natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Article 3(1)(a)(iv), second indent of the basic Regulation states that a financial contribution exists if a government: ‘entrusts or directs a private body to carry out one or more of the type of functions illustrated in points (I), (ii) and (iii) which would normally be vested in the government, and the practice, in no real sense, differs from practices normally followed by governments;’.
Iz navedenega sledi, da dokazni standard, ki ga je določil pritožbeni organ, zlasti njegova ugotovitev, da „bi se v večini primerov pričakovalo, da pooblastitev ali usmerjanje zasebnega organa vključuje neko obliko grožnje ali prisile“, ni tako strog kot prvotno stališče EU, izraženo v zadevi ZDA – Omejitve izvoza.
The type of functions described by Article 3(1)(a)(iii) occurs where ‘a government provides goods or services other than general infrastructure, or purchases goods …’.
Enako velja za mnenje EU, da bi zasebni organ opravljal naloge, ki bi bile običajno v pristojnosti vlade, samo če nima nobene izbire, kadar mu jih vlada zaupa ali mu ukaže, naj jih opravlja, na primer, kadar vlada določi cene, po katerih mora zasebni organ prodajati.
These provisions mirror Article 1.1(a)(1)(iv) and (iii) of the SCM Agreement and should be interpreted and applied in the light of the relevant WTO case law.
Zato je EU prilagodila svojo razlago smernicam, ki ji je v zvezi s temi zadevami prejela od pritožbenega organa.
In the WTO case on export restraints, as a third party the EU offered to the Panel its initial interpretation on these provisions, which had not been interpreted by then [15].
V skladu z navedenimi odločitvami STO ne pomenijo vsi ukrepi vlade, ki lahko zagotovijo ugodnosti, finančnega prispevka na podlagi člena 3 osnovne uredbe in člena 1.1(a) Sporazuma o subvencijah in izravnalnih ukrepih.
After disclosure, several parties referred to these suggestions.
Obstajati morajo dokazi o politiki ali programu vlade za spodbujanje industrije v preiskavi (v zadevnem primeru industrije cevi iz nodularnega litega železa) z izvajanjem pooblastil nad javnimi ali zasebnimi organi ali dodelitvijo odgovornosti tem organom (v tem primeru: družbam, ki pridobivajo železovo rudo) za zagotavljanje železove rude industriji cevi iz nodularnega litega železa za plačilo, ki je nižje od primernega.
The panel ruled that the ordinary meanings of the two words ‘entrust’ and ‘direct’ in Article 1.1(a)(1)(iv) of the SCM Agreement require that the action of the government must contain a notion of delegation (in the case of entrustment) or command (in the case of direction) [16].
Zato je Komisija v skladu s petstopenjskim preskusom STO [24] zelo natančno preučila značilnosti posredovanja vlade (ali vključuje pooblastitev ali usmerjanje družb za pridobivanje železove rude?), značilnosti organov, ki so jim zaupane naloge (ali so rudarske družbe zasebni organi v smislu člena 3(1)(a)(iv) osnovne uredbe?) in delovanje organov na podlagi zaupanja ali ukaza (ali so družbe, ki pridobivajo železovo rudo, na podlagi zaupanja ali ukaza zagotavljale železovo rudo industriji cevi iz nodularnega litega železa za plačilo, ki je nižje od primernega, in s tem delovale kot posrednik vlade?).
It rejected the US ‘cause-and-effect-argument’ and asked for an explicit and affirmative action of delegation or command [17].
Poleg tega je Komisija preverila, ali bi bila opravljena naloga običajno v pristojnosti vlade (ali je zagotavljanje železove rude družbam proizvajalkam v Indiji za plačilo, ki je nižje od primernega, običajna dejavnost vlade?) in ali se taka naloga res ne razlikuje od praks, ki jih vlade običajno uporabljajo (ali se dejansko zagotavljanje železove rude s strani rudarskih družb res razlikuje od tistega, kar bi vlada storila sama?).
However, in a subsequent case, the Appellate Body held that the replacement of the words ‘entrusts’ and ‘directs’ by ‘delegation’ and ‘command’ is too rigid as a standard [18].
Pooblastitev družb za pridobivanje železove rude s strani indijske vlade
According to the Appellate Body, ‘entrustment’ occurs where a government gives responsibility to a private body and ‘direction’ refers to situations where the government exercises its authority over a private body [19].
Komisija je ob upoštevanju navedenih sklepov pritožbenega organa najprej analizirala, ali je podpora indijske vlade industriji cevi iz nodularnega litega železa dejansko cilj vladne politike in ne zgolj „stranski učinek“ izvajanja splošnih regulativnih pristojnosti.
In both cases, the government uses a private body as proxy to effectuate the financial contribution, and ‘in most cases, one would expect entrustment or direction of a private body to involve some form of threat or inducement’ [20].
V preiskavi je bilo zlasti preučeno, ali so bila ugotovljena izkrivljanja cen del ciljev vlade ali pa so bile nižje cene železove rude „nenameren“ stranski produkt splošnih vladnih predpisov.
At the same time, paragraph (iv) does not allow Members to impose countervailing measures to products ‘whenever the government is merely exercising its general regulatory powers’ [21] or where government intervention ‘may or may not have a particular result simply based on the given factual circumstances and the exercise of free choice by the actors in that market’ [22].
Številni dokumenti kažejo, da si je indijska vlada izrecno prizadevala za podporo industriji cevi iz nodularnega litega železa kot cilj politike.
Rather, entrustment and direction implies ‘a more active role of the government than mere acts of encouragement’ [23].
Leta 2005 je strokovna skupina, ki jo je ministrstvo za jeklarstvo ustanovilo za oblikovanje smernic za prednostno dodelitev rudniškega zakupa, objavila poročilo („Dangovo poročilo“) s številnimi pomembnimi ugotovitvami in priporočili.
It follows that the standard of proof established by the Appellate Body, in particular its finding that ‘in most cases, one would expect entrustment or direction of a private body to involve some form of threat or inducement’, is less strict than the original EU position advocated in the US — Export Restraints case.
Že takrat je bilo ugotovljeno: „Očitno je ena od glavnih konkurenčnih prednosti indijskega jekla, poleg človeških virov, zagotovljen dostop do ponudbe domače železove rude po nižji ceni glede na svetovne cene.
The same applies to EU's opinion that a private body would perform the functions which would normally be vested in the government only if the private body is given no choice whatsoever when entrusted or directed by the government, for example when the government fixes the prices at which the private body is obliged to sell.
To prednost je treba ohraniti, spodbujati in v celoti izkoristiti“ [25] (poudarek je dodan).
Consequently, the EU has adapted its interpretation to the guidance received by the Appellate Body on these matters.
Po razkritju sta indijska vlada in družba ECL trdili, da je Komisija kot pravno podlago uporabljala samo Dangovo poročilo.
In line with those WTO rulings, not all government measures capable of conferring benefits rise to the level of a financial contribution under Article 3 of the basic Regulation and Article 1.1(a) of the SCM Agreement.
Citirali sta poročilo posebne skupine, v katerem je posebna skupina sklenila naslednje: „Nismo prepričani, da zgolj sklicevanje na Dangovo poročilo v zvezi s [p]olitiko rudniškega zakupa za lastno uporabo zagotavlja podporo za določitev obstoja programa pridobivanja železove rude za lastno uporabo.“ [26] Družba ECL je tudi navedla, da je Dangovo poročilo pripravil neodvisni strokovnjak, ki nima pravne veljave in ne more določati ciljev politike za Indijo.
There must be evidence of a government policy or programme to promote the industry under investigation (in this particular case the ductile pipes industry), by exercising authority over or giving responsibility to public or private bodies (here: the iron ore mining companies) to provide iron ore for less than adequate remuneration to the ductile pipes industry.
Komisija najprej ugotavlja, da cilji politike vlade niso nujno vsebovani v pravno zavezujočih besedilih.
In line with the WTO's five-step test [24], the Commission has therefore reviewed very carefully the nature of the government's intervention (Does it involve entrustment or direction of iron ore mining companies?), the nature of the entrusted bodies (Are the mining companies private bodies within the meaning of Article 3(1)(a)(iv) of the basic Regulation?), and the action of the entrusted or directed bodies (Did the entrusted or directed iron ore mining companies provide iron ore to the ductile pipes industry for less than adequate remuneration and hence act as a proxy for the government?).
Lahko bi bili vključeni v celo vrsto vladnih dokumentov in političnih izjav, kot so poročila, govori in stališča, predložena parlamentu, izjave itd.
Moreover, the Commission has verified whether the function carried out would normally be vested in the government (Is the provision of iron ore at less than adequate remuneration to producing companies in India a normal government activity?) and whether such function does not, in real sense, differ from the practices normally followed by governments (Does the actual provision of iron ore by mining companies, in real sense, differ from what the government would have done itself?).
Drugič, trditve strani so dejansko napačne.
Entrustment of the iron ore mining companies by the Government of India
Kot je navedeno v uvodnih izjavah 153 do 169, je Komisija poleg Dangovega poročila upoštevala številne druge dokumente in pravne akte, na podlagi katerih je sklenila, da je indijska vlada zasledovala cilj politike glede podpiranja industrije cevi iz nodularnega litega železa.
In view of the Appellate Body's conclusions referred to above, the Commission analysed first whether the GoI's support to the ductile pipes industry is effectively an objective of a government policy and not merely a ‘side effect’ of the exercise of general regulatory powers.
Tretjič, v zvezi z njihovo trditvijo na podlagi poročila posebne skupine je ustrezno citirati celoten zadevni odstavek 7.211 poročila posebne skupine:
The investigation examined in particular whether the price distortions found were part of the governments' objectives, or whether the lower prices of iron ore were rather an ‘inadvertent’ by-product of general governmental regulation.
„[…] nismo prepričani, da zgolj sklicevanje na Dangovo poročilo v zvezi s ‚[p]olitiko rudniškega zakupa za lastno uporabo‘ zagotavlja podporo za določitev obstoja programa pridobivanja železove rude za lastno uporabo.
A number of documents show that the GoI explicitly pursued as a policy objective the support of the ductile pipes industry.
Menimo, da je zelo pomembno, da, čeprav Dangovo poročilo opisuje indijsko industrijo železove rude in politike, ki se nanašajo na zadevno industrijo, se ne sklicuje na noben program ali politiko, ki bi uživala ugodnosti od rudarstva za lastno uporabo.
In 2005 an expert group constituted by the Ministry of steel for formulating guidelines for preferential grant of mining lease, issued a report (the ‘Dang Report’) with a number of relevant findings and recommendations.
Prav tako nič ne nakazuje, da je bil rudniški zakup zagotovljen proizvajalcem jekla pod pogoji, ki bi se razlikovali od pogojev, določenih za druge rudarje.
Already at that time it was noted that ‘… One major competitive advantage for Indian steel, apart from human resources, would appear to lay in assured access to indigenous iron ore supplies at a discount to world prices.
Dejansko je povsem mogoče, da je bilo sklicevanje na ‚[p]olitiko rudniškega zakupa za lastno uporabo‘, na katero se opirajo ZDA, namenjeno zgolj vnovični navedbi dejstva, da se rudniški zakupi zagotavljajo jeklarnam, in predlogu, da bi se morali rudniški zakupi še naprej zagotavljati proizvajalcem jekla.“ (poudarek je dodan, opomba je izpuščena) [27].
This advantage must be preserved, nurtured and fully leveraged’ [25] (emphasis added).
Iz tega citata je očitno, da posebna skupina ni izpodbijala dejstva, da Dangovo poročilo opisuje indijsko industrijo železove rude in politike, ki se nanašajo na zadevno industrijo.
After disclosure, the GoI and ECL claimed that the Commission relied only on the Dang Report as a legal basis.
Dejansko so bili člani strokovne skupine [28] med drugim vlada in predstavniki industrije, zato je razumno sklepati, da so dobro obveščeni o obstoječih politikah vlade in položaju industrije.
They quoted a Panel Report where the panel concluded that ‘we are not convinced that the single reference to the Dang Report to the [p]olicy of captive mining leases’ provides support for determining the existence of a Captive Mining of Iron Ore Programme' [26].
Poleg tega je poročilo, v nasprotju z rudarstvom za lastno uporabo, izrecno v zvezi s ciljem politike zagotavljanja ugodnosti indijskim proizvajalcem jekla („zagotovljen dostop do ponudbe domače železove rude po znižanih svetovnih cenah“) ter glede tega, da je treba to prednost ohraniti in spodbujati.
ECL also submitted that the Dang Report was prepared by an independent expert with no legal value and incapable of setting policy goals for India.
Ob upoštevanju navedenega je Komisija zavrnila te trditve.
The Commission first observes that Government's policy objectives are not necessarily contained in legally binding texts.
Indijska vlada je izvedla naslednja ukrepa za uresničitev navedenega posebnega cilja politike (odvračanje od izvoza železove rude).
They could be included in a whole range of government documents and policy statements, such as reports, speeches and submissions to the Parliament, declarations, etc.
Prvi ukrep je odločitev, sprejeta 1. marca 2007, o uvedbi izvoznih dajatev na železovo rudo, ki so na začetku znašale 300 INR na tono [29], pozneje pa so se občasno spreminjale.
Second, the claims put forward by the parties are factually incorrect.
Tako se je marca 2011 stopnja zvišala na 20 % [30], decembra 2011 pa na 30 % [31]; aprila 2015 se je izvozna dajatev na železovo rudo z majhno vsebnostjo železa (manj kot 58-odstotno) znižala na 10 % [32].
As illustrated in recitals 153-169 below, in addition to the Dang Report, the Commission took into account a number of other documents and legal acts in order to conclude that the GoI pursued a policy objective of supporting of the ductile pipes industry.
Opozoriti bi bilo treba, da se železova ruda z majhno vsebnostjo železa v Indiji malo uporablja, zato ni potrebe po ohranjanju njene razpoložljivosti za indijske uporabnike železove rude.
Third, concerning their claim on the basis of the Panel Report it is appropriate to quote the entire relevant paragraph 7.211 thereof:
Na splošno je lahko podpora panogam na koncu proizvodne verige velika spodbuda za uvedbo omejitev izvoza in zlasti izvoznih dajatev.
‘[…] we are not persuaded that the single reference in the Dang Report to the “[p]olicy of captive mining leases” provides support for determining the existence of a Captive Mining of Iron Ore Programme.
Dejstvo, da sta glavna politična cilja omejitev uvoza (in visokih izvoznih dajatev) zaščititi in spodbujati industrije na koncu proizvodne verige z zagotavljanjem poceni surovin in vhodnih materialov domačim industrijam na koncu proizvodne verige, je navedeno tudi v poročilu OECD „The Economic Impact of Export Restrictions on Raw Materials“ („Gospodarski vpliv omejitev uvoza na surovine“) [33] („poročilo OECD“).
We consider it highly relevant that, although the Dang Report describes the Indian iron ore industry, and the policies applicable to that industry, there is no reference to any programme or policy benefiting captive mining.
Drugi ukrep je uvedba politike dvojne prevoznine, ki jo je ministrstvo za železnice uvedlo 22. maja 2008 [34].
Nor is there any suggestion that mining leases were provided to steel producers on terms any different than those provided to other miners.
Z njo je nastala razlika pri tovornini med prevozom železove rude za domačo potrošnjo in izvoz.
Indeed, it is entirely possible that the reference to a “[p]olicy of captive mining leases”, on which the United States relies, was merely intended to refer back to the fact that mining leases are provided to steel companies, and to suggest that mining leases should continue to be provided to steel producers.’ (emphasis added, footnote omitted) [27].
Povprečna razlika je trikratna [35].
It is evident from this quote that the panel did not challenge the fact that the Dang Report describes the Indian iron ore industry, and the policies applicable to that industry.
Železniški prevoz predstavlja zelo velik del celotnih stroškov železove rude [36].
Indeed, the members of the expert group [28] were, among others, government and industry representatives and it is reasonable to consider that they are well-informed about the existing government policies and the situation of the industry.
Zlasti se pristojbina glede na prevoženo razdaljo uporablja za izvoz, medtem ko je domača potrošnja pod določenimi pogoji oproščena te pristojbine.
In addition, contrary to captive mining, the report is explicit regarding the policy objective of benefiting Indian steel producers (‘assured access to indigenous iron ore supplies at a discount to world prices’) and that this advantage has to be preserved and encouraged.
Komisija je zato zavrnila trditev.
In the light of the foregoing, the Commission rejected these claims.
Ta dva ukrepa skupaj predstavljata ciljno omejitev uvoza, ki je bila v osnovi vzpostavljena leta 2007/2008 ter dodatno razširjena marca in decembra 2011 s povišanji stopnje izvozne dajatve na železovo rudo.
The GoI took the following two measures to implement the above-mentioned specific policy goal (discouraging exports of iron ore).
Naslednji dokumenti politike kažejo po eni strani obstoj cilja politike glede podpore industriji cevi iz nodularnega litega železa, po drugi strani pa zadovoljstvo indijske vlade, da je za zdaj dosegla svoje cilje:
In particular, in March 2011 the rate was increased to 20 % [30], and in December 2011 it was increased to 30 % [31]; in April 2015 the export tax on low-grade iron ore (Fe content below 58 %) was reduced to 10 % [32].
„je ministrstvo sprejelo ukrepe za odvračanje od izvoza z uvedbo višjih tarif in posebnih dajatev“ (stran 16);
It should be noted that low-grade iron ore does not have much use in India and therefore there is no need to keep low-grade iron ore available for Indian users of iron ore.
„višje stopnje tarif trenutno odvračajo od izvoza železove rude.
In general, the support of downstream industries can be a major motivation for imposing export restraints and export taxes in particular.
Nujno je nadaljevati to politiko in po potrebi dodatno zvišati davčne stopnje.
The fact that the major policy objectives of export restrictions (and significant export taxes) is to protect and promote downstream industries by providing domestic downstream industries with cheap raw materials and inputs was also established by the OECD report ‘The Economic Impact of Export Restrictions on Raw Materials’ [33] (‘the OECD report’).
Hkrati je treba natančno spremljati izvoz železove rude za zagotovitev, da je mogoče zgolj z višjimi tarifami učinkovito reševati vprašanje ohranjanja virov za domačo uporabo.
The second measure is the introduction of a Dual Freight Policy (DFP) by the Ministry of Railways on 22 May 2008 [34].
Preučijo se lahko tudi dodatni ukrepi, kot so višje cene prevoza za izvozno blago in povišanje cen notranjega prevoza, ter drugi upravni ukrepi“ (točka 3.6.3.3 na strani 46);
The DFP created a freight charge difference between the transportation of iron ore for domestic consumption and for export.
„v obdobju 2010 – 2011 se je izvoz železove rude zmanjšal zlasti zaradi prepovedi izvoza s strani indijske zvezne države Karnataka in fiskalnih ukrepov, ki jih je centralna vlada sprejela za omejitev izvoza železove rude iz države. […] Veliko izvozno povpraševanje v zadnjih nekaj letih je povečalo proizvodno osnovo v državi, zaradi česar je bil obseg proizvodnje veliko večji od domačega povpraševanja.
The average difference is threefold [35].
Vlada je sprejela več pomembnih pobud za odvračanje od prekomernega rudarjenja, da bi zadovoljila naraščajoči izvozni trg.
The railway freights accounts for a very significant part of the total cost of the iron ore [36].
To je doslej vključevalo uvedbo fiskalnih ukrepov, kot sta izvozna dajatev in povišanje cen železniškega prevoza za izvoz itd.“ (točki 4.2.5.2 in 4.2.5.4 na strani 57);
Before and after definitive disclosure, ECL claimed that DFP had been abolished in 2009.
„cilj dolgoročnih ukrepov politike za obvladovanje izvoza železove rude bi moral biti privabljanje naložb v obrate za izdelavo jekla, da bi se spodbujala dodana vrednost in izvoz končnih izdelkov.
However, on the basis of the information provided by the GoI and the exporting producer, the Commission established that by means of a number of Rates Circulars issued by the GoI, the GoI continues to apply during and after the IP different freight charges to the transportation of iron ore for domestic consumption and for export to the advantage of domestic consumption [37].
V kratkoročnem in manj oddaljenem časovnem okviru bi se enako lahko doseglo z ustreznimi fiskalnimi ukrepi.
In particular, a distance based charge applies to exports, while under certain conditions, domestic consumption is exempted from this charge.
Trenutno se od izvoza železove rude iz države odvrača z: (i) uvedbo izvozne dajatve v višini 20 % ad valorem na železovo rudo in (ii) zaračunavanjem občutno višjih cen železniškega prevoza za železovo rudo, namenjeno izvozu.
Therefore, the Commission rejected the claim.
Ta ukrepa sta prispevala k znižanju cen železove rude na domačem trgu v primerjavi z mednarodnim trgom in imela ključno vlogo pri zagotavljanju železove rude domačim industrijam po konkurenčnih cenah.
These two measures together constitute a targeted export restraint, basically established in 2007/2008 and further expanded in March and December 2011 with the increases in the rate of the export tax on iron ore.
Za učinkovito odvračanje od izvoza železove rude iz države se priporoča nenehno oblikovanje in preverjanje ustreznih fiskalnih ukrepov v skladu z zahtevami domačega in mednarodnega trga železove rude“ (točka 4.2.6.5 na strani 60) (poudarek je dodan).
The following policy documents show, on the one hand, the existence of a policy objective to support the ductile pipes industry, and, on the other hand, the GoI satisfaction to have achieved its objectives so far:
V dvanajstem petletnem načrtu [39] (2012–2017) so potrjene politične izjave iz poročila delovne skupine za jeklarsko industrijo:
The report of the Working Group on Steel Industry for the 12th five-year plan, issued in November 2011 [38] states explicitly that:
„Ponudba nekaterih naravnih virov, kot sta kakovosten premog in železova ruda, se je v svetovnem gospodarstvu začela zmanjševati zaradi naraščajočega povpraševanja gospodarstev v razvoju, zlasti Kitajske in zdaj Indije.
‘The Ministry has taken measures to discourage export by imposing higher tariffs and special levies’ (page 16),
Domača razpoložljivost nekaterih od teh surovin nam zagotavlja konkurenčno prednost, ki bi jo morali izkoristiti za razvoj domače industrije, ki bi dodala vrednost tem virom ter s tem ustvarila dodatna delovna mesta in izboljšala našo trgovinsko bilanco.
‘At present export of iron ore is being discouraged through higher tariff levels.
Zaradi povzpenjanja v vrednostni verigi bi morale biti vladne politike in struktura dajatev zasnovane tako, da bi spodbujale dodano vrednost jekla namesto izvažanja jekla v obliki surovin“ (stran 67, odstavek 13.72) (poudarek je dodan).
It is essential to continue with this policy and if required the tax rates may further be jacked up.
Po razkritju je družba ECL izpodbijala navedeno napotilo Komisije na dokumente.
At the same time, there is a need to closely monitor the export of iron ore to make sure that higher tariffs alone can effectively tackle the issue of conservation of resources for domestic use.
Prvič, trdila je, da poročilo delovne skupine za jeklarsko industrijo ni imelo pravne veljave, saj je bilo le mnenje ali ocena nekaterih posameznikov in ne dokument, ki bi ga odobrila vlada.