natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Fractions from the middle eluate range, where the concentrations are constant within ± 30 % in at least five consecutive fractions, are used to determine the solubility.
Za določitev topnosti se uporabijo frakcije eluata iz srednjega območja, kjer so koncentracije pri najmanj petih zaporednih frakcijah konstantne v območju ± 30 %.
Double distilled water is the preferred eluent.
Najprimernejši eluent je dvakrat destilirana voda.
Deionized water with a resistivity above 10 megohms/cm and total organic carbon content below 0,01 % can also be used.
Uporabi se lahko tudi deionizirana voda z upornostjo nad 10 megaomov/cm, in vsebnostjo organskega ogljika pod 0,01 %.
Under both procedures, a second run is performed at half the flow rate of the first.
Pri obeh postopkih se druga meritev opravi pri polovičnem pretoku prve meritve.
If the results of the two runs are in agreement, the test is satisfactory.
Če so rezultati obeh meritev skladni, je preskus zadovoljiv.
If the measured solubility is higher with the lower flow rate, then the halving of the flow rate must continue until two successive runs give the same solubility.
Če je pri manjšem pretoku izmerjena topnost večja, je treba pretok razpolavljati, dokler ni topnost pri dveh zaporednih meritvah enaka.
Under both procedures, the fractions should be checked for the presence of colloidal matter by examination of the Tyndall effect.
Pri obeh postopkih je treba s preverjanjem Tyndallovega efekta preveriti, ali frakcije vsebujejo koloidne delce.
The presence of particles invalidates the test and the test should be repeated after improvement of the filtering action of the column.
Ob prisotnosti delcev je treba preskus razveljaviti in ga ponoviti, ko se izboljša filtracija v koloni.
The pH of each sample should be measured, preferably by using special indicator strips.
Izmeriti je treba pH vsakega vzorca, po možnosti s posebnimi merilnimi lističi.
The test substance (solids must be pulverized) is dissolved in water at a temperature somewhat above the test temperature.
Preskusna snov (trdne snovi je treba uprašiti) se raztopi v vodi pri temperaturi, ki je nekoliko višja od temperature preskusa.
When saturation is achieved, the mixture is cooled and kept at the test temperature.
Ko se doseže nasičenost, se zmes ohladi in ohranja na temperaturi preskusa.
Alternatively, and if it is assured by appropriate sampling that the saturation equilibrium is reached, the measurement can be performed directly at the test temperature.
Meritev se lahko izvede tudi neposredno pri temperaturi preskusa, če se z ustreznim vzorčenjem zagotovi, da je dosežena točka nasičenja.
Subsequently, the mass concentration of the test substance in the aqueous solution, which must not contain any undissolved particles, is determined by a suitable analytical method (3).
Nato se z ustrezno analitsko metodo (3) določi masna koncentracija preskusne snovi v vodni raztopini, ki ne sme vsebovati neraztopljenih delcev.
The following materials are needed:
Potrebna je naslednja oprema:
normal laboratory glassware and instrumentation;
običajna laboratorijska steklovina in instrumentarij,
a device for the agitation of solutions under controlled constant temperature;
naprava za stresanje ali mešanje raztopin pri nadzorovani konstantni temperaturi,
if required for emulsions, a centrifuge (preferably thermostated); and
če je potrebna za emulzije, centrifuga (po možnosti termostatirana) in
analytical equipment.
analitska oprema.
The quantity of test substance necessary to saturate the desired volume of water is estimated from the preliminary test.
S predhodnim preskusom se oceni količina preskusne snovi, potrebna za nasičenje želenega volumna vode.
About five times that quantity is weighed into each of three glass vessels fitted with glass stoppers (e.g. centrifuge tubes, flasks).
Približno petkratnik te količine se zatehta v vsako od treh steklenih posod s steklenimi zamaški (npr. centrifugirke, bučke).
A volume of water, chosen in function of the analytical method and solubility range, is added to each vessel.
V vsako posodo se doda volumen vode, izbran glede na analitsko metodo in območje topnosti.
The vessels are tightly stoppered and then agitated at 30 °C.
Posode se tesno zamašijo in pretresejo pri 30 °C.
A shaking or stirring device capable of operating at constant temperature should be used, e.g. magnetic stirring in a thermostated water bath.
Uporabiti je treba napravo za stresanje ali mešanje, ki lahko deluje pri konstantni temperaturi, npr. napravo za magnetno mešanje v termostatirani vodni kopeli.
After one day, one of the vessels is equilibrated for 24 hours at the test temperature with occasional shaking.
Po enem dnevu se v eni od posod 24 ur vzpostavlja ravnotežje pri temperaturi preskusa, pri čemer se posoda občasno pretrese.
The contents of the vessel are then centrifuged at the test temperature and the concentration of the test substance in the clear aqueous phase is determined by a suitable analytical method.
Vsebina posode se pri temperaturi preskusa centrifugira, nato pa se z ustrezno analitsko metodo določi koncentracija preskusne snovi v bistri vodni fazi.
The other two flasks are treated similarly after initial equilibration at 30 °C for two and three days respectively.
S preostalima posodama se ravna podobno po začetnem vzpostavljanju ravnotežja pri 30 °C, ki traja pri eni dva in pri drugi tri dni.
If the concentrations measured in at least the two last vessels do not differ by more than 15 %, the test is satisfactory.
Če se izmerjene koncentracije v vsaj zadnjih dveh posodah ne razlikujejo za več kot 15 %, je preskus zadovoljiv.
If the results from vessels 1, 2 and 3 show a tendency of increasing values, the whole test should be repeated using longer equilibration times.
Če se pri rezultatih, izmerjenih v posodah 1, 2 in 3, kaže težnja k naraščanju vrednosti, je treba celoten preskus ponoviti z daljšimi časi za vzpostavljanje ravnotežja.
The test can also be performed without pre-incubation at 30 °C.
Preskus se lahko opravi tudi brez predhodne inkubacije pri 30 °C.
In order to estimate the rate of establishment of the saturation equilibrium, samples are taken until the stirring time no longer influences the concentrations measured.
Da se oceni hitrost doseganja točke nasičenja, se vzorci jemljejo, dokler čas mešanja ne vpliva več na izmerjene koncentracije.
Analytical determinations
Analitsko določanje
A substance-specific method is preferred since small amounts of soluble impurities can cause large errors in the measured solubility.
Po možnosti se uporabi metoda, specifična za posamezno snov, saj lahko majhne količine topnih nečistot povzročijo velike napake pri izmerjeni topnosti.
Examples of such methods are: gas or liquid chromatography, titration, photometry, voltametry.
Primeri takih metod so: plinska ali tekočinska kromatografija, titracija, fotometrija, voltametrija.
For each run, the mean value and standard deviation from at least five consecutive samples taken from the saturation plateau should be calculated.
Za vsako ponovitev je treba izračunati srednjo vrednost in standardni odklon za najmanj pet zaporednih vzorcev, vzetih pri točki nasičenja.
The mean values obtained from two tests with different flows should not differ by more than 30 %.
Srednje vrednosti, dobljene pri dveh preskusih z različnimi pretoki, se ne smejo razlikovati za več kot 30 %.
The individual results from each of the three flasks, which should not differ by more than 15 %, are averaged.
Za vsako od treh bučk se izračuna povprečna vrednost rezultatov, ki se ne smejo razlikovati za več kot 15 %.
The test report must include the following information:
V poročilu o preskusu morajo biti naslednji podatki:
the results of the preliminary test
rezultate predhodnega preskusa,
chemical identity and impurities (preliminary purification step, if any)
kemijsko identiteto in nečistote (predhodno prečiščevanje, če je bilo opravljeno),
the concentrations, flow rates and pH for each sample
koncentracije, pretoke in pH za vsak vzorec,
the means and standard deviations from at least five samples from the saturation plateau of each run
srednje vrednosti in standardne odklone za najmanj pet vzorcev, vzetih pri točki nasičenja vsake ponovitve,
the average of at least two successive runs
povprečje najmanj dveh zaporednih ponovitev,
the temperature of the water during the saturation process
temperaturo vode med procesom nasičenja,
the method of analysis
analitsko metodo,
the nature of the support material
vrsto nosilca,
loading of the support material
nanašanje na nosilec,
solvent used
uporabljeno topilo,
evidence of any chemical instability of the substance during the test
dokaze o kakršni koli kemijski nestabilnosti snovi med preskusom,
all information relevant for the interpretation of the results, in particular with regard to impurities and physical state of the test substance.
vse informacije, pomembne za razlago rezultatov, zlasti glede nečistot in agregatnega stanja preskusne snovi.
the individual analytical determinations and the average where more than one value was determined for each flask
posamezne analitske določitve in povprečje, če je bilo za posamezno bučko določenih več vrednosti,
the pH of each sample
pH vsakega vzorca,
the average of the values for different flasks which were in agreement
povprečje vrednosti za različne bučke, pri katerih so bili rezultati skladni,
the test temperature
temperaturo preskusa,
the analytical method
analitsko metodo,
LITERATURE:
VIRI:
Commission Directive 92/69/EEC of 31 July 1992 adapting to technical progress for the seventeenth time Council Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (OJ L 383, 29.12.1992, p. 113).
Direktiva Komisije 92/69/EGS z dne 31. julija 1992 o sedemnajsti prilagoditvi tehničnemu napredku Direktive Sveta 67/548/EGS o približevanju zakonov in drugih predpisov v zvezi z razvrščanjem, pakiranjem in označevanjem nevarnih snovi (UL L 383, 29.12.1992, str. 54).
Chemical products for industrial use — Determination of water solubility of solids and liquids with high solubility — Flask method’.
Chemical products for industrial use – Determination of water solubility of solids and liquids with high solubility – Flask method.“;
Chapter A.23 is added:
doda se poglavje A.23:
PARTITION COEFFICIENT (1-OCTANOL/WATER): SLOW-STIRRING METHOD
PORAZDELITVENI KOEFICIENT (1-OKTANOL/VODA): METODA POČASNEGA MEŠANJA
This Test Method is equivalent to OECD Test Guideline (TG) 123 (2006).
Ta preskusna metoda ustreza Smernici za preskušanje OECD (TG) 123 (2006).
ctanol/water partition coefficient (POW) values up to a log POW of 8,2 have been accurately determined by the slow-stirring method (1).
Vrednosti porazdelitvenega koeficienta 1-oktanol/voda (POW) do log POW 8,2 so bile natančno določene z metodo počasnega mešanja (1).
Therefore it is a suitable experimental approach for the direct determination of POW of highly hydrophobic substances.
Zato gre za primeren preskusni pristop k neposrednemu določanju POW zelo hidrofobnih snovi.
Other methods for the determination of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (POW) are the “shake-flask” method (2), and the determination of the POW from reversed phase HPLC-retention behaviour (3).
Preostali metodi za določanje porazdelitvenega koeficienta 1-oktanol/vode (POW) sta metoda ‚stresanja bučke‘ (2) in določanje POW na podlagi retencijskega vedenja pri tekočinski kromatografiji visoke ločljivosti (HPLC) z reverzno fazo (3).
The “shake-flask” method is prone to artifacts due to transfer of octanol micro-droplets into the aqueous phase.
Pri metodi ‚stresanja bučke‘ so pogosti artefakti zaradi prenosa mikrokapljic oktanola v vodno fazo.
With increasing values of POW the presence of these droplets in the aqueous phase leads to an increasing overestimation of the concentration of the test substance in the water.
S povečevanjem vrednosti POW prisotnost teh kapljic v vodni fazi vodi do povečanega precenjevanja koncentracije preskusne snovi v vodi.
Therefore, its use is limited to substances with log POW < 4.
Zato je uporaba te metode omejena na snovi z log POW < 4.
The second method relies on solid data of directly determined POW values to calibrate the relationship between HPLC-retention behaviour and measured values of POW.
Pri drugi metodi se z opiranjem na zanesljive podatke iz neposredno določenih vrednosti POW umeri razmerje med retencijskim vedenjem pri HPLC in izmerjenimi vrednostmi POW.
A draft OECD guideline was available for determining 1-octanol/water partition coefficients of ionisable substances (4) but shall no longer be used.
Na voljo je bil tudi osnutek smernice OECD za določanje porazdelitvenih koeficientov 1-oktanol/voda za snovi, ki lahko ionizirajo (4), ki pa se ne uporablja več.
This Test Method has been developed in The Netherlands.
Ta preskusna metoda je bila razvita na Nizozemskem.
The precision of the methods described here has been validated and optimized in a ring-test validation study in which 15 laboratories participated (5).
Natančnost metod, opisanih v tem dokumentu, je bila validirana in optimizirana v primerjalni validacijski študiji, v kateri je sodelovalo 15 laboratorijev (5).
Significance and use
Pomen in uporaba
For inert organic substances highly significant relationships have been found between 1-octanol/water partition coefficients (POW) and their bioaccumulation in fish.
Za inertne organske snovi so bila ugotovljena zelo pomembna razmerja med porazdelitvenimi koeficienti 1-oktanol/voda (POW) in njihovo bioakumulacijo v ribah.
Moreover, POW has been demonstrated to be correlated to fish toxicity as well as to sorption of chemicals to solids such as soils and sediments.
Poleg tega je bilo dokazano, da je POW povezan s strupenostjo za ribe, pa tudi s sorpcijo kemikalij na trdne snovi, kot so prsti in usedline.
An extensive overview of the relationships has been given in reference (6).
Obsežen pregled razmerij je naveden v viru (6).
A wide variety of relationships between the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient and other substance properties of relevance to environmental toxicology and chemistry have been established.
Ugotovljena so bila najrazličnejša razmerja med porazdelitvenim koeficientom 1-oktanol/voda in drugimi lastnostmi snovi, pomembnimi za okoljsko toksikologijo in kemijo.
As a consequence, the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient has evolved as a key parameter in the assessment of the environmental risk of chemicals as well as in the prediction of fate of chemicals in the environment.
Porazdelitveni koeficient 1-oktanol/voda je zato postal ključni parameter pri ocenjevanju tveganja kemikalij za okolje, pa tudi pri napovedovanju vpliva kemikalij v okolju.
The slow-stirring experiment is thought to reduce the formation of micro-droplets from 1-octanol droplets in the water phase.
S preskusom s počasnim mešanjem naj bi se zmanjševala tvorba mikrokapljic iz kapljic 1-oktanola v vodni fazi.
As a consequence, overestimation of the aqueous concentration due to test substance molecules associated to such droplets does not occur.
Posledično ne pride do precenjevanja vodne koncentracije zaradi molekul preskusne snovi, ki so združene s takimi kapljicami.
Therefore, the slow-stirring method is particularly suitable for the determination of POW for substances with expected log POW values of 5 and higher, for which the shake-flask method (2) is prone to yield erroneous results.
Zato je metoda počasnega mešanja posebej primerna za ugotavljanje POW za snovi s pričakovanimi vrednostmi log POW 5 in več, za katere metoda stresanja bučke pogosto da napačne rezultate (2).
DEFINITION AND UNITS
OPREDELITEV POJMOV IN ENOTE
The partition coefficient of a substance between water and a lipophilic solvent (1-octanol) characterizes the equilibrium distribution of the chemical between the two phases.
Porazdelitveni koeficient snovi med vodo in lipofilnim topilom (1-oktanolom) označuje ravnotežno porazdelitev kemikalije med obema fazama.
The partition coefficient between water and 1-octanol (POW) is defined as the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of the test substance in 1-octanol saturated with water (CO) and water saturated with 1-octanol (CW).
Porazdelitveni koeficient med vodo in 1-oktanolom (POW) je opredeljen kot razmerje ravnotežnih koncentracij preskusne snovi v 1-oktanolu, nasičenem z vodo (CO), in vodi, nasičeni z 1-oktanolom (CW).
As a ratio of concentrations it is dimensionless.
Kot razmerje koncentracij je porazdelitveni koeficient brez razsežnosti.
Most frequently it is given as the logarithm to the base 10 (log POW).
Najpogosteje je podan kot desetiški logaritem (log POW).
POW is temperature dependent and reported data should include the temperature of the measurement.
Odvisen je od temperature, sporočeni podatki pa morajo vključevati temperaturo merjenja.
In order to determine the partitioning coefficient, water, 1-octanol, and the test substance are equilibrated with each other at constant temperature.
Za določitev porazdelitvenega koeficienta se voda, 1-oktanol in preskusna snov medsebojno uravnotežijo pri konstantni temperaturi.
Then the concentrations of the test substance in the two phases are determined.
Potem se določijo koncentracije preskusne snovi v obeh fazah.
The experimental difficulties associated with the formation of micro-droplets during the shake-flask experiment can be reduced in the slow-stirring experiment proposed here.
Težave pri preskušanju, povezane s tvorbo mikrokapljic med preskusom stresanja bučke, se lahko zmanjšajo z uporabo preskusa s počasnim mešanjem, ki je predlagan v tem dokumentu.
In the slow-stirring experiment, water, 1-octanol and the test substance are equilibrated in a thermostated stirred reactor.
V njem se voda, 1-oktanol in preskusna snov uravnotežijo v termostatiranem mešalnem reaktorju.
Exchange between the phases is accelerated by stirring.
Izmenjava med fazama se pospeši z mešanjem.
The stirring introduces limited turbulence which enhances the exchange between 1-octanol and water without micro-droplets being formed (1).
To povzroči omejeno turbulenco, kar pospeši izmenjavo med 1-oktanolom in vodo, ne da bi se pri tem tvorile mikrokapljice (1).
Since the presence of substances other than the test substance might influence the activity coefficient of the test substance, the test substance should be tested as a pure substance.
Ker lahko prisotnost snovi, ki niso preskusna snov, vpliva na koeficient aktivnosti preskusne snovi, je treba preskusno snov preskušati v čistem stanju.
The highest purity commercially available should be employed for the 1-octanol/water partition experiment.
Za preskus porazdelitve 1-oktanol/voda je treba uporabiti najvišjo tržno dostopno čistost.
The present method applies to pure substances that do not dissociate or associate and that do not display significant interfacial activity.
Ta metoda se uporablja za čiste snovi, ki ne disociirajo ali asociirajo in ne kažejo bistvene medfazne aktivnosti.
It can be applied to determine the 1-octanol/water partition ratio of such substances and of mixtures.
Uporablja se lahko za ugotavljanje porazdelitvenega razmerja 1-oktanol/voda takih snovi in zmesi.
When the method is used for mixtures, the 1-octanol/water partition ratios determined are conditional and depend on the chemical composition of the mixture tested and on the electrolyte composition employed as aqueous phase.
Kadar se metoda uporablja za zmesi, so ugotovljena porazdelitvena razmerja 1-oktanol/voda pogojna ter odvisna od kemijske sestave preskušane zmesi in elektrolitske sestave, uporabljene za vodno fazo.
Provided additional steps are taken, the method is also applicable to dissociating or associating compounds (paragraph 12).
Če se izvedejo dodatni koraki, je metoda uporabna tudi za spojine, ki disociirajo ali asociirajo (odstavek 12).
Due to the multiple equilibria in water and 1-octanol involved in the 1-octanol/water partitioning of dissociating substances such as organic acids and phenols, organic bases, and organometallic substances, the 1-octanol/water partition ratio is a conditional constant strongly dependent on electrolyte composition (7)(8).
Ker porazdelitev 1-oktanol/voda pri snoveh, ki disociirajo – kot so organske kisline in fenoli, organske baze ter organokovinske snovi –, vključuje več ravnotežij v vodi in 1-oktanolu, je porazdelitveno razmerje 1-oktanol/voda pogojna konstanta, ki je močno odvisna od elektrolitske sestave (7) (8).
Determination of the 1-octanol/water partition ratio therefore requires that pH and electrolyte composition be controlled in the experiment and reported.
Zato je treba pri določanju porazdelitvenega razmerja 1-oktanol/voda pri preskusu nadzirati vrednost pH in elektrolitsko sestavo ter o njiju poročati.
Expert judgement has to be employed in the evaluation of these partition ratios.
Pri ocenjevanju teh porazdelitvenih razmerij je potrebna strokovna presoja.
Using the value of dissociation constant(s), suitable pH-values need to be selected, such that a partitioning ratio is determined for each ionization state.
Z uporabo vrednosti disociacijskih konstant je treba izbrati ustrezne vrednosti pH, tako da se porazdelitveno razmerje določi za vsako ionizacijsko stanje.
Non-complexing buffers must be used when testing organometallic compounds (8).
Kadar se preskušajo organokovinske spojine, je treba uporabiti nekompleksirajoče pufre (8).
Taking the existing knowledge on the aqueous chemistry (complexation constants, dissociation constants) into account, the experimental conditions should be chosen in such a manner that the speciation of the test substance in the aqueous phase can be estimated.
Ob upoštevanju sedanjega znanja o vodni kemiji (kompleksacijske konstante, disociacijske konstante) je treba preskusne pogoje izbrati tako, da se lahko oceni speciacija preskusne snovi v vodni fazi.
The ionic strength should be identical in all experiments by employing a background electrolyte.
Ionska moč mora biti v vseh preskusih enaka, kar se doseže z uporabo osnovnega elektrolita.
Difficulties in the test may arise in conducting the test for substances with low water solubility or high POW, due to the fact that the concentrations in the water become very low such that their accurate determination is difficult.
Kadar se preskus opravlja za snovi z nizko topnostjo v vodi ali visokim POW, se lahko pojavijo težave, saj koncentracije v vodi postanejo zelo nizke, kar oteži njihovo natančno določanje.
This Test Method provides guidance on how to deal with this problem.
Ta preskusna metoda vsebuje napotke, kako to težavo odpraviti.
INFORMATION ON THE TEST SUBSTANCE
INFORMACIJE O PRESKUSNI SNOVI
Chemical reagents should be of analytical grade or of higher purity.
Kemijski reagenti morajo biti analitsko čisti ali še kakovostnejši.
The use of non-labelled test substances with known chemical composition and preferably at least 99 % purity, or of radiolabelled test substances with known chemical composition and radiochemical purity, is recommended.
Priporoča se uporaba neoznačenih preskusnih snovi z znano kemijsko sestavo in po možnosti vsaj 99-odstotno čistostjo ali izotopsko označenih preskusnih spojin z znano kemijsko sestavo in radiokemijsko čistostjo.
In the case of short half-life tracers, decay corrections should be applied.
Pri sledilih s kratko razpolovno dobo je treba uporabiti popravke razpada.
In the case of radiolabelled test substances, a chemical specific analytical method should be employed to ensure that the measured radioactivity is directly related to the test substance.
Pri izotopsko označenih preskusnih spojinah je treba uporabiti analitsko metodo, specifično za dano kemikalijo, da se zagotovi, da se izmerjena radioaktivnost nanaša neposredno na preskusno snov.
An estimate of log POW may be obtained by using commercially available software for estimation of log POW, or by using the ratio of the solubilities in both solvents.
Oceno log POW je mogoče dobiti s tržno dostopno programsko opremo za ocenjevanje log POW ali z uporabo razmerja topnosti v obeh topilih.