natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Remove all worms from the test replicate at the sampling time, e.g. by suspending the sediment with overlying water and spreading the contents of each replicate on a shallow tray and picking the worms using soft steel forceps.
pHeq = 11,30 + log[HCO3].
Rinse them quickly with water in a shallow glass or steel tray.
92,760 mg.
Remove the excess water.
207,690 mg.
Transfer the worms carefully to a pre-weighed vessel and weigh them.
1,635 mg.
Sacrifice the worms by freezing (e.g. ≤ – 18 °C).
79,880 mg.
The presence and number of cocoons and/or juveniles should be recorded.
0,714 mg.
During the elimination phase, the worms purge their gut in clean sediment.
Normaliziranje s povprečnim odzivom kontrole povzroča nekatere temeljne težave in prinaša precej zapleteno strukturo variance.
If the purpose of a specific study is to measure the bioavailability and true tissue residues in the test organisms, then at least a sub-sample of treated animals (e.g. from three additional replicate vessels), preferably sampled during steady state, should be weighed, purged in clean water for a period of 6 hours (47), and weighed again before analysis.
Če je statistična analiza namenjena določanju vrednosti NOEC, je potrebna statistika glede na posodo (posamezne posode se štejejo za ponovitve).
Data on worm weight and body concentration of this sub-sample can then be compared to values obtained from un-purged worms.
Brown, D., Hitz, H. R., in Schäfer, L. (1981).
The worms designated for measurement of elimination should not be purged before the transfer to clean sediment to minimise additional stress for the animals.
King, E. F., in Painter H. A. (1986).
Preferably analyse the water, sediment, and worm samples immediately (i.e. within 1-2 d) after removal in order to prevent degradation or other losses and to calculate the approximate uptake and elimination rates as the test proceeds.
OECD (1984).
Immediate analysis also avoids delay in determining when a plateau has been reached.
Aktivno blato, preskus zaviranja dihanja.
Failing immediate analysis, the samples should be stored under appropriate conditions.
Smernica za preskušanje št. 209, Smernice za preskušanje kemikalij, OECD, Pariz.
Obtain information on the stability and proper storage conditions for the particular test substance before beginning the study, (e.g. duration and temperature of storage, extraction procedures, etc.).
Bealing, D. J. (2003).
If such information is not available and it is judged to be necessary, spiked control tissues can be run concurrently to determine storage stability.
Painter, H. A, Jones, K. (1963).
Quality of analytical method
Painter, H. A. (1986).
If necessary, correct the values of Cw, Cs and Ca for the recoveries and background values of controls.
ISO 10634 Kakovost vode – Navodilo za pripravo in obdelavo v vodi slabo topnih organskih spojin za nadaljnje vrednotenje njihove biorazgradljivosti v vodi.
The overall recovery and the recovery of test substance in worms, sediment, water, and, if employed, in traps containing absorbents to retain evaporated test substance, should be recorded and reported.
US EPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Since the use of radiolabelled substances is recommended, it is possible to analyse for total radioactivity (i.e. parent and degradation products).
AFNOR – Association Française de Normalisation.
However, if analytically feasible, quantification of parent substance and degradation products at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase can provide important information.
SSI – Swedish Standards Institute.
If it is intended to perform such measurements, the samples should then be subjected to appropriate extraction procedures so that the parent substance can be quantified separately.
Water quality – Determination of growth inhibition (7-d) Lemna minor, duckweed.
Where a detected degradation product represents a significant percentage (e.g. > 10 %) of the radioactivity measured in the test organisms at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase, it is recommended to identify such degradation products (5).
Sims, I., Whitehouse, P., in Lacey, R. (1999).
Due to low individual biomass, it is often not possible to determine the concentration of test substance in each individual worm, unless Branchiura sowerbyi (40-50 mg wet weight per worm) is used as test species (11).
The OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test.
Therefore, pooling of the individuals sampled from a given test vessel is acceptable, but it does restrict the statistical procedures which can be applied to the data.
WRc plc – Environment Agency.
If a specific statistical procedure and power are important considerations, then an adequate number of test animals and/or replicate test chambers to accommodate the desired pooling, procedure and power, should be included in the test.
Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo.
It is recommended that the BAF is expressed both as a function of total wet weight, total dry weight, and, when required (e.g. for highly lipophilic substances) as a function of the lipid content and the TOC of the sediment.
Kakovost vode – Določevanje toksičnih učinkov sestavin vode in odpadnih voda na vodno lečo (Lemna minor) – Preskus zaviranja rasti vodne leče.
Suitable methods should be used for determination of lipid content (48)(49).
Walbridge, C. T. (1977).
Since the various methods do not give identical values (48), it is important to detail the method used.
Hydrobiologia, 118/119, 353–359.
When possible, i.e. if sufficient worm tissue is available, the lipid content is measured in the same sample or extract as that produced for analysis for the test substance, since the lipids often have to be removed from the extract before it is analysed by chromatography (5).
Huebert, D. B., in Shay, J. M. (1993).
However, it is practical to use acclimatised control animals at least at start or — preferably — at the end of the uptake phase to measure the lipid content, e.g. in three samples.
Christensen, E. R., Nyholm, N. (1984).
The uptake curve of the test substance is obtained by plotting in arithmetic scale the concentration of test substance in/on the worms during the uptake phase against time.
Bruce, R. D., in Versteeg, D. J. (1992).
If the curve has reached a plateau, calculate the steady state BAFss:
Brain, P., in Cousens, R. (1989).
at steady state or at day 28mean
Viri vrst Lemna
Determine the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK) as the ratio ks/ke.
Toronto, Ontario, Kanada, M5S 3 B2
The elimination constant (ke) is usually determined from the elimination curve (i.e. a plot of the concentration of the test substance in the worms during the elimination phase).
Telefon:
The preferred method for obtaining BAFK and the rate constants, ks, and ke, is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer (see Appendix 2).
Nemčija
If the elimination is obviously not first-order, then more complex models should be employed (25)(27)(52).
Hillman, W.
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is determined by normalising the BAFK for the worm lipid content and the sediment total organic carbon content.
Environmental Research, 52:7–22.
The results should be interpreted with caution where measured concentrations of test concentrations occur at levels close to the detection limit of the analytical method used.
(mg/ · l)
Clearly defined uptake and elimination curves are an indication of good quality bioaccumulation data.
Vrednost pH se z 0,1 mola ali 1 molom HCl ali NaOH prilagodi na 6,5 ± 0,2, količina pa se z deionizirano vodo prilagodi na en liter.
Generally the confidence limits for the BAF values from well-designed studies should not exceed 25 % (5).
Gojišče 20X AAP
The test report must include the following information.
Založne raztopine se pripravijo v sterilni destilirani ali deionizirani vodi.
physical nature and, physicochemical properties e.g. log Kow, water solubility;
Pri teh pogojih je rok uporabnosti založnih raztopin vsaj 6–8 tednov.
chemical identification data;
(I. Sims, P. Whitehouse and R. Lacey (1999).
source of the test substance, identity and concentration of any solvent used;
The OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test.
if radiolabelled, the precise position of the labelled atoms, the specific radioactivity, and the percentage of radioactivity associated with impurities.
Development and Ring-testing of draft OECD Test Guideline.
scientific name, strain, source, any pre-treatment, acclimation, age, size-range, etc..
R&D Technical Report EMA 003.
type and characteristics of illumination used and photoperiod(s);
WRc plc – Environment Agency.)
the nominal and measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the artificial sediment;
Vrednost pH mora biti v območju 5,5 ± 0,2 (prilagodite jo z dodajanjem kar najmanjše količine raztopine NaOH ali HCl).
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) for field sediments;
Z dodajanjem vode povečajte količino na 1000 ml.
water quality within the test chambers as characterised by temperature, pH, ammonium, total hardness, and dissolved oxygen concentration;
22 °C ± 10 °C,
detailed information on the treatment of water, sediment, and worm samples, including details of preparation, storage, spiking procedures, extraction, and analytical procedures (and precision) for the test substance and lipid content, and recoveries of the test substance.
70 % ± 25 %,
mortality of the control worms and the worms in each test chamber and any observed sublethal effects including abnormal behaviour (e.g., sediment avoidance, presence or absence of fecal pellets, lack of reproduction);
350 ± 50 μE/m2/s.
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the sediment and the test organisms (useful for normalisation);
Število in razmiki koncentracij ali stopenj aplikacije morajo biti zadostni, da se ustvari zanesljivo razmerje med odmerkom in odzivom ter regresijska enačba in da se poda ocena vrednosti ECx ali ERx.
the lipid content of the worms;
Izbrane koncentracije/stopnje aplikacije morajo zajemati vrednosti ECx ali ERx, ki se bodo ugotavljale.
curves showing the uptake and elimination kinetics of the test substance in the worms, and the time to steady state;
Če je, na primer, zahtevana vrednost EC50, je zaželeno preskušanje pri stopnjah, ki dosegajo od 20- do 80-odstotni učinek.
Ca, Cs and Cw (with standard deviation and range, if appropriate) for all sampling times (Ca expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of whole body, Cs expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of sediment, and Cw in mg l– 1).
Priporočeno število preskusnih koncentracij/stopenj aplikacij za doseganje tega je vsaj pet v geometrijski vrsti in še netretirana kontrola, faktor razmika med njimi pa ne sme biti večji kot tri.
If a biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF; see Appendix 1 for definition) is required (e.g. for comparison of results from two or more tests performed with animals of differing lipid content), Ca should additionally be expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs should be expressed as g kg– 1 organic carbon (OC) of the sediment;
Z regresijsko enačbo se ugotovi razmerje med odmerkom in odzivom.
BAF (expressed in kg wet sediment kg– 1 wet worm), sediment uptake rate constant ks (expressed in g wet sediment kg– 1 of wet worm d– 1), and elimination rate constant ke (expressed in d– 1);
Schrader, G., Metge, K., in Bahadir, M. (1998).
BSAF (expressed in kg sediment OC kg– 1 worm lipid content) may be reported additionally;
Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo.
Non-eliminated residues (NER) at end of elimination phase;
Kakovost tal – Določevanje učinka onesnažil na rastlinstvo – 1. del:
if measured:
Kakovost tal – Določevanje učinka onesnažil na rastlinstvo – 2. del:
percentages of parent substance, degradation products, and bound residues (i.e. the percentage of test substance that cannot be extracted with common extraction methods) detected in the test animals;
Po priporočilu U.S.
methods used for statistical analyses of the data.
US EPA.
Evaluation of results
Background – Non-target Plant Testing,
compliance of the results with the validity criteria as listed in paragraph 21;
Forster, R., Heimbach, U., Kula, C., in Zwerger, P. (1997).
unexpected or unusual results, e.g. incomplete elimination of the test substance from the test animals;
Effects of Plant Protection Products on Non-Target Organisms – A contribution to the Discussion of Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation for Terrestrial Non-Target Organisms (Flora and Fauna).
in such cases results from any preliminary study may provide useful information.
Hale, B., Hall, J. C., Solomon, K., in Stephenson, G. (1994).
Artificial sediment, or formulated, reconstituted or synthetic sediment, is a mixture of materials used to mimic the physical components of a natural sediment.
Beetsman, G. D., Kenney, D. R., in Chesters, G. (1969).
Bioaccumulation is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism relative to the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Dieldrin uptake by corn as affected by soil properties, J. Agro.
Bioaccumulation results from both bioconcentration and biomagnification processes (see below).
McKelvey, R. A., Wright, J. P., Honegger, J. L., in Warren, L. W.
The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) at any time during the uptake phase of this bioaccumulation test is the concentration of test substance in/on the test organism (Ca in g kg– 1 wet or dry weight) divided by the concentration of the substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment).
Patterns of sensitivity of plant species to various herbicides – An analysis with two databases.
In order to refer to the units of Ca and Cs, the BAF has the units of kg sediment kg– 1 worm (15).
Boutin, C., Lee, H.-B., Peart, T. E., Batchelor, S. P., in Maguire, R. J. (2000).
Bioaccumulation factors calculated directly from the ratio of the sediment uptake rate constant divided by the elimination rate constants (ks and ke, respectively — see below) are termed kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK).
Hatzios, K. K., in Penner, D. (1985).
Bioconcentration is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism, resulting exclusively from uptake via the body surface, relative to the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Bruce, R. D., in Versteeg, D. J.(1992).
Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism, resulting mainly from uptake from contaminated food or prey, relative to the concentration of the test substance in the food or prey.
Trigonella foenum- graecum
Biomagnification can lead to a transfer or accumulation of the test substance within food webs.
0,09–0,17 (4, 19)
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is the lipid-normalised steady state concentration of test substance in/on the test organism divided by the organic carbon-normalised concentration of the substance in the sediment at steady state.
0–3 (2, 4, 14)
Ca is then expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs as g kg– 1 organic content of the sediment.
14–21 (100 %) (14)
The conditioning period is used to stabilise the microbial component of the sediment and to remove e.g. ammonia originating from sediment components; it takes place prior to spiking of the sediment with the test substance.
2,4–2,6 (14, 19)
The elimination of a test substance is the loss of this substance from the test organism tissue by active or passive processes that occurs independently of presence or absence of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
0,85–1,2 (14, 19)
The elimination phase is the time, following the transfer of the test organisms from a contaminated medium to a medium free of the test substance, during which the elimination (or the net loss) of the substance from the test organisms is studied.
0,06–0,08 (4, 14)
The elimination rate constant (ke) is the numerical value defining the rate of reduction in the concentration of the test substance in/on the test organism, following the transfer of the test organisms from a medium containing the test substance to a chemical-free medium;
14–21
ke is expressed in d– 1.
25–61 (14, 29)
The equilibration period is used to allow for distribution of the test substance between the solid phase, the pore water and the overlying water;
10–20 (6, 21)
it takes place after spiking of the sediment with the test substance and prior to addition of the test organisms.
10–20
The octanol-water partitioning coefficient (Kow) is the ratio of substance's solubility in n-octanol and in water at equilibrium, also sometimes expressed as Pow.
10–20 (6, 10)
The logarithm of Kow (log Kow) is used as an indication of a substance's potential for bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms.
23–28
The organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient (Koc) is the ratio of a substance's concentration in/on the organic carbon fraction of a sediment and the substance's concentration in water at equilibrium.
14–18
Overlying water is the water lying on top of the sediment in the test vessel.
0,9–1,6
A plateau or steady state is defined as the equilibrium between the uptake and elimination processes that occur simultaneously during the exposure phase.
7–37,5 (14, 30)
The steady state is reached in the plot of the BAF at each sampling period against time when the curve becomes parallel to the time axis and three successive analyses of BAF made on samples taken at intervals of at least two days are within 20 % of each other, and there are no statistically significant differences among the three sampling periods.
0,45–2,28 (14, 29)
For test substances which are taken up slowly, more appropriate intervals would be seven days (5).
0,5–0,7 (14, 19, 29)
The sediment uptake rate constant (ks) is the numerical value defining the rate of increase in the concentration of the test substance in/on the test organism resulting from uptake from the sediment phase. ks is expressed in g sediment kg– 1 of worm d– 1.
0,52–0,6 (14, 30)
Spiked sediment is sediment to which test substance has been added.
10–20 (21).
The steady state bioaccumulation factor (BAFss) is the BAF at steady state and does not change significantly over a prolonged period of time, the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment) being constant during this period of time.
10–20 (7, 21)
The uptake or exposure phase is the time during which the test organisms are exposed to the test substance.
4–5 (14, 30)
The main endpoint of a bioaccumulation test is the bioaccumulation factor, BAF.
1,53–2,2 (16, 19)
The measured BAF can be calculated by dividing the concentration of the test substance in the test organism, Ca, by the concentration of the test substance in the sediment, Cs, at steady state.
0–10 (10, 19)
If the steady state is not reached during the uptake phase, the BAF is calculated in the same manner for day 28.
5–8 (4, 14, 29)
However, it should be noted whether the BAF is based on steady state concentrations or not.
0–2 (4, 29)
The preferred means for obtaining the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK), the sediment uptake rate constant (ks) and the elimination rate constant (ke) is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer.
1,8–2,5 (14).
[equation 1]
2,1–2,3 (14, 19)
where AF(t) is the ratio of concentration of the test substance in worms and its concentration in the sediment at any given time point (t) of the uptake phase, these computer programs calculate values for BAFK, ks and ke.
1,3–1,5 (4, 14, 19)
When steady state is reached during the uptake phase (i.e. t = ∞), equation 1 may be reduced to:
0,4–0,5 (4, 14, 19)
[equation 2]
1,5–2 (14, 19, 29)
uptake rate constant in tissue [g sediment kg– 1 of worm d– 1]
41–56 (19, 29)
elimination rate constant [d– 1]
0,8–1,5 (14, 19)
Then ks/ke × Cs is an approach to the concentration of the test substance in the worm tissue at steady state (Ca,ss).
S = T (14)
The Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) should be calculated as follows:
NAKNADNO (4, 22–26)
where foc is the fraction of sediment organic carbon, and flip is the fraction of worm lipid, both based either on dry weight, or on wet weight.
0,5–0,6 (14, 19)
Given a time series of concentration values, the elimination kinetics can be modelled using the following model equations and a computer calculation based non-linear parameter estimation method.
Pterophylla – Native Plants & Seeds
The mean measured body residue at the end of the uptake phase is recommended as the default starting point.
Academic Press, Toronto.
The value modeled/estimated from the uptake phase should only be used, e.g. if the measured value deviates significantly from the modelled body residue.
Boutin, C., Elmegaard, N., in Kjaer, C. (2004).
See also paragraph 50 for alternative pre-exposure of worms designated for elimination;
Breeze, V., Thomas, G., in Butler, R. (1992).
with this approach, samples of these pre-exposed worms on day 0 of the elimination phase are thought to provide a realistic body residue to start the elimination kinetics with.
Brown, R. A., in Farmer, D. (1991).
If the data points plotted against time indicate a constant exponential decline of the test substance concentration in the animals, a one-compartment model (equation 4) can be used to describe the time course of elimination.
Fletcher, J. S., Johnson, F. L., in McFarlane, J. C. (1990).
[equation 3]
Fletcher, J. S., Pfleeger, T. G., Ratsch, H. C., in Hayes, R. (1996).
Elimination processes sometimes appear to be biphasic, showing a rapid decline of Ca during the early phases, that changes to a slower loss of test substances in the later phases of the elimination (8)(19)(25)).
Seed Information Database (release 6.0, okt. 2004) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/sid).
The two phases can be interpreted by the assumption, that there are two different compartments in the organism, from which the test substance is lost with different velocity.
New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.
In these cases specific literature should be studied (15)(16)(17)(25).
Grime, J. P., Mason, G., Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R., Mowforth, M. A. G., Neal, A. M., in Shaw, S. (1981).
A two-compartment elimination is described e.g. by the following equation (25):
Grime, J. P., Hodgson, J. G., in Hunt, R. 1988.
[equation 4]
Unwin Hyman Ltd., London.
A and B represent the size of the compartments (in percent of overall tissue residue), where A is the compartment with rapid loss of substance, and B the compartment with slow loss of test substance.
Kjaer, C. (1994).
The sum of A and B equals 100 % of the whole animal compartment volume at steady state. ka and kb represent the corresponding elimination constants [d– 1].
Marrs, R. H., Frost, A. J., Plant, R. A., in Lunnis, P. (1993).
If the two compartment model is fitted to the depuration data, the uptake rate constant ks may be determined as follows (53)(54):
National Plant Data Centre, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 ZDA.
[equation 5]
Webster, R. H. (1979).
Nevertheless, these model equations should be used with caution, especially when changes in the test substance's bioavailability occur during the test (42).
White, A. L., in Boutin, C.
As an alternative to the model equations described above, the kinetics (ks and ke) may also be calculated in one run by applying the first order kinetics model to all data from both the uptake and elimination phase together.
(National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada).
For a description of a method that may allow for such a combined calculation of uptake and elimination rate constants, references (55), (56) and (57) may be consulted.
Zwerger, P., in Pestemer, W.
The Non-Eliminated Residues (NER) should be calculated as a secondary endpoint by multiplying the ratio of the average concentration in the worms (Ca) on day 10 of the elimination phase and the average concentration in the worms (Ca) at steady state (day 28 of uptake phase) by 100:
350 ± 50 ppm.
Example of a Sampling Schedule for a 28-day Bioaccumulation Test
Vehikel se razprši na majhno količino (npr. 2,5 g) finega kremenovega peska ali pa se z njo zmeša.
Uptake phase (including a 4 d- equilibration phase)
Entwicklung eines Reproduktionstests an Bodenorganismen – Enchytraeen.
Activities
Römbke, J., in Moser, T. (1999).