natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Normal behaviour is characterised by the tadpoles being suspended in the water column with tail elevated above the head, regular rhythmic tail fin beating, periodic surfacing, operculating, and being responsive to stimulus.
Datum (21. dan):
Abnormal behaviour would include, for example, floating on the surface, lying on the bottom of the tank, inverted or irregular swimming, lack of surfacing activity, and being nonresponsive to stimulus.
Zbirni listi za neobdelane podatke za 7. in 21. dan
In addition, gross differences in food consumption between treatments should be recorded.
DAN X
Gross malformations and lesions could include morphological abnormalities (e.g. limb deformities), hemorrhagic lesions, bacterial or fungal infections, to name a few.
DATUM 00/00/00
These determinations are qualitative and should be considered akin to clinical signs of disease/stress and made in comparison to control animals.
Številka tretiranja
If the occurrence or rate of occurrence is greater in exposed tanks than in the controls, then these should be considered as evidence for overt toxicity.
Številka ponovitve
Data Collection
Številka osebka
All data should be collected using electronic or manual systems which conform to good laboratory practices (GLP).
Označba osebka
Characterisation of the test chemical:
Dolžina SVL (mm)
physical-chemical properties;
Dolžina zadnjega kraka (mm)
information on stability and biodegradability;
Mokra teža celotnega organizma (mg) VRSTICA
Chemical information and data:
Izračunani povzeti podatki o končnih točkah za 7. in 21. dan
method and frequency of preparation of dilutions.
Izračuni v celicah so povezani z vnesenimi podatki iz tabele 2.
Test chemical information includes actual and nominal concentrations of the test chemical, and in some cases, non-parent chemical, as appropriate.
Teža (mg)
Test chemical measurements may be required for stock solutions as well as for test solutions;
TRET.
Solvent (if other than water):
PON.
justification of the choice of solvent, and characterisation of solvent (nature, concentration used);
MEDIANA
Operational records:
MAKS
these consist of observations pertaining to the functioning of the test system and the supporting environment and infrastructure.
SREDINA
Typical records include:
ST.
ambient temperature, test temperature, photoperiod, status of critical components of the exposure system (e.g. pumps, cycle counters, pressures), flow rates, water levels, stock bottle changes, and feeding records.
ODKL.
General water quality parameters include:
Podatki o dnevni smrtnosti
pH, DO, conductivity, total iodine, alkalinity, and hardness;
Izračuni v celicah so povezani z vnesenimi podatki iz tabele 1.
Deviations from the test method:
Dan preskusa
this information should include any information or narrative descriptions of deviations from the test method;
Število ponovitev
Biological observations and data:
Število tretiranj
these include daily observations of mortality, food consumption, abnormal swimming behaviour, lethargy, loss of equilibrium, malformations, lesions, etc.
Tabela 5
Observations and data collected at predetermined intervals include:
Merila kakovosti vode
developmental stage, hind limb length, snout vent length, and wet weight;
Sistem izpostavljenosti (pretočni/s statičnim obnavljanjem)
Statistical analytical techniques and justification of techniques used;
Jakost svetlobe:
results of the statistical analysis preferably in tabular form;
Cikel svetlobe in teme:
Histological data:
Hrana:
these include narrative descriptions, as well as graded severity and incidence scores of specific observations, as detailed in the histopathology guidance document;
Stopnja hranjenja:
Ad hoc observations:
pH vode:
these observations should include narrative descriptions of the study that do not fit into the previously described categories.
Koncentracija jodida v preskusni vodi:
Data reporting
Tabela 6
Appendix 2 contains daily data collection spreadsheets that can be used as guidance for raw data entry and for calculations of summary statistics.
Povzetek kemičnih podatkov
Additionally, reporting tables are provided that are convenient for communicating summaries of endpoint data.
Kemijsko ime:
Reporting tables for histological assessments can be found in Appendix 2.
Številka CAS:
Performance Criteria and Test Acceptability/Validity
Tabela 7
Generally, gross deviations from the test method will result in unacceptable data for interpretation or reporting.
Tabele za histopatološko poročanje za glavna merila
Therefore, the following criteria in Table 4 have been developed as guidance for determining the quality of the test performed, the general performance of the control organisms.
Datum:
Table 4
Kemikalija:
Performance criteria for the AMA
Patolog:
Criterion
Hipertrofija ščitnične žleze
Acceptable limits
Atrofija ščitnične žleze
Test concentrations
Hipertrofija folikularnih celic
Maintained at ≤ 20 % CV (variability of measured test concentration) over the 21 day test
Hiperplazija folikularnih celic
Mortality in controls
Oznaka kontrolne živali – ponovitev 1
≤ 10 % — mortality in any one replicate in the controls should not exceed 2 tadpoles
Oznaka preskusne živali – ponovitev 1
Minimum median developmental stage of controls at end of test
Oznaka kontrolne živali – ponovitev 2
Spread of development stage in control group
Oznaka preskusne živali – ponovitev 2
The 10th and the 90th percentile of the development stage distribution should not differ by more than 4 stages
Skupaj:
Dissolved Oxygen
Tabela 8
≥ 40 % air saturation [8]
Dodatna histopatološka merila
pH should be maintained between 6,5-8,5.
Povečanje območja svetline folikla
The inter-replicate/inter-treatment differentials should not exceed 0,5.
Zmanjšanje območja svetline folikla
± 1 °C — the inter-replicate/inter-treatment differentials should not exceed 0,5 °C
Tabela 9
Test concentrations without overt toxicity
Pripovedni opisi histopatoloških ugotovitev
Replicate performance
Pripovedni opis
≤ 2 replicates across the test can be compromised
Tabela 10
Special conditions for use of a solvent
Predloga tabele za poročanje za povzetke za dan x (7. ali 21. dan) AMA
If a carrier solvent is used, both a solvent control and clean water control should be used and results reported
Kontrola
See below for more information
Odmerek 2
Special conditions for static renewal system
Odmerek 3
Representative chemical analyses before and after renewal should be reported
Končna točka
Ammonia levels should be measured immediately prior to renewal
Ponovitev
All water quality parameters listed in Table 1of Appendix 1 should be measured immediately prior to renewal
Sredina
Renewal period should not exceed 72 hours
Vrednost p
Appropriate feeding schedule (50 % of the daily food ration of commercial tadpole feed)
Sredina:
Valid experiment in a test determined to be negative for thyroid activity:
Tabela za poročanje za povzetke za dan × (7. ali 21. dan) AMA
For any given treatment (including controls), mortality cannot exceed 10 %.
Mediana
For any given replicate, mortality cannot exceed three tadpoles, otherwise the replicate is considered compromised
Min.
At least two treatment levels, with all four uncompromised replicates, should be available for analysis
Maks.
At least two treatment levels without overt toxicity should be available for analysis
Alternativna analiza teže in dolžine, kadar je razvojna faza pozna pri več kot 20 % paglavcev v eni koncentraciji ali več
Valid experiment in a test determined to be positive for thyroid activity:
Če večje število paglavcev v eni ali več nominalnih koncentracijah kaže razvojno fazo, višjo od 60. (≥ 20 %), je treba pri vseh paglavcih opraviti dvofaktorsko analizo variance in ugnezdeno strukturo variance, da se ocenijo učinki na rast zaradi kemične obdelave, pri čemer se upošteva učinek pozne razvojne faze na rast.
Mortality of no more than two tadpoles/replicate in the control group can occur
Priporoča se uporaba vseh podatkov, vendar je treba upoštevati učinek pozne razvojne faze.
Decision logic for the conduct of the AMA
To omogoča dvofaktorska analiza variance z ugnezdeno strukturo variance.
Decision logic was developed for the AMA to provide logical assistance in the conduct and interpretation of the results of the bioassay (see flow chart in Figure 3).
Če je razvojna faza živali 61. ali višja, je treba za pozno fazo izbrati „da“ (LateStage = „Yes“).
The decision logic, in essence, weighs the endpoints in that advanced development, asynchronous development and thyroid histopathology are weighed heavily, while delayed development, snout-vent length and wet body weight, parameters that can potentially be affected by general toxicity, are weighed less heavily.
V nasprotnem primeru je treba izbrati „ne“ (LateStage = „No“).
Advanced development (determined using developmental stage, SVL and HLL)
Nato se lahko izvede dvofaktorska analiza variance s koncentracijo in LateStage ter njuno povezanostjo, pri čemer je Rep(Conc) naključni faktor, Tadpole(Rep) pa še en naključni učinek.
Advanced development is only known to occur through effects which are thyroid hormone related.
Ponovitev se še vedno obravnava kot enota analize in zagotavlja v glavnem enake rezultate kot tehtana analiza sredin rep*latestage, tehtana s številom živali na sredino.
These may be peripheral tissue effects such as direct interaction with the thyroid hormone receptor (such as with T4) or effects which alter circulating thyroid hormone levels.
Če podatki ne upoštevajo zahtev analize variance glede normalnosti ali homogenosti varianc, se lahko izvede pretvorba normalizirane porazdelitve, v čimer se odstrani navedena ovira.
In either case, this is considered sufficient evidence to indicate that the chemical has thyroid activity.
Poleg standardnih F-preskusov analize variance za učinke Conc, LateStage in njihovih povezanosti se lahko interakcijski F-preskus razdeli na dva dodatna F-preskusa analize variance, pri čemer se en uporablja za srednje odzive pri koncentracijah za LateStage=„No“, drugi pa za srednje odzive pri koncentracijah za LateStage = „Yes“.
Advanced development is evaluated in one of two ways.
Dodatne primerjave sredin tretiranj glede na kontrolo se izvedejo v vsaki fazi LateStage.
First, the general developmental stage can be evaluated using the standardised approach detailed in Nieuwkoop and Faber (8).
Izvedejo se lahko analize trenda z ustreznimi nasprotji ali enostavne primerjave parov, če obstajajo dokazi nemonotonega odziva na odmerek v okviru ene stopnje spremenljivke LateStage.
Second, specific morphological features may be quantified, such as hind limb length, at both days 7 and 21, which is positively associated with agonistic effects on the thyroid hormone receptor.
Bonferroni-Holmova prilagoditev vrednostim p se izvede le, če ustrezen F-del ni pomemben.
If statistically significant advances in development or hind limb length occur, then the test indicates that the chemical is thyroid active.
To se lahko naredi v SAS in predvidoma v drugih statističnih programskih paketih.
The evaluation of test animals for the presence of accelerated development relative to the control population will be based on results of statistical analyses performed for the following four endpoints:
Zapleti se lahko pojavijo, če v nekaterih koncentracijah ni živali v pozni fazi, vendar se lahko ti primeri rešijo neposredno.
hind limb length (normalised by SVL) on study day 7
Ta preskusna metoda ustreza Smernici za preskušanje OECD (TG) 232 (2009).
hind limb length (normalised by SVL) on study day 21
Zasnovana je za ocenjevanje učinkov kemikalij na sposobnost razmnoževanja skakačev v tleh.
developmental stage on study day 7
Temelji na obstoječih postopkih (1) (2).
developmental stage on study day 21.
Partenogenetska Folsomia candida in Folsomia fimetaria, ki se razmnožujeta spolno, sta dve najbolj razširjeni vrsti skakačev, ki sta primerni za gojenje in komercialno dostopni.
Statistical analyses of hind limb length should be performed based on measurements of the length of the left hind limb.
Kadar je treba oceniti posebne habitate, kjer ni teh vrst, se lahko postopek razširi tudi na druge vrste skakačev, če lahko izpolnijo merila za veljavnost preskusa.
Acceleration of development is then indicated by a significant increase of mean hind limb length (normalised) in a chemical treatment group compared to the control group on study day 7 and/or study day 21 (see Appendix 3).
Gostote populacije skakačev običajno dosežejo 105 m– 2 v tleh in plasteh preperelega listja v več kopenskih ekosistemih (3) (4).
Statistical analyses of developmental stage should be performed based on determination of developmental stages according to the morphological criteria described by Nieuwkoop and Faber (8).
Odrasli običajno merijo 0,5–5 mm, njihov prispevek k skupni živalski biomasi in dihanju tal pa je nizek in ocenjen na 1–5 % (5).
Acceleration of development is indicated when the multi-quantal analysis detects a significant increase of developmental stage values in a chemical treatment group compared to the control group on study day 7 and/or study day 21.
Njihova najpomembnejša vloga bi zato lahko bila potencialno reguliranje procesov z mikrobivorizmom in plenjenjem mikrofavne.
In the AMA test method, a significant effect on any of the four endpoints mentioned above is regarded sufficient for a positive detection of accelerated development.
Skakači so plen za številne endogeične in epigeične nevretenčarje, kot so pršice, strige, pajki, krešiči in kratkokrilci.
That is, significant effects on hind limb length at a specific time point do not require corroboration by significant effects on hind limb length at the alternative time point nor by significant effects on developmental stage at this specific time point.
Skakači prispevajo k procesom razpadanja v kislih tleh, kjer bi lahko bili najpomembnejši talni nevretenčarji poleg enhitrejev, ker tam običajno ni deževnikov in dvojnonog.
In turn, significant effects on developmental stage at a specific time point do not require corroboration by significant effects at developmental stage on the alternative time point nor by significant effects on hind limb length at this specific time point.
F. fimetaria se nahaja po vsem svetu in je pogosto v različnih vrstah tal od peščenih do ilovnatih in od humusa do trhline.
The weight of evidence for accelerated development will nevertheless increase if significant effects are detected for more than one endpoint.
Je skakač, ki nima oči in pigmenta.
The inability to clearly establish the developmental stage of an organism using the suite of morphological endpoints considered typical of any given stage indicates that the tissues are developing asynchronously through metamorphosis.
Njegova interakcija poteka prek paše z infekcijami patogenih gliv (7) in lahko vpliva na mikorizo, kot je znano za F. candida.
Asynchronous development is an indicator of thyroid activity.
Tako kot večina vrst skakačev se razmnožuje spolno, pri čemer morajo biti samci stalno prisotni zaradi oploditve jajčec.
The only known modes of action causing asynchronous development are through effects of chemicals on peripheral thyroid hormone action and/or thyroid hormone metabolism in developing tissues such as is observed with deiodinase inhibitors.
Tudi F. candida se nahaja povsod po svetu.
The evaluation of test animals for the presence of asynchronous development relative to the control population will be based on gross morphological assessment of test animals on study day 7 and study day 21.
Čeprav običajno ni prisotna v večini naravnih tal, se v večjem številu pogosto nahaja v tleh, bogatih s humusom.
The description of normal development of Xenopus laevis by Nieuwkoop and Faber (8) provides the framework for identifying a sequential order of normal tissue remodelling.
Ima dobro razvito furko (skakalni organ), se aktivno premika s tekom in takoj skoči, če je ogrožen.
The term “asynchronous development” refers specifically to those deviations in tadpole gross morphological development that disallow the definitive determination of a developmental stage according to the criteria of Nieuwkoop and Faber (8) because key morphological landmarks show characteristics of different stages.
Ekološka vloga F. candida je podobna vlogi F. fimetaria, vendar so njen habitat organsko bogatejša tla.
As implicated by the term “asynchronous development”, only cases showing deviations in the progress of remodelling of specific tissues relative to the progress of remodelling of other tissues should be considered.
Razmnožuje se partenogenetsko.
Some classical phenotypes include delay or absence of fore limb emergence despite normal or advanced development of hind limbs and tail tissues, or the precocious resorption of gills relative to the stage of hind limb morphogenesis and tail resorption.
Samcev je manj kot eden na tisoč.
An animal will be recorded as showing asynchronous development if it cannot be assigned to a stage because it fails to meet a majority of the landmark developmental criteria for a given Niewkoop and Faber stage (8), or if there is extreme delay or acceleration of one or more key features (e.g. tail completely resorbed, but forelimbs not emerged).
Sinhroni odrasli (F. fimetaria) ali mladi (F. candida) skakači so izpostavljeni različnim koncentracijam preskusne kemikalije, premešane v spremenjena umetna tla (8) s 5-odstotno vsebnostjo organske snovi (ali alternativna tla).
This assessment is performed qualitatively and should examine the full suite of landmark features listed by Nieuwkoop and Faber (8).
Potek preskusa se lahko razdeli na dva koraka:
However it is not necessary to record the developmental state of the various landmark features of animals being observed.
preskus za določanje območja delovanja, če ni na voljo ustreznih informacij o strupenosti, v katerem sta smrtnost in razmnoževanje glavni končni točki, ki se ocenjujeta po dveh tednih za F. fimetaria in treh tednih za F. candida,
Animals recorded as showing asynchronous development are not assigned to a Nieuwkoop and Faber (8) development stage.
končni preskus razmnoževanja, v katerem se ocenjujeta skupno število mladičev, ki so jih ustvarili starši, in preživetje staršev.
Thus, a central criterion for designating cases of abnormal morphological development as “asynchronous development” is that the relative timing of tissue remodelling and tissue morphogenesis is disrupted whereas the morphology of affected tissues is not overtly abnormal.
Ta končni preskus traja tri tedne za F. fimetaria ali štiri tedne za F. candida.
One example to illustrate this interpretation of gross morphological abnormalities is that retarded hind limb morphogenesis relative to development of other tissues will fulfil the criterion of “asynchronous development” whereas cases showing missing hind limbs, abnormal digits (e.g. ectrodactyly, polydactyly), or other overt limb malformations should not be considered as “asynchronous development”.
Strupeni učinek preskusne kemikalije na smrtnost odraslih in njihovo sposobnost razmnoževanja se izrazi kot LCx in ECx s prilagajanjem podatkov ustreznemu modelu z nelinearno regresijo, da se oceni koncentracija, ki bi povzročila x-odstotno smrtnost ali manjšo sposobnost razmnoževanja, ali pa kot vrednost NOEC/LOEC (9).
In this context, the major morphological landmarks that should be evaluated for their coordinated metamorphic progress should include hind limb morphogenesis, fore limb morphogenesis, fore limb emergence, the stage of tail resorption (particularly the resorption of the tail fin), and head morphology (e.g. gill size and stage of gill resorption, lower jaw morphology, protrusion of Meckel's cartilage).
Priporočljivo je, da so znane fizikalne lastnosti, topnost v vodi, log Kow, porazdelitveni koeficient tla/voda in parni tlak preskusne kemikalije.
Dependent on the mode of chemical action, different gross morphological phenotypes can occur.
Zaželene so dodatne informacije o končnem stanju preskusne kemikalije v tleh, kot so stopnje fotolize in hidrolize ter biotska razgradnja.
Some classical phenotypes include delay or absence of fore limb emergence in spite of normal or advanced development of hind limbs and tail tissues, precocious gill resorption relative to hind limb and tail remodelling.
Kadar so na voljo kemijska identifikacija preskusne kemikalije v skladu z nomenklaturo IUPAC, številka CAS, serija, skupina, strukturna formula in čistost, jih je treba dokumentirati.
Histopathology
Ta preskusna metoda se lahko uporabi za kemikalije, ki so v vodi topne ali netopne.
If the chemical does not cause overt toxicity and does not accelerate development or cause asynchronous development, then histopathology of the thyroid glands is evaluated using the appropriate guidance document (9).
srednja smrtnost pri odraslih na koncu preskusa ne sme presegati 20 %,
Developmental retardation, in the absence of toxicity, is a strong indicator of anti-thyroid activity, but the developmental stage analysis is less sensitive and less diagnostic than the histopathological analysis of the thyroid gland.
povprečno število mladičev na posodo mora biti na koncu preskusa vsaj 100,
Therefore, conducting histopathological analyses of the thyroid glands is required in this case.
koeficient variacije, izračunan za število mladičev, mora biti na koncu končnega preskusa manj kot 30 %.
Effects on thyroid gland histology have been demonstrated in the absence of developmental effects.
Referenčno kemikalijo je treba preskusiti pri koncentraciji EC50 za izbrano vrsto preskusnih tal v rednih časovnih razmikih ali jo po možnosti vključiti v vsak preskusni vzorec, da se preveri, ali je raven odziva preskusnih organizmov v preskusnem sistemu normalna.
If changes in thyroid histopathology occur, then the chemical is considered to be thyroid active.
Ustrezna referenčna kemikalija je borova kemikalija, ki mora razmnoževanje zmanjšati za 50 % (10) (11) pri približno 100 mg/kg suhe teže tal za obe vrsti.
If no developmental delays or histological lesions are observed in the thyroid glands, then the chemical is considered to be thyroid inactive.
Ustrezne preskusne posode so posode, ki lahko zadržujejo 30 g vlažne prsti.
The rationale for this decision is that the thyroid gland is under the influence of TSH and any chemical which alters circulating thyroid hormone sufficiently to alter TSH secretion will result in histopathological changes in the thyroid glands.
Izdelane morajo biti iz stekla ali inertne plastike (nestrupene).
Various modes and mechanisms of action can alter circulating thyroid hormone.
Vendar se je treba uporabi plastičnih posod izogibati, če se izpostavljenost preskusni kemikaliji zmanjša zaradi sorpcije.
So, while thyroid hormone level is indicative of a thyroid related effect, it is insufficient to determine which mode or mechanism of action is related to the response.
Preskusna posoda mora imeti presečno območje, ki omogoča dejansko globino tal v preskusni posodi od 2 do 4 cm.
Because this endpoint is not amenable to basic statistical approaches, the determination of an effect associated with exposure to a chemical shall be made through expert opinion by a pathologist.
Posode morajo imeti pokrove (npr. iz stekla ali polietilena), ki so zasnovani za zmanjšanje izhlapevanja vode, medtem ko omogočajo izmenjavo plinov med tlemi in atmosfero.
Delayed development (determined using developmental stage, HLL, BW, SVL)
Posoda mora biti vsaj delno prozorna, da omogoča prenos svetlobe.
Delayed development can occur through anti-thyroidal mechanisms and through indirect toxicity.
stereomikroskop,
Mild developmental delays coupled with overt signs of toxicity likely indicate a non-specific toxic effect.
prijemalke ali nizkotlačni sesalnik.
Evaluation of non-thyroidal toxicity is an essential element of the test to reduce the probability of false positive outcomes.
Priprava preskusnih tal
Excessive mortality is an obvious indication that other toxic mechanisms are occurring.
Uporabijo se spremenjena umetna tla (8) s 5-odstotno vsebnostjo organske snovi.
Similarly, mild reductions in growth, as determined by wet weight and/or SVL length, also suggest non-thyroidal toxicity.
Če umetna tla niso podobna naravnim, se lahko uporabijo tudi naravna tla.