natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Test chemicals should normally be used in the purest form readily available, since impurities in some chemicals, e.g. chlorophenols, can be much more toxic than the test chemical itself.
Poskrbite, da bodo vse steklenice – s preskusnimi in referenčnimi kemikalijami ter kontrolami – vsebovale enako količino (VR) tekočine;
However, the needs to test chemicals in the form in which they are produced/made commercially available should be considered.
po potrebi za dopolnjevanje količine dodajte deoksigenirano deionizirano vodo (odstavek 14).
The use of formulated products is not routinely recommended, but for poorly soluble test chemicals the use of formulated material may be appropriate.
Velikost prostora nad fazno mejo plin-kapljevina mora biti med 10 % in 40 % prostornine steklenice, dejansko vrednost pa je treba določiti na podlagi podatkov, pridobljenih iz predhodnega preskusa.
Properties of the test chemical which should be available include solubility in water and some organic solvents, vapour pressure, adsorption coefficient, hydrolysis and biodegradability under anaerobic conditions.
Po dodajanju vseh sestavin v steklenice odstranite iglo, skozi katero priteka plin, in zatesnite vsako steklenico z zamaškom iz kavčuka in aluminijastim pokrovčkom (odstavek 12(b)), pri tem pa za lažje vstavljanje navlažite zamašek s kapljico deionizirane vode.
APPLICABILITY OF THE METHOD
S stresanjem zmešajte vsebini obeh steklenic.
The test is applicable to chemicals which are soluble or insoluble in water, including volatile chemicals.
Inkubacija steklenic
But special care is necessary with materials of low water-solubility (see ref.
Prenesite steklenice v termostatsko nadzorovan inkubator, po možnosti opremljen s stresalnikom, katerega temperatura je vzdrževana v območju 35 °C ± 2 °C.
Anaerobic bacterial systems that have previously been exposed to toxic chemicals may be adapted to maintaining their activity in the presence of xenobiotic chemicals.
Iglo je treba vstaviti pod kotom približno 45°, da se prepreči uhajanje plina iz steklenic.
Inocula from adapted bacterial systems may show a higher tolerance to the test chemicals compared to inocula obtained from non-adapted systems.
Če so steklenice inkubirane brez stresalne naprave, jih med inkubacijo vsak dan dvakrat ročno pretresite, da uravnotežite sistem.
To check the procedure, a reference chemical is tested by setting up appropriate vessels in parallel as part of normal test runs;
Steklenice inkubirajte in jih obrnite, da preprečite uhajanje plina skozi zaporko.
3, 5-dichlorophenol has been shown to be a consistent inhibitor of anaerobic gas production, as well as of oxygen consumption by activated sludge and other biochemical reactions.
Vendar pa obračanje v primerih, ko bi se netopne preskusne kemikalije lahko prilepile na dno bučke, ni primerno.
Two other chemicals have been shown to be more inhibitory to methane production than 3, 5-dichlorophenol, namely methylene bis-thiocyanate and pentachlorophenol but results with them have not been validated.
Merjenje tlaka
Pentachlorophenol is not recommended since it is not readily available in a pure form.
Ko steklenice dosežejo temperaturo 35 °C ± 2 °C, izmerite in zabeležite vrednost pH vsebine dveh od štirih steklenic, pripravljenih v ta namen, in zavrzite vsebino;
REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE RESULTS
preostali steklenici še naprej inkubirajte v temi.
In an international ring test (5) there was only fair reproducibility in EC50 values between the 10 participating laboratories for 3, 5-dichlorophenol and 2-bromo-ethane sulphonic acid.
Dvakrat na dan v naslednjih 48 do 72 urah izmerite in zabeležite tlak v steklenicah, tako da iglo merilnika tlaka po vrsti vstavljate skozi tesnilo vsake steklenice, med merjenji pa iglo osušite.
(The range for the former was 32 mg/l to 502 mg/l and for the latter 220-2190 mg/l.)
Med merjenjem, ki ga je treba izvesti čim hitreje, ohranjajte temperaturo vseh delov steklenice pri temperaturi inkubacije.
Number of laboratories
Pustite, da se odčitek tlaka stabilizira, in ga zabeležite.
As mg/l
Nato odprite ventil za zračenje in ga zaprite, ko odčitani tlak pade na nič.
As mg/g sludge
Običajno preskus nadaljujte 48 ur, merjeno od prvega izenačevanja tlaka, kar je označeno s ‚čas 0‘.
mean
Število odčitkov in prezračevanj mora biti za hlapne kemikalije omejeno na ena (ob koncu inkubacije) ali dve, da so izgube preskusne kemikalije kar najmanjše (10).
3, 5-Dichlorophenol
Če je odčitek tlaka negativen, ventila ne odpirajte.
romo-ethane sulphonic acid
Včasih se v injekcijski igli in ceveh nabere vlaga, kar se odrazi na odčitku tlaka, ki je rahlo negativen.
data from ring test — undiluted sludge
V tem primeru odstranite iglo, pretresite cevi, jih osušite s krpo in namestite novo iglo.
The high coefficients of variation between laboratories to a large extent reflect differences in the sensitivity of the sludge microorganisms due to either pre-exposure or no pre-exposure to the test chemical or other chemically related chemicals.
Merjenje vrednosti pH
The precision with which the EC50 value based on the sludge concentration was determined was barely better than the “volumetric” value (mg/l).
Po zadnjem merjenju tlaka izmerite in zabeležite vrednost pH vsebine vsake steklenice.
The three laboratories which reported the precision of their EC50 values for 3,5-dichlorophenol showed much lower coefficients of variation (22, 9, and 18 % respectively for EC50 mg/g) than those of the means of all ten laboratories.
Prikaz rezultatov
The individual means for the three laboratories were 3,1, 3,2 and 2,8 mg/g, respectively.
Izračunajte vsoto in povprečje tlakov, zabeleženih ob vsakem časovnem razmiku za vsako serijo steklenic za ponovitve ter izračunajte srednjo vrednost kumulativne bruto vrednosti tlaka plina ob vsakem časovnem razmiku za vsako serijo ponovitev.
The lower, acceptable coefficients of variation within laboratories compared with the much higher coefficients between laboratory values, namely 9-22 % cf.
Za steklenice s kontrolno, preskusno in referenčno kemikalijo izrišite krivulje srednje vrednosti kumulativne vrednosti nastajanja plina (Pa) v odvisnosti od časa.
92 %, indicate that there are significant differences in the properties of the individual sludges.
Na linearnem delu krivulje izberite čas, običajno je to 48 ur, in iz enačbe [1] izračunajte odstotek zaviranja (I) za vsako koncentracijo:
Usual laboratory equipment and the following are required:
I odstotek zaviranja v %,
Incubator — spark-proof and controlled at 35 °C ± 2 °C;
tlak plina, nastalega s preskusnim materialom v izbranem času v paskalih (Pa),
Pressure-resistant glass test vessels of an appropriate nominal size [4], each fitted with a gas-tight coated septum, capable of withstanding about 2 bar or 2 × 105 Pa (for coating use e.g. PTFE = polytetrafluorethene).
tlak plina, nastalega v kontroli v istem času v paskalih (Pa).
Glass serum bottles of nominal volume 125 ml, with an actual volume of around 160 ml, sealed with serum septa [5] and crimped aluminium rings are recommended;
Priporočljivo je izrisati obe krivulji, tj. krivuljo I v odvisnosti od koncentracije in krivuljo I v odvisnosti od logaritma koncentracije, tako da je mogoče izbrati krivuljo, ki je bolj linearna.
but bottles of total volume between 0,1 and 1 litre may be used successfully;
Vrednost EC50 (mg/l) ocenite vizualno ali z regresijsko analizo iz krivulje, ki je bolj linearna.
Precision pressure-meter [6] and needle attachment
Za primerjavo je morda bolj uporabno izraziti koncentracijo kemikalije v mg kemikalije/g celotne količine suhih trdnih snovi.
Total gas production (methane plus carbon dioxide) measured by means of a pressure-meter adapted to enable measurement and venting of the gas produced.
Da pridobite to koncentracijo, delite volumetrično koncentracijo (mg/l) s prostorninsko koncentracijo suhih trdnih snovi v blatu (g/l) (odstavek 16).
An example of a suitable instrument is a hand-held precision pressure-meter connected to a syringe needle;
Izračunajte odstotek zaviranja, dosežen z eno samo koncentracijo uporabljene referenčne kemikalije, ali vrednost EC50, če je proučenih dovolj koncentracij.
a three-way gas-tight valve facilities the release of excess pressure (Appendix 1).
Z upoštevanjem umeritvene krivulje merilnika tlaka (Dodatek 2) pretvorite srednjo vrednost tlaka, pridobljenega v kontroli Pc (Pa), v prostornino in iz tega izračunajte prirast plina, izraženo v obliki prostornine, pridobljeno v 48 urah iz 100 ml nerazredčenega blata pri koncentraciji trdnih snovi od 2 % (20 g/l) do 4 % (40 g/l).
It is necessary to keep the internal volume of the pressure transducer tubing and valve as low as possible, so that errors introduced by neglecting the volume of the equipment are insignificant;
Merila za veljavnost
Insulated containers, for transport of digesting sludge;
Rezultati medlaboratorijske primerjave ISO (5) so dokazali, da je referenčna kemikalija (3,5-diklorofenol) povzročila 50-odstotno zaviranje nastajanja plina v območju koncentracij od 32 mg/l do 510 mg/l s srednjo vrednostjo 153 mg/l (odstavek 10).
Three-way pressure valves;
To območje je tako široko, da trdnih meja za zaviranje ni mogoče z gotovostjo določiti kot merilo za veljavnost;
Sieve, having a 1 mm square mesh;
to bi moralo postati mogoče, ko bo napredek pokazal, kako proizvesti bolj skladne inokulume.
Reservoir, for digesting sludge, a glass or high-density polyethylene bottle, capacity about 5 litre, fitted with a stirrer and facilities for passing a stream of nitrogen gas (see paragraph 13) through the headspace;
Prostornina nastalega plina v kontrolnih steklenicah v 48 urah se je gibala od 21 ml/g suhe snovi v blatu do 149 ml/g (srednja vrednost je bila 72 ml/g).
membrane filters (0,2 μm) for sterilising the substrate;
Med prostornino nastalega plina in ustrezno vrednostjo EC50 ni bilo očitne zveze.
micro syringes, for the gas-tight connection of the pressure transducer (see paragraph 12(c)) to the headspace in the bottles (see paragraph 12(b));
Končna vrednost pH se je gibala med 6,1 in 7,5.
also for adding insoluble liquid test materials into the bottles;
Preskus šteje kot veljaven, ko je v referenčni kontroli, ki vsebuje 150 mg/l 3,5-diklorofenola, pridobljeno zaviranje večje od 20 %, ko je v slepi kontroli nastalega več kot 50 ml plina na gram suhe snovi in ko je vrednost pH ob koncu preskusa v območju od 6,2 do 7,5.
glove box, optional but recommended, with a slight positive pressure of nitrogen.
Poročilo o preskusu
Use analytical grade reagents throughout.
splošno ime, kemijsko ime, številka CAS, strukturna formula in pomembne fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti,
Nitrogen gas, of high purity with a content of less than 5 μl/l oxygen, should be used throughout.
čistost (nečistote) preskusne kemikalije.
If dilution is necessary at any stage, use deionised water previously de-aerated.
prostornine tekočih vsebin in prostora nad fazno mejo plin-kapljevina v preskusnih posodah,
Analytical controls on this water are not necessary, but ensure that the deionising apparatus is regularly maintained.
opisi preskusnih posod in merjenja plina (npr. vrsta merilnika tlaka),
Use deionised water also for the preparation of stock solutions.
uporaba preskusne in referenčne kemikalije v preskusnem sistemu, uporabljene preskusne koncentracije in uporaba kakršnih koli topil,
Prior to the addition of the anaerobic inoculum to any solution or dilution of test material, make sure that these are oxygen-free.
podrobnosti o uporabljenem inokulumu:
This is done either by blowing nitrogen gas through the dilution water (or through the dilutions) for 1 hour before adding the inoculum, or alternatively by heating the dilution water to the boiling point and cooling to room temperature in an oxygen-free atmosphere.
ime čistilne naprave, opis vira čiščene odpadne vode (npr. obratovalna temperatura, retencijski čas blata, večinoma gospodinjske ali industrijske odplake itd.), koncentracija trdnih snovi, dejavnost nastajanja plina pri anaerobnem gnilišču, predhodna izpostavljenost ali morebitna predhodna prilagoditev strupenim kemikalijam ali mesto zbiranja blata, usedlin itd.,
Digested Sludge
inkubacijska temperatura in območje,
Collect actively digesting sludge from a digester at a wastewater treatment plant, or alternatively, from a laboratory digester, treating sludge from predominantly domestic sewage.
število ponovitev.
Practical information regarding sludge from a laboratory digester can be found elsewhere (11).
vrednosti pH na koncu preskusa,
If use of an adapted inoculum is intended, digesting sludge from an industrial sewage treatment plant may be considered.
vsi izmerjeni podatki, zbrani v kontrolnih posodah s preskusno, slepo in referenčno kemikalijo, kot je ustrezno (npr. tlak v Pa ali milibarih), v preglednici,
Use wide-necked bottles constructed from high-density polyethylene or a similar material, which can expand, for sludge collection.
odstotek zaviranja v preskusnih in referenčnih steklenicah ter krivulje zaviranje-koncentracija,
Add sludge to the sample bottles to within about 1 cm from the top of the bottles, seal them tightly, preferably with a safety valve (paragraph 12(e)), and place in insulated containers (paragraph 12(d)) to minimise temperature shock, until being transferred to an incubator maintained at 35 °C ± 2 °C.
izračun vrednosti EC50, izražene v mg/l in mg/g,
When opening the bottles, take care to release excess gas pressure either by cautiously loosening the seal, or by means of the three-way pressure-release valve (paragraph 12(e)).
nastajanje plina na gram blata v 48 urah,
It is preferable to use the sludge within a few hours of collection, otherwise store at 35 °C ± 2 °C under a headspace of nitrogen for up to 3 days, when little loss of activity normally occurs.
poleg tega pa tudi odgovor na vprašanje, ali je bil namen preskusa merjenje strupenosti za predhodno izpostavljene mikroorganizme ali za predhodno neizpostavljene mikroorganizme.
Warning — Digesting sludge produces flammable gases which present fire and explosion risks:
Poglavje C.11 te priloge:
it also contains potentially pathogenic organisms, so take appropriate precautions when handling sludge.
Preskus zaviranja dihanja aktivnega blata.
For safety reasons, do not use glass vessels for collecting sludge.
Poglavje C.43 te priloge:
Immediately prior to use, mix the sludge by gentle stirring and pass it through a 1 mm2 mesh sieve (paragraph 12(f)) into a suitable bottle (paragraph 12(g)) through the headspace of which a stream of nitrogen is passed.
Anaerobna biološka razgradljivost organskih spojin v pregnitem blatu:
Set aside a sample for measurement of the concentration of total dry solids (see e.g. ISO 11 923 (13) or equivalent EU standard).
metoda z merjenjem nastajanja plina.
In general, use the sludge without dilution.
Ur.
The solids concentration is usually between 2 % and 4 % (w/v).
Steinberg C. in Kettrup A., str. 117– 132 (1992).
Check the pH value of the sludge and, if necessary, adjust to 7 ± 0,5.
Primer opreme za merjenje nastajanja bioplina s tlakom plina
Test substrate
1 merilnik tlaka
Dissolve 10 g nutrient broth (e.g. Oxoid), 10 g of yeast extract and 10 g of D-glucose in deionised water and dilute to 100 ml.
2 Trojni plinotesni petelinček
Sterilise by filtration through a 0,2 μm membrane filter (paragraph 12(h)) and use immediately or store at 4 °C for not longer than 1 day.
3 Injekcijska igla
Prepare a separate stock solution for each water-soluble test chemical to contain, for example, 10 g/l of the chemical in oxygen-free dilution water (paragraph 14).
4 Plinotesno tesnilo (zaporni pokrovček in septum)
Use appropriate volumes of these stock solutions to prepare the reaction mixtures containing graded concentrations.
5 prostor nad fazno mejo plin-kapljevina
Alternatively, prepare a dilution series of each stock solution so that the volume added to the test bottles is the same for each required final concentration.
6 inokulum pregnitega blata
The pH of the stock solutions should be adjusted to 7 ± 0,2 if necessary.
Preskusne posode v okolju s 35 °C ± 2 °C
For test chemicals which are insufficiently soluble in water, consult ISO 10 634 (12) or equivalent EU standard.
Pretvorba odčitkov merilnika tlaka
If an organic solvent is needed to be used, avoid solvents such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, which are known strongly to inhibit methane production.
Odčitki merilnika tlaka so lahko prek umeritvene krivulje povezani s količinami plina, iz tega pa je mogoče izračunati količino nastalega plina na gram suhega blata v 48 urah.
Prepare a solution of an appropriate concentration of water-insoluble chemical in a suitable volatile solvent, for example, acetone, di-ethylether.
Ta kazalnik dejavnosti se uporablja kot eno od meril, s katerimi se ocenjuje veljavnost rezultatov preskusa.
Add the required volumes of solvent solution to the empty test bottles (paragraph 12(b)) and evaporate the solvent before the addition of sludge.
Umeritvena krivulja se ustvari z vbrizganjem znanih količin plina pri temperaturi 35 °C ± 2 °C v serumske steklenice, ki vsebujejo toliko vode, kolikor znaša količina reakcijske zmesi, VR.
For other treatments use ISO 10 634 (12) or equivalent EU standard, but be aware that any surfactants used to produce emulsions may be inhibitory to anaerobic gas production.
odmeri se VR ml alikvotov vode in hrani v petih serumskih steklenicah pri 35 °C ± 2 °C.
If it is thought that the presence of organic solvents and emulsifying agents causes artefacts, the test chemical could be added directly to the test mixture as a powder or liquid.
Steklenice zatesnite in jih za eno uro postavite v vodno kopel pri temperaturi 35 °C ± 2 °C, da se uravnotežijo.
Volatile chemicals and water-insoluble liquid test chemicals may be injected into inoculated serum bottles, using micro-syringes (paragraph 12(i)).
merilnik tlaka se vklopi, pusti, da se stabilizira, in nastavi na nič,
Add test chemicals to the bottles to give a geometric series of concentrations, for example, 500 mg/l, 250 mg/l, 125 mg/l, 62,5 mg/l, 31,2 mg/l and 15,6 mg/l.
Skozi tesnilo ene od steklenic vstavite injekcijsko iglo, odprite ventil in ga pustite odprtega, dokler merilnik tlaka ne pokaže vrednosti nič, nato pa zaprite ventil.
If the range of toxicity is not known from similar chemicals, first carry out a preliminary range-finding test with concentration of 1000 mg/l, 100 mg/l and 10 mg/l to ascertain the appropriate range.
postopek se ponovi pri ostalih steklenicah,
Prepare an aqueous solution of 3,5-dichlorophenol (10 g/l) by gradually adding the minimum amount of 5 mol/l of sodium hydroxide solution to the solid, while shaking, until it has dissolved.
v vsako steklenico se injicira 1 ml zraka pri 35 °C ± 2 °C.
Then add de-oxygenated dilution water (paragraph 14) to the required volume;
Igla (merilnika) se vstavi skozi tesnilo eno od steklenic in pusti, da se meritve tlaka stabilizirajo.
sonication may aid dissolution.
Tlak se zabeleži, ventil pa se odpre, dokler se na merilniku tlaka ne prikaže vrednost nič, in nato zapre,
Other reference chemicals may be used when the average range of the EC50 has been obtained in at least three tests with different inocula (different sources or different times of collection).
Celoten postopek ponovite z 2 ml, 3 ml, 4 ml, 5 ml, 6 ml, 8 ml, 10 ml, 12 ml, 16 ml, 20 ml in 50 ml zraka.
INTERFERENCE/ERRORS
Izrišite krivuljo pretvorbe tlaka (Pa) v odvisnosti od injicirane prostornine (ml).
Some constituents of sludge presumably could react with potential inhibitors making them unavailable to micro-organisms so giving lower, or no, inhibition.
Odziv instrumenta je linearen v razponu od 0 Pa do 70000 Pa in od 0 ml do 50 ml nastalega plina.
These are listed in Appendix 3, together with methods of eliminating or at least reducing errors.
Na trgu so na voljo različne vrste zapork za serumske steklenice;
The number of necessary replicates depends on the degree of precision required for the inhibition indices.
med temi jih v pogojih tega preskusa ob prebadanju z iglo veliko izgubi sposobnost tesnjenja, tudi takšne iz butilnega kavčuka.
If the bottle seals are sufficiently gas-tight over the duration of the test, set up just one batch (at least triplicates) of test bottles at each concentration required.
Včasih po prebadanju zaporke z injekcijsko iglo tlak zelo počasi pada.
Similarly, set up one batch of bottles with reference chemical and one set of controls.
Za preprečevanje puščanja je priporočena uporaba plinotesnih zapork (odstavek 12(b)).
However, if the seals of the bottles are reliable for only one or a few piercings, set up a batch (e.g. triplicates) of the test bottles for each interval (t) for which results are required for all concentrations of a test chemical to be tested.
Vlaga v injekcijski igli
Similarly, set up “t” batches of bottles for the reference chemical and for the controls.
V injekcijski igli in ceveh se včasih nakopiči vlaga, kar se odrazi na odčitku tlaka, ki je rahlo negativen.
The use of a glove box (paragraph 12(j)) is recommended.
To popravite tako, da odstranite iglo, pretresete cevi, jih osušite s krpo in namestite novo iglo (odstavka 12(c) in 35).
At least 30 minutes before starting the test, start a flow of nitrogen gas through the glove box containing all the necessary equipment.
Kontaminacija s kisikom
Ensure that the temperature of the sludge is within 35 °C ± 2 °C during handling and sealing of the bottles.
Anaerobne metode so izpostavljene napakam, do katerih pride zaradi kontaminacije s kisikom, kar lahko oslabi nastajanje plina.
Preliminary Test
Pri tej metodi je treba to možnost kar najbolj zmanjšati z uporabo strogo anaerobnih tehnik, vključno z uporabo komore z rokavicami.
If the activity of the sludge is unknown, it is recommended to carry out a preliminary test.
Nepredelani substrati v blatu
Set up controls to give, for example, concentrations of solids of 10 g/l, 20 g/l and 40 g/l plus substrate but use no test chemical.
Na anaerobno nastajanje plina in občutljivost blata vplivajo substrati, ki so z inokulumom preneseni v preskusne steklenice.
Also, use different volumes of reaction mixture in order to have three or four ratios of volume of headspace to volume of liquid.
Pregnito blato iz anaerobnih gnilišč čistilnih naprav za gospodinjske odplake pogosto še vedno vsebuje prepoznavne snovi, kot so lasje in ostanki rastlin v obliki celuloze, zaradi česar je jemanje reprezentativnih vzorcev lahko oteženo.
From the results of gas volumes produced at various time intervals, the most suitable conditions which allow two daily measurements yielding significant volumes of gas and release of pressure per day at optimal sensitivity [7] without fear of explosions.
S presejanjem blata je mogoče nepredelane netopne snovi odstraniti, zato je verjetnost, da bo vzorčenje reprezentativno, večja (odstavek 16).
Addition of test chemicals
Hlapne preskusne kemikalije
Add water-soluble test chemicals to empty test bottles (paragraph 12(b)) as aqueous solutions (paragraph 18).
Hlapne preskusne kemikalije bodo sproščene v prostor v preskusnih steklenicah, ki je nad fazno mejo plin-kapljevina.
Use at least triplicate sets of bottles for each of a range of concentrations (paragraph 20).
Pri tem lahko med prezračevanjem po meritvah tlaka pride do izgube nekaj preskusnega materiala iz sistema, kar daje lažno visoke vrednosti EC50.
In the case of insoluble and poorly soluble test chemical, inject solutions of these in organic solvents using a micro-syringe into empty bottles to give replicate sets of each five concentrations of test chemical.
Napako je mogoče zmanjšati s primerno izbiro razmerja med prostornino prostora nad fazno mejo plin-kapljevina in prostornino tekočine ter s tem, da po merjenju tlaka ne zračimo (10).
Evaporate the solvent by passing a jet of nitrogen gas over the surface of the solutions in the test bottles.
Nelinearnost nastajanja plina
Alternatively, add insoluble solid chemicals as weighed amounts of the solid directly to the test bottles.
Če krivulja srednje vrednosti kumulativne vrednosti nastajanja plina v odvisnosti od časa inkubacije v obdobju 48 ur ni približno linearna, se je natančnost preskusa morda zmanjšala.