natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Adult worms are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test chemical either mixed into the soil or, in case of pesticides, applied into or onto the soil using procedures consistent with the use pattern of the chemical.
Načrt poskusa
The method of application is specific to the purpose of the test.
Ker za preskus ni mogoče predpisati enega samega statističnega povzetka, ta metoda nudi vse potrebno za določitev vrednosti NOEC in ECx.
The range of test concentrations is selected to encompass those likely to cause both sub-lethal and lethal effects over a period of eight weeks.
V predvidljivi prihodnosti bodo regulativni organi verjetno zahtevali vrednost NOEC.
Mortality and growth effects on the adult worms are determined after 4 weeks of exposure.
V bližnji prihodnosti bo morda zaradi statističnih in ekoloških pomislekov sprejeta bolj razširjena uporaba vrednosti ECx.
The adults are then removed from the soil and effects on reproduction assessed after a further 4 weeks by counting the number of offspring present in the soil.
Zato se na podlagi priporočil, ki izhajajo iz krožnega preskusa preskusne metode razmnoževanja enhitrejev, predlagajo trije načrti (17).
The reproductive output of the worms exposed to the test chemical is compared to that of the control(s) in order to determine the (i) no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and/or (ii) ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50) by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output.
Pri določanju razpona koncentracij se upošteva naslednje:
The test concentrations should bracket the ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50) so that the ECx then comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation (see Appendix 1 for definitions).
Za določitev vrednosti NOEC je treba preskusiti vsaj pet/dvanajst koncentracij v geometrijski vrsti.
The following information relating to the test chemical should be available to assist in the design of appropriate test procedures:
Med koncentracijami mora biti razmik, katerega faktor ne sme presegati vrednosti 2,0;
water solubility;
Za določitev vrednosti ECx (npr. EC10, EC50) se priporoča število koncentracij, ki je zadostno, da povzroči vsaj štiri statistično značilne različne povprečne odzive.
vapour pressure;
Priporočene so vsaj dve ponovitvi za vsako preskusno koncentracijo in šest kontrolnih ponovitev.
and information on fate and behaviour in the environment, where possible (e.g. rate of photolysis and rate of hydrolysis where relevant to application patterns).
Trajanje preskusa in meritve
This test method is applicable to all chemicals irrespective of their water solubility.
Na 28. dan se odrasli črvi pregledajo in preštejejo.
The test method is not applicable to volatile chemicals, defined here as chemicals for which Henry's constant or the air/water partition coefficient is greater than one, or to chemicals with vapour pressures exceeding 0,0133 Pa at 25 °C.
Zabeležita se tudi morebitno nenormalno vedenje (npr. nezmožnost kopanja v tla, negibno ležanje) in morebitna nenavadna morfologija (npr. odprte rane).
No allowance is made in this test method for possible degradation of the test chemical over the period of the test.
Nato se vse odrasle črve odstrani iz preskusnih posod, prešteje in stehta.
Consequently it cannot be assumed that exposure concentrations will be maintained at initial values throughout the test.
Iskanje odraslih osebkov je morda lažje, če so tla, ki vsebujejo črve, pred ocenjevanjem prenesena na čist pladenj.
Chemical analysis of the test chemical at the start and the end of the test is recommended in that case.
Pred tehtanjem se črvi, vzeti iz tal, operejo (z deionizirano vodo), odvečna voda pa se odstrani tako, da se črvi za kratek čas položijo na filtrirni papir.
The NOEC and/or the ECx of a reference chemical must be determined to provide assurance that the laboratory test conditions are adequate and to verify that the response of the test organisms does not change statistically over time.
Vse črve, ki jih v tem trenutku ni mogoče najti, je treba zabeležiti kot mrtve, saj je treba predpostavljati, da so ti črvi pred ocenjevanjem umrli in se razgradili.
It is advisable to test a reference chemical at least once a year or, when testing is carried out at a lower frequency, in parallel to the determination of the toxicity of a test chemical.
Če so bila tla odstranjena iz posod, se nato vrnejo (brez odraslih črvov, vendar z vsemi proizvedenimi kokoni).
Carbendazim or benomyl are suitable reference chemicals that have been shown to affect reproduction (3).
Nato se tla štiri dodatne tedne inkubirajo pri enakih preskusnih pogojih, razen hranjenja, ki se opravi le enkrat na začetku te faze preskusa (glej odstavek 33).
Significant effects should be observed between (a) 1 and 5 mg active ingredient (a.i.)/kg dry mass or (b) 250-500 g/ha or 25-50 mg/m2.
Ob koncu drugega 4-tedenskega obdobja se s postopki, opisanimi v Dodatku 5, določi število mladičev, izleženih iz kokonov v preskusnih tleh, in število kokonov.
The following criteria should be satisfied in the controls for a test result to be considered valid:
V celotnem obdobju preskusa je treba beležiti tudi vse znake poškodb pri črvih ali škodljivih učinkov nanje.
each replicate (containing 10 adults) to have produced ≥ 30 juveniles by the end of the test;
Če pri največji koncentraciji v preskusu za določanje območja delovanja (tj. 1000 mg/kg) ni opaženih učinkov, bo preskus razmnoževanja izveden kot mejni preskus s koncentracijo 1000 mg/kg.
the coefficient of variation of reproduction to be ≤ 30 %;
Mejni preskus bo ponudil možnost dokazovanja, da je vrednost NOEC za razmnoževanje večja od mejne koncentracije, pri čemer bo število črvov, uporabljenih v preskusu, kar najmanjše.
adult mortality over the initial 4 weeks of the test to be ≤ 10 %.
Osem ponovitev je treba uporabiti tako za tretirana tla kot kontrolo.
The justification should be included in the report.
Čeprav je v Dodatku 6 podan pregled, v tej preskusni metodi ni podana nobena dokončna statistična smernica za analizo rezultatov preskusa.
Test containers made of glass or other chemically inert material of about one to two litres capacity should be used.
Ena od končnih točk je smrtnost.
The containers should have a cross-sectional area of approximately 200 cm2 so that a moist substrate depth of about 5-6 cm is achieved when 500 to 600 g dry mass of substrate is added.
Vendar je treba zabeležiti tudi spremembe vedenja odraslih osebkov (npr. nezmožnost kopanja v tla, negibno ležanje ob stekleni steni preskusne posode) in morfologije (npr. odprte rane) ter morebitno prisotnost mladičev.
The design of the container cover should permit gaseous exchange between the substrate and the atmosphere and access to light (e.g. by means of a perforated transparent cover) whilst preventing the worms from escaping.
Za določanje vrednosti LC50 se običajno uporabi analiza probit (18) ali regresija logit.
If the amount of test substrate used is substantially more than 500 to 600 g per test container the number of worms should be increased proportionately.
Vendar pa je mogoče v primerih, pri katerih ta analitska metoda ni primerna (npr. če so na voljo manj kot tri koncentracije z delnimi usmrtitvami), uporabiti alternativne metode.
water bath.
Te metode lahko vključujejo drseča povprečja (19), prilagojeno metodo Spearman-Karber (20) ali enostavno interpolacijo (npr. geometrijsko sredino vrednosti LC0 in LC100, izračunano s kvadratnim korenom zmnožka vrednosti LC0 in LC100).
An artificial soil is used in this test (5)(7) with the following composition (based on dry weights, dried to a constant weight at 105 °C):
Druga končna točka je plodnost (tj. število ustvarjenih mladičev).
10 per cent sphagnum peat (as close to pH 5,5 to 6,0 as possible, no visible plant remains, finely ground, dried to measured moisture content);
Za statistično analizo morata biti izračunani aritmetična sredina x
20 per cent kaolin clay (kaolinite content preferably above 30 per cent);
in standardni odklon za razmnoževanje pri posamezni tretirani skupini in kontroli.
0,3 to 1,0 % calcium carbonate (CaCO3, pulverised, analysis grade) to obtain an initial pH of 6,0 ± 0,5.
Če je izvedena analiza variance, je mogoče standardni odklon, s, in stopinje prostosti, df, nadomestiti z oceno skupne variance, pridobljene z analizo variance (ANOVA) oziroma z njenimi stopinjami, če varianca ni odvisna od koncentracije.
70 % air-dried quartz sand (depending on the amount of CaCO3 needed), predominantly fine sand with more than 50 % of the particles between 50 and 200 microns.
Če se zdi, da je združevanje podatkov za negativne kontrole in kontrole s topilom bolj smiselno od preskušanja glede na enega od njih, jih je treba preskusiti, da se preveri, da med njimi ni značilnih razlik (za ustrezne preskuse glej odstavek 47 in Dodatek 6).
The amount of CaCO3 required will depend on the components of the soil substrate including food, and should be determined by measurements of soil sub-samples immediately before the test. pH is measured in a mixed sample in a 1 M solution of potassium chloride (KCl) or a 0,01 M solution of calcium chloride (CaCl2) (13).
Vendar mora taka transformacija temeljiti na izkušnjah s podatki iz preteklih študij in ne na podatkih, ki se proučujejo.
The organic carbon content of the artificial soil may be reduced, e.g. by lowering the peat content to 4-5 % and increasing the sand content accordingly.
Pri homogenih podatkih je treba izvesti več t-preskusov, kot je Williamsov preskus (α = 0,05, enostranski) (21)(22) ali, v nekaterih primerih, Dunnettov preskus (23)(24).
It has been demonstrated that Eisenia fetida can comply with the validity criteria on reproduction when tested in field soils with lower organic carbon content (e.g. 2,7 %) (14), and there is experience that this can also be achieved in artificial soil with 5 % peat.
Če obstajajo odkloni od homoskedastičnosti, je morda smiselno natančneje proučiti možne učinke na variance, da se ugotovi, ali je mogoče uporabiti t-preskuse brez prevelike izgube učinkovitosti (25).
Therefore, it is not necessary before using such a soil in a definitive test to demonstrate the suitability of the artificial soil for allowing the test to comply with the validity criteria unless the peat content is lowered more than specified above.
Druga možnost je uporaba večkratnega U-preskusa, npr. Bonferronijevega U-preskusa po Holmu (26), ali – če ti podatki kažejo heteroskedastičnost, sicer pa so skladni z osnovnim monotonim razmerjem odmerek-odziv – drugega neparametričnega preskusa (npr. preskusa po Jonckheere-Terpstraju (27)(28) ali Shirleyjevega preskusa (29)(30)); uporaba takšnega preskusa ima v splošnem prednost pred t-preskusi za neenake variance.
Note 3:
(Glej tudi shemo v Dodatku 6.)
When using natural soil in additional (e.g. higher tier) testing the suitability of the soil and achieving the test validity criteria should also be demonstrated.
Če je izveden mejni preskus in so izpolnjeni predpogoji za postopke parametričnih preskusov (normalnost, homogenost), je mogoče uporabiti parni Studentov t-preskus ali, namesto tega, postopek Mann-Whitneyjevega U-preskusa (31).
The dry constituents of the soil are mixed thoroughly (e.g. in a large-scale laboratory mixer) in a well ventilated area.
Za rast črvov v obliki zveznega odziva je mogoče vrednosti ECx oceniti z ustrezno regresijsko analizo (32).
Before starting the test, the dry artificial soil is moistened by adding enough de-ionised water to obtain approximately half of the final water content, that being 40 % to 60 % of the maximum water holding capacity (corresponding to 50 ± 10 % moisture dry mass).
Med primernimi funkcijami za kvantne podatke (smrtnost/preživetje) in število ustvarjenih potomcev so normalna sigmoidna funkcija in logistične ali Weibullove funkcije, ki vsebujejo od dva do štiri parametre, pri čemer nekatere lahko modelirajo tudi odzive v obliki hormeze.
This will produce a substrate that has no standing or free water when it is compressed in the hand.
V skladu s Fiellerjem (navedeno v Finney (18)) ali z drugimi ustreznimi sodobnimi metodami se izračunajo 95-odstotne meje zaupanja.
The maximum water holding capacity (WHC) of the artificial soil is determined in accordance with procedures described in Appendix 2, ISO 11274 (15) or equivalent EU standard.
Namesto tega se odziv lahko modelira kot odstotek ali razmerje parametra modela, ki se razlaga kot srednja vrednost odziva kontrole.
If the test chemical is applied on the soil surface or mixed into soil without water, the final amount of water can be mixed into the artificial soil during preparation of the soil.
V teh primerih je mogoče običajno (logistično, Weibullovo) sigmoidno krivuljo pogosto enostavno prilagoditi rezultatom s postopkom regresije probit (18).
If the test chemical is mixed into the soil together with some water, the additional water can be added together with the test chemical (see paragraph 19).
V teh primerih je treba utežno funkcijo prilagoditi za odzive metrik, kot je podano v Christensen (33).
Soil moisture content is determined at the beginning and at the end of the test in accordance with ISO 11465 (16) or equivalent EU standard, and soil pH in accordance with Appendix 3 or ISO 10390 (13) or equivalent EU standard.
Če pa je ugotovljena hormeza, mora analizo probit nadomestiti logistična ali Weibullova funkcija s štirimi parametri, prilagojena s postopkom nelinearne regresije (34).
These determinations should be carried out in a sample of control soil and a sample of each test concentration soil.
Če podatkom ni mogoče prilagoditi primerne funkcije odmerek-odziv, je mogoče za oceno vrednosti ECx in njenih meja zaupanja uporabiti alternativne metode, kot so drseča povprečja po Thompsonu (19) in postopek prilagojene metode Spearman-Karber (20).
The soil pH should not be adjusted when acidic or basic chemicals are tested.
dokončen opis preskusne kemikalije, serija, skupina in številka CAS, čistost,
The moisture content should be monitored throughout the test by weighing the containers periodically (see paragraph 26 and 30).
lastnosti preskusne kemikalije (npr. vrednost log Kow, topnost v vodi, parni tlak, Henryjeva konstanta (H) ter informacije o usodi in vedenju).
The species used in the test is Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei (1)(2).
Preskusni organizmi:
Adult worms between two months and one year old and with a clitellum are required to start the test.
vrsta, znanstveno ime, vir organizmov in pogoji razmnoževanja,
The worms should be selected from a synchronised culture with a relatively homogeneous age structure (Appendix 4).
razpon starosti in velikosti (mase) preskusnih organizmov.
Individuals in a test group should not differ in age by more than 4 weeks.
podrobnosti o pripravi preskusnih tal;
The selected worms should be acclimatised for at least one day with the type of artificial soil substrate to be used for the test.
največja zmogljivost zadrževanja vode,
During this period the worms should be fed on the same food to be used in the test (see paragraphs 31 to 33).
opis tehnike, uporabljene za nanos preskusne kemikalije na tla,
Groups of 10 worms should be weighed individually randomly assigning the groups to the test containers at the start of the test.
podrobnosti o pomožnih kemikalijah, uporabljenih za dodajanje preskusne kemikalije,
The worms are washed prior to weighing (with deionised water) and the excess water removed by placing the worms briefly on filter paper.
podrobnosti o kalibraciji za opremo za pršenje, če je to smiselno,
The wet mass of individual worms should be between 250 and 600 mg.
opis načrta poskusa in postopkov,
Two methods of application of the test chemical can be used:
velikost preskusnih posod in količina preskusnih tal,
mixing the test chemical into the soil (see paragraphs 19-21) or application to the soil surface (see paragraphs 22-24).
preskusni pogoji:
The selection of the appropriate method depends on the purpose of the test.
jakost svetlobe, trajanje ciklov svetlobe in teme, temperatura,
In general, mixing of the test chemical into the soil is recommended.
opis načina hranjenja, vrsta in količina hrane, uporabljene v preskusu, datumi hranjenja,
However application procedures that are consistent with normal agricultural practice may be required (e.g. spraying of liquid formulation or use of special pesticide formulations such as granules or seed dressings).
vrednost pH in vsebnost vode v tleh na začetku in koncu preskusa.
Solvents used to aid treatment of the soil with the test chemical should be selected on the basis of their low toxicity to earthworm and appropriate solvent control must be included in the test design (see paragraph 27).
smrtnost pri odraslih osebkih ( %) v vsaki preskusni posodi ob izteku prvih 4 tednov preskusa,
Mixing the test chemical into the soil
skupna masa odraslih osebkov na začetku preskusa v vsaki preskusni posodi,
A solution of the test chemical in de-ionised water is prepared immediately before starting the test in a quantity sufficient for all replicates of one concentration.
spremembe telesne teže živih odraslih osebkov ( % začetne teže) v vsaki preskusni posodi po prvih štirih tednih preskusa,
A co-solvent may be required to facilitate for the preparation of the test solution.
število mladičev, ustvarjenih v vsaki preskusni posodi ob koncu preskusa,
It is convenient to prepare an amount of solution necessary to reach the final moisture content (40 to 60 % of maximum water holding capacity).
opis očitnih ali patoloških simptomov ali jasnih sprememb vedenja,
The solution is mixed thoroughly with the soil substrate before introducing it into a test container.
rezultati, pridobljeni z referenčno preskusno kemikalijo,
The test chemical is dissolved in a small volume of a suitable organic solvent (e.g. acetone) and then sprayed onto, or mixed into, a small quantity of fine quartz sand.
vrednosti LC50, NOEC in/ali ECx (npr. EC50, EC10) za razmnoževanje, če je mogoče nekatere od njih uporabiti znotraj intervalov zaupanja, krivulja prilagojenega modela, uporabljena za njegov izračun, ter vse informacije in opažanja, ki pripomorejo k razlagi rezultatov,
The solvent is then removed by evaporation in a fume hood for at least a few minutes.
grafični prikaz razmerja med odmerkom in odzivom,
The treated sand is then mixed thoroughly with the pre-moistened artificial soil.
rezultati, ki se nanašajo na vsako preskusno posodo.
De-ionised water is then added (an amount required) to achieve a final moisture content of 40 to 60 % of the maximum water holding capacity is then added and mixed in.
‚Eisenia foetida‘ is two biological species.
The soil is then ready for placing in test containers vessels.
, 277–282.
Care should be taken that some solvents may be toxic to earthworms.
Poglavje C.8 te priloge, Strupenost za deževnike (preskus).
Test chemical insoluble in water and organic solvents
Sheppard, S. C., Bembridge, J. D., Holmstrup, M. in L. Posthuma (ur.).
A mixture comprised of 10 g of finely ground industrial quartz sand with a quantity of the test chemical necessary to achieve the test concentration in the soil is prepared.
Pri tej preskusni metodi se uporabljajo naslednje opredelitve:
The mixture is then mixed thoroughly with the pre-moistened artificial soil.
V tem preskusu so učinkovite koncentracije izražene kot masa preskusne kemikalije na suho maso preskusnih tal ali kot masa preskusne kemikalije na enoto površine tal.
De-ionised water is then added to an amount required to achieve a final moisture content of 40 to 60 % of the maximum water holding capacity is then added and mixed in.
(srednja smrtna koncentracija) je koncentracija preskusne kemikalije, ki v določenem časovnem obdobju ubije 50 % izpostavljenih preskusnih organizmov.
The soil is then ready for placing to the test containers.
V tem preskusu je LC50 izražena kot masa preskusne kemikalije na suho maso preskusnih tal ali kot masa preskusne kemikalije na enoto površine tal.
Application of the test chemical to the soil surface
LOEC (najnižja koncentracija z opaznim učinkom) je najnižja koncentracija preskusne kemikalije, ki ima statistično značilen učinek (p < 0,05).
The soil is treated after the worms are added.
V tem preskusu je vrednost LOEC izražena kot masa preskusne kemikalije na suho maso preskusnih tal ali kot masa preskusne kemikalije na enoto površine tal.
The test containers are first filled with the moistened soil substrate and the weighed worms are placed on the surface.
Vsa odstopanja od zgoraj navedenega morajo biti utemeljena v poročilu o preskusu.
Healthy worms normally burrow immediately into substrate and consequently any remaining on the surface after 15 minutes are defined as damaged and must be replaced.
Hitrost razmnoževanja:
If worms are replaced, the new ones and those substituted should be weighed so that total live weight of the exposure group of worms and the total weight of the container with worms at the start is known.
srednja vrednost števila mladih črvov, ki jih ustvari določeno število odraslih osebkov v preskusnem obdobju.
The test chemical is applied.
Določanje največje zmogljivosti zadrževanja vode
It should not be added to the soil within half an hour of introducing the worms (or if worms are present on the soil surface) so as to avoid any direct exposure to the test chemical by skin contact.
Kot primerna se je izkazala naslednja metoda za določanje največje zmogljivosti zadrževanja vode v tleh.
When the test chemical is a pesticide it may be appropriate to apply it to the soil surface by spraying.
Opisana je v Prilogi C standarda ISO DIS 11268-2 (1).
The test chemical should be applied to the surface of the soil as evenly as possible using a suitable laboratory-scale spraying device to simulate spray application in the field.
Z ustrezno napravo na vzorčenje (npr. svedrasti vzorčevalnik) se zbere določena količina (npr. 5. g) substrata preskusnih tal.
Before application the cover of the test container should be removed and replaced by a liner which protects the side walls of the container from spray.
Pokrijte dno vzorčevalnika s koščkom filtrirnega papirja, ga napolnite z vodo in ga nato postavite na stojalo v vodno kopel.
The liner can be made from a test container with the base removed.
Ker ni mogoče ohraniti vse vode, ki so jo absorbirale kapilare v tleh, se mora vzorec tal odtekati dve uri, tako da se vzorčevalnik položi na podlago iz zelo mokrega fino drobljenega kremenovega peska v pokriti posodi (da se prepreči izsušitev).
The application should take place at a temperature within 20 ± 2 °C of variation and for aqueous solutions, emulsions or dispersions at a water application rate of between 600 and 800 μl/m2.
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) (1996).
The rate should be verified using an appropriate calibration technique.
Naslednja metoda za določanje pH tal temelji na opisu iz ISO DIS 10390:
Special formulations like granules or seed dressings should be applied in a manner consistent with agricultural use.
Kakovost tal – Določevanje pH (1).
Test containers should be left uncovered for a period of one hour to allow any volatile solvent associated with the application of the test chemical to evaporate.
Določena količina tal se suši pri sobni temperaturi vsaj 12 ur.
Care should be taken that no worm will escape from the test vessels within this time.
Suspenzija tal (ki vsebuje vsaj 5 g tal) se nato naredi v petkratni prostornini tal z 1 M raztopine analitsko čistega kalijevega klorida (KCl) ali 0,01 M raztopine analitsko čistega kalcijevega klorida (CaCl2).
A loading of 10 earthworms in 500-600 g dry mass of artificial soil (i.e. 50-60 g of soil per worm) is recommended.
Suspenzija se nato pet minut temeljito stresa in se nato vsaj 2 uri in največ 24 ur pusti, da se usede.
If larger quantities of soil are used, as might be the case if testing pesticides with special modes of application such as seed dressings, the loading of 50-60 g of soil per worm should be maintained by increasing the number of worms.
Vrednost pH tekoče faze se nato meri z merilnikom vrednosti pH, ki je pred vsako meritvijo umerjen z ustreznimi vrstami pufrskih raztopin (npr. pH 4,0 in 7,0).
Ten worms are prepared for each control and treatment container.
Gojenje deževnikov vrste Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei