natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The vehicle is sprayed on or mixed with a small amount, for example 10 g, of fine quartz sand.
Telo plenilskih pršic je segmentirano na idiosomo in gnatosomo.
The total sand content of the substrate should be corrected for this amount.
Manjka jasno razločevanje idiosome v prosomi (glavi) in opistosomi (zadku).
The vehicle is eliminated by evaporation under a fume hood for at least one hour.
Gnatosoma (ščit glave) vsebuje organe za hranjenje, kot so palpi in helicere.
This mixture of quartz sand and test chemical is added to the pre-moistened soil and thoroughly mixed by adding an appropriate amount of de-ionised water to obtain the moisture required.
Helicere so razcepljene na tri dele in imajo zobe različnih oblik.
Note that some solvents may be toxic to mites.
Razen za zaužitje hrane samci svoje helicere uporabljajo v glavnem za prenos spermatoforov v samice.
It is therefore recommended to use an additional water control without vehicle if the toxicity of the solvent to mites is not known.
Dorzalni ščit idiosomo pokriva skoraj v celoti.
If it is adequately demonstrated that the solvent (in the concentrations to be applied) has no effects, the water control may be excluded.
Velik del idiosome pri samici zavzemajo reproduktivni organi, ki so še posebej razločni tik pred odlaganjem jajčec.
Test chemical poorly soluble in water and organic solvents
Ventralno je mogoče najti dva ščita, sternalnega in genitalnega.
For chemicals that are poorly soluble in water and organic solvents, the equivalent of 2,5 g of finely ground quartz sand per test vessel (for example 10 g of fine quartz sand for four replicates) is mixed with the quantity of test chemical to obtain the desired test concentration.
Vse noge imajo ščetine in trne.
The total sand content of the substrate should be corrected for this amount.
S ščetinami se pršice pri premikanju ali na površini tal zasidrajo.
This mixture of quartz sand and test chemical is added to the pre-moistened soil and thoroughly mixed after adding an appropriate amount of deionised water to obtain the required moisture content.
Prvi par nog v glavnem uporabljajo kot antene.
Ten adult females in 20 g dry mass of artificial soil are recommended for each control and treatment vessel.
Drugi par nog uporabljajo ne le za premikanje, temveč tudi za to, da se pritrdijo na plen.
Test organisms should be added within two hours after preparation of the final test substrate (i.e. after application of the test item).
Trni četrtega para nog lahko služijo kot zaščita, pa tudi kot ‚pogon‘ (28).
In specific cases (e.g. when ageing is considered to be a determining factor), the time between preparation of the final test substrate and the addition of the mites can be prolonged (for details of such ageing, see (18)).
Samci v dolžino merijo 0,55–0,65 mm, tehtajo pa 10–15 μg.
After the addition of the mites to the soil, the mites are provided with food and the initial weight of each test vessel should be measured to be used as reference for monitoring soil moisture content throughout the test as described in paragraph 24.
Slika 1
The test vessels are then covered as described in paragraph 8 and placed in the test chamber.
Samica, samec, protonimfa in ličinka vrste H. aculeifer.
Appropriate controls are prepared for each of the methods of test chemical application described in paragraphs 15 to 18.
Pri temperaturi 23 °C pršice spolno dozorijo po 16 dneh (samice) oziroma 18 dneh (samci) (6).
Thus, where appropriate, organic solvents, quartz sand or other vehicles are applied to the controls in concentrations/amounts like in the treatments.
Samice prenašajo spermije v spolni odprtini, od koder bodo nato preneseni v jajčnik.
Where a solvent or other vehicle is used to add the test chemical, an additional control without the vehicle or test chemical should also be prepared and tested in case the toxicity of the solvent is not known (see paragraph 17).
V jajčniku spermiji zorijo in se shranijo.
The test temperature should be 20 ± 2 °C.
Do oploditve pride šele, ko spermiji v jajčniku dozorijo.
Temperature should be recorded at least daily and adjusted, if necessary.
Samice bodo oplojena ali neoplojena jajčeca odložile v grudah ali ločeno, po možnosti v špranje ali odprtine.
The test is carried out under controlled light-dark cycles (preferably 16 hours light and 8 hours dark) with illumination of 400 to 800 lux in the vicinity of the test vessels.
Pršice, ki so se parile, lahko nosijo mladiče obeh spolov, iz jajčec samic, ki se niso parile, pa se izležejo samo mladiči moškega spola.
For reasons of comparability, these conditions are the same as in other soil ecotoxicological tests (e.g. (15)).
Pršica v času razvoja do odraslosti preide štiri faze (jajčece – ličinka, ličinka – protonimfa, protonimfa – deutonimfa, deutonimfa – odrasli osebek).
Gaseous exchange should be guaranteed by aerating the test vessels at least twice a week in case screw lids are used.
Jajčece je mlečno belo, prosojno, ovalno in dolgo približno 0,37 mm ter ima trdno ovojnico.
If gauze covers are used, special attention should be paid to the maintenance of the soil moisture content (see paragraphs 8 and 24).
Glede na (8) ličinke merijo 0,42–0,45 mm.
The water content of the soil substrate in the test vessels is maintained throughout the test by weighing and if needed re-watering the test vessels periodically (e.g. once per week).
Imajo le tri pare nog.
The moisture content during the test should not differ by more than 10 % from the start value.
Na področju glave se razvijejo palpi in helicere.
Cheese mites (Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781)) have been shown to be a suitable food source.
Helicere se uporabljajo za izvalitev iz jajčeca, saj imajo nekaj majhnih dentiklov.
Small collembolans (e.g. juvenile Folsomia candida Willem, 1902 or Onychiurus fimatus (19), (20), enchytraeids (e.g. Enchytraeus crypticus Westheide & Graefe, 1992) or nematodes (e.g. Turbatrix silusiae de Man, 1913)) may be also suitable (21).
Po prvi levitvi, 1–2 dni po izvalitvi, se razvijejo protonimfe.
It is recommended to check the food before using it in a test.
Prav tako so bele, merijo 0,45–0,62 mm (8) in imajo štiri pare nog.
The type and amount of food should secure an adequate number of juveniles in order to fulfil the validity criteria (paragraph 6).
Prisotni so vsi zobje na helicerah.
For the prey selection, the mode of action of the test item should be considered (e.g. an acaricide may be toxic to the food mites too, see paragraph 26).
Pršice v tem stadiju začnejo iskati hrano.
Food should be provided ad libitum (i.e. each time a small amount (tip of a spatula)).
Helicere lahko uporabijo tudi za trganje večjih delov hrane (28).
For this purpose, also low suction exhaustor as proposed in the collembolan test or a fine paint brush can also be used.
Po še eni levitvi se razvijejo deutonimfe.
Supplying food at the beginning of the test and two to three times a week will usually be sufficient.
Merijo 0,60–0,80 mm (8) in so rumene do svetlo rjave barve.
When the test item appears to be toxic to the prey, an increased feeding rate and/or an alternative food source should be considered.
V tej fazi jih je mogoče ločiti na samice in samce.
Prior knowledge of the toxicity of the test chemical should help in selecting appropriate test concentrations, e.g. from range-finding studies.
Po dodatni levitvi, med katero živali niso dejavne in se razvija rjavi ščit (po približno 14 dneh), pršice postanejo odrasle (28)(29)(30).
When necessary, a range-finding test is conducted with five concentrations of the test chemical in the range of 0,1 – 1000 mg/kg dry soil, with at least one replicate for treatments and control.
Pri temperaturi 25 °C je njihova življenjska doba med 48 in 100 dnevi (27).
The duration of the range finding test is 14 days, after which mortality of the adult mites and the number of juveniles is determined.
Dodatek 8
The concentration range in the final test should preferably be chosen so that it includes concentrations at which juvenile numbers are affected while survival of the maternal generation is not.
Povzetek in časovni razpored glavnih ukrepov, ki jih je treba izvesti za preskus z vrsto hypoaspis
This, however, may not be possible for chemicals that cause lethal and sub-lethal effects at almost similar concentrations.
Čas (dni)
Extrapolating much below the lowest concentration affecting the test organisms or above the highest tested concentration should be done only in exceptional cases, and a full explanation should be given in the report.
začetek preskusa = dan 0
Dose response tests
Dejavnost/opravilo
Three test designs are proposed, based on the recommendations arising from another ring test (Enchytraeid reproduction test (22)).
Dan od – 35
The general suitability of all these designs was confirmed by the outcome of H. aculeifer validation.
do – 28
For determination of the ECx (e.g. EC10, EC50), twelve concentrations should be tested.
Prenesite samice iz založne kulture v čiste posode, da začnete sinhronizacijo.
If no effects are observed at the highest concentration in the range-finding test (i.e. 1000 mg/kg dw soil), the definitive reproduction test can be performed as a limit test, using a test concentration of 1000 mg/kg dw soil.
Dva dni pozneje:
A limit test will provide the opportunity to demonstrate that the NOEC or the EC10 for reproduction is greater than the limit concentration, whilst minimising the number of mites used in the test.
odstranitev samic.
Any observed differences between the behaviour and the morphology of the mites in the control and the treated vessels should be recorded.
Dva- do trikrat na teden:
On day 14 the surviving mites are extracted from the soil via heat/light extraction or by another appropriate method (see Appendix 5).
priskrbite dovolj hrane.
The numbers of juveniles (i.e. larvae, protonymphs and deutonymphs) and adults are counted separately.
Dan – 5 (± 2)
Any adult mites not found at this time are to be recorded as dead, assuming that such mites have died and decomposed prior to the assessment.
Pripravite umetna tla.
Extraction efficiency must be validated once or twice a year in controls with known numbers of adults and juveniles.
Dan – 4 (± 2)
Adult and juvenile counts are not adjusted for efficiency.
Čez noč posušite.
Information on the statistical methods that may be used for analysing the test results is given in paragraphs 36 to 41.
Naslednji dan:
In addition, OECD Document 54 on the “Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application” (31) should be consulted.
stehtajte vzorce in izračunajte WHC.
Test main endpoint is the reproductive output, here the number of juveniles produced per replicate test vessel (with 10 adult females introduced).
Dan – 4 (± 2)
The statistical analysis requires the arithmetic mean (X) and the variance (s2) for the reproductive output to be calculated per treatment and per control.
Predhodno navlažite umetna tla, da dosežete 20–30 % WHC.
X and s2 are used for ANOVA procedures such as the Student t test, Dunnett test, or Williams' test as well as for the computation of 95 % confidence intervals.
Začnite preskus:
This main endpoint is equivalent with fecundity measured as the number of living juveniles produced during the test divided by the number of parental females introduced at the start of the test.
dodajte preskusno kemikalijo umetnim tlom.
The number of surviving females in the untreated controls is a major validity criterion and has to be documented.
V vsako ponovitev vnesite 10 samic.
As in the range-finding test, all other harmful signs should be recorded in the final report as well.
Stehtajte vsako ponovitev.
In general, adverse effects of the test item compared to the control are investigated using one-tailed (smaller) hypothesis testing at p ≤ 0,05.
izmerite vrednost pH posušenih abiotskih kontrol.
Examples are given in the following paragraphs.
Dnevi 3, 6, 9, 12 (pribl.)
Normal distribution of data can be tested e.g. with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test, the Range-to-standard-deviation ratio test (R/s-test) or the Shapiro-Wilk test (two-sided, p ≤ 0,05).
Vsaki ponovitvi priskrbite zadostno količino organizmov, ki predstavljajo plen.
Multiple comparisons (e.g. Dunnett's t-test) or step-down trend tests (e.g. Williams' test in case of a monotonous dose-response relationship) can be used to calculate whether there are significant differences (p ≤ 0,05) between the controls and the various test item concentrations (selection of the recommended test according to OECD Document 54 on the Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application).
Vsako ponovitev stehtajte in sčasoma dodajte izhlapelo vodo.
Otherwise, non-parametric methods (e.g. Bonferroni-U-test according to Holm or Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test) should be used to determine the NOEC and the LOEC.
Dokončajte preskus, pripravite ekstrakcijo za vse ponovitve in kontrole učinkovitosti ekstrakcije.
If a limit test (comparison of control and one treatment only) has been performed and the prerequisites of parametric test procedures (normality, homogeneity) are fulfilled, metric responses can be evaluated by the Student test (t-test).
Čez noč posušite kontrole vsebnosti vode.
The test report should at least include the following information:
stehtajte kontrole vsebnosti vode.
the identity of the test chemical, name, batch, lot and CAS-number, purity;
izmerite vrednost pH posušenih kontrol.
physico-chemical properties of the test chemical (e.g. log Kow, water solubility, vapour pressure, Henry's constant (H) and preferably information on the fate of the test chemical in soil).
Dan 16
identification and supplier of the test organisms, description of the culturing conditions;
Dokončajte ekstrakcijo.
age range of test organisms.
Dan 16+
detailed specification if natural soil is used (origin, history, particle size distribution, pH, organic matter content and if available the soil classification)
Zabeležite število odraslih osebkov in mladičev v ekstrahiranem materialu.
size of test vessels and dry mass of test soil per vessel;
O rezultatih poročajte v obliki preglednic.
pH and water content of the soil at the start and during the test (control and each treatment)
O postopku preskušanja poročajte na listih za protokol preskusa.
number of adult females and adult mortality (%) in each test vessel at the end of the test
OECD se je leta 1998 začela ukvarjati s prednostno nalogo revidiranja obstoječih smernic ter priprave novih smernic za presejalne preskuse in preskušanje potencialnih povzročiteljev endokrinih motenj.
a description of obvious symptoms or distinct changes in behaviour;
Del naloge je bila priprava smernic za presejalno preskušanje kemikalij, ki so aktivne v endokrinem sistemu ribjih vrst.
summary statistics (ECx and/or NOEC ) including 95 %-confidence limits and a description of the method of calculation;
nevni presejalni preskus endokrinega delovanja pri ribah je prestal obsežen validacijski program, ki je vključeval medlaboratorijske študije z izbranimi kemikalijami, s katerimi sta bili dokazani ustreznost in zanesljivost preskusa za zaznavanje estrogenih kemikalij in kemikalij, ki zavirajo aromatazo (1) (2) (3) (4) (5), pri treh proučevanih vrstah rib (črnoglavem pisancu, japonski medaki in cebrici);
a plot of the concentration-response-relationship;
zaznavanje androgenega delovanja je mogoče pri črnoglavem pisancu in medaki, vendar ne pri cebrici.
deviations from procedures described in this test method and any unusual occurrences during the test.
S to preskusno metodo ni mogoče zaznati antiandrogenih kemikalij.
Chapter C.8 of this Annex -.
Delo v zvezi z validacijo je pregledala skupina strokovnjakov, ki so jih imenovali nacionalni koordinatorji programa smernic za preskušanje (6).
Toxicity for Earthworms.
Preskus ni namenjen opredelitvi posebnih mehanizmov hormonskih motenj, ker imajo živali nepoškodovano os hipotalamus – hipofiza – spolne žleze (HPG), ki se lahko odziva na kemikalije, ki vplivajo na os HPG na različnih ravneh.
Chapter C.32 of this Annex- Enchytraeid reproduction test.
Kratkotrajni preskus razmnoževanja rib (OECD TG 229) vključuje plodnost in, kot je primerno, histopatologijo spolnih žlez črnoglavega pisanca ter vse končne točke, ki jih zajema ta preskusna metoda.
Diet-dependent female choice for males with “good genes” in a soil predatory mite.
V OECD TG 229 so zajeti presejalni preskusi kemikalij, ki vplivajo na razmnoževanje prek različnih mehanizmov, vključno z endokrinimi načini.
The following definitions are applicable to this test method (in this test all effect concentrations are expressed as a mass of test chemical per dry mass of the test soil):
To je treba upoštevati pred izbiro najprimernejše preskusne metode.
Chemical is a substance or a mixture
V tej preskusni metodi je opisan presejalni preskus in vivo, v katerem se spolno zreli ribji samci in drsteče se ribje samice zadržujejo skupaj ter so izpostavljeni kemikaliji v omejenem delu njihovega življenjskega cikla (21 dni).
LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) is the lowest test chemical concentration that has a statistically significant effect (p < 0,05) within a given exposure period when compared with the control.
Ob koncu 21-dnevnega obdobja izpostavljenosti se pri samcih in samicah izmerita ena ali dve, odvisno od uporabljene vrste, končni točki biomarkerja kot kazalnika estrogenega delovanja, zaviranja aromataze ali androgenega delovanja preskusne kemikalije;
ECx (effect concentration for x % effect) is the concentration that causes an x % of an effect on test organisms within a given exposure period when compared with a control.
te končne točke so vitelogenin in sekundarne spolne značilnosti.
The following method for determining the maximum water holding capacity of the soil is considered to be appropriate.
Biološki preskus je presejalni preskus in vivo za nekatere endokrine načine delovanja, njegovo uporabo pa je treba obravnavati v okviru temeljnega okvira za preskušanje in oceno kemikalij, ki povzročajo endokrine motnje, ‚OECD Conceptual Framework for the Testing and Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals‘ (28).
It is described in Annex C of ISO DIS 11268-2 (Soil Quality — Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
ZAČETNI POMISLEKI IN OMEJITVE
Part 2: Determination of effects on reproduction (23)).
Vitelogenin običajno proizvajajo jetra samic oviparnih vretenčarjev kot odziv na kroženje endogenega estrogena.
Cover the bottom of the tube with a piece of filter paper filled with water and then places it on a rack in a water bath.
Je predhodna sestavina beljakovin jajčnega rumenjaka, ki po nastanku v jetrih potuje po krvnem obtoku do jajčnika, kjer jo absorbirajo in spremenijo razvijajoča se jajčeca.
Soil Quality — Determination of pH (16).
Vitelogenina v plazmi nezrelih ribjih samic in samcev skoraj ni mogoče zaznati, ker nimajo dovolj krožečega estrogena;
Rearing of Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer:
Meritev vitelogenina je namenjena zaznavanju kemikalij z različnimi estrogenimi načini delovanja.
Cultures can be maintained in plastic vessels or glass jars filled with plaster of Paris / charcoal powder (9:1) mixture.
Zaznavanje estrogenih kemikalij je mogoče z meritvijo indukcije vitelogenina pri ribjih samcih in je bilo obsežno dokumentirano v strokovno pregledani znanstveni literaturi (npr. (7)).
The plaster can be kept moist by adding few drops of distilled or deionised water if required.
Indukcija vitelogenina je bila dokazana tudi po izpostavljenosti androgenom, ki se lahko aromatizirajo (8) (9).
Rearing temperatures are optimal between 20 ± 2 °C, light / dark regime is not relevant for this species.
Zaradi zmanjšanja ravni kroženja estrogena pri samicah, na primer z zaviranjem aromataze, ki spremeni endogeni androgen v naravni estrogen 17β-estradiol, se zmanjša raven vitelogenina, ki se uporablja za zaznavanje kemikalij, ki imajo lastnosti zaviranja aromataze (10) (11).
Prey can be Typrophagus putrescentiae or Caloglyphus sp. mites (food mites should be handled with care since they could cause allergies in humans), but nematodes, enchytraeids and collembolans are also suited as prey items.
Biološka pomembnost odziva vitelogenina na zaviranje estrogena/aromataze je bila dokazana in obsežno dokumentirana.
Their source should be recorded.
Vendar je mogoče, da lahko na nastajanje VTG pri samicah vplivajo tudi splošna strupenost in neendokrini strupeni načini delovanja, npr. hepatotoksičnost.
Population development can start with a single female because males develop in unfertilised eggs.
Več merilnih metod je bilo uspešno pripravljenih in standardiziranih za redno uporabo.
Generations are largely overlapping.
Med njimi so metode encimskega imunskega testa (ELISA), ki so specifične za posamezne vrste in uporabljajo imunokemijo za kvantifikacijo vitelogenina, nastalega v majhnih vzorcih krvi ali jeter, ki so bili odvzeti pri posameznih ribah (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18).
A female can live at least 100 days and can deposit approximately 100 eggs during its lifetime.
Za meritev VTG se vzorčijo kri črnoglavega pisanca, kri ali homogenat glave/repa cebrice in jetra medake.
A maximum oviposition rate is reached between 10 and 40 days (after becoming adults) and amounts to 2,2 eggs female– 1 day– 1.
Pri medaki je korelacija med VTG, izmerjenim v krvi, in VTG, izmerjenim v jetrih, dobra (19).
Developmental time from egg to adult female is approximately 20 days at 20 °C. More than one culture should be maintained and held beforehand.
V Dodatku 6 so navedeni priporočeni postopki za odvzem vzorcev za analizo vitelogenina.
Rearing of Typrophagus putrescentiae: The mites are kept in a glass vessel filled with fine brewers yeast powder which is put in a plastic bucket filled with KNO3-solution in order to avoid escaping.
Kompleti za merjenje vitelogenina so lahko dostopni;
The food mites are placed on top of this powder.
taki kompleti morajo temeljiti na validirani metodi ELISA, ki je specifična za posamezno vrsto.
Afterwards, they are carefully mixed with the powder (which has to be replaced twice a week) using a spatula.
Sekundarne spolne značilnosti ribjih samcev nekaterih vrst so izjemno vidne, jih je mogoče kvantificirati in se odzivajo na ravni kroženja endogenih androgenov;
Transfer females to a clean rearing vessel and add sufficient food
Zmanjšanje sekundarnih spolnih značilnosti pri samcih je treba zaradi majhne statistične moči razlagati previdno, pri čemer mora razlaga temeljiti na strokovni presoji in zanesljivosti dokazov.
Allow for two to three days of egg laying, remove females
Ker cebrica nima sekundarnih spolnih značilnosti, ki jih je mogoče kvantificirati in se odzivajo na kemikalije z androgenim delovanjem, je njena uporaba v tem preskusu omejena.
Take adult females for testing between the 28th and 35th day after start placing female adults in clean rearing vessels.
Pri črnoglavem pisancu je glavni kazalnik eksogene androgene izpostavljenosti število drstnih izpuščajev na nosu ribje samice.
Adult females can be easily distinguished from males and other developmental stages by their larger size, bloated shape and their brown dorsal shield (males are slimmer and flat), immatures are white to cream-coloured.
Pri medaki je glavni označevalec eksogene izpostavljenosti androgenim kemikalijam pri ribjih samicah število bradavičastih podaljškov.
The development of the mites follows approximately the pattern described below at 20 °C (figure):
V Dodatku 5A in Dodatku 5B so navedeni priporočeni postopki za spremljanje vrednotenja spolnih značilnosti pri črnoglavem pisancu oziroma medaki.
Egg 5d, Larva 2d, Protonymph 5d, Deutonymph 7d, preoviposition period of female 2d.
Opredelitve pojmov, uporabljene v tej preskusni metodi, so navedene v Dodatku 1.
Afterwards, the mites are adult.
V preskusu so ribji samci in samice v razmnoževalnem stanju skupaj izpostavljeni v preskusnih posodah.
Figure
Njihovo odraslo in razmnoževalno stanje omogočata jasno razlikovanje po spolu in zato s spolom povezano analizo posamezne končne točke ter zagotavljata njihovo občutljivost na eksogene kemikalije.
Development of Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer at 20 °C.
Ob koncu preskusa se spol potrdi z makroskopskim pregledom spolnih žlez po ventralnem odprtju trebuha s škarjami.