natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Compare the two models visually by how well they meet the single model criteria above.
Voda za redčenje
The parsimony principal is advised, whereby the simplest model that fits the data reasonably well is used (Ratkowsky 1993, Lyles et.al 2008).
čista površinska voda, voda iz vodnjaka ali modelna razredčevalna voda ali deklorirana vodovodna voda
Quality of ECx estimate
Obdobje pred izpostavljenostjo
The confidence interval (CI) for ECx should not be too wide.
priporočeno 7–14 dni
Statistical judgment is needed in deciding how wide the confidence interval can be and ECx still be useful.
Trajanje izpostavljenosti kemikaliji
Simulations for regression models fit to egg hatching and size data show that about 75 % of confidence intervals for ECx (x = 10, 20 or 30) span no more than two test concentrations.
spolne značilnosti VTG
This provides a general guide for what is acceptable and a practical guide for what is achievable.
histopatologija spolnih žlez (neobvezno)
Numerous authors assert the need to report confidence intervals for all model parameters and that wide confidence intervals for model parameters indicate unacceptable models (Ott and Longnecker 2008, Alvord and Rossio 1993, Motulsky and Christopoulos 2004, Lyles et al.
preživetje vedenje
2008, Seber and Wild 2003, Bunke et al.
spolne značilnosti
1999, Environment Canada 2005).
histopatologija spolnih žlez (neobvezno)
The CI for ECx (or any other model parameter) should not contain zero (Motulsky and Christopoulos 2004).
Sprejemljivost preskusa
This is the regression equivalent the minimum significant difference that is often cited in hypothesis testing approaches (e.g. Wang et al 2000).
raztopljeni kisik > 60 % nasičenosti; srednja vrednost temperature 25 ± 2 °C; 90-odstotno preživetje rib v kontrolah; izmerjene preskusne koncentracije v območju 20 % srednje vrednosti meritev na stopnjo tretiranja
It also corresponds to the confidence interval for the mean responses at the LOEC not contain the control mean.
raztopljeni kisik > 60 % nasičenosti; srednja vrednost temperature 26 ± 2 °C; 90-odstotno preživetje rib v kontrolah; izmerjene preskusne koncentracije v območju 20 % srednje vrednosti meritev na stopnjo tretiranja
One should wonder whether the parameter estimates are scientifically plausible.
NEKATERE KEMIJSKE LASTNOSTI SPREJEMLJIVE VODE ZA REDČENJE
E.g. if the confidence interval for y0 is ± 20 %, no EC10 estimate is plausible.
SESTAVINA
If the model predicts a 20 % effect at a concentration C and the maximum observed effect at C and lower concentrations is 10 %, then the EC20 is not plausible (Motulsky and Christopoulos 2004, Wang et al.
KONCENTRACIJE
2000, Environment Canada 2005).
< 20 mg/l
ECx should not require extrapolation outside the range of positive concentrations (Draper and Smith 1999, OECD 2006).
< 2 mg/l
For example, a general guide might be for ECx to be no more than about 25 % below the lowest tested concentration or above the highest tested concentration.
neionizirani amonijak
Brain P. and Cousens R. (1989); An equation to describe dose responses where there is stimulation of growth at low doses.
< 1 μg/l
Weed res.
< 10 μg/l
29: 93-96.
skupni organofosforni pesticidi
OECD (2006); Current approaches in the statistical analysis of ecotoxicity data: A guidance to application.
< 50 ng/l
Series Testing and Assessment, No. 54, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD, Paris.
< 25 ng/l
C.48 Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay
Dodatek 4A
This test method is equivalent to OECD test guideline (TG) 229 (2012).
SUBSTRAT ZA DRSTENJE CEBRICE
The need to develop and validate a fish assay capable of detecting endocrine active chemicals originates from the concerns that environmental levels of chemicals may cause adverse effects in both humans and wildlife due to the interaction of these chemicals with the endocrine system.
Drstilni pladenj
In 1998, the OECD initiated a high-priority activity to revise existing guidelines and to develop new guidelines for the screening and testing of potential endocrine disruptors.
popolnoma steklena laboratorijska posoda, na primer 22 x 15 x 5,5 cm (d x š x g), pokrita z odstranljivo rešetko iz nerjavnega jekla (širina mreže 2 mm).
One element of the activity was to develop a test guideline for the screening of chemicals active on the endocrine system of fish species.
Rešetka mora prekriti odprtino laboratorijske posode pod robom.
The Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay underwent an extensive validation programme consisting of inter-laboratory studies with selected chemicals to demonstrate the relevance and reliability of the assay for the detection of chemicals that impact reproduction in fish by various mechanisms including endocrine modalities (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Na rešetko je treba pritrditi substrat za drstenje.
All endpoints of the OECD test guideline have been validated on the fathead minnow, and a subset of endpoints has been validated in the Japanese medaka (i.e. vitellogenin and secondary sex characteristics) and the zebrafish (i.e. vitellogenin).
Zagotoviti mora strukturo, v katero se lahko premaknejo ribe.
The validation work has been peer-reviewed by a panel of experts nominated by the National Coordinators of the OECD Test Guideline Programme (6) in part, and by an independent panel of experts commissioned by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (29).
Primerne so na primer umetne akvarijske rastline iz zelene plastike (opomba: proučiti je treba morebitno adsorpcijo preskusne kemikalije na plastičnem materialu).
The assay is not designed to identify specific mechanisms of hormonal disruption because the test animals possess an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which may respond to chemicals that impact on the HPG axis at different levels.
Plastični material je treba dovolj dolgo izpirati v zadostni količini tople vode za zagotovitev, da v preskusno vodo ne bo prešla nobena kemikalija.
This test method describes an in vivo screening assay where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days).
Pri uporabi steklenih materialov je treba zagotoviti, da se ribe med intenzivnim premikanjem ne poškodujejo in niso utesnjene.
At termination of the 21-day exposure period, two biomarker endpoints are measured in males and females as indicators of endocrine activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics.
Razdalja med pladnjem in steklenimi ploščami mora biti vsaj 3 cm za zagotovitev, da se ribe ne drstijo zunaj pladnja.
Vitellogenin is measured in fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and zebrafish, whereas secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and Japanese medaka.
Ikre, odložene na pladenj, padejo skozi rešetko in se lahko vzorčijo 45–60 minut po začetku osvetlitve.
Additionally, quantitative fecundity is monitored daily throughout the test.
Prozorne ikre niso sprijete in se lahko enostavno štejejo z uporabo prečne svetlobe.
Gonads are also preserved and histopathology may be evaluated to assess the reproductive fitness of the test animals and to add to the weight of evidence of other endpoints.
Če je v posodi pet samic, se do 20 iker na dan lahko šteje za nizko število, do 100 iker kot srednje in več kot 100 iker kot visoko število.
This bioassay serves as an in vivo reproductive screening assay and its application should be seen in the context of the “OECD Conceptual Framework for the Testing and Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals” (30).
Drstilni pladenj je treba odstraniti, zbrati ikre in drstilni pladenj ponovno postaviti v preskusno posodo čim pozneje zvečer ali zelo zgodaj zjutraj.
In this Conceptual Framework the Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay is proposed at Level 3 as an in vivo assay providing data about selected endocrine mechanism(s)/pathway(s).
Čas do ponovne postavitve rešetke ne sme presegati ene ure, saj bi sicer lahko substrat za drstenje spodbudil posamezna parjenja in drstenja ob neobičajnem času.
Vitellogenin (VTG) is normally produced by the liver of female oviparous vertebrates in response to circulating endogenous oestrogen.
Če je treba zaradi razmer drstilni pladenj vstaviti pozneje, je treba to storiti vsaj 9 ur po začetku osvetljenosti.
It is a precursor of egg yolk proteins and, once produced in the liver, travels in the bloodstream to the ovary, where it is taken up and modified by developing eggs.
Drstenje se tako pozno ne začne več.
Vitellogenin is almost undetectable in the plasma of immature female and male fish because they lack sufficient circulating oestrogen; however, the liver is capable of synthesising and secreting vitellogenin in response to exogenous oestrogen stimulation.
Dodatek 4B
The measurement of vitellogenin serves for the detection of chemicals with various oestrogenic modes of action.
SUBSTRAT ZA DRSTENJE ČRNOGLAVEGA PISANCA
The detection of oestrogenic chemicals is possible via the measurement of vitellogenin induction in male fish, and it has been abundantly documented in the scientific peer-reviewed literature (e.g. (7)).
V vsako preskusno komoro se postavijo dve ali tri kombinirane plastične/keramične/steklene plošče ali plošče iz nerjavnega jekla in drstilni pladnji (npr. 80 mm dolg siv polkrožen žleb na pladenj z robovi, dolg 130 mm) (glej sliko).
Vitellogenin induction has also been demonstrated following exposure to aromatisable androgens (8, 9).
Ustrezno pripravljene plošče iz PVC ali keramike so dokazano primerne za substrat za drstenje (Thorpe et al.
A reduction in the circulating level of oestrogen in females, for instance through the inhibition of the aromatase converting the endogenous androgen to the natural oestrogen 17β-estradiol, causes a decrease in the VTG level which is used to detect chemicals having aromatase inhibiting properties (10, 11).
2007).
The biological relevance of the vitellogenin response following oestrogenic/aromatase inhibition is established and has been broadly documented.
Priporočeno je, da so plošče obrušene, da se izboljša oprijem.
However, it is possible that production of VTG in females can also be affected by general toxicity and non-endocrine toxic modes of action, e.g. hepatotoxicity.
Pladenj mora biti tudi zaščiten, da se ribam prepreči dostop do iker, ki padejo skozi, razen če je bil pri uporabljenem substratu za drstenje dokazan učinkovit oprijem.
Several measurement methods have been successfully developed and standardised for routine use.
Podlaga je zasnovana tako, da zadrži vse ikre, ki se ne primejo površine plošče in bi zato padle na dno akvarija (ali tiste ikre, ki so odložene neposredno na ravno plastično podlago).
In medaka, there is a good correlation between VTG measured from blood and from liver (19).
OCENA SEKUNDARNIH SPOLNIH ZNAČILNOSTI PRI ČRNOGLAVEM PISANCU ZA ZAZNAVANJE NEKATERIH KEMIKALIJ Z ENDOKRINIM DELOVANJEM
Appendix 6 provides the recommended procedures for sample collection for VTG analysis.
Pregled
Kits for the measurement of VTG are widely available; such kits should be based on a validated species-specific ELISA method.
Potencialno pomembne značilnosti fizičnega videza odraslih črnoglavih pisancev pri preskušanju povzročiteljev endokrinih motenj vključujejo barvo telesa (tj. svetla/temna), vzorce obarvanja (tj. prisotnost ali odsotnost navpičnih prog), obliko telesa (tj. oblika glave in območja prsi, napetost trebuha) in posebne sekundarne spolne značilnosti (tj. število in velikost drstnih izpuščajev, velikost dorzalne strani trupa pred hrbtno plavutjo in leglice).
Secondary sex characteristics in male fish of certain species are externally visible, quantifiable and responsive to circulating levels of endogenous androgens; this is the case for the fathead minnow and the medaka — but not for zebrafish which does not possess quantifiable secondary sex characteristics.
Drstni izpuščaji so na glavi (dorzalna stran trupa pred hrbtno plavutjo) razmnoževalno aktivnih samcev črnoglavega pisanca in so običajno razporejeni v dvostransko simetrični vzorec (Jensen et al.
Females maintain the capacity to develop male secondary sex characteristics, when they are exposed to androgenic chemicals in water.
2001).
Several studies are available in the scientific literature to document this type of response in fathead minnow (20) and medaka (21).
Kontrolne samice ter mladi samci in samice razvoja izpuščajev ne kažejo (Jensen et al.
A decrease in secondary sex characteristics in males should be interpreted with caution because of low statistical power, and should be based on expert judgement and weight of evidence.
2001).
There are limitations to the use of zebrafish in this assay, due to the absence of quantifiable secondary sex characteristics responsive to androgenic acting chemicals.
Okoli oči in med nosnicama samcev je lahko do osem posameznih izpuščajev.
In the fathead minnow, the main indicator of exogenous androgenic exposure is the number of nuptial tubercles located on the snout of the female fish.
Največ izpuščajev in največji izpuščaji so v dveh vzporednih linijah neposredno pod nosnicama in nad usti.
In the medaka, the number of papillary processes constitutes the main marker of exogenous exposure to androgenic chemicals in female fish.
Pri številnih ribah so skupine izpuščajev pod spodnjo čeljustjo; izpuščaji, ki so najbliže ustom, se običajno pojavljajo kot par, medtem ko lahko bolj ventralni sklop sestavljajo do štirje izpuščaji.
Appendix 5A and Appendix 5B indicate the recommended procedures to follow for the evaluation of sex characteristics in fathead minnow and in medaka, respectively.
Dejansko število izpuščajev je redko večje od 30 (območje 18–28; Jensen et al.
The 21-day fish assay includes the evaluation of quantitative egg production and preservation of gonads for optional histopathology examination.
2001).
Some regulatory authorities may require this additional endpoint for a more complete evaluation of the reproductive fitness of the test animals, or in cases where vitellogenin and secondary sex characteristics did not respond to the chemical exposure.
Prevladujoči izpuščaji (v smislu števila) so prisotni kot posamezne, razmeroma okrogle strukture, katerih višina je približno enaka polmeru.
Although some endpoints may be highly diagnostic (e.g. VTG induction in males and tubercle formation in females), not all endpoints (e.g. fecundity and gonad histopathology) in the assay are intended to unequivocally identify specific cellular mechanisms of action.
Večina razmnoževalno aktivnih samcev ima tudi vsaj nekaj izpuščajev, ki so večji in izraziti, da jih ni mogoče razlikovati kot posamezne strukture.
Rather, the suite of endpoints, collectively, allows inferences to be made with regard to possible endocrine disturbances and thus provide guidance for further testing.
Nekatere vrste kemikalij, ki povzročajo endokrine motnje, lahko povzročijo nenormalen pojav nekaterih sekundarnih spolnih značilnosti pri nasprotnem spolu; na primer, agonisti receptorjev za androgene, kot je 17α-metiltestosteron ali 17β-trenbolon, lahko povzročijo razvoj drstnih izpuščajev pri samicah črnoglavega pisanca (Smith 1974; Ankley et al.
Although not endocrine specific, fecundity, due to its demonstrated sensitivity across known endocrine active chemicals (5), is an important endpoint to include because when it and other endpoints are unaffected one is more confident that a compound is not likely endocrine active.
2001, 2003), medtem ko lahko agonisti receptorjev za estrogene zmanjšajo število ali velikost drstnih izpuščajev pri samcih (Miles-Richardson et al.
However, when fecundity is affected it will contribute heavily in weight of evidence inferences.
1999; Harries et al.
Guidance on data interpretation and acceptance of test results is provided further in this test method.
2000).
Definitions used in this test method are given in Appendix 1.
V nadaljevanju je naveden opis opredelitve lastnosti drstnih izpuščajev pri črnoglavem pisancu na podlagi postopkov, uporabljenih v laboratoriju Agencije ZDA za varstvo okolja v Duluthu (Minnesota).
In the assay, male and female fish in a reproductive status are exposed together in test vessels.
Posebni izdelki in/ali oprema se lahko nadomestijo s primerljivimi materiali, ki so na voljo.
Their adult and reproductive status enables a clear differentiation of each sex, and thus a sex-related analysis of each endpoint, and ensures their sensitivity towards exogenous chemicals.
Opazovanje je najboljše z uporabo osvetljenega povečevalnega stekla ali trikratno osvetljenega stereomikroskopa.
At test termination, sex is confirmed by macroscopic examination of the gonads following ventral opening of the abdomen with scissors.
Ribe se opazujejo dorzalno in anteriorno naprej (glava proti opazovalcu).
An overview of the relevant bioassay conditions are provided in Appendix 2.
Ribe se postavijo v majhno petrijevko (npr. s premerom 100 mm) anteriorno naprej in ventralno navzdol.
The assay is normally initiated with fish sampled from a population that is in spawning condition; senescent animals should not be used.
Iskalo se usmeri tako, da se omogoči prepoznavanje izpuščajev.
Guidance on the age of fish and on the reproductive status is provided in the section on Selection of fish.
Za določitev območij z izpuščaji se riba nežno in počasi obrne z ene strani na drugo.
The assay is conducted using three chemical exposure concentrations as well as a water control, and a solvent control if necessary.
Izpuščaji se preštejejo in ocenijo.
Two vessels or replicates per treatment are used for zebrafish (each vessel containing 5 males and 5 females).
Opazovanje se ponovi na ventralni površini glave, tako da se riba v petrijevko postavi dorzalno anteriorno naprej.
Four vessels or replicates per treatment are used for fathead minnow (each vessel containing 2 males and 4 females).
Opazovanje posamezne ribe je treba zaključiti v 2 minutah.
This is to accommodate the territorial behaviour of male fathead minnow while maintaining sufficient power of the assay.
Štetje in ocenjevanje izpuščajev
Four vessels or replicates per treatment are used for medaka (each vessel containing 3 males and 3 females).
Za ocenjevanje prisotnosti in razvoja izpuščajev pri odraslih črnoglavih pisancih je bilo opredeljenih šest specifičnih območij.
The exposure is conducted for 21-days and sampling of fish is performed at day 21 of exposure.
Za določitev lokacije in števila prisotnih izpuščajev je bila pripravljena predloga (glej konec tega dodatka).
Quantitative fecundity is monitored daily.
Število izpuščajev se zapiše, njihova velikost pa se lahko za vsak organizem kvantitativno razvrsti, kot sledi: 0 – odsoten, 1 – prisoten, 2 – povečan in 3 – izrazit (slika 1).
On sampling at day 21, all animals are killed humanely.
Ocena 0 – odsotnost izpuščajev.
Secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and medaka (see Appendix 5A and Appendix 5B); blood samples are collected for determination of VTG in zebrafish and fathead minnow, alternatively head/tail can be collected for the determination of VTG in zebrafish (Appendix 6); liver is collected for VTG analysis in medaka (Appendix 6); gonads are fixed either in whole or dissected for potential histopathological evaluation (22).
Ocena 1 – prisoten, tj. vsak izpuščaj z eno točko, pri kateri je višina skoraj enaka polmeru.
TEST ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Ocena 2 – povečan, tj. tkivo, ki je po videzu podobno zvezdici in ima običajno veliko zvezdasto osnovo z brazdami ali gubami, ki izhajajo iz središča.
For the test results to be acceptable the following conditions apply:
Izpuščaj je v višjem delu pogosto bolj nazobčan, vendar je lahko občasno nekoliko zaokrožen.
the mortality in the water (or solvent) controls should not exceed 10 per cent at the end of the exposure period;
Ocena 3 – izrazit, tj. običajno razmeroma velik in zaokrožen izpuščaj z manj definirano strukturo.
the dissolved oxygen concentration should be at least 60 per cent of the air saturation value (ASV) throughout the exposure period;
Ti izpuščaji so občasno skupaj in tvorijo celoto s posameznimi ali kombiniranimi območji (B, C in D, opisana v nadaljevanju).
the water temperature should not differ by more than ± 1,5 °C between test vessels at any one time during the exposure period and be maintained within a range of 2 °C within the temperature ranges specified for the test species (Appendix 2);
Obarvanost in oblika sta podobni kot pri oceni 2, vendar sta občasno razmeroma nedoločljivi.
evidence should be available to demonstrate that the concentrations of the test chemical in solution have been satisfactorily maintained within ±20 % of the mean measured values;
S tem ocenjevalnim sistemom je skupna ocena izpuščajev običajno < 50 pri normalnih kontrolnih samcih s številom izpuščajev od 18 do 20 (Jensen et al.
evidence that fish are actively spawning in all replicates prior to initiating chemical exposure and in control replicates during the test.
2001).
oxygen and pH meters;
V tem primeru se lahko označijo dodatne ocene, in sicer desno ali levo od polja.
equipment for determination of water hardness and alkalinity;
Zato ni treba, da je predloga simetrična.
adequate apparatus for temperature control and preferably continuous monitoring;
Dodatna tehnika označevanja izpuščajev, ki so v parih ali združeni navpično ob vodoravni ravnini ust, se lahko izvede z dvojnim označevanjem dveh ocen izpuščajev v enem polju.
tanks made of chemically inert material and of a suitable capacity in relation to the recommended loading and stocking density (see Appendix 2);
Območja označevanja:
spawning substrate for fathead minnow and zebrafish, Appendix 4 gives the necessary details.
A – izpuščaji okoli oči.
suitably accurate balance (i.e. accurate to ± 0,5 mg).
Označeni dorzalno do ventralno okoli anteriornega očesnega obroča.
Any water in which the test species shows suitable long-term survival and growth may be used as test water.
Pri odraslih kontrolnih samcih jih je pogosto več, pri kontrolnih samicah jih ni, na splošno so v parih (en blizu vsakega očesa) ali sami pri samicah, izpostavljenih androgenom.
The pH of the water should be within the range 6,5 to 8,5, but during a given test it should be within a range of ± 0,5 pH units.
B – izpuščaji med nosnicama (pore senzornega kanala).
In order to ensure that the dilution water will not unduly influence the test result (for example by complexion of test chemical); samples should be taken at intervals for analysis.
Pri kontrolnih samcih v višjih razvojnih stopnjah so običajno v parih (2 – povečani ali 3 – izraziti).
Measurements of heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd, and Ni), major anions and cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–, and SO42–), pesticides (e.g. total organophosphorus and total organochlorine pesticides), total organic carbon and suspended solids should be made, for example, every three months where dilution water is known to be relatively constant in quality.
Niso prisotni pri kontrolnih samicah, pri čemer se pojavljajo in razvijajo pri samicah, izpostavljenih androgenom.
If water quality has been demonstrated to be constant over at least one year, determinations can be less frequent and intervals extended (e.g. every six months).
C – izpuščaji neposredno anteriorno od nosnic, vzporedno z usti.
Some chemical characteristics of acceptable dilution water are listed in Appendix 3.
Pri odraslih kontrolnih samcih so običajno povečani ali izraziti.
The stock solution should preferably be prepared by simply mixing or agitating the test chemical in dilution water by using mechanical means (e.g. stirring or ultrasonication).
Pri manj razvitih samcih ali samicah, tretiranih z androgenom, so prisotni ali povečani.
Saturation columns (solubility columns) can be used for achieving a suitable concentrated stock solution.
D – izpuščaji vzporedno z ustno linijo.
However, in case a solvent is necessary, a solvent control should be run in parallel, at the same solvent concentration as the chemical treatments.
Pri kontrolnih samcih so običajno ocenjeni kot razviti.
For difficult to test chemicals, a solvent may be technically the best solution; the OECD guidance document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures should be consulted (23).
Pri kontrolnih samicah niso prisotni, vendar so prisotni pri samicah, izpostavljenih androgenom.