natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Figure 1 shows an example of a (simplified) test lasting seven days with medium renewal at Days 0, 2 and 4.
Regresijski test po Jonckheereju
The thin zig-zag line represents the concentration at any point in time.
So srednje vrednosti pon. normalne, homogene?
The fall in concentration is assumed to follow an exponential decay process.
Transformacija v normalno, homogeno?
The 6 plotted points represent the observed concentrations measured at the start and end of each renewal period.
Regresijski Williamsov test ali test po Jonckheereju Da
The thick solid line indicates the position of the time-weighted mean.
Ali so podatki skladni z monotonim odzivom na koncentracijo?
The time-weighted mean is calculated so that the area under the time-weighted mean is equal to the area under the concentration curve.
So variance enake?
The calculation for the above example is illustrated in Table 1.
>=4 ponov. na konc.
Calculation of Time-weighted mean
Črtkani okviri so poti za prvi in zadnji dan izvalitve ali splavanja (*), ali za nenormalne ličinke.
Renewal No.
Ti odzivi nikoli ne izpolnjujejo predpostavk za parametrične analize ali modele.
Conc 0
Razen če podatki niso skladni z zahtevami zanju, se vrednosti NOEC določijo z regresijsko uporabo Williamsovega testa ali testa po Jonckheere-Terpstraju.
Conc 1
Za podrobnosti o teh postopkih glej OECD (2006).
Ln(Conc 0)
Za podatke, ki niso skladni z zahtevami za regresijski trendnostni test, se lahko uporabita Dunnettov test ali Tamhane-Dunnettov (T3) test, ki vključujeta prilagoditev številčnosti.
Ln(Conc 1)
Oba testa predpostavljata normalnost, Dunnettov test pa tudi homogenost variance.
Area
Kadar navedeni pogoji niso izpolnjeni, se lahko uporabi Dunnov neparametrični test.
Total Days:
Za podrobnosti o teh testih glej OECD (2006).
Total Area:
Slika 2 prikazuje, kako se odločiti za pravi test.
TW Mean:
Izvalitev iker in preživetje ličink
Days is the number of days in the renewal period
Podatki se nanašajo na delež iker, ki se izležejo, ali ličink, ki preživijo v posameznih ponovljenih vzorcih.
Conc 0 is the measured concentration at the start of each renewal period
Pri teh deležih je treba oceniti ekstrabinomsko varianco, ki je pri takih meritvah običajna, ni pa splošna.
Conc 1 is the measured concentration at the end of each renewal period
Diagram poteka na sliki 3 je smernica za izbiro ustreznega testa; glej besedilo za podrobne opise.
Ln(Conc 0) is the natural logarithm of Conc 0
Običajno se uporabljata dva testa.
Ln(Conc 1) is the natural logarithm of Conc 1
To sta Taronejev C(α)-test (Tarone 1979) in test hi-kvadrat, ki se posebej uporabita pri vsaki preskusni koncentraciji.
Area is the area under the exponential curve for each renewal period.
Če se ekstra-binomska varianca odkrije celo pri eni sami preskusni koncentraciji, je treba uporabiti metode, ki so primerne za to.
It is calculated by:
Formula 1
Conc0
Taronejev C(α)-test (Tarone 1979)
Conc1
pri čemer je ̂ srednja vrednost deleža pri določeni koncentraciji, m je število ponovitvenih akvarijev, nj je število osebkov v ponovljenem vzorcu j, xj pa število osebkov v navedenem ponovljenem vzorcu, ki se na primer niso izlegli ali so umrli.
LnConc0
Ta test se uporabi za vsako koncentracijo posebej.
LnConc1
Ta test nekateri vidijo kot prilagojeni test hi-kvadrat, vendar so omejene simulacije moči, ki jih je izvedel Tarone, pokazale, da ima večjo moč od testa hi-kvadrat.
The time-weighted mean (TW Mean) is the Total Area divided by the Total Days.
Slika 3
Of course, for the Daphnia reproduction test the table should be extended to cover 21 days.
Ali so podatki (*) skladni z monotonim odzivom na koncentracijo?
It is clear that when observations are taken only at the start and end of each renewal period, it is not possible to confirm that the decay process in, in fact, exponential.
Regresijski Cochran- Armitagev test z Rao- Scottovo prilagoditvijo ali test po Jonckheereju ali Willamsov test po arkus
A different curve would result in a different calculation for Area.
Podatki vključujejo delež ponovljenih vzorcev .
However, an exponential decay process is not implausible and is probably the best curve to use in the absence of other information.
Kadar ne obstajajo statistično značilni dokazi o ekstra-binomski varianci, se lahko uporabi regresijski Cochran-Armitagev test.
However, a word of caution is required if the chemical analysis fails to find any chemical at the end of the renewal period.
Ta test ne upošteva ponovljenih vzorcev, zato se pri obstoju takih dokazov priporoča uporaba Rao-Scottove prilagoditve Cochran-Armitagevega testa (RSCA), ki upošteva ponovljene vzorce, velikost ponovljenih vzorcev in ekstra-binomsko varianco.
Unless it is possible to estimate how quickly the chemical disappeared from the solution, it is impossible to obtain a realistic area under the curve, and hence it is impossible to obtain a reasonable time-weighted mean.
Uporabiti je mogoče tudi regresijski Williamsov test, regresijski test po Jonckheere-Terpstraju in Dunnettov test, kakor so opisani za meritve velikosti.
GUIDANCE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF NEONATE SEX
Ti testi se lahko uporabijo ne glede na to, ali obstaja ekstra-binomska varianca, vendar je njihova moč nekoliko manjša (Agresti 2002; Morgan 1992; Rao in Scott 1992, 1999; Fung et al.
Production of male neonates can occur under changing environmental conditions, such as shortening photoperiod, temperature, decreasing food concentration, and increasing population density (Hobaek and Larson, 1990; Kleiven et al., 1992).
1994, 1996).
Male production is also a known response to certain insect growth regulators (Oda et al., 2005).
Prvi ali zadnji dan valitve ali splavanja
Under conditions where chemical stressors are inducing a decrease in reproductive offspring from the parthenogenic females, an increased number of males would be expected (OECD, 2008).
Odziv je celo število, ki označuje preskusni dan, ko je bila opažena navedena opazka za določen ponovitveni akvarij.
On the basis of available information, it is not possible to predict which of the sex ratio or of the reproduction endpoint will be more sensitive; however, there are indications (reference “validation report”, part 1) this increase in the number of males might be less sensitive than the decrease in offspring.
Območje vrednosti je običajno zelo omejeno in deleži povezanih vrednosti so običajno visoki, npr. vsi ponovljeni kontrolni vzorci imajo isti prvi dan valitve, ta pa je isti tudi pri eni ali dveh nizkih preskusnih koncentracijah.
Since the primary purpose of the test method is to assess the number of offspring produced, the appearance of males is an optional observation.
Parametrični testi, kot sta Williamsov in Dunnettov test, niso primerni za te podatke.
If this optional endpoint is evaluated in a study, then an additional test validity criterion of no more than 5 % males in the controls should be employed.
Če ni dokazov o resni nemonotonosti, ima regresijski test po Jonckheere-Terpstraju veliko moč zaznavanja učinkov preskusne kemikalije.
The most practical and easy way to differentiate sex of Daphnia is to use their phenotypic characteristics, as males and females are genetically identical and their sex is environmentally determined.
V nasprotnem primeru se lahko uporabi Dunnov test.
Males and females are different in the length and morphology of the first antennae, which are longer in males than females (Fig.
Anomalije pri ličinkah
1).
Odziv je število ličink, pri katerih se odkrijejo kakršne koli anomalije.
This difference is recognizable right after birth, although other secondary sex characteristics develop as they grow up (e.g. see Fig.
Ta odziv ima pogosto nizko pojavnost, pri njem se pojavljajo nekatere težave, ki so prisotne pri določanju prvega dneva valitve, včasih pa je zanj značilna tudi neenakomernost pri odzivu na koncentracijo.
2 in Olmstead and LeBlanc, 2000).
Če podatki vsaj približno sledijo monotoni krivulji koncentracije, je regresijski test po Jonckheere-Terpstraju dovolj močan za zaznavanje učinkov.
To observe the morphological sex, neonates produced by each test animal should be transferred by pipet and placed into a petri dish with test medium.
Series on Testing and Assessment, št. 54.
The medium is kept to a minimum to restrain movement of the animals.
Organizacija za gospodarsko sodelovanje in razvoj (OECD), Pariz.
Observation of the first antennae can be conducted under a stereomicroscope (× 10-60).
Rao, J. N. K. in Scott A. J. (1992).
our-old male (left) and female (right) of D. magna.
A simple method for the analysis of clustered binary data.
Males can be distinguished from females by the length and morphology of the first antennae as shown in the circles (Tatarazako et al., 2004)
STATISTIČNE SMERNICE ZA REGRESIJSKE OCENE
REFERENCES:
Opazovanja, uporabljena za prilagoditev modela, so srednje vrednosti ponovljenih vzorcev (dolžina in teža) ali deleži ponovljenih vzorcev (izležene ikre in smrtnost ličink) (OECD 2006).
In Part C, Chapter C.29, paragraph 66 is replaced by the following:
Običajno se priporoča utežena regresija, ki za utež uporablja velikost ponovljenega vzorca.
A test is considered valid if:
Mogoči so tudi drugi načrti uteženja, kot je uteženje s predvideno srednjo vrednostjo odziva ali kombinacija tega in velikosti ponovljenega vzorca.
the mean percentage degradation in vessels FC containing the reference chemical is > 60 % by the 14th day of incubation; and
Uteženje z obratno vrednostjo variance znotraj vzorca koncentracije ni priporočljivo (Bunke et al.
the mean amount of TIC present in the blank controls FB at the end of the test is < 3mg C/l.
1999; Seber in Wild 2003; Motulsky in Christopoulos 2004; Huet et al.
If these limits are not met, the test should be repeated with an inoculum from another source and/or the procedures used should be reviewed.
2003).
For example, if high blank IC production is a problem the procedure given in paragraphs 27 to 32 should be followed.’
Pri vseh pretvorbah odzivov pred analizo je treba ohraniti neodvisnost opazovanj in ECx, njihove meje zaupanja pa je treba izraziti v izvirnih enotah meritve in ne v pretvorjenih enotah.
In Part C, the following Chapters are added:
dstotna sprememba logaritma dolžine na primer ne ustreza 20-odstotni spremembi dolžine (Lyles et al.
Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test
2008; Draper in Smith 1999).
This test method is equivalent to OECD test guideline (TG) 210 (2013).
V diagramu poteka na sliki 4 je predstavljen pregled ocen ECx.
Tests with the early-life stages of fish are intended to define the lethal and sub-lethal effects of chemicals on the stages and species tested.
Podrobnosti so opisane v spodnjem besedilu.
They yield information of value for the estimation of the chronic lethal and sub-lethal effects of the chemical on other fish species.
Slika 4
Test guideline 210 is based on a proposal from the United Kingdom which was discussed at a meeting of OECD experts convened at Medmenham (United Kingdom) in November 1988 and further updated in 2013 to reflect experience in using the test and recommendations from an OECD workshop on fish toxicity testing, held in September 2010 (1).
Izračunajte 95-odstotni interval zaupanja za predvideni odziv pri kontroli in pri ECx.
The early-life stages of fish are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test chemical dissolved in water.
Izračunajte 95-odstotni interval zaupanja za ECx.
Flow-through conditions are preferred; however, if it is not possible semi-static conditions are acceptable.
Zavrnite modele, ki se slabo prilegajo.
For details the OECD guidance document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures should be consulted (2).
Tudi prileganje Brain- Cousensovega hormetičnega modela
The test is initiated by placing fertilised eggs in test chambers and is continued for a species-specific time period that is necessary for the control fish to reach a juvenile life-stage.
Tudi prileganje OECD 4 in OECD 5, Hillovega modela, Michaelis-Mentenovega modela ali drugega modela s 3–5 parametri
Lethal and sub-lethal effects are assessed and compared with control values to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) in order to determine the (i) no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and/or (ii) ECx (e.g. EC10, EC20) by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % change in the effect measured.
Za Bruce-Versteegov model, preprosti eksponentni model (OECD 2), preprosti eksponentni model s parametrom oblike (OECD 3) ali drug model z 2–3 parametri Če ni znaka ekstra-binomske variance, se lahko probit model prilagodi podatkom o deležih.
Reporting of relevant effect concentrations and parameters may depend upon the regulatory framework.
5 koncentracij in kontrola Izberite večjo vrednost x ali drug model.
The test concentrations should bracket the ECx so that the ECx comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation (see Appendix 1 for definitions).
Ali (a) je predvideni odziv pri ECx znotraj intervala zaupanja za kontrolo ali (b) je predvideni odziv kontrole znotraj intervala zaupanja za predvideni odziv pri ECx ali (c) je interval zaupanja za ECx preširok?
Test chemical refers to what is being tested.
Primerjajte modele z uporabo meril za vrednosti AICc ali strokovne presoje in izberite tistega, ki se najbolje prilega.
The water solubility (see chapter A.6 of this Annex) and the vapour pressure (see chapter A.4 of this Annex) of the test chemical should be known and a reliable analytical method for the quantification of the chemical in the test solutions with known and reported accuracy and limit of quantification should be available.
8 ali več koncentracij in kontrola 6 ali 7 koncentracij in kontrola Sporočite model, ECx in interval zaupanja.
Although not necessary to conduct the test, results from an acute toxicity test (see chapters C.1 or C.49 of this Annex), preferably performed with the species chosen for this test, may provide useful information.
Če ni mogoče najti modela in sprejemljivega x, sporočite NOEC.
If the test method is used for the testing of a mixture, its composition should as far as possible be characterised, e.g. by the chemical identity of its constituents, their quantitative occurrence and their substance-specific properties (like those mentioned above).
Ne Da Obravnavanja izvalitve iker in smrtnosti ličink
Before use of the test method for regulatory testing of a mixture, it should be considered whether it will provide acceptable results for the intended regulatory purpose.
Za izvalitev iker in smrtnost ličink je običajno najbolje prilagoditi padajoči model, lahko pa se prilagodi probit model, kot je opisano spodaj.
Useful information includes the structural formula, purity of the substance, water solubility, stability in water and light, pKa, Pow and results of a test for ready biodegradability (e.g. chapters C.4 or C.29 of this Annex).
To pomeni, da je treba modelirati delež iker, ki se ne izležejo, ali ličink, ki umrejo.
the dissolved oxygen concentration should be > 60 % of the air saturation value throughout the test;
ECx se namreč nanaša na koncentracijo, pri kateri se zgodi sprememba, ki ustreza x % srednje vrednosti odziva v kontroli.
the water temperature should not differ by more than ± 1,5 °C between test chambers or between successive days at any time during the test, and should be within the temperature ranges specified for the test species (Appendix 2);
Če se ne izleže 5 % kontrolnih iker in se modelira neuspešnost izvalitve, se EC20 nanaša na koncentracijo, pri kateri se zgodi sprememba, ki ustreza 20 % 5-odstotne neuspešnosti izvalitve v kontroli, to pa je sprememba v višini 0,2 * 0,05 = 0,01 ali 1 odstotne točke 6-odstotne neuspešnosti izvalitve.
the analytical measure of the test concentrations is compulsory.
Tako majhna sprememba se ne more smiselno oceniti na podlagi razpoložljivih podatkov in ni biološko pomembna.
overall survival of fertilised eggs and post-hatch success in the controls and, where relevant, in the solvent controls should be greater than or equal to the limits defined in Appendix 2.
Če pa bi se modeliral delež izleženih iker, bi bil kontrolni delež v zgornjem primeru 95 %, 20-odstotno zmanjšanje srednje vrednosti v kontroli pa bi pomenilo spremembo v višini 0,95 * 0,2 = 0,18, tj. spremembo s 95-odstotne uspešnosti izvalitve na 77-odstotno (= 95 – 18) uspešnost izvalitve, to pa je koncentracija z učinkom, ki se lahko oceni in bo za raziskovalce najverjetneje zanimivejša.
If a minor deviation from the validity criteria is observed, the consequences should be considered in relation to the reliability of the test data and these considerations should be included in the report.
To ne velja za meritve velikosti, čeprav škodljivi učinki na velikost običajno pomenijo zmanjšanje velikosti.
Effects on survival, hatch or growth occurring in the solvent control, when compared to the negative control, should be reported and discussed in the context of the reliability of the test data.
Modeli za velikost (dolžina ali teža), uspešnost izvalitve iker in preživetje ličink
Test chambers
Razen Brain-Cousensovega hormetičnega modela so vsi modeli opisani in priporočeni v OECD (2006).
Any glass, stainless steel or other chemically inert vessels can be used.
Tako imenovani modeli OECD 2–5 so poleg tega obravnavani v okviru preskusov ekotoksičnosti v Slob (2002).
As silicone is known to have a strong capacity to absorb lipophilic substances, the use of silicone tubing in flow-through studies and use of silicone seals in contact with water should be minimised by the use of e.g. monoblock glass aquaria.
Seveda obstajajo tudi številni drugi modeli, ki bi lahko bili uporabni.
The dimensions of the vessels should be large enough to allow proper growth in the control, maintenance of dissolved oxygen concentration (e.g. for small fish species, a 7 L tank volume will achieve this) and compliance with the loading rate criteria given in paragraph 19.
Bunke et al.
It is desirable that test chambers be randomly positioned in the test area.
navajajo številne modele, ki niso navedeni tukaj, poleg tega obstaja mnogo sklicevanj na druge modele.
A randomised block design with each treatment being present in each block is preferable to a completely randomised design.
Spodaj navedeni modeli so predlagani kot posebej ustrezni za ekotoksikološke preskuse in se pogosto uporabljajo.
The test chambers should be shielded from unwanted disturbance.
Pri 5 preskusnih koncentracijah in kontroli:
The test system should preferably be conditioned with concentrations of the test chemical for a sufficient duration to demonstrate stable exposure concentrations prior to the introduction of test organisms.
preprosti eksponentni model (OECD 2),
Recommended fish species are given in Table 1.
eksponentni model s parametrom oblike (OECD 3),
This does not preclude the use of other species, but the test procedure may have to be adapted to provide suitable test conditions.
preprosti eksponentni model s spodnjo mejo (OECD 4).
Holding of the brood fish
Pri 6 ali več preskusnih koncentracijah in kontroli:
Details on holding the brood stock under satisfactory conditions may be found in Appendix 3 and the references cited (3)(4)(5).
eksponentni model s parametrom oblike in spodnjo mejo (OECD 5),
Handling of fertilised eggs, embryos and larvae
Kadar je vidna hormeza (najverjetneje ne pri uspešnosti izvalitve iker ali preživetju ličink, včasih pa pri opazovanjih velikosti):
Initially, fertilised eggs, embryos and larvae may be exposed within the main vessel in smaller glass or stainless steel vessels, fitted with mesh sides or ends to permit a flow of test solution through the vessel.
Brain-Cousensov hormetični model (Brain in Cousens 1989).
Non-turbulent flow-through in these small vessels may be induced by suspending them from an arm arranged to move the vessel up and down but always keeping the organisms submerged.
Drugi modeli za neuspešnost izvalitve iker in smrtnost ličink
Fertilised eggs of salmonid fishes can be supported on racks or meshes with apertures sufficiently large to allow larvae to drop through after hatching.
Modeli za naraščajoče vrednosti teh odzivov se lahko ob odsotnosti ekstra-binomske variance prilagodijo s probit (ali logističnimi) modeli, nato se v prilagoditvi modela oceni kontrolna pojavnost.
Where egg containers, grids or meshes have been used to hold eggs within the main test vessel, these restraints should be removed after the larvae hatch, according to the guidance in Appendix 3, except that meshes should be retained to prevent the escape of the larvae.
Preveriti je treba, ali se vse postavke v modelu statistično značilno razlikujejo od ničle (tj. določite, ali so postavke modela statistično značilne) (Motulsky in Christopoulos 2004).
If there is a need to transfer the larvae, they should not be exposed to the air and nets should not be used to release larvae from egg containers.
Pregled ostankov iz regresije se primerja s preskusnimi koncentracijami, po možnosti na logaritemski skali za koncentracije.
The timing of this transfer varies with the species and should be documented in the report.
Ta pregled ne sme vsebovati vzorcev; točke morajo biti naključno razporejene okoli vodoravne črte pri ničelni višini.
However, a transfer may not always be necessary.
Oceniti je treba skladnost podatkov z normalno porazdelitvijo in homogenostjo variance, kot je navedeno v Dodatku 5.
Any water in which the test species shows suitable long-term survival and growth may be used as test water (see Appendix 4).
Poleg tega je treba oceniti normalnost ostankov iz regresijskega modela, pri čemer se uporabijo metode, ki so v Dodatku 5 navedene za ostanke iz analize variance.
It should be of constant quality during the period of the test.
Primerjava modelov Uporabiti je treba Akaikejev informacijski kriterij AICc.
In order to ensure that the dilution water will not unduly influence the test result (for example by complexation of test chemical), or adversely affect the performance of the brood stock, samples should be taken at intervals for analysis.
Priporoča se upoštevanje načela varčnosti, po katerem se uporabi najpreprostejši model, ki se razmeroma dobro prilega podatkom (Ratkowsky 1993; Lyles et al.
Measurements of heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd, Ni), major anions and cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–, SO42–), ammonia, total residual chlorine pesticides, total organic carbon and suspended solids should be made, for example, on a bi-annual basis where a dilution water is known to be relatively constant in quality.
2008).
If the water is known to be of variable quality the measurements have to be conducted more often; the frequency is dependent of how variable the quality is.
Kakovost ocene ECx
Some chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water are listed in Appendix 4.
Interval zaupanja za ECx ne sme biti preširok.
For flow-through tests, a system which continually dispenses and dilutes a stock solution of the test chemical (e.g. metering pump, proportional diluter, saturator system) is required to deliver a series of concentrations to the test chambers.
Za določitev največje širine intervala zaupanja, ki bo še zagotavljala uporabnost ECx, je potrebna statistična presoja.
The flow rates of stock solutions and dilution water should be checked at intervals during the test and should not vary by more than 10 % throughout the test.
Simulacije regresijskih modelov, prilagojenih valitvi iker in podatkom o velikosti, kažejo, da približno 75 % intervalov zaupanja za ECx (x = 10, 20 ali 30) zajema največ dve preskusni koncentraciji.
A flow rate equivalent to at least five test chamber volumes per 24 hours has been found suitable (3).
To je splošna smernica o tem, kaj je sprejemljivo, in praktična smernica o tem, kaj je mogoče doseči.
However, if the loading rate specified in paragraph 19 is respected, a lower flow rate of e.g. 2-3 test chamber volumes is possible to prevent quick removal of food.
Interval zaupanja za ECx (ali kateri koli drug parameter modela) ne sme vključevati ničle (Motulsky in Christopoulos 2004).
Test solutions of the chosen concentrations are prepared by dilution of a stock solution.
V regresijskih modelih je to ekvivalent najmanjše značilne razlike, ki se pogosto navaja pri pristopih s preskušanjem predpostavk (npr. Wang et al.