natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Fourth, in accordance with Article 107(3)(a) TFEU, aid to promote ‘the economic development … of the regions referred to in Article 349 TFEU, in view of their structural, economic and social situation’ may be considered compatible with the internal market.
V nasprotju s trditvijo velikega pomorskega pristanišča na Guadeloupu se poleg tega prenovljena splošna uredba o oprostitvi po kategorijah [74], ki v določeni meri zajema pomoč za tekoče poslovanje za čezmorski promet, ne uporablja za obravnavani ukrep.
This stipulation is invoked by the French authorities and several overseas interested parties with regard to the ports located overseas.
Člen 15(4) uredbe se namreč uporablja samo za ukrepe, katerih znesek je omejen glede na nekatere kazalnike (bruto dodana vrednost, stroški dela, promet), oprostitev davka od dohodkov pravnih oseb pa ni taka.
However, the measure at issue is not targeted at the regions in question.
Zato proučevanega ukrepa ni mogoče razglasiti za združljivega z notranjim trgom na podlagi člena 107(3)(a) PDEU.
Even if the measure benefited only the ports located in the regions referred to in Article 349 TFEU, its objective is in any event not the economic development of those regions, or compensation for their structurally unfavourable situation, since it is confined to granting a sectoral advantage to a specific type of undertaking in the transport sector, whatever the undertaking's activities.
Petič, čeprav se ne Francija ne zainteresirane strani niso sklicevale na člen 107(3)(c) PDEU, je Komisija proučila, ali obravnavani ukrep „pospeš[uje] razvoj določenih gospodarskih dejavnosti ali določenih gospodarskih območij,“ ne da bi spreminjal trgovinske pogoje v obsegu, ki bi bil v nasprotju s skupnimi interesi.
France does not show that the measure has an effect on the cost of imported goods, and in this respect it can be noted that certain overseas ports make profits, pay dividends to the State [73] and therefore prima facie have margins available to reduce the amount of the port charges if they are seen as a handicap for the economic development of the regions concerned; thus the corporate tax exemption may have an impact on various financial flows (in particular dividends), but not necessarily on the cost of the goods imported.
Zaradi razlogov, ki so bili že navedeni zgoraj (neobstoj sorazmernosti, neobstoj spodbujevalnega učinka in neobstoj povezave z opredeljenim ciljem splošnega pomena), Komisija meni, da se člen 107(3)(c) PDEU ne uporablja.
In this respect, France does not argue that the ports are in a particularly unfavourable situation in relation to other undertakings located in the regions referred to in Article 349.
Nekatere zainteresirane strani menijo, da bo odprava ukrepa vplivala na naložbeno sposobnost pristanišč, vendar Komisija poudarja, da obravnavani ukrep ni usmerjen v naložbe [75].
The very nature of the measure and its functioning (an advantage reserved to certain undertakings, without considering their activity, proportional to the profits made rather than to needs, and not limited to a clearly defined objective the attainment of which requires a financial incentive) clearly distinguish it from the tax schemes constituting operating aid referred to by the interested parties and accepted by the Commission.
Obstoječa pomoč ali nova pomoč
Tax measures to assist investment or zero rating of VAT are general measures, with a scope covering undertakings located in the regions referred to in Article 349 TFEU without discrimination.
V skladu s členom 1(b)(i) postopkovne uredbe sheme pomoči, ki se izvajajo pred začetkom veljavnosti Pogodbe, pomenijo obstoječe sheme pomoči.
In addition, contrary to the argument put forward by the GPM of Guadeloupe, the revised General Block Exemption Regulation [74], which, to some extent, covers operating aid for overseas transport, is not applicable to the measure at issue.
Ker je obravnavana davčna oprostitev začela veljati leta 1942 in od takrat ni bila bistveno spremenjena, Komisija meni, da ta ukrep pomeni obstoječo shemo pomoči.
Article 15(4) of the Regulation applies only to measures where the amount is limited according to certain indicators (gross value added, labour costs, or turnover), which the corporate tax exemption is not.
ZAHTEVE PO PREKINITVI POSTOPKA
Consequently, the measure examined cannot be declared compatible with the internal market on the basis of Article 107(3)(a) TFEU.
Komisija mora v skladu z obvezno vlogo, ki jo ima na podlagi členov 107 in 108 PDEU, ustrezno odpraviti državno pomoč, ki se šteje za nezdružljivo z notranjim trgom, in ponovno vzpostaviti razmere poštene konkurence.
Fifth, and although Article 107(3)(c) has not been invoked either by France or by the interested parties, the Commission will consider whether the measure at issue is of a nature to ‘facilitate the development of certain economic activities or of certain economic areas’ without adversely affecting trading conditions to an extent contrary to the common interest.
Komisija mora v skladu s členom 9(6) postopkovne uredbe sprejeti končni sklep takoj, ko so pomisleki, izraženi v sklepu o začetku postopka, odpravljeni.
For the reasons already set out above, however (absence of proportionality, absence of incentive effect and absence of a link with an identified common interest objective), the Commission takes the view that Article 107(3)(c) TFEU is not applicable.
Če Komisija meni, da je nekaterim podjetjem odobrena pomoč, ki ni združljiva, v tej fazi postopka načeloma ne more prekiniti postopka o obravnavani državni pomoči ali odobriti prehodnega obdobja.
Finally, although certain interested parties consider that the abolition of the measure will have an impact on the investment capacity of the ports, the Commission would emphasise that the measure at issue does not target investment [75].
Poleg tega bi s tem dovolili, da se še daljše obdobje izplačuje pomoč, ki ni združljiva z notranjim trgom, kar ne bi bilo pravično niti do konkurentov, ki ne prejemajo pomoči ali ki prejemajo manjši znesek pomoči.
Existing aid or new aid
Komisija v zvezi s tem navaja, da nizozemska pristanišča, ki so od 1. januarja 2017 zavezana za plačilo davka od dohodkov pravnih oseb, od nje zahtevajo, naj za francoska pristanišča hitro uvede davek od dohodkov pravnih oseb.
In accordance with Article 1(b)(i) of the Procedural Regulation, aid schemes that were put into effect prior to the entry into force of the Treaty are existing aid schemes.
Kot je navedeno zgoraj, morebitni obstoj druge državne pomoči drugim pristaniščem v drugih država članicah ne utemeljuje prekinitve postopka, med katero bi se nezdružljiva pomoč še naprej izplačevala.
Since the tax exemption in question entered into force in 1942 and has not undergone any substantial changes since then, the Commission considers that the measure constitutes existing State aid.
Treba je poudariti, da se „učinek različnih izkrivljanj konkurence na trgovino med državami članicami med seboj ne izniči, temveč je, nasprotno, kumulativen, kar še povečuje njegove škodljive učinke na skupni trg“ [76].
THE REQUESTS TO SUSPEND THE PROCEDURE
Poleg tega bi bila posledica prekinitve postopka o odpravi davčnih oprostitev za francoska pristanišča podaljšanje sedanjih izkrivljanj med severnoevropskimi pristanišči, saj so bile te davčne ugodnosti za nizozemska pristanišča odpravljene s 1. januarjem 2017.
In accordance with the mandatory role allotted to it by Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, the Commission must end State aid deemed incompatible with the internal market and re-establish the conditions for a level playing field as quickly as possible.
To, da naj bi postopek, ki ga je Komisija začela v primeru davčne ureditve za nizozemska pristanišča [77], trajal dlje kot postopek v primeru francoskih pristanišč, pa ni upoštevno pri utemeljevanju zahteva po prehodnem obdobju v tej zadevi.
In accordance with Article 9(6) of the Procedural Regulation, the Commission must adopt a final decision as soon as the doubts raised in the opening decision have been removed.
Komisija vse primere obravnava pravično in vsako zadevo obravnava glede na njene značilnosti.
If, at this stage in the procedure, the Commission considers that incompatible aid has been granted to certain undertakings, it cannot in principle suspend the State aid procedure in question or grant a transitional period.
Tako si Komisija prizadeva določiti tak rok za izvedbo svojih sklepov, da lahko države članice sklep izvedejo v razumnem roku ob upoštevanju okoliščin, ne pa zato, da bi zadevnim podjetjem omogočila, da so dlje upravičene do pomoči, ki je bila razglašena za nezdružljivo.
Moreover, this would lead to authorising the payment of aid incompatible with the internal market for a longer period, which would also be unfair in relation to competitors not receiving aid or receiving a lower amount of aid.
Francija ne navaja, zakaj naj bi bil zaradi prenove uredbe o splošnih skupinskih izjemah in predloga uredbe o pristaniških storitvah postopek prekinjen.
The Commission notes in this respect that the Dutch ports, which have been subject to corporate tax since 1 January 2017, have asked it to take rapid action to ensure that French ports are subject to corporate tax.
Zato ni ustrezno prekiniti postopek.
As pointed out above, the possible existence of other State aid to other ports in other Member States does not justify a suspension of the procedure during which the incompatible aid would continue to be paid.
ZAHTEVE NIZOZEMSKIH PRISTANIŠČ
It should be pointed out that ‘the effects of more than one distortion of competition on trade between Member States do not cancel one another out but accumulate and the damaging consequences to the common market are increased’ [76].
Kar zadeva zahtevo nizozemskih pristanišč po preložitvi uvedbe davka od družb zanje, Komisija opozarja, da se ta postopek ne nanaša na nizozemska pristanišča, temveč na [francoska] (***) pristanišča.
Moreover, suspending the procedure abolishing the tax exemptions for French ports would have the effect of prolonging the current distortions between northern European ports, since the Dutch ports abolished these tax benefits from 1 January 2017.
Poleg tega je Komisija v končnem sklepu v zadevi SA.25338 v zvezi z nizozemskimi pristanišči [79] zavrnila preložitev uvedbe davka od dohodkov družb za nizozemska pristanišča iz istih načelnih razlogov, kot so navedeni v tem sklepu.
The Commission treats all cases fairly and each case in the light of its specific characteristics.
SKLEPNE UGOTOVITVE
The Commission endeavours to determine the timeframe for its decisions so as to enable the Member State to implement the decision within a reasonable period, in the light of the circumstances, and not in order to allow the undertakings concerned to go on receiving aid declared incompatible.
Oprostitev davka od dohodkov pravnih oseb v korist subjektom, navedenim v ministrskih sklepih z dne 11. avgusta 1942 in 27. aprila 1943 (avtonomna pristanišča – ki so delno postala velika pomorska pristanišča, pomorske trgovinske zbornice, gospodarske zbornice, ki upravljajo pristaniške objekte, občine koncesionarji javne opreme v lasti države v pomorskih pristaniščih in podjetja, ki lahko namesto njih upravljajo to opremo), pomeni obstoječo shemo državne pomoči, ki ni združljiva z notranjim trgom.
Finally, France does not specify how the revision of the General Block Exemption Regulation and the proposal for a Regulation on port services might require suspension of the procedure.
Zato morajo francoski organi odpraviti obravnavano oprostitev davka od dohodkov pravnih oseb in za zadevne subjekte uvesti davek od dohodkov pravnih oseb.
Be that as it may, the revised version of the General Block Exemption Regulation was adopted on 17 May 2017, and does not cover pure and simple corporate tax exemption measures.
Ta ukrep mora biti sprejet pred koncem koledarskega leta, ki teče na dan tega sklepa, in se začne uporabljati najpozneje za dohodke, ustvarjene z gospodarskimi dejavnostmi, z začetkom davčnega leta, ki sledi njegovemu sprejetju –
As for the Regulation on port services which was adopted on 15 February 2017 [78], it does not have either the object or the effect of influencing the action of the Commission based on Articles 107 and 108 TFEU.
SPREJELA NASLEDNJI SKLEP:
Consequently, it is not appropriate to suspend the procedure.
Člen 1
THE REQUESTS OF THE DUTCH PORTS
Oprostitev davka od dohodkov pravnih oseb v korist avtonomnih pristanišč (ki so delno postala velika pomorska pristanišča), pomorskih trgovinskih zbornic, gospodarskih zbornic, ki upravljajo pristaniške objekte, občin koncesionarjev javne opreme v lasti države v pomorskih pristaniščih in podjetij, ki lahko namesto njih upravljajo to opremo, pomeni obstoječo shemo državne pomoči, ki ni združljiva z notranjim trgom.
As regards the request of Dutch ports to defer their liability to corporate tax, the Commission would point out that the present procedure does not concern Dutch ports, but [French] (***) ports.
Člen 2
In its final decision in case SA.25338 concerning Dutch ports [79], the Commission refused to delay the liability of Dutch ports to corporate tax for the same reasons of principle as those set out in the present Decision.
Francija mora odpraviti oprostitev davka od dohodkov pravnih oseb iz člena 1 in za subjekte, v korist katerih se uporablja ta oprostitev, uvesti davek od dohodkov pravnih oseb.
The liability of the Dutch ports to corporate tax derives from Dutch national law and the Commission, in any case under Article 107 TFEU, is unable to require a Member State to change its legislation so as to grant State aid to certain economic operators.
Ukrep, s katerim bo Francija izpolnila obveznosti, ki izhajajo iz odstavka 1, mora biti sprejet do konca koledarskega leta, ki teče na dan uradnega obvestila o tem sklepu.
CONCLUSION
Ta ukrep se mora začeti uporabljati najpozneje za dohodke, ustvarjene z gospodarskimi dejavnostmi, z začetkom davčnega leta, ki sledi njegovemu sprejetju.
The corporate tax exemption in favour of the entities referred to in the ministerial decisions of 11 August 1942 and 27 April 1943 (autonomous ports — some of which are now classified as major seaports — maritime chambers of commerce, chambers of commerce and industry managing port installations, municipalities which are concessionaires of public equipment owned by the State in the seaports, and undertakings to which they may have entrusted the operation of that equipment) constitutes an existing State aid scheme which is incompatible with the internal market.
Člen 3
It is therefore appropriate for the French authorities to abolish the exemption from corporate tax at issue and to subject the entities in question to corporate tax.
Francija v dveh mesecih od uradnega obvestila o tem sklepu Komisijo obvesti o ukrepih, sprejetih za uskladitev s tem sklepom.
This measure should be adopted before the end of the calendar year running on the date of this Decision and should apply at the latest to the income generated by the economic activities from the start of the tax year following its adoption,
Člen 4
HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
Ta sklep je naslovljen na Francosko republiko.
Article 1
V Bruslju, 27. julija 2017
The exemption from corporate tax in favour of autonomous ports (some of which are now classified as major seaports), maritime chambers of commerce, chambers of commerce and industry managing port installations, municipalities which are concessionaires of public equipment owned by the State in the seaports, and undertakings to which they may have entrusted the operation of that equipment, constitutes an existing State aid scheme which is incompatible with the internal market.
Za Komisijo
France shall remove the corporate tax exemption referred to in Article 1 and subject the entities for which this exemption applies to corporate tax.
UL C 302, 19.8.2016, str. 23.
The measure by which France fulfils its obligations under paragraph 1 shall be adopted before the end of the calendar year running on the date of notification of this Decision.
Uredba Sveta (EU) 2015/1589 z dne 13. julija 2015 o določitvi podrobnih pravil za uporabo člena 108 Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije (UL L 248, 24.9.2015, str. 9).
This measure shall apply at the latest to the income from the economic activities generated from the start of the tax year following its adoption.
Glej Sklep Komisije z dne 29. junija 2011 glede ukrepa SA.27106 (C 13/09 – prej N 614/08), ki ga Francija namerava izvesti v korist francoskega pristaniškega sektorja (UL L 221, 27.8.2011, str. 8).
Article 3
Trgovinske zbornice, ki imajo sedež v obmorskem mestu, in trgovinske zbornice, ki so ne glede na svojo zemljepisno lego koncesionarji javne opreme v pomorskem pristanišču.
France shall inform the Commission, within two months of the date of notification of this Decision, of the measures taken to comply with it.
Glej francosko davčno dokumentacijo BOI-IS-CHAMP-30-60, točka 230 in naslednje.
Article 4
Popravek vsebinske napake.
This Decision is addressed to the French Republic.
Sklep Komisije z dne 20. oktobra 2004 o državni pomoči št. N 520/2003 – Belgija – Finančna podpora za infrastrukturna dela v flamskih pristaniščih, uvodna izjava 35 (UL C 176, 16.7.2005, str. 11).
Done at Brussels, 27 July 2017.
UL C 262, 19.7.2016, str. 1.
For the Commission
Uradni list Francoske republike z dne 21. aprila 2012, str. 7198.
Member of the Commission
Sklep Komisije z dne 11. aprila 2016 o državni pomoči SA.43975 (2016/NN) – Portugalska – Pomoč za naložbe za pristanišče Funchal (UL C 183, 11.5.2016, str. 1).
OJ C 302, 19.8.2016, p. 23.
Uredba Komisije (EU) št. 651/2014 z dne 17. junija 2014 o razglasitvi nekaterih vrst pomoči za združljive z notranjim trgom pri uporabi členov 107 in 108 Pogodbe (UL L 187, 26.6.2014, str. 1).
Council Regulation (EU) 2015/1589 of 13 July 2015 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (OJ L 248, 24.9.2015, p.
COM(2013) 296 final — 2013/0157 (COD), UL C 327, 12.11.2013, str. 111.
9).
Medtem je bil sprejet ta akt: Uredba (EU) 2017/352 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 15. februarja 2017 o vzpostavitvi okvira za izvajanje pristaniških storitev in skupnih pravil o finančni preglednosti pristanišč (UL L 57, 3.3.2017, str. 1).
See Commission Decision of 29 June 2011 on measure SA.27106 (C 13/09 — ex N 614/08) which France is planning to implement for ports (OJ L 221, 27.8.2011, p. 8).
Sodba Sodišča z dne 12. septembra 2000 v zadevi Pavlov in drugi, združene zadeve C-180/98 do C-184/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:428, točka 74.
Chambers of commerce with their registered office located in a coastal town and chambers of commerce which, wherever their geographical location, are concessionaires of public equipment at a seaport.
Glej sodbi Sodišča z dne 16. junija 1987 v zadevi Komisija/Italija, C-118/85, ECLI:EU:C:1987:283, točka 7, in z dne 18. junija 1998 v zadevi Komisija/Italija, C-35/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:303, točka 36.
See French tax documentation BOI-IS-CHAMP-30-60, paragraphs 230 et seq.
Sodba Sodišča prve stopnje z dne 12. decembra 2000 v zadevi Aéroports de Paris/Komisija, T-128/98, ECLI:EU:[T] (***):2000:290, točka 125, po pritožbi potrjena s sodbo Sodišča z dne 24. oktobra 2002 v zadevi Aéroports de Paris/Komisija, C-82/01 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:617.
Correction of a clerical error.
Glej tudi sodbo Sodišča prve stopnje z dne 17. decembra 2008 v zadevi Ryanair/Komisija, T-196/04, ECLI:EU:T:2008:585, točka 88.
Commission Decision of 20 October 2004 on State aid in case N 520/2003 — Belgium — Financial support for infrastructure works in Flemish ports, recital 35 (OJ C 176, 16.7.2005, p. 11).
Sodba Splošnega sodišča z dne 24. marca 2011 v zadevi Freistaat Sachsen in Land Sachsen-Anhalt in drugi/Komisija, združeni zadevi T-443/08 in T-455/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:117, zlasti točki 93 in 94, po pritožbi potrjena s sodbo Sodišča z dne 19. decembra 2012 v zadevi Mitteldeutsche Flughafen in Flughafen Leipzig-Halle/Komisija, C-288/11 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:821, zlasti točke od 40 do 43 in 47.
OJ C 262, 19.7.2016, p. 1.
Glej na primer Sklep Komisije z dne 15. decembra 2009 o državni pomoči N 385/2009 – Javno financiranje pristaniške infrastrukture v pristanišču Ventspils (UL C 62, 13.3.2010, str. 7); Sklep Komisije z dne 15. junija 2011 o državni pomoči 44/2010 – Republika Latvija – Javno financiranje pristaniške infrastrukture v Krievu salā (UL C 215, 21.7.2011, str. 21); Sklep Komisije z dne 22. februarja 2012 o državni pomoči SA.30742 (N/2010) – Litva – Gradnja infrastrukture za potniški in tovorni terminal v Klaipedi (UL C 121, 26.4.2012, str. 1); Sklep Komisije z dne 2. julija 2013 o državni pomoči SA.35418 (2012/N) – Grčija – Širitev pristanišča Pirej (UL C 256, 5.9.2013, str. 2); Sklep Komisije z dne 18. septembra 2013 o državni pomoči SA.36953 (2013/N) – Španija – Pristaniški organ Bahíe de Cádiz (UL C 335, 16.11.2013, str. 1).
Journal officiel de la République française, 21 April 2012, p. 7198.
Glej na primer Sklep Komisije z dne 18. septembra 2013 o državni pomoči SA.36953 (2013/N) – Španija – Pristaniški organ Bahía de Cádiz (UL C 335, 16.11.2013, str. 1).
Commission Decision of 11 April 2016 on State aid SA.43975 (2016/NN) — Portugal — Investment aid for the Port of Funchal (OJ C 183, 11.5.2016, p. 1).
Sodba sodišča z dne 10. decembra 1991 v zadevi Merci Convenzionali Porto di Genova, C-179/90, ECLI:EU:C:1991:464, točki 3 in 27; sodba Sodišča z dne 17. julija 1997 v zadevi C-242/95 GT-Link A/S proti de Danske Statsbaner, ECLI:EU:C:1997:376, točka 52: „Vendar iz tega ne izhaja, da upravljanje vseh komercialnih pristanišč pomeni opravljanje storitve splošnega gospodarskega pomena niti da celotne storitve, ki se zagotavljajo v takem pristanišču, pomenijo tako nalogo.“
Commission Regulation (EU) No 651/2014 of 17 June 2014 declaring certain categories of aid compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty (OJ L 187, 26.6.2014, p. 1).
Glej na primer Sklep Komisije z dne 18. decembra 2013 o državni pomoči SA.37402 – Prosto pristanišče Budimpešta (UL C 141, 9.5.2014, str. 1); Sklep Komisije z dne 17. oktobra 2012 o državni pomoči SA.34501 – Notranje pristanišče Königs Wusterhausen/Wildau (UL C 176, 21.6.2013, str. 1); Sklep Komisije z dne 1. oktobra 2014 o državni pomoči SA.38478 – Pristanišče Györ-Gönyü (UL C 418, 21.11.2014, str. 1).
COM(2013) 296 final — 2013/0157 (COD) (OJ C 327, 12.11.2013, p. 111).
Odločba Komisije z dne 16. oktobra 2002 o državni pomoči N 438/02 – Belgija – Subvencije belgijskim pristaniškim upravam za izvrševanje nalog javne oblasti (UL C 284, 21.11.2002, str. 2).
This proposal has been adopted in the meantime: Regulation (EU) 2017/352 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2017 establishing a framework for the provision of port services and common rules on the financial transparency of ports (OJ L 57, 3.3.2017, p. 1).
Sodba Sodišča z dne 18. marca 1997 v zadevi Calì & Figli, C-343/95, ECLI:EU:C:1997:160, točka 22.
Judgment of the Court of Justice of 12 September 2000, Pavlov and Others, Joined Cases C-180/98 to C-184/98, EU:C:2000:428, paragraph 74.
Te dejavnosti se nanašajo na nepremičnine in storitve, potrebne za upravljanje pristanišč, in so torej oproščene davka od dohodkov pravnih oseb.
See judgments of the Court of Justice of 16 June 1987, Commission v Italy, C-118/85, EU:C:1987:283, paragraph 7, and of 18 June 1998, Commission v Italy, C-35/96, EU:C:1998:303, paragraph 36.
Člen L. 5321-1 francoskega zakonika o prometu določa, da „se pristaniška pristojbina lahko pobira v pomorskih pristaniščih, ki pripadajo državi, ozemeljskim skupnostim ali njihovim skupinam, za komercialno poslovanje ali nastanitev plovil v njih“ in da „je lahko ta pristojbina sestavljena iz več elementov“ ali „dajatev“ (v skladu s členom L. 5321-3 istega zakonika).
Judgment of the General Court of 12 December 2000, Aéroports de Paris v Commission, T-128/98, EU:[T] (***):2000:290, paragraph 125, upheld on appeal in the judgment of the Court of Justice of 24 October 2002, Aéroports de Paris v Commission, C-82/01 P, EU:C:2002:617.
Te določbe se uporabljajo tudi za rečna pristanišča v skladu s členom L. 4323-1 zakonika.