natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Further enrichment takes place in subsequent stages and reactor grade heavy water is produced through final distillation.
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani predmeti v sklopu opreme za pridobivanje težke vode z izmenjevalnim postopkom voda–vodikov sulfid ali izmenjevalnim postopkom amoniak–vodik vključujejo naslednje:
The synthesis gas feed can be provided by an ammonia plant that, in turn, can be constructed in association with a heavy water ammonia-hydrogen exchange plant.
Stolpi za izmenjavo voda–vodikov sulfid
The ammonia-hydrogen exchange process can also use ordinary water as a feed source of deuterium.
Stolpi za izmenjavo s premerom najmanj 1,5 m, zmožni obratovanja pri tlakih, ki so večji ali enaki 2 MPa (300 psi), posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za pridobivanje težke vode z izmenjevalnim postopkom voda–vodikov sulfid.
Many of the key equipment items for heavy water production plants using GS or the ammonia-hydrogen exchange processes are common to several segments of the chemical and petroleum industries.
Puhala in kompresorji
This is particularly so for small plants using the GS process.
Nizkotlačna enostopenjska centrifugalna puhala ali kompresorji (tj. 0,2 MPa ali 30 psi) za kroženje vodikovega sulfida (tj. plina z več kot 70 % H2 S), posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za pridobivanje težke vode z izmenjevalnim postopkom voda–vodikov sulfid.
However, few of the items are available “off-the-shelf”.
Imajo pretočno zmogljivost najmanj 56 m3/sekundo (120000 SCFM) pri obratovalnem tlaku najmanj 1,8 MPa (260 psi) sesalne zmogljivosti ter tesnila, primerna za obratovanje v okolju z mokrim H2 S.
The GS and ammonia-hydrogen processes require the handling of large quantities of flammable, corrosive and toxic fluids at elevated pressures.
Stolpi za izmenjavo amoniak–vodik
Accordingly, in establishing the design and operating standards for plants and equipment using these processes, careful attention to the materials selection and specifications is required to ensure long service life with high safety and reliability factors.
Stolpi za izmenjavo, visoki najmanj 35 m (114,3 čevlja), s premerom od 1,5 m (4,9 čevlja) do 2,5 m (8,2 čevlja) za obratovanje pri tlakih nad 15 MPa (2225 psi), ki so posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za pridobivanje težke vode z izmenjevalnim postopkom amoniak–vodik.
The choice of scale is primarily a function of economics and need.
Ti stolpi imajo vsaj eno aksialno odprtino s prirobnico z enakim premerom kot valj, skozi katero se lahko vstavijo ali odstranijo notranji deli stolpa.
Thus, most of the equipment items would be prepared according to the requirements of the customer.
Notranji deli stolpov in stopenjske črpalke
Finally, it should be noted that, in both the GS and the ammonia-hydrogen exchange processes, items of equipment which individually are not especially designed or prepared for heavy water production can be assembled into systems which are especially designed or prepared for producing heavy water.
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani notranji deli stolpov in stopenjske črpalke za pridobivanje težke vode z izmenjevalnim postopkom amoniak–vodik.
The catalyst production system used in the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process and water distillation systems used for the final concentration of heavy water to reactor-grade in either process are examples of such systems.
Notranji deli stolpov zajemajo posebej konstruirane stopenjske kontaktorje, ki omogočajo neposreden stik med plinom in tekočino.
The items of equipment which are especially designed or prepared for the production of heavy water utilizing either the water-hydrogen sulphide exchange process or the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process include the following:
Stopenjske črpalke zajemajo posebej konstruirane potopne črpalke za kroženje amoniaka znotraj kontaktnih stopenj v stolpih.
Water — Hydrogen Sulphide Exchange Towers
Razgrajevalniki amoniaka
Exchange towers with diameters of 1.5 m or greater and capable of operating at pressures greater than or equal to 2 MPa (300 psi), especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the water-hydrogen sulphide exchange process.
Razgrajevalniki amoniaka z delovnim tlakom najmanj 3 MPa (450 psi) so posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za pridobivanje težke vode z izmenjevalnim postopkom amoniak–vodik.
Blowers and Compressors
Infrardeči absorpcijski analizatorji
Single stage, low head (i.e., 0.2 MPa or 30 psi) centrifugal blowers or compressors for hydrogen-sulphide gas circulation (i.e., gas containing more than 70 % H2S) especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the water-hydrogen sulphide exchange process.
Infrardeči absorpcijski analizatorji za neposredno analizo razmerja med vodikom in devterijem pri najmanj 90 % koncentracijah devterija.
These blowers or compressors have a throughput capacity greater than or equal to 56 m3/second (120000 SCFM) while operating at pressures greater than or equal to 1.8 MPa (260 psi) suction and have seals designed for wet H2S service.
Katalitski gorilniki
Ammonia-Hydrogen Exchange Towers
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani katalitski gorilniki za pretvorbo obogatenega devterija v težko vodo, ki se uporabljajo v obratih za pridobivanje težke vode z izmenjevalnim postopkom amoniak–vodik.
Ammonia-hydrogen exchange towers greater than or equal to 35 m (114.3 ft) in height with diameters of 1.5 m (4.9 ft) to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) capable of operating at pressures greater than 15 MPa (2225 psi) especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process.
Celotni sistemi za nadgrajevanje težke vode ali kolone v ta namen
These towers also have at least one flanged, axial opening of the same diameter as the cylindrical part through which the tower internals can be inserted or withdrawn.
Celotni sistemi za nadgrajevanje težke vode ali kolone v ta namen, posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za nadgrajevanje težke vode v devterij, koncentriran do reaktorske kakovosti.
Tower Internals and Stage Pumps
Ti sistemi, v katerih se destilacija vode običajno uporablja za ločevanje težke vode od lahke vode, so posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za pridobivanje težke vode reaktorske kakovosti (t.j. običajno 99,75 % devterijev oksid) iz manj koncentriranih surovin za težko vodo.
Tower internals and stage pumps especially designed or prepared for towers for heavy water production utilizing the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process.
Pretvorniki za sintezo amoniaka ali enote za sintezo amoniaka
Tower internals include especially designed stage contactors which promote intimate gas/liquid contact.
Pretvorniki za sintezo amoniaka ali enote za sintezo amoniaka, posebej izdelane ali pripravljene za pridobivanje težke vode z izmenjevalnim postopkom amoniak-vodik.
Stage pumps include especially designed submersible pumps for circulation of liquid ammonia within a contacting stage internal to the stage towers.
Ti pretvorniki ali enote uporabljajo sintezni plin (dušik in vodik) iz visokotlačne kolone (ali kolone) za izmenjavo amoniak-vodik, sintetizirani amoniak pa se vrne v kolono (ali kolone) za izmenjavo.
Ammonia Crackers
Obrati za pretvorbo urana in plutonija za uporabo v proizvodnji gorivnih elementov in pri ločevanju uranovih izotopov, kot določeno v oddelku 4 oziroma 5, ter oprema, ki je posebej konstruirana ali izdelana v ta namen
Ammonia crackers with operating pressures greater than or equal to 3 MPa (450 psi) especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the ammonia- hydrogen exchange process.
Vsi obrati, sistemi in oprema, ki je posebej konstruirana ali izdelana v okviru te razmejitve, se lahko uporabljajo za obdelavo, proizvodnjo ali uporabo posebnega cepljivega materiala.
Infrared Absorption Analyzers
Obrati za pretvorbo urana in oprema, posebej konstruirana ali izdelana v ta namen
Infrared absorption analyzers capable of “on-line” hydrogen/deuterium ratio analysis where deuterium concentrations are equal to or greater than 90 %.
V obratih in sistemih za pretvorbo urana se lahko izvede ena ali več pretvorb iz ene kemične spojine urana v drugo, vključno s: pretvorbo koncentratov uranove rude v UO3, pretvorbo UO3 v UO2, pretvorbo uranovih oksidov v UF4 UF6 ali UCl4, pretvorbo UF4 v UF6, pretvorbo UF6 v UF4, pretvorbo UF4 v kovinski uran in pretvorbo uranovih fluoridov v UO2.
Catalytic Burners
Več ključne opreme obratov za pretvorbo urana je skupne več segmentom kemične predelovalne industrije.
Catalytic burners for the conversion of enriched deuterium gas into heavy water especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the ammonia- hydrogen exchange process.
Vrste opreme, ki se uporablja v teh postopkih, so npr. lahko: peči, rotacijske peči, reaktorji s fluidiziranim slojem, reaktorji s plamensko kolono, centrifuge za tekočine, destilacijske kolone in kolone za ekstrakcijo med tekočinama.
Complete heavy water upgrade systems or columns therefor
Le malo tega blaga je na voljo v ‚redni prodaji‘, saj se večina izdela v skladu z zahtevami in specifikacijami kupca.
Complete heavy water upgrade systems, or columns therefor, especially designed or prepared for the upgrade of heavy water to reactor-grade deuterium concentration.
V nekaterih primerih je treba pri konstrukciji in izdelavi posvetiti posebno pozornost korozivnim lastnostim nekaterih uporabljenih kemikalij (HF, F2, CIF3 in uranovi fluoridi) ter pomislekom glede jedrske kritičnosti.
These systems, which usually employ water distillation to separate heavy water from light water, are especially designed or prepared to produce reactor-grade heavy water (i.e., typically 99.75 % deuterium oxide) from heavy water feedstock of lesser concentration.
Opozoriti je tudi treba, da je mogoče pri vseh postopkih za pretvorbo urana predmete v sklopu opreme, ki vsak zase niso posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za pretvorbo urana, povezati v sisteme, ki so posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za uporabo pri pretvorbi urana.
Ammonia synthesis converters or synthesis units
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo koncentratov uranove rude v UO3
Ammonia synthesis converters or synthesis units especially designed or prepared for heavy water production utilizing the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process.
Pretvorba koncentratov uranove rude v UO3 se lahko izvede tako, da se ruda najprej raztopi v dušikovi kislini in se z uporabo topila, kot je tributilfosfat, izloči prečiščen uranilnitrat.
These converters or units take synthesis gas (nitrogen and hydrogen) from an ammonia/hydrogen high-pressure exchange column (or columns), and the synthesized ammonia is returned to the exchange column (or columns).
Nato se uranilnitrat pretvori v UO3 s koncentriranjem in denitriranjem ali pa z nevtralizacijo s plinastim amoniakom, pri čemer nastane amonijev diuranat, čemur sledijo filtriranje, sušenje in kalciniranje.
Plants for the conversion of uranium and plutonium for use in the fabrication of fuel elements and the separation of uranium isotopes as defined in sections 4 and 5 respectively, and equipment especially designed or prepared therefor
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo UO3 v UF6
All of the plants, systems, and especially designed or prepared equipment within this boundary can be used for the processing, production, or use of special fissionable material.
Pretvorba UO3 v UF6 se lahko izvede neposredno s fluoriranjem.
Plants for the conversion of uranium and equipment especially designed or prepared therefor
Postopek zahteva vir plinastega fluora ali klorovega trifluorida.
Uranium conversion plants and systems may perform one or more transformations from one uranium chemical species to another, including: conversion of uranium ore concentrates to UO3, conversion of UO3 to UO2, conversion of uranium oxides to UF4, UF6, or UCl4, conversion of UF4 to UF6, conversion of UF6 to UF4, conversion of UF4 to uranium metal, and conversion of uranium fluorides to UO2.
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo UO3 v UO2
Many of the key equipment items for uranium conversion plants are common to several segments of the chemical process industry.
Pretvorba UO3 v UO2 se lahko izvede z redukcijo UO3 s termično razgrajenim amoniakom ali vodikom.
For example, the types of equipment employed in these processes may include: furnaces, rotary kilns, fluidized bed reactors, flame tower reactors, liquid centrifuges, distillation columns and liquid-liquid extraction columns.
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo UO2 v UF4
However, few of the items are available “off-the-shelf”; most would be prepared according to the requirements and specifications of the customer.
Pretvorba UO2 v UF4 se lahko izvede z reakcijo UO2 s plinastim vodikovim fluoridom (HF) pri 300 do 500 °C.
In some instances, special design and construction considerations are required to address the corrosive properties of some of the chemicals handled (HF, F2, CIF3, and uranium fluorides) as well as nuclear criticality concerns.
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo UF4 v UF6
Finally, it should be noted that, in all of the uranium conversion processes, items of equipment which individually are not especially designed or prepared for uranium conversion can be assembled into systems which are especially designed or prepared for use in uranium conversion.
Pretvorba UF4 v UF6 se izvede z eksotermno reakcijo s fluorom v stolpnem reaktorju.
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of uranium ore concentrates to UO3
se kondenzira iz vročih iztekajočih plinov tako, da se njihov tok spusti preko hladne pasti, ohlajene na – 10 °C.
Conversion of uranium ore concentrates to UO3 can be performed by first dissolving the ore in nitric acid and extracting purified uranyl nitrate using a solvent such as tributyl phosphate.
Postopek zahteva vir plinastega fluora.
Next, the uranyl nitrate is converted to UO3 either by concentration and denitration or by neutralization with gaseous ammonia to produce ammonium diuranate with subsequent filtering, drying, and calcining.
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo UF4 v kovinski uran
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UO3 to UF6
Pretvorba UF4 v kovinski uran se izvede z redukcijo z magnezijem (za velike šarže) ali s kalcijem (za majhne šarže).
Conversion of UO3 to UF6 can be performed directly by fluorination.
Reakcija poteka pri temperaturah nad tališčem urana (1130 °C).
The process requires a source of fluorine gas or chlorine trifluoride.
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo UF6 to UO2
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UO3 to UO2
Pretvorba UF6 v UO2 se lahko izvede po enem od treh postopkov.
Conversion of UO3 to UO2 can be performed through reduction of UO3 with cracked ammonia gas or hydrogen.
Pri prvem postopku se UF6 z uporabo vodika in pare reducira in hidrolizira v UO2.
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UO2 to UF4
Pri drugem se UF6 hidrolizira v vodni raztopini, doda se amoniak, da se obori amonijev diuranat, nato se diuranat z vodikom pri 820 °C reducira v UO2.
Conversion of UO2 to UF4 can be performed by reacting UO2 with hydrogen fluoride gas (HF) at 300-500 °C.
Pri tretjem postopku se v vodi vežejo plinasti UF6, CO2 in NH3, pri čemer kot oborina nastaja amonijev uranilkarbonat.
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UF4 to UF6
Amonijev uranilkarbonat se veže s paro in vodikom pri 500 do 600 °C, pri čemer nastane UO2.
Conversion of UF4 to UF6 is performed by exothermic reaction with fluorine in a tower reactor.
Pretvorba UF6 v UO2 je pogosto prva stopnja v obratu za izdelavo goriva.
is condensed from the hot effluent gases by passing the effluent stream through a cold trap cooled to – 10 °C.
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo UF6 v UF4
The process requires a source of fluorine gas.
Pretvorba UF6 v UF4 se izvede z redukcijo z vodikom.
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UF4 to U metal
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo UO2 v UCl4
Conversion of UF4 to U metal is performed by reduction with magnesium (large batches) or calcium (small batches).
Pretvorba UO2 v UCl4 se lahko izvede po enem od dveh postopkov.
The reaction is carried out at temperatures above the melting point of uranium (1130 °C).
Pri prvem postopku UO2 pri približno 400 °C reagira s tetrakloridom (CCl4).
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UF6 to UO2
Pri drugem postopku UO2 regira pri približno 700 °C ter ob prisotnosti črnega ogljika, ogljikovega monoksida in klora, pri čemer nastane UCl4.
Conversion of UF6 to UO2 can be performed by one of three processes.
Obrati za pretvorbo plutonija in oprema, ki je posebej konstruirana ali izdelana v ta namen
In the first, UF6 is reduced and hydrolyzed to UO2 using hydrogen and steam.
V obratih in sistemih za pretvorbo plutonija se lahko izvede ena ali več pretvorb iz ene kemične oblike plutonija v drugo, vključno s: pretvorbo plutonijevega nitrata v PuO2, pretvorbo PuO2 v PuF4 in pretvorbo PuF4 v kovinski plutonij.
In the second, UF6 is hydrolyzed by solution in water, ammonia is added to precipitate ammonium diuranate, and the diuranate is reduced to UO2 with hydrogen at 820 °C.
Obrati za pretvorbo plutonija se običajno povezujejo z opremo za obdelavo, lahko pa so povezani tudi z zmogljivostmi za proizvodnjo plutonijskega goriva.
In the third process, gaseous UF6, CO2, and NH3 are combined in water, precipitating ammonium uranyl carbonate.
Veliko ključne opreme obratov za pretvorbo plutonija je skupne več segmentom kemične predelovalne industrije.
The ammonium uranyl carbonate is combined with steam and hydrogen at 500-600 °C to yield UO2.
Potrebni so lahko tudi vroče celice, komore z rokavicami in daljinske manipulatorske enote.
to UO2 conversion is often performed as the first stage of a fuel fabrication plant.
Pri konstrukciji je bistveno posebno pozornost nameniti posebnim radiološkim nevarnostim in nevarnostim zastrupitve ter nevarnostim v zvezi s kritičnostjo.
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UF6 to UF4
V nekaterih primerih je treba pri konstrukciji in izdelavi posvetiti posebno pozornost korozivnim lastnostim nekaterih uporabljenih kemikalij (npr. HF).
Conversion of UF6 to UF4 is performed by reduction with hydrogen.
Opozoriti je tudi treba, da je mogoče pri vseh postopkih za pretvorbo plutonija predmete v sklopu opreme, ki vsak zase niso posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za pretvorbo plutonija, povezati v sisteme, ki so posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za uporabo pri pretvorbi plutonija.
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of UO2 to UCl4
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani sistemi za pretvorbo plutonijevega nitrata v oksid
Conversion of UO2 to UCl4 can be performed by one of two processes.
Glavne funkcije tega postopka so: skladiščenje in prilagajanje dovajanega procesnega materiala, obarjanje in ločevanje na trdno snov in tekočino, kalciniranje, ravnanje s produkti, prezračevanje, ravnanje z odpadki in nadziranje postopka.
In the first, UO2 is reacted with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) at approximately 400 °C.
Sistemi za ta postopek so posebej prirejeni, da preprečijo jedrsko kritičnost in učinke sevanja ter kar najbolj zmanjšajo nevarnost zastrupitve.
In the second, UO2 is reacted at approximately 700 °C in the presence of carbon black (CAS 1333-86-4), carbon monoxide, and chlorine to yield UCl4.
V večini predelovalnih obratov ta postopek obsega pretvorbo plutonijevega nitrata v plutonijev dioksid.
Plants for the conversion of plutonium and equipment especially designed or prepared therefor
Drugi postopki lahko zajemajo obarjanje plutonijevega oksalata ali plutonijevega peroksida.
Plutonium conversion plants and systems perform one or more transformations from one plutonium chemical species to another, including: conversion of plutonium nitrate to PuO2, conversion of PuO2 to PuF4, and conversion of PuF4 to plutonium metal.
Sistemi, posebej konstruirani ali izdelani za proizvodnjo kovinskega plutonija
Plutonium conversion plants are usually associated with reprocessing facilities, but may also be associated with plutonium fuel fabrication facilities.
Ta postopek ponavadi vključuje fluoriranje plutonijevega dioksida, običajno z visoko korozivnim vodikovim fluoridom, pri čemer nastane plutonijev fluorid, ki se potem reducira z uporabo kovinskega kalcija visoke čistosti, tako da nastaneta kovinski plutonij in žlindra kalcijevega fluorida.
Many of the key equipment items for plutonium conversion plants are common to several segments of the chemical process industry.
Glavne funkcije tega postopka so: fluoriranje (npr. z opremo, ki je izdelana iz plemenite kovine ali prevlečena z njo), redukcija kovine (npr. z uporabo keramičnih talilnikov), recikliranje žlindre, ravnanje s produkti, prezračevanje, ravnanje z odpadki in nadzor postopka.
Hot cells, glove boxes and remote manipulators may also be required.
Drugi postopki zajemajo fluoriranje plutonijevega oksalata ali plutonijevega peroksida, čemur sledi redukcija v kovino.
Particular care in designing for the special radiological, toxicity and criticality hazards associated with plutonium is essential.
PRILOGA C
In some instances, special design and construction considerations are required to address the corrosive properties of some of the chemicals handled (e.g. HF).
MERILA ZA RAVNI FIZIČNEGA VAROVANJA
Finally, it should be noted that, for all plutonium conversion processes, items of equipment which individually are not especially designed or prepared for plutonium conversion can be assembled into systems which are especially designed or prepared for use in plutonium conversion.
Fizično varovanje jedrskih materialov je namenjeno preprečevanju njihove nepooblaščene uporabe in ravnanja z njimi.
Especially designed or prepared systems for the conversion of plutonium nitrate to oxide
V odstavku 3(a) Smernic se zahtevajo učinkovite ravni fizičnega varovanja, skladne z zadevnimi priporočili IAEA, zlasti tistimi iz INFCIRC/225.
The main functions involved in this process are: process feed storage and adjustment, precipitation and solid/liquor separation, calcination, product handling, ventilation, waste management, and process control.
V odstavku 3(a) Smernic je navedeno, da je za izvajanje ukrepov fizičnega varovanja v državi prejemnici odgovorna vlada te države.
The process systems are particularly adapted so as to avoid criticality and radiation effects and to minimize toxicity hazards.
Vendar pa morata dobaviteljica in prejemnica skleniti sporazum o ravneh fizičnega varovanja, ki mora biti podlaga za te ukrepe.
In most reprocessing facilities, this process involves the conversion of plutonium nitrate to plutonium dioxide.
V tem okviru bi morale navedene zahteve veljati za vse države.
Other processes can involve the precipitation of plutonium oxalate or plutonium peroxide.
Dokument INFCIRC/225 Mednarodne agencije za atomsko energijo o fizičnem varovanju jedrskega materiala in podobni dokumenti, ki jih občasno pripravijo mednarodne strokovne skupine in se po potrebi posodabljajo, da se upoštevajo spremembe pri odličnosti in znanju v zvezi s fizičnim varovanjem jedrskega materiala, so uporabna podlaga za usmerjanje držav prejemnic pri pripravi sistema ukrepov in postopkov fizičnega varovanja.
Especially designed or prepared systems for plutonium metal production
Kategorizacija jedrskega materiala, predstavljena v priloženi preglednici ali kakor se občasno posodablja ob vzajemnem dogovoru dobaviteljic, se uporablja kot sporazumna podlaga za določitev posebnih ravni fizičnega varovanja v zvezi z vrsto materiala ter opremo in zmogljivostmi, ki ta material vsebujejo, skladno z odstavkom 3(a) in 3(b) Smernic.
This process usually involves the fluorination of plutonium dioxide, normally with highly corrosive hydrogen fluoride, to produce plutonium fluoride which is subsequently reduced using high purity calcium metal to produce metallic plutonium and a calcium fluoride slag.
Dogovorjene ravni fizičnega varovanja, ki ga morajo pristojni nacionalni organi zagotoviti pri uporabi, skladiščenju in prevozu materiala, navedenega v priloženi razpredelnici, vključujejo najmanj naslednje značilnosti varovanja: