natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
This equipment may include pumps with elaborate sealed or multi-sealed systems to prevent leakage of primary coolant, canned-driven pumps, and pumps with inertial mass systems.
Uparjalniki so posebej izdelani ali pripravljeni za to, da se toplota, ki nastane v reaktorju, prenese na napajalno vodo zaradi proizvodnje pare.
This definition encompasses pumps certified to Section III, Division I, Subsection NB (Class 1 components) of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code, or equivalent standards.
Pri hitrem reaktorju, pri katerem je prisotna tudi vmesna hladilna zanka, se uparjalnik nahaja v vmesnem krogu.
Nuclear reactor internals
V plinsko hlajenem reaktorju se toplotni izmenjevalnik lahko uporabi za prenos toplote na sekundarno plinsko zanko, ki poganja plinsko turbino.
“Nuclear reactor internals” especially designed or prepared for use in a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1 above.
Nadzor v sklopu te točke ne vključuje izmenjevalnikov toplote za podporne sisteme reaktorja, npr. zasilni hladilni sistem ali sistem za hlajenje razpadne toplote.
This includes, for example, support columns for the core, fuel channels, calandria tubes, thermal shields, baffles, core grid plates, and diffuser plates.
Detektorji nevtronov
“Nuclear reactor internals” are major structures within a reactor vessel which have one or more functions such as supporting the core, maintaining fuel alignment, directing primary coolant flow, providing radiation shields for the reactor vessel, and guiding in-core instrumentation.
Detektorji nevtronov, ki so posebej izdelani ali pripravljeni za določanje nevtronskega toka v sredici reaktorja iz zgornjega odstavka 1.1.
Heat exchangers
Ta točka zajema središčne in izvensrediščne detektorje, s katerimi se meri nevtronski tok širokega razpona, običajno med 104 in 1010 nevtroni na cm2 na sekundo ali več.
Steam generators especially designed or prepared for the primary, or intermediate, coolant circuit of a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1 above.
Izvensrediščni so tisti instrumenti, ki so sicer zunaj sredice reaktorja iz zgornjega odstavka 1.1., vendar se nahajajo znotraj biološkega ščita.
Other heat exchangers especially designed or prepared for use in the primary coolant circuit of a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1 above.
Zunanji termični ščiti
Steam generators are especially designed or prepared to transfer the heat generated in the reactor to the feed water for steam generation.
‚Zunanji termični ščiti‘, ki so posebej izdelani ali pripravljeni za uporabo v jedrskem reaktorju iz odstavka 1.1. za zmanjšanje izgube toplote in tudi zaščito zadrževalnega hrama.
In the case of a fast reactor for which an intermediate coolant loop is also present, the steam generator is in the intermediate circuit.
‚Zunanji termični ščiti‘ so glavne strukture nad reaktorsko posodo, ki zmanjšujejo izgubo toplote iz reaktorja in znižujejo temperaturo v zadrževalnem hramu.
In a gas-cooled reactor, a heat exchanger may be utilized to transfer heat to a secondary gas loop that drives a gas turbine.
Nejedrski materiali za reaktorje
The scope of control for this entry does not include heat exchangers for the supporting systems of the reactor, e.g., the emergency cooling system or the decay heat cooling system.
Devterij in težka voda
Neutron detectors
Devterij, težka voda (devterijev oksid) in katera koli druga devterijeva spojina, v kateri je razmerje med številom devterijevih in vodikovih atomov večje od 1:5000, za uporabo v jedrskih reaktorjih iz zgornjega odstavka 1.1., v količinah nad 200 kg devterijevih atomov za katero koli državo prejemnico v katerem koli 12-mesečnem obdobju.
Especially designed or prepared neutron detectors for determining neutron flux levels within the core of a reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above.
Grafit jedrske kakovosti
The scope of this entry encompasses in-core and ex-core detectors which measure flux levels in a large range, typically from 104 neutrons per cm2 per second to 1010 neutrons per cm2 per second or more.
Grafit s čistostjo manj kot 5 ppm ekvivalentov bora in z gostoto nad 1,50 g/cm za uporabo v jedrskih reaktorjih iz zgornjega odstavka 1.1, v količinah nad 1 kilogramom.
Ex-core refers to those instruments outside the core of a reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above, but located within the biological shielding.
Za namen nadzora izvoza bo vlada določila, ali je grafit, ki se izvaža in ki ustreza zgornjim specifikacijam, namenjen za uporabo v jedrskih reaktorjih.
External thermal shields
Ekvivalent bora (BE) se lahko določi eksperimentalno ali se izračuna kot vsota BEz za nečistote (razen BEogljik, ker ogljik ne velja za nečistoto), vključno z borom, pri čemer je:
“External thermal shields” especially designed or prepared for use in a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1 for reduction of heat loss and also for containment vessel protection.
BEz (ppm) = CF × koncentracija elementa Z (v ppm);
“External thermal shields” are major structures placed over the reactor vessel which reduce heat loss from the reactor and reduce temperature within the containment vessel.
CF je pretvorbeni faktor: (σz × AB) deljeno z (σB × Az);
Non-nuclear materials for reactors
σB in σz sta reakcijska preseka za zajetje termičnih nevtronov (v barnih) naravnega bora in
Deuterium and heavy water
elementa Z; AB in Az sta atomski masi naravnega bora in elementa Z.
Deuterium, heavy water (deuterium oxide) and any other deuterium compound in which the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen atoms exceeds 1:5000 for use in a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1. above in quantities exceeding 200 kg of deuterium atoms for any one recipient country in any period of 12 months.
Obrati za predelavo obsevanih gorivnih elementov in oprema, ki je posebej konstruirana ali izdelana v ta namen
Nuclear grade graphite
Pri predelavi obsevanega jedrskega goriva se plutonij in uran ločita od močno radioaktivnih cepitvenih produktov in drugih transuranov.
Graphite having a purity level better than 5 parts per million boron equivalent and with a density greater than 1.50 g/cm for use in a nuclear reactor as defined in paragraph 1.1 above, in quantities exceeding 1 kilogram.
Za to ločevanje je mogoče uporabiti različne tehnične procese.
For the purpose of export control, the Government will determine whether or not the exports of graphite meeting the above specifications are for nuclear reactor use.
Vendar je z leti postal najbolj uporaben in sprejemljiv proces Purex.
Boron equivalent (BE) may be determined experimentally or is calculated as the sum of BEz for impurities (excluding BEcarbon since carbon is not considered an impurity) including boron, where:
Pri Purexu se v dušikovi kislini raztopi obsevano jedrsko gorivo, čemur sledi ločevanje urana, plutonija in cepitvenih produktov s solventno ekstrakcijo, za katero se uporablja mešanica tributilfosfata v organski raztopini.
BEz (ppm) = CF × concentration of element Z (in ppm);
V objektih za Purex potekajo postopki, ki so si med sabo podobni, denimo: rezanje obsevanih gorivnih elementov, raztapljanje goriva, solventna ekstrakcija in shranjevanje procesnih raztopin.
CF is the conversion factor: (σz × AB) divided by (σB × Az);
Lahko so opremljeni tudi za termalno denitracijo uranovega nitrata, pretvorbo plutonijevega nitrata v oksid ali kovino in za obdelavo odpadnih tekočin cepitvenih produktov v obliko, primerno za dolgoročno shranjevanje ali odlaganje.
σB and σz are the thermal neutron capture cross sections (in barns) for naturally occurring boron and
Vendar se lahko v objektih za Purex značilna vrsta in konfiguracija opreme za izvajanje navedenih postopkov razlikujeta iz več razlogov, na primer zaradi vrste in količine obsevanega jedrskega goriva za predelavo in zaradi predvidene uporabe pridobljenega materiala ter varnosti in vzdrževanja, upoštevanih pri projektiranju objekta.
element Z respectively; and AB and Az are the atomic masses of naturally occurring boron and element Z respectively.
‚Obrat za predelavo obsevanih gorivnih elementov‘ vključuje opremo in sestavne dele, ki običajno pridejo v neposredni stik s procesnim tokom obsevanega goriva in glavnim tokom jedrskega materiala in cepitvenih produktov in jih neposredno krmilijo.
Plants for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements, and equipment especially designed or prepared therefor
Ti procesi, vključno s celovitim sistemom za pretvorbo plutonija in za izdelavo plutonijeve kovine, se lahko prepoznajo po ukrepih za preprečevanje kritičnosti (npr. z geometrijo), izpostavljenosti sevanju (npr. s ščitenjem) in za preprečevanje nevarnosti zastrupitve (npr. z osamitvijo).
Reprocessing irradiated nuclear fuel separates plutonium and uranium from intensely radioactive fission products and other transuranic elements.
Vlada si pridržuje pravico, da postopke iz Smernic uporabi tudi za druge predmete v okviru funkcionalno opredeljene razmejitve, ki so našteti spodaj.
Different technical processes can accomplish this separation.
Deli opreme, za katere se šteje, da so zajeti v besedno zvezo ‚in oprema, ki je posebej konstruirana ali izdelana‘ za predelavo obsevanih gorivnih elementov, vključujejo naslednje:
However, over the years Purex has become the most commonly used and accepted process.
Stroji za rezanje obsevanih gorivnih elementov
Purex involves the dissolution of irradiated nuclear fuel in nitric acid, followed by separation of the uranium, plutonium, and fission products by solvent extraction using a mixture of tributyl phosphate in an organic diluent.
Daljinsko upravljana oprema, ki je posebej konstruirana ali izdelana za uporabo v obratih za predelavo obsevanega jedrskega goriva in se uporablja za rezanje, sekanje ali striženje obsevanih gorivnih svežnjev, snopov ali palic.
Purex facilities have process functions similar to each other, including: irradiated fuel element chopping, fuel dissolution, solvent extraction, and process liquor storage.
Ta oprema prebije oblogo goriva in tako izpostavi obsevani jedrski material raztopitvi.
There may also be equipment for thermal denitration of uranium nitrate, conversion of plutonium nitrate to oxide or metal, and treatment of fission product waste liquor to a form suitable for long term storage or disposal.
Najpogosteje se uporabljajo posebej zasnovane kovinske rezalne škarje, čeprav se lahko uporablja tudi sodobnejša oprema, kot so laserji.
However, the specific type and configuration of the equipment performing these functions may differ between Purex facilities for several reasons, including the type and quantity of irradiated nuclear fuel to be reprocessed and the intended disposition of the recovered materials, and the safety and maintenance philosophy incorporated into the design of the facility.
Posode za raztapljanje
A “plant for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements”, includes the equipment and components which normally come in direct contact with and directly control the irradiated fuel and the major nuclear material and fission product processing streams.
Kritično varne posode (npr. posode majhnega premera, obročaste ali ploščate oblike), ki so posebej konstruirane ali izdelane za uporabo v obratih za predelavo obsevanega jedrskega goriva, se uporabljajo za raztapljanje tega goriva in so odporne proti vročim, močno korozivnim tekočinam ter omogočajo daljinsko upravljano polnjenje in vzdrževanje.
These processes, including the complete systems for plutonium conversion and plutonium metal production, may be identified by the measures taken to avoid criticality (e.g. by geometry), radiation exposure (e.g. by shielding), and toxicity hazards (e.g. by containment).
V posode za raztapljanje se običajno daje razsekano izrabljeno gorivo.
The Government reserves to itself the right to apply the procedures of the Guidelines to other items within the functionally defined boundary as listed below.
V teh kritično varnih posodah se obsevano jedrsko gorivo raztopi v dušikovi kislini in se preostale komore odstranijo iz postopka.
Items of equipment that are considered to fall within the meaning of the phrase “and equipment especially designed or prepared” for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements include:
Solventni ekstraktorji in oprema zanje
Irradiated fuel element chopping machines
Posebej konstruirani ali izdelani solventni ekstraktorji, na primer polnjene ali pulzne kolone, mešalni usedalniki ali centrifugalni kontaktorji, ki se uporabljajo v obratih za predelavo obsevanega goriva.
Remotely operated equipment especially designed or prepared for use in a reprocessing plant as identified above and intended to cut, chop or shear irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies, bundles or rods.
Solventni ekstraktorji morajo biti odporni proti koroziji z dušikovo kislino.
This equipment breaches the cladding of the fuel to expose the irradiated nuclear material to dissolution.
Običajno so narejeni po izjemno visokih standardih (vključno s posebnim tehnikami varjenja, inšpekcijskimi pregledi ter tehnikami kontrole in zagotavljanja kakovosti) iz nizkoogljičnega nerjavnega jekla, titana, cirkonija ali drugih visokokakovostnih materialov.
Especially designed metal cutting shears are the most commonly employed, although advanced equipment, such as lasers, may be used.
V solventnem ekstraktorju sta raztopina obsevanega goriva iz posod za raztapljanje in organska raztopina, s katero se ločujejo uran, plutonij in produkti cepitve.
Dissolvers
Oprema za solventno ekstrakcijo je običajno zasnovana tako, da ustreza strogim obratovalnim parametrom, kot so dolga obratovalna življenjska doba brez zahtev po vzdrževanju ali z možnostjo enostavne zamenjave, enostavnost delovanja in nadzora ter prilagodljivost različnim razmeram, v katerih poteka postopek.
Critically safe tanks (e.g. small diameter, annular or slab tanks) especially designed or prepared for use in a reprocessing plant as identified above, intended for dissolution of irradiated nuclear fuel and which are capable of withstanding hot, highly corrosive liquid, and which can be remotely loaded and maintained.
Posode za zadrževanje ali shranjevanje kemikalij
Dissolvers normally receive the chopped-up spent fuel.
Posebej konstruirane ali izdelane zadrževalne ali shranjevalne posode, ki se uporabljajo v obratih za predelavo obsevanega goriva.
In these critically safe vessels, the irradiated nuclear material is dissolved in nitric acid and the remaining hulls removed from the process stream.
Zadrževalne ali shranjevalne posode morajo biti odporne proti koroziji z dušikovo kislino.
Solvent extractors and solvent extraction equipment
Zadrževalne ali shranjevalne posode so običajno narejene iz nizkoogljičnega nerjavnega jekla, titana ali cirkonija ali drugih visokokakovostnih materialov.
Especially designed or prepared solvent extractors such as packed or pulse columns, mixer settlers or centrifugal contactors for use in a plant for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel.
Opremljene so lahko z daljinskim upravljanjem in vzdrževanjem ter lahko imajo naslednje lastnosti za nadzor jedrske kritičnosti:
Solvent extractors must be resistant to the corrosive effect of nitric acid.
stene ali notranji deli, izdelani iz materialov, ki vsebujejo najmanj 2 % ekvivalenta bora, ali
Solvent extractors are normally fabricated to extremely high standards (including special welding and inspection and quality assurance and quality control techniques) out of low carbon stainless steels, titanium, zirconium, or other high quality materials.
največji premer 175 mm (7 palcev) za valjaste oblike ali
Solvent extractors both receive the solution of irradiated fuel from the dissolvers and the organic solution which separates the uranium, plutonium, and fission products.
največja širina 75 mm (3 palci) za ploščate ali okrogle oblike.
Solvent extraction equipment is normally designed to meet strict operating parameters, such as long operating lifetimes with no maintenance requirements or adaptability to easy replacement, simplicity of operation and control, and flexibility for variations in process conditions.
Rezultat faze s solventno ekstrakcijo so trije glavni tokovi procesne tekočine.
Chemical holding or storage vessels
Pri nadaljnji obdelavi vseh treh tokov se uporabljajo zadrževalne ali shranjevalne posode, in sicer:
Especially designed or prepared holding or storage vessels for use in a plant for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel.
raztopina čistega uranovega nitrata se koncentrira s pomočjo uparjanja in prenese v postopek denitracije, kjer se pretvori v uranov oksid.
The holding or storage vessels must be resistant to the corrosive effect of nitric acid.
Ta oksid se ponovno uporabi v jedrskem gorivnem ciklu.
The holding or storage vessels are normally fabricated of materials such as low carbon stainless steels, titanium or zirconium, or other high quality materials.
Raztopina intenzivno radioaktivnih produktov cepitve se običajno koncentrira z uparjanjem in shranjuje kot koncentrat procesne tekočine.
Holding or storage vessels may be designed for remote operation and maintenance and may have the following features for control of nuclear criticality:
Ta koncentrat se lahko kasneje uparja in pretvori v obliko, ki je primerna za shranjevanje ali odstranjevanje.
walls or internal structures with a boron equivalent of at least two per cent, or
Raztopina čistega plutonijevega nitrata se koncentrira in shrani, dokler ne gre v nadaljnji postopek.
a maximum diameter of 175 mm (7 in) for cylindrical vessels, or
Zlasti pa so posode za zadrževanje ali shranjevanje plutonijevih raztopin zasnovane tako, da ne pride do kritičnosti, ki lahko nastane zaradi sprememb koncentracije in oblike tega toka.
a maximum width of 75 mm (3 in) for either a slab or annular vessel.
Sistemi za merjenje nevtronov z namenom nadzorovanja procesov
Three main process liquor streams result from the solvent extraction step.
Sistemi za merjenje nevtronov, ki so posebej izdelani ali pripravljeni za vgradnjo v avtomatizirane sisteme za nadzorovanje procesov in uporabo v njih v obratu za predelavo obsevanih gorivnih elementov.
Holding or storage vessels are used in the further processing of all three streams, as follows:
Pri teh sistemih sta možna aktivno in pasivno merjenje in razločevanje nevtronov, da se določita količina in sestava cepljivega materiala.
The pure uranium nitrate solution is concentrated by evaporation and passed to a denitration process where it is converted to uranium oxide.
Celotni sistem sestavljajo nevtronski generator, detektor nevtronov, pospeševalniki in signalna-procesna elektronika.
This oxide is re-used in the nuclear fuel cycle.
Ta točka ne vključuje instrumentov za detekcijo nevtronov in merilnih instrumentov, ki so posebej konstruirani za vodenje evidenc in nadzorovanje jedrskega materiala ali katero koli drugo uporabo, ki ni povezana z vgradnjo v avtomatizirane sisteme za nadzorovanje procesov in uporabo v njih v obratu za predelavo obsevanih gorivnih elementov.
The intensely radioactive fission products solution is normally concentrated by evaporation and stored as a liquor concentrate.
Obrati za proizvodnjo gorivnih elementov jedrskega reaktorja in oprema, ki je posebej konstruirana ali izdelana v ta namen
This concentrate may be subsequently evaporated and converted to a form suitable for storage or disposal.
Gorivni elementi se izdelujejo iz enega ali več osnovnih ali posebnih cepljivih materialov, navedenih pod ‚MATERIAL IN OPREMA‘ te priloge.
The pure plutonium nitrate solution is concentrated and stored pending its transfer to further process steps.
Za oksidna goriva, ki so najobičajnejša vrsta goriva, se uporabi oprema za stiskanje tabletk, sintranje, brušenje in poliranje.
In particular, holding or storage vessels for plutonium solutions are designed to avoid criticality problems resulting from changes in concentration and form of this stream.
Z mešanimi oksidnimi gorivi se manipulira v komorah z rokavicami (ali podobnem zaprtem prostoru), dokler niso zatesnjena v oblogo.
Neutron measurement systems for process control
Gorivo je vedno hermetično zatesnjeno v ustrezno oblogo, konstruirano kot primarna ovojnica, ki obdaja gorivo, da se zagotovita ustrezna učinkovitost in varnost med obratovanjem reaktorja.
Neutron measurement systems especially designed or prepared for integration and use with automated process control systems in a plant for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements.
Predvidljiva in zajamčena učinkovitost goriva vedno terja tudi natančno nadzorovanje procesov, postopkov in opreme po izjemno visokih standardih.
These systems involve the capability of active and passive neutron measurement and discrimination in order to determine the fissile material quantity and composition.
Deli opreme, za katere se šteje, da so zajeti v besedno zvezo ‚oprema, ki je posebej konstruirana ali izdelana‘ za proizvodnjo gorivnih elementov, vključujejo opremo, ki:
The complete system is composed of a neutron generator, a neutron detector, amplifiers, and signal processing electronics.
običajno pride v neposredni stik z jedrskim materialom v proizvodnji ali ga neposredno predeluje ali preverja proizvodnjo jedrskega materiala;
The scope of this entry does not include neutron detection and measurement instruments that are designed for nuclear material accountancy and safeguarding or any other application not related to integration and use with automated process control systems in a plant for the reprocessing of irradiated fuel elements.
nepredušno zatesni jedrski material v oblogo;
Plants for the fabrication of nuclear reactor fuel elements, and equipment especially designed or prepared therefor
preverja integriteto oblog (srajčk) zvara;
Nuclear fuel elements are manufactured from one or more of the source or special fissionable materials mentioned in MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT of this annex.
preverja končno stanje zatesnjenega goriva ali
For oxide fuels, the most common type of fuel, equipment for pressing pellets, sintering, grinding and grading will be present.
se uporablja za sestavljanje gorivnih elementov reaktorja.
Mixed oxide fuels are handled in glove boxes (or equivalent containment) until they are sealed in the cladding.
Takšna oprema ali njeni sistemi lahko denimo vključujejo:
In all cases, the fuel is hermetically sealed inside a suitable cladding which is designed to be the primary envelope encasing the fuel so as to provide suitable performance and safety during reactor operation.
popolnoma avtomatske postaje za inšpekcijske preglede tabletk, posebej konstruirane ali izdelane za preverjanje končnih dimenzij in napak na površini gorivnih tabletk;
Also, in all cases, precise control of processes, procedures and equipment to extremely high standards is necessary in order to ensure predictable and safe fuel performance.
avtomatske stroje za varjenje, posebej konstruirane ali izdelane za spojitev končnih kap na gorivne palice;
Items of equipment that are considered to fall within the meaning of the phrase “and equipment especially designed or prepared” for the fabrication of fuel elements include equipment which:
avtomatske testne in inšpekcijske postaje, posebej konstruirane ali izdelane za preverjanje integritete dokončanih gorivnih palic;
normally comes in direct contact with, or directly processes, or controls, the production flow of nuclear material;
sisteme, posebej konstruirane ali izdelane za proizvodnjo zaščitne obloge za reaktorsko gorivo.
seals the nuclear material within the cladding;
Točka 3 običajno vključuje opremo za: a) rentgensko preiskavo zvarov na končnih kapah palic, b) odkrivanje uhajanja helija iz palic pod pritiskom in c) skeniranje palic z žarki gama, da se preveri, ali so gorivne tabletke v notranjosti pravilno naložene.
checks the integrity of the cladding or the seal;
Obrati za ločevanje izotopov naravnega urana, osiromašenega urana ali posebnega cepljivega materiala ter oprema, razen analitičnih instrumentov, posebej konstruirana ali izdelana v ta namen
checks the finish treatment of the sealed fuel; or
Obrati, oprema in tehnologija za ločevanje izotopov urana so velikokrat tesno povezani z obrati, opremo in tehnologijo za ločevanje izotopov ‚drugih elementov‘.
is used for assembling reactor fuel elements.
V posebnih primerih so predmet nadzora iz oddelka 5 tudi obrati in oprema, ki se uporabljajo za ločevanje izotopov ‚drugih elementov‘.