natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Every test should include controls consisting of the same nutrient medium, number of fronds and colonies, environmental conditions and procedures as the test vessels but without the test chemical.
Povprečna specifična hitrost rasti:
If an auxiliary solvent or dispersant is used, an additional control treatment with the solvent/dispersant present at the same concentration as that in the vessels with the test chemical should be included.
ta spremenljivka odziva se izračuna na osnovi spremembe logaritmov števila listov in na osnovi spremembe logaritmov drugega merjenega parametra (skupne površine listov, suhe teže ali sveže teže) skozi čas (izražen v dnevih) v kontrolah in vsaki tretirani skupini.
The number of replicate control vessels (and solvent vessels, if applicable) should be at least equal to, and ideally twice, the number of vessels used for each test concentration.
Včasih se to imenuje relativna hitrost rasti (12).
If determination of NOEC is not required, the test design may be altered to increase the number of concentrations and reduce the number of replicates per concentration.
Prirast:
However, the number of control replicates must be at least three.
ta spremenljivka odziva se izračuna na osnovi spremembe števila listov in na osnovi spremembe drugega merjenega parametra (skupne površine listov, suhe teže ali sveže teže) v kontrolah in vsaki tretirani skupini.
Exposure
Če se upoštevajo pogoji preskusa iz te preskusne metode, bodo vrednosti ECx, ki temeljijo na povprečni specifični hitrosti rasti (ErCx), navadno višje od rezultatov, ki temeljijo na prirasti (EyCx), zaradi matematične osnove teh dveh pristopov.
Colonies consisting of 2 to 4 visible fronds are transferred from the inoculum culture and randomly assigned to the test vessels under aseptic conditions.
Pojem povprečne specifične hitrosti rasti temelji na splošnem vzorcu eksponentne rasti vodne leče v nelimitiranih kulturah, ko se strupenost ocenjuje na osnovi učinkov na hitrost rasti brez odvisnosti od absolutne ravni specifične hitrosti rasti v kontrolni skupini, naklona krivulje koncentracija-odziv ali od trajanja preskusa.
Each test vessel should contain a total of 9 to 12 fronds.
Vrednost EyCx je odvisna od specifične hitrosti rasti vrst vodne leče, uporabljenih v vsakem preskusu, in od maksimalne specifične hitrosti rasti, ki je lahko različna glede na vrsto in celo glede na klone.
The number of fronds and colonies should be the same in each test vessel.
Ta spremenljivka odziva se ne sme uporabiti za primerjanje občutljivosti za strupene snovi med vrstami vodne leče ali celo med kloni.
Experience gained with this method and ring-test data have indicated that using three replicates per treatment, with each replicate containing 9 to 12 fronds initially, is sufficient to detect differences in growth of approximately 4 to 7 % of inhibition calculated by growth rate (10 to 15 % calculated by yield) between treatments (7).
Z znanstvenega vidika ima uporaba povprečne specifične hitrosti rasti prednost pri ocenjevanju strupenosti, vendar so ocene strupenosti na osnovi prirasti vključene v to preskusno metodo, da se izpolnijo trenutne zakonske zahteve nekaterih držav.
A randomised design for location of the test vessels in the incubator is required to minimise the influence of spatial differences in light intensity or temperature.
Ocene strupenosti morajo temeljiti na številu listov in še eni dodatni merjeni spremenljivki (skupni površini listov, suhi teži ali sveži teži), saj lahko nekatere kemikalije bolj vplivajo na druge merjene spremenljivke kot na število listov.
A blocked design or random repositioning of the vessels when observations are made (or repositioning more frequently) is also required.
V primeru izračunavanja le števila listov te razlike ne bi zaznali.
If a preliminary stability test shows that the test chemical concentration cannot be maintained (i.e. the measured concentration falls below 80 % of the measured initial concentration) over the test duration (7 days), a semi-static test regime is recommended.
Pri vsaki meritvi se število listov in vse druge zabeležene merjene spremenljivke, tj. skupna površina listov, suha teža ali sveža teža, predstavijo v preglednici skupaj s koncentracijami preskusne kemikalije.
In this case, the colonies should be exposed to freshly prepared test and control solutions on at least two occasions during the test (e.g. days 3 and 5).
Naknadna analiza podatkov, npr. za oceno LOEC, NOEC ali ECx, mora temeljiti na vrednostih posameznih ponovitev in ne na izračunanih povprečnih vrednostih vsake tretirane skupine.
The frequency of exposure to fresh medium will depend on the stability of the test chemical;
Povprečna specifična hitrost rasti se za določeno obdobje za vsako ponovitev kontrole in tretirane skupine izračuna kot logaritemsko povečanje spremenljivk rasti – števila listov in še druge merjene spremenljivke (skupna površina listov, suha teža ali sveža teža) – po spodnji enačbi:
a higher frequency may be needed to maintain near-constant concentrations of highly unstable or volatile chemicals.
povprečna specifična hitrost rasti od časa i do časa j,
In some circumstances, a flow-through procedure may be required (8)(10).
merjena spremenljivka v preskusni posodi ali kontrolni posodi v času i,
The exposure scenario through a foliar application (spray) is not covered in this test method;
merjena spremenljivka v preskusni posodi ali kontrolni posodi v času j,
instead, see (11).
t časovno obdobje od i do j.
Incubation conditions
Povprečna specifična hitrost rasti se izračuna za celotno preskusno obdobje (čas ‚i‘ v zgornji enačbi pomeni začetek preskusa, čas ‚j‘ pa konec preskusa).
Continuous warm or cool white fluorescent lighting should be used to provide a light intensity selected from the range of 85-135 μE · m– 2s– 1 when measured in a photosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nm) at points the same distance from the light source as the Lemna fronds (equivalent to 6500-10000 lux).
Za vsako preskusno koncentracijo in kontrolno skupino se izračuna srednja vrednost povprečne specifične hitrosti rasti in ocenjena varianca.
Any differences from the selected light intensity over the test area should not exceed the range of ± 15 %.
Ovrednoti se tudi presečna hitrost rasti, da se ocenijo učinki preskusne kemikalije, ki se pojavljajo med obdobjem izpostavljenosti (npr. pregledovanje logaritemsko pretvorjenih rastnih krivulj).
The method of light detection and measurement, in particular the type of sensor, will affect the measured value.
Konservativni pristop v tem primeru je primerjanje specifičnih hitrosti rasti tretiranih kultur v času največjega zaviranja s specifičnimi hitrostmi rasti kontrolnih kultur v istem času.
Spherical sensors (which respond to light from all angles above and below the plane of measurement) and “cosine” sensors (which respond to light from all angles above the plane of measurement) are preferred to unidirectional sensors, and will give higher readings for a multi-point light source of the type described here.
Nato se lahko za vsako koncentracijo preskusne kemikalije (tretirano skupino) izračuna odstotek zaviranja hitrosti rasti (Ir) po naslednji enačbi:
The temperature in the test vessels should be 24 ± 2 °C.
odstotek zaviranja povprečne specifične hitrosti rasti,
However, deviation of more than 1,5 units would not invalidate the test when it can be shown that validity criteria are met.
srednja vrednost za μ v kontrolni skupini,
Additional care is needed on pH drift in special cases such as when testing unstable chemicals or metals.
srednja vrednost za μ v tretirani skupini.
See (8) for further guidance.
Učinki na prirast se določijo na osnovi dveh merjenih spremenljivk, števila listov in še ene druge merjene spremenljivke (skupne površine listov, suhe teže ali sveže teže), ki jo je mogoče določiti v vsaki preskusni posodi na začetku in na koncu preskusa.
Duration
V primeru suhe teže ali sveže teže se določi začetna biomasa na osnovi vzorca listov, odvzetih iz iste šarže, kot se uporabi za inokulacijo preskusnih posod (glej odstavek 20).
The test is terminated 7 days after the plants are transferred into the test vessels.
Srednji odstotek zaviranja prirasti ( % Iy) se lahko za vsako tretirano skupino izračuna po enačbi:
At the start of the test, frond number in the test vessels is counted and recorded, taking care to ensure that protruding, distinctly visible fronds are accounted for.
odstotek zmanjšanja prirasti,
Frond numbers appearing normal or abnormal, need to be determined at the beginning of the test, at least once every 3 days during the exposure period (i.e. on at least 2 occasions during the 7 day period), and at test termination.
končna biomasa minus začetna biomasa v kontrolni skupini,
Changes in plant development, e.g. in frond size, appearance, indication of necrosis, chlorosis or gibbosity, colony break-up or loss of buoyancy, and in root length and appearance, should be noted.
končna biomasa minus začetna biomasa v tretirani skupini.
Significant features of the test medium (e.g. presence of undissolved material, growth of algae in the test vessel) should also be noted.
Izdelava krivulj koncentracija-odziv
In addition to determinations of frond number during the test, effects of the test chemical on one (or more) of the following measurement variables are also assessed:
Izrisati je treba krivuljo koncentracija-odziv, ki prikazujejo srednjo vrednost odstotka zaviranja spremenljivke odziva (Ir ali Iy, ki se izračuna, kot je prikazano v odstavku 56 ali 57), in krivuljo logaritemsko pretvorjene koncentracije preskusne kemikalije.
total frond area,
Ocena vrednosti ECx
dry weight,
Ocene vrednosti ECx (npr. EC50) morajo temeljiti na povprečni specifični hitrosti rasti (ErCx) in prirasti (EyCx), vsaka od teh vrednosti pa temelji na številu listov in še eni dodatni merjeni spremenljivki (skupni površini listov, suhi teži ali sveži teži).
fresh weight.
Postopek je takšen, ker obstajajo preskusne kemikalije, ki različno vplivajo na število listov in druge merjene spremenljivke.
Total frond area has an advantage, in that it can be determined for each test and control vessel at the start, during, and at the end of the test.
Lahko se uporabi tehtana linearna regresija, po tem ko se izvede linearizacijska pretvorba podatkov o odzivu, na primer v verjetnostnih ali logaritemskih ali Weibullovih enotah (13), vendar so nelinearni regresijski postopki prednostne metode, ki bolje obravnavajo neizogibne podatkovne nepravilnosti in odklone od enakomerne porazdelitve.
Dry or fresh weight should be determined at the start of the test from a sample of the inoculum culture representative of what is used to begin the test, and at the end of the test with the plant material from each test and control vessel.
Če se te nepravilnosti približujejo ničelnemu ali popolnemu zaviranju, se lahko s pretvorbo povečajo in ovirajo analizo (13).
If frond area is not measured, dry weight is preferred over fresh weight.
Opozoriti je treba, da so standardne metode analize probit, analize logit ali Weibullove pretvorbe namenjene uporabi na kvantnih podatkih (npr. umrljivost ali preživetje), zato jih je treba prilagoditi za uporabo na podatkih o hitrosti rasti ali prirasti.
Total frond area, dry weight and fresh weight may be determined as follows:
Specifični postopki za določevanje vrednosti ECx iz kontinuiranih podatkov so na voljo v (14), (15) in (16).
Total frond area:
Ocene EC50 in meje zaupanja se prav tako lahko pridobijo z uporabo linearne interpolacije z metodo vezanja (17), če so razpoložljivi regresijski modeli/metode za podatke neustrezni.
The total frond area of all colonies may be determined by image analysis.
Za oceno LOEC in zato tudi NOEC je treba primerjati srednje vrednosti tretiranih skupin s tehnikami analize variance (ANOVA).
A silhouette of the test vessel and plants can be captured using a video camera (i.e. by placing the vessel on a light box) and the resulting image digitised.
Uporabna sta lahko Dunnettov ali Williamsov preskus (18)(19)(20)(21).
By calibration with flat shapes of known area, the total frond area in a test vessel may then be determined.
Ta ocena se lahko izvede grafično ali s formalnim preskusom (22).
Care should be taken to exclude interference caused by the rim of the test vessel.
Dodatna navodila o določanju NOEC so navedena v (16).
An alternative but more laborious approach is to photocopy test vessels and plants, cut out the resulting silhouette of colonies and determine their area using a leaf area analyser or graph paper.
Za ta preskus z vodno lečo ustrezna vrednost x še ni določena.
Other techniques (e.g. paper weight ratio between silhouette area of colonies and unit area) may also be appropriate.
Zdi se, da je primerno območje od 10 do 20 % (odvisno od izbrane spremenljivke odziva), in po možnosti naj se poroča o EC10 in EC20.
Dry weight:
Poročanje
All colonies are collected from each of the test vessels and rinsed with distilled or deionised water.
fizične značilnosti in fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti, vključno z mejo topnosti v vodi,
They are blotted to remove excess water and then dried at 60 °C to a constant weight.
znanstveno ime, klon (če je znan) in vir.
Any root fragments should be included.
uporabljeni preskusni postopek (statični, polstatični ali pretočni),
The dry weight should be expressed to an accuracy of at least 0,1 mg.
preskusni medij,
Fresh weight:
opis načrta poskusa:
All colonies are transferred to pre-weighed polystyrene (or other inert material) tubes with small (1 mm) holes in the rounded bottoms.
preskusne posode in pokrovi, volumni raztopin, število kolonij in listov na preskusno posodo na začetku preskusa,
The tubes are then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature.
preskusne koncentracije (nominalne in izmerjene, kot je smiselno) in število ponovitev na posamezno koncentracijo,
Tubes, containing the now dried colonies, are re-weighed and the fresh weight is calculated by subtracting the weight of the empty tube.
metode priprave založnih in preskusnih raztopin, vključno z uporabo kakršnih koli topil ali disperzivnih sredstev,
Frequency of measurements and analytical determinations
temperatura med preskusom,
If a static test design is used, the pH of each treatment should be measured at the beginning and at the end of the test.
vir svetlobe, obsevanost in homogenost svetlobe,
If a semi-static test design is used, the pH should be measured in each batch of “fresh” test solution prior to each renewal and also in the corresponding “spent” solutions.
vrednosti pH preskusnega in kontrolnega medija,
Light intensity should be measured in the growth chamber, incubator or room at points the same distance from the light source as the Lemna fronds.
koncentracije preskusne kemikalije in analizna metoda z ustreznimi podatki za vrednotenje kakovosti (validacijske študije, standardni odkloni in meje zaupanja analiz),
Measurements should be made at least once during the test.
metode za določevanje števila listov in drugih merjenih spremenljivk, npr. suhe teže, sveže teže ali površine listov,
The temperature of the medium in a surrogate vessel held under the same conditions in the growth chamber, incubator or room should be recorded at least daily.
vsa odstopanja od te preskusne metode.
During the test, the concentrations of the test chemical are determined at appropriate intervals.
neobdelani podatki:
In static tests, the minimum requirement is to determine the concentrations at the beginning and at the end of the test.
število listov in druge merjene spremenljivke v vsaki preskusni in kontrolni posodi za vsa opazovanja in analize,
In semi-static tests where the concentration of the test chemical is not expected to remain within ± 20 % of the nominal concentration, it is necessary to analyse all freshly prepared test solutions and the same solutions at each renewal (see paragraph 33).
srednje vrednosti in standardni odkloni za vsako merjeno spremenljivko,
However, for those tests where the measured initial concentration of the test chemical is not within ± 20 % of nominal but where sufficient evidence can be provided to show that the initial concentrations are repeatable and stable (i.e. within the range 80 - 120 % of the initial concentration), chemical determinations may be carried out on only the highest and lowest test concentrations.
rastne krivulje za vsako koncentracijo (priporočljivo z logaritemsko pretvorjeno merjeno spremenljivko, glej odstavek 55),
In all cases, determination of test chemical concentrations prior to renewal need only be performed on one replicate vessel at each test concentration (or the contents of the vessels pooled by replicate).
podvojitveni čas/hitrost rasti v kontroli na podlagi števila listov,
If a flow-through test is used, a similar sampling regime to that described for semi-static tests, including analysis at the start, mid-way through and at the end of the test, is appropriate, but measurement of “spent” solutions is not appropriate in this case.
grafična predstavitev razmerja koncentracija-učinek,
In this type of test, the flow-rate of diluent and test chemical or test chemical stock solution should be checked daily.
ocene strupenih končnih točk za spremenljivke odziva, npr. EC50, EC10, EC20, in pripadajoči intervali zaupanja.
If the deviation from the nominal or measured initial concentration is not within ± 20 %, analysis of the results should be based on the geometric mean concentration during exposure or models describing the decline of the concentration of the test chemical (8).
Vrednosti LOEC in/ali NOEC, če sta izračunani, in statistične metode za njuno določitev,
All previously described test conditions and validity criteria apply to a limit test, with the exception that the number of treatment replicates should be doubled.
kakršni koli vidni znaki fitotoksičnosti ter opažanja preskusne raztopine,
Growth in the control and treatment group may be analysed using a statistical test to compare means, e.g. a Student's t-test.
razprava o rezultatih, vključno z vsemi vplivi na rezultat preskusa, ki izvirajo iz odstopanj od te preskusne metode.
Doubling time
E 1415–91 (Reapproved 1998). str.
To determine the doubling time (Td) of frond number and adherence to this validity criterion by the study (paragraph 12), the following formula is used with data obtained from the control vessels:
733–742.
where μ is the average specific growth rate determined as described in paragraphs 54-55.
OPPTS 850.4400 Aquatic Plant Toxicity Test Using Lemna spp., ‚Public draft‘.
The purpose of the test is to determine the effects of the test chemical on the vegetative growth of Lemna.
EPS 1/RM/37 – 120 str.
This Test Method describes two response variables, as different jusidictions have different preferences and regulatory needs.
Canadian Wildlife Service, Technical Report Series, št. 145.
Average specific growth rate:
Za namene te preskusne metode se uporabljajo naslednje opredelitve in okrajšave:
this response variable is calculated on the basis of changes in the logarithms of frond numbers, and in addition, on the basis of changes in the logarithms of another measurement parameter (total frond area, dry weight or fresh weight) over time (expressed per day) in the controls and each treatment group.
Biomasa je suha teža žive snovi, prisotne v populaciji.
It is sometimes referred to as relative growth rate (12).
V tem preskusu se kot nadomestek za biomaso običajno meri število listov oziroma površina listov, zato se izraz ‚biomasa‘ nanaša tudi na meritve teh nadomestkov.
Yield:
Kloroza je porumenelost listnega tkiva.
this response variable is calculated on the basis of changes in frond number, and in addition, on the basis of changes in another measurement parameter (total frond area, dry weight or fresh weight) in the controls and in each treatment group until the end of the test.
Klon je organizem ali celica, ki se z nespolnim razmnoževanjem razvije iz enega organizma.
ECx values based upon average specific growth rate (ErCx) will generally be higher than results based upon yield (EyCx) if the test conditions of this Test Method are adhered to, due to the mathematical basis of the respective approaches.
Zato so osebki iz istega klona gensko identični.
The concept of average specific growth rate is based on the general exponential growth pattern of duckweed in non-limited cultures, where toxicity is estimated on the basis of the effects on the growth rate, without being dependent on the absolute level of the specific growth rate of the control, slope of the concentration-response curve or on test duration.
Kolonija je skupek materinskih in hčerinskih listov (navadno od 2 do 4), ki so pritrjeni eden na drugega.
EyCx is dependent on the specific growth rate of the duckweed species used in each test and on the maximum specific growth rate that can vary between species and even different clones.
V nekaterih primerih jo imenujemo tudi rastlina.
This response variable should not be used for comparing the sensitivity to toxicants among duckweed species or even different clones.
ECx je koncentracija preskusne snovi, raztopljene v preskusnem mediju, katere rezultat je x-odstotno (npr. 50-odstotno) zmanjšanje rasti organizma Lemna v ustreznem obdobju izpostavljenosti (navesti v primeru odstopanja od polnega ali običajnega trajanja preskusa).
While the use of average specific growth rate for estimating toxicity is scientifically preferred, toxicity estimates based on yield are also included in this Test Method to satisfy current regulatory requirements in some jurisdictions.
Za nedvoumno označitev vrednosti EC, pridobljene iz hitrosti rasti ali prirasti, se uporabi simbol ‚ErC‘ za hitrost rasti in simbol ‚EyC‘ za prirast, sledi pa merjena spremenljivka, npr. ErC (število listov).
Toxicity estimates should be based on frond number and one additional measurement variable (total frond area, dry weight or fresh weight), because some chemicals may affect other measurement variables much more than the frond number.
Pretočni preskus je preskus, v katerem se preskusna raztopina neprekinjeno menja.
This effect would not be detected by calculating frond number only.
List je posamezna/ena ‚listu podobna‘ struktura rastline vodne leče.
The number of fronds as well as any other recorded measurement variable, i.e. total frond area, dry weight or fresh weight, are tabulated together with the concentrations of the test chemical for each measurement occasion.
Je najmanjša enota, tj. osebek, ki je zmožen razmnoževanja.
Subsequent data analysis e.g. to estimate a LOEC, NOEC or ECx should be based on the values for the individual replicates and not calculated means for each treatment group.
Grbavost pomeni liste, ki so grbasti ali otekli.
The average specific growth rate for a specific period is calculated as the logarithmic increase in the growth variables -frond numbers and one other measurement variable (total frond area, dry weight or fresh weight) — using the formula below for each replicate of control and treatments:
Rast je povečanje merjene spremenljivke, npr. števila listov, suhe teže, mokre teže ali površine listov, v času preskusa.
average specific growth rate from time i to j
Merjene spremenljivke so vse vrste spremenljivk, ki se merijo, da se izrazi končna točka preskusa z eno ali več različnimi spremenljivkami odziva.
measurement variable in the test or control vessel at time i
V tej metodi so merjene spremenljivke število listov, površina listov, sveža teža in suha teža.
measurement variable in the test or control vessel at time j
Monokultura je kultura z eno rastlinsko vrsto.
t time period from i to j
Nekroza je odmrlo (tj. belo ali z vodo prepojeno) listno tkivo.
The average specific growth rate should be calculated for the entire test period (time “i” in the above formula is the beginning of the test and time “j” is the end of the test).
Fenotip so opazne lastnosti organizma, ki jih določajo njegovi geni v interakciji z okoljem.
mean value for μ in the control
Končna točka preskusa opisuje splošen dejavnik, ki ga preskusna kemikalija spremeni relativno glede na kontrolni vzorec in je cilj preskusa.
mean value for μ in the treatment group
V tej preskusni metodi je končna točka zaviranje rasti, ki ga lahko izrazimo z različnimi spremenljivkami odziva, katere temeljijo na eni ali več merjenih spremenljivk.