natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
An indirect acquisition is the purchase by a company of shareholdings in the equity of a company at second or ulterior levels as a consequence of a previous direct acquisition.
Holdingi so družbe, katerih glavni poslovni cilj je lastništvo deležev drugih delujočih družb.
Therefore, the acquiring company indirectly acquires shareholdings in the companies situated at second or ulterior levels.
Holdingi ne opravljajo gospodarske dejavnosti kot take, zato ne morejo ustvarjati dobrega imena (torej tudi ne finančnega dobrega imena).
However, in the light of the information provided by the Spanish authorities and the third interested parties, the Commission notes that the controversy in the present case boils down to the indirect acquisition of shareholdings as a consequence of a direct acquisition of shareholdings in a non-resident holding company.
Dobro ime na naslednjih ravneh ustvarjajo delujoče družbe, ki opravljajo gospodarsko dejavnost.
Indeed, holdings are companies whose main business aim is to own the shares of other operating companies.
Zato je treba v tem primeru ugotoviti, ali lahko imajo posredno prevzeti deleži prek neposrednega prevzema deleža v holdingu nerezidentu korist od odbitka iz člena 12(5) TRLIS.
Holdings do not carry out an economic activity as such and therefore, they cannot generate goodwill (and consequently, no financial goodwill).
Spremembe besedila člena 12(5) TRLIS
Goodwill is generated at subsequent levels by operating companies that do carry out an economic activity.
Naslov člena 12 se glasi „Popravki vrednosti: izguba vrednosti sredstev“.
Hence, the matter at stake in the present case is to determine whether indirectly acquired shareholdings through a direct acquisition of a shareholding in a non-resident holding can benefit from the deduction of Article 12(5) TRLIS.
Nato je bil člen 12(5) TRLIS vključen v Kraljevi zakonski odlok 4/2004 z dne 5. marca, v katerem je bila določena konsolidirana različica španskega zakona o davku od dohodka pravnih oseb [12].
Modifications in the wording of Article 12(5) TRLIS
Člen 12(5) TRLIS je bil od uvedbe v španski zakon o davku od dohodka pravnih oseb večkrat spremenjen.
Its paragraph 5 entered into force on 1 January 2002.
Leta 2007 je sklic na „Kraljevi odlok 1815/1991 z dne 20. decembra o konsolidaciji računovodskih izkazov“ nadomestil sklic na „globalno integracijsko metodo iz člena 46 trgovinskega zakonika in drugih izvedbenih pravil“.
It was introduced in the Spanish Corporate Tax Law 43/1995 of 27 December by Article 2(5) of Law 24/2001 of 27 December [11].
Po trditvah španskih organov je bila ta sprememba posledica sprejetja zakona št. 16/2007 z dne 4. julija o reformi in prilagoditvi računovodskih pravil zaradi njihovega usklajevanja z zakonodajo EU [13].
Subsequently, Article 12(5) TRLIS was incorporated in the Royal Legislative Decree 4/2004 of 5 March, which laid down a consolidated version of the Spanish Corporate Tax Law [12].
Zaradi sprejetja zakona št. 16/2007 je bilo spremenjenih več zakonov in določb, med njimi tudi člen 12(5) TRLIS.
Article 12(5) TRLIS has been amended several times since its introduction in the Spanish Corporate Tax Law.
Zaradi sprememb v računovodski zakonodaji je bilo treba od Kraljevega odloka 1815/1991 odstopati in ga posodobiti, zato je bil naveden sklic na trgovinski zakonik, ki je zakon višje stopnje.
The initial draft of Article 12(5) TRLIS introduced by Law 24/2001 established that the difference between the purchase price of the shareholding and its book value at the time of the acquisition shall be attributed to the goods and rights of the non-resident company, according to the criteria laid down in Royal Decree 1815/1991 of 20 December on Consolidation of Accounts.
Španski organi so pojasnili, da je navedena sprememba izključno tehnične narave, saj ni spremenila pravil o konsolidaciji ali vplivala na način izračuna finančnega dobrega imena.
In 2007, the reference made to the ‘Royal Decree 1815/1991 of 20 December on the Consolidation of Accounts’ was substituted by a reference to ‘the method of global integration established in Article 46 of the Code of Commerce and other implementing rules’.
Španski organi so navedli, da se je finančno dobro ime vedno računalo z globalno integracijsko metodo in da je to računovodsko načelo vključeno v Kraljevem odloku 1815/1991 in členu 46 španskega trgovskega zakonika.
According to the Spanish authorities, this amendment was a result of the adoption of Law 16/2007 of 4 July on the Reform and Adaption of Accounting Rules for their Harmonization with EU Law [13].
Španija je po sprejetju odločbe in sklepa zaradi skladnosti s tema dvema aktoma Komisije členu 12(5) TRLIS dodala nov odstavek.
The adoption of Law 16/2007 triggered a number of modifications in several Laws and provisions, such as Article 12(5) TRLIS.
Čeprav je bil člen 12(5) razglašen za nezakonito i n nezdružljivo pomoč, ni uradno prenehal veljati, saj so ga še vedno lahko uporabljali upravičenci, ki so imeli upravičena pričakovanja, da dodeljene pomoči ne bo treba vrniti, in za katere je bilo v odločbi in sklepu priznano prehodno obdobje.
Given that Royal Decree 1815/1991 had to be derogated and updated due to the amendments in the accountancy legislation, reference was made to the Code of Commerce, a law of higher ranking.
Španija je členu 12(5) TRLIS dodala tretjo alineo, v kateri je bilo navedeno, da odbitek finančnega dobrega imena ne velja za prevzeme deležev v družbah s sedežem zunaj EU, ki so se izvedli po 21. decembru 2007 (brez poseganja v člen 1(3) Odločbe Komisije z dne 28. oktobra 2009 in člen 1(3) Sklepa Komisije z dne 12. januarja 2011 za prevzeme, za katere je nepreklicna obveznost začela veljati pred 21. decembrom 2007).
The Spanish authorities explained that the abovementioned amendment is purely a technical modification: it did not alter the consolidation rules nor influenced the way the financial goodwill is calculated.
Glede prevzemov večinskih deležev v subjektih s sedežem v državah zunaj EU, ki so bili prevzeti med 21. decembrom 2007 in 21. majem 2011 (datum objave sklepa v Uradnem listu), se lahko uveljavljajo odbitki, če se dokaže, da obstajajo izrecne pravne ovire za čezmejne poslovne združitve v smislu člena 1(4) in (5) Sklepa Komisije z dne 12. januarja 2011.
The Spanish authorities state that the method of global integration has always been used to calculate the financial goodwill and that this accounting principle was contained both in Royal Decree 1815/1991 and in Article 46 of the Spanish Code of Commerce.
Upravna razlaga člena 12(5) TRLIS
Following the adoption of the First and Second Decisions, Spain added a new paragraph to Article 12(5) TRLIS in order to comply with these two Commission Decisions.
Glavna pravna določba, tj. člen 12(5) TRLIS, ne navaja, ali je mogoče odbitek finančnega dobrega imena uveljavljati za neposredne ali posredne prevzeme deležev.
Although Article 12(5) TRLIS had been declared illegal and incompatible aid, it was not formally abolished since it could still be applied by beneficiaries that had legitimate expectations that the aid that had been granted would not be recovered and for which the transition period was recognised in the First and Second Decisions.
Člen 21 TRLIS neposredne in posredne prevzeme navaja v zahtevah, ki jih mora izpolniti dohodek družbe nerezidentke, da lahko družba rezidentka uveljavlja odbitek iz člena 12(5) TRLIS.
Spain introduced a third indent to Article 12(5) TRLIS that stated that the deduction of the financial goodwill shall not apply to the acquisitions of shareholdings in non-resident EU companies carried out from 21 December 2007 onwards (without prejudice to Article 1(3) of Commission Decision of 28 October 2009 and to Article 1 (3) of Commission Decision of 12 January 2011 for acquisitions where an irrevocable obligation was entered into before 21 December 2007).
Prvotna upravna razlaga
However, with regard to the acquisition of majority shareholdings in entities resident in extra-EU countries acquired between 21 December 2007 and 21 May 2011 (date of publication in the Official Journal of the Second Decision), the deductions might be applied if it is proven that there are explicit legal obstacles to cross-border business combinations within the meaning of Article 1(4) and (5) of the Second Commission Decision of 12 January 2011.
Španski organi so med upravnim postopkom, na podlagi katerega je bil sprejet sklep o začetku postopka iz leta 2007, Komisiji pojasnili, da sta dosledna upravna praksa španske davčne uprave (Dirección General de Tributos, v nadaljnjem besedilu: organ DGT) in sodna praksa gospodarskega in upravnega sodišča (Tribunal Económico y Administrativo Central, v nadaljnjem besedilu: sodišče TEAC) omogočali le odbitek finančnega dobrega imena, ki je izhajalo iz neposrednih prevzemov deležev [14].
The administrative interpretation of Article 12(5) TRLIS
Španski organi so navedli naslednje razloge:
The main legal provision, Article 12(5) TRLIS, does not mention whether the deduction of financial goodwill could be applied to direct or indirect acquisitions of shareholdings.
člen 12(5) TRLIS je metoda za amortizacijo naložbe, ta amortizacija pa neposredno vpliva na davčno osnovo.
However, Article 21 TRLIS refers to direct and indirect shareholdings when listing the criteria that the income of the non-resident company should meet so the resident company can apply the deduction of Article 12(5) TRLIS.
Za upravljanje odbitka je potreben nadzor nad naložbo, tak nadzor pa je mogoče izvajati le z neposrednim prevzemom deležev v delujočih družbah na prvi stopnji;
The initial administrative interpretation
zahteve iz člena 21 TRLIS glede gospodarske dejavnosti, ki jo družba nerezidentka opravlja v tujini, zanjo pa velja davek, podoben davku na dohodek pravnih oseb, so utemeljene z davčnimi predpisi o preprečevanju zlorab;
During the course of the administrative procedure that led to the adoption of the opening decision of 2007, the Spanish authorities explained to the Commission that consistent administrative practice of the Spanish tax administration (Dirección General de Tributos, hereafter ‘DGT’) as well the jurisprudence of the Economic and Administrative Court (Tribunal Económico y Administrativo Central, hereafter ‘TEAC’) only allowed for the deduction of financial goodwill that arose from direct acquisitions of shareholdings [14].
poleg tega je člen 12(5) TRLIS omejen na prevzeme na prvi stopnji, saj se lahko v skladu s členom 21 TRLIS odbitek iz člena 12(5) TRLIS uveljavlja le pri prevzemu vsaj 5-odstotnega deleža lastniškega kapitala v družbi nerezidentki.
The reasons put forward by the Spanish authorities were the following:
Ta odstotek ne pomeni konsolidacije z družbo nerezidentko na prvi stopnji ali konsolidacije z odvisnimi družbami družbe nerezidentke na drugi ali naslednjih ravneh.
Article 12(5) TRLIS is a method for depreciating an investment, depreciation that affects directly the tax base.
Dobro ime lahko na drugi ali naslednjih ravneh nastane šele po konsolidaciji;
The management of the deduction requires control of the investment and such a control can only be exercised through a direct acquisition of shareholdings in operating companies located at first level.
poleg tega mora davčna uprava spremljati uveljavljanje odbitka finančnega dobrega imena.
The requirements laid down in Article 21 TRLIS of carrying out an economic activity abroad by the non-resident company and being subject to tax similar to corporate tax have their rationale in anti-abuse tax rules.
Ta nadzor se lahko izvaja le prek španske družbe rezidentke.
Furthermore, Article 12(5) TRLIS is limited to acquisitions carried out in the first level given that Article 21 TRLIS only requires for the application of the deduction of Article 12(5) TRLIS the acquisition of at least a 5 % of the shares in the equity of the non-resident company.
Španska davčna uprava lahko zlahka spremlja, če so deleži na prvi stopnji, saj so deleži del sredstev španske družbe rezidentke.
This percentage neither implies consolidation with the non-resident company located at first level nor consolidation with subsidiaries of the non-resident company situated at second or ulterior levels.
Španska davčna uprava bi težje spremljala dobro ime, ki bi nastalo pri družbah nerezidentkah na nadaljnjih ravneh, saj se deleži knjižijo pod sredstva družb nerezidentk, zanje pa ne velja obveznost, da morajo biti pod nadzorom španske davčne uprave.
It is only after consolidation that goodwill could arise at second or ulterior levels.
Španski organi so morali med formalnim postopkom preiskave, na podlagi katerega je bil sprejet ta sklep, predložiti seznam upravnih razlag (consultas) davčne uprave, ki so bile povezane z uporabo člena 12(5) TRLIS.
Moreover, the tax Administration needs to monitor the application of the deduction of the financial goodwill.
Španski organi so morali predložiti tudi seznam sodnih praks sodišča TEAC, ki so se nanašale na uporabo člena 12(5) TRLIS.
This control can only be done through the Spanish resident company.
Španski organi so predložili [17] izvod štirih resolucij sodišča TEAC [18], s katerimi se je potrdila izključitev posrednih prevzemov deležev, ki izhajajo iz neposrednega prevzema deležev holdinga, iz področja uporabe člena 12(5) TRLIS.
Indeed, the Spanish tax administration can easily monitor if the shareholdings are located at the first level because the shareholdings are part of the assets of the Spanish resident company.
Utemeljitev, s katero je bila podprta izključitev posrednih prevzemov iz uporabe člena 12(5) TRLIS, ki je bila določena v consultas organa DGT in resolucijah sodišča TEAC, se lahko povzame, kot sledi:
In the course of the formal investigation procedure that led to the adoption of the present decision, the Spanish authorities were required to provide a list of the administrative interpretations (consultas) of the tax administration that related to the application of Article 12(5) TRLIS.
dobro ime se ustvari v delujočih družbah.
The Spanish authorities provided [15] a copy of administrative interpretations 1490-02 of 4 October 2002 and V0391-05 of 10 March 2005 [16].
Na podlagi uspešnosti gospodarske dejavnosti se ustvari neopredmeteno sredstvo na podlagi portfelja strank, geografske lokacije, strokovnega znanja, človeških virov, ugleda itd. Na koncu to prispeva k nakupni ceni, višji od tiste, ki je evidentirana kot knjigovodska vrednost.
These administrative interpretations confirm that since the adoption of Article 12(5) TRLIS the DGT explicitly excluded indirect acquisitions of shareholdings that result from the direct acquisition of shareholdings of a holding from the application of Article 12(5) TRLIS.
Finančno dobro ime lahko zato nastane le zaradi neposrednega prevzema delujoče družbe na podlagi razlike med nakupno ceno in knjigovodsko vrednostjo, če te razlike ni mogoče pripisati tihi dodani vrednosti, ki jo ustvarijo sredstva družbe;
The Spanish authorities were also required to provide a list of the TEAC's jurisprudence that referred to the application of Article 12(5) TRLIS.
da se določi znesek finančnega dobrega imena (razlika med nakupno ceno in knjigovodsko vrednostjo, ki je ni mogoče pripisati neto vrednosti družbe nerezidentke), so potrebni naslednji trije koraki: (1) izračun razlike med nakupno ceno deleža in njegovo knjigovodsko vrednostjo.
The Spanish authorities provided [17] a copy of four Resolutions from the TEAC [18] that confirmed the exclusion of indirect acquisitions of shareholdings that result from a direct acquisition of shareholdings of a holding company from the scope of application of Article 12(5) TRLIS.
Knjigovodska vrednost bi morala izražati delež lastniškega kapitala, ki ustreza deležu družbe rezidentke v družbi nerezidentki; (2) razliko med navedenima vrednostma bi bilo treba pripisati sredstvom družbe nerezidentke do zgornje meje tržne vrednosti zadevnega sredstva v skladu z merili, določenimi v računovodskih pravilih glede konsolidacije [19]; (3) preostali znesek je finančno dobro ime, ki se lahko odbije od davčne osnove v višini največ ene dvajsetine letno;
The reasoning that underpinned the exclusion of indirect acquisitions from the application of Article 12(5) TRLIS, which was laid down in the DGT's consultas and TEAC resolutions, can be summarised as follows:
holdingi so subjekti, katerih glavni poslovni cilj je lastništvo deležev drugih delujočih družb.
One of the requirements of Article 12(5) TRLIS is that the goodwill arising from the difference between the purchase price of the shareholdings and their book value should be attributed to the assets of the non-resident acquired company.
Holdingi torej ne opravljajo poslovne ali gospodarske dejavnosti kot take.
Goodwill generates in operating companies.
V skladu s členom 12(5) TRLIS bi bilo treba v primeru, da družba s sedežem v Španiji prevzame delež v holdingu nerezidentu (katerega glavna dejavnost je lastništvo deležev in upravljanje sredstev drugih delujočih družb), razliko med nakupno ceno in knjigovodsko vrednostjo lastniškega kapitala holdinga knjižiti kot sredstvo holdinga do zgornje tržne vrednosti zadevnega sredstva.
Indeed, as a result of the performance of an economic activity, an intangible asset is generated deriving from the client portfolio, geographic location, know-how, human resources, prestige etc.
Ker so sredstva holdinga deleži v delujočih družbah nerezidentkah, je tržna vrednost njegovih sredstev enaka nakupni ceni deležev, zato finančno dobro ime ne nastane.
In the end, this results into a higher purchase price than the one accounted as book value.
V skladu s to razlago lahko finančno dobro ime nastane le zaradi neposrednega prevzema delujoče družbe na podlagi razlike med nakupno ceno in knjigovodsko vrednostjo, če je mogoče to razliko neposredno pripisati dejanski dodani vrednosti, ki jo ustvarijo sredstva in pravice prevzete družbe.
Therefore, financial goodwill can only arise due to the direct acquisition of an operating company resulting from the difference between the purchase price and book value, as long as this difference is not attributable to the tacit added value generated by the assets of the company.
Dosledna upravna praksa španskih organov, ki je omogočila odbitek finančnega dobrega imena, ki izhaja izključno iz neposrednih prevzemov deležev delujočih družb, se je uporabljala tudi po sprejetju odločbe in sklepa [20].
In order to determine the amount of financial goodwill (the difference between the purchase price and book value not attributable to the non-resident company's net worth), it is necessary to apply the following three steps: (1) to calculate the difference between the purchase price of the shareholding and its book value.
Nova upravna razlaga
The book value should reflect the share of equity that corresponds to the stake that the resident company has in the non-resident company; (2) the difference between the two abovementioned values should be assigned to the assets of the non-resident company up to the limit of the market value of the asset in question according to the criteria established in the accounting consolidation rules [19]; (3) the amount that remains is the financial goodwill that can be deducted from the tax base up to a maximum limit of one twentieth per year.
Organ DGT je 21. marca 2012 po zahtevi španske družbe po davčnem mnenju sprejel zavezujočo razlago št. V0608-12 [21], ki določa, da člen 12(5) TRLIS omogoča odbitek finančnega dobrega imena ne le pri neposrednih prevzemih delujočih družb, ampak tudi pri posrednih prevzemih deležev, ki izhajajo iz predhodnega neposrednega prevzema deležev holdinga.
Holdings are entities whose main business aim is to own shares of other operating entities.
Organ DGT je v navedeni consulta vinculante priznal odstopanje od svoje prvotne razlage člena 12(5) TRLIS glede njegove uporabe pri posrednem prevzemu deležev.
Therefore, holdings do not carry out a business or economic activity as such.
Zato je organ DGT spremenil merilo, na katerem so temeljili njegovi prejšnji odzivi na vprašanja, ki so jih v zvezi s tem zastavljale španske družbe.
According to Article 12(5) TRLIS, if a company resident in Spain acquires a shareholding in a non-resident holding company (whose main activity is the possession of shares and management of assets of other operating companies) the difference between the purchase price and the book value of the equity of the holding should be booked as an asset of the holding company up to the limit of the market value of the asset in question.
Poleg tega je sodišče TEAC v resoluciji z dne 26. junija 2012 [22] svoje stališče uskladilo s stališčem organa DGT glede uporabe člena 12(5) TRLIS pri posrednih prevzemih deležev.
As the assets of a holding are the shareholdings in non-resident operating companies, the market value of its assets equates to the purchase price of the shares and therefore, no financial goodwill would arise.
Čeprav se je resolucija nanašala na drugo zadevo in prvotna družba ni bila ista kot v navedeni „consulta vinculante“ organa DGT z dne 21. marca 2012, je sodišče TEAC priznalo odstopanje od svoje prejšnje doktrine z razširitvijo uporabe odbitka finančnega dobrega imena na posredne prevzeme deležev, ki izhajajo iz neposrednega prevzema holdinga.
Under this interpretation, financial goodwill can only arise due to a direct acquisition of an operating company resulting from the difference between the purchase price and book value, as long as this difference is directly attributable to the intrinsic added value generated by the goods and rights of the acquired company.
Sodišče TEAC prav tako priznava odstopanje od svoje prejšnje doktrine.
The consistent administrative practice of the Spanish authorities that allowed the deduction of the financial goodwill arising exclusively from direct acquisitions of shareholdings of operating companies continued to be in place even after the adoption of the First and Second Decision [20].
Po navedbah sodišča TEAC je bila njegova prejšnja doktrina podprta z obveznostjo iz člena 15 Kraljevega odloka 1777/2004, ki se je izključno nanašala na neposredno prevzete družbe.
The new administrative interpretation
Vendar je sodišče TEAC zaradi polemike glede razlage člena 12(5) TRLIS ter obeh aktov, ki ju je sprejela Evropska komisija, ponovno proučilo svojo prejšnjo doktrino.
On 21 March 2012, following a request for a tax opinion by a Spanish company, the DGT adopted the binding interpretation V0608-12 [21], which establishes that Article 12(5) TRLIS would allow the deduction of financial goodwill not only from direct acquisitions of shareholdings of operating companies, but also from indirect acquisition of shareholdings resulting from a previous direct acquisition of shareholdings of a holding company.
Razloge, ki sta jih navedla organ DGT in sodišče TEAC, je mogoče na kratko povzeti, kot sledi:
In the abovementioned consulta vinculante, the DGT acknowledged a departure from its initial interpretation of Article 12(5) TRLIS with regard to its application to indirect acquisition of shareholdings.
prvič, organ DGT in sodišče TEAC navajata člen 21(1)(c) TRLIS, na podlagi katerega trdita, da lahko imajo posredni prevzemi prav tako korist od odbitka iz člena 12(5) TRLIS.
As a result, the DGT modified the criterion on which it had based its previous responses to questions raised by Spanish companies on that issue.
Po mnenju organa DGT in sodišča TEAC je lahko zahteva glede opravljanja gospodarske dejavnosti izpolnjena tudi, ko je delujoča družba na drugi ali naslednjih ravneh.
In addition, the TEAC in a Resolution of 26 June 2012 [22] aligned with the position adopted by the DGT with regard to the application of Article 12(5) TRLIS to indirect acquisitions of shareholdings.
Organ DGT in sodišče TEAC navajata zlasti člen 21(1)(c) 2o TRLIS, v katerem je izključno navedeno, da bodo v določbi zajete tudi dividende, ki izhajajo iz neposrednih ali posrednih deležev.