natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The stock solution should preferably be prepared by simply mixing or agitating the test chemical in dilution water by using mechanical means (e.g. stirring and/or ultrasonication).
2000).
Saturation columns (solubility columns) or passive dosing methods (6) can be used for achieving a suitable concentrated stock solution.
Ustreza tudi intervalu zaupanja za srednje vrednosti odzivov pri LOEC, ki niso zajete v srednjo vrednost v kontroli.
The use of a solvent carrier is not recommended.
Treba se je vprašati, ali je parametre mogoče znanstveno oceniti.
However, in case a solvent is necessary, a solvent control should be run in parallel, at the same solvent concentration as the chemical treatments; i.e. the solvent level should preferably be equal across all concentrations as well as the solvent control.
Če je interval zaupanja za y0 na primer ± 20 %, ocena EC10 ni verodostojna.
For some diluter systems this might be technically difficult; here the solvent concentration in the solvent control should be equal to the highest solvent concentration in the treatment group.
Če model predvideva 20-odstotni učinek pri koncentraciji C, največji opaženi učinek pri koncentraciji C in nižjih koncentraciji pa je 10-odstoten, ocena EC20 ni verodostojna (Motulsky in Christopoulos 2004; Wang et al.
For difficult to test substances, the OECD Guidance Document No. 23 on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures should be consulted (2).
2000; Environment Canada 2005).
If a solvent is used, the choice of solvent will be determined by the chemical properties of the substance.
ECx ne bi smela zahtevati ekstrapolacije zunaj območja pozitivnih koncentracij (Draper in Smith 1999; OECD 2006).
The OECD Guidance Document No. 23 recommends a maximum concentration of 100 μl/l.
Splošna smernica bi lahko bila, da ECx ne sme biti za več kot približno 25 % nižja od najnižje ali višja od najvišje preskušene koncentracije.
To avoid potential effect of the solvent on endpoints measured (7), it is recommended to keep solvent concentration as low as possible.
Viri Alvord, W.
For a semi-static test, two different renewal procedures may be followed.
Brain, P. in Cousens, R. (1989).
Either new test solutions are prepared in clean vessels and surviving eggs and larvae gently transferred into the new vessels, or the test organisms are retained in the test vessels whilst a proportion (at least two thirds) of the test solution / control volume is changed.
An equation to describe dose responses where there is stimulation of growth at low doses.
The test should start as soon as possible after the eggs have been fertilised and preferably being immersed in the test solutions before cleavage of the blastodisc commences, or as close as possible after this stage.
Weed res. zv.
The test duration will depend upon the species used.
29: 93–96.
Some recommended durations are given in Appendix 2.
OECD (2006).
They should be randomly distributed among treatments, and at least 80 eggs, divided equally between at least four replicate test chambers, should be used per concentration.
Series Testing and Assessment, št. 54.
The loading rate (biomass per volume of test solution) should be low enough in order that a dissolved oxygen concentration of at least 60 % of the air saturation value can be maintained without aeration during the egg and larval stage.
C.48 Kratkotrajni preskus razmnoževanja rib.
For flow-through tests, a loading rate not exceeding 0,5 g/l wet weight per 24 hours and not exceeding 5 g/l of solution at any time has been recommended (3).
Ta preskusna metoda je enakovredna Smernici za preskušanje OECD (TG) 229 (2012).
The photoperiod and water temperature should be appropriate for the test species (see Appendix 2).
Preskus z ribami, s katerim je mogoče zaznati nekatere kemikalije z endokrinim delovanjem, je treba razviti in validirati zaradi pomislekov, da bi lahko okoljske ravni kemikalij zaradi interakcije teh kemikalij z endokrinim sistemom povzročile škodljive učinke za ljudi in prostoživeče živali.
Food and feeding are critical, and it is essential that the correct food for each life-stage is supplied from an appropriate time and at a level sufficient to support normal growth.
OECD se je leta 1998 začela ukvarjati s prednostno nalogo revidiranja obstoječih smernic ter priprave novih smernic za presejalne preskuse in preskušanje možnih povzročiteljev endokrinih motenj.
Feeding should be approximately equal across replicates unless adjusted to account for mortality.
Del naloge je bila priprava smernic za presejalno preskušanje kemikalij, ki so aktivne v endokrinem sistemu ribjih vrst.
Surplus food and faeces should be removed as necessary, to avoid accumulation of waste.
Kratkotrajni preskus razmnoževanja rib je prestal obsežen validacijski program, ki je vključeval medlaboratorijske študije z izbranimi kemikalijami, s katerimi sta bili dokazani ustreznost in zanesljivost preskusa za zaznavanje kemikalij, ki vplivajo na razmnoževanje rib z različnimi mehanizmi, vključno z endokrinimi načini (1) (2) (3) (4) (5).
Detailed feeding regimes are given in Appendix 3 but, as experience is gained, food and feeding regimes are continually being refined to improve survival and optimise growth.
Vse končne točke iz smernic za preskušanje OECD so bile potrjene pri črnoglavem pisancu, podniz končnih točk pa je bil potrjen pri japonski medaki (tj. vitelogenin in sekundarne spolne značilnosti) in cebrici (tj. vitelogenin).
Live food provides a source of environmental enrichment and therefore should be used in place of or in addition to dry or frozen food whenever appropriate to the species and life stage.
Delo v zvezi s potrditvijo je delno medsebojno strokovno pregledala skupina strokovnjakov, ki so jih imenovali nacionalni koordinatorji programa smernic za preskušanje OECD (6), delno pa neodvisna skupina strokovnjakov, ki jih je najela Agencija ZDA za varstvo okolja (29).
Normally five concentrations of the test chemical, with a minimum of four replicates per concentration, spaced by a constant factor not exceeding 3,2 are required.
Preskus ni namenjen opredelitvi posebnih mehanizmov hormonskih motenj, ker imajo preskusne živali nepoškodovano os hipotalamus – hipofiza – spolne žleze (v nadaljnjem besedilu: os HPG), ki se lahko odziva na kemikalije, ki vplivajo na os HPG na različnih ravneh.
If available, information on the acute testing, preferable with the same species and/or a range finding test should be considered (1) when selecting the range of test concentrations.
V tej preskusni metodi je opisan presejalni preskus in vivo, v katerem se spolno zreli ribji samci in drsteče se ribje samice zadržujejo skupaj ter so izpostavljeni kemikaliji v omejenem delu svojega življenjskega cikla (21 dni).
However, all sources of information should be considered when selecting the range of test concentrations, including sources like e.g. read across, fish embryo acute toxicity test data.
Ob koncu 21-dnevnega obdobja izpostavljenosti se pri samcih in samicah izmerita dve biološko označevalni končni točki kot indikatorja endokrinega delovanja preskusne kemikalije; ti končni točki sta vitelogenin in sekundarne spolne značilnosti.
A limit test, or an extended limit test, with fewer than five concentrations as the definitive test may be acceptable where empirical NOECs only are to be established.
Vitelogenin se meri pri črnoglavem pisancu, japonski medaki in cebrici, sekundarne spolne značilnosti pa pri črnoglavem pisancu in japonski medaki.
Concentrations of the test chemical higher than the 96 hour LC50 or 10 mg/l, whichever is the lower, need not be tested.
Poleg tega se vsak dan med celotnim preskusom spremlja kvantitativna plodnost.
Frequency of Analytical Determinations and Measurements
Ta biološki preskus je presejalna študija razmnoževanja in vivo, njegovo uporabo pa je treba obravnavati v okviru temeljnega okvira OECD za preskušanje in oceno kemikalij, ki povzročajo endokrine motnje (ang.
Prior to initiation of the exposure period, proper function of the chemical delivery system across all replicates should be ensured (for example, by measuring test concentrations).
OECD Conceptual Framework for the Testing and Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals) (30).
Analytical methods required should be established, including an appropriate limit of quantification (LOQ) and sufficient knowledge on the substance stability in the test system.
V tem temeljnem okviru je kratkotrajni preskus razmnoževanja rib predlagan na ravni 3 kot preskus in vivo, ki zagotavlja podatke o izbranih endokrinih mehanizmih/poteh.
During the test, the concentrations of the test chemical are determined at regular intervals to characterise exposure.
Vitelogenin (v nadaljnjem besedilu: VTG) običajno proizvajajo jetra samic oviparnih vretenčarjev kot odziv na endogeni estrogen v krvnem obtoku.
A minimum of five determinations is necessary.
Je predhodna sestavina beljakovin jajčnega rumenjaka, ki po nastanku v jetrih potuje po krvožilju do jajčnika, kjer jo absorbirajo in spremenijo razvijajoča se jajčeca.
In flow-through systems, analytical measurements of the test chemical in one replicate per concentration should be made at least once a week changing systematically amongst replicates.
Vitelogenina v plazmi nezrelih ribjih samic in samcev skoraj ni mogoče zaznati, ker nimajo dovolj estrogena v obtoku; jetra pa so sposobna sinteze in izločanja vitelogenina kot odziv na spodbujanje z eksogenim estrogenom.
Additional analytical determinations will often improve the quality of the test outcome.
Meritev vitelogenina je namenjena zaznavanju kemikalij z različnimi estrogenimi načini delovanja.
Samples may need to be filtered to remove any particulate matter (e.g. using a 0,45 μm pore size) or centrifuged to ensure that the determinations are made on the chemical in true solution.
Estrogene kemikalije je mogoče zaznati z merjenjem indukcije vitelogenina pri ribjih samcih in je bilo obsežno dokumentirano v medsebojno strokovno pregledani znanstveni literaturi (npr. (7)).
In order to reduce adsorption of the test chemical, the filters should be saturated before the use.
Indukcija vitelogenina je bila dokazana tudi po izpostavljenosti androgenom, ki se lahko aromatizirajo (8) (9).
When the measured concentrations do not remain within 80-120 % of the nominal concentration, the effect concentrations should be determined and expressed relative to the arithmetic mean concentration for flow-through tests (see Appendix 6 of the test method C.20 for the calculation of the arithmetic mean (8)), and expressed relative to the geometric mean of the measured concentrations for semi-static tests (see Chapter 5 in the OECD Guidance Document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures (2)).
Zaradi zmanjšanja ravni estrogena v krvnem obtoku pri samicah, na primer z zaviranjem aromataze, ki spremeni endogeni androgen v naravni estrogen 17β-estradiol, se zmanjša raven VTG, ki se uporablja za zaznavanje kemikalij, ki imajo lastnosti zaviranja aromataze (10) (11).
During the test, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature should be measured in all test vessels, at least weekly, and salinity and hardness, if warranted, at the beginning and end of the test.
Biološka pomembnost odziva vitelogenina na zaviranje estrogena/aromataze je bila dokazana in obsežno dokumentirana.
Temperature should preferably be monitored continuously in at least one test vessel.
Vendar je mogoče, da lahko na nastajanje VTG pri samicah vplivajo tudi splošna toksičnost in neendokrini toksični načini delovanja, npr. hepatotoksičnost.
Stage of embryonic development
Več merilnih metod je bilo uspešno pripravljenih in standardiziranih za redno uporabo.
the embryonic stage at the beginning of exposure to the test chemical should be verified as precisely as possible.
Med njimi so metode encimskega imunskega testa (ELISA), ki so specifične za posamezne vrste in uporabljajo imunokemijo za kvantifikacijo VTG, nastalega v majhnih vzorcih krvi ali jeter, ki so bili odvzeti pri posameznih ribah (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18).
This can be done using a representative sample of eggs suitably preserved and cleaned.
Za meritev VTG se vzorčijo kri črnoglavega pisanca, kri ali homogenat glave/repa cebrice in jetra medake.
Hatching and survival
Pri medaki je korelacija med VTG, izmerjenim v krvi, in VTG, izmerjenim v jetrih, dobra (19).
observations on hatching and survival should be made at least once daily and numbers recorded.
V Dodatku 6 so navedeni priporočeni postopki za odvzem vzorcev za analizo VTG.
If fungus on eggs is observed early in embryonic development (e.g. at day one or two of test), those eggs should be counted and removed.
Kompleti za merjenje VTG so splošno dostopni; taki kompleti morajo temeljiti na validirani metodi ELISA, specifični za posamezno vrsto.
Dead embryos, larvae and juvenile fish should be removed as soon as observed since they can decompose rapidly and may be broken up by the actions of the other fish.
Sekundarne spolne značilnosti ribjih samcev nekaterih vrst so vidne že navzven, mogoče jih je kvantificirati in se odzivajo na ravni endogenih androgenov v krvnem obtoku; to velja za črnoglavega pisanca in medako, vendar ne za cebrico, ki nima sekundarnih spolnih značilnosti, ki bi jih bilo mogoče kvantificirati.
Extreme care should be taken when removing dead individuals not to physically damage adjacent eggs/larvae.
Samice so sposobne razviti moške sekundarne spolne značilnosti, če so izpostavljene androgenim kemikalijam v vodi.
Signs of death vary according to species and life stage.
V znanstveni literaturi je na voljo več študij, ki dokumentirajo te vrste odziva pri črnoglavem pisancu (20) in medaki (21).
For example:
Zmanjšanje sekundarnih spolnih značilnosti pri samcih je treba zaradi majhne statistične moči razlagati previdno, pri čemer mora razlaga temeljiti na strokovni presoji in zanesljivosti dokazov.
for fertilised eggs: particularly in the early stages, a marked loss of translucency and change in colouration, caused by coagulation and/or precipitation of protein, leading to a white opaque appearance;
Ker cebrica nima sekundarnih spolnih značilnosti, ki bi jih bilo mogoče kvantificirati in bi se odzivale na kemikalije z androgenim delovanjem, je njena uporaba v tem preskusu omejena.
for embryos, larvae and juvenile fish: immobility and/or absence of respiratory movement and/or absence of heartbeat and/or lack of reaction to mechanical stimulus.
Pri črnoglavem pisancu je glavni indikator eksogene izpostavljenosti androgenom število drstnih izpuščajev na nosu ribje samice.
Abnormal appearance
Pri medaki je glavni označevalec eksogene izpostavljenosti androgenim kemikalijam pri ribjih samicah število bradavičastih podaljškov.
the number of larvae or juvenile fish showing abnormality of body form should be recorded at adequate intervals depending on the duration of the test and the nature of the abnormality described.
V Dodatku 5A in Dodatku 5B so navedeni priporočeni postopki za oceno spolnih značilnosti pri črnoglavem pisancu oziroma medaki.
It should be noted that abnormal larvae and juvenile fish occur naturally and can be of the order of several percent in the control(s) in some species.
nevni preskus z ribami vključuje oceno kvantitativnega proizvajanja iker in shranitev spolnih žlez za neobvezno histopatološko preiskavo.
Where deformities and associated abnormal behaviour are considered so severe that there is considerable suffering to the organism, and it has reached a point beyond which it will not recover, it may be removed from the test.
Nekateri regulativni organi lahko zahtevajo to dodatno končno točko za celovitejšo oceno sposobnosti preskusnih živali za razmnoževanje ali kadar izpostavljenost kemikaliji ni vplivala na vitelogenin in sekundarne spolne značilnosti.
Such animals should be euthanised and treated as mortalities for subsequent data analysis.
Čeprav so nekatere končne točke zelo diagnostične (npr. indukcija VTG pri samcih in tvorjenje izpuščajev pri samicah), vse končne točke (npr. plodnost in histopatologija spolnih žlez) v preskusu niso namenjene nedvoumni določitvi specifičnih celičnih mehanizmov delovanja.
Normal embryonic development has been documented for most species recommended in this test method (9) (10) (11) (12).
Šele ko so končne točke obravnavane skupaj, omogočajo sklepanje o možnih endokrinih motnjah in zagotovijo smernice za nadaljnje preskušanje.
Abnormal behaviour
Čeprav plodnost ni izrecno povezana z endokrinim delovanjem, je zaradi dokazane občutljivosti na poznane kemikalije z endokrinim delovanjem (5) pomembna končna točka, ki jo je treba vključiti, saj je ob odsotnosti vpliva na to in druge končne točke mogoče z večjo gotovostjo trditi, da spojina najverjetneje ne deluje endokrino.
abnormalities, e.g. hyperventilation, uncoordinated swimming, atypical quiescence and atypical feeding behaviour should be recorded at adequate intervals depending on the duration of the test (e.g. once daily for warm water species).
Kadar pa vpliv na plodnost obstaja, to močno okrepi zanesljivost dokazov in sklepanje.
These effects, although difficult to quantify, can, when observed, aid in the interpretation of mortality data.
Smernice glede razlage podatkov in sprejemljivosti rezultatov preskusa so navedene pozneje v okviru te preskusne metode.
Weight
Pojmi, uporabljeni pri tej preskusni metodi, so opredeljeni v Dodatku 1.
at the end of the test, all surviving fish are weighed at least on a replicate basis (reporting the number of animals in the replicate and the mean weight per animal): wet weight — (blotted dry) is preferred, however, dry weight data may also be reported (13).
V preskusu so ribji samci in samice v razmnoževalnem stanju skupaj izpostavljeni v preskusnih posodah.
Length
Njihova odraslost in razmnoževalno stanje omogočata jasno razlikovanje po spolu in zato s spolom povezano analizo posamezne končne točke ter zagotavljata njihovo občutljivost na eksogene kemikalije.
at the end of the test, individual lengths are measured.
Na koncu preskusa se spol potrdi z makroskopskim pregledom spolnih žlez po ventralnem odprtju trebuha s škarjami.
Total length is recommended, if however, caudal fin rot or fin erosion occurs, standard length can be used.
Pregled ustreznih pogojev biološkega preskusa je naveden v Dodatku 2.
The same method should be used for all fish in a given test.
Preskus se običajno začne z ribo, ki je bila vzorčena iz populacije, ki je zmožna drstenja; starajoče se živali se ne smejo uporabiti.
Individual length can be measured either by e.g. callipers, digital camera, or calibrated ocular micrometer.
Smernice glede starosti rib in razmnoževalnega stanja so navedene v razdelku Izbira rib.
Typical minimum lengths are defined in Appendix 2.
Preskus se izvede s tremi koncentracijami kemikalije za izpostavljanje, kontrolo z vodo in po potrebi kontrolo s topilom.
It is recommended that the design of the experiment and selection of statistical test permit adequate power (80 % or higher) to detect changes of biological importance in endpoints where a NOEC is to be reported.
Pri cebricah se uporabita dve posodi ali ponovljena vzorca na tretiranje (vsaka posoda vsebuje 5 samcev in 5 samic).
If an ECx is to be reported, the design of the experiment and selection of regression model should permit estimation of ECx so that (i) the 95 % confidence interval reported for ECx does not contain zero and is not overly wide, (ii) the 95 % confidence interval for the predicted mean at ECx does not contain the control mean (iii) there is no significant lack-of-fit of regression model to the data.
Pri črnoglavem pisancu se uporabijo štiri posode ali ponovljeni vzorci na tretiranje (vsaka posoda vsebuje 2 samca in 4 samice).
Either approach requires the identification of the percent change in each endpoint that is important to detect or estimate.
To je namenjeno prilagoditvi teritorialnega vedenja samcev črnoglavega pisanca ob hkratni ohranitvi ustrezne moči preskusa.
The experimental design should be tailored to allow that.
Pri medaki se uporabijo štiri posode ali ponovljeni vzorci na tretiranje (vsaka posoda vsebuje 3 samce in 3 samice).
When the above conditions for determining the ECx are not satisfied, the NOEC approach should be used.
Izpostavljenost traja 21 dni, vzorčenje rib pa se izvede 21. dan izpostavljenosti.
It is not likely that the same percent change applies to all endpoints, nor is it likely that a feasible experiment can be designed that will meet these criteria for all endpoints, so it is important to focus on the endpoints, which are important for the respective experiment in designing the experiment appropriately.
Kvantitativna plodnost se spremlja na dnevni ravni.
Statistical flow diagrams and guidance for each approach are available in Appendixes 5 and 6 to guide in the treatment of data and in the choice of the most appropriate statistical test or model to use.
Pri vzorčenju na 21. dan se vse živali humano usmrtijo.
Other statistical approaches may be used, provided they are scientifically justified.
Sekundarne spolne značilnosti se merijo pri črnoglavem pisancu in medaki (glej Dodatek 5A in Dodatek 5B); vzorci krvi se za določanje VTG odvzamejo pri cebrici in črnoglavem pisancu, pri čemer se lahko pri cebricah namesto tega za določanje VTG odvzame glava/rep (Dodatek 6), za analizo VTG pri medaki pa se odvzamejo jetra (Dodatek 6); spolne žleze se fiksirajo cele ali secirane za morebitno histopatološko oceno (22).
In order to make a multiple comparison between the results at the individual concentrations and those for the controls, the step-down Jonckheere-Terpstra or Williams' test is recommended for continuous responses and a step-down Cochran-Armitage test for quantal responses that are consistent with a monotone concentration-response and with no evidence of extra-binomial variance (14).
Za sprejemljivost rezultatov preskusa morajo biti izpolnjeni naslednji pogoji:
When there is evidence of extra-binomial variance, the Rao-Scott modification of the Cochran-Armitage test is recommended (15) (16) or Williams or Dunnett's (after an arcsin-square-root transform) or Jonckheere-Terpstra test applied to replicate proportions.
smrtnost v kontrolah z vodo (ali topilom) ob koncu obdobja izpostavljenosti ne sme presegati 10 %,
Where the data are not consistent with a monotone concentration-response, Dunnett's or Dunn's or the Mann-Whitney method may be found useful for continuous responses and Fisher's Exact test for quantal responses (14) (17) (18).
koncentracija raztopljenega kisika mora biti v obdobju izpostavljenosti ves čas vsaj 60 % nasičenosti z zrakom (ASV),
Care should be taken where applying any statistical method or model to ensure that the requirements of the method or model are satisfied (e.g. chamber to chamber variability is estimated and accounted for in the experimental design and test or model used).
razlika v temperaturi vode v različnih preskusnih posodah v obdobju izpostavljenosti nikoli ne sme biti večja od ± 1,5 °C in jo je treba vzdrževati v območju 2 °C znotraj temperaturnih območij, določenih za preskusno vrsto (Dodatek 2),
Data are to be evaluated for normality and Appendix 5 indicates what should be done on the residuals from an ANOVA.
na voljo morajo biti dokazi, da so se koncentracije preskusne kemikalije v raztopini zadovoljivo vzdrževale v okviru ± 20 % srednjih vrednosti meritev,
Appendix 6 discusses additional considerations for the regression approach.
na voljo morajo biti dokazi, da se ribe aktivno drstijo v vseh ponovljenih vzorcih pred začetkom izpostavljenosti kemikaliji in v ponovljenih kontrolnih vzorcih ves čas trajanja preskusa.
Transformations to meet the requirements of a statistical test should be considered.
Običajna laboratorijska oprema in zlasti naslednje:
However, transformations to enable the fitting of a regression model require great care, as, for example, a 25 % change in the untransformed response does not correspond to a 25 % change in a transformed response.
a. oksimetri in merilniki pH,
In all analyses, the test chamber, not the individual fish, is the unit of analysis and the experimental unit and both hypothesis tests and regression should reflect that (3) (14) (19) (20).
b. oprema za določanje trdote in alkalnosti vode,