natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
According to Article 2(2) of the EPBD an NZEB ‘…means a building that has a very high energy performance, as determined in accordance with Annex I. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby’.
Prvi del opredelitve določa energijsko učinkovitost kot element, ki določa, da je stavba „SNPE“.
The first part of the definition establishes energy performance as the defining element that makes a building an ‘NZEB’.
Ta energijska učinkovitost mora biti zelo visoka in določena v skladu s Prilogo I DEUS.
This energy performance has to be very high and determined in accordance with Annex I of the EPBD.
Drugi del opredelitve določa smernice za dosego te zelo visoke učinkovitosti, kjer bi za posledično majhno količino energije v veliki meri zadostovala energija iz obnovljivih virov.
The second part of the definition provides guiding principles to achieve this very high performance by covering the resulting low amount of energy to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources.
Opredelitev SNPE odraža dejstvo, da so ukrepi za energijo iz obnovljivih virov in učinkovitost povezani.
The concept of NZEB reflects the fact that renewable energy and efficiency measures work together.
Kadar so nameščeni na stavbo, bodo obnovljivi viri energije zmanjšali neto količino dobavljene energije.
When placed on-building, renewable energy will reduce net delivered energy.
V številnih primerih energija iz obnovljivih virov, pridobljena na kraju samem, brez dodatnih ukrepov za energijsko učinkovitost ali znatnega zmanjšanja količnikov primarne energije za obnovljive vire energije zunaj objekta ne bo zadostovala, da se potrebe po energiji približajo nič.
In many cases, on-site renewable energy will not be sufficient to bring energy needs close to zero, without further energy efficiency measures or a significant decrease of primary energy factors for off-site renewable energy sources.
Zato bodo višje in strožje zahteve za visokoučinkovite SNPE tudi spodbujale večjo uporabo obnovljivih virov energije na stavbi in bi morale voditi k prilagoditvi količnikov primarne energije za nosilce energije zunaj objekta, pri čemer se upošteva njihova vsebnost energije iz obnovljivih virov.
Therefore, higher and more demanding requirements for highly efficient NZEB will also drive an increased use of on-building renewables and should result in adaptation of primary energy factors for off-site energy carriers, taking their renewable energy content into account.
Medtem ko DEUS vsebuje okvirno opredelitev SNPE, je njena podrobna uporaba v praksi (npr. kaj je „zelo visoka energijska učinkovitost“ in kaj bi bil priporočeni znatni prispevek „energije iz obnovljivih virov“) odgovornost držav članic, ko prenašajo člen 9 Direktive v svoje nacionalne pravne sisteme.
While the EPBD sets the framework definition of NZEBs, its detailed application in practice (e.g. what is a ‘very high energy performance’ and what would be the recommended significant contribution of ‘energy from renewable sources’) is the responsibility of the Member States when they transpose Article 9 of the Directive into their national legal systems.
Kaj je energijska učinkovitost stavbe „s skoraj nično porabo energije“
What is the energy performance of a ‘nearly zero-energy’ building?
Energijska učinkovitost je opredeljena [2] kot „količina energije, potrebna za zadovoljevanje potreb po energiji, povezanih z običajno uporabo stavbe, ki med drugim vključuje energijo za ogrevanje, hlajenje, prezračevanje, toplo vodo in razsvetljavo“.
Energy performance is defined [2] as ‘…the amount of energy needed to meet the energy demand associated with a typical use of the building which includes, inter alia, energy used for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and lighting’.
Delegirana uredba Komisije (EU) št. 244/2012 [3] in spremne smernice [4] vsebujejo uporabna navodila, kako se izračuna energijska učinkovitost stavbe [5].
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 [3] and its accompanying guidelines [4] provide useful guidance on how to calculate the energy performance of a building [5].
V Prilogi I(3) k Uredbi se izračun energijske učinkovitosti začne z izračunom potreb po končni energiji [6] za ogrevanje in hlajenje ter konča z izračunom neto primarne energije.
Under Annex I(3) to the Regulation, the calculation of energy performance starts with the calculation of final energy needs [6] for heating and cooling, and ends with the calculation of the net primary energy.
Izračun je usmerjen od potreb po energiji v stavbi do vira (tj. primarne energije).
The ‘direction’ of the calculation goes from the building's needs to the source (i.e. to the primary energy).
V skladu z DEUS lahko države članice uporabijo nacionalne količnike primarne energije za pretvorbo dobavljene končne energije v primarno energijo in izračunajo energijsko učinkovitost stavbe.
Under the EPBD, Member States can use their own national primary energy factors to transform the final delivered energy into primary energy and calculate building energy performance.
Poraba primarne energije se mora izračunati z uporabo količnikov primarne energije za vsak nosilec energije (npr. električna energija, kurilno olje, biomasa, daljinsko ogrevanje in hlajenje).
The primary energy use must be calculated using primary energy factors specific to each energy carrier (e.g. electricity, heating oil, biomass, district heating and cooling).
Spremne smernice k Delegirani uredbi priporočajo uporabo enakega količnika primarne energije za dobavljeno in izvoženo električno energijo, in sicer 2,5.
The accompanying guidelines to the Delegated Regulation recommend using the same 2,5 primary energy factor for delivered and for exported electricity.
Energija, proizvedena na kraju samem (porabljena na kraju samem ali izvožena), zmanjša potrebe po primarni energiji, povezane z dobavljeno energijo.
Energy produced on-site (used on-site or exported) reduces the primary energy needs associated with delivered energy.
Končni cilj izračuna energijske učinkovitosti je določiti celotno letno porabo energije v obliki neto primarne energije, kar ustreza energiji, porabljeni za ogrevanje, hlajenje, prezračevanje, toplo vodo in razsvetljavo.
The end objective of the energy performance calculation is to determine the annual overall energy use in net primary energy, which corresponds to energy use for heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water and lighting.
Ta letna bilanca je skladna z okvirom DEUS.
This annual balancing is consistent with the current EPBD framework.
Vendar študije kažejo, da bi lahko imeli koristi od izračuna energijskih bilanc v krajših časovnih presledkih (npr. za opazovanje dnevnih in sezonskih učinkov) [7].V skladu s členom 4(1) morajo minimalne zahteve upoštevati splošne notranje klimatske pogoje, da ne pride do možnih negativnih učinkov, kot je neustrezno prezračevanje.
However, studies suggest that there could be benefits in calculating energy balances at smaller time steps (e.g. to observe daily and seasonal effects) [7].In accordance with Article 4(1), minimum requirements must take account of general indoor climate conditions in order to avoid possible negative effects such as inadequate ventilation.
Da se prepreči poslabšanje kakovosti zraka v notranjih prostorih, udobja in zdravstvenih pogojev v evropskem stavbnem fondu [8], bi bilo treba postopno dvigovanje minimalnih zahtev za energijsko učinkovitost zaradi SNPE v celotni Evropi izvesti skupaj z ustreznimi strategijami za notranje okolje.
To avoid deterioration of indoor air quality, comfort and health conditions in the European building stock [8], the stepwise tightening of minimum energy performance requirements resulting from the implementation of NZEB across Europe should be done together with appropriate strategies dealing with indoor environment.
Podobno študije [9] kažejo, da nove in obnovljene stavbe pogosto ne dosegajo načrtovane energijske učinkovitosti.
Similarly, studies [9] indicate that often new and renovated buildings do not reach the planned energy performance.
DEUS je vzpostavila sistem primerjalnih vrednosti (načelo „stroškovne optimalnosti“), da usmerja države članice pri določanju zahtev glede energijske učinkovitosti v nacionalnih ali regionalnih gradbenih predpisih in njihovem rednem pregledu.
The EPBD establishes a benchmarking system (principle of ‘cost-optimality’) to guide Member States in setting energy performance requirements contained in national or regional building codes, and keeping them under regular review.
Temu ustrezno lahko države članice, da opredelijo in dosežejo raven SNPE, uporabijo različne kombinacije ukrepov v zvezi z izolacijo ali drugimi ukrepi za energijsko učinkovitost, vključitvijo visokoučinkovitih tehničnih stavbnih sistemov in uporabo obnovljivih virov energije na kraju samem [11].
Under the EPBD, cost-optimality [10] sets the minimum level of ambition for both building renovation and new buildings.
Kot del izračunov optimalnih stroškov morajo države članice preučiti prispevek vsakega izmed teh treh ukrepov.
In line with the cost-optimal requirements under Article 5 of the Directive, national minimum energy performance requirements are to be reviewed every five years and strengthened if they are significantly less ambitious than the national cost-optimal levels.
Države članice morajo opredeliti količnike primarne energije na nosilec energije.
This requires assessing and comparing different energy efficiency and renewable energy measures, both individually and in combination, as part of packages of measures to be applied to reference buildings.
Ti količniki bi morali upoštevati vsebnost energije iz obnovljivih virov v energiji, dobavljeni v stavbo, vključno iz bližnjih virov, zato da se obnovljivi viri energije na kraju samem in zunaj objekta obravnavajo na isti osnovi.
Accordingly, to define and meet the NZEB level, Member States can use different combinations of measures concerning insulation or other energy efficiency measures, inclusion of highly-efficient technical building systems and use of on-site renewable energy sources [11].
Pomembno je upoštevati, da se bo za glavnino novih stavb koncept stavbe s skoraj nično porabo energije začel uporabljati januarja 2021 (za nove javne stavbe januarja 2019).
As part of the cost-optimal calculations, Member States need to explore the contribution of each of these three types of measures.
Do takrat se bodo stroški tehnologije po vsej verjetnosti znižali zaradi bolj zrelih trgov in večjih količin.
Member States have to define primary energy factors per energy carrier.
Zato je verjetno, da bodo ravni SNPE ustrezale optimalnim stroškom za leto 2020.
These primary energy factors can be based on national or regional average values, or on specific values.
Ugotovitve kažejo, da so obstoječe tehnologije za varčevanje z energijo, energijsko učinkovitost in obnovljive vire energije v kombinaciji zadostne za doseganje ustreznih ciljev za stavbe s skoraj nično porabo energije [12].
These factors should take into account the renewable energy content of the energy supplied to the building, including from nearby sources, in order to place on-site and off-site renewable energy sources on equal footing.
Vsak petletni cikel za optimizacijo stroškov pomeni priložnost, da se v nacionalne gradbene predpise zaradi novih tehnologij vključijo izboljšave na področju energijske učinkovitosti in spremenijo predpisi v zvezi z učinkovitostjo stavb, da se premosti vrzel do stroškovno optimalnih ravni.
It is important to keep in mind that, for the bulk of new buildings, the nearly zero-energy buildings concept will apply as from January 2021 onwards (for new public buildings from January 2019 onwards).
Kot del rednega pregleda nacionalnih gradbenih predpisov za nove in obstoječe stavbe bo po letu 2020 načelo stroškovne optimalnosti omogočalo neprestano povečevanje ravni ambicij iz zahtev SNPE za nove stavbe.
By then, technology costs are likely to be lower in reaction to more mature markets and larger volumes.
Kako prispevajo obnovljivi viri energije
It is therefore likely that the NZEB levels will correspond to the cost-optimum for 2020.
Še posebej pomemben cilj je vključitev obnovljivih virov energije v nacionalno izvajanje SNPE.
A technology gap that would need to be bridged by 2021 has not been identified.
Takšni ukrepi se dopolnjujejo z zahtevami za SNPE iz DEUS.
Analysis of the cost-optimal reports required under Article 5 of the EPBD indicates that a smooth transition between cost optimality and NZEB is achievable [13].
Določbe DEUS spodbujajo uporabo obnovljivih virov energije, zlasti na kraju samem, saj energija, ki se proizvede tam, zmanjša obseg primarne energije v dobavljeni energiji.
Each five-year cost-optimality cycle presents an opportunity to lock energy efficiency gains into national building codes as new technologies are proven, and a chance to amend the building performance rules to close the gap to cost-optimal levels.
Na ta način so obnovljivi viri energije na kraju samem vedno del izračunov energijske učinkovitosti stavbe.
After 2020, the principle of cost-optimality will allow continuous improvement of the level of ambition of NZEB requirements for new buildings, as part of the regular review of national building codes for new and for existing buildings.
Medtem ko nekatere države članice zahtevajo delež energije iz obnovljivih virov v porabljeni primarni energiji ali minimalni prispevek energije iz obnovljivih virov v kWh/(m2.l), so druge uvedle posredne zahteve, kot je nizka poraba primarne energije iz neobnovljivih virov, ki jih je možno izpolniti le, če je energija iz obnovljivih virov del stavbnega koncepta [16].
How do renewable energy sources contribute?
Ta prožnost omogoča prilagajanje nacionalnim okoliščinam in lokalnim pogojem (vrsta stavbe, podnebje, stroški primerjalnih tehnologij obnovljivih virov energije in dostopnost, optimalna kombinacija z ukrepi na strani povpraševanja, gostota stavb itd.).
A particular important objective has been the integration of renewable energy sources in national NZEB implementation.
Najpogosteje uporabljeni sistemi obnovljivih virov energije v SNPE so solarni termični in fotovoltaični sistemi na stavbi.
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council [14] (hereafter the RES Directive) requires Member States to introduce in their building regulations and codes appropriate measures in order to increase the share of all kinds of energy from renewable sources in the building sector [15].
Drugi obnovljivi viri energije, ki so v rabi v teh stavbah, so geotermalni viri (iz toplotnih črpalk s talnim virom) in biomasa.
Such measures are complementary to the NZEB requirements in the EPBD.
Na primer, tehnologije za energijo iz obnovljivih virov, kot so solarni termični in fotovoltaični sistemi, so stroškovno bolj učinkovite v sredozemskem podnebju (za katero je značilno močnejše sončno sevanje) kot v drugih podnebjih.
The provisions of the EPBD naturally drive the use of renewable energy sources, notably on-site as the energy produced on-building reduces the primary energy associated with the delivered energy.
Zato lahko te tehnologije relativno več prispevajo k strožjim zahtevam glede energijske učinkovitosti.
In this way, on-site renewables are always part of the calculation of the energy performance of the building.
Kar zadeva obnovljive vire energije zunaj objekta, vključno s tistimi v bližini, kot je daljinsko ogrevanje in hlajenje [17], bo delež energije iz obnovljivih virov v mešanici nosilcev energije (npr. v mešanici energije v elektroenergetskem omrežju, ko je električna energija nosilec energije) vplival na energijsko učinkovitost stavbe prek količnikov primarne energije.
While several Member States require a renewable energy share of the primary energy used or a minimum renewable energy contribution in kWh/(m2.y), others use indirect requirement such as a low non-renewable primary energy use that can only be met if renewable energy is part of the building concept [16].
Države članice koristijo to prožnost, saj so za različne nosilce energije na splošno bili ugotovljeni različni količniki primarne energije, še zlasti za večino obnovljivih virov energije in tehnologij za energijo iz obnovljivih virov [18].
This flexibility allows adaptation to national circumstances and local conditions (building type, climate, costs for comparable renewable technologies and accessibility, optimal combination with demand side measures, building density, etc.).
Kaj morajo obsegati nacionalne opredelitve SNPE
The most frequently applied renewable energy systems in NZEB are on-building solar thermal and PV systems.
Večina držav članic [19] že uporablja indikatorje porabe primarne energije v kWh/(m2.l) v skladu s Prilogo I. Dodatno države članice pogosto vključijo druge parametre, kot so U-vrednosti sestavnih delov ovoja stavbe, neto in končna energija za ogrevanje in hlajenje ter emisije CO2.
Other renewable energy sources used in these buildings are geothermal (from ground source heat pumps) and biomass.
Približno 60 % držav članic je določilo podrobno uporabo opredelitve SNPE v pravnem dokumentu (npr. gradbeni predpisi in odloki v zvezi z energijo).
For example, renewable energy technologies such as solar thermal and PV systems are more cost-effective in Mediterranean climates (characterised by higher solar radiation) than in other climates.
Podrobna uporaba opredelitve stavb s skoraj nično porabo energije v praksi mora vključevati numerični indikator porabe primarne energije v kWh/(m2.l) [20].
Therefore, these technologies can have a higher relative contribution to tighter energy performance requirements.
Ta podrobna uporaba se vključi v nacionalne ukrepe za prenos ali v nacionalni načrt za povečanje števila SNPE.
As regards off-site renewable energy sources, including those nearby such as district heating and cooling [17], the share of renewable energy in the energy carrier mix (for instance in the electricity network mix when electricity is the energy carrier) will affect the energy performance of the building through primary energy factors.
Nove stavbe: časovni načrt za cilje glede SNPE
Member States make use of this flexibility as significantly different primary energy factors for different energy carriers are observed in general, and for most renewable energy sources and technologies in particular [18].
Člen 9(1) DEUS nalaga državam članicam, da
What do national applied definitions of NZEB need to cover?
„… zagotovijo, da:
The majority of Member States [19] already use a primary energy use indicator in kWh/(m2.y) in line with Annex I. In addition, Member States often include other parameters such as U-values of building envelope components, net and final energy for heating and cooling and CO2 emissions.
so do 31. decembra 2020 vse nove stavbe skoraj nič-energijske stavbe ter
Approximately 60 % of Member States have fixed their detailed application of the NZEB definition in a legal document (e.g. building regulations and energy decrees).
so po 31. decembru 2018 nove stavbe, ki jih javni organi uporabljajo kot lastniki, skoraj nič-energijske stavbe.“
Member States' detailed application in practice of the definition of nearly zero-energy buildings needs to include a numerical indicator of primary energy use expressed in kWh/(m2.y) [20].
Nacionalna zakonodaja za prenos zahtev iz člena 9(1) mora vsebovati določbe, ukrepe ali politike, da bodo do 31. decembra 2020 vse nove stavbe stavbe s skoraj nično porabo energije.
This detailed application is to be included in the national transposition measures or in the national plan for increasing the number of NZEB.
Isto velja, da morajo nove stavbe, ki jih javni organi uporabljajo kot lastniki, biti stavbe s skoraj nično porabo energije do 31. decembra 2018.
New buildings: timeline for NZEB targets
Države članice morajo zagotoviti, da so zahteve iz člena 9(1)(a) izpolnjene do 31. decembra 2020, iz člena 9(1)(b) pa do 31. decembra 2018.
Article 9(1) of the EPBD requires Member States to
Čeprav sta ta datuma v prihodnosti, je bil rok za prenos člena 9 9. januar 2013 [21].
‘…ensure that:
Do tega datuma so morale biti vse določbe v zvezi s SNPE iz člena 9 vključene v nacionalne ukrepe za prenos.
by 31 December 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings; and
Dejansko je tako dolg rok potreben glede na to, koliko časa je potrebnega za načrtovanje, pridobivanje dovoljenj in izgradnjo stavbe.
after 31 December 2018, new buildings occupied and owned by public authorities are nearly zero-energy buildings.’
Določitev teh ciljev v nacionalni zakonodaji ustvarja preglednost v zvezi s političnimi cilji ter ekonomskim subjektom in drugim deležnikom zagotavlja preglednost nad prihodnjimi zahtevami glede energijske učinkovitosti novih stavb.
The same applies for new public occupied and owned buildings to be nearly-zero energy buildings by 31 December 2018.
Posledično bi fizične osebe, ki bi kupile nanovo zgrajene stavbe ali stanovanja v letu 2021, pričakovale, da se bo trg razvil v skladu s temi cilji in da bodo stavbe SNPE.
With a view to preparing the implementation of Article 9(1), national plans for increasing the number of nearly zero-energy buildings had to include, inter alia, intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings by 2015.
Izkušnje gradbenega sektorja kažejo, da je rok za konec gradnje ali dokončanje stavbe lahko negotov in lahko pride do zamud.
These targets could relate to the minimum percentage of new buildings to be nearly zero-energy buildings, by that date.
Države članice bi morale upoštevati obdobje veljavnosti gradbenih dovoljenj, trajanje gradenj in dokončanje gradbenih del ter cilje iz člena 9(1) DEUS, da se izognejo neizpolnjevanju obveznosti, in sicer, da so do januarja 2021 vse nove stavbe SNPE.
Member States must ensure that the requirements of Article 9(1)(a) are met by 31 December 2020 and 31 December 2018 for Article 9(1)(b).
Politike in ukrepi za spodbujanje stavb s skoraj nično porabo energije
Although these dates are in the future, the deadline for transposition of Article 9 was 9 January 2013 [21].
V skladu s členom 9(1) morajo države članice pripraviti nacionalne načrte za povečanje števila SNPE.
By this date, all the NZEB provisions of Article 9 needed to be reflected in national transposition measures.
Nacionalni načrti v skladu s členom 9(3) vključujejo najmanj naslednje elemente:
Indeed, such a lengthy run-up is necessary given how long it takes to plan, have permission for and construct a building.
„Nacionalni načrti med drugim vključujejo naslednje elemente:
Having these targets set in national legislation creates transparency about the political goals and gives visibility to economic operators and other stakeholders concerning the future requirements for the energy performance of new buildings.
podrobna obrazložitev prenosa opredelitev skoraj nič-energijskih stavb v prakso, ki ga pripravijo države članice in v katerem so upoštevani nacionalni, regionalni ali lokalni pogoji, skupaj z numeričnim indikatorjem porabe primarne energije v kWh/m2 na leto […];
Furthermore, Article 9(1) requires Member States to ensure that by the relevant dates, ‘all new buildings are NZEBs’.
vmesne cilje za izboljšanje energijske učinkovitosti novih stavb do leta 2015[…];
As a result, citizens buying newly constructed buildings or apartments in 2021 would expect the market to have evolved in line with these targets, and buildings to be NZEBs.
informacije o politikah ter finančnih ali drugih ukrepih […], vključno s podrobnostmi o nacionalnih zahtevah in ukrepih v zvezi z uporabo energije iz obnovljivih virov v novih stavbah in obstoječih stavbah, na katerih poteka večja prenova, določenih v skladu s členom 13(4) Direktive 2009/28/ES ter členov 6 in 7 te direktive.“
Experience from the construction sector shows that the timing of the end of construction or completion of a building might be uncertain and may suffer delays.
Podpiranje preoblikovanja obstoječih stavb v SNPE