natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Counts of numbers may be carried out by eye or under a light microscope using a grid placed over the floatation vessel or by photographing the surface of each vessel and later counting the Collembola on enlarged prints or projected slides.
V nekaterih primerih morda koncentracij v porni vodi zaradi premajhne prostornine v vzorcu ne bo mogoče analizirati.
Counts may also be performed using digital image processing techniques (12).
Fizikalno-kemijski parametri
All techniques should be validated.
Ustrezno je treba izmeriti pH, raztopljeni kisik v preskusni vodi ter temperaturo vode v preskusnih posodah in kristalizirkah (glej odstavek 10).
Determination of the maximum WHC of the soil
Na začetku in koncu preskusa je treba v kontrolah ter eni preskusni posodi in kristalizirki izmeriti trdoto in amoniak pri najvišji koncentraciji.
The following method for determining the maximum water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil has been found to be appropriate.
Namen tega preskusa življenjskega cikla je določiti učinek preskusne kemikalije na razmnoževanje ter hitrost razvoja in skupno število v celoti preobraženih in živih samcev in samic trzače za dve generaciji.
It is described in Annex C of ISO DIS 11268-2 (Soil Quality — Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
Za podatke o koeficientu preobrazbe je treba združiti samce in samice.
Part 2: Determination of effects on reproduction).
Če ni statistično znatnih razlik med občutljivostjo obeh spolov v zvezi s hitrostjo razvoja, se lahko rezultati za samce in samice združijo za statistično analizo.
Cover the bottom of the tube with a wet piece of filter paper and then place it on a rack in a water bath.
Učinkovite koncentracije, izražene kot koncentracije v vodi nad usedlino (za vodo s primešano preskusno snovjo) ali v usedlini (za usedlino s primešano preskusno snovjo), se običajno izračunajo na podlagi koncentracij, izmerjenih na začetku izpostavljenosti (glej odstavek 38).
The water holding capacity (WHC) should be calculated as follows:
Za vodo s primešano preskusno snovjo se zato za vsako tretiranje izračuna povprečna vrednost koncentracij, običajno izmerjenih na začetku izpostavljenosti v vodi nad usedlino v posodah za obe generaciji in v kristalizirkah.
Soil Quality — Determination of pH.
Za usedlino s primešano preskusno snovjo se zato za vsako tretiranje izračuna povprečna vrednost koncentracij, običajno izmerjenih na začetku izpostavljenosti v posodah za obe generaciji (in neobvezno v kristalizirkah).
C.40.
Za izračun točkovne ocene, tj. ECx, se lahko statistični podatki po posodah in kletkah za razmnoževanje uporabijo kot dejanske ponovitve.
SEDIMENT-WATER CHIRONOMID LIFE-CYCLE TOXICITY TEST USING SPIKED WATER OR SPIKED SEDIMENT
Pri izračunu intervala zaupanja za ECx je treba upoštevati variabilnost med posodami ali pa dokazati, da je ta zanemarljiva.
This test method is equivalent to OECD Testing Guideline (TG) 233 (2010).
Če se model prilega po metodi najmanjših kvadratov, je treba statistične podatke po posameznih posodah transformirati, da se izboljša homogenost variance.
It is designed to assess the effects of life-long exposure of chemicals on the freshwater dipteran Chironomus sp., fully covering the 1st generation (P generation) and the early part of the 2nd generation (F1 generation).
Vendar je treba vrednosti ECx izračunati po tem, ko so bili rezultati transformirani nazaj na prvotno vrednost (31).
It is an extension of the existing test methods C.28 (1) or C.27 (15) using a spiked-water exposure scenario or a spiked sediment scenario, respectively.
Kadar je namen statistične analize določiti NOEC s preskušanjem domnev, je treba upoštevati variabilnost med posodami, kar se zagotovi z uporabo metod analize variance (npr. postopki Williamsovega in Dunnettovega preskusa).
It takes into account existing toxicity test protocols for Chironomus riparius and Chironomus dilutus (previously named C. tentans (2)) that have been developed in Europe and North America (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) and subsequently ring-tested (1) (7) (10) (11) (12).
Williamsov preskus bi bil ustrezen, če se v teoriji pričakuje monotono razmerje odmerek-učinek, Dunnettov preskus pa bi bil ustrezen, kadar domneva o monotonosti ne drži.
Other well documented chironomid species may also be used, e.g. Chironomus yoshimatsui (13) (14).
Namesto tega se lahko uporabijo robustnejši preskusi (27), kadar so običajne predpostavke analize variance kršene (31).
The complete exposure duration is ca.
Koeficient preobrazbe
44 days for C. riparius and C. yoshimatsui, and –ca.
Če niso, se lahko uporabi Fisherjev eksaktni preskus ali Mantel-Haenszelov preskus z Bonferroni-Holmovimi popravljenimi vrednostmi p.
100 days for C. dilutus.
Če se izkaže, da je variabilnost med ponovitvami v okviru iste koncentracije večja, kot bi kazala binomska porazdelitev (pogosto imenovana ‚ekstra-binomska‘ variacija), potem je treba uporabiti robustni Cochran-Armitageev preskus ali Fisherjev eksaktni preskus, kot je predlagano v (27).
The water exposure scenario, spiking of the water column, is intended to simulate a pesticide spray drift event and covers the initial peak concentration in surface waters.
število preobraženih živih trzač na posodo,
Water spiking is also useful for other types of exposure (including chemical spills), but not for accumulation processes within the sediment lasting longer than the test period.
število vnesenih ličink na posodo (običajno 20).
In that case, and also when run-off is the main entry route of pesticides into water bodies, a spiked sediment design may be more appropriate.
Če je ne večje kot na (tj. če je bilo nenamerno vnesenih več ličink, kot je bilo predvideno), je treba na izenačiti z ne.
If other exposure scenarios are of interest, the test design may be readily adapted.
Alternativen pristop v primeru ekstra-binomske variacije, ki je ustreznejši za večje vzorce, je obravnavanje koeficienta preobrazbe kot zveznega odziva in uporaba postopkov, ki so skladni s temi podatki o ER.
For example, if the distribution of the test chemical between the water phase and the sediment layer is not of interest and adsorption to the sediment has to be minimised, the use of surrogate artificial sediment (e.g. quartz sand) may be considered.
Velik vzorec je tu opredeljen kot število preobraženih osebkov in število nepreobraženih osebkov po posameznih ponovitvah (posodah), pri čemer je obojih več kot pet.
Chemicals that require testing of sediment-dwelling organisms may persist in sediment over long periods.
Za uporabo metod analize variance je treba vrednosti ER najprej transformirati z arkus sinus-korensko transformacijo ali Tukey-Freemanovo transformacijo, da se dobi približna normalna porazdelitev in da se variance izenačijo.
Sediment-dwelling organisms may be exposed via a number of routes.
Cochran-Armitageev preskus, Fisherjev eksaktni preskus (Bonferroni) ali Mantel-Haenszelov preskus se lahko uporabi, kadar se uporabljajo absolutne pogostosti.
The relative importance of each exposure route, and the time taken for each to contribute to the overall toxic effect, is dependent on the physical-chemical properties of the chemical.
Pri arkus sinus-korenski transformaciji se izračuna arkus sinus (sin– 1) kvadratnega korena ER.
For strongly adsorbing chemicals or for chemicals covalently binding to sediment, ingestion of contaminated food may be a significant exposure route.
Za koeficiente preobrazbe se vrednosti ECx izračunajo z regresijsko analizo (npr. probit, logit ali Weibullov model (28)).
In order not to underestimate the toxicity of highly lipophilic chemicals, the use of food added to the sediment before application of the test chemical may be considered (see paragraph 31).
Če regresijska analiza ni uspešna (npr. kadar sta manj kot dva delna odgovora), se lahko uporabijo druge neparametrične metode, kot sta drseče povprečje ali linearna interpolacija.
Therefore, it is possible to include all routes of exposure and all life stages.
Hitrost razvoja
Measured endpoints are the total number of adults emerged (for both 1st and 2nd generations), development rate (for both 1st and 2nd generations), sex ratio of fully emerged and alive adults (for both 1st and 2nd generations), number of egg ropes per female (1st generation only) and fertility of the egg ropes (1st generation only).
Srednji čas razvoja predstavlja srednji časovni razpon med vnosom ličink (dan 0 preskusa) in pojavom eksperimentalne kohorte trzač (za izračun dejanskega časa razvoja je treba upoštevati starost ličink ob vnosu).
Formulated sediment is strongly recommended.
Za statistično preskušanje se za število trzač, opaženih na dan opazovanja x, domneva, da so se preobrazile na sredini časovnega intervala med dnevom x in dnevom x – l (l = dolžina intervala opazovanja, običajno 1 dan).
Formulated sediment has several advantages over natural sediments:
Srednja hitrost razvoja na posodo ( x
experimental variability is reduced because it forms a reproducible “standardised matrix” and the need to source uncontaminated clean sediment is eliminated;
) se izračuna z enačbo:
tests can be initiated at any time without encountering seasonal variability in the test sediment and there is no need to pre-treat the sediment to remove indigenous fauna;
srednja hitrost razvoja za posodo,
reduced cost compared to field collection of sufficient quantities required for routine testing;
i indeks intervala opazovanja,
formulated sediment allows for comparisons of toxicity across studies and ranking chemicals accordingly (3).
m največje število intervalov opazovanja,
First instar chironomid larvae are exposed to a concentration range of the test chemical in a sediment-water system.
število trzač, preobraženih v intervalu opazovanja i,
The test starts by placing first instar larvae (1st generation) into test beakers containing spiked sediment or alternately the test chemical is spiked into the water after addition of the larvae.
skupno število preobraženih trzač ob koncu poskusa (Σfi),
The number of egg ropes produced and their fertility are assessed.
dolžina intervala opazovanja i (dnevi, običajno 1 dan).
From these egg ropes, first instar larvae of the 2nd generation are obtained.
Razmerje med spoloma
These larvae are placed into freshly prepared test beakers (spiking procedure as for the 1st generation) to determine the viability of the 2nd generation through an assessment of their emergence, time to emergence and the sex ratio of the fully emerged and alive midges (a schematic presentation of the life-cycle test is provided in Appendix 5).
Razmerja med spoloma so kvantni podatki in jih je zato treba oceniti s Ficherjevim eksaktnim preskusom ali drugimi ustreznimi metodami.
All data are analysed either by a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause X % reduction in the relevant endpoint, or by using hypothesis testing to determine a No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC).
Naravno razmerje med spoloma pri C. riparius je ena, tj. samci in samice so enako pogosti.
The latter requires a comparison of treatment responses with the appropriate control responses using statistical tests.
Podatke o razmerju med spoloma je treba obravnavati enako za obe generaciji.
It should be noted that in the spiked water scenario, in case of fast degrading chemicals, the later life stages of each generation (e.g. pupal phase) might be exposed to a considerably lower concentration level in the overlying water than the 1st instar larvae.
Ker je največje število trzač na posodo (tj. 20) premajhno za smiselno statistično analizo, se sešteje skupno število v celoti preobraženih in živih trzač za posamezen spol v vseh posodah enega tretiranja.
If this is a concern, and a comparable exposure level for each life stage is needed, the following amendments of the test method might be considered:
Ti netransformirani podatki se preskusijo glede na podatke iz kontrole (s topilom) ali združene kontrole v kontingenčni tabeli 2 × 2.
parallel runs with spiking at different life stages, or
Razmnoževanje se tako kot plodnost izračuna kot število nizov jajčec na samico.
repeated spiking (or overlying water renewal) of the test system during both test phases (1st and 2nd generation), whereby the spiking (renewal) intervals should be adjusted to the fate characteristics of the test chemical.
To natančneje pomeni, da se skupno število nizov jajčec, odloženih v kletki za razmnoževanje, deli s skupnim številom živih in nepoškodovanih samic, dodanih v navedeno kletko.
Such amendments are only feasible in the spiked water scenario, but not in the sediment spiked scenario.
NOEC za plodnost se lahko določi z metodami analize variance, npr. Williamsovim ali Dunnettovim preskusom.
The water solubility of the test chemical, its vapour pressure and log Kow, measured or calculated partitioning into sediment and stability in water and sediment should be known.
Fertilnost nizov jajčec se uporabi za kvantifikacijo števila fertilnih nizov jajčec na samico.
A reliable analytical method for the quantification of the test chemical in overlying water, pore water and sediment with known and reported accuracy and limit of detection should be available.
Skupno število nizov jajčec, odloženih v kletki za razmnoževanje, se deli s skupnim številom živih in nepoškodovanih samic, dodanih v navedeno kletko.
Useful information includes the structural formula and purity of the test chemical.
NOEC za fertilnost se lahko določi z metodami analize variance, npr. Williamsovim ali Dunnettovim preskusom.
Chemical fate of the test chemical (e.g. dissipation, abiotic and biotic degradation, etc.) is also useful.
V poročilu o preskusu morajo biti naslednje informacije:
Further guidance for testing chemicals with physical-chemical properties that make them difficult to perform the test is provided in (16).
fizikalno stanje in fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti (topnost v vodi, parni tlak, log Kow, porazdelitveni koeficient v tleh (ali v usedlini, če je na voljo), stabilnost v vodi in usedlini itd.),
Reference chemicals may be tested periodically as a means of assuring that the sensitivity of the laboratory population has not changed.
kemijski identifikacijski podatki (splošno ime, kemijsko ime, strukturna formula, številka CAS itd.), vključno s čistostjo in analitsko metodo za kvantifikacijo preskusne kemikalije.
As with daphnids it would be sufficient to perform a 48-h acute test (following 17).
uporabljeni preskusni organizmi:
However, until a validated acute guideline is available a chronic test according to Chapter C.28 of this Annex may be considered.
informacije o ravnanju z jajčnimi legli in ličinkami,
Examples of reference toxicants used successfully in ring-tests and validation studies are:
informacije o ravnanju s preobraženimi odraslimi osebki prve generacije s pomočjo sesalnika itd. (glej Dodatek 5),
lindane, trifluralin, pentachlorophenol, cadmium chloride and potassium chloride.
starost preskusnih organizmov ob vnosu v preskusne posode za prvo in drugo generacijo.
(1) (3) (6) (7) (18).
uporabljena usedlina, tj. naravna ali formulirana (umetna),
For the test to be valid the following conditions apply:
naravna usedlina:
the mean emergence in the control treatment should be at least 70 % at the end of the exposure period for both generations (1) (7);
lokacija in opis mesta vzorčenja usedline, vključno, če je mogoče, s preteklim onesnaženjem;
for C. riparius and C. yoshimatsui, 85 % of the total emerged adult midges from the control treatment in both generations should occur between 12 and 23 days after the insertion of the first instar larvae into the vessels;
značilnosti usedline:
for C. dilutus, a period of 20 to 65 days is acceptable;
pH, vsebnost organskega ogljika, razmerje C/N in granulometrija (če je ustrezno),
the mean sex ratio of fully emerged and alive adults (as female or male fraction) in the control treatment of both generations should be at least 0,4, but not exceed 0,6; for each breeding cage the number of egg ropes in the controls of the 1st generation should be at least 0,6 per female added to the breeding cage;
formulirana usedlina:
the fraction of fertile egg ropes in each breeding cage of the controls of the 1st generation should be at least 0,6; at the end of the exposure period for both generations, pH and the dissolved oxygen concentration should be measured in each vessel.
priprava, sestavine in značilnosti (vsebnost organskega ogljika, pH, vlaga itd., izmerjeni na začetku preskusa),
The oxygen concentration should be at least 60 % of the air saturation value (ASV [9]), and the pH of overlying water should be between 6 and 9 in all test vessels;
priprava preskusne vode (če se uporablja modelna razredčevalna voda) in značilnosti (koncentracija kisika, pH, trdota itd., izmerjeni na začetku preskusa),
the water temperature should not differ by more than ± 1,0 °C.
globina usedline in vode nad njo v preskusnih posodah in kristalizirkah,
Test vessels and breeding cages
prostornina vode nad usedlino in porne vode;
The larvae are exposed in 600 ml glass beakers measuring ca.
teža mokre usedline s porno vodo in brez nje v preskusnih posodah in kristalizirkah,
8,5 cm in diameter (see Appendix 5).
preskusne posode (material in velikost),
Other vessels are suitable, but they should guarantee a suitable depth of overlying water and sediment.
kristalizirke (material in velikost),
The sediment surface should be sufficient to provide 2 to 3 cm2 per larvae.
kletke za razmnoževanje (material in velikost),
The ratio of the depth of the sediment layer to the depth of the overlying water should be ca.
način priprave založnih raztopin in preskusnih koncentracij za preskusne posode in kristalizirke,
1:4.
vnos preskusne kemikalije v preskusne posode in kristalizirke:
Breeding cages (minimum 30 cm in all three dimensions) with a gauze (mesh size ca.
preskusne koncentracije, število ponovitev in topil, če so potrebna,
1 mm) on the top and one side of the cage as a minimum should be used (see Appendix 5).
pogoji inkubacije za preskusne posode:
In each cage a 2 l crystallising dish, containing test water and sediment, is placed for oviposition.
temperatura, svetlobni cikel in jakost, prezračevanje (mehurčki na sekundo),
Also for the crystallising dish, the ratio of the depth of the sediment layer to the depth of the overlying water should be around 1:4.
pogoji inkubacije za kletke za razmnoževanje in kristalizirke:
After egg ropes are collected from the crystallising dish they are placed into a 12-well microtiter plate (one rope per well containing at least 2,5 ml water from the spiked crystallising dish) after which the plates are covered with a lid to prevent significant evaporation.
temperatura, svetlobni cikel in jakost svetlobe,
Other vessels suitable for keeping the egg ropes may also be used.
pogoji inkubacije za nize jajčec v mikroploščah (ali drugih posodah):
With the exception of the microtiter plates, all test vessels and other apparatus that will come into contact with the test system should be made entirely of glass or other chemically inert material (e.g. Polytetrafluoroethylene).
temperatura, svetlobni cikel in jakost svetlobe,
The species to be used in the test is preferably Chironomus riparius.
podrobne informacije o hranjenju, vključno z vrsto hrane, pripravo, količino in načinom.
C. yoshimatsui may also be used.
nazivne preskusne koncentracije, izmerjene preskusne koncentracije in rezultati vseh analiz za določitev koncentracije preskusne kemikalije v preskusnih posodah in kristalizirkah,
C. dilutus is also suitable but more difficult to handle and requires a longer test period.
kakovost vode v preskusnih posodah in kristalizirkah, tj. pH, temperatura, raztopljeni kisik, trdota in amoniak,
Details of culturing methods are given in Appendix 2 for C. riparius.
morebitna nadomestitev izhlapele preskusne vode v preskusnih posodah,
Information on culture conditions are also available for C. dilutus (5) and C. yoshimatsui (14).
število preobraženih samcev in samic trzače na posodo ter na dan za prvo in drugo generacijo,
Identification of the species should be confirmed before testing but is not required prior to every test if the organisms come from an in-house culture.
razmerje med spoloma pri v celoti preobraženih in živih trzačah na tretiranje za prvo in drugo generacijo,
Formulated sediment (also called reconstituted, artificial or synthetic sediment) should preferably be used.
število ličink, ki se niso preobrazile v trzače, na posodo za prvo in drugo generacijo,
However, if natural sediment is used, it should be characterised (at least pH, organic carbon content, determination of other parameters such as C/N ratio and granulometry are also recommended) and should be free from any contamination and other organisms that may compete with, or consume chironomid larvae.
odstotek/delež preobrazbe na ponovitev in preskusno koncentracijo (združeni samci in samice trzače) za prvo in drugo generacijo,
It is also recommended, before testing, that sediments are conditioned for seven days under test conditions.
srednja hitrost razvoja v celoti preobraženih in živih trzač na ponovitev in stopnjo koncentracije (združeni samci in samice trzače) za prvo in drugo generacijo,
The following formulated sediment, as described in (1), is recommended (1) (20) (21):
število nizov jajčec, odloženih v kristalizirkah, na kletko za razmnoževanje in dan,
4-5 % (dry weight) peat:
lastnosti posameznega niza jajčec (velikost, oblika in fertilnost),
as close to pH 5,5 to 6,0 as possible;
plodnost – skupno število nizov jajčec na skupno število samic, dodanih v kletko za razmnoževanje,
it is important to use peat in powder form, finely ground (particle size ≤ 1 mm) and only air dried;
fertilnost – skupno število fertilnih nizov jajčec na skupno število samic, dodanih v kletko za razmnoževanje,
20 % (dry weight) kaolin clay (kaolinite content preferably above 30 %);
ocene strupenih končnih točk, npr. ECx (in s tem povezani intervali zaupanja), NOEC ter statistične metode, uporabljene za njihovo določitev,
75-76 % (dry weight) quartz sand (fine sand should predominate with more than 50 per cent of the particles between 50 and 200 μm);
Poglavje C.28 te priloge, Preskus strupenost s trzačami v sistemu vode in usedline z uporabo vode s primešano preskusno snovjo.
Deionised water is added to obtain moisture of the final mixture in the range of 30–50 %;
Poglavje C.27 te priloge, Preskus strupenosti s trzačami v sistemu vode in usedline z uporabo usedline s primešano preskusno snovjo.
Calcium carbonate of chemically pure quality (CaCO3) is added adjust the pH of the final mixture of the sediment to 7,0 ± 0,5;
J. Amer.
Organic carbon content of the final mixture should be 2 % (± 0,5 %) and is to be adjusted by the use of appropriate amounts of peat and sand, according to (a) and (c).
OECD (2006).
The source of peat, kaolin clay and sand should be known.
Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application, OECD Series on Testing and Assessment No.
The sediment components should be checked for the absence of chemical contamination (e.g. heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, organophosphorous compounds).
54, 146 str., ENV/JM/MONO(2006)18, OECD, Pariz.
An example for the preparation of the formulated sediment is described in Appendix 3.
Formulirana usedlina ali rekonstituirana, umetna ali sintetična usedlina je zmes snovi, uporabljenih za posnemanje fizičnih sestavin naravne usedline.
Mixing of dry constituents is also acceptable if it is demonstrated that after addition of overlying water a separation of sediment constituents (e.g. floating of peat particles) does not occur, and that the peat or the sediment is sufficiently conditioned.
Voda nad usedlino je voda, ki se nalije nad usedlino v preskusni posodi.
Any water which conforms to the chemical characteristics of acceptable dilution water as listed in Appendices 2 and 4 is suitable as test water.
Intersticijska voda ali porna voda je voda, ki zavzema prostor med delci usedline in tal.