natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the sediment or its constituents for micro-pollutants prior to use might provide useful information.
Odrasli črvi se lahko vsaj eno leto uporabljajo za razmnoževanje.
Handling of natural sediments prior to their use in the laboratory is described in (1)(6)(44).
Kulture je treba vzdrževati pri temperaturi 21 do 25 °C.
The preparation of the artificial sediment is described in Appendix 5.
Temperatura ne sme nihati za več kot ± 2 °C.
The storage of natural sediments in the laboratory should be as short as possible.
Čas, potreben za razvoj embria od odložitve jajčeca do mladiča, ki zapusti kokon, je približno tri tedne pri 25 °C.
U.S.
Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je pri B. sowerbyi en preživeli črv v blatu pri 25 °C proizvede od 6,36 (31) do 11,2 (30) jajčec na preživelega črva.
EPA (6) recommends a maximum storage period of 8 weeks at 4 ± 2 °C in the dark.
Število jajčec na kokon je od 1,8 do 2,8 (66) (69) ali do 8 (68).
There should be no headspace above the sediment in the storage containers.
Črvi se lahko ad libitum hranijo tudi z odtajano zeleno solato.
Recommendations for the storage of artificial sediment are given in Appendix 5.
Pomembna prednost te vrste je velika biomasa osebkov (do 40–50 mg mokre teže na osebek).
Application of the test substance
Zato se lahko ta vrsta uporablja za preskušanje bioakumulacije neradioaktivno označenih preskusnih snovi.
The sediment is spiked with the test substance.
Izpostavi se lahko v sistemih, ki se uporabljajo za T. tubifex ali L. variegatus, z enim osebkom na ponovitev (11).
The spiking procedure involves coating of one or more of the sediment constituents with the test substance.
Vendar je nato treba ponovitev povečati, razen če se uporabijo večje preskusne komore (11).
For example, the quartz sand, or a portion thereof (e.g. 10 g of quartz sand per test vessel), can be soaked with a solution of the test substance in a suitable solvent, which is then slowly evaporated to dryness.
Za to vrsto je treba prilagoditi tudi merilo za veljavnost v zvezi z obnašanjem med zarivanjem.
The coated fraction can then be mixed into the wet sediment.
Part I – IV.
The amount of sand provided by the test-substance-and-sand mixture has to be taken into account when preparing the sediment, i.e. the sediment should thus be prepared with less sand (6).
Poglavje C.13 te priloge, Biokoncentracija: pretočni preskus na ribah.
With a natural sediment, the test substance may be added by spiking a dried portion of the sediment as described above for the artificial sediment, or by stirring the test substance into the wet sediment, with subsequent evaporating of any solubilising agent used.
Poglavje C.27 te priloge, Preskus strupenosti s trzačami v sistemu vode in usedline z uporabo usedline s primešano preskusno snovjo.
Suitable solvents for spiking wet sediment are ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethylformamide and triethylene glycol (5)(34).
Delavnica o ‚Bioaccumulation: Sediment test using benthic oligochaetes‘, 26.–27.april 1999, Hochheim am Main, Nemčija.
Toxicity and volatility of the solvent and the solubility of the test substance in the chosen solvent should be the main criteria for the selection of a suitable solubilising agent.
Report on the R+D-project No.
Additional guidance on spiking procedures is given in Environment Canada (1995)(41).
R. Nagel in R. Loskill (ur.):
Care should be taken to ensure that the test substance added to sediment is thoroughly and evenly distributed within the sediment.
Wat.
Replicated sub-samples of the spiked sediment should be analysed to check the concentrations of the test substance in the sediment, and to determine the degree of homogeneity of test substance distribution.
Res.
Once the spiked sediment with overlying water has been prepared, it is desirable to allow partitioning of the test substance between the sediment and the aqueous phase.
23, 1443–1450.
Appropriate equilibration time is sediment and substance specific, and can be in the order of hours to days and in rare cases up to several weeks (4-5 weeks) (28)(42).
Wat.
Depending on the purpose of the study, e.g., when environmental conditions are to be mimicked, the spiked sediment may be equilibrated or aged for a longer period (11).
24, 1225–1231.
It may be useful to conduct a preliminary experiment in order to optimise the test conditions of the definitive test, e.g. selection of test substance concentration(s) and duration of the uptake and elimination phases.
Poglavje A.5, Površinska napetost,
The behaviour of worms, for example sediment avoidance, i.e. the worms escape from the sediment which may be caused by the test substance and/or by the sediment itself, should be observed and recorded during a preliminary test.
Poglavje C.4 A–F, Določanje ‚dobre‘ biorazgradljivosti,
Sediment avoidance may also be used as a sub-lethal parameter in a preliminary test for estimating the test substance concentration(s) to be used in a bioaccumulation test.
Poglavje C.19, Ocenjevanje adsorpcijskega koeficienta (Koc ) tal in odpadnega blata (blata iz čistilnih naprav) s tekočinsko kromatografijo visoke ločljivosti (HPLC),
Duration of the uptake phase
Poglavje C.29, Dobra biorazgradljivost – CO2 v zaprtih posodah.
The test organisms are exposed to the test substance during the uptake phase.
Hutzinger, O. (ur.), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol.
The first sample should be taken between 4 and 24 h after start of uptake phase.
2 Part J (ur. zvezka: B. Beek):
The uptake phase should be run for up to 28 days (1)(6)(11) unless it can be demonstrated that equilibrium has been reached earlier.
Influence of partition coefficient of lipophilic compounds on bioconcentration kinetics with fish.
The steady state occurs when:
Wat.
a plot of the bioaccumulation factors at each sampling period against time is parallel to the time axis;
22, 701–707.
three successive analyses of BAF made on samples taken at intervals of at least two days vary no more than ± 20 % of each other;
Development of ecotoxicological test systems to assess contaminated sediments.
Duration of the elimination phase
Ob zadostni pazljivosti je mogoče zgornjo mejo razširiti na višje vrednosti Pow.
The first sample should be taken between 4 and 24 h after start of elimination phase, since during the initial period, rapid changes in tissue residue may occur.
Direktiva Sveta 91/271/EGS z dne 21. maja 1991 o čiščenju komunalne odpadne vode (UL L 135, 30.5.1991, str. 40).
It is recommended to terminate the elimination phase either when the concentration of test substance is less than 10 % of steady-state concentration, or after a maximum duration of 10 days.
Enak postopek mora biti izveden pri referenčni kemikaliji za dodelitev bučkam FR1-3.
The residue level in the worms at the end of the elimination phase is reported as a secondary endpoint.
Priporočena velikost je 0,1 litra do 1 litra.
The period may, however, be governed by the period over which the concentration of the test substance in the worms remains above the analytical detection limit.
Priporoča se uporaba plinotesnih silikonskih septumov.
Numbers of test worms
Priporočljivo je tudi preskušanje plinotesnosti pokrovčkov, še posebej zapork iz butilnega kavčuka, ker številne na trgu dostopne zaporke niso dovolj plinotesne za metan in ker nekatere zaporke ne tesnijo več, ko se v pogojih preskusa prebodejo z iglo.Za hlapne kemikalije so priporočljive in se morajo uporabljati plinotesne prevlečene zaporke (nekatere na trgu dostopne zaporke so precej tanke – njihova debelina znaša manj kot 0,5 cm – in po prebadanju z injekcijsko iglo niso več plinotesne).Če preskusne snovi niso hlapne, se priporočajo zaporke iz butilnega kavčuka (debeline približno 1 cm; te po prebadanju običajno ostanejo plinotesne).Pred preskusom je priporočljivo skrbno preveriti, ali so zaporke po prebadanju še vedno plinotesne.
The number of worms per sample must provide a mass of worm tissue such that the mass of test substance per sample at the beginning of the uptake phase and at the end of the elimination phase, respectively, is significantly higher than the detection limit for the test substance in biological material.
Merilnik je treba uporabljati in v rednih časovnih razmikih kalibrirati v skladu z navodili proizvajalca.
In the mentioned stages of uptake and elimination phases the concentration in the test animals is usually relatively low (6)(8)(18).
Če se uporabi merilnik tlaka predpisane kakovosti, npr. kapsuliran z jekleno membrano, kalibracija v laboratoriju ni potrebna.
Since the individual weight in many species of aquatic oligochaetes is very low (5-10 mg wet weight per individual for Lumbriculus variegatus and Tubifex tubifex), the worms of a given replicate test chamber may be pooled for weighing and test chemical analysis.
V priporočljivih časovnih razmikih ga mora umeriti pooblaščena ustanova.
For test species with higher individual weight (e.g. Branchiura sowerbyi) replicates containing one individual may be used, but in such cases the number of replicates should be increased to five per sampling point (11).
Natančnost umerjanja je mogoče v laboratoriju preveriti z enotočkovno meritvijo pri 1 × 105 Pa v primerjavi z merilnikom tlaka z mehanskim prikazom.
It should however be noted that B. sowerbyi was not included in the ring test (12), and is therefore not recommended as a preferable species in the method.
Če je ta točka pravilno izmerjena, se tudi linearnost ne bo spremenila.
Worms of similar size should be used (for L. variegatus see Appendix 6).
Če se uporabljajo druge merilne naprave (brez potrjene umeritve s strani proizvajalca), se v rednih časovnih razmikih priporoča pretvorba prek celotnega območja (Dodatek 2).
They should come from the same source, and should be adult or large animals of the same age class (see Appendix 6).
To velja za okolje in pogoje poskusa, pri čemer je mogoče iz slepih kontrol in posod, ki kažejo 70–80 % zaviranje, s sprejemljivimi območji napak oceniti količine nastalega plina.
The weight and age of an animal may have a significant effect on the BAF-values (e.g. due to different lipid content and/or presence of eggs);
Prezračevanje vode se lahko izvaja s cevko za ustvarjanje mehurčkov.
these parameters should be recorded accurately.
Cevke za ustvarjanje mehurčkov je priporočljivo nastaviti na ravni, ki ne povzročajo nepotrebnega stresa pri paglavcih.
To measure the mean wet and dry weight a sub-sample of worms should be weighed before starting the test.
ASV v sladki vodi je pri 20 °C in standardnem atmosferskem tlaku 9,1 mg/l (60 % je enako 5,46 mg/l).
With Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus variegatus, reproduction is expected during the test period.
Živosrebrov (II) klorid (HgCl2) je zelo strupena snov, pri kateri je treba uporabljati ustrezne varnostne ukrepe.
A lack of reproduction in a bioaccumulation test should be recorded, and considered when interpreting the test results.
Vodne odpadke, ki vsebujejo to kemikalijo, je treba ustrezno odložiti.
High sediment-to-worm and water-to-worm ratios should be used in order to minimise the reduction of test substance concentration in the sediment during the uptake phase, and to avoid decreases in dissolved oxygen concentration.
Ne smejo se izpustiti v sistem za odpadne vode.
The chosen loading rate should also correspond to naturally occurring population densities of the chosen species (43).
Ne smejo se izpustiti neposredno v sistem za odpadne vode.
For example, for Tubifex tubifex, a loading rate of 1-4 mg of worm tissue (wet weight) per gram of wet sediment is recommended (8)(11).
Pregnito blato je zmes določenih faz odplak in aktivnega blata, ki so bili inkubirani v anaerobnem gnilišču pri približno 35 °C, da bi se zmanjšala biomasa in težave v zvezi z vonjem ter izboljšala sposobnost odplak za odstranjevanje vode.
References (1) and (6) recommend a loading rate of ≤ 1 g dry weight of worm tissue per 50 g sediment organic carbon for L. variegatus.
Vsebuje asociacijo anaerobnih fermentativnih in metanogenih bakterij, ki proizvajajo ogljikov dioksid in metan (11).
The worms to be used in a test are removed from the culture by sieving the culture sediment.
Delež n2
The animals (adult or large worms without signs of recent fragmentation) are transferred to glass dishes (e.g. petri dishes) containing clean water.
Priporoča se še, da se preskusi plinotesnost pokrovčkov, zlasti septumov iz butilnega kavčuka, ker več komercialno dostopnih septumov ni primerno plinotesnih za metan, nekateri septumi pa ne ostanejo tesni, če se v preskusnih pogojih preluknjajo z iglo.
If the test conditions differ from the culture conditions, an acclimation phase of 24 h should be sufficient.
Napravo je treba uporabljati in kalibrirati po navodilih proizvajalca v rednih časovnih razmikih.
Prior to weighing, excess water should be removed from the worms.
Natančnost kalibracije se lahko preveri v laboratoriju z enotočkovno meritvijo pri 1 × 105 Pa z merilnikom tlaka z mehanskim prikazovalnikom.
This can be done by gently placing the worms on a pre-moistened paper tissue.
Če se uporabijo druge naprave za meritve (katerih kalibracije ni potrdil proizvajalec), se priporoča kalibracija celotnega razpona v rednih časovnih razmikih.
It is not recommended to use absorbing paper to dry the worms as this may cause stress or damage to the worms.
To je treba ponovno oceniti, če so vključene adsorpcijske in netopne referenčne kemikalije.
recommend using non-blotted worms of approximately 1,33 times the target biomass.
Študije izpiranja v kolonah s fitofarmacevtskimi sredstvi lahko zagotovijo informacije o mobilnosti preskusne kemikalije in njenih produktov transformacije ter lahko dopolnijo osnovne študije sorpcije.
At the start of the uptake phase (day 0 of the test), the test organisms are removed from the acclimatisation chamber and distributed randomly to vessels (e.g. petri dishes) containing reconstituted water by adding groups of two worms to each vessel, until each vessel contains ten worms.
Po sistemih FAO in USDA (14).
Each of these groups of worms are then randomly transferred to separate test vessels, e.g. using soft steel forceps.
§ Najbolje je, da imajo ustrezne spremenljivke vrednosti znotraj razpona.
The test vessels are subsequently incubated under test conditions.
Če se pojavijo težave pri iskanju ustreznega talnega materiala, so sprejemljive tudi vrednosti pod navedenim minimumom.
In order not to underestimate the exposure of the test organisms, e.g. by selectively feeding uncontaminated food, the food necessary for reproduction and growth of the test organisms should be added to the sediment once before or during application of the test substance (see Appendix 5).
Zato je priporočljivo uporabiti tla z vsebnostjo organskega ogljika najmanj 0,3 %.
Sediment-water ratio
# Tla z zelo veliko vsebnostjo ogljika (npr. > 10 %) ne smejo biti zakonsko sprejemljiva na primer za namene registracije pesticidov.
The recommended sediment-water ratio is 1:4 (45).
S tem se simulirajo zelo močne padavine.
This ratio is considered suitable to maintain oxygen concentrations at appropriate levels, and to avoid the build-up of ammonia in the overlying water.
Povprečne letne padavine so na primer v srednji Evropi 800 – 1000 mm.
The oxygen content in the overlying water should be maintained at ≥ 40 % saturation.
Primeri gostot v razsutem stanju za ovirana tla so naslednji:za peščena tla 1,66 g · ml– 1,za tla iz ilovnatega peska 1,58 g · ml– 1,za ilovnata tla 1,17 g · ml– 1,za muljasta tla 1,11 g · ml– 1.
The overlying water of the test vessels should be gently aerated (e.g. 2 - 4 bubbles per second) via a pasteur pipette positioned approximately 2 cm above the sediment surface so as to minimise perturbation of the sediment.
Značilne prostornine izcedne vode predstavljajo 230–260 ml, kar ustreza približno 92– 104 % skupnega dodanega umetnega dežja (251 ml), kadar se uporabljajo talne kolone s premerom 4 cm in dolžino 30 cm.
The photoperiod in the culture and the test is 16 hours (1)(6).
V tleh lahko nastane več kot en večji produkt transformacije, ki se lahko pojavi tudi ob drugih časovnih točkah med študijo transformacije.
Light intensity in the test area should be kept at about 500-1000 lx.
V takih primerih bi lahko bilo treba izvesti študije izpiranja s starimi ostanki različnih starosti.
The temperature should be 20 ± 2 °C throughout the test.
Prvotni predlog za to preskusno metodo je temeljil na članku C. V. Eadsfortha in P. Moserja (1).
One test concentration (as low as possible) is used for determination of the uptake kinetics, but a second (higher) concentration may be used (e.g. (46)).
tehtano povprečjelog Pow
In that case, samples are taken and analysed at steady state or after 28 d to confirm the BAF measured at the lower concentration (11).
površina %
The higher concentration should be selected so that adverse effects can be excluded (e.g. by choosing approximately 1 % of the lowest known chronic effect concentration ECx as derived from relevant chronic toxicity studies).
skupna površina vrhov %
The lower test concentration should be significantly higher than the detection limit in sediment and biological samples by the analytical method used.
površina %i
If the effect concentration of the test substance is close to the analytical detection limit, the use of radiolabelled test substance with high specific radioactivity is recommended.
Ellgehausen, H., D'Hondt, C., in Fuerer, R. (1981).
Treated and Control Replicates
McDuffie, B. (1981).
The minimum number of treated replicates for kinetic measurements should be three per sampling point (11) throughout uptake and elimination phase.
OECD (2000).
Additional replicates should be employed e.g. for optional additional sampling dates.
Guideline for Testing of Chemicals – Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water):
For the elimination phase, a matching number of replicates is prepared with non-spiked sediment and overlying water, so that the treated worms can be transferred from designated treated vessels to non-treated vessels at the end of the uptake phase.
Hansch, C., in Leo, A. J. (1979).
The total number of treated replicates should be sufficient for both uptake and elimination phase.
Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology.
Alternatively, the worms designated for sampling during the elimination phase may be exposed in one large container containing spiked sediment of the same batch as used for uptake kinetics.
John Willey, New York.
It should be demonstrated that the test conditions (e.g. sediment depth, sediment water ratio, loading, temperature, water quality) are comparable to the replicates designated for the uptake phase.
A tool for the quantitative prediction of bioactivity – Na voljo v projektu Pomona College Medical Chemistry Project, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711
At the end of the uptake phase, water, sediment and worm samples should be taken from this container for analysis, and a sufficient number of large worms that show no sign of recent fragmentation, should be removed carefully and transferred to the replicates prepared for the elimination phase (e.g. ten organisms per replicate vessel).
Chim.
If no solvent other than water is used, at least 9 replicates of a negative control (at least 3 sampled at start, 3 at end of uptake and 3 at end of elimination) should be provided for biological and background analysis.
Berendsen, G. E., Schoenmakers, P. J., de Galan, L., Vigh, G., Varga-Puchony, Z., in Inczédy, J. (1980).
If any solubilising agent is used for application of the test substance, a solvent control should be run (at least 3 replicates should be sampled at start, 3 at the end of the uptake phase, and 3 at the end of the elimination phase).
členi interakcije
In this case, at least 4 replicates of a negative control (no solvent) should be provided for sampling at the end of the uptake phase.
Pomona College, Medicinal Chemistry Project, Claremont, California 91711, ZDA, Log P Database and Med.
These replicates can be compared biologically with the solvent control in order to gain information on possible influence of the solvent on the test organisms.
Leo, A. J, Hansch, C., in Elkins, D. (1971).
Details are given in Appendix 3.
Toshio Fujita, Junkichi Iwasa in Corwin Hansch (1964).
Frequency of water quality measurements
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
As a minimum, the following water quality parameters should be measured in the overlying water during uptake and elimination phase:
(Koncentracija alg nič v eni od dveh ali treh ponovitvenih posod lahko pokaže, da posoda ni bila pravilno inokulirana ali da je bila neprimerno očiščena.)
Temperature
Razlogi za zavrnitev podatkovnih točk kot osamelcev morajo biti jasno navedeni v poročilu o preskusu.
in one vessel of each treatment level per sampling date, and in one control vessel once per week and at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
Odvisno od predvidene uporabe podatkov, kakovosti (natančnosti) in količine podatkov ter razpoložljivosti orodij za analizo podatkov se je mogoče odločiti (in včasih povsem upravičeno), da se ustavi analiza podatkov na tej stopnji in se preprosto preberejo ključne vrednosti EC50 in EC10 (in/ali EC20) iz ročno narisane krivulje (glej tudi spodnji oddelek o spodbujevalnih učinkih).
temperature in the surrounding medium (ambient air or water bath) or in one representative test vessel may also be recorded e.g. in continuous or hourly intervals;
Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo (1993).
Dissolved oxygen content
ISO 8692 Kakovost vode – Preskus zaviranja rasti sladkovodnih alg.
in one vessel of each treatment level, and in one control vessel per sampling date;
Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo (1998).
expressed as mg/L and % ASV (air saturation value);
Kakovost vode – Smernice za preskuse zaviranja rasti alg s slabo topnimi materiali, hlapnimi spojinami, kovinami in odpadno vodo.
Air supply
ISO 5667-16 Kakovost vode – Vzorčenje – 16. del:
controlled at least once per day (workdays) and adjusted if needed;
Mayer, P., Cuhel, R., in Nyholm, N. (1997).
in one treated vessel of each treatment level per sampling date, and in one control vessel once per week and at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
919–925
Total water hardness
Christensen, E. R., Nyholm, N. (1984).
at least in one treated vessel and one control test vessel at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period, expressed as mg/l CaCO3;
Dunnett, C. W.
Total ammonia content
1096– 1121.
at least in one treated vessel and one control test vessel at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
Norberg-King, T. J. (1988).
Sampling and analysis of worms, sediment, and water
Williams, D. A. (1971).
Sampling Schedule
Draper, N. R., in Smith, H. (1981).
Examples of sampling schedules for a 28-day uptake phase and a 10-day elimination phase are given in Appendix 3.
Brain, P., in Cousens, R. (1989).
Sample the water and sediment from the test chambers for determination of test substance concentration before adding the worms, and during both uptake and elimination phases.
NEMČIJA
During the test the concentrations of test substance are determined in the worms, sediment, and water in order to monitor the distribution of the test substance in the compartments of the test system.
8 – 14 × 2 – 3
Sample the worms, sediment, and water on at least six occasions during the uptake as well as the elimination phase.
7 – 15 × 3 – 12
Continue sampling until a plateau (steady state) has been established (see Appendix 1) or for 28 days.
40–60 [1]
If the plateau has not been reached within 28 days, begin the elimination phase.
60–80 [1]
When beginning the elimination phase, transfer the designated worms to replicate chambers containing untreated sediment and water (see also paragraphs 17 and 18).
40–50 [1]
Sampling and sample preparation
30–40 [1]
Obtain water samples by decanting, siphoning or pipetting a volume sufficient for measuring the quantity of the test substance in the sample.
1,2–1,5
The remaining overlying water is carefully decanted or siphoned from the test chamber(s).
1,1–1,4
Sediment samples should be taken carefully, causing minimal disturbance of the worms.
2,0–2,4