natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
According to Article 14bis of the Convention, the concession will be revoked and the Convention legally terminated in the event of: (i) non-implementation within the set deadlines of the measures described in recital 44; (ii) delay of more than 12 months in paying the concession fee owed by the airport manager; (iii) bankruptcy or (iv) non-achievement of economic-financial balance by the end of the first four-year period.
NAČRT DRUŽBE ROLAND BERGER
THE PUBLIC POLICY REMIT
povečanje nizkocenovnega prometa z 20 % na 44 % skupnega prometa na letališču, do 620000 potnikov leta 2008;
By letter of 18 February 2014 Italy claimed that So.Ge.A.AL does not carry out activities falling within the scope of the public policy remit [13].
rast prihodkov iz neletalskih dejavnosti, z 2,2 EUR/potnika na 5 EUR/potnika [20];
As regards the legal framework, Italy submitted that there are legal rules strictly imposing those costs on airport managers.
Da bi razumeli, kako uspešno je bilo letališče Alghero glede na trg, so se njegovi rezultati primerjali z rezultati primerljivih letališč:
In particular, the airport manager is bound to make available to ENAC and other public entities (the Air Border Police, the Customs Agency, the Finance Guard, the Office of Maritime, Air and Border Health, the Italian Red Cross, the Fire service, the Police) certain airport areas and bear the corresponding administration and maintenance costs [15].
prihodek od oskrbe in prihodek iz neletalskih virov, kot so parkiranje, najem vozil, pretok goriva ter koncesije za prodajo na drobno in hrano so bili po poročilih pod povprečjem sektorja, potrošnja na potnika pa je znašala med polovico in tretjino potrošnje, zabeležene na malih letališčih, in je bila manjša od petine potrošnje na večjih letališčih;
The obligation on airport managers to make available to public entities airport premises and to bear the respective costs was laid down by the Framework Convention for the award of the management of Italian airports referred to by the Italian Disposition No 12479 of 20 October 1999 of the Ministry of Transport and Navigation, adopted in application of Ministerial Decree No 521 of 1997.
kako slabi so bili rezultati na področju prihodkov, je pokazala potrošnja na potnika, ki je bila podobna potrošnji na letališču Puglia, to pa je zabeležilo negativni neto rezultat poslovanja, in
The relevant provisions were transposed in the Convention, which lays down in its Article 4(1)(c) the obligation on the airport manager ‘to carry out the activities required to support the activities within the responsibility of the State, of the emergency and health services, within airport premises’.
stroški poslovanja so bili podobni stroškom najuspešnejših italijanskih letališč.
According to Italy the total operating costs incurred by So.Ge.A.AL in the maintenance of those areas in the period 2000-2010 amounted to EUR 2776073 [16].
Finančni rezultati letalske dejavnosti, naj bi bili negativni tudi v scenariju s „celovito“ koncesijo.
In addition, Italy submitted that EUR 1284133 of the total costs of investment in the new terminal would represent the costs of construction of areas which So.Ge.A.AL is bound to make available to public entities and would therefore also qualify as costs incurred in the provision of activities falling within the public policy remit (see also recital 86).
Iz načrta družbe Roland Berger je razviden slab prihodek od oskrbe zlasti zaradi nizkocenovnega prometa.
CONCESSION FEES PAID BY So.Ge.A.AL
Z oskrbo naj bi se srednjeročno še naprej ustvarjala izguba tudi pri optimističnem pristopu.
The (management and security) concession fees paid by So.Ge.A.AL between 2000 and 2010 are shown in Table 2 [17].
Izpadli prihodki od oskrbe v okviru nizkocenovnega prometa naj bi leta 2008 po ocenah znašali 3,2 milijona EUR.
Table 2
Na podlagi načrta družbe Roland Berger je bilo letališče, da bi obrnilo pretekli trend upadanja, osredotočeno zlasti na povečanje poslovnega prihodka do točke, ko bi bila potrošnja na potnika v skladu s tisto na primerljivih letališčih (z 2,2 EUR na 5 EUR na potnika).
Concession fees paid by So.Ge.A.AL during 1998-2010 (EUR)
Z nizkocenovnim prometom naj bi se v obdobju 2004–2008 ustvarila večina prihodkov iz neletalskih dejavnosti in ublažile izgube v letalskih dejavnostih.
Description
V skladu z napovedmi naj bi število potnikov leta 2008 doseglo 620000.
Management concession fee to the Ministry
V načrtu družbe Roland Berger je bilo ugotovljeno tudi, da bi bila z nadaljnjim upravljanjem letališča na podlagi „začasne“ koncesije morda potrebna dokapitalizacija družbe So.Ge.A.AL, da bi se pokrile izgube iz poslovanja.
Security concession fee
Načrt družbe Roland Berger je bil posodobljen dvakrat, leta 2007 in leta 2008, da bi se upošteval razvoj v zadevnem sektorju.
Total
V posodobljenih načrtih so bili predlagani konkretni ukrepi za razvoj letališča v obdobju 2008–2011 s povečanjem prihodkov iz letalskih dejavnosti, zlasti dejavnosti oskrbe, in prihodkov iz neletalskih dejavnosti.
Management concession fee
POSLOVNI NAČRT ZA DODELITEV KONCESIJE
FINANCIAL SITUATION OF So.Ge.A.AL
Poslovni načrt družbe So.Ge.A.AL, ki je bil pripravljen zaradi dodelitve celovite koncesije, je bil odobren septembra 2005, v njem pa je bila podana napoved prihodkov in stroškov za štiridesetletno trajanje koncesije za upravljanje letališča ob predpostavki, da bo koncesija družbi So.Ge.A.AL dodeljena leta 2006.
According to Italy, the poor performance of the company was the result of the delay in the award of the ‘comprehensive’ concession for the management of the airport.
Po navedbah iz načrta reorganizacije in prestrukturiranja iz leta 2010 je bil slab uspeh družbe So.Ge.A.AL do leta 2010 posledica neustreznega upravljanja, neučinkovite dejavnosti zemeljske oskrbe, pomanjkljive infrastrukture ter nezadostnih prihodkov iz letalskih in neletalskih dejavnosti.
Following the award of the concession, the economic crisis resulted in a sharp down-turn in passenger numbers which affected negatively the airport activity.
UKREPI, KI SO PREDMET PREISKAVE
In August 2011 Italy submitted to the Commission a report assessing the financial situation of Alghero airport during the period 2000-2010 (‘the Accuracy Report’) [18].
Predmet preiskave, ki se je začela z odločbo iz leta 2007 in razširila s sklepom iz leta 2012, so naslednji ukrepi:
Based on the Accuracy Report So.Ge.A.AL's annual financial results were as follows:
ukrepi v korist upravljavca letališča, družbe So.Ge.A.AL:
Table 3
kapitalske injekcije regije Sardinije in drugih javnih delničarjev,
Financial results of So.Ge.A.AL 2000 – 2010 (in thousand EUR)
prispevki regije Sardinije za „obrtniška in gradbena dela“ ter
Result
državno financiranje letališke infrastrukture in opreme;
In the course of the investigation Italy submitted to the Commission So.Ge.A.AL's annual reports (‘Relazione sulla gestione del bilancio’) for the period 2000 – 2010 [19].
morebitna pomoč v več sporazumih, sklenjenih z letalskimi prevozniki, ki letališče uporabljajo od leta 2000.
So.Ge.A.AL closed 2004 with a EUR 2981688 loss.
Na podlagi informacij, ki jih je predložila Italija, so v obdobju 2000–2010 javni delničarji družbe So.Ge.A.AL vanjo večkrat vložili svež kapital [23]:
It continued to mark up losses in 2005 and 2006.
Preglednica 4
It further recorded a EUR 1801000 loss in 2007 despite being awarded the ‘comprehensive’ concession for the management of the airport on 3 August 2007.
Dejavnosti, povezane s kapitalom družbe So.Ge.A.AL
Based on the 2007 annual report, unforeseen events worsened So.Ge.A.AL's financial performance in 2007.
Skupščina delničarjev družbe So.Ge.A.AL
So.Ge.A.AL reported losses worth EUR 4577000 in 2008 and EUR 12404126 in 2009.
Kapitalska injekcija
In its 2009 annual report, So.Ge.A.AL took note that based on the 2007 Convention it had to break-even within four years from the award of the concession.
(v EUR)
Considering its poor financial situation in 2009, So.Ge.A.AL proposed the preparation and adoption of an updated business plan which it described as necessary to bring forecasts more in line with market developments.
Injekcija za obnovo kapitala, ki se je zmanjšal zaradi izgub, in povečanje kapitala na 7754000 EUR
In that sense the business plan prepared by Roland Berger (see recitals 64-70) was considered insufficiently reliable.
9. maj 2003
A EUR 1847165 loss was further reported for 2010.
Injekcija v višini 3933372,17 EUR za obnovo kapitala, ki se je zmanjšal zaradi izgub
Reportedly traffic figures continued to develop positively, even in what was a difficult economic environment impacted by the volcanic ash crisis, which had led to the temporary closure of European air space.
29. april 2005
THE BUSINESS PLANS
Injekcija v višini 3797185 EUR za obnovo kapitala, ki se je zmanjšal zaradi izgub
Since 1999, So.Ge.A.AL has drawn up several business plans, which are briefly summarised in recitals 60 to 75.
31. oktober 2007
The business plan assumed the award of the ‘comprehensive’ concession in 1999, following an increase in So.Ge.A.AL's capital to ITL 6 billion.
Ukrep 2 – financiranje „obrtniških in gradbenih del“
One air carrier was to take up operations from Alghero airport on the Alghero — Milan route in 1999 and a second one to start-up the Alghero — London route in 2000, with three flights per week operated at discounted promotional fees for the first year.
Italija je v pripombah na sklep iz leta 2012 pojasnila, da je glavni cilj ukrepov za „obrtniška in gradbena dela“ izboljšanje letališke infrastrukture.
The traffic forecasts showed Alghero airport reaching 1 million passengers in 2004 up to 1,1 million in 2007 as a result of the start-up of new routes by the two air carriers mentioned in recital 62, which at the time the business plan was prepared were negotiating airport services agreements with So.Ge.A.AL.
Italija je navedla splošno opredelitev javnih del („lavoro publico“) iz odstavka 1 člena 2 italijanskega zakona št. 109 z dne 11. februarja 1994 („Legge quadro in materia di lavori pubblici“) [24], tj. „dejavnosti gradnje, rušenja, obnavljanja, prenavljanja in vzdrževanja gradenj in inštalacij, vključno z zaščito okolja in bioinženiringom“ [25].
THE ROLAND BERGER PLAN
Italija je pojasnila, da so bila zadevna sredstva na koncu porabljena za financiranje del na potniškem terminalu, izboljšanje zunanjih cestnih povezav, izboljšanje območij za parkiranje letal in opremo, potrebno za delovanje letališča.
The 2004 plan prepared for So.Ge.A.AL by consultancy Roland Berger (‘the Roland Berger Plan’) provided for a detailed forecast for the period 2004-2008.
Komisija je v presoji, opravljeni v temu sklepu, financiranje „obrtniških in gradbenih del“ (ukrep 2) in subvencije za naložbe v infrastrukturo (ukrep 3) na podlagi navedenih pojasnil analizirala skupaj, kot sklop ukrepov za financiranje vzpostavitve in izboljšanja infrastrukture in opreme.
The main elements of the business plan were:
Ukrep 3 – financiranje letališke infrastrukture in opreme
Increase in low-cost traffic from 20 to 44 % of the overall traffic at the airport, up to 620000 passengers in 2008;
V preglednici 5 so podrobno navedene naložbe v infrastrukturo, ki so bile izvedene v obdobju 2000–2010 in delno financirane z javnimi sredstvi [26].
Growth in non-aeronautical revenues from 2,2 EUR/pax to 5 EUR/pax [20];
Preglednica 5
Growth in aeronautical revenues from 6,8 EUR/pax in 2003 to 7,47/7,75 EUR/pax in 2008;
Naložbe v infrastrukturo v obdobju 2000–2010
EUR 42,6 million of investments in infrastructure and equipment, of which EUR 41,3 million would be covered by public funding.
Naložbe
In order to understand how Alghero airport performed against the market, its performance was benchmarked against that of comparable airports:
Datum zavezujoče zaveze za javno financiranje
operating costs were however aligned with the best performing Italian airports.
Vir javnega financiranja
The projections developed in the Roland Berger Plan depicted future operating revenues and expenses of the airport manager based on two scenarios: development of the airport under a ‘temporary’ concession scenario versus a ‘comprehensive’ concession scenario.
Nov odhodni del
Under the first scenario the airport was expected to continue to mark up losses until 2008, whereas under the second, the airport would breakeven already in 2005 based on annual revenues higher by 7 % on average in a ‘comprehensive’ concession scenario as compared to the ‘temporary’ scenario (largely due to higher non-aeronautical revenues — a more efficient advertising business, car park operation and fuel sales were expected to drive commercial income upwards).
Obnova prihodnega dela („Ristrutturazione zona arrivi“)
Financial outcomes for aeronautical activity were expected to be negative even in a ‘comprehensive’ concession scenario.
Novi terminal
The Roland Berger Plan showed underperforming handling income largely on account of low-cost traffic.
Izboljšanje tlakovane površine vozne steze
Handling was expected to continue generating losses on the medium term even in an optimistic approach.
Bočna varnostna območja
It was estimated that the foregone revenues deriving from the handling of low-cost traffic would equal EUR 3,2 million in 2008.
SKUPAJ
Based on the Roland Berger Plan, the airport's primary focus in order to reverse previous declines and reach breakeven point was to drive commercial revenue, until the point where spend per passenger was brought in line with that of comparable airports (from EUR 2,2 to EUR 5 per passenger).
n.r.
Low-cost traffic was expected to be the main non-aeronautical revenue generator for the period 2004-2008 and to mitigate losses in aeronautical business.
Rentgenski sistem za nadzor prtljage
The projections showed 620000 low-cost passengers in 2008.
Obnova starega potniškega terminala („Ristrutturazione vecchia aerostazione passeggeri“)
The Roland Berger Plan also noted that a continuation of the management of the airport under a ‘temporary concession’ could require the recapitalisation of So.Ge.A.AL to cover operational losses.
Izboljšanje ploščadi
The Roland Berger Plan was updated twice, in 2007 and 2008, to take into account developments in the sector.
Izboljšanje vozne steze
The updates proposed concrete actions for the development of the airport in the period 2008-2011, by increasing both aeronautical revenues — notably from the handling business, and non-aeronautical revenues.
Izboljšanje vzletno-pristajalne steze
THE BUSINESS PLAN FOR THE AWARD OF THE CONCESSION
Zunanji nadzorni sistem
So.Ge.A.AL's business plan drawn up in view of the award of the comprehensive concession was approved in September 2005 and provided for a forecast of revenues and costs for the forty-year duration of the concession for the management of the airport, on the assumption that the concession would be granted to So.Ge.A.AL in 2006.
Protieksplozivna oprema („Carrello antideflagrante“)
Forecasts of annual traffic showed a steady year-on-year increase of 4,5 % until 2010, 2,6 % from 2011 to 2025 and 3,78 % during 2006-2025, to around 2800000 million passengers approaching 2045.
Poleg tega je regija Sardinija družbi So.Ge.A.AL v obdobju 2000–2010 dodelila neposredna nepovratna sredstva za nabavo opreme (notranje naprave za komunikacijo, programska oprema, vozila itd.) v skupnem znesku 4680281,44 EUR.
Non-aeronautical revenue was budgeted to increase from an annual EUR 2929000 in 2006 to EUR 8814000 in 2045.
Zlasti:
Likewise, aeronautical revenues were expected to increase from EUR 9288000 in 2006 to EUR 29587000 at the end of the forty-year period.
državna sredstva, določena v odločbi organa CIPE [29] z dne 29. avgusta 1997: sredstva so bila porabljena za izgradnjo novega potniškega terminala in izboljšanje vozne steze;
The forecasts assumed a 20 % reduction in aeronautical revenues upon the airport reaching the 2 million passengers ceiling and the consequent entry on the market of an additional provider of ground handling services in accordance with the EU rules on ground-handling at European airports [21].
regionalna sredstva, ki so bila družbi So.Ge.A.AL dodeljena na podlagi okvirnega sporazuma med regijo Sardinijo in ministrstvom za promet z dne 5. avgusta 1996 ter italijanskih regionalnih zakonov št. 2 z dne 29. januarja 1994 in št. 9 z dne 15. februarja 1996: sredstva so bila namenjena za obnovo starega terminala in izgradnjo bočnih varnostnih območij.
EUR 143,3 million of capital expenditure were foreseen between 2006 and 2045.
Poleg tega so bila v skladu z navedenima regionalnima zakonoma družbi So.Ge.A.AL dodeljena regionalna sredstva za financiranje opreme.
The plan included a detailed programme of capital investments per year during 2006 – 2045 and listed the sources of financing (private or public) for these investments.
Po navedbah Italije je pred dodelitvijo „celovite“ koncesije leta 2007 država ostala odgovorna za naložbe v infrastrukturo, upravljavec letališča pa je bil le izvajalec del na infrastrukturi, ki jih je odobrila država.
THE 2010 REORGANISATION AND RESTRUCTURING PLAN
Italija je v dopisu z dne 10. junija 2014 [30] navedla tudi, da bi se od skupnih stroškov naložbe v novi terminal 1284133 EUR štelo za stroške, ki so nastali pri zagotavljanju dejavnosti, ki sodijo na področje javne politike, saj je ta znesek ustrezal stroškom izgradnje delov terminala, ki jih mora družba So.Ge.A.AL dati na voljo javnim subjektom (glej tudi uvodno izjavo 49).
The 2010 reorganisation and restructuring plan was endorsed by RAS in September 2010.
UKREPI V KORIST LETALSKIM PREVOZNIKOM, KI UPORABLJAJO LETALIŠČE
The plan provided for a comprehensive analysis of the economic situation of So.Ge.A.AL for the period 2000-2010 and projected the company's return to viability in 2012, also taking into account a recapitalisation of the company envisaged for 2010.
V preiskavi je zajetih več sporazumov, sklenjenih med družbo So.Ge.A.AL in več letalskimi prevozniki, ki opravljajo lete z letališča Alghero, za katere je Komisija v odločbi iz leta 2007 in sklepu iz leta 2012 menila, da morda pomenijo državno pomoč zadevnim letalskim prevoznikom.
According to the 2010 reorganisation and restructuring plan, So.Ge.A.AL's poor performance until 2010 was the result of inadequate management, inefficient ground handling activity, infrastructure deficiencies and insufficient aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenues.
Po navedbah Italije se je o sporazumih z letalskimi prevozniki pogajal generalni direktor družbe So.Ge.A.AL, ki je upravnemu odboru poročal o stanju pogajanj in vsebini sporazumov.
MEASURES SUBJECT TO INVESTIGATION
Upravni odbor družbe So.Ge.A.AL je pogoje sporazumov odobril pred njihovim podpisom [31].
The following measures are subject to the investigation opened and extended by the 2007 and 2012 Decisions respectively:
Ukrep 4 – sporazumi, ki jih je družba So.Ge.A.AL podpisala z družbama Ryanair in AMS
Measures in favour of the airport manager So.Ge.A.AL:
Družba Ryanair je od leta 2000 glavni letalski prevoznik, ki deluje na letališču Alghero.
Capital injections by RAS and other public shareholders;
Družba Ryanair in njena podružnica AMS sta z družbo So.Ge.A.AL podpisali dve vrsti sporazumov.
Contributions for ‘fittings and works’ from RAS;
Sporazumi o letaliških storitvah
Financing of airport infrastructure and equipment by the State.
V sporazumih o letaliških storitvah, ki sta jih družbi Ryanair in So.Ge.A.AL podpisali od leta 2000, so bili določeni pogoji delovanja družbe Ryanair na letališču Alghero in višina letaliških pristojbin, ki jih mora plačati zadevni letalski prevoznik.
Potential aid in various agreements concluded with airlines using the airport as of 2000.
Družba Ryanair se je zavezala, da bo za nagrado za uspešnost, ki jo bo plačala družba So.Ge.A.AL, izpolnila vnaprej določene cilje glede števila letov in potnikov.
MEASURES IN FAVOUR OF So.Ge.A.AL
Za primere, če takšni cilji niso bili v celoti izpolnjeni, so bile določene sankcije.
Measure 1 — Capital injections
Sporazumi o tržnih storitvah
Italian law requires airport managers to maintain a minimum level of capital depending on traffic volumes [22]: for airports with traffic between 300000 and 1 million passengers, the minimum capital required was set at EUR 3 million, whilst for traffic between 1 million and 2 million, the threshold was set at EUR 7,5 million.
Sporazumi o tržnih storitvah so povezani z oglaševanjem namembnega kraja Alghero na uradnem spletnem mestu družbe Ryanair.
In the course of the investigation Italy maintained that the capital injections carried out by So.Ge.A.AL's public shareholders primarily aimed at restoring the company's capital eroded by losses to the level imposed by national law.
Od leta 2006 so bili podpisani z družbo AMS, podružnico v 100-odstotni lasti družbe Ryanair, in sklenjeni na iste datume, kot so bili podpisani sporazumi o letaliških storitvah z družbo Ryanair.
Based on the information provided by Italy, between 2000 and 2010, So.Ge.A.AL's public shareholders injected fresh capital in the company on several occasions as follows [23]:
Komisija je v uvodnih izjavah 93 do 109 povzela glavne določbe sporazumov (o letaliških in o tržnih storitvah), ki so jih podpisale družbe So.Ge.A.AL, Ryanair in AMS.
Table 4
Sporazum o letaliških storitvah iz leta 2000, sklenjen z družbo Ryanair
Operations on So.Ge.A.AL's capital
Prvi sporazum o letaliških storitvah med družbama Ryanair in So.Ge.A.AL je bil dogovorjen 22. junija 2000 za obdobje desetih let.
Meeting of So.Ge.A.AL's Shareholders Assembly
Družba Ryanair bi morala na podlagi sporazuma o letaliških storitvah iz leta 2000 med letališčema London in Alghero opraviti vsaj en povratni let dnevno ter družbi So.Ge.A.AL plačati znesek v višini […] [32] ITL na obračanje.
Capital injection
Družba Ryanair bi morala tudi letno predložiti načrt prodaje in trženja, prikazati rezultate, ki jih je prineslo obratovanje rute, in navesti razvojne možnosti.
(EUR)
Družba So.Ge.A.AL se je zavezala, da bo družbi Ryanair zagotovila storitve na terminalih in storitve oskrbe.
Injection to restore capital eroded by losses and increase capital to EUR 7754000
Upravljavec letališča bi moral „plačati ali knjižiti v dobro“ mesečni znesek, enakovreden znesku, ki ga je morala plačati družba Ryanair za pristojbine za oskrbo, pri čemer je bila za prvo leto sporazuma določena omejitev.
9 May 2003
Družba So.Ge.A.AL se je zavezala tudi, da bo družbi Ryanair letno plačala stalni znesek in dodatni znesek, če bo na svoj razpored dodala drugi povratni let.
EUR 3933372,17 injection to restore capital eroded by losses
Sporazum o letaliških storitvah iz leta 2002 in sporazum o trženju, sklenjen z družbo Ryanair
29 April 2005
Letališke pristojbine in pristojbine za varovanje bi morala plačati v skladu z objavljenim seznamom pristojbin.
31 October 2007
Sporazum o letaliških storitvah iz leta 2003 in sporazum o trženju, sklenjen z družbo Ryanair
EUR 5649535 injection to restore capital eroded by losses
Družba So.Ge.A.AL je 1. septembra 2003 z družbo Ryanair podpisala nov sporazum o letaliških storitvah za obdobje enajstih let (z možnostjo podaljšanja za dodatnih deset let), ki je nasledil sporazum o letaliških storitvah iz leta 2002.
26 January 2009
Družba Ryanair bi morala na podlagi sporazuma o letaliških storitvah iz leta 2003 še naprej opravljati lete v London, odvisno od uspeha prejšnjih sporazumov v smislu pretoka prometa pa bi morala uvesti nov vsakodnevni let na letališče Frankfurt-Hahn ali katero drugo točko v mreži družbe Ryanair.
EUR 12508306 injection to restore capital eroded by losses
Družba Ryanair bi morala družbi So.Ge.A.AL plačati […] EUR na obračanje za storitve oskrbe.
21 May 2010
Letališke pristojbine in pristojbine za varovanje bi morala plačati v skladu z objavljenim seznamom pristojbin.
Measure 2 — Financing of ‘fittings and works’
Družba Ryanair bi morala še naprej izvajati dnevne redne potniške zračne povezave med letališčema Alghero in London ter začeti z izvajanjem dodatnih dnevnih potniških zračnih povezav med letališčema Alghero in Frankfurt Hahn in/ali katero drugo točko v mreži družbe Ryanair (v nadaljnjem besedilu: storitve).