natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
‘Hub reduction axle (HR)’ means a driven axle with two gear reductions.
„izhodna stran osi“ pomeni tiste strani osi, na katerih se navor dovaja kolesom.
The first is typically a bevel gear set with or without hypoid offset.
Zobniki na oseh in vsi ležaji, razen sklopov kolesnega ležaja, ki se uporabijo za meritve, se ne uporabijo.
The other is a planetary gear set, what is typically placed in the area of the wheel hubs.
Na zahtevo vložnika se lahko različna prestavna razmerja preskusijo v enem ohišju osi z uporabo istih sklopov kolesnega ležaja.
Another possibility is to use a second pinion at the bevel gear set, what takes off torque at the crown wheel.
Pri preskušanju izgub osi se izmeri karakteristični diagram izgub navora za vsako prestavno razmerje pri posamezni osi, vendar se lahko osi združijo v družine osi v skladu z določbami Dodatka 4 k tej prilogi.
‘Hub reduction tandem axle (HRT)’ means a hub reduction axle, what has the possibility to transfer torque to the rear as described under single reduction tandem axle (SRT).
Na zahtevo vložnika se lahko za os izvede utekanje.
‘Axle housing’ means the housing parts that are needed for structural capability as well as for carrying the driveline parts, bearings and sealings of the axle.
Pri postopku utekanja se uporabi le olje za tovarniško polnjenje.
‘Pinion’ means a part of a bevel gear set which usually consists of two gears.
Olje, ki se uporabi za utekanje, se ne uporabi za preskušanje iz odstavka 4.
The pinion is the driving gear which is connected with the input flange.
Proizvajalec pri postopku utekanja zabeleži čas delovanja, vrtilno frekvenco, navor in temperaturo olja ter o postopku poroča homologacijskemu organu.
In case of a SRT / HRT, a second pinion can be installed to take off torque from the crown wheel.
Zahteve glede temperature olja (4.3.1), točnosti merjenja (4.4.7) in preskusne nastavitve (4.2) ne veljajo za postopek utekanja.
‘Crown wheel’ means a part of a bevel gear set which usually consists of two gears.
Preskusni postopek za osi
The crown wheel is the driven gear and is connected with the differential cage.
Temperatura v preskusni napravi se vzdržuje pri temperaturi 25 °C ± 10 °C.
‘Hub reduction’ means the planetary gear set that is installed commonly outside the planetary bearing at hub reduction axles.
Temperatura okolice se izmeri na razdalji 1 m do ohišja osi.
The gear set consists of three different gears.
Prisilno ogrevanje osi se lahko izvede le z zunanjim sistemom za kondicioniranje olja, kot je opisano v odstavku 4.1.5.
The sun, the planetary gears and the ring gear.
Temperatura olja se izmeri v središču oljnega korita ali kateri koli drugi primerni točki v skladu z dobro inženirsko prakso.
The sun is in the centre, the planetary gears are rotating around the sun and are mounted to the planetary carrier that is fixed to the hub.
Pri zunanjem kondicioniranju olja se lahko temperatura olja namesto tega izmeri v cevi za odvajanje iz ohišja osi v sistem za kondicioniranje v območju 5 cm za izhodom.
Typically, the number of planetary gears is between three and five.
V obeh primerih temperatura olja ne presega 70 °C.
The ring gear is not rotating and fixed to the axle beam.
Pri merjenju se uporabijo le priporočena olja za tovarniško polnjenje, ki jih določi proizvajalec osi.
‘Planetary gear wheels’ means the gears that rotate around the sun within the ring gear of a planetary gear set.
Pri preskušanju različnih prestavnih razmerij v enem ohišju osi se pri vsaki posamezni meritvi uporabi novo olje.
‘Factory fill oil’ means the oil type viscosity grade that is used for the oil fill in the factory and which is intended to stay in the axle for the first service interval.
Raven olja ali količina polnjenja se nastavi na najvišjo raven, kot je določeno v navodilih proizvajalca za vzdrževanje.
‘Axle line’ means a group of axles that share the same basic axle-function as defined in the family concept.
Dovoljen je zunanji sistem za kondicioniranje in filtriranje.
‘Axle family’ means a manufacturer's grouping of axles which through their design, as defined in Appendix 4 of this Annex, have similar design characteristics and CO2 and fuel consumption properties.
Ohišje osi se lahko spremeni, da se vključi sistem za kondicioniranje olja.
‘Drag torque’ means the required torque to overcome the inner friction of an axle when the wheel ends are rotating freely with 0 Nm output torque.
Sistem za kondicioniranje olja se ne vgradi tako, da bi bilo mogoče spremeniti ravni olja v oseh in s tem povečati izkoristek ali ustvariti pogonski navor v skladu z dobro inženirsko prakso.
‘Mirror inverted axle casing’ means the axle casing is mirrored regarding to the vertical plane.
Preskusna nastavitev
‘Axle input’ means the side of the axle on which the torque is delivered to the axle.
Zaradi merjenja izgube navora so dovoljene različne preskusne nastavitve, kot je opisano v odstavkih 4.2.3 in 4.2.4.
‘Axle output’ means the side(s) of the axle where the torque is delivered to the wheels.
Vgradnja osi
The axle gears and all bearings, except wheel end bearings used for the measurements, shall not be used.
Pri tandemski osi se meritve opravijo na vsaki osi posebej.
On request of the applicant different gear ratios can be tested in one axle housing using the same wheel ends.
Prva os z vzdolžnim diferencialom se zablokira.
Different axle ratios of hub reduction axles and single portal axles (HR, HRT, SP) may be measured by exchanging the hub reduction only.
Izstopna gred pogonskih osi se namesti tako, da se prosto vrti.
The provisions as specified in Appendix 4 to this Annex shall apply.
Namestitev merilnikov navora
The total run-time for the optional run-in and the measurement of an individual axle (except for the axle housing and wheel-ends) shall not exceed 120 hours.
Pri preskusni nastavitvi z dvema električnima strojema se merilniki navora namestijo na vhodno prirobnico in en sklop kolesnega ležaja, medtem ko se drugi zablokira.
For testing the losses of an axle the torque loss map for each ratio of an individual axle shall be measured, however axles can be grouped in axle families following the provisions of Appendix 4 to this Annex.
Pri preskusni nastavitvi s tremi električnimi stroji se merilniki navora namestijo na vhodno prirobnico in posamezen sklop kolesnega ležaja.
On request of the applicant a run-in procedure may be applied to the axle.
Pri nastavitvi z dvema strojema so dovoljene polgredi različnih dolžin zaradi zapore diferenciala in zagotavljanja, da se vrtita oba sklopa kolesnega ležaja.
Only factory fill oil shall be used for the run-in procedure.
Preskusna nastavitev „tipa A“
The oil used for the run-in shall not be used for the testing described in paragraph 4.
Preskusna nastavitev „tipa A“ sestoji iz dinamometra na vhodni strani osi in vsaj enega dinamometra na izhodnih straneh osi.
The run-in procedure shall be documented by the manufacturer with regard to run-time, speed, torque and oil temperature and reported to the approval authority.
Na vhodnih in izhodnih straneh osi se namestijo naprave za merjenje navora.
The requirements for the oil temperature (4.3.1), measurement accuracy (4.4.7) and test set-up (4.2) do not apply for the run-in procedure.
Pri nastavitvah tipa A, pri katerih je na izhodni strani le en dinamometer, se prosto vrteči se konec osi zablokira.
Testing procedure for axles
Da bi se preprečile parazitne izgube, se naprave za merjenje navora namestijo čim bližje vhodnim in izhodnim stranem in podprejo z ustreznimi ležaji.
The temperature in the test cell shall be maintained to 25 °C ± 10 °C.
Poleg tega se lahko tipala navora mehansko izolirajo pred parazitnimi obremenitvami gredi, na primer z vgradnjo dodatnih ležajev in gibljive spojke ali lahke kardanske gredi med tipali in enim od teh ležajev.
The ambient temperature shall be measured within a distance of 1 m to the axle housing.
Slika 1 prikazuje primer preskusne nastavitve tipa A z dvema dinamometroma.
Forced heating of the axle may only be applied by an external oil conditioning system as described in 4.1.5.
Pri konfiguracijah preskusne nastavitve tipa A proizvajalec predloži analizo parazitnih obremenitev.
The oil temperature shall be measured at the centre of the oil sump or at any other suitable point in accordance with good engineering practice.
Homologacijski organ na podlagi te analize odloči glede največjega vpliva parazitnih obremenitev.
In case of external oil conditioning, alternatively the oil temperature can be measured in the outlet line from the axle housing to the conditioning system within 5 cm downstream the outlet.
Vendar vrednost ipara ne sme biti nižja od 10 %.
In both cases the oil temperature shall not exceed 70 °C.
Primer preskusne nastavitve „tipa A“
Only recommended factory fill oils as specified by the axle manufacturer shall be used for the measurement.
IZHODNE VREDNOSTI
In the case of testing different gear ratio variants with one axle housing, new oil shall be filled in for each single measurement.
E: elektrčni stroj (z neobveznim menjalnikom)
If different oils with multiple viscosity grades are specified for the factory fill, the manufacturer shall choose the oil with the highest viscosity grade for performing the measurements on the parent axle.
F: gibljiva spojka/lahka kardanska gred
If more than one oil within the same viscosity grade is specified within one axle family as factory fill oil, the applicant may choose one oil of these for the measurement related to certification.
Primer preskusne nastavitve A
The oil level or filling volume shall be set to the maximum level as defined in the manufacturer's maintenance specifications.
Preskusna nastavitev „tipa B“
An external oil conditioning and filtering system is permitted.
Vsaka druga konfiguracija preskusne nastavitve se imenuje preskusna nastavitev tipa B. Največji vpliv parazitnih obremenitev ipara pri teh konfiguracijah se nastavi na 100 %.
The axle housing may be modified for the inclusion of the oil conditioning system.
S soglasjem homologacijskega organa se lahko za ipara uporabijo nižje vrednosti.
The oil conditioning system shall not be installed in a way which would enable changing oil levels of the axle in order to raise efficiency or to generate propulsion torques in accordance with good engineering practice.
Da se določi karakteristični diagram izgub navora za os, se osnovni podatki za karakteristični diagram izgub navora izmerijo in izračunajo v skladu z odstavkom 4.4.
Test set-up
Rezultati izgube navora se dopolnijo v skladu z odstavkom 4.4.8 in oblikujejo v skladu z Dodatkom 6 za nadaljnjo obdelavo v orodju za izračun porabe energije vozil.
For the purpose of the torque loss measurement different test set-ups are permitted as described in paragraph 4.2.3 and 4.2.4.
Merjenje navora
Axle installation
Merilna negotovost navora se izračuna in vključi, kot je opisano v odstavku 4.4.7.
In case of a tandem axle, each axle shall be measured separately.
Frekvenca vzorčenja tipal navora je v skladu z odstavkom 4.3.2.1.
The first axle with longitudinal differential shall be locked.
Vrtilna frekvenca
The output shaft of drive-through axles shall be installed freely rotatable.
Negotovost tipal za vrtilno frekvenco za merjenje vhodne in izhodne vrtilne frekvence ne presega ± 2 vrt./min.
Installation of torque meters
Temperature
For a test setup with two electric machines, the torque meters shall be installed on the input flange and on one wheel end while the other one is locked.
Negotovost temperaturnih tipal za merjenje temperature okolice ne presega ± 1 °C.
For a test setup with three electric machines, the torque meters shall be installed on the input flange and on each wheel end.
Negotovost temperaturnih tipal za merjenje temperature olja ne presega ± 0,5 °C.
Half shafts of different lengths are permitted in a two machine set-up in order to lock the differential and to ensure that both wheel ends are turning.
Za izračun izgub navora se zabeležijo naslednji signali:
Test set-up ‘Type A’
vhodne in/ali izhodne vrtilne frekvence [vrt./min];
A test set-up considered ‘Type A’ consists of a dynamometer on the axle input side and at least one dynamometer on the axle output side(s).
temperatura pri tipalu navora.
Torque measuring devices shall be installed on the axle input- and output- side(s).
Najmanjše pogostosti vzorčenja tipal so naslednje:
For type A set-ups with only one dynamometer on the output side, the free rotating end of the axle shall be locked.
Navor: 1 kHz
To avoid parasitic losses, the torque measuring devices shall be positioned as close as possible to the axle input- and output- side(s) being supported by appropriate bearings.
Vrtilna frekvenca: 200 Hz
Additionally mechanical isolation of the torque sensors from parasitic loads of the shafts, for example by installation of additional bearings and a flexible coupling or lightweight cardan shaft between the sensors and one of these bearings can be applied.
Temperature: 10 Hz
Figure 1 shows an example for a test test-up of Type A in a two dynamometer lay-out.
Frekvenca beleženja podatkov, ki se uporabijo za določitev aritmetične srednje vrednosti posamezne mrežne točke, je 10 Hz ali več.
For Type A test set-up configurations the manufacturer shall provide an analysis of the parasitic loads.
Neobdelanih podatkov ni treba sporočiti.
Based on this analysis the approval authority shall decide about the maximum influence of parasitic loads.
S soglasjem homologacijskega organa se lahko uporabi filtriranje signala.
However the value ipara cannot be lower than 10 %.
Prepreči se učinek potujevanja frekvenc.
Example of Test set-up ‘Type A’
Obseg karakterističnega diagrama izgub navora, ki se izmeri, je omejen na:
E: Electric machine (with opt. transmission)
izhodni navor 10 kNm,
F: Flexible coupling/lightweight cardan shaft
vhodni navor 5 kNm
A: Axle
ali največjo moč motorja, ki jo proizvajalec tolerira pri določeni osi ali v primeru več gnanih osi v skladu z nazivno porazdelitvijo moči.
Example of Test setup A
Proizvajalec lahko merjenje razširi do 20 kNm izhodnega navora z linearno ekstrapolacijo izgub navora ali izvajanjem meritev do 20 kNm izhodnega navora s stopnjami po 2000 Nm.
Test set-up ‘Type B’
Za to dodatno območje navora se uporabi dodatno tipalo navora na izhodni strani z največjim navorom 20 kNm (postavitev z dvema strojema) ali dve tipali 10 kNm (postavitev s tremi stroji).
Any other test set-up configuration is called test set-up Type B. The maximum influence of parasitic loads ipara for those configurations shall be set to 100 %.
Če se zmanjša premer najmanjše pnevmatike (npr. razvoj proizvodov) po končanih meritvah na osi ali ko se dosežejo fizične meje preskuševalne naprave (npr. zaradi sprememb v razvoju proizvodov), lahko proizvajalec manjkajoče točke ekstrapolira iz obstoječega karakterističnega diagrama.
Lower values for ipara may be used in agreement with the approval authority.
Ekstrapolirane točke ne presegajo več kot 10 % vseh točk na karakterističnem diagramu, kazen za te točke pa je 5 % izgube navora, ki se dodajo ekstrapoliranim točkam.
To determine the torque loss map for an axle, the basic torque loss map data shall be measured and calculated as specified in paragraph 4.4.
Stopnje izhodnega navora, ki se izmerijo:
The torque loss results shall be complemented in accordance with 4.4.8 and formatted in accordance with Appendix 6 for the further processing by Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation Tool.
stopnje po 250 Nm
Torque measurement
stopnje po 500 Nm
The torque measurement uncertainty shall be calculated and included as described in paragraph 4.4.7.
2000 Nm ≤ Tout ≤ 10000 Nm
The sample rate of the torque sensors shall be in accordance with 4.3.2.1.
stopnje po 1000 Nm
Rotational speed
stopnje po 2000 Nm
The uncertainty of the rotational speed sensors for the measurement of input and output speed shall not exceed ± 2 rpm.
Če proizvajalec omeji največji vhodni navor, je zadnja stopnja navora, ki se izmeri, tista pod navedeno najvišjo vrednostjo, ne da bi se pri tem upoštevale morebitne izgube.
Temperatures
V takem primeru se izguba navora ekstrapolira do navora, ki ustreza omejitvi proizvajalca, z linearno regresijo na podlagi stopenj navora pri ustrezni stopnji vrtilne frekvence.
The uncertainty of the temperature sensors for the measurement of the ambient temperature shall not exceed ± 1 °C.
4.3.4 Območje vrtilne frekvence
The uncertainty of the temperature sensors for the measurement of the oil temperature shall not exceed ± 0,5 °C.
Najvišja preskusna vrtilna frekvenca, ki se izmeri, se določi z najvišjo vhodno vrtilno frekvenco osi ali najvišjo vrtilno frekvenco koles, glede na to, kateri od naslednjih pogojev se izpolni najprej:
The following signals shall be recorded for the purpose of the calculation of the torque losses:
Najvišja ustrezna vhodna vrtilna frekvenca osi je lahko omejena glede na konstrukcijske specifikacije osi.
Input and/or output rotational speeds [rpm]
Najvišja vrtilna frekvenca koles se izmeri ob upoštevanju najmanjšega ustreznega premera pnevmatike pri hitrosti vozila 90 km/h za tovornjake in 110 km/h za avtobuse.
Temperature at the torque sensor
Če najmanjši ustrezni premer pnevmatike ni določen, velja odstavek 4.3.4.1.
The following minimum sampling frequencies of the sensors shall be applied:
Stopnje vrtilne frekvence koles, ki se izmerijo:
Torque: 1 kHz
Razpon stopnje vrtilne frekvence koles za preskušanje je 50 vrt./min.
Rotational speed: 200 Hz
Merjenje karakterističnih diagramov izgub navora za osi
Temperatures: 10 Hz
Zaporedje preskušanja pri karakterističnem diagramu izgub navora
The recording rate of the data used to determine the arithmetic mean values of each grid point shall be 10 Hz or higher.
Za vsako stopnjo vrtilne frekvence se izguba navora izmeri za vsako stopnjo izhodnega navora od 250 Nm navzgor do največjega in navzdol do najmanjšega navora.
The raw data do not need to be reported.
Stopnje vrtilnih frekvenc se lahko izvedejo v katerem koli zaporedju.
Signal filtering may be applied in agreement with the approval authority.
Dovoljene so prekinitve zaporedja zaradi hlajenja ali ogrevanja.
Any aliasing effect shall be avoided.
Trajanje meritev
The extent of the torque loss map to be measured is limited to:
Meritev pri vsaki posamezni mrežni točki se izvaja 5–15 sekund.
either an output torque of 10 kNm
Povprečenje mrežnih točk
or an input torque of 5 kNm
Izračuna se aritmetična sredina zabeleženih vrednosti pri vsaki mrežni točki v 5–15-sekundnem intervalu v skladu s točko 4.4.2.
or the maximum engine power tolerated by the manufacturer for a specific axle or in case of multiple driven axles according to the nominal power distribution.
Za vse štiri povprečne intervale ustreznih mrežnih točk vrtilne frekvence in navora iz obeh zaporedij, izmerjenih navzgor in navzdol, se izračuna aritmetična sredina, rezultat pa je ena vrednost izgube navora.
The manufacturer may extend the measurement up to 20 kNm output torque by means of linear extrapolation of torque losses or by performing measurements up to 20 kNm output torque with steps of 2000 Nm.
Izguba navora (na vhodni strani) osi se izračuna po
If the radius of the smallest tire is reduced (e.g. product development) after completing the measurement of an axle or when the physic boundaries of the test stand are reached (e.g. by product development changes), the missing points may be extrapolated by the manufacturer out of the existing map.
prestavno razmerje pri osi [–];
The extrapolated points shall not exceed more than 10 % of all points in the map and the penalty for these points is 5 % torque loss to be added on the extrapolated points.
Povprečne vrednosti vrtilne frekvence pri posamezni mrežni točki (20-sekundni interval) od nastavitvenih vrednosti ne odstopajo za več kot ± 5 vrt./min izhodne vrtilne frekvence.
Output torque steps to be measured:
Povprečne vrednosti izhodnega navora v skladu z odstavkom 4.4.3 pri vsaki mrežni točki ne odstopajo za več kot ± 20 Nm ali ± 1 % od nastavitvene točke navora pri ustrezni mrežni točki, katera koli od teh vrednosti je višja.
250 Nm steps
Če navedena merila niso izpolnjena, je meritev neveljavna.
500 Nm steps
V tem primeru se meritev za celotno zadevno stopnjo vrtilne frekvence ponovi.
2000 Nm ≤ Tout ≤ 10000 Nm
Ko je ponovljena meritev ustrezna, se podatki konsolidirajo.
1000 Nm steps
Izračun negotovosti
2000 Nm steps
i. temperaturni učinek;
If the maximum input torque is limited by the manufacturer, the last torque step to be measured is the one below this maximum without consideration of any losses.
negotovost (vključno z dovoljenim odstopanjem občutljivosti, linearnostjo, histerezo in ponovljivostjo).
In that case an extrapolation of the torque loss shall be applied up to the torque corresponding to the manufacturer's limitation with the linear regression based on the torque steps of the corresponding speed step.
Izračuna se za vsako uporabljeno tipalo (npr. pri postavitvi s tremi stroji: UT,in, UT,out,1, UTout,2) kot kvadratni koren vsote kvadratov („Gaussov zakon o propagaciji napak“).
The range of test speeds shall comprise from 50 rpm wheel speed to the maximum speed.
negotovost meritve izgube vhodnega/izhodnega navora ločeno za vhodni in izhodni navor [Nm];
The maximum test speed to be measured is defined by either the maximum axle input speed or the maximum wheel speed, whichever of the following conditions is reached first:
negotovost zaradi vpliva temperature na trenutni signal za navor [Nm];
The maximum applicable axle input speed may be limited to design specification of the axle.
vpliv temperature na trenutni signal za navor pri posameznem Kref, ki ga je predpisal proizvajalec tipala [%];
The maximum wheel speed is measured under consideration of the smallest applicable tire diameter at a vehicle speed of 90 km/h for trucks and 110 km/h for coaches.
vpliv temperature na ničelni signal za navor pri posameznem Kref (povezanim z nazivnim navorom), ki ga je predpisal proizvajalec tipala [%];
If the smallest applicable tire diameter is not defined, paragraph 4.3.4.1 shall apply.
referenčni temperaturni razpon za tkc in tk0, ki ga je predpisal proizvajalec tipala [°C];
Wheel speed steps to be measured
ΔK absolutna razlika v temperaturi tipala, izmerjeni pri tipalu navora, med kalibracijo in meritvijo; če temperature tipala ni mogoče izmeriti, se uporabi privzeta vrednost ΔK =15 K [°C];
The wheel speed step width for testing shall be 50 rpm.
tok/izmerjena vrednost navora pri tipalu navora [Nm];
Measurement of torque loss maps for axles
nazivna vrednost navora tipala navora [Nm];
Testing sequence of the torque loss map
negotovost zaradi kalibracije tipala navora [Nm];
For each speed step the torque loss shall be measured for each output torque step starting from 250 Nm upward to the maximum and downward to the minimum.
relativna negotovost zaradi kalibracije (povezana z nazivnim navorom) [%];
The speed steps can be run in any order.
negotovost zaradi parazitnih obremenitev [Nm];
Interruptions of the sequence for cooling or heating purposes are permitted.
največji vpliv parazitnih obremenitev za določeno tipalo navora, odvisen od preskusne nastavitve v skladu z odstavkom 4.2.3 in 4.2.4 te priloge.
Measurement duration
Ocena skupne negotovosti izgube navora
The measurement duration for each single grid point shall be 5-15 seconds.
Kadar so izračunane negotovosti UT,in/out nižje od naslednjih mejnih vrednosti, se sporočena izguba navora Tloss,rep šteje za enako izmerjeni izgubi navora Tloss.
Averaging of grid points
UT,in: 7,5 Nm ali 0,25 % izmerjenega navora, katera koli od dovoljene vrednosti negotovosti je višja.
The recorded values for each grid point within the 5-15 seconds interval according to point 4.4.2. shall be averaged to an arithmetic mean.
UT,out: 15 Nm ali 0,25 % izmerjenega navora, katera koli od dovoljene vrednosti negotovosti je višja.
All four averaged intervals of corresponding speed and torque grid points from both sequences measured each upward and downward shall be averaged to an arithmetic mean and result into one torque loss value.
V primeru višjih izračunanih negotovosti se del izračunane negotovosti, ki presega navedene mejne vrednosti, prišteje Tloss, da se dobi sporočena izguba navora Tloss,rep, kot sledi:
The torque loss (at input side) of the axle shall be calculated by
Če so presežene mejne vrednosti UT,in: