natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
4-5 % peat (dry weight, according to 2 ± 0,5 % organic carbon) as close to pH 5,5 to 6,0 as possible; it is important to use peat in powder form, finely ground (preferably particle size < 1 mm) and only air dried.
43/3, str. 1362–1364.
20 % (dry weight) kaolin clay (kaolinite content preferably above 30 %).
Soper, K. A. in S. M. Galloway (1994).
75-76 % (dry weight) quartz sand (fine sand should predominate with more than 50 % of the particles between 50 and 200 μm).
Cytotoxicity measurement in in vitro chromosome aberration test and micronucleus test, Mutation Research, zv.
An aqueous nutrient medium is added such that the final sediment batch contains 200 mg/Kg dry sediment of both ammonium chloride and sodium phosphate and the moisture content of the final mixture is in a range of 30-50 %.
312, str. 139–149.
Calcium carbonate of chemically pure quality (CaCO3) is added to adjust the pH of the final mixture of the sediment to 7,0 ± 0,5.
za poskuse, zajete v to preskusno metodo, pri katerih se uporabljajo celične linije, je citotoksičnost opredeljena kot zmanjšanje relativne podvojitve populacije (RPD) ali relativnega povečanja števila celic (RICC) pri tretiranih celicah v primerjavi z negativnimi kontrolami (glej odstavek 17 in Dodatek 2).
The source of peat, kaolin clay and sand should be known and documented.
pri kratkotrajnih študijah: teža posameznih živali ob začetku in koncu preskusa; pri študijah, ki trajajo dlje kot en teden: teža posameznih živali med študijo in poraba hrane.
If the origin is unknown or gives some level of concern, then the respective components should be checked for the absence of chemical contamination (e.g. heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, organophosphorous compounds).
Vključiti je treba razpon, srednjo vrednost in standardni odklon telesne teže za vsako skupino.
The dry constituents of the sediment should be mixed homogenously prior to mixing the aqueous nutrient solution thoroughly into the sediment.
Adler, I. D. (1984).
The moist sediment should be prepared at least two days before use to allow thorough soaking of the peat and to prevent hydrophobic peat particles floating to the surface when the sediment is overlaid with media; before use, the moist sediment may be stored in the dark.
Preston, R. J. idr.
For the test, the sediment is transferred into a suitable size containers, such as plant pots of a diameter which fit into the glass vessels (the sediment surface area should cover approximately 70 % or more of the vessel surface area).
189/2, str. 157–165.
In cases where the container has holes at the bottom, a piece of filter paper in the bottom of the container will help to keep the sediment within the container.
Richold, M. idr.
The pots are filled with the sediment such that the sediment surface is level, prior to covering with a thin layer (~ 2 to 3 mm) of an inert material such as sand, fine horticultural grit (or crushed coral) to keep the sediment in place.
Tice, R. R. idr.
Smart and Barko medium (12) is recommended for culturing and testing Myriophyllum spicatum.
Report from the working group on the in vivo mammalian bone marrow chromosomal aberration test, Mutation Research, zv.
Preparation of this media is described in the Appendix 1.
312/3, str. 305–312.
The pH of the media (water phase) at test initiation should be between 7,5 and 8,0 for optimum plant growth.
Adler, I. D. idr.
Experimental design
Recommendations for statistical designs of in vivo mutagenicity tests with regard to subsequent statistical analysis, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, zv.
The test should incorporate a minimum of six replicate test vessels for the untreated control and a minimum of four replicate test vessels for each of a minimum of five concentration levels.
417/1, str. 19–30.
Each test vessel represents a replicate containing three shoots.
Ryan, T. P. (2000).
There are two options for growing three shoots in each test vessel:
Compilation and use of genetic toxicity historical control data, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, zv.
Test Design A: one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel.
723/2, str. 87–90.
Test Design B: three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel.
In vivo rodent erythrocyte micronucleus assay, Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, zv.
Alternative test designs of one shoot per pot per test vessel are acceptable provided that replication is adjusted as required to achieve the required validity criteria.
312/3, str. 293–304.
The individual test vessels should be randomly assigned to the treatment groups.
Fielder, R. J. idr.
A randomised design for the location of the test vessels in the test area is required to minimise the influence of spatial differences in light intensity or temperature.
7/5, str. 313–319.
Test chemical concentrations and control groups
Pacchierotti, F. in Stocchi, V. (2013).
Concentrations should typically follow a geometric series; the separation factor between test concentrations should not exceed 3,2.
Analysis of chromosome aberrations in somatic and germ cells of the mouse, Methods in Molecular Biology, št. 1044, str. 147–163.
Prior knowledge of the toxicity of the test chemical from a range-finding test will help to select suitable test concentrations.
Lovell, D. P. idr.
To determine an ECx, test concentrations should bracket the ECx to ensure an appropriate level of confidence.
pri kratkotrajnih študijah: teža posameznih živali ob začetku in koncu preskusa; pri študijah, ki trajajo dlje kot en teden: teža posameznih živali med študijo in poraba hrane.
The use of more test concentrations will improve the confidence interval around the resulting ECx value.
627/1, str. 10–30.
To determine the LOEC/NOEC (optional endpoint), the lowest test concentration should be sufficiently low such that growth is not significantly different from growth in control plants.
MacGregor, J. T. idr.
In addition, the highest test concentration should be sufficiently high such that growth is significantly lower than that in the control.
94/1, str. 92–107.
The use of more replicates will enhance the statistical power of the no effect-concentration/ ANOVA design.
Dertinger, S. D. idr.
In cases where a range-finding test indicates that the test chemical does not have an adverse effect at concentrations up to 100 mg/l or up to its limit of solubility in the test medium, or in the case of a formulation up to the limit of dispersibility, a limit test may be undertaken to facilitate comparison of responses in a control group and one treatment group — 100 mg/l or a concentration equal to the limit of solubility, or 1000 mg/kg dry sediment.
Flow cytometric analysis of micronuclei in peripheral blood reticulocytes: I. Intra- and interlaboratory comparison with microscopic scoring, Toxicological Sciences, zv.
This test should follow the general principles of a standard dose-response test, with the exception that an increase in the minimum number of replicates to six test vessels per control and concentration is advised.
94/1, str. 83–91.
Test solutions are usually prepared by dilution of a stock solution, prepared by dissolving or dispersing the test chemical in Smart and Barko media, using demineralised (i.e. distilled or deionised) water (see Appendix 1).
Flow cytometric scoring of micronucleated erythrocytes: an efficient platform for assessing in vivo cytogenetic damage, Mutagenesis, zv.
The highest test concentration should normally not exceed the water solubility of the test chemical or, in the case of formulations, the dispersibility under the test conditions.
26/1, str. 139–145.
For test chemicals of low water solubility, it may be necessary to prepare a concentrated stock solution or dispersion of the chemical using an organic solvent or dispersant in order to facilitate the addition of accurate quantities of the test chemical to the test medium and aid in its dispersion and dissolution.
P. in Garriott, M. L. (1996).
Every effort should be made to avoid the use of such solvents or dispersants.
Validation of an automated image analysis micronucleus scoring system, Mutation Research, zv.
For example, commonly used solvents, which do not cause phytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 μl/l, include acetone and dimethylformamide.
370/1, str. 65–73.
If a solvent or dispersant is used, its final concentration should be reported and kept to a minimum (≤ 100 μl/l).
Asano, N. idr.
Under these circumstances all treatments and (solvent) controls should contain the same concentration of solvent or dispersant.
An automated new technique for scoring the rodent micronucleus assay: computerized image analysis of acridine orange supravitally stained peripheral blood cells, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, zv.
Untreated control replicates that do not contain a solvent or dispersant are also incorporated into the test design.
404/1–2, str. 149–154.
Further guidance on the use of dispersants is given in an OECD Guidance Document (11).
Styles, J. A. idr.
The test procedure varies according to the application route of the test chemical (i.e. via the water or sediment phase).
Automation of mouse micronucleus genotoxicity assay by laser scanning cytometry, Cytometry, zv.
The likely behaviour of the test chemical in a water-sediment system should be considered to inform the choice of exposure regime used in the test (i.e. static or static renewal, spiked water or spiked sediment).
44/2, str. 153–155.
Spiked sediment tests may be preferred in some cases for chemicals that are predicted to significantly partition to sediment.
Heddle, J. A. (1973).
Establishment phase
A rapid in vivo test for chromosomal damage, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, zv.
Healthy shoot apices/tips, i.e. without side shoots, are cut from the culture plants to give a shoot length of 6 cm (± 1 cm).
18/2, str. 187–190.
For Test Design A (one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel) single shoot tips are planted into each pot.
The micronucleus test, Mutation Research, zv.
For Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel) four to five shoot apices are planted into each pot containing the sediment.
31/1, str. 9–15.
In both cases surplus pots should be planted to allow for selection of uniform plants at test initiation, as well as to provide spare plants to be used for inspection of root growth immediately prior to treatment and spare plants to be harvested for shoot biomass and length measurements on Day 0.
Heddle, J. A. idr.
Shoots are inserted such that approximately three cm, covering at least two nodes, are beneath the sediment surface.
123/1, str. 61–118.
Pots are then transferred to test vessels under the same environmental conditions as for the exposure phase and maintained for seven days in Smart and Barko medium to induce root development.
Mavournin, K. H. idr.
After this time, several plants in spare pots should be removed for inspection of root growth.
239/1, str. 29–80.
If root growth is not visible (i.e. root tips are not visible), then the establishment phase should be extended until root growth is visible.
Micronuclei in circulating erythrocytes: a rapid screen for chromosomal damage during routine toxicity testing in mice, Developments in Toxicology Environmental Science, zv.
This step is recommended to ensure that plants are actively growing at the time of test initiation.
11, str. 555–558.
Selection of uniform plant material
Guidelines for the conduct of micronucleus assays in mammalian bone marrow erythrocytes, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, zv.
For Test Design A (one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel) pots are selected for uniformity prior to test initiation.
189/2, str. 103–112.
For Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel), surplus plants are removed to leave three plants that are uniform in size and appearance.
The in vivo erythrocyte micronucleus test: measurement at steady state increases assay efficiency and permits integration with toxicity studies, Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, zv.
Exposure via the water phase
14/3, str. 513–522.
Pots, selected for uniformity, are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
The micronucleus assay with mouse peripheral blood reticulocytes using acridine orange-coated slides, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, zv.
Smart and Barko medium is then added to the test vessels.
245/4, str. 245–249.
Care should be taken to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
CSGMT/JEMS.MMS – The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (1992).
For this purpose, media may be added using a funnel or a plastic disc to cover the sediment while the medium is poured into the test vessels provided that the disc is removed immediately afterwards.
Micronucleus test with mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes by acridine orange supravital staining: the summary report of the 5th collaborative study, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, zv.
Alternatively, plant pots may be placed in the test vessels after the addition of the media.
278/2–3, str. 83–98.
In both cases, fresh media may be used at the beginning of the exposure phase, if necessary to minimise the potential build-up of algae and bacteria or to allow preparation of single batches of test solution across replicates.
CSGMT/JEMS.MMS – The Mammalian Mutagenesis Study Group of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan (1995).
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the medium.
Protocol recommended by the CSGMT/JEMS.MMS for the short-term mouse peripheral blood micronucleus test.
The relevant amounts of the test chemical may be added to the test medium before it is added to the test vessels.
The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT) (CSGMT/JEMS.MMS, The Mammalian Mutagenesis Study Group of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan), Mutagenesis, zv.
Alternatively, the test chemical may be introduced into the medium after it has been added to the test vessels.
10/3, str. 153–159.
In this case, care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical is homogeneously distributed throughout the test system without disturbing the sediment.
Salamone, M. F. in Mavournin, K. H. (1994).
In all cases, the appearance (e.g. clear, cloudy, etc.) of the test media is recorded at test initiation.
Bone marrow micronucleus assay: a review of the mouse stocks used and their published mean spontaneous micronucleus frequencies, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
Exposure via sediment
23/4, str. 239–273.
Spiked sediments of the chosen concentration are prepared by addition of a solution of the test chemical directly to fresh sediment.
Krishna, G., Urda, G. in Paulissen, J. (2000).
A stock solution of the test chemical dissolved in deionised water is mixed with the formulated sediment by rolling mill, feed mixer or hand mixing.
Historical vehicle and positive control micronucleus data in mice and rats, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, zv.
If poorly soluble in water, the test chemical can be dissolved in as small a volume as possible of a suitable organic solvent (e.g. hexane, acetone or chloroform).
453/1, str. 45–50.
This solution is then mixed with ca.
Hayes, J. idr.
10 g of fine quartz sand for one test vessel.
The rat bone marrow micronucleus test--study design and statistical power, Mutagenesis, zv.
The solvent is allowed to evaporate and the sand is then mixed with the suitable amount of sediment per test beaker.
24/5, str. 419–424.
Only agents that volatilise readily can be used to solubilise, disperse or emulsify the test chemical.
Wakata, A. idr.
It should be borne in mind that the volume/weight of sand spiked with the test chemical has to be taken into account in the final preparation of the sediment (i.e. the sediment should thus be prepared with less sand).
32/1, str. 84–100.
Care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical added to sediment is thoroughly and evenly distributed within the sediment.
Rothfuss, A. idr.
The spiked sediment is filled into the pots (as described above).
Improvement of in vivo genotoxicity assessment: combination of acute tests and integration into standard toxicity testing, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, zv.
Plants, selected for uniformity and an adequate root system, are removed from the pots used during the establishment phase and transplanted into the spiked sediment as described above.
723/2, str. 108–120.
Pots are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
LeBaron, M. J. idr.
Smart and Barko medium is then added carefully (i.e. using a funnel) in order to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
Influence of counting methodology on erythrocyte ratios in the mouse micronucleus test, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the media.
54/3, str. 222–228.
Maintenance of water levels over the test duration
Some aspects of protocol design including repeated treatments, integration with toxicity testing, and automated scoring, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
The final water volume must be recorded and the water level marked on each test vessel.
35/3, str. 234–252.
If water evaporates during the test by more than 10 %, the water level should be adjusted with distilled water.
Asanami, S. in Shimono, K. (1997).
If necessary, beakers may be loosely covered by a transparent cover such as transparent plastic lids to minimise evaporation and contamination with algal spores.
High body temperature induces micronuclei in mouse bone marrow, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, zv.
Warm and/or cool white fluorescent lighting are used to provide light irradiance in the range of about 140 (± 20) μE·m–2 s–1 when measured as a photosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nm) at the water surface and using a light:dark ratio of 16:8 h.
390/1–2, str. 79–83.
Any differences from the selected light irradiance over the test area should not exceed the range of ± 15 %.
Asanami, S., Shimono, K. in Kaneda, S. (1998).
The temperature in the test vessels is 20 ± 2 °C.
Transient hypothermia induces micronuclei in mice, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, zv.
The pH of the control medium should not increase by more than 1,5 units during the test.
413/1, str. 7–14.
However, deviation of more than 1,5 units would not invalidate the test when it can be shown that the validity criteria specified previously are met.
Spencer, P. J. idr.
Test duration
Induction of micronuclei by phenol in the mouse bone marrow: I. Association with chemically induced hypothermia, Toxicological Sciences, zv.
The exposure period is 14 days.
97/1, str. 120–127.
After the establishment phase and immediately prior to treatment (i.e. on Day 0), spare plants from five randomly selected pots for the three plants per pot design or 15 pots for the one plant per pot design, are harvested for assessment of shoot length and fresh and dry weight as described below.
Hayashi, M., Sofuni, T. in Ishidate, M. Jr.
For plants transferred into the exposure phase, the following assessments are made as shown in Table 1:
120/4, str. 241–247.
Assessments of main shoot length, side shoot number and side shoot length are recorded at least at the end of the exposure period (e.g. on day 14).
A simple fluorescent staining procedure for micronuclei and RNA in erythrocytes using Hoechst 33258 and pyronin Y, Mutation Research, zv.
Visual assessments of plant health are recorded at least three times during the exposure period (e.g. on days 0, 7 and 14).
120/4, str. 269–275.
Assessments of shoot fresh weight and dry weight are made at the end of the test (i.e. on Day 14).
Romagna, F. in Staniforth, C. D. (1989).
Shoot length is determined using a ruler.
The automated bone marrow micronucleus test, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, zv.
If side shoots are present, their numbers and length should also be measured.
213/1, str. 91–104.
Visual assessments of plant health are made by recording the appearance of plants and the general condition of the test medium.
Sun, J. T., Armstrong, M. J. in Galloway, S.M.
Observations to be noted include:
439/1, str. 121–126.
Necrosis, chlorosis or other discoloration such as excessive reddening relative to control plants.
Miller, B. M. in Adler, I. D. (1990).
Development of bacterial or algal contamination;
Application of antikinetochore antibody staining (CREST staining) to micronuclei in erythrocytes induced in vivo, Mutagenesis, zv.
Growth abnormalities such as stunting, altered internodal length, distorted shoots/leaves, the proliferation of side shoots, leaf loss, loss of turgor and stem fragmentation.
5/4, str. 411–415.
Visual assessments of root health are made at test termination, by carefully washing sediment from roots to enable observation of the root system.
Miller, B. M. idr.
few roots
Russo, A. (2002).
moderate root development
PRINS tandem labeling of satellite DNA in the study of chromosome damage, American Journal of Medical Genetics, zv.
Assessments of fresh weight are made at the beginning and end of the test by cutting the shoot at sediment level and then blotting dry prior to weighing.
Gollapudi, B. B. in McFadden, L.G. (1995).
Care should be taken to remove sediment particles that may adhere to the base of the shoot.
Sample size for the estimation of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocyte ratio in the bone marrow micronucleus test, Mutation Research, zv.
Shoot material is then placed in a drying oven at ca.
347/2, str. 97–99.
60 °C and dried to a constant weight, prior to re-weighing and recording the dry weight.
Statistical analysis of data in mutagenicity assays: rodent micronucleus assay, Environmental Health Perspectives, zv.
A summary of the minimum biological assessments required over the test duration is provided in Table 1.
102/Dop.
Assessment schedule
1, str. 49–52.
A indicates that assessments are required on these occasions
Kim, B. S., Cho, M. in Kim, H. J. (2000).
Day after treatment
469/2, str. 233–241.
(DAT)
Slednji se je uporabil za predvalidacijsko študijo, ki je bila izvedena med letoma 1997–1998 in jo je sponzorirala Evropska skupnost.
Shoot length, side shoot length and number
Oba protokola temeljita na preskusni metodi BCOP, o kateri so prvi poročali Gautheron idr.
The temperature of the medium in a supplementary vessel held under the same conditions in the growth chamber, incubator or room should be recorded at least daily (or continuously with a data logger).
V: ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Report – Current Validation Status of In Vitro Test Methods Proposed for Identifying Eye Injury Hazard Potential of Chemicals and Products.
The pH and dissolved oxygen concentration of the test medium should be checked at test initiation, at least once during the study and at the end of the study in all replicate vessels.
Protocol 124: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Assay – SOP of Microbiological Associates Ltd.
On each occasion, measurements should be taken at the same time of the day.
Ispra, Italija: Evropski center za validacijo alternativnih metod (ECVAM).
If bulk solutions are used to prepare all replicates at each test concentration, then a single measurement of each bulk solution is acceptable on Day 0.
Gautheron, P., Dukic, M., Alix, D. in Sina, J. F. (1992).
Irradiance should be measured in the growth chamber, incubator or room at points equivalent to level of the water surface.
Prinsen, M. K. (2006).
Measurements should be made at least once at test initiation or during the test.
Siegel, J. D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M., Chiarello, L. in Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (2007).
The method of light detection and measurement, in particular the type of sensor, will affect the measured value.
Maurer, J. K., Parker, R. D. in Jester, J. V. (2002).
Analytical measurements of test chemical
Doughty, M. J., Petrou, S. in Macmillan, H. (1995).
The correct application of the test chemical should be supported by analytical measurements of test chemical concentrations.
Collee, J. in Bradley, R. (1997).