natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Risk Capital Guidelines 2006/C-194/02: ‘Business angels’ means wealthy private individuals who invest directly in young, new and growing unquoted business (seed finance) and provide them with advice, usually in return for an equity stake in the business, but may also provide other long-term finance.
Merila, ki lahko pomagajo ugotoviti prisotnost raziskav in razvoja v storitvenih dejavnostih, med drugim vključujejo:(1) „povezave z javnimi raziskovalnimi laboratoriji“: to merilo bi lahko bilo izpolnjeno zaradi sodelovanja družbe ValDeal z Univerzo za tehnologijo in ekonomijo v Budimpešti in Univerzo Corvinus v Budimpešti; (2) „vključenost zaposlenih z doktoratom ali študentov doktorskega študija“: to merilo bi lahko bilo izpolnjeno zaradi sodelovanja več zaposlenih z doktoratom pri izvajanju projekta; (3) „objavo rezultatov raziskav v znanstvenih revijah, organizacijo znanstvenih konferenc ali sodelovanje pri znanstvenih presojah“: to merilo bi lahko bilo izpolnjeno zaradi 20 do 30 predavanj družbe ValDeal na temo projekta na različnih konferencah; (4) „izgradnjo prototipov ali pilotnih objektov […]“: to merilo bi lahko bilo izpolnjeno zaradi dejstva, da je družba ValDeal med letoma 2007 in 2010 dosledno razvijala in preskušala model na več kot 500 projektih.
Risk Capital Guidelines 2006/C-194/02: ‘Seed capital’ means financing provided to study, assess and develop an initial concept, preceding the start-up phase.
http://ec.europa.eu/prelex/detail_dossier_real.cfm?CL=sl&DosId=199719.
Sources: Bundik, 2008.
Priročnik Frascati: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Predlagana standardna praksa za ankete o raziskavah in eksperimentalnem razvoju), FRASCATI MANUAL 2002, ISBN 92-64-19903-9, © OECD 2002.
Commission Decision (EU) 2016/2395
Sklep Komisije (EU) 2016/2395
on State aid SA.32619 (2012/C (ex 2011/N)) notified by the Kingdom of Spain for the compensation of certain costs for the release of the digital dividend
o državni pomoči SA.32619 (2012/C (prej 2011/N)), ki jo je Kraljevina Španija priglasila za nadomestilo določenih stroškov za sprostitev digitalne dividende
(notified under document C(2016) 4886)
(notificirano pod dokumentarno številko C(2016) 4886)
Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 108(2) thereof,
ob upoštevanju Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije in zlasti člena 108(2) PDEU,
Having called on interested parties to submit their comments pursuant to the provisions cited above [1], and having regard to their comments,
po pozivu vsem zainteresiranim stranem, naj predložijo svoje pripombe v skladu z navedenimi določbami [1], in ob upoštevanju teh pripomb,
On 5 July 2011 the Spanish authorities notified to the Commission two State aid measures.
Španski organi so 5. julija 2011 Komisiji priglasili dva ukrepa državne pomoči.
Measure I concerned subsidies for dwellers of collective buildings who, in order to ensure the continuity of the reception of the Free-to-air (‘FTA’) [2] channels so far broadcasted on the 790-862 MHz (‘800 MHz’) band, needed to upgrade the existing Digital Terrestrial Television (‘DTT’) infrastructure or switch to another platform of their choice.
Prvi ukrep se je nanašal na subvencije za prebivalce skupnih zgradb, ki so morali posodobiti obstoječo infrastrukturo digitalne prizemne televizije (v nadaljnjem besedilu: DTT) ali preklopiti na drugo platformo po svoji izbiri, da bi zagotovili nemoten sprejem nekodiranih kanalov (v nadaljnjem besedilu: FTA) [2], ki so bili dotlej oddajani v pasu 790–862 MHz (v nadaljnjem besedilu: 800 MHz).
Measure II foresaw compensation to public and private broadcasters for additional costs incurred due to the obligation to broadcast simultaneously during the process of the release of the Digital Dividend [3] (‘simulcast’).
Drugi ukrep je predvideval nadomestilo dodatnih stroškov javnim in zasebnim izdajateljem televizijskega programa, ki so nastali zaradi obveznosti sočasnega oddajanja med postopkom sprostitve digitalne dividende [3] (v nadaljnjem besedilu: sočasno oddajanje).
Following written exchanges with the Spanish authorities on the notified measures, the Commission adopted on 25 April 2012 a decision [4] not to raise objections for Measure I and to initiate the formal investigation procedure laid down in Article 108(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (‘Treaty’) in relation to Measure II both as regards public and private broadcasters.
Po izmenjavi dopisov s španskimi organi glede priglašenih ukrepov je Komisija 25. aprila 2012 sprejela sklep [4], da ne bo nasprotovala prvemu ukrepu, v zvezi z drugim ukrepom pa bo sprožila formalni postopek preiskave, določen v členu 108(2) Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije (v nadaljnjem besedilu: Pogodba), tako glede javnih kot tudi zasebnih izdajateljev televizijskega programa.
The Commission decision to initiate the procedure (‘opening decision’) was published on 19 July 2012 in the Official Journal of the European Union [5].
Sklep Komisije, da začne postopek (v nadaljnjem besedilu: sklep o začetku postopka), je bil 19. julija 2012 objavljen v Uradnem listu Evropske unije [5].
The Commission invited the interested parties to submit their comments on the measure in question.
Komisija je pozvala vse zainteresirane strani, naj predložijo svoje pripombe k zadevnemu ukrepu.
In addition, three meetings took place with them: the first in June 2014, the second in December 2014 and the third in March 2015.
Uredba je bila objavljena v španskem Uradnem listu [7] dne 6. avgusta 2014 [8].
The Commission also received comments from Abertis Telecom [6] (‘Abertis’) by letter dated 7 August 2012, from Sociedad Gestora de Televisión NET TV (‘NET TV’) by letter dated 14 August 2012, from Broadcast Networks Europe (‘BNE’) by letter dated 17 August 2012, from the European Broadcasting Union (‘EBU’) by letters dated 20 August 2012 and 21 June 2013, and finally from SES Astra (‘Astra’) by letters dated 19 August 2012 and 30 October 2012.
Španski organi niso predložili nobenih dodatnih sprememb priglasitve drugega ukrepa.
In the course of the investigation, several teleconferences and meetings were held: between the Commission and the EBU in June and December 2013 and in June and December 2014, and between the Commission and Astra in June, July and December 2013 and April and November 2014.
Glede na to, da so španski organi septembra 2014 umaknili del drugega ukrepa, ki se nanaša na javne izdajatelje televizijskega programa, je postal formalni postopek preiskave tega dela drugega ukrepa brezpredmeten.
The Spanish authorities provided observations on the comments of Astra on 12 December 2012.
Zato se je Komisija odločila, da ustavi formalni postopek preiskave tega dela drugega ukrepa.
On 3 September 2014 the Spanish authorities withdrew the notification concerning the compensation of simulcast costs incurred by public broadcasters (but not private broadcasters).
Ta sklep se nanaša izključno na priglašeno nadomestilo stroškov sočasnega oddajanja zasebnim izdajateljem televizijskega programa (v nadaljnjem besedilu: ukrep).
They have informed the Commission that Royal Decree 677/2014 on the granting of direct grants to public broadcasters aimed to cover the mentioned compensation on the basis of the concept of Services of General Economic Interest (‘SGEI’).
OPIS UKREPA
The Decree was published in the Spanish Official Gazette [7] on 6 August 2014 [8].
Ozadje
The Spanish authorities did not submit any further modifications to the notification on Measure II.
Koriščenje prednosti digitalne dividende z uporabo brezžičnega širokopasovnega omrežja za zagotovitev pokritja vseh območij, vključno z oddaljenimi in podeželskimi regijami, je pomemben cilj Evropske digitalne agende [9], zato predstavlja del strategije Evropa 2020 [10].
Considering that the part of Measure II that concerned public broadcasters was withdrawn by the Spanish authorities in September 2014, the formal investigation procedure as regards that part of Measure II has become without object.
Za izgradnjo brezžičnih omrežij potrebujejo mobilni operaterji omejene radijske frekvence za prenos signalov.
Therefore, the Commission has decided to close the formal investigation procedure on that part of Measure II.
Če v državah članicah te frekvence zasedajo prizemna televizijska omrežja, je treba izdajatelje prizemnega televizijskega programa bodisi prestaviti na drugo prenosno platformo (širokopasovni internet, kabel ali satelit) ali na drugo (neuporabljeno) frekvenco v razpoložljivem spektru, ki je primerna za ta namen.
This decision covers exclusively the notified compensation of simulcast costs to private broadcasters (‘Measure’).
Komisija je leta 2009 priporočila, naj države članice zagotovijo, da vse storitve radiodifuzije prizemne televizije prenehajo uporabljati analogno tehnologijo prenosa in podprejo regulativna prizadevanja za dajanje dragocenega frekvenčnega pasu 800 MHz na voljo za elektronske komunikacijske storitve.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MEASURE
Ta postopek se imenuje sprostitev digitalne dividende [11] in zadeva samo storitve radiodifuzije prizemne televizije.
Context
Sprostitev digitalne dividende povzroči prehodne stroške izdajateljem prizemnega televizijskega programa, ki vključujejo stroške za sočasno oddajanje signala v starem in novem frekvenčnem pasu [12].
Reaping the benefits of the Digital Dividend by using wireless broadband to ensure coverage of all areas, including remote and rural regions, is an important objective of the Digital Agenda for Europe [9] and thus part of the Europe 2020 Strategy [10].
2.2 Evropska politika o sprostitvi digitalne dividende
To build their wireless networks, mobile operators require scarce radio frequencies to transmit their signals.
V zadnjih letih se je sektor radiodifuzije močno spremenil zaradi uvedbe digitalnih tehnologij.
If in Member States these frequencies are occupied by terrestrial TV networks, terrestrial broadcasters have to be moved either to another transmission platform (broadband, cable or satellite) or to another (unused) frequency in the available spectrum suited for this purpose.
V primerjavi z analogno televizijo digitalno televizijsko oddajanje zagotavlja boljšo uporabo redkega frekvenčnega spektra, kar omogoča večje število televizijskih kanalov.
In 2009, the Commission recommended that Member States ensure that all terrestrial television broadcasting services cease using analogue transmission technology and support regulatory efforts aimed at making the valuable 800 MHz frequency band available for electronic communications services.
V sporočilu Komisije iz leta 2003 o prehodu z analogne na digitalno radiodifuzijo [13] so bile poudarjene prednosti prehoda na digitalno radiodifuzijo in sprožena je bila razprava o usmeritvah politike EU glede zadev, kot sta količina spektra, ki bo sproščen, in njegova prihodnja uporaba.
This process is called the release of the Digital Dividend [11] and concerns only the terrestrial television broadcasting services.
Posledica prehoda z analogne na digitalno radiodifuzijo je bila sprostitev dela radiofrekvenčnega (v nadaljnjem besedilu: RF) spektra, ki se je prej uporabljal za televizijsko radiodifuzijo.
The release of the Digital Dividend generates transition costs for terrestrial broadcasters which include costs for simultaneous broadcasting of the signal on the old and the new frequency bands [12].
To je omogočila večja učinkovitost digitalne tehnologije v primerjavi z analogno.
European policy on the release of the Digital Dividend
Sproščeni del spektra, ki je nastal zaradi te izboljšave, se imenuje „digitalna dividenda“.
In the past years the broadcasting sector has undergone major changes as a result of the introduction of digital technologies.
V mednarodnih sporazumih, na primer tistih, doseženih na območni konferenci o radijski komunikaciji (RRC-06) Mednarodne telekomunikacijske zveze (ITU) junija 2006 in svetovni konferenci o radijski komunikaciji ITU (WRC-07) novembra 2007, je bila določena soprimarna dodelitev pasu 800 MHz mobilnim storitvam poleg radiodifuzije in fiksnih storitev [14].
In comparison with analogue television, digital transmission of television provides for better use of the scarce frequency spectrum, allowing for more TV channels.
Vendar nekatere države članice, kot je Španija, na podlagi predhodne dodelitve teh frekvenc storitvam radiodifuzije med zgodnjim načrtovanjem prehoda z analogne na digitalno tehnologijo niso predvidele možnosti ponovne uporabe sproščenega spektra 800 MHz za nobene druge storitve, razen prizemno radiodifuzijo.
The 2003 Commission Communication on the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting [13] underlined the benefits of switching over to digital broadcasting and initiated the debate on EU policy orientations on issues such as amount of spectrum to be released and its future use.
Proti koncu leta 2007 je Komisija z vidika povečanja zahtev po RF spektru na svetovni ravni in učinkovitejših tehnologij proučila možnosti in ogromen potencial, tako komercialen kakor tudi glede inovacij in rasti, ki bi ga lahko ponudila digitalna dividenda, če bi se uporabila za zagotavljanje naprednih elektronskih komunikacijskih storitev.
The switch from analogue to digital broadcasting resulted in the release of a part of the radio frequency (‘RF’) spectrum that until then was used for TV broadcasting.
Komisija je sklenila, da bi popolno koriščenje digitalne dividende od držav članic zahtevalo sočasno dodelitev ustreznega spektra za elektronske komunikacijske storitve v najkrajšem možnem časovnem okviru [15].
This was possible thanks to greater efficiency of the digital technology compared to the analogue one.
V sporočilu Komisije iz leta 2009 o pretvorbi digitalne dividende v družbeno korist in gospodarsko rast [16] je bilo priporočeno, da države članice prenehajo uporabljati pas 800 MHz za radiodifuzne storitve z visokimi močmi in v celoti izvedejo sklep EU o tehnični uskladitvi do določenega datuma, določenega na ravni EU.
The freed part of the spectrum resulting from this improvement has been called ‘Digital Dividend’.
V Sklepu št. 243/2012/EU Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta [17] o vzpostavitvi večletnega programa politike radijskega spektra je bilo zahtevano, da vse države članice dodelijo pas 800 MHz za elektronske komunikacije do 1. januarja 2013 [18].
International agreements, such as those reached at the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Regional Radiocommunication Conference (RRC-06) in June 2006 and the ITU World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07) in November 2007, concluded on the co-primary allocation of the 800 MHz band to mobile services in addition to broadcasting and fixed services [14].
Sklep je Komisijo pooblastil, da do 31. decembra 2015 odobri posebna odstopanja v primeru izrednih nacionalnih ali lokalnih okoliščin ali težav pri čezmejni koordinaciji frekvenc [19].
However, on the basis of previous allocation of these frequencies to broadcasting services during the early planning of the switch from the analogue to the digital technology some Member States, such as Spain, did not consider the possibility of reusing the freed 800 MHz spectrum for services other than terrestrial broadcasting.
Razvoj digitalne dividende v Španiji
Towards the end of 2007, in the light of the worldwide increase in RF spectrum demand and of the more efficient technologies, the Commission studied the possibilities and enormous potential, both commercial and in terms of innovation and growth, which the Digital Dividend could offer if it was used to provide advanced electronic communication services.
Španija je prehod na DTT zaključila 3. aprila 2010, s čimer je bila zaključena analogna radiodifuzija.
The Commission concluded that reaping the full benefits of the Digital Dividend would require Member States' simultaneous assignment of the relevant spectrum for electronic communication services in the shortest possible timeframe [15].
Glede na to, da pravna podlaga za prehod z analogne na digitalno prizemno radiodifuzijo – Nacionalni tehnični načrt DTT (v nadaljnjem besedilu: NTP) [20] – izvira iz leta 2005, takrat niso bili narejeni načrti za uporabo spektra (ki ga je ITU dodelila prizemni televiziji) za druge namene.
The 2009 Commission Communication on transforming the Digital Dividend into social benefits and economic growth [16] recommended that the Member States should cease using the 800 MHz band for high-power broadcasting services and fully implement the EU technical harmonisation decision by a certain date agreed at the EU level.
To dejstvo je imelo dve posledici:
Finally, Decision No 243/2012/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council [17] establishing a multiannual radio spectrum policy programme required that all Member States assign the 800 MHz band for electronic communications by 1 January 2013 [18].
Ves spekter, ki je bil sproščen po ukinitvi analogne radiodifuzije, je bil leta 2005 rezerviran izključno za storitve prizemne televizije, da bi se povečalo število razpoložljivih kanalov.
The decision authorised the Commission to grant specific derogations until 31 December 2015 in the event of exceptional national or local circumstances or cross-border frequency coordination problems [19].
Istega leta je španska vlada sprejela odločitev o uporabi pasu za uvedbo prvih oddajnikov DTT, da bi pospešila uvedbo nove digitalne prizemne tehnologije, ne da bi bila potrebna predhodna sprostitev spektra.
Evolution of the Digital Dividend in Spain
NTP in poznejši regulativni ukrepi so ozemlje Španije razdelili na tri območja:
Spain completed its transition to DTT on 3 April 2010, which terminated analogue broadcasts.
Območje I – pokriva 96 % španskega prebivalstva, kjer so izdajatelji televizijskega programa sami krili stroške prehoda.
Given that the legal basis for the switchover from analogue to digital terrestrial broadcasting — the DTT National Technical Plan (‘NTP’) [20] — dated back to 2005, at that time no plans had been made to use the spectrum (allocated by ITU for terrestrial TV) for other purposes.
Na tem območju je bil prehod obvezen zaradi obveznosti širokega pokritja, ki jo vsebujejo licence izdajateljev televizijskega programa, in v zameno državna pomoč ni bila zagotovljena.
This fact had two consequences:
Naložbe v digitalizacijo omrežja so bile prepuščene izdajateljem televizijskega programa in/ali operaterjem platform.
The entire spectrum that was released after the analogue switch-off was exclusively reserved in 2005 for terrestrial television services, in order to increase the number of available channels.
Območje II – pokriva 2,5 % španskega prebivalstva v manj urbaniziranih in oddaljenih območjih, kjer izdajatelji televizijskega programa niso imeli tržnega interesa za zagotavljanje posodobljene storitve.
The same year, the Spanish Government decided to use the band for the rollout of the first DTT transmitters to facilitate the introduction of the new digital terrestrial technology, without requiring prior clearing of the spectrum.
Zaradi nasprotovanja izdajateljev televizijskega programa finančnemu sodelovanju pri posodobitvi oddajnih centrov, potrebnih za prenos njihovih signalov, je razširitev pokritja financirala država [21].
The NTP and subsequent regulatory measures divided the territory of Spain into three areas:
Območje III – pokriva preostali del španskega prebivalstva in predstavlja območje, kjer zaradi topografije ni mogoče zagotavljati televizijske storitve prek prizemne platforme, zato se zagotavlja prek satelita.
Area I — covers 96 % of the Spanish population, where broadcasters bore the switchover costs themselves.
Digitalni prehod je povzročil tudi določene stroške gledalcem.
As regards this area, the switchover was compulsory due to the extensive coverage obligation contained in the broadcasters' licences and no State aid was provided in return.
Posamezna gospodinjstva, ki se nahajajo v območjih I in II, so morala plačati za dekodirne naprave, da so svoje televizijske sprejemnike prilagodila na DTT.
It was up to the broadcasters and/or the platform operators to invest in the digitisation of the network.
Prebivalci skupnih zgradb so morali dodatno plačati za prilagoditev svoje sprejemne infrastrukture na digitalni signal.
Area II — covers around 2,5 % of the Spanish population in less urbanised and remote areas where broadcasters had no commercial interest in providing their upgraded service.
Prebivalci območja III pa so morali pridobiti opremo za satelitski sprejem, ki so jo v nekaterih primerih delno ali v celoti financirali regionalni ali lokalni organi [22].
Due to the opposition of broadcasters to participate financially in the upgrading of the transmission centres necessary to transmit their signals, the state funded the extension of coverage [21].
Novembra 2007, več kot dve leti po odobritvi NTP, je ITU sprejel odločitev o dodelitvi pasu 800 MHz elektronskim komunikacijskim storitvam na soprimarni podlagi.
Area III — covers the remaining part of the Spanish population and represents an area where due to topography it is not possible to provide the TV service via terrestrial platform and where it is done by satellite.
Na ta datum je pokritje z DTT prek pasu 800 MHz v Španiji dosegala že med 80 % in 90 % prebivalstva.
The digital switchover also imposed some costs on the viewers.
Španija se je nato maja 2009 odločila, da bo pas 800 MHz namenila elektronskim komunikacijam.
Individual households located in Areas I and II had to pay for decoder devices to adapt their TV-sets to DTT.
Pravna podlaga najave je Zakon o trajnostni ekonomiji [23].
Residents of collective buildings had to pay in addition for adapting their reception infrastructure to the digital signal.
Zakon določa, da se frekvenčni pas 800 MHz večinoma uporablja za zagotavljanje naprednih elektronskih komunikacijskih storitev v skladu z usklajenimi uporabami, sprejetimi v EU [24].
The residents of Area III had in turn to acquire the satellite reception equipment, in some cases partially or totally financed by the regional or local authorities [22].
Člen 51 Zakona o trajnostni ekonomiji vzpostavlja pravico javnih in zasebnih izdajateljev televizijskega programa do finančnega nadomestila vseh stroškov, povezanih s prerazporeditvijo uporabe spektra, potrebno za sprostitev frekvenčnega pasu 800 MHz, predvsem stroškov sočasnega oddajanja [25].
In November 2007, more than two years after the approval of the NTP, the ITU decided to allocate the 800 MHz band to electronic communication services on a co-primary basis.
Ta določba nacionalne zakonodaje je zato pravna podlaga ukrepa.
On that date, the DTT coverage through the 800 MHz band had reached in Spain already between 80 % and 90 % of the population.
Glede na to, da so izdajatelji televizijskega programa DTT uporabljali pas 800 MHz v času spremembe njegovega namena za elektronske komunikacijske storitve [26], je bilo treba te izdajatelje televizijskega programa prestaviti s kanalov, ki so jih takrat uporabljali, na druge kanale v pasu 694–790 MHz (v nadaljnjem besedilu: 700 MHz).
Spain then decided in May 2009 that it would designate the 800 MHz band for electronic communications.
Ta postopek je bil določen v skladu s Kraljevo uredbo 365/2010 [27], ki je urejal dodelitev multipleksov DTT po ukinitvi analogne radiodifuzije.
The announcement had regulatory backing through the Act on Sustainable Economy [23].
Kraljeva uredba 365/2010 vključuje zagotovitev petih multipleksov [28], ki bi nadomestili tiste, ki so se uporabljali v pasu 800 MHz.
The Act provides that the 800 MHz frequency band shall be mainly used for the provision of advanced electronic communication services, in line with the harmonised uses agreed in the EU [24].
Ta prehod je povzročil naslednje težave:
Article 51 of the Act on Sustainable Economy establishes the right of both public service and private broadcasters to financial compensation of all costs relating to the reallocation of spectrum usage needed for the liberation of the 800 MHz frequency band, most particularly the simulcast costs [25].
zagotovitev prehodnega obdobja, v katerem so se morali digitalni televizijski signali sočasno oddajati v pasovih 800 MHz in 700 MHz, ker takojšen prehod na nove multiplekse ni bil mogoč,