natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Legal basis: Return Directive — Article 18
Evropski pravni in politični okvir na področju pridržanja priseljencev, ki so otroci, junij 2017, na voljo na naslovu: http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2017/child-migrant-detention.
In situations where an exceptionally large number of third-country nationals to be returned places an unforeseen heavy burden on the capacity of the detention facilities of a Member State or on its administrative or judicial staff, such a Member State may, as long as the exceptional situation persists, decide to allow for periods for judicial review longer than those provided for under the third subparagraph of Article 15(2) and to take urgent measures in respect of the conditions of detention derogating from those set out in Articles 16(1) and 17(2).
Poročila schengenskih evalvacij na področju vračanja
When resorting to such exceptional measures, the Member State concerned shall inform the Commission.
CFR: Listina Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah
It shall also inform the Commission as soon as the reasons for applying these exceptional measures have ceased to exist.
CoE: Svet Evrope
Nothing in this Article shall be interpreted as allowing Member States to derogate from their general obligation to take all appropriate measures, whether general or particular, to ensure fulfilment of their obligations under this Directive.
EKČP: Evropska konvencija o človekovih pravicah
Scope of possible derogations limited to three provisions: Article 18 provides for a possibility for Member States not to apply three detention-related provisions of the Directive — (i) the obligation to provide for a speedy initial judicial review of detention; (ii) the obligation to detain only in specialised facilities; and (iii) the obligation to provide separate accommodation guaranteeing adequate privacy to families — in emergency situations involving the sudden arrival of large numbers of irregular migrants.
ESČP: Evropsko sodišče za človekove pravice
Derogations to other rules contained in the Return Directive are not possible.
Sodišče: Sodišče Evropske unije
Transposition into national law is a precondition for a possible application of the emergency clause: Article 18 describes and limits the situations covered, as well as the scope of possible derogations and information obligations to the Commission.
EGP: Evropski gospodarski prostor
If a Member State wishes to have the option to apply this safeguard clause in case of emergency situations, it must have properly transposed it beforehand [82] — as a possibility and in line with the criteria of Article 18 — into its national legislation.
FRA: Agencija Evropske unije za temeljne pravice
NB: contrary to safeguard clauses contained in regulations (for example those in the SBC related to the reintroduction of internal border control), safeguard clauses in Directives must be transposed into national law before they can be used.
Države članice: države članice, ki jih zavezuje direktiva o vračanju (vse države članice EU, razen Združenega kraljestva in Irske), ter Švica, Norveška, Islandija in Lihtenštajn
Member States must inform the Commission when resorting to these measures and when these cease to apply.
SBC: Zakonik o schengenskih mejah
Such information should be transmitted by means of the usual official channels, i.e. via the Permanent Representation to the Secretariat-General of the European Commission.
SIC: Konvencija o izvajanju Schengenskega sporazuma
Direct effect of the Return Directive in case of insufficient or belated transposition: according to the doctrine developed by the ECJ, provisions of a directive which confer rights on individuals and which are sufficiently clear and unconditional become directly applicable as of the end of the time-limit for the implementation of the Directive.
SIS: schengenski informacijski sistem
Many of the provisions of the Return Directive fulfil these requirements and have to be directly applied by national administrative and judicial authorities in those cases in which Member States have not transposed (or insufficiently transposed) certain provisions of the Directive.
PEU: Pogodba o Evropski uniji
This applies in particular to the provisions related to:
PDEU: Pogodba o delovanju Evropske unije
respect for the principle of non-refoulement (Articles 5 and 9 of the Return Directive),
Uredba (EU) 2016/399 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 9. marca 2016 o Zakoniku Unije o pravilih, ki urejajo gibanje oseb prek meja (Zakonik o schengenskih mejah) (UL L 77, 23.3.2016, str. 1).
the requirement that persons to be returned should normally be provided with an appropriate period for voluntary departure of between seven and thirty days (Article 7 of the Return Directive),
Na podlagi posebne določbe v pristopni pogodbi Združenega kraljestva so samo tisti britanski državljani, ki so „državljani Združenega kraljestva za namene Evropske unije“, tudi državljani Evropske unije.
limitations on the use of coercive measures in connection with forced returns (Article 8 of the Return Directive),
Direktiva Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta 2004/38/ES z dne 29. aprila 2004 o pravici državljanov Unije in njihovih družinskih članov do prostega gibanja in prebivanja na ozemlju držav članic, ki spreminja Uredbo (EGS) št. 1612/68 in razveljavlja Direktive 64/221/EGS, 68/360/EGS, 72/194/EGS, 73/148/EGS, 75/34/EGS, 75/35/EGS, 90/364/EGS, 90/365/EGS in 93/96/EGS (UL L 158, 30.4.2004, str. 77).
right of unaccompanied minors who are subject of return procedures to receive assistance by appropriate bodies other than the authorities enforcing return and the obligation on Member States to make sure that unaccompanied minors are only returned to a member of their family, a nominated guardian or adequate reception facilities in the State of return (Article 10 of the Return Directive),
Oseba brez državljanstva v skladu s členom 1(1) Konvencije o statusu oseb brez državljanstva iz leta 1954 pomeni osebo, ki je po svojem pravu nobena država ne šteje za svojega državljana.
limitations on the length of entry bans and need for individualised case by case examination (Article 11 of the Return Directive) — expressly confirmed by the judgment of the ECJ in Case C-297/12, Filev and Osmani (paragraph 55),
Sodba Sodišča z dne 7. junija 2016, Affum, C-47/15, ECLI:EU:C:2016:408.
procedural safeguards, including the right to a written, reasoned return decision, as well as the right to an effective remedy and to legal and linguistic assistance (Articles 12 and 13 of the Return Directive),
Sodba Sodišča z dne 6. decembra 2011, Achughbabian, C-329/11, ECLI:EU:C:2011:807.
limitations on the use of detention and maximum time limits for detention (Article 15 of the Return Directive) and right to human and dignified detention conditions (Article 16 of the Return Directive) — expressly confirmed by the judgment of the ECJ in Case C-61/11, El Dridi (paragraphs 46 and 47),
Sodba Sodišča z dne 6. decembra 2012, Sagor, C-430/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:777.
limitations and special safeguards relating to the detention of minors and families (Article 17 of the Return Directive).
Sodba Sodišča z dne 15. marca 2017, Al Chodor in drugi, C-528/15, ECLI:EU:C:2017:213.
Preliminary references to the ECJ: Article 267 TFEU gives the ECJ jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning the interpretation and validity of the Return Directive.
Člen 2(n) Uredbe (EU) št. 604/2013 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 26. junija 2013 o vzpostavitvi meril in mehanizmov za določitev države članice, odgovorne za obravnavanje prošnje za mednarodno zaščito, ki jo v eni od držav članic vloži državljan tretje države ali oseba brez državljanstva (UL L 180, 29.6.2013, str. 31): „‚nevarnost pobega‘ pomeni nevarnost, da bo prosilec ali državljan tretje države ali oseba brez državljanstva, v zvezi s katero poteka postopek predaje, pobegnila, v skladu z oceno posameznega primera na podlagi objektivnih kriterijev, ki so določeni z zakonom “.
Where such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court or tribunal may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, request the ECJ to give a ruling thereon.
Te informacije se lahko pridobijo prek evropskega informacijskega sistema kazenskih evidenc, vzpostavljenega z Okvirnim sklepom Sveta 2009/315/PNZ z dne 26. februarja 2009 o organizaciji in vsebini izmenjave informacij iz kazenske evidence med državami članicami (UL L 93, 7.4.2009, str. 23), in Sklepom Sveta 2009/316/PNZ z dne 6. aprila 2009 o vzpostavitvi Evropskega informacijskega sistema kazenskih evidenc (ECRIS) na podlagi člena 11 Okvirnega sklepa 2009/315/PNZ (UL L 93, 7.4.2009, str. 33).
Where any such question is raised in a case pending before a court or tribunal of a Member State against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, that court or tribunal shall bring the matter before the Court.
Komisija je 19. januarja 2016 predložila predlog COM(2016) 7 final za olajšanje izmenjave informacij iz kazenskih evidenc državljanov tretjih držav v EU.
If such a question is raised in a case pending before a court or tribunal with regard to a person in detention, the ECJ shall act by means of an accelerated urgency procedure.
Direktiva 2013/33/EU Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 26. junija 2013 o standardih za sprejem prosilcev za mednarodno zaščito (UL L 180, 29.6.2013, str. 96).
Transitional arrangements for cases/procedures related to periods before 24 December 2010: Member States must make sure that all persons covered by the scope of the Directive benefit from the substantive safeguards and rights accorded by the Directive as of 24 December 2010 (as of the accession date in case of new Member States).
Zato sodna praksa Sodišča glede prenosa direktiv v nacionalno zakonodajo Švice, Norveške, Islandije in Lihtenštajna ne zavezuje tako kot države članice EU in te države lahko izberejo način prenosa obveznosti iz direktive o vračanju (na primer z neposrednim sklicem na besedilo direktive) v skladu z njenimi mednarodnimi obveznostmi.
Whilst it may be legitimate to continue national return procedures launched in accordance with pre-transposition national legislation, this must not undermine in substance the rights afforded by the Directive, such as, for example, limitation on detention and use of coercive measures, procedural safeguards including right to a written decision and to appeal against it, priority for voluntary departure.
Sodba Sodišča z dne 19. septembra 2013, Filev in Osmani, C-297/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:569.
For any return not already carried out by 24 December 2010, a written return decision must be issued in accordance with the terms of Article 12 of the Directive, and an effective remedy against this decision must be afforded in accordance with the terms of Article 13 of the Directive.
Po kodifikaciji Zakonika o schengenskih mejah iz leta 2016 se sklicevanje na člen 13 Zakonika šteje kot sklicevanje na člen 14 Uredbe (EU) 2016/399.
‘Historic’ entry bans issued before 24 December 2010 must be adapted to the requirements of the Return Directive (see section 11.9).
Svet Evrope, Evropska konvencija o izročitvi, 1957.
Periods of detention completed before the rules in the Return Directive became applicable must be taken into account for the calculation of the overall maximum time limit provided for in the Return Directive (see section 14.4.2).
Sodba Sodišča z dne 28. aprila 2011, El Dridi, C-61/11 PPU, ECLI:EU:C:2011:268.
Introduction of a derogation from the scope at a later stage (after 2010): Member States may decide to make use of the derogation foreseen in Article 2 (‘border cases’ and criminal law cases) at a later stage.
Sodba Sodišča z dne 23. aprila 2015, Zaizoune, C-38/14, ECLI:EU:C:2015:260.
A change to national legislation must not have disadvantageous consequences with regard to those persons who were already able to avail themselves of the effects of the Return Directive (see section 2).
Združeni narodi, Konvencija o statusu beguncev, 1951.
This Handbook is based on the following sources:
Člen 31(1) Konvencije o statusu beguncev: „1.
Compiled minutes of the Contact Group Return Directive.
Države pogodbenice ne uporabljajo kazenskih sankcij za begunce zaradi nezakonitega vstopa ali navzočnosti, če so prišli neposredno z ozemlja, kjer sta bila njihovo življenje ali svoboda ogrožena v smislu 1. člena in ki so nedovoljeno vstopili ali se nahajajo na njihovem ozemlju, pod pogojem, da se brez odlašanja prijavijo oblastem in jim pojasnijo razloge, ki so priznani kot veljavni, za njihov nezakonit vstop ali navzočnost.“
Extracts from relevant ECJ cases (keywords and name of Member State concerned in brackets):
Sodba Sodišča z dne 1. oktobra 2015, Skerdjan Celaj, C-290/14, ECLI:EU:C:2015:640.
Judgment of 30 November 2009, Kadzoev (C-357/09 PPU), ECLI:EU:C:2009:741 (detention, reasons for prolongation; link to asylum related detention — BG)
Direktiva 2009/52/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 18. junija 2009 o minimalnih standardih glede sankcij in ukrepov zoper delodajalce nezakonito prebivajočih državljanov tretjih držav (UL L 168, 30.6.2009, str. 24).
Judgment of 28 April 2011, El Dridi (C-61/11 PPU), ECLI:EU:C:2011:268 (criminalisation, penalisation of illegal stay by imprisonment — IT)
Ta direktiva ne zavezuje Danske, Švice, Norveške, Islandije in Lihtenštajna.
Judgment of 6 December 2011, Achughbabian (C-329/11), ECLI:EU:C:2011:807 (criminalisation, penalisation of illegal stay by imprisonment — FR)
Direktiva Sveta 2004/81/ES z dne 29. aprila 2004 o dovoljenju za prebivanje, izdanem prebivalcem tretjih držav, ki so žrtve nedovoljene trgovine z ljudmi ali so bili predmet dejanj omogočanja nezakonitega priseljevanja, ki sodelujejo s pristojnimi organi (UL L 261, 6.8.2004, str. 19).
Judgment of 6 December 2012, Sagor (C-430/11), ECLI:EU:C:2012:777 (criminalisation, penalisation of illegal stay by fine; expulsion order; house arrest — IT)
Direktiva Sveta 2001/40/ES z dne 28. maja 2001 o medsebojnem priznavanju odločb o izgonu državljanov tretjih držav, UL L 149, 2.6.2001, str.
Order of 21 March 2013, Mbaye (C-522/11), ECLI:EU:C:2013:190 (criminalisation of illegal stay — IT)
34.
Judgment of 30 May 2013, Arslan (C-534/11) ECLI:EU:C:2013:343 (return vs asylum related detention — CZ)
Uredba (EU) št. 604/2013 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 26. junija 2013 o vzpostavitvi meril in mehanizmov za določitev države članice, odgovorne za obravnavanje prošnje za mednarodno zaščito, ki jo v eni od držav članic vloži državljan tretje države ali oseba brez državljanstva (UL L 180, 29.6.2013, str. 31).
Judgment of 10 September 2013, G. and R.
Opisani primeri so poenostavljeni zaradi lažje razlage.
(C-383/13 PPU), ECLI:EU:C:2013:533 (right to be heard before prolonging detention — NL)
V praksi je treba vsak primer oceniti glede na posamezne okoliščine.
Judgment of 19 September 2013, Filev and Osmani (C-297/12), ECLI:EU:C:2013:569 (entry bans, need to determine ex officio length; historic entry bans — DE)
Konvencija o izvajanju Schengenskega sporazuma z dne 14. junija 1985 med vladami držav Gospodarske unije Beneluks, Zvezne republike Nemčije in Francoske republike o postopni odpravi kontrol na skupnih mejah (UL L 239, 22.9.2000, str. 19).
Judgment of 5 June 2014, Mahdi (C-146/14 PPU), ECLI:EU:C:2014:1320 (detention, reasons for prolongation and judicial supervision — BG)
Priporočilo Komisije C(2006) 5186 z dne 6. novembra 2006 o skupnem „Praktičnem priročniku za mejne policiste (Schengenski priročnik)“, ki ga pri opravljanju mejne kontrole oseb uporabljajo pristojni organi držav članic, in poznejše spremembe.
Judgment of 3 July 2014, Da Silva (C-189/13), ECLI:EU:C:2014:2043 (criminalisation, illegal entry — FR)
Ta izraz je „vsezajemajoča“ določba, ki zajema tudi tiste primere, izrecno izvzete iz opredelitve pojma „dovoljenje za prebivanje“ v skladu s členom 2(16)(b)(i) in (ii) Zakonika o schengenskih mejah.
Judgment of 17 July 2014, Bero (C-473/13) and Bouzalmate (C-514/13), ECLI:EU:C:2014:2095 (detention conditions, obligation to provide for specialised facilities — DE)
Sklep Komisije C(2010) 1620 z dne 19. marca 2010 o priročniku za obravnavo vlog za izdajo vizumov in spremembo izdanih vizumov ter poznejše spremembe.
Judgment of 17 July 2014, Pham (C-474/13), ECLI:EU:C:2014:2096 (detention conditions — DE)
Sodba Sodišča z dne 15. februarja 2016, J. N., C-601/15 PPU, ECLI:EU:C:2016:84.
Judgment of 6 November 2014, Mukarubega (C-166/13), ECLI:EU:C:2014:2336 (right to be heard before issuing a return decision — FR)
Direktiva 2014/66/EU Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 15. maja 2014 o pogojih za vstop in prebivanje državljanov tretjih držav v okviru premestitev znotraj podjetja (UL L 157, 27.5.2014, str. 1).
Judgment of 11 December 2014 Boudjlida (C-249/13), ECLI:EU:C:2014:2431 (right to be heard before issuing a return decision — FR)
Direktiva Sveta 2003/109/ES z dne 25. novembra 2003 o statusu državljanov tretjih držav, ki so rezidenti za daljši čas (UL L 16, 23.1.2004, str. 44).
Judgment of 18 December 2014, Abdida (C-562/13), ECLI:EU:C:2014:2453 (rights pending postponed return — BE)
Direktiva 2011/51/EU Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 11. maja 2011 o spremembah Direktive Sveta 2003/109/ES, da se razširi njeno področje uporabe na upravičence do mednarodne zaščite (UL L 132, 19.5.2011, str. 1).
Judgment of 23 April 2015, Zaizoune (C-38/14), ECLI:EU:C:2015:260 (obligation to issue return decision — ES)
Direktiva Sveta 2009/50/ES z dne 25. maja 2009 o pogojih za vstop in prebivanje državljanov tretjih držav za namene visokokvalificirane zaposlitve (UL L 155, 18.6.2009, str. 17).
Judgment of 11 June 2015, Zh. and O.
Dokument Sveta 8829/16.
(C-554/13), ECLI:EU:C:2015:377 (criteria for determining voluntary departure period — NL)
Dokument Sveta 9979/16.
Judgment of 1 October 2015, Skerdjan Celaj (C-290/14), ECLI:EU:C:2015:640 (criminalisation of non-compliance with an entry ban — IT)
Sodba Sodišča z dne 11. junija 2015, Zh. in O., C-554/13, ECLI:EU:C:2015:377.
Judgment of 15 February 2016, J.N.
Odločba Sveta 2004/191/ES z dne 23. februarja 2004 o določitvi meril in praktičnih rešitev za izravnavo finančnih neskladij, ki so posledica uporabe Direktive 2001/40/ES o medsebojnem priznavanju odločb o izgonu državljanov tretjih držav (UL L 60, 27.2.2004, str. 55).
(C-601/15 PPU), ECLI:EU:C:2016:84 (enforcement of return decision following a rejection of an application for international protection — NL)
Direktiva Sveta 2003/110/ES z dne 25. novembra 2003 o pomoči v primeru tranzita za namene repatriacije po zračni poti (UL L 321, 6.12.2003, str. 26).
Judgment of 7 June 2016, Affum (C-47/15), ECLI:EU:C:2016:408 (definition of illegal stay, criminalisation, illegal entry — FR)
OPOMBA: Ta razlaga ne pomeni, da je repatriacija brez spremstva enaka prostovoljnemu odhodu.
Judgment of 15 March 2017, Al Chodor and others (C-528/15), ECLI:EU:C:2017:213 (definition of risk of absconding in Dublin procedures — CZ)
Izraz repatriacija brez spremstva lahko zajema tudi primere prisilne vrnitve (odstranitev) brez policijskega spremstva.
Judgment of 26 July 2017, Ouhrami (C-225/16), ECLI:EU:C:2017:590 (date of validity of entry ban — NL)
Uredba (EU) 2016/1953 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 26. oktobra 2016 o uvedbi evropske potne listine za vrnitev nezakonito prebivajočih državljanov tretjih držav in razveljavitvi Priporočila Sveta z dne 30. novembra 1994 (UL L 311, 17.11.2016, str. 13).
The EU return acquis:
Direktiva 2013/32/EU Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 26. junija 2013 o skupnih postopkih za priznanje ali odvzem mednarodne zaščite (UL L 180, 29.6.2013, str. 60).
Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals
Odločba Sveta z dne 29. aprila 2004 o organiziranju skupnih letov zaradi odstranitve državljanov tretjih držav, ki so predmet posameznih odredb o odstranitvi, z ozemlja dveh ali več držav članic, UL L 261, 6.8.2004, str. 28.
Council Directive 2001/40/EC of 28 May 2001 on the mutual recognition of decisions on the expulsion of third-country nationals
Uredba (EU) 2016/1624 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 14. septembra 2016 o evropski mejni in obalni straži ter spremembi Uredbe (EU) 2016/399 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta ter razveljavitvi Uredbe (ES) št. 863/2007 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta, Uredbe Sveta (ES) št. 2007/2004 in Odločbe Sveta 2005/267/ES (UL L 251, 16.9.2016, str. 1).
Council Directive 2003/110/EC of 25 November 2003 on assistance in cases of transit for the purposes of removal by air
Združeni narodi, Konvencija o otrokovih pravicah, 1989.
Council Decision 2004/191/EC of 23 February 2004 setting out the criteria and practical arrangements for the compensation of the financial imbalances resulting from the application of Directive 2001/40/EC
UNHCR-Unicef, Safe and Sound, 2014, na voljo na naslovu: http://www.refworld.org/docid/5423da264.html.
Council Decision 2004/573/EC of 29 April 2004 on the organisation of joint flights for removals from the territory of two or more Member States, of third-country nationals who are subjects of individual removal orders
Združeni narodi, General comment No.
Regulation (EU) 2016/1624 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2016 on the European Border and Coast Guard and amending Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Regulation (EC) No 863/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Regulation (EC) No 2007/2004 and Council Decision 2005/267/EC
14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration (art.
Commission Recommendation of 7 March 2017 on making returns more effective when implementing the Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, C(2017) 1600
3, para.
Communication from the Commission of 12 April 2017 to the European Parliament and to the Council, ‘The protection of children in migration’, COM(2017) 211 final.
1)*, 2013, na voljo na naslovu: http://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/crc/docs/GC/CRC_C_GC_14_ENG.pdf.
Relevant documents of the Council of Europe:
UNHCR,Guidelines on Determining the Best Interests of the Child, 2008, http://www.unhcr.org/4566b16b2.pdf.
20 Guidelines on forced return, adopted by the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers on 4 May 2005 and commentaries (September 2005, ISBN 92-871-5809-6)
UNHCR, Field Handbook for the Implementation of UNHCR BID Guidelines, 2011, na voljo na naslovu: http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4e4a57d02.pdf.
CPT standards (document CPT/Inf/E (2002) 1 — Rev. 2013)
Svet Evrope, Dvajset smernic o prisilnem vračanju, 2005.
CPT factsheet on immigration detention (document CPT/Inf(2017) 3 of March 2017)
Evropski azilni podporni urad, Age assessment practice in Europe (Praksa ocenjevanja starosti v Evropi), 2014, na voljo na naslovu: https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/public/EASO-Age-assessment-practice-in-Europe.pdf.
Recommendation Rec(2006)2 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the European Prison Rules (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 11 January 2006 at the 952nd meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)
Nove smernice so v pripravi.
Relevant documents of the European Union Agency on Fundamental Rights:
Združeni narodi, Guidelines for the alternative care of children, 2010, na voljo na naslovu: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4c3acd162.html.
Guidance document on the fundamental rights considerations of apprehending migrants in an irregular situation, October 2012
Uredba (ES) št. 1987/2006 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 20. decembra 2006 o vzpostavitvi, delovanju in uporabi druge generacije schengenskega informacijskega sistema (SIS II) (UL L 381, 28.12.2006, str. 4).
Handbook on European law relating to asylum, borders and immigration, co-edited by FRA and ECtHR, 2014
Sodba Sodišča z dne 17. novembra 2011, Gaydarov, C-430/10, ECLI:EU:C:2011:749.
Alternatives to detention for asylum seekers and people in return procedures, October 2015
Sodba Sodišča z dne 26. julija 2017, Ouhrami, C-225/16, ECLI:EU:C:2017:590.