natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Member States would need to factor in the period of validity of building permits, the length of construction and completion of building works and the targets in Article 9(1) of the EPBD to avoid falling short of the obligation to ensure that ‘by January 2021 all new buildings are NZEBs’.
DEUS tudi vključuje obveznosti v zvezi s SNPE, ki se nanašajo na obstoječe stavbe, brez ciljnih datumov ali obveznosti, da se določijo zahteve glede minimalne energijske učinkovitosti.
Policies and measures for the promotion of NZEB
Člen 9(2) DEUS državam članicam nalaga, da „oblikujejo politike in sprejmejo ukrepe, kot je določanje ciljev, da bi spodbudile preoblikovanje stavb, ki se obnavljajo, v skoraj nič-energijske stavbe, ter o tem obvestijo Komisijo v nacionalnih načrtih […]“.
Under Article 9(1), Member States must draw up national plans for increasing the number of NZEBs.
Podpora preoblikovanju obstoječega stavbnega fonda v SNPE v skladu s členom 9(2) DEUS bi kot element morala vključevati povečanje uporabe energije iz obnovljivih virov (člen 9(3)(c)).
The minimum elements to be included in the national plans are established in Article 9(3), as follows:
Dodatno člen 13(6) direktive EOV zahteva, da države članice v svojih gradbenih zakonskih in podzakonskih predpisih spodbujajo uporabo energije iz obnovljivih virov za ogrevanje in hlajenje.
‘The national plans shall include, inter alia, the following elements:
Cilj člena 9(2) je zato povečanje temeljitosti obnove z določitvijo nacionalnih politik podpore za obnovo obstoječih stavb, in sicer na višje ravni SNPE.
the Member State's detailed application in practice of the definition of nearly zero-energy buildings, reflecting their national, regional or local conditions, and including a numerical indicator of primary energy use expressed in kWh/m2 per year….;
Obveznost v členu 9(2) DEUS je dopolnjena z dolgoročno nacionalno gradbeno strategijo iz člena 4 Direktive 2012/27/EU Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta [22] (v nadaljnjem besedilu: direktiva o energijski učinkovitosti), ki bi s spodbujanjem financiranja in naložb v obnovo stavb morala voditi k višjim stopnjam obnove.
intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings, by 2015…;
Te dolgoročne strategije obnove združujejo zgornje elemente direktive o energijski učinkovitosti (stopnja obnove) in DEUS (temeljitost obnove).Okvirna opredelitev SNPE v DEUS ne razlikuje med novimi in obstoječimi stavbami.
information on the policies and financial or other measures (…..) including details of energy from renewable sources in new buildings and existing buildings undergoing major renovation in the context of Article 13(4) of Directive 2009/28/EC and Articles 6 and 7 of this Directive.’
Takšno razlikovanje bi lahko zavajalo potrošnike, na primer če bi obstajale različne energijske izkaznice za nove in obstoječe stavbe.
Supporting the transformation of existing buildings towards NZEB
„Preoblikovanje stavb, ki se obnavljajo, v SNPE“ zato pomeni obnovo v obsegu, ki omogoča, da so izpolnjene zahteve v zvezi z energijsko učinkovitostjo na ravni SNPE.
The EPBD also includes NZEB obligations relating to existing buildings without target dates or an obligation to set minimum energy performance requirements.
To ne preprečuje različnih rokov in finančne podpore za obstoječe stavbe, pri čemer se priznavajo daljši roki, ki so potrebni, da so ravni SNPE v primeru obstoječih stavb stroškovno optimalne.
Article 9(2) of the EPBD requires Member States to, ‘following the leading example of the public sector, develop policies and take measures such as the setting of targets in order to stimulate the transformation of buildings that are refurbished into NZEBs, and inform the Commission thereof in their national plans…’.
NAPREDEK DRŽAV ČLANIC PRI DOSEGANJU CILJA SNPE
Supporting the transformation of existing building stocks towards NZEBs under Article 9(2) of the EPBD should include as an element the increase of energy from renewable sources (Article 9(3)(c)).
Uporabljene nacionalne opredelitve SNPE
In addition Article 13(6) of the RES Directive requires that Member States promote the use of renewable energy heating and cooling in their building codes and regulations.
Številčni kazalniki med državami članicami niso primerljivi, saj so v uporabi različne metodologije za izračun energijske učinkovitosti [23].
Article 9(2) aims therefore at increasing renovation depth by setting national support policies to refurbish existing buildings to deeper, NZEB levels.
Nekatere države so razširile področje uporabe številčnih kazalnikov z vključitvijo neobvezne porabe energije, npr. porabe energije v napravah.
The obligation in Article 9(2) of the EPBD is complemented by national long term building strategies under Article 4 of Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council [22] (EED), which should result in increased renovation rates through mobilising finance and investments in building renovation.
Ugotovitve kažejo, kako vključitev razsvetljave in naprav lahko vodi k bolj optimalnim rešitvam, zlasti kar zadeva porabo električne energije [24].
These long term renovation strategies bring together the above elements of the EED (renovation rate) and of the EPBD (renovation depth).The framework definition of NZEB in the EPBD does not differentiate between new and existing buildings.
Ob tem dejstvu razpoložljivi podatki [25] kažejo, da so zahteve zastavljene širše tam, kjer je bil določen številčen kazalnik, in sicer od 0 kWh/(m2.l) do 270 kWh/(m2.l) (kar vključuje porabo energije v napravah), in so podane predvsem kot poraba primarne energije v kWh/m2/l.
Having such differentiation may be misleading towards consumers, as would be the case if there were separate Energy Performance Certification ratings for new and for existing buildings.
Višje vrednosti se nanašajo predvsem na bolnišnice ali druge specializirane nestanovanjske stavbe.
‘Refurbishment into NZEB’ therefore means a refurbishment of a magnitude that allows the energy performance requirements of a NZEB level to be met.
Kar zadeva stanovanjske stavbe, je cilj večine držav članic imeti porabo primarne energije, ki ne presega 50 kWh/(m2.l).
This does not prevent having different timelines and financial support for existing buildings, in recognition of the longer period required for NZEB levels to be cost-optimal in the case of existing buildings.
Največja poraba primarne energije sega od 20 kWh/(m2.l) na Danskem ali 33 kWh/(m2.l) na Hrvaškem (obala) do 95 kWh/(m2.l) v Latviji.
PROGRESS BY MEMBER STATES TOWARDS NZEB
Veliko držav članic (Belgija (Bruselj), Estonija, Francija, Irska, Slovaška, Združeno kraljestvo, Bolgarija, Danska, Hrvaška (celinska), Malta, Slovenija) ima cilj 45 ali 50 kWh/(m2.l) [26].
Applied national definitions of NZEB
Kar zadeva delež energije iz obnovljivih virov, se poročila precej razlikujejo, pri čemer je samo nekaj držav opredelilo določen minimalni odstotek, večina pa uporablja kvalitativne izjave.
Numerical indicators are not comparable across Member States because different energy performance calculation methodologies are used [23].
Nobena država članica še ni poročala o zakonodajni ureditvi za primere, ko v utemeljenih posameznih primerih, v katerih je analiza stroškov in koristi med ocenjenim ekonomskim življenjskim ciklom negativna, ne bo upoštevala zahtev za SNPE, kot dopušča člen 9(6) DEUS.
Some Member States have extended the scope of the numerical indicator by including non-mandatory energy uses, e.g. energy use in appliances.
Ocena stanja iz oktobra 2014 [27] je pokazala, da so države članice v svojih nacionalnih načrtih in nacionalnih akcijskih načrtih za energijsko učinkovitost poročale o širokem razponu politik in ukrepov za podporo ciljem SNPE, čeprav pogosto ni jasno, v kakšnem obsegu so ti ukrepi usmerjeni posebej v SNPE.
Evidence shows how inclusion of lighting and appliances can result in more optimal solutions, especially for electricity use [24].
V primerjavi s stanjem v poročilu Komisije o napredku iz leta 2013 [28] se je število politik in ukrepov, o katerih so poročale države članice, povečalo.
With this caveat, the available evidence [25] shows that where a numerical indicator has been set, the requirements range rather widely from 0 kWh/(m2.y) to 270 kWh/(m2.y) (which includes energy use in appliances) and are mainly given as primary energy use in kWh/m2/y.
V več kot dveh tretjinah držav članic so v veljavi politike in ukrepi na področju ozaveščanja in izobraževanja, krepitve gradbene zakonodaje in energijskih izkaznic.
The higher values are mainly for hospitals or other specialised non-residential buildings.
Drugi načini za spodbujanje SNPE so finančni instrumenti in podporni ukrepi, vključno z npr. politikami spodbud, posojili po znižani obrestni meri, davčnimi izjemami, energijskimi bonusi za fizične osebe, podpornimi shemami za pridobivanje energije iz obnovljivih virov, svetovanjem in financiranjem za ogrožene sloje ter subvencioniranimi hipotekarnimi obrestnimi merami za energijsko učinkovite domove.
For residential buildings, most Member States aim to have a primary energy use not higher than 50 kWh/(m2.y).
Večina politik in ukrepov, o katerih so poročale države članice, se uporablja tudi za javne stavbe.
The maximal primary energy use ranges between 20 kWh/(m2.y) in Denmark or 33 kWh/(m2.y) in Croatia (Littoral) and 95 kWh/(m2.y) in Latvia.
Obseg ukrepov za javne stavbe se znatno razlikuje med državami članicami in sega od ukrepov samo za vladne stavbe do ukrepov za vse stavbe v javni lasti ali vse stavbe v javni uporabi.
Several countries (Belgium (Brussels), Estonia, France, Ireland, Slovakia, United Kingdom, Bulgaria, Denmark, Croatia (Continental), Malta, Slovenia) aim at 45 or 50 kWh/(m2.y) [26].
Nekatere države članice imajo tudi ukrepe posebej za javne stavbe.
As regards the share of renewable energy, the reporting is quite diverse, with only a few countries defining a specific minimum percentage and the majority making qualitative statements.
To so večinoma kampanje za spremljanje (npr. „NRClick“ je energijski obračunski sistem za primerjavo med različnimi občinami v Belgiji) in demonstracijski projekti (npr. v Nemčiji stavba z nično porabo energije za zvezno agencijo za okolje (Umweltbundesamt)).
No Member State has yet reported any legislative regime for not applying the NZEB requirements in specific and justifiable cases where the cost benefit analysis over the economic life cycle of the building in question is negative, as permitted under Article 9(6) of the EPBD.
Leta 2015 je bil pripravljen pregled statusov nacionalnih načrtov za SNPE za celotno EU [29].
An assessment of the state of play as of October 2014 [27] showed that Member States reported a wide range of policies and measures in support of the NZEB objectives in their national plans and National Energy Efficiency Action Plans, although it is often not clear to what extent these measures specifically target NZEB.
Ta nedavna analiza potrjuje trajen napredek, tako v številu kot v kakovosti nacionalnih ukrepov za spodbujanje SNPE, vključno s podrobno uporabo opredelitve, vmesnimi cilji do leta 2015 ter finančnimi in drugimi politikami.
Compared to the situation reported in the 2013 Commission progress report [28], the number of policies and measures reported from the Member States has increased.
To poročilo predstavlja več zglednih ali vodilnih političnih okvirov.
More than two thirds of the Member States have in place polices and measures in the categories of awareness raising and education, strengthening building regulation and energy performance certificates.
Nekatere države članice so ocenile koristi izvajanja SNPE.
Financial instruments and support measures, including e.g. incentive policies, loans with reduced interest rate, tax exemptions, energy bonuses for private individuals, grant schemes for installation of renewable energy, guidance and financing for at-risk populations and subsidised mortgage interest rates for energy efficient homes, are another focus to promote NZEB.
Ustvarjena bodo nova polna delovna mesta: v Bolgariji med 649 in 1180, na Poljskem med 4100 in 6200, v Romuniji med 1390 in 2203.
Most of the policies and measures reported by the Member States also apply to public buildings.
Nedavne študije kažejo, da je zmanjšanje porabe energije za 80 % in več ekonomsko izvedljivo pri gradnji SNPE v Evropi, čeprav se mešanica izbranih ukrepov močno spreminja s podnebjem.
The scope of measures for public buildings varies substantially between Member States ranging from central government buildings only to all publicly-owned buildings or all buildings used for public purposes.
Rezultati kažejo, kako je širok pristop k učinkovitosti v kombinaciji z ukrepi za energijo iz obnovljivih virov ob različnih stroških izvedljiv v celotni EU [30].
Some Member States also have specific measures for public buildings.
PRIPOROČILA
These are mainly monitoring campaigns (e.g.
Uporaba pojma stavbe s skoraj nično porabo energije v praksi: kdaj so ambicije za raven porabe energije v SNPE prenizke
‘NRClick’ is an energy accounting system for the comparison of different municipalities in Belgium) and demonstration projects (e.g. in Germany the Zero-energy building for the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt)).
Ta oddelek vsebuje splošna načela in dejavnike, za katere se državam članicam priporoča, da jih upoštevajo pri oblikovanju opredelitve SNPE, ki se uporablja na nacionalni ravni v skladu z DEUS.
An EU wide overview of the status of national plans for NZEB was prepared in 2015 [29].
Ne more obstajati enotna raven ambicij za SNPE v celotni EU.
New full time jobs will be created: between 649 and 1180 in Bulgaria, between 4100 and 6200 in Poland, between 1390 and 2203 in Romania.
Raven SNPE za nove stavbe ne more biti pod (manj strogo) stroškovno optimalno ravnjo za leto 2021, ki bo izračunana v skladu s členom 5 Direktive.
Bulgaria expects additional investments between EUR 38 and 69 million, Poland between EUR 240 and 365 million, and Romania between EUR 82 and 130 million.
Stroškovno optimalna raven je minimalna raven ambicij za učinkovitost SNPE.
Minimum primary energy requirements are foreseen between 70 kWh/m2/y (Bulgaria and Poland) and 100 kWh/m2/y (Romania) in 2015, but they will become between 30 kWh/m2/y and 50 kWh/m2/y in 2020.
Raven energijske učinkovitosti SNPE za nove stavbe bo določena z najboljšo tehnologijo, ki bo razpoložljiva in v tistem času razširjena na trgu, finančnimi vidiki ter pravnimi in političnimi premisleki na nacionalni ravni.
The percentage of renewable energy will pass from 20 % in 2015 to 40 % in 2020.
Oblikovanje številčnih primerjalnih vrednosti za kazalnike porabe primarne energije v SNPE na ravni EU je najbolj koristno, ko vrednosti, ki se primerjajo s temi primerjalnimi vrednostmi, izvirajo iz preglednih metodologij izračuna.
CO2 emissions will pass from 8-10 kgCO2/m2/y to 3-7 kgCO2/m2/y in 2020.
Trenutno so v pripravi standardi [31], ki omogočajo pregledno primerjavo nacionalnih in regionalnih metodologij izračuna.
Recent studies suggest that energy reductions of 80 % and more are economically feasible in new NZEB constructions in Europe, although the mix of selected measures varies strongly with climate.
Ob upoštevanju teh vidikov se primerjalne vrednosti običajno posredujejo v obliki potreb po energiji.
Results show how a broad approach to efficiency combined with renewable measures is feasible across the EU, at different costs [30].
Razlog za to je dejstvo, da so potrebe po energiji izhodišče za izračun primarne energije, zato je zelo nizka raven potreb po energiji za ogrevanje in hlajenje prvi pogoj za stavbe s skoraj nično porabo primarne energije.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Zelo majhne potrebe po energiji so tudi osnovni pogoj za dosego znatnega deleža energije iz obnovljivih virov in skoraj nično primarno energijo.
Application of the NZEB definition in practice: when is the ambition of a NZEB level of energy performance too low?
pisarne: 20–30 kWh/(m2.l) neto primarne energije ob tipično 80–90 kWh/(m2.l) porabe primarne energije, ki jo s 60 kWh/(m2.l) pokrijejo obnovljivi viri energije na kraju samem;
This section provides the general principles and factors that Member States are advised to take into account in developing the NZEB definition to be applied at national level, in line with the EPBD.
nove enodružinske hiše: 0–15 kWh/(m2.l) neto primarne energije ob tipično 50–65 kWh/(m2.l) porabe primarne energije, ki jo s 50 kWh/(m2.l) pokrijejo obnovljivi viri energije na kraju samem;
There cannot be a single level of ambition for NZEB across the EU.
oceansko območje:
Flexibility is needed to account for the impact of climatic conditions on heating and cooling needs and on the cost-effectiveness of packages of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources measures.
pisarne: 40–55 kWh/(m2.l) neto primarne energije ob tipično 85–100 kWh/(m2.l) porabe primarne energije, ki jo s 45 kWh/(m2.l) pokrijejo obnovljivi viri energije na kraju samem;
Nevertheless, the terms ‘nearly zero’ or ‘very low amount’ of energy introduced by the EPBD provide indications as to the extent and limits of Member States' discretion.
nove enodružinske hiše: 15–30 kWh/(m2.l) neto primarne energije ob tipično 50–65 kWh/(m2.l) porabe primarne energije, ki jo s 35 kWh/(m2.l) pokrijejo obnovljivi viri energije na kraju samem; in
NZEB definitions should aim at a nearly equalised energy balance.
celinsko območje:
The NZEB level for new buildings cannot be below (less stringent) than the 2021 cost-optimal level that will be calculated in accordance with Article 5 of the Directive.
nove enodružinske hiše: 20–40 kWh/(m2.l) neto primarne energije ob tipično 50–70 kWh/(m2.l) porabe primarne energije, ki jo s 30 kWh/(m2.l) pokrijejo obnovljivi viri energije na kraju samem;
The cost-optimal level is the minimum level of ambition for NZEB performance.
nordijsko območje:
The NZEB level of energy performance for new buildings will be determined by the best technology that is available and well introduced on the market at that time, financial aspects and legal and political considerations at national level.
pisarne: 55–70 kWh/(m2.l) neto primarne energije ob tipično 85–100 kWh/(m2.l) porabe primarne energije, ki jo s 30 kWh/(m2.l) pokrijejo obnovljivi viri energije na kraju samem;
Standards [31] are currently under finalisation to allow for transparent comparison of national and regional calculation methodologies.
Državam članicam se priporoča, da za pokritje nizkih potreb po energiji v stavbah uporabijo obnovljive vire energije v integriranem konceptu zasnove [33].
With these considerations in mind, benchmarks are usually provided in terms of energy needs.
Nekatere države članice so se odločile povezati raven SNPE z enim izmed najboljših razredov energijske učinkovitosti (npr. stavbni razred A++), kot je navedeno v energijski izkaznici.
Underlying reasons are the fact that energy needs are the starting point for the calculation of primary energy and therefore a very low level of energy need for heating and cooling is a vital pre-condition for nearly zero primary energy buildings.
Ta pristop, ko je združen z jasnim kazalnikom energijske učinkovitosti, je priporočljiv za posredovanje jasnih informacij investitorjem in usmerjanje trga proti SNPE.
Very low energy needs are also a precondition to achieve a significant share of energy from renewable energy sources and nearly zero primary energy.
Izpolnjevanje obveznosti za zagotovitev, da bodo od konca leta 2020 nove stavbe SNPE
Projecting the 2020 prices and technologies, benchmarks for the energy performance of NZEB are in the following ranges for the different EU climatic zones [32]: Mediterranean:
Priprava novih stavb za doseganje ciljev SNPE lahko zahteva prilagoditev obstoječih praks.
Offices: 20-30 kWh/(m2.y) of net primary energy with, typically, 80 — 90 kWh/(m2.y) of primary energy use covered by 60 kWh/(m2.y) of on-site renewable sources;
Zahteve glede minimalne energijske učinkovitosti in skoraj nične porabe energije bi bilo treba oceniti ob upoštevanju rokov iz člena 9(1).
New single family house: 0-15 kWh/m2.y) of net primary energy with, typically, 50-65 kWh/(m2.y) of primary energy use covered by 50 kWh/(m2.y) of on-site renewable sources;
Dodatno morajo države članice zagotoviti, da so predpisane sankcije za primer, če novogradnje ne izpolnjujejo zahtev glede energijske učinkovitosti.
Oceanic:
Za to bodo morda potrebne različne sankcije za novogradnje po preteku rokov za SNPE.
Offices: 40-55 kWh/(m2.y) of net primary energy with, typically, 85-100 kWh/(m2.y) of primary energy use covered by 45 kWh/(m2.y) of on-site renewable sources;
Državam članicam se priporoča, da te elemente čim prej ocenijo, da zagotovijo doseganje ciljev SNPE.
New single family house: 15-30 kWh/(m2.y) of net primary energy with, typically, 50-65 kWh/(m2.y) of primary energy use covered by 35 kWh/(m2.y) of on-site renewable sources; and
Prav tako se državam članicam priporoča, da opredelijo mehanizem, ki se bo uporabljal za spremljanje izpolnjevanja ciljev SNPE.
Continental:
V večini držav članic je bil za povečanje števila SNPE izbran širok nabor politik (npr. ozaveščanje in informiranje, izobraževanje in usposabljanje, krepitev gradbenih predpisov in energijske izkaznice, za katere so se odločili: Avstrija, Belgija, Bolgarija, Hrvaška, Ciper, Češka, Danska, Estonija, Finska, Francija, Nemčija, Madžarska, Irska, Italija, Latvija, Litva, Malta, Poljska, Portugalska, Švedska, Slovenija, Združeno kraljestvo).
New single family house: 20-40 kWh/(m2.y) of net primary energy with, typically, 50-70 kWh/(m2.y) of primary energy use covered by 30 kWh/(m2.y) of on-site renewable sources;
Vendar se zdi, da so politike včasih precej splošne in se nanašajo na „vse stavbe“.
Nordic:
Njihova podpora SNPE ni vedno dovolj jasna, prav tako ni jasno, v kakšnem obsegu prispevajo v praksi k doseganju ciljev SNPE v državi.
Offices: 55-70 kWh/(m2.y) of net primary energy with, typically, 85-100 kWh/(m2.y) of primary energy use covered by 30 kWh/(m2.y) of on-site renewable sources;
Zato se priporoča močnejša povezava med politikami, ukrepi in SNPE.
New single family house: 40-65 kWh/(m2.y) of net primary energy with, typically, 65-90 kWh/(m2.y) of primary energy use covered by 25 kWh/(m2.y) of on-site renewable sources.
Za spodbujanje posredovanja teh informacij je Komisija državam članicam dala na razpolago neobvezno predlogo, njena uporaba pa se priporoča za olajšanje primerljivosti in analize načrtov za SNPE [34].
Member States are advised to use renewable energy sources in an integrated design concept to cover the low energy requirements of buildings [33].
Najboljše prakse, ki so usmerjene v preoblikovanje obstoječega stavbnega fonda, segajo od tehnološke ozaveščenosti [35] in shem spodbud do finančnih instrumentov, davčnih mehanizmov, ekonomskih instrumentov, kot so sheme obveznosti varčevanja z energijo, tržnih instrumentov, kot so javno-zasebna partnerstva za spodbujanje obnavljanja stavb, ali središč za vse potrebno svetovanje in rešitve v zvezi z energijsko obnovo na enem mestu [36].
Some Member States have chosen to link the NZEB level to one of the best energy performance classes (e.g. building class A++), as specified in an energy performance certificate.
Pristop nekaterih držav članic, ki povezujejo finančno podporo za obnovo stavb z doseganjem visokih energijskih razredov, enakih ravni SNPE, se lahko obravnava kot dobra praksa za spodbujanje preoblikovanja nacionalnega stavbnega fonda v smeri SNPE.
This approach, when accompanied by a clear energy performance indicator, is recommended to give clear information to investors and drive the market towards NZEB.
V zadnjem desetletju je večina držav članic uvedla ukrepe, usmerjene v obstoječi stavbni fond, pred kratkim pa so bili v okviru nacionalnih strategij obnove, razvitih v skladu s členom 4 direktive o energijski učinkovitosti, opredeljeni novi, v prihodnost usmerjeni pristopi.
Meeting the obligation to ensure that new buildings are NZEB as of end of 2020
Države članice bi morale oblikovati čvrste mešanice instrumentov politike (pakete politike), odvisne samo delno od javnih proračunov.