natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
These jobs are only partially affected by the sales in the Union as the upstream companies export most of their output outside of the Union.
Po navedbah teh strani lahko javni razpisi za zmogljivosti skupaj z ukinitvijo ukrepov prinesejo znatne prihranke.
In addition, around 10000 people are reported to be employed in the Operation and Maintenance activities (O&M).
Cenejši kot so solarni sistemi, bolj so morda vlade pripravljene namestiti solarne naprave, saj se bodo prihranki stroškov neposredno izrazili v končni ceni električne energije.
The report does not provide any definition of the O&M.
Poleg tega bo znižanje cene solarnih sistemov državam članicam olajšalo doseganje ciljev glede uporabe energije iz obnovljivih virov.
The Commission assumed that O&M referred to all the activities that are necessary to ensure a smooth operation of the existing solar facilities, such as cleaning the panels, reparations, running the dispatch centres, etc.
Te strani so kot primer navedle Nemčijo.
These jobs are counted on the basis of the existing, cumulative solar capacity, which is close to 40 GW in Germany [89].
Negativni učinek ukrepov na rezultat javnih razpisov je priznan tudi v zadnji svetovni tržni napovedi agencije Solar Power Europe [102].
Consequently, the already existing 10000 O&M jobs can only be influenced by the measures that were going to be imposed to the extent that they prevent replacement of aging installations.
Neka druga stran je predpostavljala, da lahko cena sončne energije v Nemčiji glede na trenutni trend zniževanja na svetovnih trgih v primeru odprave ukrepov pade na 5 centov/kWh, vendar ni utemeljila svojih ugotovitev.
However, on the basis of the average lifetime of twenty years and the relatively recent installation date of most installations, those jobs would only be affected if the measures where to remain in place for more than the period proposed in the present regulation.
Strani, ki so nasprotovale ukrepom, so navedle, da mora sončna energija v nekaterih jurisdikcijah, zlasti v Združenem kraljestvu, konkurirati drugim oblikam energije iz obnovljivih virov, kot so vetrne elektrarne na kopnem.
Therefore, the number of people employed in the downstream sector in Germany that might be affected by the measures is substantially less than 31600 people.
Ker za vetrno energijo ne veljajo trgovinski ukrepi, ji sončna energija ni mogla konkurirati, zato je bilo prek teh dražb izvedenih zelo malo projektov sončne energije.
The Eurobserver report does not make any distinction between upstream, downstream and manufacturing jobs either.
Nekatere strani so trdile, da je Nemčija razmišljala tudi o uvedbi tehnološko nevtralnih javnih razpisov in da taki nevtralni javni razpisi dodatno poslabšujejo negativne učinke višjih cen, ki jih povzročajo ukrepi, saj sončna energija v javnih razpisih neuspešno konkurira drugim obnovljivim tehnologijam, zlasti vetrni.
In addition, the employment figure in the solar sector in Germany quoted in that report is the same as the one reported in the GWS, DIW, DLR study for 2014.
Strani, ki so podprle ukrepe, so navedle, da so bili javni razpisi in splošni cilji namestitve solarnih naprav uvedeni ravno zato, da bi se vladam omogočil nadzor nad ravnjo uporabe solarnih sistemov ter da bi se preprečili cikli vzponov in padcev, do katerih je prišlo v preteklosti.
Therefore, the Commission considered that the number of people employed in the downstream sector in the Union that might be allegedly affected by the measures is much less than 120250 people.
Komisija je svojo analizo shem podpore za velike omrežne solarne sisteme omejila na Nemčijo, Francijo in Združeno kraljestvo.
Following disclosure several parties disagreed with the Commission's finding that it is easier to switch jobs from the installation of modules to the general construction sector than from manufacturing of modules to other sectors.
To odločitev utemeljuje dejstvo, da so te države v OPP letno zajemale približno 80 % novih solarnih naprav v Uniji.
However, none of the parties provided any precise data what proportion of the jobs in the installation of the panels is carried out by general construction companies (i.e. ground works and landscaping for ground mounted installations and reinforcing the structure of the roof for rooftop installations).
Zato je bilo primerno proučiti gibanja v teh treh državah kot približek za stanje v celotni Uniji.
The Commission had already agreed that a significantly larger number of people were employed in the downstream sector than in the manufacturing of modules.
Analiza temelji na informacijah, ki so jih predložile zainteresirane strani, informacijah, ki jih je Komisija zbrala med preiskavo, in informacijah, ki so jih države članice predložile Komisiji zaradi nadzora državnih pomoči.
It had also observed that many jobs in the downstream sector required specific skills that made them hard to switch to other sectors.
Nemčija in Francija sta že določili svoje cilje za naslednja tri leta.
It had, however, also concluded that the impact of the measures on demand is the key factor affecting the jobs in the downstream industry.
Francija v obdobju 2017–2019 za sončno energijo načrtuje dva kroga javnih razpisov letno po 500 MW.
The absolute number of employees and the questions whether it is hard to switch to other sectors or not, is becoming irrelevant in this respect.
To skupaj pomeni 1000 MW novonameščenih solarnih naprav letno.
As discussed extensively in section 6.3 the Commission found that the measures had only a limited impact on demand for solar module and therefore also a limited impact on the downstream employment.
Nemčija v obdobju od leta 2017 do vsaj leta 2020 načrtuje javne razpise za 600 MW sončne energije letno.
Upstream Industry
Združeno kraljestvo pa po drugi strani nima tehnološko specifičnih javnih razpisov za sončno energijo.
Upstream operators produce raw materials, such as polysilicon and wafers; manufacturing equipment for cells and modules as well as balance of system components, such as inverters, storage, mounting etc.
Februarja 2015 se je izvedel javni razpis, ki je obsegal več tehnologij in v katerem so sončni moduli konkurirali drugim tehnologijam za oddajo pogodb na razliko („CFD“).
On the one hand, Solar World, which is also the largest Union wafer manufacturer, supports the measures.
Za zdaj se v Združenem kraljestvu ne načrtujejo novi javni razpisi, ker vlada meni, da lahko vetrna energija, pridobljena na kopnem, in sončna energija, ki se dobavljata v omrežje, konkurirata drugim virom električne energije brez shem podpore.
In addition, one more Union wafer manufacturer came forward in favour of the measures.
Kar zadeva Nemčijo in Francijo, ukrepi ne morejo imeti nobenega učinka na povpraševanje omrežnih sistemov po solarnih modulih, saj ima sončna energija „rezervirane“ javne razpise, zmogljivost pa je določena.
On the other hand, eight other Union upstream companies that came forward opposed the measures.
Edina razlika je malo višja cena za končne potrošnike, ki morajo z davki ali dajatvami kriti stroške javnega razpisa.
However, most of these upstream operators came forward at a later stage or did not provide a questionnaire reply.
Vendar ukrepi niso povzročili nekonkurenčnosti sončne energije.
Only the polysilicon manufacturer — Wacker Chemie AG (‘Wacker’) provided a questionnaire reply and was verified as set out in recital 30 above.
Na javnem razpisu februarja 2015 je bilo 18,5 % skupne zmogljivosti v količini 2,1 GW dodeljene sončni energiji.
The upstream operators calling to terminate the measures reiterated the argument that the measures depress the demand through increased prices, which negatively affects the whole solar value chain.
Ta javni razpis kaže, da lahko sončna energija kljub veljavnim ukrepom uspešno konkurira na javnem razpisu, ki ni tehnološko specifičen [103].
Several companies claimed that due to depressed demand they suffer from a reduction in turnover, profits, loss of jobs, and inadequate resources to invest in R&D.
V najslabšem primeru bi lahko ukrepi nekoliko zmanjšali delež sončne energije v rezultatih javnih razpisov, tj. sončna energija bi lahko dobila večji delež tehnološko nevtralnih javnih razpisov, če ne bi veljali ukrepi.
However, due to the fact that they sent their submissions late and did not reply to the questionnaires, their situation could not be verified.
Nazadnje, Komisija je menila, da če bi se odpravili ukrepi in bi se solarni moduli kupovali po subvencioniranih cenah, bi javni razpisi, ki obsegajo več tehnologij, solarnim modulom dali nepravično prednost pred drugimi obnovljivimi viri energije.
The verified polysilicon producer provides more than 2000 direct jobs and around 1000 indirect jobs in the Union.
Komisija je sklenila, da ni bilo povezave med zniževanjem cen na kWh in povečanim povpraševanjem po sončni energiji.
It also has a large direct R&D budget exceeding EUR 17 million related to solar raw material production.
Zlasti Nemčija, Francija in Združeno kraljestvo niso povečali svojih ciljev uporabe solarnih sistemov, ker so razvijalci projektov na dražbe zmogljivosti dajali nižje ponudbe.
Although Wacker's turnover and employment remained stable in the period under investigation, it vehemently opposed the measures claiming that they have a negative impact on the trade relations with the PRC.
Dejansko so države članice javne razpise uvedle predvsem, da bi nadzirale raven uporabe solarnih sistemov.
The PRC is by far the largest producer of solar wafers and cells; therefore the polysilicon manufacturer's turnover and several thousand jobs are dependent on an unrestricted access to the Chinese market, which is declining.
To je potrdilo tudi združenje SPE v svojih svetovnih napovedih za leto 2015: „Podobno se povečuje tudi število eno- in večtehnoloških javnih razpisov v Franciji, Združenem kraljestvu in Nemčiji, da bi se bolje nadziral razvoj fotonapetostnega trga v povezanih segmentih [104].“
Wacker and several other parties claimed that by protecting an inefficient industry — solar cell and module manufacturing, the measures cause serious damage to the industries in which Europe has still a competitive edge.
Združenje SPE je trdilo, da je Komisija podala nepopolno in celo netočno sliko njegovega stališča o vplivu ukrepov na javne razpise.
The association of the German equipment manufacturers (VDMA) sent a letter calling to review the level of the MIP, pointing to the fact that manufacturing costs in the solar sector have been continually decreasing.
Komisija je potrdila, da je združenje SPE v svojem dokumentu Global Market Outlook (Svetovne tržne napovedi) za leto 2016 in več drugih predložitvah trdilo, da je po njegovem mnenju minimalna uvozna cena negativno vplivala na rezultat javnih razpisov.
VDMA indicated that the solar cell and module producers had been following a historic solar learning curve of 21 %.
Vendar se Komisija ni strinjala s tem stališčem, kot je podrobno navedeno zgoraj.
VDMA also claimed that the German photovoltaic equipment manufacturers are the key enabler of such a cost reduction.
Hkrati je Komisija ugotovila, da je združenje Solar Power Europe v svojem dokumentu Global Market Outlook 2016–2020 še vedno menilo, da vlade javne razpise lahko uporabijo za nadzor ali celo omejitev uporabe sončne energije: „Politični voditelji dobavljene solarne sisteme pogosto raje vidijo na strehah, kjer izrivajo vse druge tehnologije obnovljivih virov energije in – za razliko od talnih fotonapetostnih elektrarn – ne konkurirajo drugim vrstam uporabe.
The equipment manufacturers are estimated to employ several thousand people and are key contributors to R&D in the solar sector.
To zlasti velja za evropske države, kjer so izvedbeni razpisi talne fotonapetostne sisteme včasih celo omejili glede velikosti – v Nemčiji na primer do 10 MW – in tudi glede obsega [105].“
Several parties claimed that the Commission did not properly weigh the interest of upstream operators against the interest of the Union industry.
Učinek ukrepov na doseganje paritete omrežja za sončno energijo
The Commission reiterated that only one upstream operator –Wacker — had sent a complete reply to the questionnaire and could be verified.
Izraz pariteta omrežja pomeni točko v času, ko se s tehnologijo v razvoju proizvede električna energija z enakimi stroški kot s konvencionalnimi tehnologijami.
The interests of this company were taken into account in the analysis as set out in recital 661.
Obstajata dve obliki paritete omrežja.
Several other upstream operators came forward only at a very late stage with short submissions.
Veleprodajna pariteta omrežja pomeni, da lahko solarni sistem (običajno velik omrežni sistem, povezan s prenosnim/distribucijskim omrežjem) proizvede energijo po izravnanih stroških električne energije (levelised cost of electricity – „LCOE“) [106], ki so nižji od nakupne cene energije na veleprodajnem trgu, kjer tekmujejo vsi glavni (običajno konvencionalni) proizvajalci energije.
The Commission could not properly verify the impact of the measures on the other upstream operators.
Na veleprodajni ravni se energija proda zelo velikim industrijskim strankam in javnim službam, ki energijo distribuirajo gospodinjstvom in drugim manjšim končnim uporabnikom.
In any case, the Commission had found that the measures had only a limited impact on the demand for solar modules and consequently the Union sales and profitability of other upstream operators.
Maloprodajna pariteta omrežja pomeni, da lahko solarni sistem (običajno nameščen na streho uporabnikove stavbe) proizvede energijo po LCOE, ki so nižji od stroška maloprodajne cene električne energije (vključno z vsemi pristojbinami za prenos in distribucijo, pribitkom za javne službe in davki).
Conclusion on the interest of unrelated importers, downstream and upstream industries
Komisija je najprej analizirala razmere za veleprodajno, nato pa še za maloprodajno pariteto omrežja.
The Commission acknowledged the basic assumption of the unrelated importers, downstream and upstream industries that the lapse of the measures may be beneficial for the turnover and the number of jobs in these industries.
Veleprodajna pariteta omrežja.
It can thus be concluded that prolongation of measures is not in their interest.
Nasprotniki ukrepov so trdili, da bi lahko velike solarne naprave v primeru odprave ukrepov dosegle veleprodajno pariteto omrežja v najbolj sončnih delih Unije, kot je Španija.
However, at the same time the Commission found that the impact of the measures and the likely effect of terminating them on these economic operators and new installations in the Union were substantially overstated in most of the submissions by the companies opposing the measures, as analysed in detail in the section 6.3 below.
V skladu s poslovnim načrtom, ki ga je predstavil eden od članov združenja SAFE, bi lahko dosegli LCOE v višini 3,8 centa/kWh v španski regiji Cadiz, če bi kupili module po 0,35 EUR/W.
With respect of the alleged administrative burden arising from the undertaking an interim review on the form of the measures could be initiated to better protect the interests of the unrelated importers and the downstream operators.
Ta stran je menila, da bi lahko za projekt, ki bi bil dokončan v začetku leta 2017, od kitajskih proizvajalcev prvega reda dobila module po ceni 0,35 EUR/W za posle, ki vključujejo velike količine, in brez dajatev.
Several parties contended that the Commission did not take into account the interest of the consumers.
Trdili so, da s tako nizkimi LCOE sončna energija doseže pariteto omrežja glede na druge konvencionalne vire energije, poleg tega pa je v zelo bližnji prihodnosti ne more premagati noben drug način proizvodnje električne energije.
The Commission considered that their interests in lower prices overlap with the interests of downstream users assessed in Section 6.2.3.
Ta stroškovna prednost jim skupaj z drugimi prednostmi južnoevropskih držav, tj. dobrimi omrežnimi povezavami, stabilnim političnim in gospodarskim okoljem ter močno in likvidno valuto, zagotavlja edinstveno možnost, da zavzamejo vodilno mesto v proizvodnji energije v Evropi.
The Commission therefore did not undertake a separate analysis for consumers.
Po navedbah teh strani jim ukrepi to preprečujejo.
Following disclosure, SAFE provided a more detailed submission analysing the impact of measures on German electricity consumers.
Komisija je ugotovila, da ima španska regija Cadiz eno od najboljših sončnih sevanj v Uniji (največ sončnih ur v letu), kar zagotavlja največjo možno proizvodnjo energije na modul.
The SAFE study concluded that the removal of the measures could save German electricity consumers approx.
Ker je sončno sevanje v večini delov Unije mnogo manjše, je treba ugotoviti, kdaj se lahko veleprodajna pariteta omrežja doseže tudi na drugih trgih, čeprav se zdi, da britanska vlada domneva, da se bo to kmalu zgodilo.
EUR 570 million a year under the assumption that modules could be purchased at EUR 0,40 to 0,45/W and that an annual target of 2500 MW would be achieved.
Komisija je ugotovila tudi, da se veleprodajna cena med različnimi državami članicami močno razlikuje, kar pomeni, da se veleprodajna pariteta omrežja dosega ob različnih cenah, odvisno od zadevne države članice.
In addition, Wacker contended that the termination of the measures could save consumers EUR 1 billion a year.
Zato Komisija meni, da veleprodajna pariteta omrežja v bližnji prihodnosti ne bo dosežena širše v Uniji, tudi če ukrepi ne bodo veljali.
The Commission found that the above calculations are based on too simplistic assumptions.
Te strani so opozorile na 6 strani dolgo poročilo inštituta Becquerel, ki je preučil možnosti za veleprodajno pariteto omrežja v enajstih državah članicah.
First, the MIP was equipped with an adjustment mechanism.
To poročilo so financirale tri strani v preiskavi, ki so nasprotovale ukrepom.
Therefore, for most of the period considered the gap between the MIP and an average global module purchase price was not that large.
Komisija je ugotovila, da so glede ravni izravnanih stroškov sončne električne energije in posledično časovnice dosege paritete omrežja s sončno energijo v Evropi drugi viri manj optimistični kot inštitut Becquerel.
A larger gap between the two opened only in 2016.
Podrobno poročilo BNEF [107] tako napoveduje znatno večji razpon izravnalnih stroškov električne energije na ključnih trgih, kot so Francija, Nemčija, Italija in Združeno kraljestvo.
This gap was closed at least partially by the latest adjustment of the MIP that became effective at the beginning of 2017.
Te razlike so prikazane v spodnji tabeli:
In order to avoid a too large difference between the MIP and the global module purchase price in the future and further reduce the impact of the measures on the consumers, the Commission intends to open an interim review on the form and the level of the MIP.
Država članica
It should be noted that it is not possible as part of the present expiry review to amend the level of measures, as this necessitates an interim review.
Razpon izravnalnih stroškov električne energije EUR/MWh po BNEF [108]
Second, the prices used by the parties in their calculations relate to multi-silicon modules in the lower quality range.
Razpon izravnalnih stroškov električne energije EUR/MWh po inštitutu Becquerel
A large proportion of the modules sold in the Union, though, are high-efficiency multi-silicon and mono-silicon modules.
spodnja meja
Their prices are considerably higher and therefore the gap between the MIP, which applies without distinction to all modules, and the actual purchase price was even smaller.
zgornja meja
Therefore, the Commission considered that the measures had only a very limited impact on the finances of the consumers and solar deployment.
Francija
Several parties also claimed that the MIP, increasing the price of modules, is responsible for the failure to achieve annual solar deployment targets in Germany.
Nemčija
The Commission was not convinced about this mono-causal link.
Italija
The gap between the MIP and an average selling price was smaller than assumed by the parties, and the measures did not affect significantly the demand.
Becquerel je za vse države članice predpostavil naložbe v osnovna sredstva (CAPEX) v enaki višini, tj. 0,726 EUR/W.
Accordingly, Commission also concluded that the MIP did not have a significant impact on the non-achievement of the solar deployment targets.
BNEF je predpostavil precej višje naložbe v osnovna sredstva in sicer različno glede na državo članico: v Franciji 0,99 EUR/W, v Nemčiji 0,9 – 0,94 EUR/W, v Italiji 0,76 – 0,99 EUR/W in v Združenem kraljestvu 0,9 – 0,94 EUR/W.
Impact of the measures on the demand for solar installations
Razliko je mogoče delno pojasniti z dejstvom, da je Becquerel predvidel cene modulov brez ukrepov.
Virtually all parties who came forward opposing the measures claimed that the measures increase the price of new solar installations and depress the demand for solar modules, making solar generated energy more expensive to consumers.
Vendar se zdi malo verjetno, da bi bile naložbe v osnovna sredstva toliko nižje, zlasti glede na to, da so po BNEF naložbe v osnovna sredstva v Uniji v vsakem primeru nižje kot v drugih državah, v katerih ne veljajo ukrepi trgovinske zaščite, na primer v Turčiji (1,04 EUR/W) in Združenih arabskih emiratih (1,14 EUR/W).
While some admitted that the decline of solar installations in the Union is also due to the modifications and, in certain Member States, suspension or termination of support schemes, they considered that the measures cause artificially high prices and slow down solar deployment even more.
Zato se napovedi Becquerela in BNEF razlikujejo.
They claimed that recent policy changes such as an introduction of competitive tenders for new solar installations exacerbate the damage caused by higher prices of modules due to the measures in place.
Nasprotujejo si glede tega, kdaj bo izgradnja omrežne sončne elektrarne dokončno postala cenejša od obratovanja obstoječe elektrarne na fosilna goriva.
The Commission identified three segments within the Union solar market:
To pomeni, da naj bi večina držav članic, med drugim tudi Nemčija, po pričakovanjih dosegla pariteto omrežja šele potem, ko naj bi se leta 2019 ukrepi iztekli, tudi v izpodbijanem primeru, da bi se do takrat izkazalo, da so predpostavke in ugotovitve v Becquerelovem poročilu pravilne.
Large utility-scale solar systems (or parks), which are usually mounted on the ground, have the installed capacity exceeding 1 MW, and are usually connected to a high-voltage transmission grid to which they feed the electricity they generate;
Združenje SPE je predložilo dve poročili Deutsche Bank [111], ki po njegovem mnenju nasprotujeta mnenju Komisije, da veleprodajna pariteta omrežja v bližnji prihodnosti ne bo dosežena.
Commercial solar systems (or installations), which are usually mounted on the rooftop of a user's building.
Komisija je opazila, da sta se poročili dejansko nanašali na maloprodajno namesto na veleprodajno pariteto omrežja, kar potrjuje ne le besedilo, ampak tudi visoka cene električne energije, s katero se primerjajo izravnalni stroški solarne električne energije.
The user is a commercial entity (for example a supermarket or a warehouse) and the system is connected to a low-voltage distribution grid.
Kot je pojasnjeno v naslednjih uvodnih izjavah, Komisija ni oporekala, da je bila maloprodajna pariteta omrežja v nekaterih delih Unije že dosežena.
Commercial installations can be used for self-consumption or feeding electricity to the grid;
V Nemčiji je cena, ki jo je treba plačati za vsak kWh, trenutno približno 20 centov/kWh, medtem ko LCOE za strešne solarne naprave znašajo približno 10 centov/kWh.
Residential solar systems (or installations), which are usually mounted on the rooftops of private houses and have capacity that usually does not exceed 10kW.
Namestitev panelov lahko torej prinese znatne prihranke stroškov električne energije, zlasti strankam, ki veliko energije porabijo podnevi.
Residential installations are generally connected to a low-voltage distribution grid and can be used for self-consumption or feeding electricity to the grid.
To ni veljalo pri prvotni preiskavi, ko so bile za ekonomsko uspešno proizvodnjo sončne energije vedno potrebne subvencije.