natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
After transport to the laboratory, the collected sludge may be used directly or placed in a laboratory-scale digester.
ta hitrost je enaka nanosu 251 ml za kolono z notranjim premerom 4 cm.
Release excess biogas by opening bottles of sludge carefully.
Če je to potrebno za preskus, se lahko uporabijo tudi druge hitrosti umetnih padavin in daljše trajanje.
Alternatively, laboratory-grown anaerobic sludge may be used as a source of inoculum but its spectrum of activity may have been impaired.
Izvajanje preskusa
Warning — Digested sludge produces flammable gases which present fire and explosion risks:
Izpiranje z matično preskusno kemikalijo
In order to reduce background gas production and to decrease the influence of the blank controls, pre-digestion of the sludge may be considered.
Vsaj ponovitve kolon za izpiranje se napolnijo z netretiranimi, na zraku sušenimi in presejanimi tlemi (< 2 mm) do višine približno 30 cm.
If pre-digestion is required, the sludge should be allowed to digest without the addition of any nutrients or substrates at 35 °C ± 2 °C for up to 7 days.
Za zagotovitev enotnega polnjenja se tla vnesejo v kolone v majhnih delih z žlico in s potisnim batom stisnejo s hkratnim nežnim vibriranjem tal, dokler se vrh talne kolone ne pogrezne.
It has been found that pre-digestion for about 5 days usually gives an optimal decrease in gas production of the blank without unacceptable increases in either lag or incubation periods during the test phase or loss of activity towards a small number of substances tested.
Enotno polnjenje je potrebno, da se v kolonah za izpiranje zagotovijo obnovljivi rezultati.
For test substances which are, or are expected to be, poorly biodegradable, consider pre-exposure of the sludge to the test substance to obtain an inoculum which is better adapted.
Za podrobnosti o tehnikah polnjenja kolon glej vire (20) (21) in (22).
In such a case, add the test substance at an organic carbon concentration of 5 mg/l to 20 mg/l to the digested sludge and incubated for up to 2 weeks.
Ko so talne kolone napolnjene, se zmočijo z umetnim dežjem (0,01 M CaCl2) od spodaj navzgor, da voda izpodrine zrak iz por v tleh.
Wash the pre-exposed sludge carefully before use (see paragraph 25) and indicate in the test report the conditions of the pre-exposure.
Nato se v talnih kolonah vzpostavi ravnotežje, odvečna voda pa odteče zaradi težnosti.
Wash the sludge (see paragraphs 22 to 24) just prior to use, to reduce the IC concentration to less than 10 mg/l in the final test suspension.
Metode za nasičevanje kolon so opisane v viru (23).
Centrifuge the sludge in sealed tubes (e.g. 3000 g during 5 min) and discharge the supernatant.
Nato se v talne kolone vnese preskusna kemikalija in/ali referenčna kemikalija (glej odstavke 23–25).
Suspend the resulting pellet in de-oxygenated medium (paragraphs 16 and 17), re-centrifuge the suspension and discharge the supernatant liquid.
Za homogeno razporeditev raztopin je treba suspenzije ali emulzije preskusne in/ali referenčne kemikalije enakomerno nanesti na površino talnih kolon.
If the IC has not been sufficiently lowered, the washing procedure of the sludge could be repeated twice as a maximum.
Če se za vnos preskusne kemikalije priporoča vključitev v tla, jo je treba zmešati z majhno količino (npr. 20 g) tal in nanesti na površino talne kolone.
This does not appear to affect the micro-organisms adversely.
Površine talnih kolon se nato prekrijejo s steklenim sintranim diskom, steklenimi kroglicami, filtri iz steklenih vlaken ali okroglim filtrirnim papirjem, da se umetni dež enakomerno razporedi po celotni površini in preprečijo motnje površine tal zaradi dežnih kapljic.
Finally, suspend the pellet in the requisite volume of test medium and determine the concentration of total solids [e.g. ISO 11923 (15)].
Večji kot je premer kolone, bolj je treba paziti pri dodajanju umetnega dežja v talne kolone, da se zagotovi enakomerna porazdelitev umetnega dežja po celotni površini tal.
The final concentration of total solids in the test vessels should be in the range of 1 g/l to 3 g/l (or about 10 % of that in undiluted digested sludge).
Nato se umetni dež doda v talne kolone po kapljicah s pomočjo vlečnega bata ali peristaltične črpalke ali lija kapalnika.
Conduct the above operations in such a way that the sludge has minimal contact with oxygen (e.g. use a nitrogen atmosphere).
Po možnosti je treba izcedne vode zbrati v delih, njihove prostornine pa se zabeležijo [26].
Perform the following initial procedures using techniques to keep the contact between digested sludge and oxygen as low as practicable, for example, it may be necessary to work within a glove box in an atmosphere of nitrogen and/or purge the bottles with nitrogen (4).
Po izpiranju in odtekanju iz kolon se talne kolone razdelijo na ustrezno število delov, odvisno od informacij, ki jih mora zagotoviti študija, deli se ekstrahirajo z ustreznimi topili ali zmesmi topil, v njih pa se analizirajo preskusna kemikalija ter, kadar je ustrezno, produkti transformacije, skupna radioaktivnost in referenčna kemikalija.
Preparation of test and control assays
Izcedne vode ali deli izcednih vod se analizirajo neposredno ali po ekstrakciji za iste produkte.
Prepare at least triplicate test vessels (see paragraph 13-b) for the test substance, blank controls, reference substance, inhibition controls (conditional) and pressure control chambers (optional procedure) (see paragraphs 7, 19 to 21).
Če se uporabi preskusna kemikalija z radioaktivno oznako, je treba opredeliti vse dele, ki vsebujejo ≥ 10 % uporabljene radioaktivnosti.
Additional vessels for the purpose of evaluating primary biodegradation using test substance specific analyses may also be prepared.
Izpiranje s starimi ostanki
The same set of blank controls may be used for several test substances in the same test as long as the headspace volumes are consistent.
Sveža tla (ki niso bila predhodno sušena na zraku) se tretirajo s hitrostjo, ki ustreza površini talnih kolon (glej odstavek 24), z radioaktivno označeno preskusno kemikalijo in inkubirajo v aerobnih pogojih v skladu s preskusno metodo C.23 (13).
Add stock solutions of the test and reference substance after adjustment to pH 7 ± 0,2, if necessary.
Starana tla se pred izpiranjem analizirajo glede preskusne kemikalije in njenih produktov transformacije.
The test substance and the reference substance should be added using the most appropriate route of administration (paragraph 19).
Kolone za izpiranje se do višine 28 cm napolnijo z istimi tlemi (vendar sušenimi na zraku), kot so bila uporabljena pri poskusu staranja, kot je opisano v odstavku 34, pri čemer se določi tudi skupna teža napolnjenih talnih kolon.
The test concentration of organic carbon should normally be between 20 and 100 mg/l (paragraph 4).
Talne kolone se nato predhodno zmočijo, kot je opisano v odstavku 35.
If the test substance is toxic, the test concentration should be reduced to 20 mg C/l, or even less if only primary biodegradation with specific analyses is to be measured.
Nato se preskusna kemikalija in njeni produkti transformacije nanesejo na površino talnih kolon v obliki starih ostankov tal (glej odstavek 39) kot 2 cm debel del tal.
It should be noted that the variability of the test results increases at lower test concentrations.
Skupna višina talnih kolon (netretirana tla + starana tla) naj ne bi presegla 30 cm (glej odstavek 34).
For blank vessels, add an equivalent amount of the carrier used to dose the test substance instead of a stock solution, suspension or emulsion.
Izpiranje se izvede, kot je opisano v odstavku 37.
If the test substance was administered using glass fibre filters or organic solvents, add to the blanks a filter or an equivalent volume solvent that has been evaporated.
Po izpiranju se deli tal in izcedne vode analizirajo glede preskusne kemikalije, njenih produktov transformacije in neekstrahirane radioaktivnosti, kot je navedeno v odstavku 38.
Prepare an extra replicate with test substance for the measurement of the pH value.
Za določitev količine starih odpadkov, ki se ohrani v zgornji dvocentimetrski plasti po izpiranju, je treba ta del analizirati ločeno.
Adjust the pH to 7 ± 0,2, if necessary, with small amounts of dilute mineral acid or alkali.
Količine preskusne kemikalije, produktov transformacije, snovi, ki jih ni mogoče ekstrahirati, in referenčne kemikalije, če je vključena, je treba navesti v % uporabljenega začetnega odmerka za vsak del tal v delu izcedne vode.
The same amounts of neutralising agents should be added to all the test vessels.
Za vsako kolono je treba zagotoviti grafični prikaz deležev, ugotovljenih kot funkcija globin tal.
These additions should not have to be made since the pH value of the stock solutions of the test substance and reference substance have already been adjusted (see paragraphs 19 and 20).
Če je v te študije izpiranja v kolonah vključena referenčna kemikalija, se lahko izpiranje kemikalije oceni na relativni lestvici z uporabo faktorjev relativne mobilnosti (RMF; za opredelitev glej Dodatek 3) (1) (11), ki omogoča primerjavo podatkov o izpiranju različnih kemikalij, pridobljenih pri različnih vrstah tal.
If primary biodegradation is to be measured, an appropriate sample should be taken from the pH-control vessel, or from an additional test vessel, and the test substance concentration should be measured using specific analyses.
Primeri vrednosti RMF za različne kemikalije za zaščito pridelka so navedeni v Dodatku 3.
Covered magnets may be added to all the vessels if the reaction mixtures are to be stirred (optional).
Ocene Koc (adsorpcijski koeficient, normiran na organski ogljik) in Kom (porazdelitveni koeficient, normiran na organsko snov) se lahko pridobi tudi na podlagi rezultatov izpiranja v kolonah z uporabo povprečne razdalje izpiranja ali določenih povezav med RMF in Kom oziroma Koc (4) ali z uporabo enostavne kromatografske teorije (24).
Ensure that the total volume of liquid V1 and the volume of headspace Vh are the same in all vessels;
Vendar je treba slednjo metodo uporabljati previdno, zlasti ob upoštevanju, da proces izpiranja ne vključuje izključno nasičenih pogojev toka, ampak pogosto nenasičene sisteme.
note and record the values of V1 and Vh.
Študije izpiranja v kolonah, opisane v tej metodi, omogočajo določanje potenciala izpiranja ali mobilnosti preskusne kemikalije (v študiji matičnega izpiranja) in/ali njenih produktov transformacije (v študiji izpiranja starih ostankov) v tleh.
Each vessel should be sealed with a gas septum and transferred from the glove box (see paragraph 26) into the incubator (see paragraph 13-a).
Ti preskusi ne predvidevajo količinsko obnašanja pri izpiranju v terenskih pogojih, vendar se lahko uporabijo za primerjavo ‚sposobnosti izpiranja‘ ene kemikalije z drugimi, katerih obnašanje pri izpiranju je morda znano (24).
Insoluble test substances
Podobno ne merijo količinsko deleža uporabljene kemikalije, ki bi lahko dosegel podtalnico (11).
Add weighed amounts of substances, which are poorly soluble in water, directly to the prepared vessels.
Vendar lahko rezultati študij izpiranja v kolonah pomagajo pri odločanju, ali je treba izvesti dodatno polterensko ali terensko preskušanje za kemikalije, ki v laboratorijskih preskusih kažejo velik potencial mobilnosti.
When the use of a solvent is necessary (see paragraph 19), transfer the test substance solution or suspension into the empty vessels.
Poročilo mora vsebovati:
Where possible, evaporate the solvent by passing nitrogen gas through the vessels and then add the other ingredients, namely, diluted sludge (paragraph 25), and de-oxygenated water as required.
Preskusna kemikalija in referenčna kemikalija (če se uporabi):
An additional solvent control should also be prepared (see paragraph 19).
splošno ime, kemijsko ime (nomenklatura IUPAC in CAS), številko CAS, kemijsko strukturo (z navedbo položaja oznak, kadar se uporabi radioaktivno označena snov) in ustrezne fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti,
For other methods of adding insoluble substances, ISO 10634 (13) can be consulted.
čistoče (nečistoče) preskusne kemikalije,
Liquid test substances may be dosed with a syringe into the completely prepared sealed vessels, if it is expected that the initial pH will not exceed 7 ± 1, otherwise dose as described above (see paragraph 19).
radiokemijsko čistost označene kemikalije in specifično aktivnost (kadar je primerno).
Incubation and gas pressure measurements
Preskusna tla:
Incubate the prepared vessels at 35 °C ± 2 °C for about 1h to allow equilibration and release excess gas to the atmosphere, for example, by shaking each vessel in turn, inserting the needle of the pressure meter (paragraph 13-c) through the seal and opening the valve until the pressure meter reads zero.
podrobnosti o mestu odvzema,
If at this stage, or when making intermediate measurements, the headspace pressure is less than atmospheric, nitrogen gas should be introduced to re-establish atmospheric pressure.
lastnosti tal, kot so pH, vsebnost organskega ogljika in gline, tekstura in gostota v razsutem stanju (za ovirana tla),
Close the valve (see paragraph 13-c) and continue to incubate in the dark, ensuring that all parts of the vessels are maintained at the digestion temperature.
mikrobno dejavnost tal (le za tla, uporabljena za staranje preskusne kemikalije),
Observe the vessels after incubation for 24 to 48 h.
dolžino shranjevanja tal in razmere shranjevanja.
Reject vessels if the contents of the vessels show a distinct pink coloration in the supernatant liquid, i.e. if Resazurin (see paragraph 16) has changed colour indicating the presence of oxygen (see paragraph 50).
datume izvajanja študij,
While small amounts of oxygen may be tolerated by the system, higher concentrations can seriously inhibit the course of anaerobic biodegradation.
dolžino in premer kolon za izpiranje,
The rejection of the occasional single vessel of a set of triplicates may be accepted, but the incidence of more failures than this must lead to an investigation of the experimental procedures as well as the repeating of the test.
skupno težo tal v talnih kolonah,
Carefully mix the contents of each vessel by stirring or by shaking for a few minutes at least 2 or 3 times per week and soon before each pressure measurement.
količino uporabljene preskusne kemikalije in, če je primerno, referenčne kemikalije,
Shaking re-suspends the inoculum and ensures gaseous equilibrium.
količino, pogostost in trajanje nanašanja dodajanja umetnega dežja,
All pressure measurements should be taken quickly, since the test vessels could be subject to lowering of temperature, leading to false readings.
temperaturo poskusnega okolja,
Care should be taken to prevent entry of water into the syringe needle;
metode za opis značilnosti in opredelitev produktov transformacije v delih tal in izcednih vod.
if this occurs the wet parts should be dried and a new needle fitted.
tabele z rezultati, izraženimi kot koncentracije in kot % uporabljenega odmerka za dele tal in izcednih vod,
The pressure should be measured in millibars (see paragraph 42).
masno bilanco, če je primerno,
The gas pressure in the vessels may be measured periodically e.g. weekly, and optionally the excess gas is released to the atmosphere.
prostornine izcednih vod,
Alternatively the pressure is measured only at the end of the test to determine the amount of biogas produced.
razdalje izpiranja in, kadar je primerno, faktorje relativne mobilnosti,
It is recommended that intermediate readings of gas pressure be made, since pressure increase provides guidance as to when the test may be terminated and allows the kinetics to be followed (see paragraph 6).
grafični prikaz %, ugotovljenega v delih tal glede na globino dela tal,
Normally end the test after an incubation period of 60 days unless the biodegradation curve obtained from the pressure measurements has reached the plateau phase before then;
razpravo o rezultatih in razlago rezultatov.
that is the phase in which the maximal degradation has been reached and the biodegradation curve has levelled out.
Belgirate, Italija, 18.–20. januar 1995.
If the plateau value is less than 60 % interpretation is problematic because it indicates that only part of the molecule has been mineralised or that an error has been made.
Poglavje A.4, Parni tlak,
If at the end of the normal incubation period, gas is being produced but a plateau phase is obviously not reached, then it should be considered to prolong the test to check whether the plateau (> 60 %) will be reached.
Poglavje A.6, Topnost v vodi,
Measurement of inorganic carbon
Poglavje A.8, Porazdelitveni koeficient, metoda stresanja bučke,
At the end of the test after the last measurement of gas pressure, allow the sludge to settle.
Poglavje A.24, Porazdelitveni koeficient, metoda tekočinske kromatografije visoke ločljivosti (HPLC),
Open each vessel in turn and immediately take a sample for the determination of the concentration (mg/l) of inorganic carbon (IC) in the supernatant liquor.
Poglavje C.7, Razgradnja – Abiotska razgradnja:
Neither centrifugation nor filtration should be applied to the supernatant liquor, since there would be an unacceptable loss of dissolved carbon dioxide.
hidroliza kot funkcija pH,
If the liquor cannot be analysed on being sampled, store it in a sealed vial, without headspace and cooled to about 4 °C for up to 2 days.
Poglavje C.18, Adsorpcija/desorpcija z uporabo metode šaržnih preskusov ravnotežja,
After the IC measurement, measure and record the pH value.
Poglavje C.23, Aerobna in anaerobna transformacija v tleh.
Alternatively, the IC in the supernatant may be determined indirectly by release of the dissolved IC as carbon dioxide that can be measured in the headspace.
Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods (A. Klute, ur.).
Following the last measurement of gas pressure, adjust the pressure in each of the test vessels to atmospheric pressure.
Agronomy Series No.
Acidify the contents of each vessel to approximately pH 1 by adding of concentrated mineral acid (e.g. H2SO4) through the septum of the sealed vessels.
9, druga izdaja.
Incubate the shaken vessels at 35 °C ± 2 °C for approximately 24 hours and measure the gas pressure resulting from the evolved carbon dioxide by using the pressure meter.
Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties (A. L. Page, R. H. Miller in D. R. Kelney, ur.).
Make similar readings for the corresponding blank, reference substance and, if included, inhibition control vessels (see paragraph 21).
Agronomy Series No.
In some cases, especially if the same control vessels are used for several test substances, measurements of intermediate IC concentrations in test and control vessels should be considered, as appropriate.
OECD (1981).
In this case, a sufficient number of vessels should be prepared for all the intermediate measurements.
Dissociation constants in water.
This proceeding is preferred to taking all samples from one vessel only.
OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, No.
The latter can only be done if the required volume for DIC analysis is not deemed to be too high.
4112, OECD, Pariz.
The DIC measurement should be made after measuring the gas pressure without release of excess gas as described below:
Opredelitve in enote
take as small a volume as possible of supernatant samples with a syringe through the septum without opening the vessels and IC in the sample is determined;
Starani ostanki tal
after having taken the sample the excess gas is released, or not;
preskusna kemikalija in produkti transformacije, prisotni v tleh po vnosu in dovolj dolgem obdobju, ki omogoča procese prenosa, adsorpcije, metabolizma in disipacije za spremembo porazdelitve in osnovnih kemijskih značilnosti nekaterih uporabljenih kemikalij (1).
it should be taken into account that even a small decrease in the supernatant volume (e.g. about 1 %) can yield a significant increase in the headspace gas volume (Vh);
Umetni dež
the equations (see paragraph 44) are corrected by increasing Vh in equation 3, as necessary.
raztopina 0,01 M CaCl2 v destilirani ali deionizirani vodi.
Specific analyses
Povprečna razdalja izpiranja
If primary anaerobic degradation (see paragraph 30) is to be determined, take an appropriate volume of sample for specific analyses at the beginning and at the end of the test from the vessels containing the test substance.
snov ali zmes.
number of moles of gas in the given volume.
Meja določanja (LOQ) je koncentracija kemikalije, pod katero koncentracije ni mogoče določiti s sprejemljivo natančnostjo.
If a gas other than methane or carbon dioxide (e.g. N2O) is generated in considerable amounts, the formula [1] should be amended in order to describe the possibility of effects by gases generated.
Faktor relativne mobilnosti (RMF)
From the gas laws n may be expressed as:
(razdalja izpiranja preskusne kemikalije (cm))/(razdalja izpiranja referenčne kemikalije (cm)).
Equation [2]
Produkt transformacije
volume of the gas (m3);
Tla
incubation temperature (Kelvins).
Tla se lahko obdelujejo v dveh stanjih:
By combination of equations [1] and [2] and rationalising to allow for blank control production of gas:
v neoviranem, kakor so se razvila s časom, z značilnimi plastmi različnih vrst tal;
Equation [3]
oviranem, kakor jih navadno najdemo na ornih zemljiščih ali kakor se pojavljajo, kadar se vzorci jemljejo s kopanjem in se uporablja ta preskusna metoda (2).
mass of net carbon produced as gas in the headspace (mg);
Primer nedeljivih kolon za izpiranje iz stekla
mean of the difference between initial and final pressures in the test vessels minus the corresponding mean in the blank vessels (millibars);
z dolžino 35 cm in notranjim premerom 5 cm (1)
volume of headspace in the vessel (l);
← Čep iz steklene volne, ki zadržuje tla v koloni ← Plast kremenovega peska
0,1 conversion for both newtons/m2 to millibars and m3 to litres.
← Stekleni sintrani disk za preprečevanje motenj površine tal in enakomerno razporeditev umetnega dežja
Equation [4] should be used for the normal incubation temperature of 35 °C (308 K):
← Liji kapalniki za dovajanje umetnega dežja
Equation [4]
← Bučka z okroglim dom za zbiranje izcedne vode;
Alternative volume calculation.
ovita v aluminijasto folijo, da se prepreči fotoliza
Pressure meter readings are converted to ml of gas produced using the standard curve generated by plotting volume (ml) injected versus meter reading (Appendix 2).
Primer deljive kovinske kolone z notranjim premerom 4 cm (1)
The number of moles (n) of gas in the headspace of each vessel is calculated by dividing the cumulative gas production (ml) by 25286 ml/mole, which is the volume occupied by one mole of gas at 35 °C and standard atmospheric pressure.
Environmental Quality and Safety, Suppl.
Since 1 mole of CH4 and 1 mole of CO2 each contain 12 g of carbon, the amount of carbon (mg) in the headspace (mh) is given by Equation [5]:
Vol.
Equation [5]
III, 203–213.
mean of the difference between volume of gas produced in headspace in the test vessels and blank control vessels;
Razred mobilnosti
volume occupied by 1 mole gas at 35 °C, 1 atmosphere.
paration (< 0,15), flurodifen (0,15)
The course of biodegradation can be followed by plotting the cumulated pressure increase Δp (millibars) against time, if appropriate.
nemobilen
From this curve, identify and record the lag phase (days).
0,15–0,8
The lag phase is the time from the start of the test until significant degradation starts (for example see Appendix 3).
profenofos (0,18), propikonazol (0.23), diazinon (0,28), diuron (0,38), terbutilazin (0,52), metidation (0,56), prometrin (0,59), propazin (0,64), alaklor (0,66), metolaklor (0,68)
If intermediate samples of supernatant were taken and analysed (see paragraphs 40, 46 and 47), then the total C produced (in gas plus that in liquid) may be plotted instead of only the cumulative pressure.
nekoliko mobilen
Carbon in the liquid
0,8–1,3
The amount of methane in the liquid is ignored since its solubility in water is known to be very low.
monuron [2] (1,00), atrazin (1,03), simazin (1,04), fluometuron (1,18)
Calculate the mass of inorganic carbon in the liquid of the test vessels using equation [7]:
zmerno mobilen
Equation [7]
1,3–2,5
mass of inorganic carbon in the liquid (mg);
prometon (1,67), cianazin (1,85), bromacil (1,91), karbutilat (1,98)