natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Yield
podatki niso primerni za računalniške metode, saj le-te ne izdelajo nobenih bolj zanesljivih rezultatov, kot jih lahko pridobi strokovna presoja – nekateri računalniški programi v takšnih situacijah celo ne morejo izdelati zanesljive rešitve (ponovitve se ne združujejo itd.);
this response variable is the biomass at the end of the test minus the starting biomass.
spodbujevalni odzivi rasti se z uporabo razpoložljivih računalniških programov ne morejo ustrezno obravnavati (glej spodaj).
It should be noted that toxicity values calculated by using these two response variables are not comparable and this difference must be recognised when using the results of the test.
Statistični postopki
ECx values based upon average specific growth rate (ErCx) will generally be higher than results based upon yield (EyCx) if the test conditions of this test method are adhered to, due to the mathematical basis of the respective approaches.
Cilj je količinsko ovrednotiti odziv na koncentracijo z regresijsko analizo.
This should not be interpreted as a difference in sensitivity between the two response variables, simply that the values are different mathematically.
Lahko se uporabi tehtana linearna regresija, po tem ko se izvede linearizacijska pretvorba podatkov o odzivu – na primer v verjetnostnih ali logističnih ali Weibullovih enotah (8), vendar so nelinearni regresijski postopki prednostne metode, ki bolje obravnavajo neizogibne podatkovne nepravilnosti in odklone od enakomerne porazdelitve.
The concept of average specific growth rate is based on the general exponential growth pattern of algae in non-limited cultures, where toxicity is estimated on the basis of the effects on the growth rate, without being dependent on the absolute level of the specific growth rate of the control, slope of the concentration-response curve or on test duration.
Če se te nepravilnosti približujejo ničelnemu ali popolnemu zaviranju, se lahko s pretvorbo povečajo in ovirajo analizo (8).
In contrast, results based upon the yield response variable are dependent upon all these other variables.
Upoštevati je treba, da so standardne metode za analizo, ki uporabljajo analize probit, analize logit ali Weibullove pretvorbe, namenjene za uporabo na kvantiziranih podatkih (npr. umrljivost ali preživetje) in morajo biti ustrezno prirejene zaradi upoštevanja podatkov o rasti ali o biomasi.
EyCx is dependent on the specific growth rate of the algal species used in each test and on the maximum specific growth rate that can vary between species and even different algal strains.
Specifični postopki za določevanje vrednosti ECx iz kontinuiranih podatkov so na voljo v (9), (10) in (11).
This response variable should not be used for comparing the sensitivity to toxicants among algal species or even different strains.
Uporaba nelinearne regresijske analize je podrobneje opisana v Dodatku 5.
While the use of average specific growth rate for estimating toxicity is scientifically preferred, toxicity estimates based on yield are also included in this test method to satisfy current regulatory requirements in some countries.
Za vsako analizirano spremenljivko odziva se izračuna točkovna ocena vrednosti ECx, pri čemer se uporabi razmerje med odzivom in koncentracijo.
Average growth rate
Kadar je to mogoče, se za vsako oceno določijo 95-odstotne meje zaupanja.
The average specific growth rate for a specific period is calculated as the logarithmic increase in the biomass from the equation for each single vessel of controls and treatments [1]:
Grafično ali statistično je treba določiti ustreznost prileganja podatkov odziva na regresijski model.
day
Regresijska analiza se mora opraviti na odzivih posameznih ponovitev in ne na srednjih vrednostih tretiranih skupin.
where:
Če pa je nelinearno prilagajanje krivulj težavno ali zaradi preveč razpršenih podatkov ne uspe, se težavo lahko zaobide z izvedbo regresije na skupinskih srednjih vrednostih kot praktičnim načinom zmanjševanja vpliva pričakovanih osamelcev.
μi-j
Uporaba te možnosti naj se navede v poročilu kot odmik od normalnega postopka, ker ujemanje krivulje s posamičnimi ponovitvami ni dalo dobrih rezultatov.
is the average specific growth rate from time i to j;
Ocene EC50 in meje zaupanja se prav tako lahko pridobi z uporabo linearne interpolacije z metodo vezanja (13), če so razpoložljivi regresijski modeli/metode za podatke neustrezni.
is the biomass at time i;
Za ocenjevanje LOEC in zato tudi NOEC za učinke preskusne kemikalije na hitrost rasti je treba primerjati srednje vrednosti tretiranih skupin z uporabo tehnik analize variance (ANOVA).
is the biomass at time j
Srednja vrednost za vsako koncentracijo se nato primerja s srednjo vrednostjo kontrole z ustrezno metodo večkratne primerjave ali trendnostnega preskusa.
For each treatment group and control group, calculate a mean value for growth rate along with variance estimates.
Uporabna sta lahko Dunnettov ali Williamsov preskus (12)(14)(15)(16)(17).
Calculate the average specific growth rate over the entire test duration (normally days 0-3), using the nominally inoculated biomass as the starting value rather than a measured starting value, because in this way greater precision is normally obtained.
Treba je ugotoviti, ali velja domneva homogenosti variance v analizi variance.
If the equipment used for biomass measurement allows sufficiently precise determination of the low inoculum biomass (e.g. flow cytometer) then the measured initial biomass concentration can be used.
Ta ocena se lahko izvede grafično ali s formalnim preskusom (17).
Assess also the section-by-section growth rate, calculated as the specific growth rates for each day during the course of the test (days 0-1, 1-2 and 2-3) and examine whether the control growth rate remains constant (see validity criteria, paragraph 11).
Primerna preskusa sta preskus po Levenu ali preskus po Bartlettu.
While a lag phase can be minimised and practically eliminated in control cultures by proper propagation of the pre-culture, a lag phase in exposed cultures may indicate recovery after initial toxic stress or reduced exposure due to loss of test chemical (including sorption onto the algal biomass) after initial exposure.
Če je heterogenost variance skrajna in je ni mogoče odpraviti s pretvorbo, je treba proučiti možnosti analize z metodami, kot so večstopenjski trendnostni preskusi po Jonkheeru.
Hence the section-by-section growth rate may be assessed in order to evaluate effects of the test chemical occurring during the exposure period.
Dodatna navodila o določanju NOEC so navedena v (11).
Substantial differences between the section-by-section growth rate and the average growth rate indicate deviation from constant exponential growth and that close examination of the growth curves is warranted.
Nedavni razvoj znanosti je privedel do priporočila o opuščanju koncepta NOEC in njegovi zamenjavi z regresijsko določenimi točkovnimi ocenami ECx.
Calculate the percent inhibition of growth rate for each treatment replicate from equation [2]:
Za ta preskus alg ni bila določena primerna vrednost x.
%I r
Primerno je območje od 10 do 20 % (odvisno od izbrane spremenljivke odziva) in po možnosti naj se poroča tako o EC10 kot tudi o EC20.
percent inhibition in average specific growth rate;
Spodbujanje rasti
mean value for average specific growth rate (μ) in the control group;
Pri nizkih koncentracijah je včasih opaženo spodbujanje rasti (negativno zaviranje).
average specific growth rate for the treatment replicate.
To je lahko posledica hormeze (‚spodbujevalni učinek strupenosti‘) ali dodajanja spodbujevalnih rastnih faktorjev s preskusnim materialom minimalnemu uporabljenemu gojišču.
When solvents are used to prepare the test solutions, the solvent controls rather than the controls without solvents should be used in calculation of percent inhibition.
Upoštevati je treba, da naj dodajanje anorganskih hranil ne bi imelo nobenih neposrednih učinkov, saj naj bi preskusni medij ohranjal presežek hranil skozi celoten preskus.
Yield is calculated as the biomass at the end of the test minus the starting biomass for each single vessel of controls and treatments.
Nizek odmerek spodbujanja se navadno ne upošteva pri računanju EC50, razen če je zelo velik.
For each test concentration and control, calculate a mean value for yield along with variance estimates.
Če pa je zelo velik ali če se izračuna vrednost ECx za nizek x, so potrebni posebni postopki.
The percent inhibition in yield ( %Iy) may be calculated for each treatment replicate as follows:
Brisanju spodbujevalnih odzivov iz analize podatkov se je treba izogibati, če je mogoče; če razpoložljiva programska oprema za prilagajanje krivulje ne more sprejeti manjših spodbujanj, je mogoče uporabiti linearno interpolacijo z metodo vezanja.
%I y
Če je spodbujanje zelo veliko, naj se obravnava model hormeze (18).
percent inhibition of yield;
Nestrupeno zaviranje rasti
Plotting concentration response curve
Navodila so navedena v (2) in (3).
Plot the percentage of inhibition against the logarithm of the test chemical concentration and examine the plot closely, disregarding any such data point that was singled out as an outlier in the first phase.
POROČILO O PRESKUSU
Fit a smooth line through the data points by eye or by computerised interpolation to get a first impression of the concentration-response relationship, and then proceed with a more detailed method, preferably a computerised statistical method.
V poročilu o preskusu morajo biti naslednje informacije:
Depending on the intended usage of data;
Preskusna kemikalija:
the quality (precision) and amount of data as well as the availability of data analysis tools, it may be decided (and sometimes well justified) to stop the data analysis at this stage and simply read the key figures EC50 and EC10 (and/or EC20) from the eye fitted curve (see also section below on stimulatory effects).
fizične značilnosti in fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti, vključno z mejo topnosti v vodi,
Valid reasons for not using a statistical method may include:
kemijski identifikacijski podatki (npr. številka CAS), vključno s čistostjo (nečistote).
Data are not appropriate for computerised methods to produce any more reliable results than can be obtained by expert judgement — in such situations some computer programs may even fail to produce a reliable solution (iterations may not converge etc.)
Preskusne vrste:
Stimulatory growth responses cannot be handled adequately using available computer programs (see below).
sev, dobavitelj ali vir in uporabljeni pogoji gojenja.
Statistical procedures
Preskusni pogoji:
The aim is to obtain a quantitative concentration-response relationship by regression analysis.
podatki o začetku preskusa in njegovo trajanje,
It is possible to use a weighted linear regression after having performed a linearising transformation of the response data — for instance into probit or logit or Weibull units (8), but non-linear regression procedures are preferred techniques that better handle unavoidable data irregularities and deviations from smooth distributions.
opis načrta preskusa:
Approaching either zero or total inhibition, such irregularities may be magnified by the transformation, interfering with the analysis (8).
preskusnih posod, volumnov kultur, gostote biomase na začetku preskusa,
It should be noted that standard methods of analysis using probit, logit, or Weibull transforms are intended for use on quantal (e.g. mortality or survival) data, and must be modified to accommodate growth or biomass data.
sestava medija,
Specific procedures for determination of ECx values from continuous data can be found in (9) (10) and (11).
preskusne koncentracije in ponovitve (npr. število ponovitev, število uporabljenih preskusnih koncentracij in geometrijskih naraščanj),
The use of non-linear regression analysis is further detailed in Appendix 5.
opis priprave preskusnih raztopin, vključno z uporabo topil itd.,
For each response variable to be analysed, use the concentration-response relationship to calculate point estimates of ECx values.
inkubator za kultiviranje,
When possible, the 95 % confidence limits for each estimate should be determined.
obsevanost in kakovost svetlobe (vir, homogenost),
Goodness of fit of the response data to the regression model should be assessed either graphically or statistically.
temperatura,
Regression analysis should be performed using individual replicate responses, not treatment group means.
preskušene koncentracije:
If, however nonlinear curve fitting is difficult or fails because of too great scatter in the data, the problem may be circumvented by performing the regression on group means as a practical way of reducing the influence of suspected outliers.
nominalne preskusne koncentracije in rezultati vseh analiz za določevanje koncentracije preskusne kemikalije v preskusnih posodah.
Use of this option should be identified in the test report as a deviation from normal procedure because curve fits with individual replicates did not produce a good result.
Poroča naj se o analitskem izkoristku metode in meji določanja v preskusni matrici,
estimates and confidence limits may also be obtained using linear interpolation with bootstrapping (13), if available regression models/methods are unsuitable for the data.
vsi odkloni od te preskusne metode,
For estimation of the LOEC and hence the NOEC, for effects of the test chemical on growth rate, it is necessary to compare treatment means using analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques.
metoda za določanje biomase in dokazi o korelaciji med izmerjenim parametrom in suho težo.
The mean for each concentration must then be compared with the control mean using an appropriate multiple comparison or trend test method.
Rezultati:
Dunnett's or Williams' test may be useful (12)(14)(15)(16)(17).
vrednosti pH na začetku in koncu preskusa za vsa tretiranja,
It is necessary to assess whether the ANOVA assumption of homogeneity of variance holds.
biomasa za vsako bučko pri vsaki točki meritve in metoda za merjenje biomase,
This assessment may be performed graphically or by a formal test (17).
rastne krivulje (izris biomase glede na čas),
Suitable tests are Levene's or Bartlett's.
izračunane spremenljivke odziva za vsako tretirano ponovitev, s srednjimi vrednostmi in koeficienti variacij za ponovitve,
Failure to meet the assumption of homogeneity of variances can sometimes be corrected by logarithmic transformation of the data.
grafična predstavitev razmerja koncentracija/učinek,
If heterogeneity of variance is extreme and cannot be corrected by transformation, analysis by methods such as step-down Jonkheere trend tests should be considered.
ocene strupenosti za spremenljivke odziva, npr. EC50, EC10, EC20, in pripadajoči intervali zaupanja.
Additional guidance on determining the NOEC can be found in (11).
Če sta izračunani, vrednosti LOEC in NOEC, ter statistične metode, uporabljene za njuno določitev,
Recent scientific developments have led to a recommendation of abandoning the concept of NOEC and replacing it with regression based point estimates ECx.
če je bila uporabljena analiza variance, velikost opaženega učinka (npr. najmanj pomembna razlika),
An appropriate value for x has not been established for this algal test.
vsako spodbujanje rasti, ki se je pokazalo pri katerem koli tretiranju,
A range of 10 to 20 % appears to be appropriate (depending on the response variable chosen), and preferably both the EC10 and EC20 should be reported.
vsi drugi opaženi učinki, npr. morfološke spremembe alg,
Growth stimulation
razprava o rezultatih, vključno z vsemi vplivi na rezultat preskusa, ki izvirajo iz odstopanj od te preskusne metode.
Growth stimulation (negative inhibition) at low concentrations is sometimes observed.
Dodatek 1
This can result from either hormesis (“toxic stimulation”) or from addition of stimulating growth factors with the test material to the minimal medium used.
Opredelitve
Note that the addition of inorganic nutrients should not have any direct effect because the test medium should maintain a surplus of nutrients throughout the test.
Za namene te preskusne metode se uporabljajo naslednje opredelitve in okrajšave:
Low dose stimulation can usually be ignored in EC50 calculations unless it is extreme.
Biomasa je suha teža žive snovi, prisotne v populaciji, izražena v dani prostornini;
However, if it is extreme, or an ECx value for low x is to be calculated, special procedures may be needed.
npr. miligram alg na liter preskusne raztopine.
Deletion of stimulatory responses from the data analysis should be avoided if possible, and if available curve fitting software cannot accept minor stimulation, linear interpolation with bootstrapping can be used.
‚Biomasa‘ je običajno opredeljena kot masa, vendar se v tem preskusu ta beseda uporablja za označevanje mase na prostornino.
If stimulation is extreme, use of a hormesis model may be considered (18).
V tem preskusu se običajno merijo tudi nadomestki za biomaso, kot so npr. število celic, fluorescenca itd., zato se izraz ‚biomasa‘ uporablja tudi za meritve teh nadomestkov.
Non toxic growth inhibition
Kemikalija pomeni snov ali zmes.
Light absorbing test materials may give rise to a growth rate reduction because shading reduces the amount of available light.
Koeficient variacije je merilo variabilnosti parametra brez razsežnosti, opredeljeno kot razmerje med standardnim odklonom in srednjo vrednostjo.
Such physical types of effects should be separated from toxic effects by modifying the test conditions and the former should be reported separately.
Izraziti ga je mogoče tudi kot odstotno vrednost.
Guidance may be found in (2) and (3).
Srednji koeficient variacije povprečne specifične hitrosti rasti v ponovitvenih kontrolnih kulturah se izračuna, kot sledi:
TEST REPORT
izračuna se KV v odstotkih povprečne specifične hitrosti rasti na dan/po posamičnih delih za vsakokratno ponovitev;
The test report must include the following:
izračuna se srednja vrednost vseh izračunanih vrednosti v točki 1, da se pridobi srednji koeficient variacije specifične hitrosti rasti na dan/po posamičnih delih v ponovitvenih kontrolnih kulturah.
Test chemical:
ECx je koncentracija preskusne kemikalije, raztopljene v preskusnem mediju, katere rezultat je x-odstotno (npr. 50-odstotno) zmanjšanje rasti preskusnega organizma v ustreznem obdobju izpostavljenosti (navesti v primeru odstopanja od polnega ali običajnega trajanja preskusa).
physical nature and relevant physical-chemical properties, including water solubility limit;
Za nedvoumno označitev vrednosti EC, pridobljene iz hitrosti rasti ali prirasti, se uporabljata simbola ‚ErC‘ za hitrost rasti in ‚EyC‘ za prirast.
chemical identification data (e.g., CAS Number), including purity (impurities).
Gojišče je povsem sintetično gojišče, v katerem rastejo preskusne alge med izpostavljenostjo preskusni kemikaliji.
Test species:
Običajno se preskusna kemikalija raztopi v preskusnem mediju.
the strain, supplier or source and the culture conditions used.
Hitrost rasti (povprečna specifična hitrost rasti) je logaritemsko povečanje biomase v obdobju izpostavljenosti.
Test conditions:
Najnižja koncentracija z opaznim učinkom (LOEC) je najnižja preskušena koncentracija kemikalije, pri kateri je opaziti statistično značilen učinek zmanjšanja rasti (pri p < 0,05) v primerjavi s kontrolo v navedenem obdobju izpostavljenosti.
date of start of the test and its duration;
Vendar morajo imeti vse koncentracije nad vrednostjo LOEC škodljiv učinek, ki je enak ali večji od škodljivega učinka, opaženega pri vrednosti LOEC.
description of test design:
Če teh dveh pogojev ni možno izpolniti, je treba podrobno pojasniti izbiro LOEC (in s tem NOEC).
test vessels, culture volumes, biomass density at the beginning of the test;
Koncentracija brez opaznega učinka (NOEC) je preskušena koncentracija neposredno pod vrednostjo LOEC.
composition of the medium;
Spremenljivka odziva je spremenljivka za ocenitev strupenosti, izpeljana iz katerih koli izmerjenih parametrov, ki opisujejo biomaso z drugačno računsko metodo.
test concentrations and replicates (e.g., number of replicates, number of test concentrations and geometric progression used);
Za to metodo sta hitrost rasti in prirast spremenljivki odziva, neposredno izpeljani iz izmerjene biomase ali katerega koli omenjenega nadomestka.
description of the preparation of test solutions, including use of solvents etc.
Specifična hitrost rasti je spremenljivka odziva, opredeljena kot količnik razlike naravnih logaritmov opazovanega parametra (v tej preskusni metodi je to biomasa) in upoštevanega časovnega obdobja.
culturing apparatus;
Preskusna kemikalija je snov ali zmes, preskušena s to preskusno metodo.
light intensity and quality (source, homogeneity);
Prirast je vrednost izmerjene spremenljivke ob koncu obdobja izpostavljenosti, od česar je odšteta vrednost izmerjene spremenljivke ob začetku obdobja izpostavljenosti, s katero se izrazi povečanje biomase med preskusom.
temperature;
Dodatek 2
concentrations tested:
Sevi, dokazano primerni za preskušanje
the nominal test concentrations and any results of analyses to determine the concentration of the test chemical in the test vessels.
Zelene alge
The recovery efficiency of the method and the limit of quantification in the test matrix should be reported;
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (prej znana kot Selenastrum capricornutum), ATCC 22662, CCAP 278/4, 61.81 SAG.
all deviations from this test method;
Desmodesmus subspicatus (prej znana kot Scenedesmus subspicatus), 86.81 SAG.
method for determination of biomass and evidence of correlation between the measured parameter and dry weight;
Kremenaste alge
Results:
Cianobakterije
pH values at the beginning and at the end of the test at all treatments;
Viri sevov
biomass for each flask at each measuring point and method for measuring biomass;
Priporočeni sevi so na voljo v kulturah z eno samo vrsto alg v naslednjih zbirkah (po abecednem vrstnem redu):
growth curves (plot of biomass versus time);
Videz in značilnosti priporočenih vrst
calculated response variables for each treatment replicate, with mean values and coefficient of variation for replicates;
Videz
graphical presentation of the concentration/effect relationship;
upognjene, zvite posamezne celice
estimates of toxicity for response variables e.g., EC50, EC10, EC20 and associated confidence intervals.
ovalne, v glavnem posamezne celice
any stimulation of growth found in any treatment;
Velikost (D × Š) μm
any other observed effects, e.g. morphological changes of the algae;
Prostornina celice (μm3/celico)
discussion of the results, including any influence on the outcome of the test resulting from deviations from this test method.
Suha teža celice (mg/celico)
OECD (2006).
2 – 3 × 10– 8
J. Amer.
3 – 4 × 10– 8
Appendix 1
1 – 2 × 10– 8
Definitions
2 – 3 × 10– 9
The following definitions and abbreviations are used for the purposes of this test method:
Hitrost rasti [3] (dan– 1)
Biomass is the dry weight of living matter present in a population expressed in terms of a given volume;
1,5–1,7
e.g., mg algae/litre test solution.
Posebna Priporočila o kultiviranju in ravnanju s priporočenimi preskusnimi vrstami
Usually “biomass” is defined as a mass, but in this test this word is used to refer to mass per volume.
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata in Desmodesmus subspicatus
Also in this test, surrogates for biomass, such as cell counts, fluorescence, etc. are typically measured and the use of the term “biomass” thus refers to these surrogate measures as well.
Te zelene alge se na splošno lahko vzdržuje v različnih gojiščih kultur.
Chemical means a substance or mixture
Podatki o primernih gojiščih so na voljo v zbirkah kultur.
Coefficient of variation is a dimensionless measure of the variability of a parameter, defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean.
Celice so navadno samotarske, meritve celične gostote pa se lahko izvedejo na enostaven način z uporabo elektronskega števca delcev ali mikroskopa.
This can also be expressed as a percent value.
Za gojenje založne kulture je mogoče uporabiti različna gojišča.