natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Decisions about what is ‘feasible’ or ‘practicable’ are not left to the discretion of individuals but are subject to the policies that agencies have issued under PPD-28 — which have been made publicly available — and to the other processes described therein [4].
Skratka, ne NSA ne nobena druga ameriška obveščevalna služba se ne odloči sama, kaj bo zbirala.
It also recognizes the privacy and civil liberties concerns raised when bulk signals intelligence is collected.
Posamezniki, ki lahko dokažejo procesno upravičenost za tožbo, imajo tudi civilno podlago za zahtevek proti Združenim državam za denarno odškodnino, vključno s stroški sodnih postopkov, kadar so bile informacije o njih, pridobljene v elektronskem nadzoru v okviru zakona o nadzoru tujih obveščevalnih podatkov, nezakonito in namerno uporabljene ali razkrite.
PPD-28 therefore directs the Intelligence Community to prioritize alternatives that would allow the conduct of targeted signals intelligence rather than bulk signals intelligence collection.
Če namerava vlada uporabiti ali razkriti morebitne informacije, ki so bile pridobljene ali izhajajo iz elektronskega nadzora katerega koli oškodovanca v okviru zakona o nadzoru tujih obveščevalnih podatkov, proti tej osebi v sodnem ali upravnem postopku v Združenih državah, mora zagotoviti predhodno obvestilo o svoji nameri sodišču in tej osebi, ki lahko nato izpodbija zakonitost nadzora in zahteva zadržanje informacij.
Accordingly, Intelligence Community elements should conduct targeted signals intelligence collection activities rather than bulk signal intelligence collection activities whenever practicable [5].
Nazadnje zakon o nadzoru tujih obveščevalnih podatkov zagotavlja tudi kazenske sankcije za posameznike, ki se namerno ukvarjajo z nezakonitim elektronskim nadzorom pod pretvezo zakona ali ki namerno uporabljajo ali razkrivajo informacije, pridobljene z nezakonitim nadzorom.
These principles ensure that the exception for bulk collection will not swallow the general rule.
Vsaka oseba katere koli narodnosti, ki utrpi škodo ali izgubo zaradi kršenja tega zakona, lahko toži kršitelja (vključno z vladnim uradnikom) za nadomestilo za škodo ter prepoved ali drugo pravično nadomestilo v skladu s členom 1030(g) ne glede na to, ali je bil izveden kazenski pregon, pod pogojem, da ravnanje vsebuje vsaj eno od več okoliščin, določenih v zakonu.
As for the concept of ‘reasonableness,’ it is a bedrock principle of U.S. law.
Mnenje in sklep na strani 26 (FISC 2014), na voljo na http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/0928/FISC%20Memorandum%20Opinion%20and%20Order%2026%20August%202014.pdf.
It signifies that Intelligence Community elements will not be required to adopt any measure theoretically possible, but rather will have to balance their efforts to protect legitimate privacy and civil liberties interests with the practical necessities of signals intelligence activities.
V zvezi z zaseganjem podatkov s strani javnih organov je zlasti pomemben četrti amandma Ustave ZDA, ki določa, da „pravica ljudi, da so oni sami, njihove hiše, dokumenti in predmeti varni pred nerazumnimi preiskavami in zasegi, ne sme biti kršena in izdan ne sme biti noben nalog, razen na podlagi utemeljenega suma, podprtega z zaprisego ali izjavo, in ki zlasti opisuje kraj, ki ga je treba preiskati, ter osebe in predmete, ki jih je treba zaseči.“ Ustava ZDA, IV. amandma.
Here again, the agencies' policies have been made available, and can provide assurance that the term ‘reasonably designed to minimize the dissemination and retention of personal information’ does not undermine the general rule.
V domačih kazenskih preiskavah četrti amandma od uslužbencev organov kazenskega pregona običajno zahteva, da pridobijo sodni nalog, preden opravijo preiskavo.
PPD-28 also provides that signals intelligence collected in bulk can only be used for six specific purposes: detecting and countering certain activities of foreign powers; counterterrorism; counter-proliferation; cybersecurity; detecting and countering threats to U.S. or allied armed forces; and combating transnational criminal threats, including sanctions evasion.
Na tej podlagi lahko prejemnik vloži predlog za izpodbijanje sodnega poziva.
The President's National Security Advisor, in consultation with the Director for National Intelligence (DNI), will annually review these permissible uses of signals intelligence collected in bulk to see whether they should be changed.
Zakon o zasebnosti elektronskih komunikacij (Electronic Communications Privacy Act ali ECPA): Vladni dostop do informacij o naročnikih, podatkov o prometu in shranjenih vsebin komunikacij, ki jih hranijo telefonska podjetja ponudnikov internetnih storitev in drugi ponudniki storitev, urejajo dodatna pravila v skladu z naslovom II ECPA, imenovanem tudi zakon o shranjenih komunikacijah (Stored Communications Act ali SCA, členi 2701 do 2712 naslova 18 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
The DNI will make this list publicly available to the maximum extent feasible, consistent with national security.
Glej Ustava ZDA IV. amandma (podrobneje obravnavan zgoraj), Fed.
This provides an important and transparent limitation on the use of bulk signals intelligence collection.
R. Crim.
Additionally, the Intelligence Community elements implementing PPD-28 have reinforced existing analytic practices and standards for querying unevaluated signals intelligence [6].
Dodatna pravila in politike, ki predpisujejo omejitve preiskovalnih dejavnosti zveznih tožilcev, so določene v priročniku za ameriške odvetnike (United States Attorneys' Manual ali USAM), prav tako na voljo na http://www.justice.gov/usam/united-states-attorneys-manual.
Analysts must structure their queries or other search terms and techniques to ensure that they are appropriate to identify intelligence information relevant to a valid foreign intelligence or law enforcement task.
Civilni in regulativni organi (javni interes):
To that end, IC elements must focus queries about persons on the categories of signals intelligence information responsive to a foreign intelligence or law enforcement requirement, so as to prevent the use of personal information not pertinent to foreign intelligence or law enforcement requirements.
Te agencije pri izvajanju sodnih ali civilnih pozivov omejujejo ne le njihovi organizacijski zakoni, temveč tudi neodvisni sodni pregled pozivov pred morebitno sodno izvršitvijo.
It is important to emphasize that any bulk collection activities regarding internet communications that the U.S.
Glej, na primer, Fed.
Intelligence Community performs through signals intelligence operate on a small proportion of the internet.
R. Civ.
The United States has elaborate processes to ensure that signals intelligence activities are conducted only in furtherance of appropriate national security purposes.
Glej člen 2000ee-1 (f)(1) in (2) naslova 42 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
The DNI is responsible for translating these intelligence priorities into the National Intelligence Priorities Framework, or NIPF.
Glej člen 1881f naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA člen 1881f.
The priorities in the NIPF are at a fairly high level of generality.
Glej člene 1803 (b), 1861 a (f), 1881 a (h) in 1881 a (i)(4) naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
They include topics such as the pursuit of nuclear and ballistic missile capabilities by particular foreign adversaries, the effects of drug cartel corruption, and human rights abuses in specific countries.
Člena 1804 (a) in 1801 (g) naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
And they apply not just to signals intelligence, but to all intelligence activities.
Člen 1803 (i)(1) in (3)(A) naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
The organization that is responsible for translating the priorities in the NIPF into actual signals intelligence collection is called the National Signals Intelligence Committee, or SIGCOM.
Člen 1803 (i)(2)(A) naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
It operates under the auspices of the Director of the National Security Agency (NSA), who is designated by Executive Order 12333 as the ‘functional manager for signals intelligence,’ responsible for overseeing and coordinating signals intelligence across the Intelligence Community under the oversight of both the Secretary of Defense and the DNI.
Člen 1803 (i)(2)(B) naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
The SIGCOM has representatives from all elements of the IC and, as the United States fully implements PPD-28, also will have full representation from other departments and agencies with a policy interest in signals intelligence.
Člen 1861 naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
All U.S. departments and agencies that are consumers of foreign intelligence submit their requests for collection to the SIGCOM.
Člen 1861 (b) naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
The SIGCOM reviews those requests, ensures that they are consistent with the NIPF, and assigns them priorities using criteria such as:
Člen 1881a (a) naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
Can signals intelligence provide useful information in this case, or are there better or more cost-effective sources of information to address the requirement, such as imagery or open source information?
Člen 1881a (h) naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
What type of signals intelligence could be used?
Člen 2712 naslova 18 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
Is the collection as tailored as feasible?
Členi 2701 do 2712 naslova 18 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
Should there be time, geographic, or other limitations?
Člen 706(2)(A) naslova 5 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
The U.S. signals intelligence requirements process also requires explicit consideration of other factors, namely:
Člen 552 naslova 5 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
If so, it will require review by senior policymakers.
Člen 2671 in naslednji naslova 28 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
Will the collection present an unwarranted risk to privacy and civil liberties, regardless of nationality?
Člen 3401 in naslednji naslova 12 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
Any selector must be reviewed and approved before it is entered into NSA's collection systems.
Na podlagi tega sem ustanovil mehanizem varuha človekovih pravic na področju zasebnostnega ščita v skladu s pogoji, določenimi v Prilogi A, ki so bili po mojem pismu z 22. februarja 2016 posodobljeni.
Even then, however, whether and when actual collection takes place will depend in part on additional considerations such as the availability of appropriate collection resources.
Izvajanje te funkcije sem dodelil namestnici ministra ge.
This process ensures that U.S. signals intelligence collection targets reflect valid and important foreign intelligence needs.
Novelli.
And, of course, when collection is conducted pursuant to FISA, NSA and other agencies must follow additional restrictions approved by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
Če organ pregona, ki predloži zadevo, zahteva informacije o statusu posamezne predložene zadeve za namene izvajanja lastnega izvršilnega postopka, bo Zvezna komisija za trgovino odgovorila, pri tem pa upoštevala število predloženih zadev v obravnavi, zaupnost in druge zakonske zahteve.
In short, neither NSA nor any other U.S. intelligence agency decides on its own what to collect.
Kongres je prav tako sprejel zakone, ki od nekaterih družb, ki zbirajo informacije o zdravstvenem stanju, zahtevajo, da v primeru kršitve o tem obvestijo potrošnike [11].
Overall, this process ensures that all U.S. intelligence priorities are set by senior policymakers who are in the best position to identify U.S. foreign intelligence requirements, and that those policymakers take into account not only the potential value of the intelligence collection but also the risks associated with that collection, including the risks to privacy, national economic interests, and foreign relations.
Tudi države so bila zelo dejavne pri sprejemanju predpisov v zvezi z zasebnostjo in varnostjo.
Further, the limitations and safeguards applicable to the collection of signals intelligence apply to signals intelligence collected for any authorized purpose, including both foreign relations and national security purposes.
Pomembno je poudariti, da se vsaka dejavnost množičnega zbiranja podatkov v zvezi s komunikacijo po internetu, ki jo izvaja ameriška obveščevalna skupnost z dejavnostjo SIGINT, izvaja na majhnem deležu interneta.
The procedures discussed above demonstrate a clear commitment to prevent arbitrary and indiscriminate collection of signals intelligence information, and to implement — from the highest levels of our Government — the principle of reasonableness.
Vsako leto predsednik določi najpomembnejše prednostne naloge države pri zbiranju tujih obveščevalnih podatkov po obsežnem uradnem medagencijskem postopku.
PPD-28 and agency implementing procedures clarify new and existing limitations to and describe with greater specificity the purpose for which the United States collects and uses signals intelligence.
Poleg tega je, kakor je opisano zgoraj, predsednik v PPD-28 predpisal, da mora obveščevalna skupnost zagotoviti dodatno varstvo osebnih informacij o nedržavljanih ZDA, to varstvo pa se nanaša na informacije, zbrane v okviru člena 702.
These should provide assurance that signals intelligence activities are and will continue to be conducted only to further legitimate foreign intelligence goals.
Ko sodišče odobri postopke izbire cilja in zmanjševanja količine podatkov, zbiranje po členu 702 ni več množično ali neselektivno, temveč „je v celoti sestavljeno iz usmerjanja na posamezne osebe, o katerih je bila sprejeta individualizirana ugotovitev,“ kakor pravi Odbor za nadzor zasebnosti in državljanskih svoboščin [19].
c.
Zakon zagotavlja, da imajo naši strokovnjaki v obveščevalni dejavnosti in kazenskem pregonu pooblastila, ki jih potrebujejo za zaščito naroda, obenem pa nadalje zagotavlja, da je pri izvajanju teh pooblastil zasebnost posameznikov ustrezno zaščitena.
To qualify for retention or dissemination as foreign intelligence, personal information must relate to an authorized intelligence requirement, as determined in the NIPF process described above; be reasonably believed to be evidence of a crime; or meet one of the other standards for retention of U.S. person information identified in Executive Order 12333, section 2.3.
Trenutno odbor izvaja pregled obveščevalnih dejavnosti, ki se izvajajo na podlagi odredbe št. 12333 [54].
Information for which no such determination has been made may not be retained for more than five years, unless the DNI expressly determines that continued retention is in the national security interests of the United States.
Tudi izvajanje tega pooblastila pa je zelo neobičajno in zahteva, da vodja agencije Kongres v 30 dneh obvestiti o razlogih za njegovo uveljavljanje [66].
In addition, all agency policies implementing PPD-28 now explicitly require that information about a person may not be disseminated solely because an individual is a non-U.S. person, and ODNI has issued a directive to all IC elements [8] to reflect this requirement.
Glej Fed.
Intelligence Community personnel are specifically required to consider the privacy interests of non-U.S. persons when drafting and disseminating intelligence reports.
R. Crim.
In particular, signals intelligence about the routine activities of a foreign person would not be considered foreign intelligence that could be disseminated or retained permanently by virtue of that fact alone unless it is otherwise responsive to an authorized foreign intelligence requirement.
Glej mnenje Delovne skupine za varstvo podatkov iz člena 29 Opinion 01/2016 on the EU-U.S.
This recognizes an important limitation and is responsive to European Commission concerns about the breadth of the definition of foreign intelligence as set forth in Executive Order 12333.
Privacy Shield draft adequacy decision (Mnenje 01/2016 o osnutku sklepa o ustreznosti zasebnostnega ščita EU–ZDA) (sprejeto 13. aprila 2016), str. 38 v povezavi z opombo 47.
d.
Privacy Shield draft adequacy decision (Mnenje 01/2016 o sklepu o ustreznosti osnutka zasebnostnega ščita EU-ZDA), Delovna skupina za varstvo podatkov iz člena 29 (sprejeto 13. aprila 2016), str. 41.
The U.S. system of foreign intelligence oversight provides rigorous and multi-layered oversight to ensure compliance with applicable laws and procedures, including those pertaining to the collection, retention, and dissemination of non-U.S. person information acquired by signals intelligence as set forth in PPD-28.
Glej npr. zadevo Coolidge proti New Hampshire, Zbirka odločb Vrhovnega sodišča št. 403, str. 443, 454 in 455 (1971) in zadevo G.M.
These include:
Leasing Corp. v.
In addition, the Department of Justice provides extensive oversight of intelligence activities, and oversight is also provided by the Department of Defense.
Poglavje 1 pa določa, da „je pisna določba v … pogodbi, ki dokazuje trgovski posel, da se z arbitražo reši spor, ki izhaja iz takšne pogodbe ali posla, ali zavrnitev izvedbe celotnega ali dela pogodbe ali posla, ali v pisnem sporazumu, da se obstoječi spor, ki izhaja iz takšne pogodbe, posla ali zavrnitve, predloži v arbitražo, veljavna, nepreklicna in izvršljiva, razen če obstajajo razlogi, kakor so določeni po zakonu ali v kapitalu za preklic katere koli pogodbe.“ Id. člen 2.
Inspectors General are statutorily independent; have broad power to conduct investigations, audits and reviews of programs, including of fraud and abuse or violation of law; and can recommend corrective actions.
Zahteve za informacije Zahteve za dostop do evidenc vlade Združenih držav so lahko vložene in obravnavane v okviru zakona o dostopu do informacij javnega značaja (FOIA).
While Inspector General recommendations are non-binding, the Inspector General's reports are often made public, and in any event are provided to Congress; this includes follow-up reports in case corrective action recommended in previous reports has not yet been completed.
Zahteve za nadaljnje ukrepe Zahteva, ki navaja domnevno kršitev zakona ali drugo neustrezno ravnanje, bo predložena ustreznemu organu vlade Združenih držav, vključno z neodvisnimi nadzornimi organi, s pooblastilom, da preišče ustrezni zahtevek in obravnava neizpolnjevanje načel, kakor je opisano spodaj.
As discussed more fully below, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, a court composed of independent federal judges, is responsible for oversight and compliance of any signals intelligence collection activities conducted pursuant to FISA.
Med drugim mora Odbor za nadzor zasebnosti in državljanskih svoboščin sporočiti, ko agencija izvršilne veje oblasti ne upošteva njegovega nasveta.
Finally, the U.S. Congress, specifically the House and Senate Intelligence and Judiciary Committees, have significant oversight responsibilities regarding all U.S. foreign intelligence activities, including U.S. signals intelligence.
Čeprav FISC odobri velik delež končnih zahtevkov, jih veliko vsebuje bistvene spremembe prvotnega zahtevka, npr. 24 % zahtevkov, odobrenih za obdobje od julija do septembra 2013.
Apart from these formal oversight mechanisms, the Intelligence Community has in place numerous mechanisms to ensure that the Intelligence Community is complying with the limitations on collection described above.
Podobno vrhovno sodišče redno poudarja, da „je najosnovnejše ustavno pravilo na tem področju, da so preiskave, opravljene zunaj sodnega procesa brez predhodnega dovoljenja sodnika ali sodnika nižjega sodišča, kot take nerazumne v skladu s četrtim amandmajem – ter so dopustne le v nekaterih posebej določenih in natančno opisanih izjemnih primerih“.
For example:
pravici posameznikov do dostopa do svojih osebnih podatkov,
Cabinet officials are required to validate their signals intelligence requirements each year.
V čezmejnem kontekstu je FTC pristojna za varstvo potrošnikov po vsem svetu pred praksami, ki se izvajajo v Združenih državah [2].
Additional procedures ensure that selection terms are reviewed periodically.
Kakor je podrobneje obravnavano spodaj, je sodišče za nadzor tujih obveščevalnih podatkov, sestavljeno iz neodvisnih zveznih sodnikov, odgovorno za nadzor nad in skladnost vseh dejavnosti zbiranja obveščevalnih podatkov v okviru SIGINT, ki so izvedene v skladu z zakonom o nadzoru tujih obveščevalnih podatkov.
Based on a recommendation from an independent Review Group appointed by President Obama, the DNI has established a new mechanism to monitor the collection and dissemination of signals intelligence that is particularly sensitive because of the nature of the target or the means of collection, to ensure that it is consistent with the determinations of policymakers.
Nazadnje ima ameriški kongres, bolj točno odbori spodnjega doma in senata za obveščevalno dejavnost in pravosodje, pomembne nadzorne naloge v zvezi z vsemi dejavnostmi Združenih držav za pridobivanje tujih obveščevalnih podatkov, vključno s SIGINT.
Finally, ODNI annually reviews the IC's allocation of resources against the NIPF priorities and the intelligence mission as a whole.
PCLOB v svoji svetovalni vlogi zagotavlja, da se vprašanja svoboščin ustrezno upoštevajo pri oblikovanju in izvajanju zakonov, drugih predpisov in politik, povezanih s prizadevanji za varovanje države pred terorizmom [55].
This review includes assessments of the value of all types of intelligence collection, including signals intelligence, and looks both backward — how successful has the IC been in achieving its goals? — and forward — what will the IC need in the future?
Da bi lahko opravljal svoje naloge, je odbor z zakonom pooblaščen za dostopanje do vseh ustreznih evidenc, poročil, revizij, pregledov, dokumentov, okrožnic, priporočil in vsega drugega zadevnega gradiva Agencije, vključno z zaupnimi informacijami v skladu z zakonom [56].
This ensures that signals intelligence resources are applied to the most important national priorities.
41, 53 (1967) (navajam zadevo Camara proti Mun.
PPD-28 also contains numerous other provisions to ensure that personal information collected pursuant to signals intelligence is protected, regardless of nationality.
To pooblastilo se ne nanaša na vsebino komunikacij, ampak na podatke o stranki ali naročniku, ki uporablja storitev (kot so ime, naslov, številka naročnika, trajanje/vrsta opravljene storitve, vir/mehanizem plačila).
For instance, PPD-28 provides for data security, access, and quality procedures to protect personal information collected through signals intelligence, and provides for mandatory training to ensure that the workforce understands the responsibility to protect personal information, regardless of nationality.
Opinion 01/2016 on the EU-U.S.
The PPD also provides for additional oversight and compliance mechanisms.
V skladu s členom 405(b)(3) in (4) zakona o pooblastilih za obveščevalno dejavnost za davčno leto 2010 (Zbirka aktov Kongresa s področja javnega prava, št. 111–259 z dne 7. oktobra 2010) bo generalni inšpektor obveščevalne skupnosti direktorja nacionalne obveščevalne službe in kongres obveščal o potrebi po popravnih ukrepih in njihovem napredku.
These include periodic audit and reviews by appropriate oversight and compliance officials of the practices for protecting personal information contained in signals intelligence.
Člen 1881 (l) naslova 50 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.
The reviews also must examine the agencies' compliance with the procedures for protecting such information.
V skladu s členom 2000ee et seq. naslova 42 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA Odbor za nadzor zasebnosti in državljanskih svoboščin nenehno pregleduje (i) politike in postopke Ministrstev, agencij in članov izvršilne veje ter njihovo izvajanje v zvezi s prizadevanji za zaščito naroda pred terorizmom ter s tem zasebnosti in državljanskih svoboščin, ter (ii) druge ukrepe izvršilne veje v zvezi s takimi prizadevanji, da bi ugotovil, ali taki ukrepi ustrezno ščitijo zasebnost in državljanske svoboščine ter so skladni z zakoni, predpisi in politikami, ki urejajo varstvo zasebnosti in državljanskih svoboščin.
Additionally, PPD-28 provides that significant compliance issues related to non-U.S. persons will be addressed at senior levels of government.
Člen 45(a) naslova 15 zakonodajne zbirke ZDA.