natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Preparation of peat suspension for sediment;
Westheide, W., in Bethge-Beilfuss, D. (1991).
conditioning of the suspension for 48 h;
Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Spiking of the sediment or sediment fraction;
Dirven-Van Breemen, E., Baerselmann, R., in Notenboom, J. (1994).
mixing of all sediment constituents;
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) (1993).
removing sediment samples of treated and solvent control sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
Soil Quality – Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
addition of overlying water;
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) (1996).
incubation at test conditions (equilibration phase);
Enchytraeen (Oligochaeta) als Bioindikator, UWSF – Z. Umweltchem.
Separation of the test organisms from the culture for acclimatisation;
Didden, W.
of water quality (see paragraph 52);
Bodenorganismen – Prüfungskategorien der Forschung.
removing replicates for taking samples of water and sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
UWSF – Z. Umweltchem.
randomised distribution of the worms to the test chambers;
Römbke, J., in Federschmidt, A. (1995).
retaining of sufficient sub-samples of worms for determination of analytical background values;
Römbke, J., Riepert, F., in Achazi, R. (2000).
controlling air supply, if closed test system is used;
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) (1994).
Remove replicates for sampling;
Kakovost tal – Določevanje pH, št. 10390.
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 56);
Bell, A. W.
taking water, sediment and worm samples for determination of test substance concentration;
Nielsen, C. O., in Christensen, B. (1959).
4 - 6
The colouring of bottom-fauna samples before sorting, Vestnik Ceskoslovensko Spolecnosti Zoologicke 32, 300–305.
Same as day 2;
Finney, D. J. (1978).
compensate evaporated water if necessary;
Statistical Method in Biological Assay.
8 - 13
Williams, D. A. (1971).
15 - 20
Williams, D. A. (1972).
22 - 27
Dunnett, C. W. (1955).
measurement of water quality (see paragraph 52);
Dunnett, C. W. (1964).
end of uptake phase;
New tables for multiple comparisons with a control.
retaining of sufficient subsamples of worms for determination of analytical background values, wet and dry weight, and lipid content;
Hoeven, N. van der (1998).
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment for elimination phase (no gut-purging);
355–361.
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls; sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
Holm, S. (1979).
Pre-exposure activities (equilibration phase) should be scheduled taking into account the properties of the test substance.
Jonckheere, A. R. (1954).
If required, conditioning of the prepared sediment under overlying water at 20 ± 2 °C for 7 days;
Terpstra, T. J. (1952).
in this case, earlier preparation of the sediment!
Shirley, E. A. (1979).
Activities described for day 2 should be performed daily (at least on workdays).
izdaja.
Elimination phase
Christensen, E. R., (1984).
Mixing of all sediment constituents;
Enchytraeus crypticus (Westheide in Graefe, 1992):
incubation at test conditions;
Enchytraeus buchholzi (Vejdovsky, 1879):
0 (day 28 of uptake phase)
Enchytraeus bulbosus (Nielsen in Christensen, 1963):
Measurement of water quality (see paragraph 52);
trajanje preskusa razmnoževanja je lahko (ni pa nujno) krajše, tj. štiri namesto šest tednov, vendar trajanja preskusa za določanje območja delovanja ni dovoljeno spremeniti,
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment;
Schmelz, R. M., in Collado, R. (1999).
after 4 - 6 h removing replicates for taking samples of water, sediment and worms for determination of test substance concentration;
Je variacija homogena?
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 52);
Ali obstajajo vsaj štiri ponovitve na tretiranje?
8 - 9
Dunnov
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls;
log Kow,
sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
Oien, N., in Stenerson, J. (1984).
Preparation of the sediment prior to start of elimination phase should be done in the same manner as before the uptake phase.
Esterases of earthworm – III.
Some physical-chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water
Development of a test method on sublethal effects of pesticides on the earthworm species Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei – comparison of two ringtests.
< 2μg/l
Edwards, C. A., in Bohlen, J. P. (1996).
COMPOSITION OF THE RECOMMENDED RECONSTITUTED WATER
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) (1994).
The sum of the calcium and magnesium ions in this solution is 2,5 mmol/l.
Kakovost tal – Določevanje pH, št. 10390.
The pH of an acceptable dilution water should be in the range of 6 - 9.
ISO, Ženeva.
Artificial sediment — preparation and storage recommendations
Hund-Rinke, K., Römbke, J., Riepert, F., in Achazi, R. (2000).
In contrast to the requirements in test method C.8 (40) the peat content of the artificial sediment is recommended to be 2 % instead of 10 % of dry weight, in order to correspond to a low to moderate organic content of natural sediments (58).
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) (1992).
Percentage of dry constituents of the artificial sediment:
Kakovost tal – Ugotavljanje suhe snovi in vsebnosti vode na osnovi mase – Gravimetrijska metoda, št. 11465.
% of dry sediment
Römbke, J., in Moser, Th.
Folia urticae, powdered leaves of Urtica sp.
Toxicol.
(stinging nettle), finely ground (particle size ≤ 0,5 mm), or a mixture of powdered leaves of Urtica sp. with alpha-cellulose (1:1);
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11:1485– 1494.
in accordance with pharmacy standards, for human consumption;
Van Gestel, C. A. M., van Dis, W. A., van Breemen, E. M., Sparenburg, P. M. (1988).
in addition to dry sediment
st. odklon
If elevated ammonia concentrations are expected, e.g. if the test substance is known to inhibit the nitrification, it may be useful to replace 50 % of the nitrogen-rich urtica powder by cellulose (e.g., α-Cellulose powder, chemically pure, particle size ≤ 0,5 mm).
Priporočljive so steklene serumske steklenice nazivne prostornine 125 ml in z dejansko prostornino približno 160 ml, zatesnjene s serumskimi zaporkami [5] in z aluminijastimi zapornimi obročki, vendar pa je mogoče uspešno uporabljati steklenice s skupno prostornino med 0,1 litra in 1 litrom;
The peat is air-dried and ground to a fine powder (grain size ≤ 0,5 mm, no visible plant remains).
membranski filtri (0,2 μm) za sterilizacijo substrata;
A suspension of the required amount of peat powder is prepared using a portion of the deionised water to be added to the dry sediment (a water volume of 11,5 × dry weight of peat has been found useful to produce a stirrable peat slurry (8)) using a high-performance homogenising device.
razprava o rezultatih, vključno z morebitnimi odstopanji od postopkov v tej preskusni metodi, in razprava o morebitnih odstopanjih v rezultatih preskusa od tistega, kar bi bilo pričakovano, zaradi motenj in napak,
The pH of this suspension is adjusted to 5,5 ± 0,5 with CaCO3.
Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo (2003).
The suspension is conditioned for at least two days with gentle stirring at 20 ± 2 °C, to stabilise pH and establish a stable microbial component.
ISO 13641-1 Kakovost vode – Določevanje zaviranja nastanka plina, ki ga proizvedejo anaerobne bakterije – 1. del:
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,0 ± 0,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo (2003).
Then all of the suspension is mixed with the other dry constituents, taking into account any portion used for spiking.
ISO 13641-2 Kakovost vode – Določevanje zaviranja nastanka plina, ki ga proizvedejo anaerobne bakterije – 2. del:
The remaining deionised water is added to obtain a homogeneous sediment.
ISO (2000) Ring test of ISO 13 641-1 and ISO 13 641-2.
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,5 to 7,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
Swanwick, J. D., Foulkes, M. (1971).
If ammonia development is expected, the artificial sediment may be conditioned for seven days under the same conditions which prevail in the subsequent test (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1: 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels) before it is spiked with the test substance, i.e. it should be topped with water, which should be aerated.
HMSO (1986).
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon content (e.g. 3 samples).
Determination of the inhibitory effects of chemicals and waste waters on the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge.
Thereafter, the spiked quartz sand is mixed with the sediment for each treatment level, the sediment is distributed to the replicate test vessels, and topped with the test water (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1 : 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels).
Shelton, D. R., Tiedje, J. M. (1984).
The chosen food source should be added prior to or during spiking the sediment with the test substance.
47 850–857.
In order to ensure that the food is in sufficient contact with the test substance, the food source should be mixed with the sediment not later than on the day the test substance is spiked to the sediment.
Battersby, N. S., in Wilson, V. (1988).
Exceptions may be made where the length of the equilibration period leads to excessive microbial degradation of the food before the test organisms are added.
Wilson, V., Painter, H. A., in Battersby, N. S. (1992).
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon (e.g. 3 samples of spiked or control sediment).
Ind.
The dry weight of the components (peat, sand, kaolin) should be reported in g and in per cent of total dry weight.
Kawahara, K., Yakabe, Y., Chida, T., in Kida, K. (1999).
The volume of water to be added to the dry components during preparation of the sediment should also be reported in per cent of total dry weight (e.g. 100 % dry weight + 46 % water means 1000 g d.w. receive a total of 460 ml water, which results in 1460 g wet sediment).
Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo (1995) ISO 10 634 Kakovost vode – Navodilo za pripravo in obdelavo v vodi slabo topnih organskih spojin za nadaljnje vrednotenje njihove biorazgradljivosti v vodi.
The dry constituents of the artificial sediment may be stored in a dry, cool place at room temperature.
Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo (1997) ISO 11 923 Kakovost vode – Določevanje suspendiranih snovi s filtracijo skozi filter iz steklenih vlaken.
The prepared, wet sediment may be stored (for further use in the culture only) at 4 ± 2 °C in the dark for a period of 2 to 4 weeks from the day of preparation (8).
koncentracija inokuluma v preskusnih steklenicah (g/l)
Sediment spiked with the test substance should be used immediately unless there is information indicating that the particular sediment can be stored without affecting the toxicity and bioavailability of the test substance.
Z mrežo velikosti 500 μm večina delcev usedline zelo hitro preide skozi sito, vendar je treba presejanje izvesti hitro, da se črvi ne splazijo v mrežo ali skoznjo.
Samples of spiked sediment may be stored under the conditions recommended for the particular test substance until analysis.
Mreža velikosti 250 μm bo črvom preprečila, da bi se splazili vanjo ali skoznjo, vendar je treba paziti, da na mreži ostane kar najmanj delcev usedline.
Oligochaetes species recommended for bioaccumulation testing
ES (2003).
Tubifex tubifex (MÜLLER),Tubificidae, Oligochaeta
del I–IV.
The tubificid oligochaete (Tubificidae, Oligochaeta) Tubifex tubifex (Müller) lives in freshwater sediments in tubes which are lined with mucus.
Hill, I. R., Matthiessen, P., Heimbach, F. (ur.) 1993, Guidance document on Sediment Toxicity Tests and Bioassays for freshwater and Marine Environments, From the SETAC-Europe Workshop On Sediment Toxicity Assessment, 8. – 10. november 1993, Renesse (Nizozemska).
In these tubes the worms dwell head down, ingesting sediment particles utilising the associated microorganisms and organic debris.
Riedhammer, C., in Schwarz-Schulz, B. (2001).
The posterior portion usually undulates in the overlying water for respiration purposes.
VIR
Although this species inhabits a wide range of sediment types all over the northern hemisphere, Tubifex tubifex prefers relatively fine grain sizes (59).
V sodelovanju z R. Nagelom in B. Karaoglanom.
The suitability of this species for ecotoxicological testing is described for example in (8)(29)(31)(39)(60)(62)(63).
Baily, H. C., in Liu, D. H. W.
In order to have a sufficient number of Tubifex tubifex for conducting bioaccumulation tests the worms have to be kept in permanent laboratory culture.
Chapman, K. K., Benton, M. J., Brinkhurst, R. O., in Scheuerman, P. R. (1999).
A system consisting of artificial sediment based on the artificial soil according to Test Method C.8 (40) and reconstituted water according to test method C.1 is recommended for T. tubifex culture (8).
Schubauer-Berigan, M. K., Dierkes, J. R., Monson, P. D., in Ankley, G. T. (1993). pH-dependent toxicity of cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus.
Each culture container is loaded with a layer of wet artificial sediment prepared as described in Appendix 5.
Ingersoll, C. G., Ankley, G. T., Benoit D. A., Brunson, E. L., Burton, G. A., Dwyer, F. J., Hoke, R. A., Landrum, P. F., Norberg-King, T. J., in Winger, P.V.
The water body is gently aerated (e.g. 2 bubbles per second with 0,45 μm-filtered air) via a pasteur pipette positioned 2 cm above the sediment surface.
Brust, K., Licht, O., Hultsch, V., Jungmann, D., in Nagel, R. (2001).
The recommended culture temperature is 20 ± 2 °C.
Dermott, R., in Munawar, M. (1992).
The worms are added to the culture system with a maximum loading of 20000 individuals/m2 sediment surface.
Egeler, Ph., Römbke, J., Meller, M., Knacker, Th., Franke, C., Studinger, G., in Nagel, R. (1997).
A higher loading may cause a reduction in growth and reproduction rates (43).
Egeler, Ph., Römbke, J., Knacker, Th., Franke, C., in Studinger, G. (1999).
To avoid accumulation of ammonia, the overlying water should be exchanged using a flow-through system, or, at least once a week, manually.
Development – Ecotoxicology
Sampling of worms from the culture can be done by sieving the culture sediment through a 1 mm sieve if only adults are required.
Sposobnost razmnoževanja pršic, izpostavljenih preskusni kemikaliji, se primerja s sposobnostjo razmnoževanja v kontrolah, da se določi vrednost ECx (npr. EC10, EC50) ali pa koncentracija brez opaznega učinka (NOEC) (za opredelitve pojmov glej Dodatek 1), odvisno od načrta poskusa (glej odstavek 29).
The sieves can be placed into reconstituted water after the sediment has passed through.
Vehikel se razprši na majhno količino, npr. 10 g, finega kremenovega peska ali pa se z njo zmeša.
The worms leave the mesh and can then be picked from the water using a soft steel forceps or a pipette with fire-polished edges.
V posebnih primerih (npr. ko staranje velja za odločilni dejavnik) je mogoče čas med pripravo substrata za dokončni preskus in dodajanjem pršic podaljšati (za podrobnosti takšnega staranja glej (18)).
Only intact and clearly identified specimens of Tubifex tubifex (e.g. (64)) are used to start a test or new cultures.
Vendar je treba v takšnih primerih podati znanstveno utemeljitev.
Diseased or injured worms as well as cocoons infested with fungal hyphae have to be discarded.
Za izračun, ali obstajajo značilne razlike (p ≤ 0,05) med kontrolami in različnimi koncentracijami preskusnih snovi (izbira priporočljivega preskusa na podlagi dokumenta OECD št. 54 z naslovom Sodobni pristopi pri statistični analizi podatkov o ekotoksičnosti: smernice za uporabo) je mogoče uporabiti večkratne primerjave (npr. Dunnettov t-preskus) ali regresivne trendnostne preskuse (npr. Williamsov preskus v primeru monotonega razmerja odmerek-odziv).
New culture vessels are set up in the chosen intervals (e.g. every two weeks), starting with animals of a certain age (e.g. cocoons).
Bakker, F. M., Feije, R., Grove, A. J., Hoogendorn, G., Jacobs, G., Loose, E. D., in van Stratum, P. (2003).
At the culture conditions described here the worms are adult after 8 - 10 weeks.
JSS – Journal of Soils and Sediments 3, 73–77.
Lumbriculus variegatus (Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta) is also an inhabitant of freshwater sediments worldwide and is widely used in ecotoxicological testing.
Schlosser, H.-J., in Riepert, F. (1991/92).
Information on the biology, culture conditions, and sensitivity of the species can be obtained from (1)(6)(9)(36).
Schlosser, H.-J., in Riepert, F. (1992).
Lumbriculus variegatus can also be cultured in the artificial sediment recommended for T. tubifex according to (8) within certain limitations.
Heckmann, L.-H., Maraldo, K., in Krogh, P. H. (2005).
Since, in nature L. variegatus prefers more coarse sediments than T. tubifex (59), laboratory cultures with the artificial sediment used for T. tubifex may cease after 4 to 6 months.
Schlosser, H. J., in Riepert, F. 1992.
Practical experience has shown that L. variegatus can be held in a sandy substratum (e.g. quartz sand, fine gravel) in a flow-through system using fish food as nutritional source over several years without renewing the substratum.
Heckmann, L.-H., Ruf, A., Nienstedt, K. M., in Krogh, P. H. 2007.
A major advantage of L. variegatus over other aquatic oligochaete species is its quick reproduction, resulting in rapidly increasing biomass in laboratory-cultured populations (1)(6)(9)(10).
Lesna, I., in Sabelis, M. W.
, ASTM (2000) (1), U.S.
ENV/JM/MONO(2006)18.
The worms can be cultured in large aquaria (57 - 80 l) at 23 °C with a 16L:8D photoperiod (100 - 1000 lux) using daily renewed natural water (45 - 50 l per aquarium).
Največja hitrost odlaganja jajčec je dosežena med 10. in 40. dnem (po tem, ko samica odraste) in znaša 2,2 jajčeca na samico na dan.
New substrate in the tank will generally last for about two months.
Čas razvoja od jajčeca do odrasle samice je približno 20 dni pri temperaturi 20 °C.
Static or semi-static cultures should receive lower feeding rates to prevent bacterial and fungal growth.
Gojenje vrste Typrophagus putrescentiae:
Under these conditions the number of individuals in the culture generally doubles in about 10 to 14 d.
Prehranske pršice se namestijo na vrh tega prahu.
Injuries or autotomy in the worms should be prevented, e.g. by using pipettes with fire polished edges, or stainless steel picks for handling these worms.
Osebki, uporabljeni v preskusu, morajo biti podobne starosti (približno 7 dni po tem, ko dosežejo fazo odraslosti).
An issue to be regarded critically when using L. variegatus in sediment bioaccumulation tests is its reproduction mode (architomy followed by morphallaxis).
Zato je predlagan naslednji postopek (24) (25):
This asexual reproduction results in two fragments, which do not feed for a certain period until the head or tail part is regenerated (e.g. (36)(37)).
Naprava:
This means that in L. variegatus sediment and contaminant uptake via ingestion may not take place continuously as in tubificids, which do not reproduce by fragmentation.
Tullgrenovi lijaki ali primerljive metode, kot je npr. McFadyenova (ogrevanje od zgoraj, vzorec je položen nad lijak).
Such variation can occur, when some individuals, which have fragmented and therefore do not feed for a certain time period, are less exposed to the test substance than other individuals, which do not fragment during the test, e.g. (38).
Režim ogrevanja:
10 to 14 days before the start of exposure, the worms should be artificially fragmented (synchronisation) (65).
25 °C za 12 ur, 35 °C za 12 ur, 45 °C za 24 ur (skupaj 48 ur).
A lack of reproduction in a bioaccumulation test with L. variegatus should be recorded, and considered when interpreting the test results.
Nato pršica hrano v obliki kaše lahko posrka.
They can be also found in warm water bodies of the northern hemisphere.
Owens, J. W. (2007).
However, they are more abundant in mud-clay sediments with high organic matter content.
68(3): 277–91.
Furthermore, the worms are living in the sediment layer.
76(3–4): 343–52.
Even the posterior end of the worms is usually burrowed.
67(1): 121–30.
This species is easily identified from the gill filaments on their posterior part.
70(1): 11–21.
The adults can reach a length of 9 - 11 cm and a wet weight of 40-50 mg.
123(2): 113–25.
The worms have a high rate of reproduction, show population doubling times of less than 2 weeks and under the conditions of temperature and feeding described below (Aston et al., 1982, (65)).
217–232.
B. sowerbyi has been used both in toxicity and bioaccumulation studies (Marchese & Brinkhurst 1996, (31) Roghair et al.
119– 131.
1996, (67) respectively).
531–539.
A summary of culture conditions for Branchiura sowerbyi is given below (provided by Mercedes R. Marchese, INALI, Argentina, and Carla J. Roghair, RIVM, The Netherlands).
Brion, F., Nilsen, B. M., Eidem, J. K., Goksoyr, A., Porcher, J. M., Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure vitellogenin in the zebrafish (Danio rerio).
No single technique for culturing the test organisms is required.
1699– 1708.
The organisms can be cultured using uncontaminated, natural sediment (31).
Journal of Health Science 50: 301–308.
Practical experience showed that a medium consisting of natural sediment and sand improves the condition of the worms compared to pure natural sediment (32)(67).
1350–60.
3 L-beakers containing 1500 ml sediment/water medium, consisting of 375 ml of natural uncontaminated sediment (about 10 % Total Organic Carbon; about 17 % of the particles ≤ 63 μm), 375 ml of clean sand (M32), and 750 ml of reconstituted or dechlorinated tap water can be used for the culture (31)(32)(67).
23(3): 774–81.
Paper towels also can be used as a substrate for culturing, but population growth is lower than in natural sediment.
OECD (2000).
In semi-static systems the water layer in the beaker is slowly aerated, and the overlying water should be renewed weekly.
Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures.
Each beaker contains 25 young worms to start with.
Pariz.
The old beaker also contains cocoons and young worms.
Hutchinson, T. H., Ankley, G. T., Segner, H., Tyler, C. R., 2006b.
Up to 400 young worms per beaker can be harvested in this way.
114 Suppl 1: 106– 14.
The cultures should be maintained at a temperature of 21 to 25 °C.
47, 129– 145.
Variation of temperature should be kept below ± 2 °C.
Martinovic, D., L. S. Blake, E. J. Durhan, K. J. Greene, M. D. Kahl, K. M. Jensen, E. A. Makynen, D. L. Villeneuve in G. T. Ankley.
The time required for embryonic development from an egg being laid until the young leaves the cocoon is approximately three weeks at 25 °C.
27, 478–488.
The number of eggs per cocoon ranges from 1,8 to 2,8 (66)(69) or up to 8 (68).
ENV/JM/MONO(2012)22.
Dissolved oxygen, water hardness, temperature, and pH should be measured weekly.
25 ± 2 °C
Fish food (e.g. TetraMin®) can be added as suspension two or three times per week ad libitum.
26 ± 2 °C
A major advantage of this species is the high individual biomass (up to 40 - 50 mg wet weight per individual).
Približna mokra teža odrasle ribe (g)
Therefore this species may be used for testing bioaccumulation of non-radiolabelled test substances.
21 dni
It can be exposed in the systems used for T. tubifex or L. variegatus with a single individual per replicate (11).
Environ Toxicol Chem 20: 1276–1290.
Also, the validity criterion related to burrowing behaviour needs to be adjusted for this species.
Environ Sci Technol 34: 3003–3011.
Part I - IV.
Comp Biochem Physiol C 128: 127–141.
Chapter C.27 of this Annex, Sediment water Chironomid toxicity test using spliked sediment
Aquat Toxicol 47: 129–145.
Wat.
Ugnezdena analiza varianc ni normalna.
Res. 23, 1443-1450.
Neenake variance
A kinetic model for bioconcentration of lipophilic compounds by oligochaetes.
Sredine ponovitev niso normalno porazdeljene.
Res. 24, 1225-1231.
0–4
Chapter C.4 A-F Determination of ready biodegradability
8–10