natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The plant segments are distributed axenically over several 500 ml Erlenmeyer or/and 2000 ml Fernbach flasks, each filled with approximately 450 respectively 1000 ml modified Andrews' medium.
Organizirana je bila od 22. do 24. januarja 1996 v Solni na Švedskem (http://www. oecd. org/ehs/test/background.htm).
Then, the flasks are axenically cellulose plug stoppered.
Effects of Alkalinity on the Eye Irritation Potential of Solutions Prepared at a Single pH.
In addition, thorough flame treatment of equipment at the sterile workbench just prior to use is absolutely necessary.
J. Toxicol.
Dependent on number and size, the plants are to be transferred into fresh nutrient solution approximately every three weeks.
In vitro preskus kromosomskih aberacij pri sesalcih
Apices as well as segments of the stem middle part for this renewed culture can be used.
Št.
Number and size of transferred plants (or segments of plants) are dependent on how many plants are needed.
CAS
For example, you can transfer five shoot segments into one Fernbach flask and three shoot segments into one Erlenmeyer flask, each with a length of 5 cm.
Evans, H. J. (1976). „Cytological Methods for Detecting Chemical Mutagens“, in Chemical Mutagens, Principles and Methods for their Detection, zv.
Discard any rooted, flowering, dead or otherwise conspicuous parts.
Galloway, S. M. idr.
Cutting of plants for the stock and pre culture after 3 weeks of cultivation
10, str. 1–175.
waste
Muehlbauer, P. A. idr.
pre culture
Scott, D. idr.
stock culture
A report from ICPEMC Task Group 9, Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology, zv.
Culturing of plants is to be performed in 500 ml Erlenmeyer and 2000 ml Fernbach flasks in a cooling incubator at 20 ± 2 °C with continuously light at approximately 100-150 μE m– 2 s– 1 or 6000-9000 Lux (emitted by chamber illumination with colour temperature “warm white light”).
257/2, str. 147–204.
Culturing of plants in a cooling incubator with chamber illumination
Morita, T. idr.
Chemically clean (acid-washed) and sterile glass culture vessels should be used and aseptic handling techniques employed.
Clastogenicity of Low pH to Various Cultured Mammalian Cells, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, zv.
In the event of contamination of the stock culture e.g. by algae, fungi and/or bacteria a new culture should be prepared or a stock culture from another laboratory should be used to renewal of the one culture.
268/2, str. 297–305.
Carl von Linné (* May, 23th, 1707 in Råshult/Älmhult; † January, 10th, 1778 in Uppsala).
Brusick, D. (1986).
MAINTENANCE OF PRE-CULTURE AND PREPARATION OF TEST ORGANISM FOR TESTING
Genotoxic effects in cultured mammalian cells produced by low pH treatment conditions and increased ion concentrations, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
To obtain pre-culture, cut shoots of stock culture into segments with two whorls each; put segments into Fernbach flasks filled with modified Andrews' medium (with 3 % sucrose).
8/6, str. 789–886.
Each flask can contain up to 50 shoot segments.
Long, L. H. idr.
However, care is to be taken that the segments are vital and do not have any roots and lateral branches or their buds (see figure 1 in Appendix 3).
Different cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of epigallocatechin gallate in various cell-culture media due to variable rates of its oxidation in the culture medium, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, zv.
The pre-culture organisms are cultured for 14 to 21 days under sterile conditions in an environmental chamber with alternating 16/8 hour light/dark phases.
634/1–2, str. 177–183.
Light intensity selected from the range of 100-150 μE m– 2 s– 1.
Nesslany, F. idr.
Since the modified Andrews' medium contains sucrose (which stimulates the growth of algae, fungi and bacteria), test chemical solutions should be prepared and culturing be conducted under sterile conditions.
, Characterization of the Genotoxicity of Nitrilotriacetic Acid, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
Sterilisation is carried out via heated air treatment (210 °C) for 4 hours or autoclaving for 20 minutes at 121 °C.
49/6, str. 439–452.
In addition, all flasks, dishes, bowls etc. and other equipment undergo flame treatment at the sterile workbench just prior to use.
Galloway, S. (2000).
Shoots are axenically removed from the pre-culture flasks, choosing material that is as homogeneous as possible.
Cytotoxicity and chromosome aberrations in vitro: Experience in industry and the case for an upper limit on toxicity in the aberration assay, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
Each testing requires at least 60 test organisms (testing with eight test chemical concentrations).
35/3, str. 191–201.
For testing, take fresh lateral branches from pre-cultures, shorten them to 2,5 cm from base (measured with ruler) and transfer them into a beaker containing sterile modified Andrews' medium.
Kirkland, D. idr.
These fresh lateral branches can be used for the sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum toxicity test.
584/1–2, str. 1–256.
Cutting of plants from the pre culture for the sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum toxicity test
Greenwood, S. idr.
waste or further cultivation
Population doubling: a simple and more accurate estimation of cell growth suppression in the in vitro assay for chromosomal aberrations that reduces irrelevant positive results, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
fresh lateral branches for the test
43/1, str. 36–44.
C.51 water-sediment Myriophyllum spicatum toxicity test
Hilliard, C. A. idr.
This test method is equivalent to the OECD test guideline 239 (2014).
Chromosome aberrations in vitro related to cytotoxicity of nonmutagenic chemicals and metabolic poisons, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
Test methods are available for the floating, monocotyledonous aquatic plant, Lemna species (1) and for algal species (2).
31/4, str. 316–326.
These methods are routinely used to generate data to address the risk of test chemicals, in particular chemicals with herbicidal activity, to non-target aquatic plant species.
Hedner, K. idr.
However, in some cases, data for additional macrophyte species may be required.
Sister chromatid exchanges and structural chromosomal aberrations in relation to age and sex, Human Genetics, zv.
Recent guidance published from the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) workshop on Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides (AMRAP) proposed that data for a rooted macrophyte species may be required for test chemicals where Lemna and algae are known not to be sensitive to the mode of action or if partitioning to sediment is a concern, leading to exposure via root uptake (3).
62, str. 305–309.
Based on current understanding and experience, Myriophyllum spp were selected as the preferred species in cases where data are required for a submerged, rooted dicotyledonous species (4) (5) (6).
Ramsey, M. J. idr.
The water-sediment Myriophyllum spicatum test method complements the sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum Toxicity Test (7).
The effects of age and lifestyle factors on the accumulation of cytogenetic damage as measured by chromosome painting, Mutation Research, zv.
This document describes a test method, which allows assessment of the effects of a test chemical on the rooted, aquatic plant species Myriophyllum spicatum, growing in a water-sediment system.
338, str. 95–106.
The test method is based partly on existing methods (1) (2) (8) and takes account of recent research related to the risk assessment of aquatic plants (3).
Coecke, S. idr.
The water-sediment method has been validated by an international ring-test conducted with Myriophyllum species grown under static conditions, which were exposed to the test chemical through applications made via the water column (9).
33/3, str. 261–287.
However, the test system is readily adapted to allow for exposure via spiked sediment or exposure via the water phase in semi-static or pulsed-dose scenarios, although these scenarios have not been formally ring tested.
Henderson, L. idr.
Furthermore, the general method can be used for other rooted, submerged and emergent species including other Myriophyllum species (e.g. Myriophyllum aquaticum) and Glyceria maxima (10).
Industrial Genotoxicology Group collaborative trial to investigate cell cycle parameters in human lymphocyte cytogenetics studies, Mutagenesis, zv.
Modifications of test conditions, design and duration may be required for alternative species.
12/3, str. 163–167.
In particular, more work is needed to define appropriate procedures for Myriophyllum aquaticum.
Ames, B. N., McCann, J. in Yamasaki, E. (1975).
These options are not presented in detail in this test method, which describes the standard approach for exposure of Myriophyllum spicatum in a static system via the water phase.
Methods for Detecting Carcinogens and Mutagens with the Salmonella/Mammalian Microsome Mutagenicity Test, Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, zv.
This test method applies to substances, for which the test method has been validated, (see details in the ring test report (9)) or to formulations or known mixtures.
31/6, str. 347–363.
A Myriophyllum test may be conducted to fulfil a Tier 1 data requirement triggered by potential test chemical partitioning to sediment or mode of action/selectivity issues.
Maron, D. M. in Ames, B. N. (1983).
Equally, a laboratory-based Myriophyllum test may be required as part of a higher-tier strategy to address concerns over the risk to aquatic plants.
Revised Methods for the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test, Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, zv.
The specific reason for conducting a test will determine the route of exposure (i.e. via water or sediment).
113/3–4, str. 173–215.
Before use of this test method for the testing of a mixture intended for a regulatory purpose, it should be considered whether, and if so why, it may provide adequate results for that purpose.
Natarajan, A. T. idr.
The test is designed to assess chemical-related effects on the vegetative growth of Myriophyllum plants growing in standardised media (water, sediment and nutrients).
Cytogenetic Effects of Mutagens/Carcinogens after Activation in a Microsomal System In Vitro, I. Induction of Chromosomal Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges by Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in CHO Cells in the Presence of Rat-Liver Microsomes, Mutation Research, zv.
For this purpose, shoot apices of healthy, non-flowering plants are potted in standardised, artificial sediment, which is supplemented with additional nutrients to ensure adequate plant growth, and then maintained in Smart and Barko medium (Appendix 1).
37/1, str. 83–90.
After an establishment period to allow for root formation, plants are exposed to a series of test concentrations added to the water column.
Matsuoka, A., Hayashi, M. in Ishidate Jr., M. (1979).
Alternatively, exposure via the sediment may be simulated by spiking the artificial sediment with the test chemical and transplanting plants into this spiked sediment.
Chromosomal Aberration Tests on 29 Chemicals Combined with S9 Mix in vitro, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, zv.
In both cases, plants are subsequently maintained under controlled environmental conditions for 14 days.
66/3, str. 277–290.
Effects on growth are determined from quantitative assessments of shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight, as well as qualitative observations of symptoms such as chlorosis, necrosis or growth deformities.
Ong, T.-m. idr.
To quantify chemical-related effects, growth in the test solutions is compared with the growth of the control plants, and the concentration causing a specified x % inhibition of growth is determined and expressed as the ECx; “x” can be any value depending on the regulatory requirements, e.g. EC10 EC20 and EC50.
Differential effects of cytochrome P450-inducers on promutagen activation capabilities and enzymatic activities of S-9 from rat liver, Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology, zv.
Both average specific growth rate (estimated from assessments of shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight) and yield (estimated from the increase in shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight) of untreated and treated plants should be determined.
4/1, str. 55–65.
If required, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined from estimates of average specific growth rates and yield.
Elliot, B. M. idr.
An analytical method with adequate sensitivity for quantification of the chemicals in the test medium should be available.
Alternatives to Aroclor 1254-induced S9 in in vitro Genotoxicity Assays, Mutagenesis, zv.
Information on the test chemical which may be useful in establishing the test conditions includes the structural formula, composition in the case of multi-constituent substances, UVCBs, mixtures or formulations, purity, water solubility, stability in water and light, acid dissociation constant (pKa), partition coefficient octanol-water (Kow), if available Kd to sediments, vapour pressure and biodegradability.
7/3, str. 175–177.
Water solubility and vapour pressure can be used to calculate Henry's Law constant, which will indicate whether significant losses of the test chemical during the test period are likely.
Matsushima, T. idr.
If losses of the test chemicals are likely, the losses should be quantified and the subsequent steps to control such losses should be documented.
Report from Working Group on in vitro Tests for Chromosomal Aberrations, Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, zv.
Where information on the solubility and stability of the test chemical(s) is uncertain, it is recommended that these properties are assessed under the conditions of the test, i.e. growth medium, temperature, lighting regime to be used in the test.
312/3, str. 241–261.
Note: when light dependent peroxidising herbicides are tested, the laboratory lighting used should contain the equivalent presence of solar ultraviolet light found in natural sunlight.
Human liver S-9 metabolic activation: proficiency in cytogenetic assays and comparison with phenobarbital/beta-naphthoflavone or Aroclor 1254 induced rat S-9, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
The pH should be measured and adjusted in the test medium as appropriate.
28/1, str. 51–59.
The pH control of the test medium is particularly important, e.g. when testing metals or chemicals which are hydrolytically unstable.
UNEP (2001).
Further guidance for testing chemicals with physical-chemical properties that make them difficult to test is provided in a OECD Guidance Document (11).
Stockholmska konvencija o obstojnih organskih onesnaževalih, Program Združenih narodov za okolje (UNEP).
For the test results to be valid, the mean total shoot length and mean total shoot fresh weight in control plants at least double during the exposure phase of the test.
Tucker, J. D. in Christensen, M. L. (1987).
In addition, control plants must not show any visual symptoms of chlorosis and should be visibly free from contamination by other organisms such as algae and/or bacterial films on the plants, at the surface of the sediment and in the test medium.
Effects of anticoagulants upon sister-chromatid exchanges, cell-cycle kinetics, and mitotic index in human peripheral lymphocytes, Mutation Research, zv.
The mean coefficient of variation for yield based on measurements of shoot fresh weight (i.e. from test initiation to test termination) in the control cultures does not exceed 35 % between replicates.
190/3, str. 225–8.
A reference chemical(s), such as 3,5-dichlorophenol used in the ring test (9), should be periodically tested in order to check the performance of the test procedure over time.
Zamora, P. O. idr.
The ring test data indicate that the mean EC50 values of 3,5-DCP for the different response variables were between 4,7 and 6,1 mg/l (see the ring-test report for details of anticipated confidence interval around these values).
Evaluation of an Exposure System Using Cells Grown on Collagen Gels for Detecting Highly Volatile Mutagens in the CHO/HGPRT Mutation Assay, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, zv.
It is advisable to test a reference chemical at least twice a year or, where testing is carried out infrequently, in parallel with the definitive toxicity tests.
5/6, str. 795–801.
A guide to expected EC50 values for 3,5-DCP is provided in the Statistical Report of the International Ring-test (9).
Asakura, M. idr.
Test apparatus
An improved system for exposure of cultured mammalian cells to gaseous compounds in the chromosomal aberration assay, Mutation Research, zv.
The test should be conducted under controlled environmental conditions, i.e. in a growth chamber, growth room or laboratory, with controllable day length, lighting and temperature (see section “Test conditions”, paragraphs 56-58).
652/2, str. 122–130.
Stock cultures should be maintained separately from test vessels.
Lorge, E. idr.
The study should be conducted using glass test vessels such as aquaria or beakers; 2-l glass beakers (approximately 24 cm high and 11 cm in diameter) are commonly used.
655/1–2, str. 1–3.
However, other (i.e. larger) vessels may be suitable provided that there is sufficient depth of water to allow unlimited growth and keep the plants submerged throughout the test duration.
Galloway, S. idr.
Plastic or glass plant pots (approximately 9 cm diameter and 8 cm high and 500 ml volume) may be used as containers for potting the plants into the sediment.
, Workshop summary: Top concentration for in vitro mammalian cell genotoxicity assays; and Report from working group on toxicity measures and top concentration for in vitro cytogenetics assays (chromosome aberrations and micronucleus), Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, zv.
Alternatively, glass beakers may be used and are preferred in some cases (e.g. testing hydrophobic chemicals or chemicals with high Kow).
723/2, str. 77–83.
The choice of pot/beaker size needs to be considered alongside the choice of test vessels and the preferred test design (see below).
Honma, M. (2011).
If using Test Design A (one shoot per pot with three pots per vessel) then smaller pots or larger vessels may be needed.
Cytotoxicity measurement in in vitro chromosome aberration test and micronucleus test, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, zv.
If using Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel) then the stated pot and vessel sizes should be adequate.
724/1–2, str. 86–87.
In all cases, the minimum overlaying water depth should be 12 cm above the top of the sediment and the ratio of sediment surface area/volume to water surface area/volume should be recorded.
Richardson, C. idr.
The general approaches described in this test method can be used to test a range of aquatic plant species.
OECD (2014).
However, the conditions outlined in this test method have been tailored for testing the water milfoil species, Myriophyllum spicatum.
Document supporting the WNT decision to implement revised criteria for the selection of the top concentration in the in vitro mammalian cell assays on genotoxicity (Smernice za preskušanje 473, 476 in 487) ENV/JM/TG(2014)17.
This species belongs to the dicotyledonous family, Haloragaceae.
Morita, T., Honma, M. in Morikawa, K. (2012).
Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water milfoil) is a submerged, rooted species which tolerates a wide range of conditions and is found in both static and flowing water bodies.
Effect of reducing the top concentration used in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test in CHL cells on the evaluation of industrial chemical genotoxicity, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, št. 741/1–2, str. 32–56.
M. spicatum is a perennial which dies back to the roots over winter.
Brookmire, L., Chen, J. J. in Levy, D. D. (2013).
Plants usually flower and set seed freely although vegetative propagation from axillary buds or stem fragments that detach naturally or after disturbance, is often the primary method of colonisation.
54/1, str. 36–43.
Cultivation of the test organism
EPA, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (2011).
Plants may be obtained from natural populations or via aquatic plant suppliers.
Chemical Substances of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products and Biological Materials: UVCB Substances, http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/newchems/pubs/uvcb.txt.
In both cases, the source of the plants should be documented and species identity should be verified.
USFDA (2012).
If in doubt, use of verified laboratory cultures from known sources is recommended.
International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Guidance S2 (R1) on Genotoxicity Testing and Data Interpretation for Pharmaceuticals Intended For Human Use.
Plants that have been exposed to any chemical contaminants, or collected from sites known to be contaminated, should not be used in this test.
ISCN (2013).
In regions where M. spicatum is not readily available during the winter months, long-term maintenance of stock cultures may be necessary under glasshouse or laboratory conditions.
An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature, Schaffer, L. G., MacGowan-Gordon, J. in Schmid, M. (eds.), Karger Publishers Inc., Connecticut.
Stock cultures should be maintained under conditions similar to the test conditions although irradiance and temperature may be reduced in order to reduce the frequency of culture maintenance (e.g. when Myriophyllum tests are not planned for a period).
Hayashi, M. idr.
Use of larger aquaria and plant pots, than would be used in tests, is recommended in order to allow space for proliferation.
Compilation and use of genetic toxicity historical control Data, Mutation Research, zv.
Sediment and water-media composition should be the same as would be used for tests although alternative methods of sediment fertilisation may be adopted (e.g. use of commercial slow-release fertiliser formulations)
723/2, str. 87–90.
Stock plants should be visibly free of contamination with any other organisms, including snails, filamentous algae, fungi and insects, e.g. eggs or larvae of the moth Paraponyx stratiotata and larve or adults of the curculionidae Eubrychius velutus.
Ryan, T. P. (2000).
Rinsing plant material in fresh water may be necessary to eliminate visible contamination.
Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement, druga izdaja, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
In addition, efforts should be made to minimise the development of unicellular algae and bacterial contamination although complete sterility of the plant material is not necessary.
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B. in Paik, M. C. (2003).
Stock cultures should be monitored and transplanted as necessary to avoid development of algal and bacterial contamination.
A comparison of two in vitro mammalian cell cytogenetic assays for the detection of mitotic aneuploidy using 10 known or suspected aneugens, Mutation Research, zv.
Aeration of stock cultures may be beneficial should algal or bacterial contamination become problematic.
287/1, str. 29–46.
In all cases, plants are cultured/ acclimatised under conditions that are similar, but not necessarily identical, to those used in the test for an adequate period (i.e. > 2 weeks) before their use in a test.
Locke-Huhle, C. (1983).
Flowering stock cultures should not be used in a test as vegetative growth rates generally decline during and after flowering.
Endoreduplication in Chinese hamster cells during alpha-radiation induced G2 arrest, Mutation Research, zv.
Sediment
119/3, str. 403–413.
The following formulated sediment, based on the artificial sediment used in Chapter C.28 of this Annex (8), is recommended for use in this test.
Huang, Y., Change, C. in Trosko, J. E. (1983).
The sediment is prepared as described in TM C.28, except for the addition of nutrients as described below:
Aphidicolin – induced endoreduplication in Chinese hamster cells, Cancer Research, zv.