natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The method described here was validated in an international ring test (12) for 14C-labelled substances.
Odvzamejo se vzorci usedline, da se določita suha teža in skupni organski ogljik (npr. 3 vzorci usedline s primešano preskusno snovjo ali kontrolne usedline).
If total radioactive residues are measured, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) is based on the parent substance including any retained degradation products.
Suho težo sestavin (šote, peska, kaolina) je treba sporočiti v gramih in deležu skupne suhe teže.
It is also possible to combine a metabolism study with a bioaccumulation study by analysis and quantification of the percentage of parent substance and its degradation products in samples taken at the end of the uptake phase or at the peak level of bioaccumulation.
Tudi prostornino vode, ki jo je treba med pripravo usedline dodati suhim sestavinam, je treba sporočiti v deležu skupne suhe teže (npr. 100 % suhe teže + 46 % vode pomeni, da 1000 g suhe teže sprejme skupaj 460 ml vode, kar je 1460 g mokre usedline).
In any case, it is recommended that BAF calculation be based on the concentration of the parent substance in the organisms and not only on total radioactive residues.
Suhe sestavine za umetno usedlino se lahko shranjujejo v suhem in hladnem prostoru pri sobni temperaturi.
In addition to the properties of the test substance, other information required is the toxicity to the oligochaete species to be used in the test, such as a median lethal concentration (LC50) for the time necessary for the uptake phase, to ensure that selected exposure concentrations are much lower than toxic levels.
Pripravljena mokra usedlina se lahko za 2–4 tedne od dneva priprave hrani (le za nadaljnjo uporabo v gojišču) v temi pri 4 ± 2 °C (8).
If available, preference should be given to toxicity values derived from long-term studies on sublethal endpoints (EC50).
Usedlino s primešano preskusno snovjo je treba uporabiti takoj, razen če obstajajo informacije o tem, da je mogoče določeno usedlino shranjevati, ne da bi to vplivalo na strupenost in biološko razpoložljivost preskusne snovi.
If such data are not available, an acute toxicity test under conditions identical with the bioaccumulation test conditions, or toxicity data on other surrogate species data may provide useful information.
Vzorci usedline s primešano preskusno snovjo se lahko do analize hranijo v pogojih, priporočenih za zadevno preskusno snov.
An appropriate analytical method of known accuracy, precision, and sensitivity for the quantification of the substance in the test solutions, in the sediment, and in the biological material must be available, together with details of sample preparation and storage as well as material safety data sheets.
Vrste maloščetincev, priporočene za preskušanje bioakumulacije
Analytical detection limits of the test substance in water, sediment, and worm tissue should also be known.
Tubifex tubifex (MÜLLER), Tubificidae, Oligochaeta
If a radiolabelled test substance is used, the specific radioactivity (i.e. Bq mol– 1), the position of the radiolabelled atom, and the percentage of radioactivity associated with impurities must also be known.
Maloščetinski tubifeks (Tubificidae, Oligochaeta) Tubifex tubifex (Müller) živi v sladkovodnih usedlinah v cevkah, ki so prevlečene s sluzjo.
The specific radioactivity of the test substance should be as high as possible in order to detect test concentrations as low as possible (11).
Črvi v teh cevkah živijo z glavo navzdol in se prehranjujejo z delci usedline, pri čemer izkoriščajo povezane mikro organizme in organske odpadke.
Information on characteristics of the sediment to be used (e.g. origin of sediment or its constituents, pH and ammonia concentration of the pore water (field sediments), organic carbon content (TOC), particle size distribution (per cent sand, silt, and clay), and per cent dry weight) should be available (6).
Zadnji del običajno valovi v vodi nad usedlino zaradi dihanja.
The test consists of two phases;
Čeprav ta vrsta naseljuje številne vrste usedlin po celotni severni polobli, ima Tubifex tubifex najraje razmeroma fine delce (59).
the uptake (exposure) phase and the elimination (post-exposure) phase.
Primernost te vrste za ekotoksikološko preskušanje je opisana na primer v (8) (29) (31) (39) (60) (62) (63).
During the uptake phase, worms are exposed to sediment spiked with the test substance, topped with reconstituted water and equilibrated as appropriate (11).
Da se zagotovi zadostno število osebkov Tubifex tubifex za izvajanje preskusov bioakumulacije, bo morda treba črve gojiti v stalni laboratorijski kulturi.
Groups of control worms are held under identical conditions without the test substance.
Za gojenje T. tubifex se priporoča sistem, ki zajema umetno usedlino na podlagi umetnih tal v skladu s preskusno metodo C.8 (40) in modelno razredčevalno vodo v skladu s preskusno metodo C.1 (8).
For the elimination phase the worms are transferred to a sediment-water-system free of test substance.
V vsaki posodi za gojenje je plast mokre umetne usedline, pripravljene, kot je opisano v Dodatku 5.
An elimination phase is necessary to gain information on the rate at which the test substance is excreted by the test organisms (19)(25).
Debelina plasti usedline mora omogočati naravno obnašanje črvov pri zarivanju (vsaj 2 cm debela plast za T. tubifex).
An elimination phase is always required unless uptake of the test substance during the exposure phase has been insignificant (e.g. there is no statistical difference between the concentration of the test substance in test and control worms).
V sistem se doda modelna razredčevalna voda.
If a steady state has not been reached during the uptake phase, determination of the kinetics — BAFk, uptake and elimination rate constant(s) — may be done using the results of the elimination phase.
Pri tem je treba paziti, da se usedlina čim manj moti.
Change of the concentration of the test substance in/on the worms is monitored throughout both phases of the test.
Vodno telo se nežno prezračuje (npr. 2 mehurčka na sekundo z zrakom, filtriranim na 0,45 μm) s pasteurjevo pipeto, ki je nastavljena 2 cm nad površino usedline.
During the uptake phase, measurements are made until BAF has reached a plateau or steady state.
Priporočena temperatura za gojenje je 20 ± 2 °C.
By default, the duration of the uptake phase should be 28 days.
Črvi se v sistem za gojenje vnesejo z največjo obremenitvijo 20000 osebkov/m2 površine usedline.
Practical experience has shown that a 12 to 14-day uptake phase is sufficient for several stable, neutral organic substances to reach steady-state (6)(8)(9).
Večja obremenitev bi lahko povzročila manjše hitrosti rasti in razmnoževanja (43).
However, if the steady state is not reached within 28 d, the elimination phase is started by transferring exposed oligochaetes to vessels containing the same medium without the test substance.
Pri gojenju v umetnih usedlinah je treba črve hraniti.
The elimination phase is terminated when either the 10 % level of the concentration measured in the worms on day 28 of the uptake phase is reached, or after a maximum duration of 10 d.
Prehrana, ki zajema fino mleto ribjo hrano, npr. TetraMin®, lahko služi kot dodatna hranilna snov (8);
The residue level in the worms at the end of the elimination phase is reported as an additional endpoint, e.g. as Non-eliminated residues (NER).
Klerks 1994, osebno sporočilo.
The bioaccumulation factor (BAFss) is calculated preferably both as the ratio of concentration in worms (Ca) and in the sediment (Cs) at apparent steady state, and as a kinetic bioaccumulation factor, BAFK as the ratio of the rate constant of uptake from sediment (ks) and the elimination rate constant (ke) assuming first-order kinetics.
Stopnje hranjenja morajo omogočati zadostno rast in razmnoževanje ter ohranjati kopičenje amoniaka in rast plesni v gojišču na čim nižji ravni.
If a steady state is not reached within 28 days, calculate BAFK from the uptake rate and elimination rate constant(s).
Hrana se lahko daje dvakrat na teden (npr. 0,6–0,8 mg/cm2 površine usedline).
For calculation see Appendix 2.
Praktične izkušnje so pokazale, da lahko uporaba hrane, ki je suspendirana in homogenizirana v deionizirani vodi, olajša homogeno razporeditev hrane po površini usedline v posodah za gojenje.
If first-order kinetics are not applicable, more complex models should be employed (Appendix 2 and reference (25).
Da se prepreči kopičenje amoniaka, je treba vodo nad usedlino zamenjati s pretočnim sistemom ali ročno vsaj enkrat na teden.
If a steady state is not achieved within 28 days, the uptake phase may optionally be extended subjecting groups of exposed worms — if available — to further measurements until steady state is reached;
V založnih kulturah je treba usedlino zamenjati vsake tri mesece.
in parallel, the elimination phase should nevertheless be started on day 28 of the uptake phase.
Vzorčenje črvov iz gojišča se lahko izvede s presejanjem gojitvene usedline skozi sito z luknjicami velikosti 1 mm, če so potrebni le odrasli osebki.
The uptake rate constant, the elimination rate constant (or constants, where more complex models are involved), the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK), and where possible, the confidence limits of each of these parameters are calculated from computerised model equations (see Appendix 2 for models).
Za zadržanje kokonov je primerna mreža z luknjicami velikosti 0,5 mm, za črvje mladiče pa sito z luknjicami velikosti 0,25 mm.
The goodness of fit of any model can be determined from the correlation coefficient or the coefficient of determination (coefficients close to 1 indicate a good fit).
Ko se usedlina preseje skozi sita, se ta lahko postavijo v modelno razredčevalno vodo.
To reduce variability in test results for organic substances with high lipophilicity, bioaccumulation factors should be expressed additionally in relation to the lipid content of the test organisms and to the organic carbon content (TOC) in the sediment (biota-sediment accumulation factor or BSAF in kg sediment TOC kg– 1 worm lipid content).
Črvi zapustijo mrežo in se lahko nato iz vode poberejo s prijemalkami iz plavljenega jekla ali pipeto z vroče poliranimi robovi.
This approach is based on experiences and theoretical correlations for the aquatic compartment, where — for some chemical classes — there is a clear relationship between the potential of a substance to bioaccumulate and its lipophilicity, which has been well established for fish as model organisms (14)(25)(27).
Za začetek preskusa ali novih kultur se uporabijo samo nepoškodovani in jasno identificirani primerki Tubifex tubifex (npr. (64)).
There is also a relationship between the lipid content of the test fish and the observed bioaccumulation of such substances.
Bolne ali poškodovane črve in kokone, na katerih so se namnožili mikroorganizmi fungus hypha, je treba zavreči.
For benthic organisms, similar correlations have been found (15)(16)(17)(18).
S sinhrono kulturo se lahko v primernih razmikih zagotovijo črvi določene starosti, ko so potrebni.
If sufficient worm tissue is available, the lipid content of the test animals may be determined on the same biological material as the one used to determine the concentration of the test substance.
Nove posode za gojenje se pripravijo v izbranih razmikih (npr. vsaka dva tedna), pri čemer se začnejo z živalmi določene starosti (npr. kokoni).
However, it is practical to use acclimatised control animals at least at start or — preferably — at the end of the uptake phase to measure the lipid content, which can then be used to normalise the BAF values.
V pogojih gojenja, opisanih tukaj, črvi odrastejo po 8–10 tednih.
For a test to be valid the following conditions apply:
Kulture se lahko spravijo, ko črvi odložijo nove kokone, npr. po desetih tednih.
The cumulative mortality of the worms (controls and treatments) until the end of the test should not exceed 20 % of the initial number.
Vzorčeni odrasli osebki se lahko uporabijo za preskuse, s kokoni pa se lahko začnejo nove kulture.
In addition, it should be demonstrated that the worms burrow in the sediment to allow for maximum exposure.
Lumbriculus variegatus (Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta) prav tako živi v sladkovodnih usedlinah po vsem svetu in se pogosto uporablja v ekotoksikološkem preskušanju.
For details see paragraph 28.
Informacije o biologiji, pogojih gojenja in občutljivosti vrste so navedene v (1) (6) (9) (36).
Several species of aquatic oligochaetes can be used for the test.
Lumbriculus variegatus se lahko z nekaj omejitvami gojijo tudi v umetni usedlini, ki se v skladu z (8) priporoča za T. tubifex.
The most commonly used species are listed in Appendix 6.
Ker ima L. variegatus v naravi raje bolj grobe usedline kot T. tubifex (59), lahko laboratorijske kulture v umetnih usedlinah, ki se uporabljajo za T. tubifex, poginejo po 4 do 6 mesecih.
Toxicity tests (96 h, in water only) should be conducted at regular intervals (e.g. every month) with a reference toxicant such as potassium chloride (KCl) or copper sulfate (CuSO4) (1) to demonstrate the health conditions of the test animals (1)(6).
Praktične izkušnje so pokazale, da je lahko L. variegatus v peščenem substratu (npr. kremenov pesek, fini prod) v pretočnem sistemu, v katerem se ribja hrana uporablja kot vir hranilnih snovi več let brez obnovitve substrata.
If reference toxicity tests are not conducted at regular intervals, the batch of organisms to be used in a sediment bioaccumulation test should be checked using a reference toxicant.
Pogoji gojenja za Lumbriculus variegatus so podrobno opisani v Phipps in drugi (1993) (10), Brunson in drugi (1998) (28), ASTM (2000) (1) in U.S.
Measurement of the lipid content might also provide useful information on the condition of the animals.
Črvi se lahko gojijo v velikih akvarijih (57–80 l) pri 23 °C z obdobjem osvetljenosti (100–1000 luksov), ki obsega 16 ur svetlobe in 8 ur teme, ter vsakodnevno obnovljeno naravno vodo (45–50 l na akvarij).
Culture of the test organisms
Nov substrat v posodi bo na splošno zdržal približno dva meseca.
In order to have a sufficient number of worms for conducting bioaccumulation tests the worms may have to be kept in permanent single-species laboratory culture.
Vsaka kultura črvov se začne s 500–1000 črvi in se trikrat na teden hrani z 10 ml suspenzije, ki vsebuje 6 g začetne hrane za postrvi, v pogojih za obnovitev ali pretočnih pogojih.
Laboratory culture methods for the selected test species are summarised in Appendix 6.
Statičnim ali polstatičnim kulturam se morajo zagotoviti manjše stopnje hranjenja, da se prepreči rast bakterij in plesni.
For details see references (8)(9)(10)(18)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32).
Hrano in papirni substrat je treba analizirati glede snovi, ki jih je treba uporabiti v preskusih bioakumulacije.
Care should be taken to avoid the use of materials for all parts of the equipment that can dissolve, absorb test substances or leach other substances and have an adverse effect on the test animals.
V teh pogojih se število osebkov v kulturi običajno podvoji v približno 10 do 14 dneh.
Standard rectangular or cylindrical chambers, made of chemically inert material and of suitable capacity in compliance with the loading rate, i.e. the number of test worms can be used.
Lumbriculus variegatus se lahko odstrani iz gojišč npr. s prenosom substrata s fino mrežo ali organizmov z vroče polirano široko (premer približno 5 mm) stekleno pipeto v ločeno čašo.
The use of soft plastic tubing for administering water or air should be avoided.
Nato se lahko vnesejo v novo pripravljene posode za gojenje ali dodatno obdelajo za preskus, kot je opisano v (1) in (6).
Polytetrafluoroethylene, stainless steel and/or glass should be used for any equipment having contact with the test media.
Poškodbe ali avtotomijo pri črvih je treba preprečiti npr. z uporabo pipet z vroče poliranimi robovi ali nerjavnimi pincetami za ravnanje s temi črvi.
For substances with high adsorption coefficients, such as synthetic pyrethroids, silanised glass may be required.
Pri uporabi L. variegatus v preskusih bioakumulacije v usedlinah je treba kritično obravnavati njihov način razmnoževanja (arhitomija, ki ji sledi morfalaksa).
In these situations the equipment will have to be discarded after use (5).
S tem nespolnim razmnoževanjem nastaneta dva fragmenta, ki se določeno časovno obdobje ne prehranjujeta, dokler se glava ali del repa ne obnovi (npr. (36) (37)).
For radiolabelled test substances, and for volatile substances, care should be taken to avoid stripping and the escape of stripped test substance.
To pomeni, da je pri L. variegatus absorpcija usedline in onesnaževala z zaužitjem morda ne odvijata hkrati, kot pri tubificidih, ki se ne razmnožujejo s fragmentacijo.
Traps (e.g. glass gas washing bottles) containing suitable absorbents to retain any residues evaporating from the test chambers should be employed (11).
Do takih razlik lahko pride, če so nekateri osebki, ki so se fragmentirali in se zato določeno časovno obdobje niso prehranjevali, manj izpostavljeni preskusni snovi kot drugi osebki, ki se med preskusom ne fragmentirajo, npr. (38).
The overlying water must be of a quality that will allow the survival of the test species for the duration of the acclimation and test periods without them showing any abnormal appearance or behaviour.
Črve je treba 10 do 14 dni pred začetkom izpostavljenosti umetno fragmentirati (sinhronizacija) (65).
Reconstituted water according to test method C.1 (25) is recommended for use as overlying water in the tests as well as in the laboratory cultures of the worms.
Uporabiti je treba velike črve, ki po možnosti ne kažejo znakov nedavne fragmentacije.
It has been demonstrated that several test species can survive, grow, and reproduce in this water (8), and maximum standardisation of test and culture conditions is provided.
To pomeni, da se pričakuje, da bodo vse živali enako izpostavljene usedlini s primešano preskusno snovjo, ko se med preskusom pri sinhroniziranih črvih pojavi regeneracija z morfalakso.
The water should be characterised at least by pH, conductivity and hardness.
Sinhronizirane črve je treba hraniti takoj, ko se začnejo zarivati v substrat, ali 7 dni po seciranju.
Analysis of the water for micro-pollutants prior to use might provide useful information (Appendix 4).
Po regeneraciji je treba za preskus uporabiti nepoškodovane in popolne črve podobne velikosti, ki aktivno plavajo ali se plazijo po nežnih mehanskih dražljajih.
The water should be of constant quality during the period of a test.
Kadar se v preskusu uporabi Lumbriculus variegatus, se mora zaradi specifičnega načina razmnoževanja te vrste število črvov med preskusom povečati, če so pogoji ustrezni (6).
The pH of the overlying water should be between 6 and 9.
Odsotnost razmnoževanja v preskusu bioakumulacije z L. variegatus je treba zabeležiti in upoštevati pri razlagi rezultatov preskusa.
The total hardness should be between 90 and 400 mg CaCO3 per litre at the start of the test (7).
Branchiura sowerbyi (BEDDARD), Tubificidae, Oligochaeta (vrsta ni validirana s krožnim preskusom)
Ranges for pH and hardness in the mentioned reconstituted water are given in test method C.1 (25).
Branchiura sowerbyi naseljujejo različne vrste usedlin v zajetjih, jezerih, ribnikih in rekah, avtohtono v tropskih območjih.
If there is an interaction suspected between hardness ions and the test substance, lower hardness water should be used.
Nahajajo se lahko tudi v toplih vodnih telesih severne poloble.
Appendix 4 summarises additional criteria of an acceptable dilution water according to OECD TG 210 (34).
Vendar so pogostejši v blatnih glinenih usedlinah z visoko vsebnostjo organske snovi.
The sediment must be of a quality that will allow the survival and preferably the reproduction of the test organisms for the duration of the acclimation and test periods without them showing any abnormal appearance or behaviour.
Črvi živijo v plasti usedline.
The worms should burrow into the sediment.
Običajno je zarit tudi zadnji del črvov.
Burrowing behaviour can have an influence on the exposure, and consequently on the BAF.
Ta vrsta se enostavno identificira po škržnih lističih na zadnjem delu.
Therefore, sediment avoidance or burrowing behaviour of the test organisms should be recorded, where turbidity of the overlying water allows such observations.
Odrasli osebki lahko v dolžino dosežejo 9–11 cm, njihova mokra teža pa je 40–50 mg.
The worms (control and treatments) should burrow in the sediment within a period of 24 h after addition to the test vessels.
Črvi se hitro razmnožujejo, pri čemer se njihovo število v temperaturnih pogojih in pogojih prehranjevanja, opisanih v nadaljevanju, podvoji v manj kot 2 tednih (Aston in drugi, 1982, (65)).
If permanent burrowing failure or sediment avoidance are observed (e.g. more than 20 % over more than half of the uptake phase), this indicates that either the test conditions are not appropriate, or the test organisms are not healthy, or that the concentration of the test substance elicits this behaviour.
B. sowerbyi se uporablja tako v študijah strupenosti kot v študijah bioakumulacije (Marchese in Brinkhurst 1996 (31), Roghair in drugi 1996 (67)).
In such a case the test should be stopped and repeated at improved conditions.
V nadaljevanju so povzeti pogoji gojenja Branchiura sowerbyi (po Mercedes R. Marchese, INALI, Argentina in Carla J. Roghair, RIVM, Nizozemska).
Additional information on sediment ingestion can be obtained by using methods described in (35)(36), which specify sediment ingestion or particle selection in the test organisms.
Za gojenje preskusnih organizmov se ne zahteva enotna tehnika.
If observable, at least the presence or absence of fecal pellets on the sediment surface, which indicate sediment ingestion by the worms, should be recorded and considered for the interpretation of the test results with respect to exposure pathways.
Organizmi se lahko gojijo v neonesnaženi naravni usedlini (31).
An artificial sediment based on the artificial soil described in test method C.8 (40) is recommended for use in both the tests and the laboratory cultures of the worms (Appendix 5), since natural sediments of appropriate quality may not be available throughout the year.
Praktične izkušnje so pokazale, da se z gojiščem iz naravne usedline in peska izboljša stanje črvov v primerjavi s čisto naravno usedlino (32) (67).
In addition, indigenous organisms as well as the possible presence of micropollutants in natural sediments might influence the test.
Za to kulturo se lahko uporabijo čaše s prostornino 3 l, v katerih je 1500 ml gojišča iz usedline in vode, ki vsebuje 375 ml naravne neonesnažene usedline (približno 10 % skupnega organskega ogljika, približno 17 % delcev ≤ 63 μm), 375 ml čistega peska (M32) in 750 ml modelne razredčevalne vode ali deklorirane vodovodne vode (31) (32) (67).
Several test species can survive, grow, and reproduce in the artificial sediment (8).
Kot substrat za gojenje se lahko uporabijo tudi papirnate brisače, vendar je rast populacije manjša kot v naravni usedlini.
The artificial sediment should be characterised at least by origin of the constituents, grain size distribution (percent sand, silt, and clay), organic carbon content (TOC), water content, and pH.
V polstatičnih sistemih se vodna plast počasi prezračuje, vodo nad usedlino pa je treba obnoviti vsak teden.
Measurement of redox potential is optional.
V vsaki čaši je na začetku 25 mladih črvov.
However, natural sediments from unpolluted sites may serve as test and/or culture sediment (1).
Po dveh mesecih se veliki črvi s pinceto poberejo iz usedline in vnesejo v novo čašo s sveže pripravljenim gojiščem iz usedline in vode.
Natural sediments should be characterised at least by origin (collection site), pH and ammonia of the pore water, organic carbon content (TOC), particle size distribution (percent sand, silt, and clay), and percent water content (6).
V stari čaši so tudi kokoni in mladi črvi.
It is recommended that, before it is spiked with the test substance, the natural sediment be conditioned for seven days under the same conditions which prevail in the subsequent test, if ammonia development is expected.
Tako se lahko spravi do 400 mladih črvov na čašo.