natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Financial contribution
Pooblastitev in dajanje navodil pomenita „aktivnejšo vlogo vlade in ne zgolj spodbude“.
Therefore, the analysis in the following sub-sections focuses on whether the GOA provided soybeans (rather than soybean oil) for less than adequate remuneration.
Obstajati morajo dokazi o politiki ali programu vlade za spodbujanje industrije v preiskavi (v zadevnem primeru industrije biodizla/biogoriv) z izvajanjem pooblastil nad javnimi ali zasebnimi organi ali dodelitvijo odgovornosti tem organom (v tem primeru pridelovalcem soje) za zagotavljanje soje industriji biodizla za plačilo, ki je nižje od primernega.
Article 3(1)(a)(iv), second indent, of the basic Regulation states that a financial contribution exists if a government: ‘entrusts or directs a private body to carry out one or more of the type of functions illustrated in points (i), (ii) and (iii) which would normally be vested in the government, and the practice, in no real sense, differs from practise normally followed by governments’.
Na kratko, zadevne odločitve STO določajo, da:
The type of functions described by Article 3(1)(a)(iii) of the basic Regulation occurs where ‘a government provides goods or services other than general infrastructure, or purchases goods …’.
bi se moralo ugotavljanje, ali obstaja „finančni prispevek“ iz člena 1.1(a)(1) Sporazuma o subvencijah in izravnalnih ukrepih, osredotočati na naravo vladnih ukrepov in ne na učinke ali rezultate vladnih ukrepov.
Those provisions mirror paragraphs (iii) and (iv) of Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement and should be interpreted and applied in the light of the relevant WTO case law.
Z drugimi besedami, dobro je znano, da vlade posredujejo na trgu kot regulatorji ter pri tem povzročajo učinke na trg in udeležence na trgu.
The WTO panel in US — Export Restraints ruled that the ordinary meanings of the two words ‘entrust’ and ‘direct’ in Article 1.1(a)(1)(iv) of the SCM Agreement require that the action of the government must contain a notion of delegation (in the case of entrustment) or command (in the case of direction).
V tem smislu lahko na primer vlada zakonito uvede izvozne davke, da bi ustvarjala prihodke v primeru zelo konkurenčnega primarnega proizvoda na mednarodnih trgih.
It rejected the US ‘cause-and-effect-argument’ and asked for an explicit and affirmative action of delegation or command.
Nasprotno uvedba omejitev izvoza ni upravičena, če postane očitno, da je uporaba takega instrumenta skupaj z drugimi mehanizmi za ohranjanje blaga na domačem trgu in izvajanje pritiska na dobavitelje, da prodajajo po cenah, nižjih od tržnih cen, del širše sheme, ki jo je vlada ustvarila za podpiranje določene industrije ali sklopa industrij, da bi povečala svojo konkurenčnost.
However, in a subsequent case, the Appellate Body held that the replacement of the words ‘entrusts’ and ‘directs’ by ‘delegation’ and ‘command’ is too rigid as a standard.
Zato je narava ukrepa vlade, vključno z njegovim okvirom, ciljem in namenom, pomembna pri ocenjevanju elementa „finančnega prispevka“;
According to the Appellate Body, ‘entrustment’ occurs where a government gives responsibility to a private body and ‘direction’ refers to situations where the government exercises its authority over a private body.
„pooblastilo“ ali „navodilo“ vključuje izrecno in pritrdilno dejanje, namenjeno določeni strani v zvezi z določeno nalogo ali dolžnostjo, kar se zelo razlikuje od razmer, v katerih vlada posreduje na trgu na določen način, kar lahko vodi do določenega rezultata ali ne, glede na dejanske okoliščine in uveljavljanje proste izbire s strani akterjev na zadevnem trgu.
In both cases, the government uses a private body as proxy to effectuate the financial contribution, and ‘in most cases, one would expect entrustment or direction of a private body to involve some form of threat or inducement’.
Nazadnje, ključno vprašanje, ki se skriva za pojmoma pooblastilo ali navodilo, je, ali je zadevno ravnanje, tj. finančni prispevek v obliki zagotavljanje blaga za plačilo, nižje od primernega, mogoče pripisati vladi ali je še vedno svobodna izbira zasebnih udeležencev na trgu glede na dogajanje na trgu, kot so regulativne omejitve;
At the same time, paragraph (iv) of Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement does not allow Members to impose countervailing measures to products ‘whenever the government is merely exercising its general regulatory powers’ or where government intervention ‘may or may not have a particular result simply based on the given factual circumstances and the exercise of free choice by the actors in that market’.
člen 1.1(a)(1)(iv) Sporazuma o subvencijah in izravnalnih ukrepih je v bistvu določba proti izogibanju, zato mora biti za ugotovitev pooblastila ali navodila izpolnjen pogoj, da vlada prenese odgovornost na zasebni organ ali izvaja pooblastila nad zasebnim organom za izvršitev finančnega prispevka.
Rather, entrustment and direction implies ‘a more active role of the government than mere acts of encouragement’.
V večini primerov bi se pričakovalo, da pooblastilo ali navodilo, dano zasebnemu organu vključuje neko obliko grožnje ali spodbude, ki bi se lahko uporabila kot dokaz pooblastila ali navodila.
Moreover, the WTO did not consider that ‘leaving discretion to a private body is necessarily at odds with entrusting or directing that private body […] While there may be cases where the breadth of discretion left to the private body is such that it becomes impossible to properly conclude that that private body has been entrusted or directed (to carry out a particular task), this is a factual/evidentiary matter to be addressed on a case-by-case basis.’
Vendar pa imajo vlade verjetno na voljo druga sredstva za izvajanje pooblastil nad zasebnim organom, pri čemer so nekatera od njih lahko „bolj prefinjena“ od ukaza ali morda ne vključujejo enake stopnje prisile;
In line with those WTO rulings, not all government measures capable of conferring benefits equate to a financial contribution under Article 3 of the basic Regulation and Article 1.1(a) of the SCM Agreement.
med vladnim aktom in ravnanjem zasebnega organa mora biti „dokazljiva povezava“.
There must be evidence of a government policy or programme to promote the industry under investigation (in this particular case the biodiesel/biofuels industry), by exercising authority over or giving responsibility to public or private bodies (here the soybean growers) to provide soybeans for less than adequate remuneration to the biodiesel industry.
Ni razloga, zakaj primer vladnega zaupanja ali ukazovanja ne bi smel temeljiti na posrednih dokazih (kot so implicitna in neformalna dejanja delegiranja ali ukaza), če ima dokazno vrednost in je utemeljen.
In a nutshell, the relevant WTO rulings provide that:
V zvezi s tem so dokazi o nameri vlade, da podpre industrijo na koncu proizvodne verige (npr. prek javno objavljenih politik ali odločitev vlade ali drugih vladnih ukrepov), ali obstoju drugih vladnih ukrepov, ki zagotavljajo določen rezultat na trgu (npr. omejitev izvoza skupaj z vladnim ukrepom, ki udeležencem na trgu, za katere veljajo take omejitve, preprečuje, da bi kopičili zaloge svojih izdelkov), lahko pomembni za ugotavljanje obstoja „finančnega prispevka“ iz člena 1.1(a)(1)(iv) Sporazuma o subvencijah in izravnalnih ukrepih (zlasti kot posredni način, s katerim vlada zagotavlja blago, kot je določeno v pododstavku (iii)).
the determination of whether there is a ‘financial contribution’ under Article 1.1(a)(1) of the SCM Agreement should focus on the nature of the government action, rather than on the effects or the results of the government action.
V nekaterih okoliščinah lahko „smernice“ vlade pomenijo ukazovanje.
In other words, it is well-acknowledged that governments intervene in the market as regulators and, when so doing, they cause effects on the market and its operators.
Lahko se upošteva tudi obstoj določenih učinkov na trgu (kot je znižanje cen), skupaj z vsemi drugimi razpoložljivimi dokazi, vključno z možnostjo predvidevanja takih učinkov v določenem okviru.
In this sense, e.g. a government may impose export taxes legitimately in order to generate revenue in case of a very competitive commodity in the international markets.
Nazadnje, zasebni organ se lahko, odvisno od okoliščin, odloči, da ne bo opravil naloge, za katero mu je bilo dano pooblastilo ali navodilo, kljub možnim negativnim posledicam, ki lahko sledijo.
In contrast, there is no such legitimate imposition of export restrictions when it becomes evident that the use of such instrument together with other mechanisms to keep commodities domestically and force suppliers to sell below market prices is part of a broader scheme engineered by the government to support a particular industry or set of industries to boost their competitiveness.
Vendar to samo po sebi ne izraža, da zasebnemu organu ni bilo dano pooblastilo ali navodilo.
Thus, the nature of the government action, including its context, object and purpose, is relevant in assessing the ‘financial contribution’ element;
Komisija je v skladu s to sodno prakso zelo natančno proučila značilnosti posredovanja argentinske vlade (ali posredovanje argentinske vlade vključuje pooblastilo ali navodilo, dano pridelovalcem soje?), značilnosti pooblaščenih organov (ali so pridelovalci soje zasebni organi v smislu člena 3(1)(a)(iv) osnovne uredbe?), in delovanje organov, ki jim je bilo dano pooblastilo ali navodilo (ali so pridelovalci soje, ki jim je bilo dano pooblastilo ali navodilo, zagotavljali sojo argentinski industriji biodizla za plačilo, nižje od primernega, in s tem delovali kot pooblaščenec argentinske vlade?).
‘entrustment’ or ‘direction’ would involve an explicit and affirmative action addressed to a particular party in relation to a particular task or duty, this being very different from the situation in which a government intervenes in the market in some way, which may or may not have a particular result given the factual circumstances and exercise of free choice by the actors in that market.
Poleg tega je Komisija preverila, ali bi bila opravljena naloga navadno v pristojnosti vlade (ali je zagotavljanje soje družbam proizvajalkam sojinega olja v Argentini za plačilo, nižje od primernega, običajna dejavnost vlade?) in ali se taka naloga res ne razlikuje od praks, ki jih vlade običajno uporabljajo (ali se dejansko zagotavljanje soje s strani pridelovalcev res razlikuje od tistega, kar bi vlada storila sama?).
Ultimately, the key question behind the concepts of entrustment or direction is whether the conduct in question, i.e. the financial contribution in the form of provision of goods for less than adequate remuneration, can be attributed to the government or still is the free choice of the private operators in view of market considerations, such as regulatory constraints;
Pooblastilo ali navodilo argentinske vlade, dano pridelovalcem soje
Article 1.1(a)(1)(iv) of the SCM Agreement is, in essence, an anti-circumvention provision and, thus, a finding of entrustment or direction requires that the government gives responsibility to a private body or exercises its authority over a private body in order to effectuate a financial contribution.
Komisija je ob upoštevanju sodne prakse STO z uvodnih izjav od 77 do 82 najprej analizirala, ali je podpora argentinske vlade argentinski industriji biodizla dejansko cilj vladne politike in ne zgolj „stranski učinek“ izvajanja splošnih regulativnih pristojnosti.
In most cases, one would expect entrustment or direction of a private body to involve some form of threat or inducement, which could, in turn, serve as evidence of entrustment or direction.
V preiskavi je bilo zlasti preučeno, ali so bila ugotovljena izkrivljanja cen del ciljev vlade ali pa so bile nižje cene soje „nenameren“ stranski produkt splošnih vladnih predpisov.
However, governments are likely to have other means at their disposal to exercise authority over a private body some of which may be ‘more subtle’ than a command or may not involve the same degree of compulsion;
Zato je Komisija v skladu z ugotovitvami iz uvodne izjave 64 sklenila, da bo pri ugotavljanju, ali je argentinska vlada dala pooblastilo ali navodilo pridelovalcem soje, delno uporabila razpoložljiva dejstva.
there must be ‘a demonstrable link’ between the government act and the conduct of the private body.
Več dokumentov kaže, da si je argentinska vlada izrecno prizadevala za podporo in razvoj industrije biodizla kot političnega cilja, zlasti s prizadevanjem za znižanje domače cene surovin (soje) in s tem za zagotovitev finančnega prispevka za proizvodnjo biodizla.
There is no reason why a case of government entrustment or direction should not be premised on circumstantial evidence (such as implicit and informal acts of delegation or command), provided that such evidence is probative and compelling.
Ta podpora se zagotavlja z več ukrepi, ki jih je mogoče pripisati argentinski vladi (vključno z izvoznimi davki na sojo, subvencijami za pridelovalce soje, da še naprej pridelujejo in prodajajo na domačem trgu proizvajalcem biodizla, protiukrepi za pridelavo drugih žit, na primer z uvedbo izvoznih kvot, in javnimi izjavami za spodbujanje pridelovalcev soje, naj ne ustavijo pridelave, ampak še vedno prodajajo na domačem trgu).
In this respect, evidence of the government's intention to support the downstream industry (for example, through publicly stated policies or government decisions, or other governmental actions), or the existence of other government measures ensuring a particular result on the market (e.g. an export restraint together with a government measure preventing operators subject to those restraints from stocking their products), may be relevant to determine the existence of a ‘financial contribution’ under Article 1.1(a)(1)(iv) of the SCM Agreement (in particular as an indirect manner for the government to provide goods, as provided in subparagraph (iii)).
Ti ukrepi, čeprav so bili od uvedbe leta 1994 večkrat spremenjeni, se stalno uporabljajo, da bi se, kot je sama navedla argentinska vlada v zakonodaji (glej uvodne izjave od 89 do 100), znižale domače cene soje glede na rast svetovnih cen in da bi prispevali k razvoju verige dodane vrednosti v Argentini, ki med drugim vključuje industrijo biodizla.
In some circumstances, ‘guidance’ by a government can constitute direction.
Izvozni davki na sojo so pomembno orodje, ki ga argentinska vlada uporablja za podpiranje industrije biodizla.
The presence of particular effects in the market (such as reduction of prices) may also be a factor to be taken into account together with all other available evidence, including the possibility of anticipating those effects in a particular context.
Po navedbah OECD argentinska vlada zlasti prek svojega sistema izvoznih davkov uvaja „višje stopnje za surovine ali proizvajalce surovin, medtem ko se za končne izdelke uporabljajo nižje stopnje. […] Cenovna prednost, zagotovljena domačim industrijam na koncu proizvodne verige, lahko izkrivlja in zmanjša konkurenco na domačem in tujih trgih“.
Finally, depending on the circumstances, a private body may decide not to carry out a function with which it was so entrusted or directed, despite the possible negative consequences that may follow.
Poleg tega je Mednarodna agencija za obnovljivo energijo (IRENA) v poročilu za Argentino, navedla, da „so diferencirani izvozni davki za biogoriva v primerjavi z drugimi izdelki, pridobljenimi iz enake surovine, spodbujali izvoz biogoriv, zlasti biodizla“.
This does not show, however, on its own, that the private body was not entrusted or directed.
Svetovna banka je navedla, da argentinska vlada zaračunava visoke izvozne davke, ki imajo za posledico „znižanje stroškov surovin na domačem trgu in spodbujanje izvoza biodizla“.
In line with that case-law, the Commission has reviewed very carefully the nature of the GOA's intervention (whether the GOA's intervention involves the entrustment of or direction to soybean growers?), the nature of the entrusted bodies (are soybean growers private bodies within the meaning of Article 3(1)(a)(iv) of the basic Regulation?), and the action of the entrusted or directed bodies (did the entrusted or directed soybean growers provide soybeans to the Argentinian biodiesel industry for less than adequate remuneration and hence act as a proxy for the GOA?).
Argentinska vlada je trdila, da se nobena od objav OECD, agencije IRENA in Svetovne banke ni sklicevala na izrecni cilj argentinske vlade, da podpre argentinsko industrijo biodizla.
Moreover, the Commission has verified whether the function carried out would normally be vested in the government (is the provision of soybeans for less than adequate remuneration to soybean oil-producing companies in Argentina a normal government activity?) and whether such function does not, in real sense, differ from the practices normally followed by governments (does the actual provision of soybeans by growers, in real sense, differ from what the government would have done itself?).
Vendar argentinska vlada ni nasprotovala pravilnosti citatov, ki jih je našla Komisija.
Entrustment or direction of the soybean growers by the Government of Argentina
V nasprotju z argentinsko vlado je Komisija menila, da analize iz navedenih objav podpirajo njene ugotovitve, da argentinska vlada izrecno podpira argentinsko industrijo biodizla.
In view of the WTO case-law referred to in recitals (77) to (82), the Commission analysed first whether the GOA's support to the Argentinian biodiesel industry is effectively an objective of a government policy and not merely a ‘side effect’ of the exercise of general regulatory powers.
V Argentini se izvozni davek za sojo uporablja od leta 1994 in je določen na 3,5 %.
The investigation examined in particular whether the price distortions found were part of the governments' objectives, or whether the lower prices of soybeans were rather an ‘inadvertent’ by-product of general governmental regulation.
Kot bo razvidno iz vseh sprememb zakonodaje, opisanih v uvodnih izjavah od 91 do 100, so ukrepi za prilagoditev izvoznega davka na stopnjo, višjo od začetne, izrazili izrecen cilj argentinske vlade glede znižanja domačih cen v okviru rastočih cen na svetovnem trgu.
In line with the conclusions reached in recital (64), the Commission decided to partially use facts available to determine whether there has been an entrustment or direction of the soybeans growers by the GOA.
Argentinska vlada je med preiskavo trdila, da se izvozni davek na sojo in sojino olje uporablja zaradi povečevanja prihodkov.
A number of documents show that the GOA explicitly pursued the support and development of the biodiesel industry as a policy objective, in particular by seeking to reduce the domestic price of the input materials (soybeans) and thereby providing a financial contribution to the production of biodiesel.
Kljub več zahtevam Komisije argentinska vlada ni predložila dokumentov, ki bi podkrepili to trditev.
This support is achieved through several measures attributable to the GOA (including export taxes on soybeans, subsidies to soybean producers to continue producing and selling domestically to biodiesel producers, countermeasures on producing other grains such as by imposing export quotas, and public statements to encourage soybean producers not to stop their production, but to continue selling domestically).
Poleg tega v nobenem od zakonodajnih aktov od leta 2002, povezanih s prilagoditvami izvoznega davka na sojo, sojino olje ali biodizel, ni kot razlog za stopnjo izvoznega davka navedeno povečanje prihodkov.
These measures, even though modified on several occasions since their introduction in 1994, have been constantly applied in order to, as stated by the GOA itself in the legislation (see recitals (89) to (100), reduce the domestic price of soybeans in the context of rising world prices and to the benefit of the development of the value added chain in Argentina, which among others, include the biodiesel industry.
Kot je pojasnjeno v uvodnih izjavah od 91 do 100, je v teh zakonodajnih aktih navedeno, da je namen izvoznega davka spodbujati dobavitelje soje, da bi še naprej prodajali na domačem trgu po cenah, nižjih od mednarodnih cen.
The export taxes on soybeans amount to an important tool used by the GOA to support the biodiesel industry.
Zato argentinska vlada ne uporablja izvoznih davkov na sojo kot ukrepa za povečanje davčnega prihodka, ampak za podpiranje razvoja domače industrije biodizla.
According to the OECD, in particular through its export tax regime the GOA imposes ‘higher rates for raw materials or input producers while lower rates apply for finished products. […] The price advantage provided to domestic downstream industries can distort and reduce competition in both domestic and foreign markets’.
Po izjavi o izrednih razmerah se je izvozni davek z Resolucijo št. 11/2002 zvišal s 3,5 % leta 2002 na 13,5 %.
In addition, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) stated in a report dedicated to Argentina that ‘Differential export taxes for biofuels versus other products derived from the same feedstock promoted the export of biofuels, especially biodiesel’.
Ta resolucija vsebuje naslednjo izjavo: „upoštevajo se tudi učinki vseh morebitnih znatnih sprememb mednarodnih cen kmetijske proizvodnje“ (dodan poudarek), kar kaže, da je bil ta ukrep sprejet zaradi vplivanja na domačo tržno ceno soje v primerjavi s ceno na svetovnem trgu.
The World Bank stated that the GOA levies high export taxes which have the effect of ‘lowering the feedstock cost domestically and encouraging exports of biodiesel’.
Z Resolucijo št. 35/2002, v kateri je navedeno, da „Zakon št. 22415 omogoča uvedbo uvoza blaga za potrošnjo, da se domače cene ustalijo, dokler ne dosežejo primernih stopenj, in da se ohrani ponudba, ki zadovoljuje potrebe na domačem trgu“, se je stopnja v istem letu dodatno zvišala s 13,5 % na 23,5 %.
The GOA claimed that none of the publications of the OECD, IRENA and the World Bank referred to an explicit objective of the GOA to support the Argentinian biodiesel industry.
Glede na pravno besedilo so bili ti ukrepi prehodne narave in naj bi se uporabljali začasno, dokler bi obstajali trenutni splošni gospodarski pogoji.
However, the GOA did not contradict the correctness of the citations found by the Commission.
Vendar se ti izvozni davki še vedno uporabljajo, njihova stopnja pa je podobna, kot je bila v času izrednih razmer, medtem ko je bil za druga žita izvozni davek določen na 0 %.
Contrary to the GOA, the Commission considered that the analyses made in those publications support its finding that the GOA explicitly supports the Argentinian biodiesel industry.
Leta 2007 so v Argentini začeli delovati prvi veliki proizvajalci biodizla.
Argentina has had an export tax in place for soybeans since 1994, fixed at the rate of 3,5 %.
V navedenem letu je argentinska vlada objavila dve resoluciji o zvišanju izvoznega davka na sojo s 23,5 % na 27,5 % in nato še dodatno na 35 %.
As will be illustrated with all the changes of the legislation described in recitals (91) to (100), the measures used to adjust the export tax beyond the initial rate demonstrate the GOA's explicit objective of reducing domestic prices in the context of rising world market prices.
V obeh resolucijah je kot razlog za dodatni izvozni davek navedeno, da so izdelki, zajeti v teh resolucijah (večinoma izdelki, povezani s sojo), poleg povečanja domačega in mednarodnega povpraševanja namenjeni novim produktivnim uporabam, pri čemer so kot primer izrecno navedena biogoriva.
During the investigation the GOA claimed that the export tax on soybeans and soybean oil has been in place for revenue raising reasons.
Poleg tega je v Resoluciji št. 10/2007 izrecno navedeno, da „so se mednarodne cene žit bistveno zvišale […] uvedba dodatnih izvoznih dajatev na številne zgoraj navedene vrste blaga se šteje za primerno“ (dodan poudarek).
Despite multiple requests of the Commission to provide documents supporting this claim, the GOA did not provide any.
V Resoluciji št. 369/2007 je nadalje izrecno navedeno, da je treba zvišati izvozni davek, da bi se „znižale domače cene, utrdile izboljšave na področju razdelitve dohodka in spodbujala dodana vrednost“ (dodan poudarek).