments (Mx and My) measured according to paragraph 5.1 by the following expression:
Indeks golenice se izračuna na podlagi upogibnih momentov (Mx in My), izmerjenih skladno z odstavkom 5.1 po naslednji enačbi:
bending moment about the x axis
upogibni moment okoli osi x
bending moment about the y axis
upogibni moment okoli osi y
critical bending moment and shall be taken to be 225 Nm
kritični upogibni moment; upošteva se vrednost 225 Nm
compressive axial force in the z direction
tlačna osna sila v smeri osi z
critical compressive force in the z direction and shall be taken to be 35,9 kN and
kritična tlačna sila v smeri osi z; upošteva se vrednost 35,9 kN, in
The tibia index is calculated for the top and the bottom of each tibia; however, Fz may be measured at either location.
Indeks golenice se izračuna za zgornji in spodnji konec vsake golenice; Fz pa se lahko meri na enem od obeh mest.
The value obtained is used for the top and bottom TI calculations.
Dobljena vrednost se uporabi za izračun TI na zgornjem oziroma na spodnjem delu.
Moments Mx and My are both measured separately at both locations.
Momenta Mx in My se merita ločeno na obeh mestih.
PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE VISCOUS CRITERIA (V * C) FOR HYBRID III DUMMY
POSTOPEK IZRAČUNAVANJA MERILA ZA HITROST DEFORMACIJE (V * C) ZA PRESKUSNO LUTKO HYBRID III
The viscous criterion is calculated as the instantaneous product of the compression and the rate of deflection of the sternum.
Merilo za hitrost deformacije se izračuna kot zmnožek stisnjenja in hitrosti upogiba prsnice.
Both are derived from the measurement of sternum deflection.
Obe vrednosti se dobita z meritvami upogiba prsnice.
The sternum deflection response is filtered once at CFC 180.
Odziv upogiba prsnice se enkrat filtrira s CFC 180.
The compression at time t is calculated from this filtered signal as:
Stisnjenje v trenutku t se izračuna iz tega filtriranega signala kot:
The sternum deflection velocity at time t is calculated from the filtered deflection as:
Hitrost upogiba prsnice v trenutku t se izračuna iz filtriranega upogiba kot:
where D(t) is the deflection at time t in metres and δt is the time interval in seconds between the measurements of deflection.
kjer je D(t) upogib v času t v metrih, δt pa časovni razmik v sekundah med meritvami upogiba.
The maximum value of δt shall be 1,25 × 10-4 seconds.
Največja vrednost δt je 1,25 × 10-4 sekund.
This calculation procedure is shown diagrammatically below:
Ta postopek izračunavanja je spodaj prikazan shematično:
Measured Deflection D(t) ЕК
Izmerjena deformacija D(t)
Filter at CFC 180
Filtriranje s CFC 180
Calculate deflection velocity V(t)
Izračunavanje hitrosti deformacije V(t)
Calculate compression C(t)
Izračunavanje deformacije C(t)
ARRANGEMENT OF DUMMIES
RAZPOREDITEV PRESKUSNIH LUTK
Separate seats
Posamezni sedeži
The plane of symmetry of the dummy shall coincide with the vertical median plane of the seat.
Simetralna ravnina preskusne lutke mora sovpadati s srednjo navpično ravnino sedeža.
Front bench seat
Prednja klop
Driver
Vozniški sedež
The plane of symmetry of the dummy shall lie in the vertical plane passing through the steering wheel centre and parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle.
Simetralna ravnina preskusne lutke se mora nahajati v navpični ravnini, ki poteka skozi sredino volana, in mora biti vzporedna s srednjo vzdolžno ravnino vozila.
If the seating position is determined by the shape of the bench, such seat shall be regarded as a separate seat.
Če je sedežni prostor določen z obliko klopi, je treba takšen sedež šteti za posamezen sedež.
Outer passenger
Zunanji sovozniški sedež
The plane of symmetry of the dummy shall be symmetrical with that of the driver dummy relative to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle.
Simetralna ravnina preskusne lutke na sovozniškem sedežu mora biti simetrična z ravnino preskusne lutke na vozniškem sedežu glede na srednjo vzdolžno ravnino vozila.
Bench seat for front passengers (not including driver)
Prednja klop za potnike (brez vozniškega sedeža)
The planes of symmetry of the dummy shall coincide with the median planes of the seating positions defined by the manufacturer.
Simetralne ravnine preskusne lutke morajo sovpadati s središčnimi ravninami sedežev, ki jih je določil proizvajalec.
INSTALLATION OF DUMMIES
NAMESTITEV PRESKUSNIH LUTK
First adjust the position of the ‘H’ point within the limits set forth in paragraph 2.4.3.1 below to level the transverse instrumentation platform of the head of the test dummy.
Najprej se nastavi položaj točke „H“ v mejah, opredeljenih v odstavku 2.4.3.1 spodaj, da se naravna prečna platforma z merilnimi napravami za glavo preskusne lutke.
If the transverse instrumentation platform of the head is still not level, then adjust the pelvic angle of the test dummy within the limits provided in paragraph 2.4.3.2 below.
Če prečna platforma z merilnimi napravami glave še vedno ni vodoravna, se medenični kot preskusne lutke nastavi znotraj vrednosti, določenih v odstavku 2.4.3.2 te priloge.
If the transverse instrumentation platform of the head is still not level, then adjust the neck bracket of the test dummy the minimum amount necessary to ensure that the transverse instrumentation platform of the head is horizontal within 2,5 °.
Če prečna platforma za glavo še vedno ni vodoravna, se prestavi opornik za vrat preskusne lutke samo toliko, kolikor je potrebno, da pride platforma z merilnimi napravami v vodoravni položaj z odstopanjem do 2,5°.
The driver's upper arms shall be adjacent to the torso with the centrelines as close to a vertical plane as possible.
Zgornji deli rok preskusne lutke voznika se morajo nahajati ob trupu, pri čemer morajo biti njihove srednjice čim bliže navpični ravnini.
The passenger's upper arms shall be in contact with the seat back and the sides of the torso.
Zgornji deli rok preskusne lutke sovoznika se morajo dotikati naslona sedežev in strani trupa.
Hands
Dlani in prsti
The palms of the driver test dummy shall be in contact with the outer part of the steering wheel rim at the rim's horizontal centreline.
Dlani preskusne lutke voznika se morajo dotikati zunanjega dela volanskega obroča v vodoravni srednjici obroča.
The thumbs shall be over the steering wheel rim and shall be lightly taped to the steering wheel rim so that if the hand of the test dummy is pushed upward by a force of not less than 9 N and not more than 22 N, the tape shall release the hand from the steering wheel rim.
Palca morata biti na volanskem obroču in morata biti nanj nalahno pritrjena z lepilnim trakom, tako da se roka preskusne lutke odtrga od volana, če se potisne navzgor s silo najmanj 9 N oziroma največ 22 N.
The palms of the passenger test dummy shall be in contact with outside of thigh.
Dlani preskusne lutke sovoznika se morajo dotikati zunanje strani stegna.
The little finger shall be in contact with the seat cushion.
Mezinec se mora dotikati blazine sedeža.
In vehicles equipped with bench seats, the upper torso of the driver and passenger test dummies shall rest against the seat back.
V vozilih s klopmi se morata zgornja dela trupa preskusnih lutk voznika in sovoznika naslanjati na naslon sedeža.
The mid-sagittal plane of the driver dummy shall be vertical and parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal centreline, and pass through the centre of the steering wheel rim.
Sagitalna srednjica preskusne lutke voznika mora biti navpična in vzporedna z vzdolžno srednjico vozila in mora potekati skozi središče volanskega obroča.
The mid-sagittal plane of the passenger dummy shall be vertical and parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal centreline and the same distance from the vehicle's longitudinal centreline as the mid-sagittal plane of the driver dummy.
Sagitalna srednjica preskusne lutke sovoznika mora biti navpična in vzporedna z vzdolžno srednjico vozila in mora potekati na isti oddaljenosti od te linije kot sagitalna srednjica preskusne lutke voznika.
In vehicles equipped with individual seat(s), the upper torso of the driver and passenger test dummies shall rest against the seat back.
Pri vozilih s posameznimi sedeži mora zgornji del trupa preskusne lutke voznika in sovoznika počivati na naslonu sedeža.
The mid-sagittal plane of the driver and the passenger dummy shall be vertical and shall coincide with the longitudinal centreline of the individual seat(s).
Sagitalna srednjica preskusne lutke voznika in sovoznika mora biti navpična in mora sovpadati z vzdolžno srednjico sedežev.
Lower torso
Spodnji del trupa
‘H’ point
Točka „H“
The ‘H’ point of the driver and passenger test dummies shall coincide within 13 mm in the vertical dimension and 13 mm in the horizontal dimension, with a point 6 mm below the position of the ‘H’ point determined using the procedure described in annex 6 except that the length of the lower leg and thigh segments of the ‘H’ point machine shall be adjusted to 414 and 401 mm, instead of 417 and 432 mm respectively.
Točki „H“ preskusnih lutk voznika in sovoznika morata, z odstopanjem 13 mm navpično in 13 mm vodoravno, sovpadati s točko, ki se nahaja 6 mm pod točko „H“, določeno z uporabo postopka iz Priloge 6, dolžina stegna in spodnjih delov noge naprave za določanje točke „H“ pa mora biti nastavljena na 414 in 401 mm namesto na 417 oziroma 432 mm.
Pelvic angle
Kot medenice
As determined using the pelvic angle gauge (GM) drawing 78051-532 incorporated by reference in Part 572 which is inserted into the ‘H’ point gauging hole of the dummy, the angle measured from the horizontal on the 76,2 mm flat surface of the gauge shall be 22 1/2 degrees plus or minus 2 1/2 degrees.
Kot, izmerjen z merilnikom kota medenice, ki ustreza risbi 78051-532, del 572, ki je vstavljen v odprtino v točki „H“ na preskusni lutki, in sicer na 76,2 mm dolgi ravni površini merilnika, mora znašati 22,5° + 2,5°.
The upper legs of the driver and passenger test dummies shall rest against the seat cushion to the extent permitted by placement of the feet.
Stegna nog preskusnih lutk voznika in sovoznika počivajo na blazini sedeža, če to dovoljuje položaj stopal.
The initial distance between the outboard knee clevis flange surface shall be 270 mm ± 10 mm. To the extent practicable, the left leg of the driver dummy and both legs of the passenger dummy shall be in vertical longitudinal planes.
Začetna razdalja med površino prirobnic za pritrditev kolen na zunanji strani mora znašati 270 mm ± 10 mm.
To the extent practicable, the right leg of the driver dummy shall be in a vertical plane.
Kolikor je to mogoče, se morajo leva noga preskusne lutke voznika in obe nogi preskusne lutke sovoznika nahajati v navpični ravnini.
Final adjustment to accommodate placement of feet in accordance with paragraph 2.6 for various passenger compartment configurations is permitted.
Dovoljena je končna prilagoditev zaradi upoštevanja položaja stopal skladno z odstavkom 2.6 za različne oblike prostora za potnike.
The right foot of the driver test dummy shall rest on the undepressed accelerator with the rearmost point of the heel on the floor surface in the plane of the pedal.
Desno stopalo preskusne lutke voznika se mora nahajati na nepritisnjenem pedalu za plin, tako da se skrajna zadnja točka pete nahaja na površini poda v ravnini pedala.
If the foot cannot be placed on the accelerator pedal, it shall be positioned perpendicular to the tibia and placed as far forward as possible in the direction of the centreline of the pedal with the rearmost point of the heel resting on the floor surface.
Če stopala ni mogoče postaviti na pedal za plin, ga je treba postaviti pravokotno na golenico, in sicer čim bolj spredaj v smeri srednjice pedala, tako da se skrajna zadnja točka pete naslanja na površino poda.
The heel of the left foot shall be placed as far forward as possible and shall rest on the floor pan.
Peta levega stopala mora biti postavljena čim bolj spredaj in se mora naslanjati na pod.
The left foot shall be positioned as flat as possible on the toeboard.
Levo stopalo se mora v čim bolj ravnem položaju nahajati na poševni podlagi za noge.
The longitudinal centreline of the left foot shall be placed as parallel as possible to the longitudinal centreline of the vehicle.
Vzdolžna srednjica levega stopala mora biti nameščena čim bolj vzporedno z vzdolžno srednjico vozila.
The heels of both feet of the passenger test dummy shall be placed as far forward as possible and shall rest on the floor pan.
Pete obeh stopal preskusne lutke sovoznika morajo biti nameščene čim bolj spredaj in se morajo naslanjati na pod.
Both feet shall be positioned as flat as possible on the toeboard.
Obe stopali morata počivati v čim bolj ravni legi na podlagi za noge.
The longitudinal centreline of the feet shall be placed as parallel as possible to the longitudinal centreline of the vehicle.
Vzdolžna srednjica stopal mora biti, kolikor je to mogoče, vzporedna z vzdolžno srednjico vozila.
The measuring instruments installed shall not in any way affect the movement of the dummy during impact.
Vgrajene merilne naprave nikakor ne smejo vplivati na gibanje preskusne lutke med trkom.
The temperature of the dummies and the system of measuring instruments shall be stabilized before the test and maintained so far as possible within a range between 19 °C and 22 °C.
Temperatura preskusnih lutk in sistema merilnih naprav se pred preskusom stabilizira in čim dlje vzdržuje v območju med 19 °C in 22 °C.
Dummy clothing
Oblačila lutke
The instrumented dummies will be clothed in formfitting cotton stretch garments with short sleeves and mid-calf length trousers specified in FMVSS 208, drawings 78051-292 and 293 or their equivalent.
Preskusne lutke z merilnimi napravami so oblečene v raztegljiva bombažna oblačila, ki se prilegajo njihovi obliki, s kratkimi rokavi in hlačami do sredine meč, kot je določeno v FMVSS 208, risbe 78051-292 in 293, ali druga enakovredna oblačila.
A size 11XW shoe, which meets the configuration size, sole and heel thickness specifications of the US military standard MIL S 13192, revision P and whose weight is 0,57-0,1 kg, shall be placed and fastened on each foot of the test dummies.
Vsako stopalo preskusnih lutk je obuto v čevelj velikosti 11XW, ki izpolnjuje zahteve glede velikosti, debeline podplata in pete po ameriškem vojaškem standardu MIL S 13192, revizija P, in katerega teža znaša 0,57 ± 0,1 kg.
ADJUSTMENT OF RESTRAINT SYSTEM
NASTAVITEV SISTEMA ZA ZADRŽEVANJE OSEB V VOZILU
With the test dummy at its designated seating position as specified by the appropriate requirements of paragraphs 2.1 through 2.6, place the belt around the test dummy and fasten the latch.
Ko je preskusna lutka nameščena na sedežu v položaju, kot je določen z zahtevami iz odstavkov 2.1 do 2.6, se okrog nje namesti in zapne varnostni pas.
Remove all slack from the lap belt.
Treba je pustiti, da se ohlapni del pasu navije na navijalnik.
Pull the upper torso webbing out of the retractor and allow it to retract.
Zgornji del pasu za trup se povleče iz navijalnika in pusti, da se zopet navije.
Repeat this operation four times.
To se ponovi štirikrat.
Apply a 9 to 18 N tension load to the lap belt. If the belt system is equipped with a tension-relieving device, introduce the maximum amount of slack into the upper torso belt that is recommended by the manufacturer for normal use in the owner's manual for the vehicle.
Na delu pasu čez medenico se uporabi vlečna sila od 9 do 18 N. Če je sistem varnostnega pasu opremljen z napravo za zmanjšanje zategnjenosti, se del pasu za zgornji del trupa izvleče do maksimuma, ki ga je proizvajalec v navodilih za uporabo vozila priporočil za običajno uporabo.
If the belt system is not equipped with a tension-relieving device, allow the excess webbing in the shoulder belt to be retracted by the retractive force of the retractor.
Če sistem varnostnega pasu nima naprave za zmanjšanje zategnjenosti, je treba dovoliti, da vlečna sila navijalnika potegne odvečni del pasu za ramenski del v navijalnik.
Procedure for determining the ‘H’ point and the actual torso angle for seating positions in motor vehicles
Postopek za določanje točke „H“ in dejanskega naklona trupa za sedeže v motornih vozilih
The procedure described in this annex is used to establish the ‘H’ point location and the actual torso angle for one or several seating positions in a motor vehicle and to verify the relationship of measured data to design specifications given by the vehicle manufacturer [1].2.
Postopek iz te priloge se uporablja za določanje točke „H“ in dejanskega naklona trupa za enega ali več sedežnih mest v motornem vozilu ter preverjanje razmerja med izmerjenimi podatki in konstrukcijskimi specifikacijami proizvajalca vozila [1].2.
For the purposes of this annex:
V tej prilogi uporabljeni izrazi imajo naslednji pomen:
‘Reference data’ means one or several of the following characteristics of a seating position:
„referenčni podatki“ pomeni eno ali več od naslednjih lastnosti sedežnih mest:
the ‘H’ point and the ‘R’ point and their relationship,
točko „H“, točko „R“ in njuno razmerje,
the actual torso angle and the design torso angle and their relationship.
dejanski naklon trupa, konstrukcijsko določeni naklon trupa in njuno razmerje.
‘Three-dimensional “H” point machine’ (3-D H machine) means the device used for the determination of ‘H’ points and actual torso angles.
„Tridimenzionalna naprava za določanje točke ‚H‘ “ (3-D H naprava) pomeni napravo, ki se uporablja za določanje točk „H“ in dejanskih naklonov trupa.
‘ “H” point’ means the pivot centre of the torso and the thigh of the 3-D H machine installed in the vehicle seat in accordance with paragraph 4 below.
„Točka ‚H‘ “ pomeni vrtišče med trupom in stegni 3-D H naprave, postavljene na sedež v vozilu skladno s spodnjim odstavkom 4.
The ‘H’ point is located in the centre of the centreline of the device which is between the ‘H’ point sight buttons on either side of the 3-D H machine.
Točka „H“ se nahaja v središču središčnice naprave, ki poteka med vizirnima gumboma točke „H“ na obeh straneh 3-D H naprave.
The ‘H’ point corresponds theoretically to the ‘R’ point (for tolerances see paragraph 3.2.2 below).
Točka „H“ teoretično ustreza točki „R“ (za odstopanja glej spodnji odstavek 3.2.2).
‘ “R” point’ or ‘seating reference point’ means a design point defined by the vehicle manufacturer for each seating position and established with respect to the three-dimensional reference system;
„Točka ‚R‘ “ ali „referenčna točka sedeža“ pomeni konstrukcijsko določeno točko, ki jo določi proizvajalec za vsako sedežno mesto glede na tridimenzionalni referenčni sistem;
The actual torso angle corresponds theoretically to the design torso angle (for tolerances see paragraph 3.2.2 below):
Dejanski naklon trupa teoretično ustreza konstrukcijsko določenemu naklonu trupa (za odstopanja glej odstavek 3.2.2 spodaj);
‘Design torso angle’ means the angle measures between a vertical line through the ‘R’ point and the torso line in a position which corresponds to the design position of the seat-back established by the vehicle manufacturer;
„Konstrukcijsko določeni naklon trupa“ pomeni kot med navpičnico skozi točko „R“ in linijo trupa v položaju, ki ustreza konstrukcijsko določeni legi naslona sedeža, kot jo je določil proizvajalec vozila;
‘Fiducial marks’ are physical points (holes, surfaces, marks or indentations) on the vehicle body as defined by the manufacturer;
„Referenčne oznake“ pomenijo fizične točke (odprtine, površine, oznake ali vdolbine) na karoseriji vozila, kot jih je določil proizvajalec;
‘Vehicle measuring attitude’ means the position of the vehicle as defined by the co-ordinates of fiducial marks in the three-dimensional reference system.
„Obnašanje vozila med merjenjem“ pomeni položaj vozila, določen s koordinatami referenčnih oznak v tridimenzionalnem referenčnem koordinatnem sistemu.