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A chemical that produces a reversible change in the eye; (b) Chemicals that are classified as EPA Category II or III ocular irritants; or GHS eye irritants Category 2, 2A or 2B; or EU Category 2 (17) (18) (19).
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A chemical that causes tissue damage in the eye that does not resolve within 21 days of application or causes serious physical decay of vision; (b) Chemicals that are classified as GHS eye irritant Category 1, or EPA Category I ocular irritants, or EU Category 1 (17) (18) (19).
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If that test does not reveal any corrosive or severe irritant effects, a confirmatory test is conducted with two additional animals.
1(1), 45–49.
Depending upon the results of the confirmatory test, further tests may be needed.
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The choice of the cell lines used should be scientifically justified.
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When primary cells are used, for animal welfare reasons, the use of primary cells from human origin should be considered where feasible and sampled in accordance with the human ethical principles and regulations.
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This would ensure the background incidence of chromosomal aberrations to be low and consistent.
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The baseline incidence of chromosomal aberrations increases with age and this trend is more marked in females than in males (17) (18).
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If cells from more than one donor are pooled for use, the number of donors should be specified.
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It is necessary to demonstrate that the cells have divided from the beginning of treatment with the test chemical to cell sampling.
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Cell cultures are maintained in an exponential cell growth phase (cell lines) or stimulated to divide (primary cultures of lymphocytes), to expose the cells at different stages of the cell cycle, since the sensitivity of cell stages to the test chemicals may not be known.
Chemistry and Biology 17, 646–657.
The primary cells that need to be stimulated with mitogenic agents in order to divide are generally no longer synchronized during exposure to the test chemical (e.g. human lymphocytes after a 48-hour mitogenic stimulation).
Gildea L. A., Ryan C.A., Foertsch L. M., Kennedy J. M., Dearman R. J., Kimber I., Gerberick G. F. (2006).
The use of synchronized cells during treatment is not recommended, but can be acceptable if justified.
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Media and culture conditions
Ryan C. A., Gildea L. A., Hulette B. C., Dearman R. J., Kimber I., Gerberick G. F. (2004).
Whatever the types of cells (cell lines or primary cultures of lymphocytes), either replicate or single treated cultures may be used at each concentration tested.
Toxicol. in vitro 27, 2225–2232.
While the use of duplicate cultures is advisable, single cultures are also acceptable provided that the same total number of cells are scored for either single or duplicate cultures.
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Although the purpose of the test is to detect structural chromosomal aberrations, it is important to record polyploidy and endoreduplication frequencies when these events are seen.
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51-18-3 Negative controls Negative control group animals should be included at every sampling time and otherwise handled in the same way as the treatment groups, except for not receiving treatment with the test chemical.
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If a solvent/vehicle is used in administering the test chemical, the control group should receive this solvent/vehicle.
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Where a single sampling is used for negative controls, it should be the first sampling time used in the study.
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PROCEDURE Number and sex of animals
Spanswick, V. J., J. M. Hartley, J. A. Hartley (2010).
At least 200 metaphases should be analysed for each animal for structural chromosomal aberrations including and excluding gaps (6).
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However, if the historical negative control database indicates the mean background structural chromosomal aberration frequency is < 1 % in the testing laboratory, consideration should be given to scoring additional cells.
Kumaravel, T. S., A. N. Jha (2006).
for short-term studies: individual weight of the animals at the start and end of the test; for studies longer than one week: individual body weights during the study and food consumption.
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Body weight range, mean and standard deviation for each group should be included.
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It has been shown for rats that pre-treatment sampling of small volumes (e.g. below 100 μl/day) has minimal impact on micronucleus background frequency (25).
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In general, the micronucleus response is similar between male and female animals and, therefore, most studies could be performed in either sex (26).
140/2–3, str. 141–45.
Data demonstrating relevant differences between males and females (e.g. differences in systemic toxicity, metabolism, bioavailability, bone marrow toxicity, etc. including e.g. in a range-finding study) would encourage the use of both sexes.
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In this case, it may be appropriate to perform a study in both sexes, e.g. as part of a repeated dose toxicity study.
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Details on how to analyse the data using this design are given in Appendix 2.
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