natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Approximately 18,8 million tonnes of wood pellet were consumed in the Union [21] in 2014.
Če bi se toplotni izkoristek in faktor obremenitve povečala za 5 %, stroški goriva pa znižali za 5 %, bi se interna stopnja donosnosti (na realni osnovi pred obdavčitvijo) z ocenjenih 4,7 % povišala na več kot 15,6 %.
Of these 18,8 million tonnes, approximately 7,8 million tonnes are used for energy production in industry.
Komisija je zato podvomila o neobstoju prekomernega nadomestila.
With 4,7 million tonnes consumed in 2014, the United Kingdom is the largest user of wood pellets in industry.
Komisija je izrazila tudi pomisleke, da bi količina lesnih peletov, ki jo bo enota elektrarne Drax potrebovala, da bi delovala izključno na biomaso, negativno vplivala na druge udeležence na trgu lesnih peletov.
Transparency
Komisija je opozorila tudi, da se lesna biomasa kot surovina uporablja v različne namene.
With regard to reporting and transparency, the United Kingdom indicated that all the investment contracts awarded through the FIDeR process have been published online in the form in which they were concluded [22].
Večje povpraševanje po lesnih peletih lahko privede tudi do izkrivljanj na trgu lesnih vlaken, kar bi vplivalo na druge panoge, kot sta proizvodnja celuloze in papirja ali kartona.
The decision to initiate the formal investigation
Komisija glede na velikost projekta pretvorbe elektrarne Drax za uporabo biomase ni mogla zagotovo izključiti obstoja neupravičenih izkrivljanj trga na trgu surovin (tj. trgu lesnih vlaken).
More specifically, the Commission concluded that the risk of overcompensation could not be excluded due to uncertainties in the assumptions and based on a sensitivity calculation provided by the United Kingdom to estimate the impact on the IRR by changes in the plant average thermal efficiency, load factor and fuel cost.
Komisija je po objavi sklepa o začetku postopka prejela 49 pripomb zainteresiranih strani.
If the thermal efficiency and the load factor were to increase by 5 % and fuel costs to decrease by 5 %, the IRR (on pre-tax real basis) would increase from the estimated 4,7 % to over 15,6 %.
Prejela je tudi pripombe sindikatov ter poslancev Evropskega parlamenta in parlamenta Združenega kraljestva, ki so podprli projekt pretvorbe elektrarne Drax za uporabo biomase ter poudarili ekonomski in socialni pomen priglašenega projekta.
The Commission therefore expressed doubts on the absence of overcompensation.
Tudi guverner zvezne države Misisipi je podprl priglašeni projekt in navedel koristi, ki jih ima navedena država od industrije lesnih peletov.
The Commission also expressed concerns that the amount of wood pellets required to operate the Drax unit entirely on biomass would lead to undue negative effects on other participants on the wood pellet market.
Pisma podpore priglašenemu projektu je predložilo tudi več podjetij iz različnih panog, na primer iz proizvodnje železniških tovornih vagonov, gozdarske industrije in industrije lesnih peletov [23].
The Drax biomass conversion project would consume approximately 9 % of the global wood pellet production and 16 % of the consumption in the Union, based on 2012 figures.
Skupno je 33 zainteresiranih strani [24] predložilo pripombe, v katerih sta bila poudarjena pozitivni učinek projekta pretvorbe elektrarne Drax za uporabo biomase in omejeno tveganje izkrivljanj na trgu lesnih vlaken, ki bi ju prinesel priglašeni projekt.
The Commission expressed doubts that the market could accommodate such an increase in demand without undue market distortions.
V pripombah so zajete različne teme, ki med drugim vključujejo razpoložljivost in trajnost biomase, ekonomski učinek priglašenega projekta, vlogo energije iz biomase pri doseganju ciljev v zvezi z obnovljivimi viri energije iz direktive o spodbujanju uporabe energije iz obnovljivih virov, ocenjene obratovalne parametre elektrarne in logistiko oskrbe z gorivom.
The Commission further noted that wood biomass, as raw material, has different uses.
Več združenj proizvajalcev industrijskih lesnih peletov je poudarilo okoljske koristi bioenergije in trajnost lesnih peletov, proizvedenih v ZDA.
The increased demand for wood pellets might also lead to distortions in the wood fibre market affecting other industries, such as the pulp and paper or board manufacturing.
Opozorili so tudi na pomembno vlogo biomase pri zmanjšanju emisij toplogrednih plinov.
Given the size of the Drax biomass conversion project, the Commission could not, with sufficient certainty, exclude the existence of undue market distortions in the raw material market (i.e., the wood fibre market).
Evropski svet proizvajalcev peletov je v svojih pripombah poudaril, da povpraševanje po lesnih peletih ne bi povzročilo neupravičenih izkrivljanj na trgu lesnih peletov in za druge uporabnike biomase.
COMMENTS FROM INTERESTED PARTIES
Poleg tega se je med drugim skliceval na študijo [25] in ob tem poudaril, da se je povpraševanje po lesnih peletih povečalo za manj, kot se je zmanjšalo povpraševanje s trga celuloze.
Following the opening decision, the Commission received 49 comments from stakeholders.
Svetovalna družba Forest2Market je Komisiji predložila poročilo [26], ki je bilo pripravljeno, da bi se količinsko opredelili in umestili v okvir trendi v zvezi s proizvodnjo, zalogami lesa in cenami na jugovzhodu ZDA pred začetkom industrije lesnih peletov in po njem.
The Commission also received comments from trade unions and Members of Parliaments, both from the European Parliament and the UK Parliament, which supported the Drax biomass conversion project, highlighting the economic and social importance of the notified project.
Ugotovila je, da je bil učinek izvoza obratov za proizvodnjo lesnih peletov na lesno zalogo v gozdovih in cene lesnih vlaken na jugu ZDA minimalen in da obrati za proizvodnjo lesnih peletov, ki izvažajo v Unijo, sami po sebi ne vplivajo na spremembo cen ali stanja in upravljanja gozdov.
Also, the Governor of Mississippi expressed his support for the notified project citing the benefits of the wood pellet industry for that State.
Družba Forest2Market je ocenila, da dodatni izvoz lesnih peletov v Evropsko unijo predstavlja 1 % celotne zaloge vlakninskega lesa na južnem delu ZDA in 0,3 % celotne zaloge ZDA.
In total 33 stakeholders [24] submitted comments emphasising the positive impact of the Drax biomass conversion project and the limited risk of distortions in the wood fibre market that the notified project would entail.
Družba je med dejavniki, ki vplivajo na ceno lesnih vlaken, opredelila naslednje elemente: (a) zmanjšanje proizvodnje ostankov lesnih sekancev na žagah zaradi zloma stanovanjskega trga, zaradi katerega se je povečalo povpraševanje po vlakninskem lesu, (b) velika odstopanja od povprečnih dolgoročnih vzorcev padavin in (c) spremembe lastništva zemljišč.
The observations covered various topics including, among others: the availability and sustainability of biomass; the economic impact of the notified project, the role of biomass energy in achieving the renewable targets laid down in the Renewable Energy Directive, the plant's estimated operating parameters and the logistics of the fuel supply.
Predložila je tudi podatke o stanju gozdov.
Several associations of industrial wood pellets producers highlighted the environmental benefits of bioenergy and the sustainability of wood pellets produced in the US.
V skladu z njimi je bila povprečna zaloga ostankov med letoma 2007 in 2014 za 21 % manjša od zaloge med letoma 2000 in 2006, zaradi česar so se glede na primerjavo povprečij v navedenih obdobjih cene ostankov borovega lesa zvišale za 12,5 %, cene ostankov lesa listavcev pa za 10,7 %.
They emphasised that biomass has an important role to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Po navedbah družbe Forest2Market to dokazuje vpliv manjše razpoložljivosti ostankov pri žaganju na cene lesa.
The European Pellet Council pointed out in its comments that the demand for wood pellets would not lead to undue distortions in the wood pellet market and for other users of biomass.
Trgovec z biomaso, družba Evolution Markets, je predložil informacije o promptnem trgu za lesne pelete.
They provided data showing that an estimated increase in wood pellet demand by six million tonnes between 2013 and 2015 did not lead to significant price increases, but rather showed that prices had been falling since 2014.
Trgovec je navedel tudi, da so cene na promptnem trgu sicer trenutno ugodnejše kot cene iz dolgoročnih pogodb, vendar bi bilo izjemno težko pridobiti količine, ki bi zadostile že samo polovici porabe zadevne enote elektrarne Drax.
They also emphasised the insignificance (2,4 %) of removals of wood fibre for wood pellets compared to removals of wood fibre for other industries.
Druge zainteresirane strani, ki podpirajo projekt pretvorbe elektrarne Drax za uporabo biomase, so predložile podobne argumente, kot so navedeni v uvodnih izjavah 33 do 37.
In addition, they pointed out, inter alia, with reference to a study [25], that the increase in wood pellet demand is smaller than the decline in demand from the pulp market.
Več strani [27] je trdilo, da obrati za proizvodnjo lesnih peletov uporabljajo zlasti ostanke in lesna vlakna nizke kakovosti.
The consultant, Forest2Market, submitted a report to the Commission [26] prepared in order to quantify and contextualise the manufacturing, wood supply and price trends which have occurred in the south-east of the US, prior to and since the emergence of the wood pellet industry.
Nekatere od teh zainteresiranih strani [28] trdijo, da ima industrija lesnih peletov najmanjšo zmogljivost za plačilo lesnih vlaken in da bo zato njeno konkuriranje tradicionalnim panogam omejeno.
They found that the impact of export wood pellet mills on forest inventory and wood fibre prices in the south of the US was minimal and that wood pellet mills exporting to the Union, by themselves, do not drive price changes or changes to forest inventory and management.
Druge zainteresirane strani [29] so trdile, da industrija lesnih peletov porabi le majhen del celotne zaloge lesa na jugovzhodu ZDA.
Furthermore, wood fibre prices would probably have increased without the increased demand from the markets for wood pellets in the Union.
Zato ni prepričljivih dokazov, ki bi podprli trditev, da so se zaradi trga za izvoz lesnih peletov zaprli obrati za proizvodnjo papirja ali pakiranje [30].
Among the factors affecting the price of wood fibres, Forest2Markets identified the following elements: (a) a decline in the production of sawmill residual chips, due to the housing market crash, which has resulted in an increased demand for pulpwood; (b) strong deviations from average long-term precipitation patterns; and (c) land ownership changes.
Nekatere zainteresirane strani [31] so trdile, da so dolgoročne pogodbe, ki so potrebne za zagotovitev dobavne verige pretvorjeni enoti elektrarne Drax za uporabo biomase, dražje od lesnih peletov na promptnem trgu, ki ni dovolj likviden za oskrbo tako obsežnega projekta.
Forest2Market also provided data on the forestry inventory.
Ameriško združenje proizvajalcev industrijskih lesnih peletov (USIPA) je trdilo, da je trgovina z lesnimi vlakni in lesnimi izdelki med ZDA in Evropsko unijo omejena.
According to that data, the average supply of residues between 2007 and 2014 was 21 % less than the supply between 2000 and 2006, causing pine residual prices to increase by 12,5 % and hardwood residual prices to increase by 10,7 %, when comparing averages over those two periods.
Zato ni veliko možnosti za neupravičena izkrivljanja.
According to Forest2Market, this demonstrates the impact of the reduced availability of sawmill residues on wood prices.
Po navedbah več zainteresiranih strani povpraševanje industrije lesnih peletov koristi gozdarski industriji, ki jo je prizadelo nazadovanje tradicionalnih panog [32].
The biomass trader, Evolution Markets, provided information on the wood pellet spot market.
Zato se zanjo ne bi smelo šteti, da povzroča neupravičena izkrivljanja.
According to Evolution Markets, the wood pellet spot market had experienced some volatility during the preceding 24 months, but the spot price for industrial wood pellets hit historic lows in 2016.
Družba Westervelt je predložila poročilo inštituta Forest Research [33], v katerem je bilo ocenjeno tveganje spremembe posredne uporabe lesa [34].
The wood pellet spot market is also very illiquid and the volume of wood pellets traded under spot market conditions remains low when compared to the volume traded under long term contracts.
Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je to tveganje na jugovzhodu ZDA majhno, saj se pričakuje, da bodo še naprej na voljo precejšnji presežki biomase, novi obrati za proizvodnjo lesnih peletov pa imajo v primerjavi s trenutno nameščeno predelovalno zmogljivostjo omejeno zmogljivost za plačilo lesa.
According to Evolution Markets, although spot pricing is currently cheaper than long term contracts, sourcing sufficient volumes to supply even half of the Drax unit consumption requirement would be extremely difficult.
Uprava za mednarodno trgovino ameriškega ministrstva za trgovino je predložila trgovinske podatke o izvozu lesnih peletov iz ZDA.
Other stakeholders supporting the Drax biomass conversion project submitted arguments similar to those referred to in recitals 33 to 37.
Na podlagi teh podatkov ni sprejela nobenih ugotovitev, je pa opozorila na objavo glavnega ekonomista ameriškega ministrstva za kmetijstvo, ki je na blogu opozoril na pozitivne ekonomske učinke proizvodnje lesnih peletov.
Several parties [27] argued that wood pellet mills will use mainly residues and low quality wood fibres.
Tri zainteresirane strani so trdile, da bi bila posledica podpore projektu pretvorbe elektrarne Drax za uporabo biomase prekomerna nadomestila in izkrivljanja na trgu lesnih vlaken.
Some of these stakeholders [28] claim that the wood pellet industry has the lowest capability to pay for wood fibres and that competition with traditional industries will therefore be limited.
Družba Renewable Energy Systems Ltd (RES) je trdila, da so obratovalni parametri elektrarne Drax podcenjeni, pri čemer je izpostavila neto faktor obremenitve.
Other stakeholders [29] claimed that the wood pellet industry uses only a small part of the total wood inventory in the south-east of the US.
Priporočila je uvedbo klavzule o vračanju sredstev in omejitev števila megavatnih ur, za katero se prejme pomoč.
Therefore, the wood pellet industry alone does not drive the dynamics of the forestry industry in the south-east of the US and has no or little effect on prices.
Navedla je tudi, da bi se lahko s konkurenčnim postopkom za zbiranje ponudb izvršilna cena znižala.
As a result, there is no compelling evidence to support the argument that the market for the export of wood pellets has led to the closure of paper or packaging mills [30].
Organizacija Fern je predložila pripombe v imenu sedmih organizacij [35].
Certain stakeholders [31] argued that the long term contracts needed to secure the supply chain of the Drax biomass conversion unit are more expensive than wood pellets from on the spot market, which is not liquid enough to supply a project of this size.
Navedla je, da se bodo zaradi nizko ocenjenega faktorja obremenitve in visoko ocenjenih stroškov goriva izplačevala prekomerna nadomestila.
The US Industrial Wool Pellet Association (USIPA) submitted that there is only limited trade of both wood fibre and wood products between the US and the European Union.
Poleg tega je bilo v navedenih pripombah poudarjeno, da bi lahko projekt pretvorbe elektrarne Drax za uporabo biomase zaradi svoje velikosti izkrivljal trg lesnih vlaken.
Therefore, the possibilities for undue distortions are limited.
V pripombah so se tudi izpodbijale trditve o CO2, ki naj bi se prihranil s priglašenim projektom.
According to several stakeholders, the demand from the wood pellet industry is beneficial for the forestry industry affected by the decline of traditional industries [32].
Poleg tega je organizacija Fern poudarila, pri čemer je navedla podatke svetovalne družbe RISI, da se je od leta 2011 do leta 2015 na jugu ZDA cene mehkega lesa zvišale za 27 %, cene lesa listavcev pa za 56 %.
It should, therefore, not be considered as unduly distortive.
Organizacija Fern je v pripombah navedla tržno analizo, ki jo je izvedla neodvisna svetovalna družba FORISK [36].
The Westervelt company submitted a report from Forest Research [33] that assessed the risk of indirect wood use change (IWUC) [34].
V tej analizi je bilo predvideno, da bi se lahko v obdobju 2014–2019 povpraševanje po lesnih vlaknih iz industrijskih lesnih peletov na svetovni ravni z 10,6 milijona ton letno povečalo na 25 milijonov ton, ni pa se upošteval učinek ostankov pri žaganju.
That report concluded that the risk of IWUC in the south-east of the US is small, as significant biomass surpluses are expected to persist and new wood pellet mills have a limited capability to pay for wood compared with currently installed processing capacity.
Na tej podlagi je bila sprejeta ugotovitev, da bi se lahko cene pravice do sečnje [37] na jugovzhodu ZDA povišale za 30–40 %.
The International Trade Administration (ITA) of the US Department of Commerce supplied trade data on US exports of wood pellets.
Organizacija Biofuelwatch je v ločenih pripombah poudarila, da bi bila posledica podpore projektu pretvorbe elektrarne Drax za uporabo biomase prekomerna nadomestila zaradi podcenjenega faktorja obremenitve in precenjenih stroškov goriva.
The ITA did not draw any conclusions from the data, but pointed to a blog post of the US Department of Agriculture Chief Economist highlighting the positive economic impacts of wood pellets production.
V navedenih pripombah je tudi trdila, da bo priglašeni projekt zaradi svoje velikosti izkrivljal trg na jugovzhodu ZDA in v Južni Ameriki, iz katere bo elektrarna Drax pridobivala približno 16 % goriva, pri čemer je navajala tveganje prilaščanje zemljišč v okviru slabo reguliranih poslov v Južni Ameriki.
Three stakeholders argued that the support for the Drax biomass conversion project would lead to overcompensation and market distortions in the wood fibre market.
Tri zainteresirane strani [38] so podprle mnenje, da bi lahko projekt pretvorbe elektrarne Drax za uporabo biomase izkrivljal konkurenco na trgu surovin za lesna vlakna.
Renewable Energy Systems Ltd (RES) claimed that the operating parameters of the Drax plant were underestimated, and it specifically referred to the net load factor.
Združenje AFPA je predložilo ocene proizvodnje in izvoza lesnih peletov na jugovzhodu ZDA na podlagi študije, ki jo je opravila neodvisna svetovalna družba RISI.
It recommended the introduction of a claw back clause and a cap on the number of MWh receiving aid.
Slika 1
RES also indicated that a competitive bidding process could have reduced the strike price.
Ocenjena proizvodnja lesnih peletov v ZDA (v milijonih ameriških ton, vir: družba RISI)
Fern submitted comments on behalf of seven organisations [35] which indicated that low estimates used for the load factor and high estimates for the fuel costs will result in overcompensation.
Po navedbah združenja AFPA se zaradi povečanja proizvodnje lesnih peletov že zvišujejo cene pravice do sečnje na jugovzhodu ZDA.
Moreover, those comments pointed out that, due to its large size, the Drax biomass conversion project might distort the wood fibre market.
Na sliki 2 so prikazane cene pravice do sečnje vlakninskega lesa na jugovzhodu ZDA za obdobje 2006–2015, ki jih je predložilo združenje AFPA.
These submissions also contested the CO2 savings claims by the notified project.
Slika 2
The submission by Fern quoted a market analysis by the independent consultant FORISK [36].
Študija družbe RISI obsega tudi podrobno razčlenitev stroškov proizvodnje lesnih peletov na jugovzhodu ZDA [39] in njihovega izvoza v Združeno kraljestvo.
This analysis assumed that global wood fibre demand from industrial wood pellets would increase from 10,6 to 25 million tonnes per annum in the period from 2014 to 2019 and the analysis did not take into account the effect of saw mill residues.
Družba RISI je na podlagi teh podatkov ocenila, koliko bi bil upravičenec največ sposoben plačevati za lesna vlakna na podlagi pogodbe na razliko.
It subsequently made the finding that the stumpage prices [37] in the south-east of the US could increase by 30 % to 40 %.
Elektrarna, ki po pogodbi na razliko prejema plačilo za izvršilno ceno v višini 105 GBP/MWh, bi lahko plačevala do 275 USD/tono lesnih peletov.
In a separate submission, Biofuelwatch reiterated that the support for the Drax biomass conversion project would lead to overcompensation due to an underestimated load factor and overestimated fuel costs.
Ob upoštevanju prevoza, proizvodnje in sečnje bi to znašalo 57,9 USD/tono v okviru pravice do sečnje, kar bi bilo več kot 4,7-krat toliko, kot znaša povprečna cena pravice do sečnje.
That submission also claimed that, due to its size, the notified project would distort the market in the south-east of the US, and in South America where Drax would source approximately 16 % of its fuel, citing the risk of land-grabs from poorly regulated operations in South America.
Upravičenec bi torej lahko plačal več od drugih uporabnikov lesnih vlaken.
Three stakeholders [38] supported the view that the Drax biomass conversion project may distort competition in the raw material market for wood fibre.
Poleg tega je družba RISI ocenila, da so lesni peleti iz juga ZDA sestavljeni iz 64 % mehkega vlakninskega lesa, 12 % vlakninskega lesa listavcev, 12 % ostankov pri žaganju in 12 % gozdne biomase, tj. gozdnih ostankov ali ostankov pri sečnji, ki so premajhni ali preslabe kakovosti, da bi se lahko uporabili za celulozo.
AFPA provided estimates of wood pellet production and exports in the south-east of the US based on a study by the independent consultant RISI.
Lesni peleti bi bili torej večinoma iz materiala, ki ga uporabljajo tudi druge industrije.
Wood pellet exports to the European Union increased from 1,8 to 4,5 million tonnes per annum during the period from 2012 to 2015.
Podobno je družba Graphic Package International Inc.
According to projections by RISI, exports could further increase to 10,6 million tonnes per annum in 2019.
(GPII) poročala, da je les, ki se na jugovzhodu ZDA uporablja za proizvodnjo lesnih peletov, večinoma iz ostankov hlodovine velikosti vlakninskega lesa in ostankov pri žaganju, gozdni ostanki pa predstavljajo le majhen, manj kot 20-odstotni delež vsega potrebnega lesa.
Figure 1 shows the estimated US wood pellet production.
Poraba lesnih vlaken na jugu ZDA v industriji gozdnih proizvodov naj bi se s 170 milijonov suhih metričnih ton v letu 2014 povečala na 182 milijonov ton v letu 2019, tj. letno za približno 1,4 %.
Figure 1
Družba GPII je navedla tudi, da se zaradi povečane uporabe lesnih vlaken v industriji lesnih peletov zvišuje cena pravic do sečnje na jugovzhodu ZDA, pri čemer je navedla podatke svetovalne družbe Forest2Market.
Estimated US wood pellet production (million short tonnes; source, RISI)
Poročala je, da so se cene pravice do sečnje borovega vlakninskega lesa na jugu ZDA leta 2013 v povprečju zvišale za 11 %, leta 2014 pa za 10 %.
According to AFPA, the increase in wood pellet production is already causing an increase in stumpage prices in the south-east of the US.
Predložila je zemljevide z obstoječimi in načrtovanimi obrati za proizvodnjo lesnih peletov v bližini dveh njenih obratov za proizvodnjo lepenke.
Figure 2 shows the pulpwood stumpage prices in the south-east of the US for the period from 2006 to 2015 submitted by AFPA.
Nekateri obrati za proizvodnjo celuloze, papirja in lesnih izdelkov na zadevnem območju so se sicer zaprli, vendar pa je obratov za proizvodnjo lesnih peletov več kot zaprtih obratov za proizvodnjo celuloze, papirja in lesnih izdelkov.
Figure 2
Zato je družba GPII trdila, da ti obrati za proizvodnjo lesnih peletov povzročajo dodatna izkrivljanja.
US SE pulpwood stumpage prices (USD/cord, source RISI)
Družba GPII je predložila še študijo [40] o učinku izvoza lesnih peletov na cene lesnih vlaken na jugovzhodu ZDA, ki jo je financiralo ameriško ministrstvo za kmetijstvo.