natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
While most of the reports by market intelligence agencies usually point to decreasing support schemes and the regulatory uncertainty as the main reasons for the stagnation in the Union demand for solar power, they hardly ever point to the measures.
Vendar se zdi malo verjetno, da bi bile naložbe v osnovna sredstva toliko nižje, zlasti glede na to, da so po BNEF naložbe v osnovna sredstva v Uniji v vsakem primeru nižje kot v drugih državah, v katerih ne veljajo ukrepi trgovinske zaščite, na primer v Turčiji (1,04 EUR/W) in Združenih arabskih emiratih (1,14 EUR/W).
The Global Market Outlooks by Solar Power Europe also points to reduced incentives and uncertainties about market development as well as cuts in support schemes for existing installations in order to avoid overcompensation as the main cause of a decrease in European solar markets, for example regarding the German situation the SPE's Global Outlook 2015 states: ‘Second in 2014, Germany installed less than 2 GW (1,9 GW), below the official target of 2,5 GW.
Zato se napovedi Becquerela in BNEF razlikujejo.
The global PV leader [i.e. Germany] was under pressure to lower the costs of the support system, with new regulations leading to a 75 % reduction of the market over two years (from 7,6 GW to 1,9 GW)’ [68].
Nasprotujejo si glede tega, kdaj bo izgradnja omrežne sončne elektrarne dokončno postala cenejša od obratovanja obstoječe elektrarne na fosilna goriva.
The Commission observed that there had been a boom in solar installation demand in the years 2010 to 2013 driven, in certain Member States, by a mismatch between feed-in tariffs set at the level of a fair module price and the overall level of prices driven by unfairly dumped Chinese modules.
Nazadnje je v Becquerelovem poročilu tudi naslednja ugotovitev: „Fotonapetostna električna energija bi lahko postala konkurenčna na več največjih evropskih trgih do leta 2019 in v večini evropskih držav […] v prihajajočem petletnem obdobju“.
The decline in demand in 2013 and the following years was an inevitable consequence of an installation boom in the preceding years.
To pomeni, da naj bi večina držav članic, med drugim tudi Nemčija, po pričakovanjih dosegla pariteto omrežja šele potem, ko naj bi se leta 2019 ukrepi iztekli, tudi v izpodbijanem primeru, da bi se do takrat izkazalo, da so predpostavke in ugotovitve v Becquerelovem poročilu pravilne.
The significant decline in solar module consumption/installation had already started in 2012, which coincided with a significant cut in feed-in tariffs in that year in certain Member States.
Združenje SPE je predložilo dve poročili Deutsche Bank [81], ki po njegovem mnenju nasprotujeta mnenju Komisije, da veleprodajna pariteta omrežja v bližnji prihodnosti ne bo dosežena.
In the years 2014 — RIP, the Union demand was increasing only in the UK, the Member State that had the most attractive support schemes in that time.
Komisija je opazila, da sta se poročili dejansko nanašali na maloprodajno namesto na veleprodajno pariteto omrežja, kar potrjuje ne le besedilo, ampak tudi visoka cene izravnalnih stroškov električne energije., s katero se primerjajo izravnalni stroški solarne električne energije.
Therefore, the Commission found that the support schemes were the main driver of demand in the RIP and in the preceding years.
Kot je pojasnjeno v naslednjih uvodnih izjavah, Komisija ni oporekala, da je bila maloprodajna pariteta omrežja v nekaterih delih Unije že dosežena.
It can thus be concluded that the unrelated importers, downstream and upstream industry suffered to a significant extent from the collapse of the Union consumption that is unrelated to the imposition of the measures.
Maloprodajna pariteta omrežja.
The impact of the measures on large utility-scale solar systems
V Nemčiji je cena, ki jo je treba plačati za vsak kWh, trenutno približno 20 centov/kWh, medtem ko LCOE za strešne solarne naprave znašajo približno 10 centov/kWh.
Under the new Union state aid rules [69], support schemes need to be ‘market based’ for all larger installations above 1 MW [70] by the beginning of 2017, except where the support schemes had been authorized prior to the entry into force of the new rules.
Namestitev panelov lahko torej prinese znatne prihranke stroškov električne energije, zlasti strankam, ki veliko energije porabijo podnevi.
In that case, they may remain unchanged until the end of the authorisation period [71].
To ni veljalo pri prvotni preiskavi, ko so bile za ekonomsko uspešno proizvodnjo sončne energije vedno potrebne subvencije.
Market-based mechanisms are green certificates and competitive tenders.
V razmerah, ko subvencije niso več pomembne, na odločitev stranke glede namestitve solarnega sistema vpliva končna cena modulov, to ceno pa trenutno zvišujejo ukrepi.
Competitive tenders are one of the market based mechanisms required by these new state aid rules.
Komisija je glede maloprodajne paritete omrežja podrobneje raziskala trg v Nemčiji, ker so strani med preiskavo predložile veliko pripomb v zvezi s tem.
Under such a mechanism governments put a desired amount of capacity to be installed up for an auction In line with the Union state aid rules, competitive tenders are in principle technology-neutral, but may also be technology-specific, for instance where this is necessary in order to ensure the necessary diversity of energy sources.
Ločiti je treba med napravami za lastno porabo in napravami, ki dovajajo električno energijo v omrežje.
The solar parks developers bid for the lowest price they agree to be paid for the energy they are going to inject into the grid over the lifetime of a solar park.
Komisija se je strinjala s stališčem, da je doseganje paritete omrežja za sončno energijo zelo zaželen razvoj, saj prispeva k boju proti podnebnim spremembam in potrošnikom znižuje znesek na računu za električno energijo.
The opponents of the measures claim that under the new price sensitive system of competitive tenders, the MIP will have an increasingly negative impact on solar deployment as it increases the price of modules — the main component of the solar system.
Ugotovila je, da bi se z odpravo ukrepov znižala cena solarnih panelov, s čimer bi se povečalo število lokacij, ki lahko dosežejo maloprodajno pariteto omrežja.
According to these parties the tenders for capacity coupled with the termination of measures can yield significant savings.
Hkrati je ugotovila, da je naložbe v komercialne in stanovanjske strešne naprave za lastno porabo, ki niso vključene v nobeno shemo podpore, v OPP zadrževala zakonodajna negotovost glede tega, ali se bo za te naprave obračunavala dajatev za financiranje nemške sheme podpore – dodatna dajatev EEG.
The cheaper the solar systems become, the more appetite the governments may have to build solar installations as the cost savings are going to be directly reflected in the final price of electricity.
Po zakonodajni spremembi, ki jo je predlagala Nemčija za uskladitev z zakonodajo EU o državni pomoči, morajo subjekti, ki sami porabijo energijo iz svojih obnovljivih virov energije (včasih imenovani proizvajalci-odjemalci), v Nemčiji plačati dajatev v višini več kot 2 centa/kWh.
In addition, decreasing the price of the solar system will make it easier for Member States to achieve the targets for renewable energy deployment.
Če LCOE za projekt znašajo 10 centov/kWh, je torej proizvedena električna energija samo zaradi te dajatve za 20 % dražja [82].
These parties referred to Germany as an example.
Komisija si prizadeva za zmanjšanje zakonodajne negotovosti v prihodnosti.
According to them, a couple of pilot auctions have already taken place and they were quite successful in pushing an average price down to EUR 7,25 cents/kWh in August 2016.
V skladu s predlogom direktive o zasnovi trga z električno energijo in energiji iz obnovljivih virov imajo „samoporabniki obnovljivih virov […] pravico do lastne porabe […], pri čemer zanje ne veljajo nesorazmerni postopki in dajatve, ki ne upoštevajo stroškov“ [83].
SPE and SAFE provided an analysis indicating that the removal of the MIP could result in a potential system price decrease by 10 % for utility-scale PV installations in the Union through tenders.
Iz poročil o tržnih informacijah je razvidno, da zakonodajne spremembe vplivajo na povpraševanje.
The negative impact of the measures on the outcome of the tenders is also acknowledged in the latest SPE's Global Market Outlook [72].
V enem od poročil BNEF je navedeno, da se je „nemški sektor komercialnih in stanovanjskih fotonapetostnih naprav majhnega obsega zmanjševal, odkar sta začela veljati mesečno postopno zmanjševanje [zagotovljenih odkupnih cen] in dodatna dajatev za lastno porabo“ [84].
One other party assumed that given the current decreasing trend in the world markets, the price of solar energy can fall in Germany to EUR 5 cents/kWh if the measures are lifted, though they did not substantiate their findings.
Ob upoštevanju vseh elementov zgoraj navedeni primer doseganja paritete maloprodajne cene kaže, da lahko sončni moduli že proizvajajo električno energijo po ceni, ki je mnogo nižja od maloprodajne dobavne cene v Nemčiji.
The parties opposing the measures submitted that in some jurisdictions, in particular in the United Kingdom, solar was bound to compete against other renewable forms of energy, such as on-shore wind.
Ko bo v zakonodaji Unije dosežena potrebna regulativna varnost, se lahko pričakuje, da bo znova začelo naraščati povpraševanje, ki ne temelji na shemah podpore.
As no trade measures apply to wind energy, solar was unable to compete against wind and very few solar projects went ahead through those auctions.
Verjetno bo to povpraševanje občutljivejše na raven cen solarnih panelov in zato tudi občutljivejše na ukrepe.
Some parties claimed that Germany also considers introducing technology neutral tenders, and that such neutral tenders exacerbate the disadvantage of higher prices caused by the measures as it makes solar power lose in tenders against other renewable technologies in particular wind.
Na povpraševanje po napravah, ki dovajajo električno energijo v omrežje, vplivajo predvsem sheme podpore, ki se lahko za naprave do 1 MW še naprej uporabljajo brez izvajanja javnih razpisov.
The parties supporting the measures submitted that the tenders and overall installation targets were introduced exactly for the purpose to enable the governments to control the level of solar deployment and to avoid installation boom and bust cycles that happened before.
Ob določeni stopnji podpore je povpraševanje nekoliko večje v primeru odprave ukrepov.
The Commission limited its analysis of support schemes for large utility-scale solar systems to Germany, France and the United Kingdom.
Hkrati je večina držav članic zaradi proračunskih razlogov znatno znižala podporo, tako da to povpraševanje upada ne glede na ukrepe.
That choice is justified by the fact that they accounted for roughly 80 % of annual new solar installations in the Union during the RIP.
Po razkritju je združenje SPE trdilo, da je Komisija oblikovala napačne sklepe o vplivu regulativne negotovosti in dodatne dajatve EEG zgolj na podlagi nemškega primera.
It was thus appropriate to look at the developments in these three Member States as a proxy for the situation in the Union as a whole.
Komisija je ponovila, da podobni negativni pogoji obstajajo v številnih državah članicah.
The analysis is based on information submitted by interested parties, information collected by the Commission during the investigation and information submitted by Member States to the Commission for the purpose of State aid control.
Enako je ugotovilo tudi združenje SPE v svojem najnovejšem dokumentu Global Market Outlook 2016–2020 v zvezi s Španijo: „[…] španska vlada […] ovirala nastajajoči trg za lastno potrošnjo z davkom na sončno energijo in visokimi denarnimi kaznimi za neprijavljene proizvajalce-odjemalce“ [85] in „Usoda sončne energije v Španiji je podobna kot na številnih drugih trgih, kjer so prej veljale visoke zagotovljene odkupne cene: v Belgiji, Bolgariji, na Češkem in v Grčiji.
Germany and France have already set their targets for the three years to come.
Trga sončne energije na Slovaškem in v Sloveniji sta se skoraj popolnoma ustavila“ [86]; in še „Tudi več razvitih trgov razpršene proizvodnje sončne električne energije s strešnimi sistemi se sooča s težavami pri preoblikovanju iz trga z zagotovljenimi odkupnimi cenami ali trga s sistemi merjenja neto porabe v sheme proizvodnje za lastno potrošnjo, in to kljub dejstvu, da je sončna energija v mnogih primerih cenejša od električne energije na drobno.
France plans 2 annual tender rounds of 500 MW each for solar energy in 2017-2019.
Ovire, ki so bile v nekaterih evropskih državah uvedene za strešne solarne sisteme (davki na proizvedeno sončno energijo za lastno potrošnjo, oviranje prodaje presežne električne energije ali ponujanje zgolj veleprodajnih cen) in potekajoča razprava o nadaljnjih omejitvah, so številne potencialne kupce odvrnile od vlaganja v lasten solarni sistem“ [87].
That makes for a total annual new installation of 1000 MW.
Komisija je zato ta argument zavrnila.
Germany plans to have tenders for an annual volume for solar energy of 600 MW from 2017 at least until 2020.
Ugotovitev glede učinka ukrepov na povpraševanje
The United Kingdom, on the contrary, does not run technology-specific tenders for solar energy.
Komisija je na podlagi poglobljene analize ugotovila, da je treba v zvezi z učinkom ukrepov na povpraševanje razlikovati med različnimi sektorji in različnimi vrstami povpraševanja.
In February 2015 a multi-technology tender took place in which solar modules were in competition with other technologies for the award of contracts for difference (‘CfD’).
Povpraševanje na podlagi shem podpore.
No new tenders are planned in the United Kingdom for the time being, as the government takes the view that utility-scale on-shore wind and solar energy can compete with other sources of electricity without support schemes.
Kadar so sheme podpore tehnološko specifične, ukrepi ne vplivajo na povpraševanje.
For Germany and France, the measures cannot have any impact on utility-scale demand for solar modules, as solar energy has ‘reserved’ tenders, and the capacity is fixed.
Kadar so sheme podpore tehnološko nevtralne, ukrepi zmanjšujejo možnosti za uspeh sončne energije.
The only difference is a marginally higher price for the end consumers that have to cover the costs of the tender either through taxes or charges.
Vendar Komisija tudi v zvezi s temi javnimi razpisi ugotavlja, da je sončna energija pridobila znaten tržni delež, kar kaže na to, da lahko celo brez ukrepov konkurira za projekte za omrežne elektrarne.
For the United Kingdom, as tenders are technology-neutral and in any event no new tenders are planned, the analysis is different.
Veleprodajna pariteta omrežja se lahko v tej fazi in v bližnji prihodnosti morda doseže samo na najprimernejših lokacijah, tudi če se cene za solarne panele znižajo zaradi odprave ukrepov.
Here, solar energy competes in the market with all other forms of energy.
Dodatno povpraševanje, ki se pričakuje, če ukrepi ne bodo veljali, je prav tako majhno, poleg tega pa je odvisno od stopnje veleprodajne cene v zadevni državi članici.
However, the measures did not make solar energy uncompetitive.
Maloprodajna pariteta omrežja je danes dosežena za komercialne naprave v državah članicah, ki imajo visoke maloprodajne cene, kot je Nemčija, čeprav tam ni obilo sonca.
At the February 2015 auction 18,5 % of a combined capacity of 2,1 GW was still awarded to solar energy.
Pri tem so glavni dejavniki davki, pristojbine za omrežje in dajatve za sheme podpore.
At most, they may have slightly reduced the weight of solar in the tender results, i.e. solar energy may have won a bigger share of the technology-neutral tenders absent the measures.
Ko bosta predlog Komisije sprejela sozakonodajalca, se pričakuje, da bo začelo naraščati povpraševanje po komercialnih napravah za lastno porabo.
Finally, the Commission considered that if the measures were removed and solar modules would be purchased at dumped prices, multi-technology tenders would confer an unfair advantage to solar modules towards other renewable sources of energy.
V tem primeru lahko ima odprava ukrepov pomembnejši učinek na komercialne sisteme, saj ni niti omejitev za povpraševanje v obliki omejene količine proizvodnje, ki se podpre s shemami podpore, niti konkurence drugih virov energije, kot to velja pri veleprodajni pariteti omrežja.
Therefore, the measures do not put solar energy at a competitive disadvantage, but merely restore a level playing field between all the technologies.
Za stanovanjske naprave bo trajalo dlje, da se doseže maloprodajna pariteta omrežja, saj jih je treba opremiti z dragimi napravami za shranjevanje električne energije, da bi bile primerne za večino uporabnikov, ki jih potrebujejo za lastno porabo [90].
The Commission concluded that there was no link between falling prices per kWh and increased demand for solar energy.
Po razkritju se več strani ni strinjalo z ugotovitvijo, da so imeli ukrepi le omejen učinek na povpraševanje po modulih.
In particular, Germany, France and the United Kingdom did not increase their solar deployment targets because project developers were placing lower bids in the capacity auctions.
Trdile so, da so naložbe odvisne od pričakovane stopnje donosa, zato nižja cena solarnih modulov pomeni višjo donosnost naložb in večjo verjetnost realizacije.
Rather, the tenders were mainly introduced by the Member States to control the level of solar deployment.
Komisija je opozorila, da se je vedno strinjala, da cena vpliva na povpraševanje.
The Commission confirmed that SPE had claimed in their 2016 Global Market Outlook and several other submissions that in their view the MIP negatively impacted on the outcome of the tenders.
Obenem je Komisija opazila, da bi imela v odsotnosti minimalne uvozne cene sončna energija nepošteno konkurenčno prednost pred drugimi obnovljivimi viri energije.
The Commission, however, disagreed with that view as set out in detail above.
Komisija je prav tako ugotovila, da je bila sončna energija razmeroma uspešna na tehnološko nevtralnih javnih razpisih tudi ob minimalni uvozni ceni, ki zgolj vzpostavlja enake konkurenčne pogoje.
At the same time, the Commission noted that in the Global Market Outlook 2016-2020, Solar Power Europe still considered that tenders can be used by governments to control or even limit solar deployment: ‘Policy leaders often prefer to see distributed solar on rooftops, where it outcompetes any other renewable energy technology and — unlike ground-mounted PV power plants, does not compete with other usages.
Nazadnje, Komisija je našla dodatne dokaze, da bodo v bližnji prihodnosti vlade morda sprejele nadaljnje ukrepe za nadzor uporabe sončne energije, na primer uvedbo tarif za uporabo omrežja s strani solarnih naprav, ki bodo bolje odražale stroške.
This has been in particular the case for European countries, where ground-mounted PV systems sometimes even have been limited in size — in Germany, for example, up to 10 MW, and also in volume by implementing tenders [75]’.
Zato so bile te trditve zavrnjene in Komisija je še vedno menila, da imajo ukrepi le zelo omejen učinek na povpraševanje po solarnih sistemih v Evropi.
The impact of the measures on achieving grid parity by solar power
Druge trditve
The term grid parity means a point in time at which a developing technology will produce electricity for the same cost as conventional technologies.
Večina strani, ki so nasprotovale ukrepom, je navedla, da imajo ukrepi negativen učinek na doseganje ciljev na področju podnebnih sprememb.
Actually, there are two forms of grid parity.
To trditev je podprlo tudi pet okoljskih nevladnih organizacij.
Wholesale grid parity occurs when a solar system (usually a large, utility scale system that is connected to the transmission/distribution grid) can generate power at a levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) [76] that is less than the price of purchasing power from the wholesale market where all major (usually conventional) generators are competing.
Te strani so ponovile, da so se Unija in države članice zavezale z več sklepi in sporazumi, nazadnje s Pariškim sporazumom, da bodo zmanjšale emisije toplogrednih plinov in preprečevale podnebne spremembe.
At the wholesale level the energy is sold to very large industrial customers and utilities who distribute the energy to households and other smaller end-users.
Unija je določila pravno zavezujoč cilj povečanja deleža virov obnovljive energije v končni porabi energije na 20 % [92].
Retail grid parity occurs when a solar system (usually installed on the rooftop of a user) can generate power at LCOE that is less than the cost of retail electricity price (including all the transmission and distribution fees, utility mark-up and the taxes).
Oktobra 2016 je Evropska unija ratificirala Pariški sporazum o podnebnih spremembah, ki je prvi pravno zavezujoč svetovni podnebni dogovor, potem ko je Evropski parlament z veliko večino glasoval zanj.
The Commission first analysed the situation for wholesale grid parity, and then for retail grid parity.
Preoblikovanje v oskrbo z energijo z nizkimi emisijami ogljika je glavni element teh prizadevanj, proizvodnja sončne energije pa je še vedno eden od najobetavnejših virov energije za doseganje podnebnih ciljev.
Wholesale grid parity.
Strani, ki so nasprotovale ukrepom, so navedle, da je zaradi ukrepov težje doseči podnebne cilje, ker upočasnjujejo uporabo sončne energije.
The opponents of the measures submitted that, if the measures are removed, large solar installations could achieve wholesale grid parity in the sunniest parts of the Union, such as Spain.
Trdile so, da bo ponovna vzpostavitev svetovnih tržnih cen za sončno energijo Uniji omogočila hitrejše razogljičenje proizvodnje energije.
According to a business plan presented by one of the members of SAFE, they could achieve the LCOE of EUR 3,8 cents/kWh in the Spanish region of Cadiz if they purchased modules at EUR 0,35/W.
Opozorile so tudi na neskladnost med podnebno in trgovinsko politiko Unije.
This party believed that they could get a module price of EUR 0,35/W from Tier 1 Chinese manufactures for a large quantity transaction in the absence of duties, for the project delivered at the beginning of 2017.
Medtem ko podnebna politika spodbuja in subvencionira obnovljive vire energije, trgovinska politika povečuje njihovo ceno in vpliva na razpoložljivost.
They claimed that at such low LCOE the solar energy not only achieves grid parity with other conventional sources of energy, but there is no other production method of electricity which could beat it in the very near future.
Komisija se je strinjala, da je ratifikacija Pariškega sporazuma o podnebnih spremembah zelo pomemben mejnik pri spodbujanju svetovnega sodelovanja na področju zmanjševanja podnebnih sprememb.
This cost advantage coupled with other assets of South European countries i.e. good grid connections, stable political and economic environment and strong and liquid currency gives them a unique opportunity to become new European leaders in energy production.
Sončna energija je eden od ključnih virov energije za doseganje podnebnih ciljev.
According to these parties, the measures prevent this from happening.
Komisija je hkrati ugotovila, da bodo imeli ukrepi v bližnji prihodnosti le omejen vpliv na povpraševanje po solarnih napravah v Uniji (glej oddelek 5.3 zgoraj).
The Commission observed that the Spanish region of Cadiz has one of the best solar radiations in the Union (the most hours of sun in a year), which maximises the production of energy per module.
To se bo spremenilo šele, ko maloprodajna pariteta omrežja postane znaten vir povpraševanja.
Given much lesser solar radiation in most parts of the Union, it has to be seen when achieving wholesale grid parity can be replicated in other markets, even though the British government seems to assume that that is soon the case.
Odprava ukrepov v tej fazi zato ne bo veliko prispevala k doseganju okoljskih ciljev.