natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The only new evidence provided by the company in this respect was that there was not necessarily a link between its financial difficulties and its credit rating, as it was a large iron and steel group with a long history and a good credit reputation.
Uradniki kitajske vlade so med preveritvenim obiskom tudi potrdili, da kitajska vlada za družbe za proizvodnjo koksnega premoga določi število proizvodnih dni na leto, kar je zanesljiv znak, da na oskrbo z domačim koksnim premogom vpliva posredovanje države.
The Commission considered that this kind of argumentation adequately reflected the Commission's claim that credit ratings in China were not reliable, as they were mainly based on the size and the status of companies, and not on their actual credit situation.
Kitajska vlada ni predložila dodatnih informacij o delovanju trga s koksnim premogom.
Concerning the third point, the Commission disagreed with the company's claim that the subsidy related to loans treated in a similar way as grants was not included in the complaint.
Vse vzorčene družbe so koksni premog kupovale pri domačih povezanih ali nepovezanih družbah, v manjših količinah pa so ga tudi uvažale.
Indeed, this concerned a separate calculation methodology within the preferential lending, which was indeed included in the complaint.
Komisija je na podlagi preverjenih informacij o posameznih poslih vseh vzorčenih družb ugotovila, da so bile nabavne cene koksnega premoga podobne ne glede na to, ali je bil koksni premog nabavljen doma ali uvožen, in ne glede na to, ali je bil nabavljen pri povezanih ali nepovezanih družbah.
Conclusion on preferential lending
Čeprav je bilo s preiskavo ugotovljeno, da država deloma vpliva na oskrbo s koksnim premogom na domačem trgu iz razlogov, pojasnjenih v uvodnih izjavah (274) in (275), Komisija ni našla dokazov, da je kitajska vlada vzorčenim proizvajalcem izvoznikom v obdobju preiskave zagotavljala subvencije za nakup koksnega premoga.
The investigation showed that all sampled groups of exporting producers benefited from preferential lending during the IP.
Po razkritju je pritožnik trdil, da bi morala Komisija oceniti, v kolikšni meri domače cene železove rude, koksa in premoga vplivajo na cene, ki so jih proizvajalci izvozniki pripravljeni plačati za uvožene surovine.
In view of the existence of a financial contribution, a benefit to the exporting producers and specificity, this benefit should be considered as a countervailable subsidy.
Komisija je ta argument zavrnila, saj dolgoročna vzdržnost stroškov proizvodnje, ki jih ima proizvajalec, ni potrebna za opredelitev ugodnosti.
The subsidy rate established with regard to this scheme during the IP for the sampled groups of companies amounts to:
Komisija je morala namesto tega oceniti in tudi je ocenila, ali je vlada zagotavljala železovo rudo, koks ali premog za manj kot ustrezno nadomestilo.
Preferential policy loans
To ni držalo, saj so proizvajalci prejemali surovine po tržni ceni.
Company/Group
Energija
Overall Subsidy amount
Vse vzorčene družbe so energijo proizvajale same ali jo kupovale iz omrežja.
From state owned banks
Nabavne cene energije iz omrežja so bile v skladu z uradno določenimi ravnmi cen, ki so bile na ravni provinc določene za velike industrijske odjemalce.
From other financial institutions
Kot je bilo ugotovljeno v prejšnjih preiskavah [40], ta raven tem velikim industrijskim odjemalcem ni prinesla posebne prednosti.
De Facto Guarantee
V tem primeru ni Komisija našla niti dokazov, da je imela katera od družb korist zaradi nižje preferencialne stopnje.
The complainant alleged the existence of a separate subsidy programme which entails a potential direct transfer of funds by the GOC trough a de facto guarantee that ensures the continuity of operations for companies in the hot-rolled flat industry that, due to their financial situation, face difficulties to repay loans.
Ugotovila ni niti, da bi vzorčene družbe prejele posebne subvencije v zvezi z električno energijo.
The Commission noted that the evidentiary threshold for proving unwritten measures under the WTO is particularly demanding in terms of the evidence required to show their existence.
Komisija zato na podlagi preverjenih informacij vzorčenih družb ni mogla potrditi, da je kitajska vlada tem družbam v obdobju preiskave zagotovila subvencijo za nakup energije.
In particular, the investigation authority must clearly establish, through arguments and supporting evidence, at least that the alleged unwritten ‘rule or norm’ is attributable to foreign government; its precise content; and that it does have general and prospective application.
Pravice do uporabe zemljišča
This high threshold is only met if sufficient evidence is put forward with respect to each of these elements [36].
Vsa zemljišča v LRK so v lasti države ali skupnosti, ki jo sestavljajo vasi ali okraji, preden se lahko lastninska pravica do zemljišča ali upravičenost, ki izhaja iz lastninske pravice, prenese na posameznika ali dodeli podjetju ali posameznemu lastniku.
Attribution to the GOC
Vse parcele na mestnih območjih so v lasti države, vse parcele na podeželskih območjih pa so v lasti vasi ali okrajev, v katerih ležijo.
The Commission first verified whether the alleged de facto guarantee could be attributed to the GOC.
Vendar lahko podjetja in posamezniki v skladu z ustavnim pravom LRK in zemljiškim pravom kupijo „pravice do uporabe zemljišča“.
In that respect, it confirmed that there is a governmental policy in the PRC to develop large national champions (mostly state-owned) in the steel industry over smaller (mostly private) mills.
Zakupna pravica za industrijska zemljišča običajno velja 50 let in jo je mogoče obnoviti za nadaljnjih 50 let.
This policy was already in place in 2009, when the ‘Blueprint for the Steel Industry Adjustment and Revitalisation’ was issued by the State Council.
Po navedbah kitajske vlade lahko od 31. avgusta 2006 na podlagi člena 5 obvestila državnega sveta o krepitvi regulacije zemljišč (GF (2006), št. 31) pravico do industrijskih zemljišč dodeli le država industrijskim podjetjem prek dražbe ali podobnega javnega postopka za oddajo ponudb, pri katerem končna cena posla ne sme biti nižja od minimalne dražbene cene.
This document stated that as a basic principle, the key backbone enterprises and key categories in the iron and steel industry should be supported to keep a stable market and to promote a stable development of the industry.
Kitajska vlada meni, da je trg za zemljišča v LRK prosti trg in da cena, ki jo industrijsko podjetje plača za zakupno pravico za zemljišče, izraža tržno ceno.
In order to counter the crisis of 2008, the Blueprint document further emphasized that the layout of the industry should be adjusted and optimized based on ‘the control of total quantity in combination with the elimination of backward capacity, enterprise restructuring and relocation of urban steel’.
Pravna podlaga
According to the document, the objective of the GOC is to establish several super-large enterprises with strong independent innovation capability and international competitiveness, and to make the capacity of the top five domestic iron and steel enterprises account for over 45 % of the national output.
Za zagotavljanje pravic do uporabe zemljišč na Kitajskem se uporablja zakon Ljudske republike Kitajske o upravljanju zemljišč.
Therefore, several super-large iron and steel enterprises are expected to be built with a capacity of over 50000000 tonnes and strong international competitiveness such as Baosteel, Ansteel and Wuhan Iron and Steel.
Poleg tega pravno podlago tvorijo še naslednji dokumenti:
In addition, several large iron and steel enterprises with a capacity of 10000000-30000000 tons are expected to be formed.
zakon Ljudske republike Kitajske o upravljanju mestnih zemljišč;
Furthermore, the document mentions the completion of the relocation of Shougang Group and the construction of its Caofeidian Iron and Steel Base as an objective.
začasne določbe Ljudske republike Kitajske o dodelitvi in prenosu pravice do uporabe državnih zemljišč na mestnih območjih;
The Blueprint policy document envisaged and promoted financial support for these key backbone enterprises, and also foresees support in terms of share issuance, corporate bonds, medium term notes, short-term financing bill, bank loan and absorption of private equity investment for those projects consistent with environmental protection and land laws and rules and investment management regulations, and enterprises with merger & acquisition or restructuring activities.
predpis o izvajanju zakona Ljudske republike Kitajske o upravljanju zemljišč;
On the other hand, however, the document mentioned financing limitations for the projects with illegal construction and unauthorized approval and enterprises with ‘backward capacity’.
določba o dodeljevanju pravice do uporabe državnih stavbnih zemljišč prek razpisa za oddajo ponudb, dražbe in ponudbe;
It specifically stated that ‘in case of random extension and renovation or transfer of backward facilities to other places, the financial institutions will not provide the credit loan support in any forms, and the national land and resources department will not handle the land use procedures’.
obvestilo državnega sveta o krepitvi regulacije zemljišč (Guo Fa (2006), št. 31).
The 12th Five Year Steel Plan continued the same strategy as set out in the Blueprint.
Ugotovitve preiskave
The 12th Five Year Plan also referred to key steel enterprises, and optimization of the layout of the industry is considered to be a main target.
Lokalni organi v skladu s členom 10 določbe o dodeljevanju pravice do uporabe državnih stavbnih zemljišč prek razpisa za oddajo ponudb, dražbe in ponudbe določijo cene zemljišč v skladu s sistemom vrednotenja mestnih zemljišč, ki se posodobi le vsaka tri leta, in vladno industrijsko politiko.
It specified that big projects are encouraged while small projects should be curbed, and it combined this with the elimination of backward production capacities.
Komisija je v prejšnjih preiskavah ugotovila, da cene, ki so bile plačane za pravice do uporabe zemljišč v LRK, niso reprezentativne za tržne cene, ki se določajo glede na ponudbo in povpraševanje na prostem trgu, saj je bilo za sistem dražb in javnih postopkov za oddajo ponudb ugotovljeno, da je nejasen, nepregleden in v praksi ne deluje, za cene pa je bilo ugotovljeno, da jih samovoljno določajo organi.
One of the main objectives of the 12th Five Year Plan was also to reach a certain industrial clustering level by significantly reducing the quantity of the steel enterprises.
Kot je navedeno v prejšnji uvodni izjavi, organi cene določajo v skladu s sistemom vrednotenja mestnih zemljišč, ki vsebuje tudi merilo, da organi pri določanju cene industrijskega zemljišča upoštevajo industrijsko politiko.
The target was to increase the proportion of the steel production of the top-10 steel enterprises to 60 % of the national aggregate.
Poleg tega je vsaj v jeklarstvu dostop do industrijskih zemljišč zakonsko omejen na zgolj tiste družbe, ki upoštevajo industrijske politike države [41].
This target had to be achieved through the promotion of mergers, restructuring, and elimination of backward capacities.
Opazne spremembe v zvezi s tem v sedanji preiskavi niso bile odkrite.
The Plan furthermore contained a list defining which products and production processes are considered to be backward.
Komisija je na primer ugotovila, da nobeden od vzorčenih proizvajalcev izvoznikov pravic do uporabe zemljišča ni pridobil na dražbi ali v podobnem javnem postopku za oddajo ponudb, kar velja tudi za nedavno pridobljene pravice do uporabe zemljišč.
All of the sampled companies in this investigation were mentioned as key large-scale enterprises in the 12th Five Year Steel Plan.
Pravice do uporabe zemljišč, ki so jih vzorčene družbe pridobile pred letom 2000, so jim bile običajno dodeljene brezplačno.
Finally, the 13th Five Year Steel Plan mentions in chapter I.2 that ‘Some Chinese steel enterprises are good and some others are not.’
Bolj nedavno so lokalni organi parcele dodelili po izpogajanih cenah.
One of the key objectives is again to increase the industrial concentration degree (of the first 10 enterprises) to 60 % in 2020 (since the target was not reached during the 12th Five Year Steel Plan).
Komisija je ugotovila tudi, da so družbe skupine Shougang Group od lokalnih organov prejele povračila za cene, ki so jih plačale za pravice do uporabe zemljišč, na primer za dela, ki jih je družba sama opravila v zvezi z osnovno infrastrukturo na zemljišču.
This fits within the overall objective to reduce overcapacities, and is again accompanied by a determination to foster mergers and restructuring
Poleg tega so morale družbe skupine Shougang Group nekatere pravice do uporabe zemljišč plačati šele več let po začetku uporabe zemljišča.
Chapter IV of the 13th Five Year Steel Plan also emphasizes the necessary withdrawal of zombie enterprises from the market.
Navedeni dokazi nasprotujejo trditvam kitajske vlade, da so cene pravic do uporabe zemljišč v LRK reprezentativne za tržne cene, ki se določajo glede na ponudbo in povpraševanje na prostem trgu.
These enterprises are defined as enterprises with successive years of losses, with insufficient assets to reduce debt, with losses and no perspectives, and relying on banks' continuous loans and other methods.
Po razkritju je kitajska vlada trdila, da poleg sistema spremljanja mestnih zemljišč obstaja tudi sistem dinamičnega spremljanja zemljišč in da je bilo to potrjeno v pregledu zaradi izteka ukrepov v zvezi s sončnimi paneli s poreklom iz Ljudske republike Kitajske, ki ga je izvedla Komisija.
According to the Plan, enterprises with insufficient assets to reduce debt or defaulting on their debt should proceed to bankruptcy and reorganization.
Komisija je priznala, da je bil sistem dinamičnega spremljanja zemljišč dejansko analiziran v uredbi o pregledu zaradi izteka ukrepov v zvezi s sončnimi paneli [42].
In addition, the specific guidelines relating to financial support and the reduction of overcapacity which were discussed in section 3.4.1.1 above, make a distinction between the ‘good’ companies, i.e. large industrial groups that follow the national industrial policies, and the ‘bad’ companies, i.e. smaller companies with ‘backward production capacity’, that do not fit into governmentally encouraged categories.
V uvodnih izjavah (421) in (425) uredbe je Komisija ugotovila, da so te cene višje od najnižjih referenčnih cen, ki so določene v skladu s sistemom vrednotenja mestnih zemljišč in jih uporabljajo lokalne vlade, ker se slednje posodabljajo le vsaka tri leta, medtem ko se v okviru sistema dinamičnega spremljanja cene posodabljajo četrtletno.
Since all the above-mentioned documents (the 2009 Blueprint, the 12th and 13th Five Year Plan and the respective Steel plans) emanate from the State Council, the policies therein can therefore be attributed to the GOC.
Vendar ni bilo znakov, da bi cene zemljišč temeljile na sistemu dinamičnega spremljanja.
Precise content of the de-facto guarantee
Dejansko je kitajska vlada med preiskavo v zvezi s sončnimi paneli potrdila, da sistem za dinamično spremljanje cen mestnih zemljišč spremlja nihanja ravni cen zemljišč na nekaterih območjih (tj. v 105 mestih) v LRK in je namenjen ocenjevanju gibanja cen zemljišč.
The Commission then analysed the precise content of the alleged de facto-guarantee.
Vendar so začetne cene v razpisih in na dražbah temeljile na referenčnih vrednostih, določenih v skladu s sistemom vrednotenja zemljišč.
It did not find that there was an overall encompassing unwritten measure to bail-out all steel companies in China.
Poleg tega so v tem primeru vzorčene skupine družb parcele prejele brezplačno ali z dodelitvijo.
Rather, all the documents presented in the previous section make a distinction between ‘good’ companies, i.e. large industrial groups that follow the national industrial policies, and ‘bad’ companies, i.e. smaller companies with ‘backward production capacity’, that do not fit into governmentally encouraged categories.
Zato dejstvo, da je slednji sistem obstajal, ni pomembno, saj se ni uporabljal za vzorčene družbe.
Accordingly, even assuming its very existence, an unwritten de-facto guarantee would only apply to the national champions that fall within the first category.
Kitajska vlada je trdila tudi, da dejstvo, da so bila zemljišča dodeljena po dogovorjenih cenah, ni odražalo odsotnosti poštene konkurence ali dejstva, da so družbe plačale cene pod običajno tržno stopnjo.
General and prospective application of the de-facto guarantee
Vendar niti kitajska vlada niti vzorčene družbe niso zagotovile nobenih novih dokazov, da so cene, plačane za dodeljena zemljišča, temeljile na tržnih cenah.
The Commission then tried to ascertain whether such an unwritten guarantee was of general and prospective application.
Poleg tega je kitajska vlada trdila, da se je Komisija sklicevala na ugotovitve prejšnjih preiskav, da bi ugotovila, ali so tržne cene izkrivljene zaradi poseganja države, namesto da bi uporabila specifična dejstva, na katerih je zadeva temeljila.
The impact of this governmental policy was recently described in a Research Report of the National Academy of Development and Strategy of the Renmin University of China [37] on zombie companies in China.
Komisija opozarja, da je uporabila specifična dejstva v zadevi, kot je opisano v uvodnih izjavah (287) in (288), kar podpira njen sklep, da ugotovitve prejšnjih preiskav še vedno držijo.
According to this report, 51 % of the listed Chinese steel companies in 2013 could be defined as zombie enterprises.
Skupina Benxi Group je trdila tudi, da bi morala Komisija sprejeti ceno zemljišč v celinski Kitajski, saj je družba menila, da je plačala razumno ceno, ki odraža pravo vrednost zemljišč.
Seen from the angle of ownership, the proportion of zombie enterprises was the highest in state-owned and collectively-owned enterprises.
Vendar družba ni predložila nobenih novih dokazov, ki bi spremenili oceno Komisije.
From the perspective of age and scale, old large and medium-sized enterprises have the highest proportion of zombie enterprises.
Trditev je bila zato zavrnjena.
The report also analysed the causes for the existence of such a large number of zombie enterprises in certain sectors, and found that local governments continuously support zombie enterprises on the verge of bankruptcy and maintain the picture through subsidies and loans.
Kitajska vlada je trdila tudi, da povračila za dela, ki jih je opravila družba za osnovno infrastrukturo, niso pomenila subvencij, saj je to običajno naloga lokalne vlade.
Therefore, if a company receives more subsidies or is a state-owned enterprise, the chance for it to become a zombie is higher.
Vendar izjema glede subvencij iz člena 3(1)(iii) osnovne uredbe velja le za splošno infrastrukturo.
Furthermore, if an industry, such as the steel industry, is listed by the government in the key support scope, local governments will rush to support this industry, thus leading to overcapacity and the creation of additional zombie companies.
Infrastrukturne storitve, namenjene izključno uporabi s strani družbe ali njenih strank, kot so zasebne ceste ali druga infrastruktura, zapolnitev lukenj ali druga dela, namenjena pripravi zemljišča za gradnjo tovarne, niso splošna infrastruktura, ki jo zagotovi država.
Then the government tried to reduce the number of companies by encouraging mergers and acquisitions by larger enterprises.
Gre namreč za infrastrukturo, ki je namenjena določeni družbi in ki sicer ne bi bila zgrajena, če družba določenega zemljišča ne bi uporabljala.
The report confirms that local governments made stipulations that only allow a certain number of big enterprises to be saved during industry aid.
Komisija je zato to trditev zavrnila.
Finally, the report highlights that credit discrimination by financial institutions also influences the creation of zombie enterprises.
Sklep
Indeed, after 2008, the profit ratio of SOEs saw a decrease, whereas their debt ratio increased every year.
Položaj v zvezi z zagotavljanjem in pridobivanjem zemljišč v LRK je nepregleden, organi pa cene določajo samovoljno.
On the contrary, the debt ratio of private enterprises decreased although their profit ratio remained stable.
Ob upoštevanju navedenega je treba pravice do uporabe zemljišč, ki jih zagotavlja kitajska vlada, obravnavati kot subvencijo v smislu člena 3(1)(a)(iii) in (2) osnovne uredbe v obliki zagotavljanja blaga, ki družbam prejemnicam prinaša ugodnosti.
This indicates that it was easier for the SOEs than for the private enterprises to get loans.
Kot je pojasnjeno v uvodnih izjavah od (285) do (289), v LRK ni delujočega trga za zemljišča, uporaba zunanje referenčne vrednosti (glej uvodne izjave od (300) do (311)) pa kaže, da je znesek, ki so ga vzorčeni proizvajalci izvozniki plačali za pravice do uporabe zemljišč, precej nižji od običajne tržne stopnje.
In summary, the aim of this policy is thus to financially support the ‘good’ companies, i.e. the key enterprises or national champions, through all sorts of measures, whereas the bad ones shall disappear by not awarding them any loans at all.
V zvezi s preferenčnim dostopom do industrijskih zemljišč za družbe, ki delujejo v določenih industrijah, Komisija opozarja, da je treba pri ceni, ki jo določijo lokalni organi, upoštevati vladno industrijsko politiko, kot je navedeno v uvodni izjavi (285).
Furthermore, the champions are encouraged to eliminate their smaller competitors through mergers and acquisitions supported by the government.
V okviru te industrijske politike se jeklarska industrija šteje za steber kitajske industrije in je navedena kot spodbujana industrija.
The economic benefit of this policy may go as far as constituting an implicit de-factor guarantee for some State owned large enterprises in financial difficulties.
Poleg tega morajo javni organi v skladu s sklepom št. 40 državnega sveta poskrbeti, da se zemljišče zagotovi spodbujanim industrijam.
However, the Commission was unable to identify any more precise criteria for the general and prospective application of such an unwritten measure as a separate scheme.
V členu 18 sklepa št. 40 je jasno navedeno, da industrije, ki so „omejene“, ne bodo imele dostopa do pravic do uporabe zemljišč.
It rather concluded that having treated preferential loans given to specific large SOEs in financial difficulties as grants rather than loans, that there was no need to further investigate into this issue.
Iz tega sledi, da je subvencija specifična v smislu člena 4(2)(a) in (c) osnovne uredbe, ker je preferenčno zagotavljanje zemljišč omejeno na družbe, ki delujejo v določenih industrijah, v tem primeru jeklarski industriji, in ker so vladne prakse na tem področju nejasne in nepregledne.
Upon disclosure, the complainant took issue with this conclusion and argued that the ‘wider measure is the state plan to subsidise steel production’ that is ‘implemented through both written norms such as law and rules as well as orders, administrative guidelines or recommendations’.
Po razkritju je kitajska vlada trdila, da je ugotovitev Komisije o specifičnosti nepomembna, če na Kitajskem ni delujočega trga za zemljišča, saj bi imele v tem primeru vse kitajske družbe isto izhodiščno in prodajno ceno za iste pravice do uporabe zemljišč.
In support of its view that the evidentiary requirements were met, the complainant cited inter alia the ruling of the WTO Appellate Body in the US-Zeroing case, where the evidence consisted of considerably more than a string of cases, or repeat action [38].
Poleg tega je menila, da ocena o specifičnosti ni bila dovolj utemeljena, ker je kot spodbujano industrijo obravnavala le jeklarsko industrijo.
The Commission did not agree with this analysis.
Komisija je menila, da obstoj nedelujočega trga na Kitajskem ne izključuje nujno ugotovitve o specifičnosti na tem trgu.
In the US-Zeroing case, the continuous practice of the US Department of Commerce to apply a certain unfair calculation methodology in anti-dumping cases was at issue.
Dejstvo, da so vzorčene družbe brezplačno prejele pravice do uporabe zemljišč, dejansko kaže, da so bile deležne posebne prednostne obravnave.