natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Mavournin, K.H. et al.
Na začetku leta 2004 je bil delovni skupini PBT EU skupaj s podpornim referenčnim dokumentom (39) predložen osnutek protokola (38), zasnovan za merjenje bioakumulacijskega potenciala organskih snovi, slabo topnih v vodi, pri katerih izvedba standardne metode vodne izpostavljenosti za ugotavljanje biokoncentracije ni bila praktična.
Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program, Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology, Vol.
Nadaljnja utemeljitev za metodo je bila, da lahko do morebitne izpostavljenosti v okolju takim, slabo topnim snovem (tj. log KOW > 5) pride predvsem s prehrano (prim. (40), (41), (42), (43) in (44)).
239/1, pp. 29-80.
Zato so v nekaterih objavljenih uredbah o kemikalijah navedeni preskusi prehranske izpostavljenosti [43].
, Micronuclei in circulating erythrocytes: a rapid screen for chromosomal damage during routine toxicity testing in mice, Developments in Toxicology Environmental Science, Vol.
Vendar je treba vedeti, da je bila v metodi, opisani v tem dokumentu, izpostavljenost prek vodne faze previdno izpuščena, zato vrednosti BMF iz te preskusne metode ni mogoče neposredno primerjati z vrednostjo BMF iz terenske študije (v kateri sta morda združeni vodna in prehranska izpostavljenost).
11, pp. 555-558.
Ta del trenutne preskusne metode temelji na tem protokolu (38) in je nova metoda, ki se ni pojavila v predhodni različici TM C.13.
, Guidelines for the conduct of micronucleus assays in mammalian bone marrow erythrocytes, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, Vol.
Ta drugačni preskus omogoča neposredno proučevanje poteka prehranske izpostavljenosti pod nadzorovanimi laboratorijskimi pogoji.
189/2, pp. 103-112.
(OECD (1997), OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment Number 7: Guidance Document on Direct Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water OCDE/GD(97)21.
, The micronucleus assay with mouse peripheral blood reticulocytes using acridine orange-coated slides, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, Vol.
Brown R.S., Akhtar P., Åkerman J., Hampel L., Kozin I.S., Villerius L.A. in Klamer H.J.C.
245/4, pp. 245-249.
Fernandez J.D., Denny J.S. in Tietge J.E.
CSGMT/JEMS.MMS — The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (1992), Micronucleus test with mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes by acridine orange supravital staining: the summary report of the 5th collaborative study, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, Vol.
Nichols J.W., Fitzsimmons P.N., Whiteman F.W. in Dawson T.D.
278/2-3, pp. 83-98.
Parkerton T.F., Arnot J.A., Weisbrod A.V., Russom C., Hoke R.A., Woodburn K., Traas T., Bonnell M., Burkhard L.P. in Lampi M.A.
CSGMT/JEMS.MMS — The Mammalian Mutagenesis Study Group of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan (1995), Protocol recommended by the CSGMT/JEMS.MMS for the short-term mouse peripheral blood micronucleus test.
Verbruggen E.M.J., Beek M., Pijnenburg J. in Traas T.P.
The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT) (CSGMT/JEMS.MMS, The Mammalian Mutagenesis Study Group of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan), Mutagenesis, Vol.
Schlechtriem C., Fliedner A. in Schäfers C. (2012), Determination of lipid content in fish samples from bioaccumulation studies: Contributions to the revision of OECD Test Guideline 305.
10/3, pp. 153-159.
Bligh E.G. in Dyer W.J.
Mavournin (1994), Bone marrow micronucleus assay: a review of the mouse stocks used and their published mean spontaneous micronucleus frequencies, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Springer T.A., Guiney P.D., Krueger H.O. in Jaber M.J.
23/4, pp. 239-273.
27: 2271–2280.
Krishna, G., G. Urda, J. Paulissen (2000), Historical vehicle and positive control micronucleus data in mice and rats, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol.
Arnot J.A., Meylan W., Tunkel J., Howard P.H., Mackay D., Bonnell M. in Boethling R.S.
453/1, pp. 45-50.
Parkerton T., Letinski D., Febbo E., Davi R., Dzambia C., Connelly M., Christensen K. in Peterson D. (2001), A practical testing approach for assessing bioaccumulation potential of poorly water soluble organic chemicals (predstavitev). na 12. letni seji SETAC Europe: Madrid, Španija.
Hayes, J. et al.
Fisk A.T., Cymbalisty C.D., Bergman Ã. in Muir D.C.G.
, The rat bone marrow micronucleus test--study design and statistical power, Mutagenesis, Vol.
Anonimni avtor (2004), Fish, dietary bioaccumulation study – Basic protocol, dokument predložen TC-NES WG o PBT.
Rothfuss, A. et al.
Gobas F. A. P. C., de Wolf W., Burkhard L. P., Verbruggen E. in Plotzke K. (2009), Revisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs and PBT assessments.
, Improvement of in vivo genotoxicity assessment: combination of acute tests and integration into standard toxicity testing, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
5: 624–637.
723/2, pp. 108-120.
Sijm D.T.H.M. in van der Linde A. (1995), Size-dependent bioconcentration kinetics of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish based on diffusive mass transfer and allometric relationships.
LeBaron, M.J. et al.
Sijm D.T.H.M., Verberne M.E., de Jonge W.J., Pärt P. in Opperhuizen A. (1995), Allometry in the uptake of hydrophobic chemicals determined in vivo and in isolated perfused gills.
, Influence of counting methodology on erythrocyte ratios in the mouse micronucleus test, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Fisk A.T., Norstrom R.J., Cymbalisty C.D. in Muir D.G.G.
54/3, pp. 222-228.
McGrath J.A., Parkerton T.F. in Di Toro D.M.
Some aspects of protocol design including repeated treatments, integration with toxicity testing, and automated scoring, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
McCarty L.S. in Mackay D. (1993), Enhancing ecotoxicological modelling and assessment: body residues and modes of toxic action.
35/3, pp. 234-252.
Part II – Additional Report including comparative analysis of trout and carp results ENV/JM/MONO(2012)20.
Asanami, S., K. Shimono (1997), High body temperature induces micronuclei in mouse bone marrow, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
20–25
390/1-2, pp. 79-83.
13–17
Asanami, S., K. Shimono, S. Kaneda (1998), Transient hypothermia induces micronuclei in mice, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
(Teleostei, Gasterosteidae)
413/1, pp. 7-14.
Meyer A., Biermann C.H. in Orti G. (1993), The phylogenetic position of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model system in developmental biology: An invitation to the comparative method Proc.
Spencer, P.J. et al.
ČASOVNI RAZPOREDI VZORČENJA ZA PRESKUSE VODNE IN PREHRANSKE IZPOSTAVLJENOSTI
Hayashi, M., T. Sofuni, M. Jr.
Minimalna zahtevana pogostost (v dnevih) [2]
Ishidate (1983), An application of Acridine Orange fluorescent staining to the micronucleus test, Mutation Research Letters, Vol.
Dodatno vzorčenje (v dnevih) [2]
120/4, pp. 241-247.
4–8 [5]
MacGregor, J.T., C.M.
Prenos rib v vodo brez preskusne snovi
120/4, pp. 269-275.
(48–80) [5]
Romagna, F., C.D.
05–10
Staniforth (1989), The automated bone marrow micronucleus test, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol.
(8–13) [8]
213/1, pp. 91-104.
5–10
Sun, J.T., M.J.
10–15 [10]
Galloway (1999), Rapid method for improving slide quality in the bone marrow micronucleus assay; an adapted cellulose column procedure, Mutation Research, Vol.
(13–18) [11]
439/1, pp. 121-126.
(8–13) [11]
Miller, B.M., I.D.
10–15 [10](13–18) [11]
Adler (1990), Application of antikinetochore antibody staining (CREST staining) to micronuclei in erythrocytes induced in vivo, Mutagenesis, Vol.
59–120
5/4, pp. 411-415.
(63–126) [10] [11]
Miller, B.M. et al.
50–110
, Classification of micronuclei in murine erythrocytes: immunofluorescent staining using CREST antibodies compared to in situ hybridization with biotinylated gamma satellite DNA, Mutagenesis, Vol.
(56–116) [10] [11]
6/4, pp. 297-302.
Oddelki 5, 6 in 8 sicer veljajo samo za metodo vodne izpostavljenosti, ampak so v ta dodatek vključeni kot „splošne“ tehnike.
Russo, A. (2002), PRINS tandem labeling of satellite DNA in the study of chromosome damage, American Journal of Medical Genetics, Vol.
Zaporedne (oddelka 4 in 5) in sočasne (oddelek 6) metode omogočajo izračun konstant absorpcije in očiščenja, ki se uporabijo za izpeljavo kinetičnih BKF.
107/2, pp. 99-104.
[enačba A5.17]
Gollapudi, B.B., L.G.
Na primer trajanje faze absorpcije (tj. čas, da se doseže določen odstotek stacionarnega stanja, npr. t80 ali t95) za preskusno snov z log KOW = 4 bi znašalo (z uporabo enačbe A5.5, A5.16 in A5.17):
McFadden (1995), Sample size for the estimation of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocyte ratio in the bone marrow micronucleus test, Mutation Research, Vol.
2,45dneva59 ur
347/2, pp. 97-99.
4,60dneva110 ur
, Statistical analysis of data in mutagenicity assays: rodent micronucleus assay, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol.
teSS = 6,54 · 10 – 3 · KOW + 55,31 (ur)
102/Suppl 1, pp. 49-52.
[enačba A5.19]
Kim, B.S., M. Cho, H.J.
Kadar se k1/k2 nadomesti z BKF (prim. enačba A5.4) v enačbi A5.25 in A5.26, se lahko ocenita tudi standardna napaka in 95-odstotni interval zaupanja BKF.
Kim (2000), Statistical analysis of in vivo rodent micronucleus assay, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
To je še zlasti uporabno, kadar se primerjajo različne ocene zaradi pretvorbe podatkov.
469/2, pp. 233-241.
Za odvisno spremenljivko (koncentracija v ribah) se lahko uporabi pretvorba v naravni logaritem ali ne, nato pa se lahko oceni negotovost BKF.
The latter represents the protocol used for the European Community-sponsored prevalidation study conducted in 1997-1998.
Ker je med parametroma k1 in k2 tesna povezava, če se ocenita sočasno, je morda priporočljivo najprej izračunati k2 samo na podlagi podatkov o očiščenju (glej zgoraj); k2 se v večini primerov lahko oceni na podlagi krivulje očiščenja z razmeroma visoko natančnostjo. k1 se lahko nato izračuna na podlagi podatkov o absorpciji z nelinearno regresijo [6].
Both of these protocols were based on the BCOP test method first reported by Gautheron et al.
Eden od najpogostejših zapletov je rast rib med preskusom.
IVIS = mean opacity value + (15 × mean permeability OD490 value) Sina et al.
POPRAVEK GLEDE NA RAZREDČITEV ZARADI RASTI ZA KINETIČNI BKF IN BMF
ICCVAM (2006).
Če se ugotovi, da fazi ne sledita kinetiki prvega reda, je za ustrezni popravek glede na razredčitev zaradi rasti priporočeno poiskati nasvet biostatistika ali uporabiti pristop, ki temelji na masi in je opisan v nadaljevanju.
Test Method Evaluation Report — In Vitro Ocular Toxicity Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Severe Irritants and Corrosives.
V nekaterih primerih je za to metodo za popravljanje glede na razredčitev zaradi rasti značilno pomanjkanje natančnosti, včasih pa ne deluje (na primer za snovi, ki se očiščujejo zelo počasi in se preskušajo na ribah, ki hitro rastejo, je lahko izpeljana konstanta hitrosti očiščenja, popravljena glede na razredčitev zaradi rasti, k2g, zelo majhna, zato napaka v dveh konstantah rasti, ki se uporabita za njeno izpeljavo, postane ključnega pomena, v nekaterih primerih pa so lahko ocene kg višje od k2).
ICCVAM (2010).
V takih primerih se lahko uporabi drug pristop (tj. pristop, ki temelji na masi), ki deluje tudi takrat, ko snov ne sledi kinetiki rasti prvega reda, in ki odpravi potrebo po popravljanju.
OECD (2013).
Ta pristop je opisan na koncu tega oddelka.
UN (2011).
Metoda odštevanja s konstanto hitrosti rasti za popravljanje glede na rast
Scott, L., Eskes, C., Hoffmann, S., Adriaens, E., Alépée, N., Bufo, M., Clothier, R., Facchini, D., Faller, C., Guest, R., Harbell, J., Hartung, T., Kamp, H., Le Varlet, B., Meloni, M., McNamee, P., Osborne, R., Pape, W., Pfannenbecker, U., Prinsen, M., Seaman, C., Spielman, H., Stokes, W., Trouba, K., Van den Berghe, C., Van Goethem, F., Vassallo, M., Vinardell, P., and Zuang, V. (2010).
Pri standardni metodi se vsi podatki o posameznih težah in dolžinah pretvorijo v naravne logaritme, ln(teža) ali ln(1/teža) pa se grafično prikaže v odvisnosti od časa (dan) ločeno za tretirane in kontrolne skupine.
In: ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Report — in vitro Ocular Toxicity Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Severe Irritants and Corrosives.
Na splošno je za popravek glede na razredčitev zaradi rasti ustrezneje uporabiti podatke o teži iz celotne študije, da se izpelje konstanta hitrosti rasti (kg), statistično značilne razlike med konstantama hitrosti rasti, izpeljanimi za fazo absorpcije in očiščenja, pa lahko pokažejo, da je treba uporabiti konstanto hitrosti faze očiščenja.
In: ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Report — Current Validation Status of In Vitro Test Methods Proposed for Identifying Eye Injury Hazard Potential of Chemicals and Products.
Skupne hitrosti rasti iz študij vodne izpostavljenosti za preskusne in kontrolne skupine se lahko uporabijo za preverjanje kakršnih koli učinkov, povezanih z tretiranjem.
Gautheron, P., Dukic, M., Alix, D. and Sina, J.F.
Če ni statistično značilne razlike v analizi podatkov o teži, se lahko združijo preskusni in kontrolni podatki ter izračuna skupna konstanta hitrosti rasti rib za študijo (kg) kot skupni naklon linearne korelacije.
Prinsen, M.K.
Če se ugotovijo statistično značilne razlike, se konstante hitrosti rasti za vsako skupino rib in/ali fazo študije navedejo ločeno.
Siegel, J.D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M., Chiarello, L., and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (2007).
Konstanto hitrosti za vsako tretirano skupino je nato treba uporabiti za namene popravljanja glede na razredčitev zaradi rasti za to skupino.
Maurer, J.K., Parker, R.D. and Jester, J.V.
Če so bile opažene statistične razlike med konstantama hitrosti absorpcije in očiščenja, je treba uporabiti konstante hitrosti, izpeljane iz faze očiščenja.
OECD (2011).
Izračunano konstanto hitrosti rasti (kg, izraženo z dan–1) se lahko odšteje od skupne konstante hitrosti očiščenja (k2), da se dobi konstanta hitrosti očiščenja, k2g.
Doughty, M.J., Petrou, S. and Macmillan, H. (1995).
[enačba A5.27]
Collee, J. and Bradley, R. (1997).
Konstanto hitrosti absorpcije se deli s konstanto hitrosti očiščenja, popravljeno glede na rast, da se dobi kinetični BKF, popravljen glede na rast, ki se izrazi z BKFKg (ali BMFKg).
BSE: A decade on — Part I. The Lancet 349: 636-641.
[enačba A5.28]
2,6-3,0
Branson D.R., Blau G.E., Alexander H.C. in Neely W.B.
ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Report — Current Status of in vitro Test Methods for Identifying Mild/Moderate Ocular Irritants: The Isolated Chicken Eye (ICE) Test Method.
Hawker D.W. in Connell D.W.
United Nations (UN) (2011).
Konemann H. in van Leeuwen K. (1980), Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation and elimination of six chlorobenzenes by guppies.
Scott L, Eskes C, Hoffman S, Adriaens E, Alepee N, Bufo M, Clothier R, Facchini D, Faller C, Guest R, Hamernik K, Harbell J, Hartung T, Kamp H, Le Varlet B, Meloni M, Mcnamee P, Osborn R, Pape W, Pfannenbecker U, Prinsen M, Seaman C, Spielmann H, Stokes W, Trouba K, Vassallo M, Van den Berghe C, Van Goethem F, Vinardell P, Zuang V (2010).
Hendriks A.J., van der Linde A., Cornelissen G. in Sijm D.T.H.M.
ICCVAM.
Campfens J. in Mackay D. (1997), Fugacity-based model of PCB bioaccumulation in complex aquatic food webs.
Prinsen, M.K. and Koëter, B.W.M.
Crookes M. in Brooke D. (2010), Estimation of fish bioconcentration factor (BCF) from depuration data.
DB-ALM (INVITTOX) (2009).
Gobas F. in Morrison H. (2000), Bioconcentration and biomagnification in the aquatic environment, in Handbook of property estimation methods for chemicals, Boethling, R.S. and Mackay, D., Editors.
Balls, M., Botham, P.A., Bruner, L.H. and Spielmann H. (1995).
Za povprečja posameznih tretiranj se izračunajo 95-odstotni intervali zaupanja.
Chamberlain, M., Gad, S.C., Gautheron, P. and Prinsen, M.K.
Število preživelih staršev v netretiranih kontrolah je merilo za veljavnost, ki ga je treba dokumentirati in navesti v poročilu.
Maurer, J.K., Parker, R.D. and Jester J.V.
V končnem poročilu je treba navesti tudi vse druge škodljive učinke, npr. nenavadno vedenje in pomembne toksikološke ugotovitve.
Burton, A.B.G., M. York and R.S.
Vrednosti ECx, vključno z njihovimi pripadajočimi zgornjimi in spodnjimi mejami zaupanja, se izračunajo z ustreznimi statističnimi metodami (npr. logistično ali Weibullovo funkcijo, prilagojeno Spearman-Karberjevo metodo ali enostavno interpolacijo).
Production of changes in the eye following the application of test chemical to the anterior surface of the eye, which are fully reversible within 21 days of application.
Za izračun EC10, EC50 ali katere koli druge vrednosti ECx je treba celoten nabor podatkov analizirati z regresijsko analizo.
Interchangeable with “Reversible effects on the Eye” and with “UN GHS Category 2” (4).
Če je namen statistične analize določiti NOEC/LOEC, je treba uporabiti ustrezne statistične metode v skladu z dokumentom OECD št. 54 z naslovom Sodobni pristopi pri statistični analizi podatkov o ekotoksičnosti: smernice za uporabo (4).
False negative rate
Na splošno se neželeni učinki preskusne kemikalije v primerjavi s kontrolo proučujejo s preskušanjem enostransko zastavljene hipoteze pri p ≤ 0,05.
The proportion of all positive chemicals falsely identified by a test method as negative.
nominalne preskusne koncentracije in rezultati vseh analiz za določanje koncentracije preskusne kemikalije v preskusnih posodah (glej primer podatkovnih listov iz Dodatka 5); v poročilu je treba navesti tudi izkoristek metode in mejo določljivosti;
It is one indicator of test method performance.
kakovost vode v preskusnih posodah (tj. pH, temperatura in koncentracija raztopljenega kisika ter TOC in/ali KPK in trdota, kadar je to ustrezno) (glej primer podatkovnega lista iz Dodatka 4);
False positive rate
OECD (1997).
The proportion of all negative chemicals that are falsely identified by a test method as positive.
OECD (2006).
It is one indicator of test method performance.
Baird, D. J., idr.
Fluorescein retention
Elendt, B. P. (1990).
A subjective measurement in the ICE test of the extent of fluorescein sodium that is retained by epithelial cells in the cornea following exposure to a test substance.
Protoplasma, 154, 25–33.
The degree of fluorescein retention is indicative of damage to the corneal epithelium.
Vigano, L. (1991).
Hazard
; ASTM E729 – 96 (2007) American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA
Inherent property of an agent or situation having the potential to cause adverse effects when an organism, system or (sub) population is exposed to that agent.
V: Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Ecotoxicology.
Irreversible effects on the eye see “Serious eye damage” and “UN GHS Category 1”.
(H. Løkke, H. Tyle in F. Bro-Rasmussen.
Mixture
Eds.) str. 144–148.
A mixture or a solution composed of two or more substances in which they do not react (4) Negative control
Parkhurst, B. R., J. L. Forte.
An untreated replicate containing all components of a test system.
Cowgill, U. M. in Milazzo, D. P. (1990).
This sample is processed with test chemical-treated samples and other control samples to determine whether the solvent interacts with the test system.
Sims, I. R., S. Watson in D. Holmes (1993) Toward a standard Daphnia juvenile production test.
Not Classified
Sims, I. (1993).
Substances that are not classified for eye irritation (UN GHS Category 2) or serious damage to eye (UN GHS Category 1).
Wilson, E. O. in Bossert, W.
Interchangeable with “UN GHS No Category”.
Poole, R. W.
A replicate containing all components of a test system and treated with a chemical known to induce a positive response.
Mc Graw Hill Series in Population Biology, New York, str. 532.
To ensure that variability in the positive control response across time can be assessed, the magnitude of the severe response should not be excessive.
Meyer, J. S., Ingersoll, C. G., McDonald, L. L. in Boyce, M. S. (1986).
Measures of the extent that a test method can be performed reproducibly within and between laboratories over time, when performed using the same protocol.
Ecology, 67, 1156–1166.
It is assessed by calculating intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility and intra-laboratory repeatability.
Opomba:
Reversible effects on the Eye see “Eye Irritation” and “UN GHS Category 2”.
Opomba:
Serious eye damage
Selenium deficiency in crustacea; an ultrastructural approach to antennal damage in Daphnia magna Straus.
Production of tissue damage in the eye, or serious physical decay of vision, following application of a test chemical to the anterior surface of the eye, which is not fully reversible within 21 days of application.
OPOMBA:
Interchangeable with “Irreversible effects on the eye” and with “UN GHS Category 1” (4).
Temperatura (°C) [1]
Slit-lamp microscope An instrument used to directly examine the eye under the magnification of a binocular microscope by creating a stereoscopic, erect image.
26 str.
In the ICE test method, this instrument is used to view the anterior structures of the chicken eye as well as to objectively measure corneal thickness with a depth-measuring device attachment.
Brauhn, J. L. in R. A. Schoettger (1975).
Solvent/vehicle control
Acquisition and Culture of Research Fish: Rainbow trout, Fathead minnows, Channel catfish and Bluegills.
An untreated sample containing all components of a test system, including the solvent or vehicle that is processed with the test chemical-treated samples and other control samples to establish the baseline response for the samples treated with the test chemical dissolved in the same solvent or vehicle.
Brungs, W.
When tested with a concurrent negative control, this sample also demonstrates whether the solvent or vehicle interacts with the test system.
Adolfsson-Erici et al.
Substance
Hansen, D. J. in P. R. Parrish (1977).
Chemical elements and their compounds in the natural state or obtained by any production process, including any additive necessary to preserve the stability of the product and any impurities deriving from the process used, but excluding any solvent which may be separated without affecting the stability of the substance or changing its composition (4).
Suitability of sheepshead minnows (Cyprindon variegatus) for life-cycle toxicity tests.
Surfactant
V: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation (ur.
Also called surface-active agent, this is a substance, such as a detergent, that can reduce the surface tension of a liquid and thus allow it to foam or penetrate solids; it is also known as a wetting agent.
F. L. Mayer in J. L. Hamelink).
Top-Down Approach
Kimmel, H. B. et al.
step-wise approach used for a chemical suspected of causing serious eye damage, which starts with the determination of chemicals inducing serious eye damage (positive outcome) from other chemicals (negative outcome).
Gonzalez-Doncel, M. et al.
Test chemical
(2005).
Any substance or mixture tested using this Test Method.
A quick reference guide to the normal development of Oryzias latipes (Teleostei, Adrinichthydae) Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20: 1–14.
Tiered testing strategy
Rao, J. N. K. in A. J. Scott (1999).
A stepwise testing strategy where all existing information on a test chemical is reviewed, in a specified order, using a weight-of-evidence process at each tier to determine if sufficient information is available for a hazard classification decision, prior to progression to the next tier.
A simple method for analyzing overdispersion in clustered Poisson data.
If the irritancy potential of a test chemical can be assigned based on the existing information, no additional testing is required.
20, 482–491.
United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS) A system proposing the classification of chemicals (substances and mixtures) according to standardised types and levels of physical, health and environmental hazards, and addressing corresponding communication elements, such as pictograms, signal words, hazard statements, precautionary statements and safety data sheets, so that to convey information on their adverse effects with a view to protect people (including employers, workers, transporters, consumers and emergency responders) and the environment (4).
Rand, G. M. in S. R. Petrocelli (1985).