natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Method by the analysis of inorganic carbon in sealed vessels.
Metoda z analizo anorganskega ogljika v zaprtih posodah.
Reynolds L et al.
Reynolds, L., idr.
Stover EL, Kincannon DF (1983).
Stover, E. L., Kincannon, D. F (1983).
(This makes a more robust unit than that described in paragraph 21 of this chapter, C.10 A). The liner is fitted into an impervious polyethylene outer vessel, which consists of two parts: a circular base in which holes are bored to accommodate two air lines and a sludge-wastage line, and an upper cylinder which screws on to the base and which has an outlet placed so as to give a known volume (3 l) in the porous pot vessel.
(Enota je tako bolj robustna kot tista, opisana v odstavku 21 tega poglavja C.10-A.) Vložek je vstavljen v neprepustno zunanjo posodo iz polietilena, ki je sestavljena iz dveh delov: krožnega podnožja, v katero so izvrtane luknje za dva voda za zrak in vod za odstranjevanje odvečnega blata, ter zgornjega valja, ki je z vijaki pritrjen na podnožje in ima odvod nameščen tako, da omogoča znano prostornino (3 l) v porozni posodi.
One of the air lines is fitted with a diffuser stone and the other is open-ended and set at right-angles to the stone in the pot.
Eden od vodov za zrak je opremljen z difuzorjem, drugi pa je odprt in postavljen pravokotno na difuzor v posodi.
Grady CPL, Smets BF and Barbeau DS (1996).
Grady, C. P. L, Smets, B. F., in Barbeau, D. S. (1996).
4-6th Sept. 1996.
Ur. Hales, S. G, Feitjel, T., King, H., Fox, K., in Verstraete, W., 4.–6. sept. 1996.
The units were operated on a 24 h cycle: aeration for 23 h, wastage of sludge, settlement, withdrawal of supernatant (effluent) followed by addition of synthetic sewage plus test chemical, up to 100 μg/l, (i.e. at about the same concentration used in the short term test).
Enote so delovale v 24-urnem ciklu: prezračevanje 23 ur, odstranjevanje odvečnega blata, usedanje, odvzem supernatanta (iztok), ki jim sledi dodajanje sintetične odpadne vode in preskusne kemikalije do 100 μg/l (tj. pri približno enaki koncentraciji kot pri kratkoročnem preskusu).
Once per week 10 % of the total sludge was replaced by fresh sludge in order to maintain a balanced microbial population.
Enkrat tedensko je bilo 10 % vsega blata nadomeščenih s svežim blatom, da se je ohranila uravnotežena mikrobna populacija.
Data from the SCAS units are used to calculate the percentage removal of test chemical (paragraph 54).
Podatki iz enot SCAS se uporabijo za izračun deleža odstranitve preskusne kemikalije (odstavek 54).
Also, an average rate constant, K1, (normalised for concentration of suspended solids) can be calculated from:
Izračuna se lahko tudi povprečna hitrostna konstanta K1 (normalizirana za koncentracijo suspendiranih trdnih snovi), za kar se uporabi enačba:
Nyholm N, Jacobsen BN, Pedersen BM, Poulsen O, Dambourg A and Schultz B (1992).
Nyholm, N., Jacobsen, B. N., Pedersen, B. M., Poulsen, O., Dambourg, A., in Schultz, B. (1992).
Jacobsen BN, Nyholm N, Pedersen BM, Poulsen O, and Ostfeldt P (1993).
Jacobsen, B. N., Nyholm, N., Pedersen, B. M., Poulsen, O., in Ostfeldt, P. (1993).
Nyholm N, Ingerslev F, Berg UT, Pedersen JP and Frimer-Larsen H (1996).
Nyholm, N., Ingerslev, F., Berg, U. T., Pedersen, J. P., in Frimer-Larsen, H. (1996).
Berg UT and Nyholm N (1996).
Berg, U. T., in Nyholm, N. (1996).
Simulation tests are normally applied to chemicals which have failed a screening test for ready biodegradability (Chapter C.4 A to F of this Annex (9)), but have passed a test for inherent biodegradability.
Simulacijski preskusi se običajno uporabljajo za kemikalije, ki niso uspešno opravile presejalnega preskusa za dobro biološko razgradljivost (poglavje C.4-A do F te priloge (9)), vendar so uspešno opravile preskus za inherentno biološko razgradljivost.
Exceptionally simulation tests are also applied to any chemical about which more information is required, especially high-tonnage chemicals, and normally the activated sludge test is applied (C.10 A).
Simulacijski preskusi se izjemoma uporabijo tudi za kemikalijo, o kateri je potrebnih več informacij, zlasti za kemikalije, ki se proizvajajo v velikih količinah; običajno se uporabi preskus z aktivnim blatom (C.10-A).
Near the bottom of each storage vessel there is an outlet which is connected by suitable tubing, e.g. silicone rubber, via a peristaltic pump (B) to a glass or acrylic delivery tube which enters 2-4 cm into the higher (feed) end of the inclined tube (C).
Pri dnu vsake posode za shranjevanje je izhod, ki je s cevjo iz primernega materiala, npr. silikonske gume, prek peristaltične črpalke (B) povezan s stekleno ali akrilno dovodno cevjo, ki je potisnjena 2–4 cm v notranjost višjega (dovodnega) konca nagnjene cevi (C).
Effluent is allowed to drip from the lower end of the inclined tube to be collected in another storage vessel (D).
Iztok kaplja iz spodnjega konca nagnjene cevi in se zbira v drugi posodi za shranjevanje (D).
As this would leave time for degradation of many chemicals, equilibrium is not awaited but an equilibration period of 48 hours is recommended.
Ker bi bil tako na voljo čas za razgradnjo številnih kemikalij, se na vzpostavitev ravnotežja ne sme čakati, ampak se za to priporoča 48-urno obdobje.
At the end of this further equilibration period, the concentration of the test substance should be measured in the overlying water, the pore water and the sediment, at least at the highest concentration and a lower one (see paragraph 38).
Po koncu tega dodatnega obdobja za vzpostavitev ravnotežja je treba izmeriti koncentracijo preskusne snovi v vodi nad usedlino, porni vodi in usedlini vsaj pri najvišji in nižji koncentraciji (glej odstavek 38).
Normally, the larvae begin to hatch a couple of days after the eggs are laid (2 to 3 days for Chironomus riparius at 20 °C and 1 to 4 days for Chironomus tentans at 23 °C and Chironomus yoshimatui at 25 °C) and larval growth occurs in four instars, each of 4-8 days duration.
Običajno se ličinke izležejo nekaj dni po tem, ko so bila jajčeca odložena (2 do 3 dni za Chironomus riparius pri 20 °C ter 1 do 4 dni za Chironomus tentans pri 23 °C in Chironomus yoshimatsui pri 25 °C), rast ličink pa poteka v 4 stadijih, od katerih vsak traja 4 do 8 dni.
First instar larvae (2-3 or 1-4 days post hatching) should be used in the test.
V preskusu je treba uporabiti ličinke prvega stadija (2 do 3 ali 1 do 4 dni po tem, ko se izležejo).
The instar of midges can possibly be checked using head capsule width (6).
Stadij trzač se lahko po možnosti preveri z merjenjem širine glave (6).
Gentle aeration of the overlying water in test vessels is supplied preferably 24 hours after addition of the larvae and is pursued throughout the test (care should be taken that dissolved oxygen concentration does not fall below 60 per cent of ASV).
Prezračevanje se zagotavlja prek steklene pasteurjeve pipete, pritrjene 2 do 3 cm nad plastjo usedline (tj. 1 ali nekaj mehurčkov/s).
Centrifugation at e.g. 10000 g and 4 °C for 30 min. is the recommended procedure to isolate interstitial water.
Za izolacijo intersticijske vode se priporoča 30-minutno centrifugiranje pri npr. 10000 g in 4 °C.
However, if the test substance is demonstrated not to adsorb to filters, filtration may also be acceptable.
Če pa se za preskusno snov izkaže, da se ne adsorbira na filtre, je sprejemljivo tudi filtriranje.
The mean development time represents the mean time span between the introduction of larvae (day 0 of the test) and the emergence of the experimental cohort of midges. (For the calculation of the true development time, the age of larvae at the time of introduction should be considered).
Srednji čas razvoja pomeni srednji časovni razpon med vnosom ličink (dan 0 preskusa) in preobrazbo poskusne kohorte trzač.
i index of inspection interval m
i indeks intervala opazovanja,
Fleming R et al.
Fleming, R., idr.
Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates. pp 1125-1241.
Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates, str. 1125–1241.
Milani D, Day KE, McLeay DJ, and Kirby RS (1996).
Milani, D., Day, K. E., McLeay, D. J., in Kirby, R. S. (1996).
Suedel BC and JH Rodgers (1994).
Suedel, B. C., in Rodgers, J. H. (1994).
Naylor C and C Rodrigues (1995).
Naylor, C., in Rodrigues, C. (1995).
Rao JNK and Scott AJ (1992).
Rao, J. N. K., in Scott, A. J. (1992).
Bruce and Versteeg (1992).
Bruce in Versteeg (1992).
(The vitamin stock solution is stored frozen in small aliquots). The medium is aerated and stabilised.
(Založna raztopina vitaminov se shranjuje zamrznjena v majhnih alikvotih.) Medij se prezračuje in stabilizira.
Chapter C.8 of this Annex.
Poglavje C.8 te priloge.
Toxicity for Earthworms.
Strupenost za deževnike.
For the following statistical tests, the number of midges observed on inspection day x are assumed to be emerged at the mean of the time interval between day x and day x – l (l = length of the inspection interval, usually 1 day).
Za naslednje statistične preskuse se za število trzač, opaženih na dan opazovanja x, domneva, da so se preobrazile na sredini časovnega intervala med dnevom × in dnevom x – 1 (l = dolžina intervala opazovanja, običajno 1 dan). Srednja hitrost razvoja na posodo (x) se izračuna z enačbo:
Suedel BC and Rodgers JH (1994).
Suedel, B. C., in Rodgers, J. H. (1994).
Naylor C and Rodrigues C (1995).
Naylor, C., in Rodrigues, C. (1995).
The well established carbon dioxide (CO2) method (1), based on Sturm’s original test (2) for assessing biodegradability of organic chemicals, by the measurement of the carbon dioxide produced by microbial action, has normally been the first choice for testing poorly soluble chemicals and those which strongly adsorb.
Uveljavljena metoda z ogljikovim dioksidom (CO2) (1), ki temelji na izvirnem Sturmovem preskusu (2) za ocenjevanje biološke razgradljivosti organskih kemikalij z merjenjem ogljikovega dioksida, ki je nastal zaradi mikrobne dejavnosti, je običajno prva izbira za preskušanje slabo topnih in močno adsorptivnih kemikalij.
It is also chosen for soluble (but not volatile) chemicals, since the evolution of carbon dioxide is considered by many to be the only unequivocal proof of microbial activity.
Izbere se tudi za topne (vendar ne hlapne) kemikalije, ker številni menijo, da je nastajanje ogljikovega dioksida edini nedvoumni dokaz mikrobne dejavnosti.
Removal of dissolved organic carbon can be effected by physico-chemical processes — adsorption, volatilisation, precipitation, hydrolysis — as well as by microbial action and many non-biological reactions consume oxygen; rarely is CO2 produced from organic chemicals abiotically.
Raztopljeni organski ogljik se lahko odstrani s fizikalno-kemijskimi procesi (adsorpcija, izhlapevanje, obarjanje, hidroliza) in mikrobno dejavnostjo, pri številnih nebioloških reakcijah pa se porablja kisik; CO2 redko nastane abiotsko iz organskih kemikalij.
The test chemical, normally at 20 mg C/l, as the sole source of carbon and energy, is incubated in a buffer-mineral salts medium which has been inoculated with a mixed population of micro-organisms.
Preskusna kemikalija, običajno 20 mg C/l, se kot edini vir ogljika in energije inkubira v pufrskem mediju z mineralnimi solmi, ki je inokuliran z mešano populacijo mikroorganizmov.
The test is performed in sealed bottles with a headspace of air, which provides a reservoir of oxygen for aerobic biodegradation.
Preskus se opravi v zaprtih steklenicah z nadprostorom, v katerem je zrak, ki predstavlja zalogo kisika za aerobno biološko razgradnjo.
Dissolve in water and make up to 1 litre. The pH of this solution should be 7,4 (± 0,2).
Raztopijo se v vodi in dopolnijo do 1 litra. pH te raztopine mora biti 7,4 (± 0,2).
Suspend the concentrated sludge in mineral medium to yield a concentration of 3-5 g suspended solids/l.
Koncentrirano blato se suspendira v mineralnem mediju tako, da bo koncentracija neraztopljenih trdnih snovi 3–5 g/l.
Thereafter aerate until required.
Nato se prezračuje do uporabe.
Larson RJ, Hansmann MA and Bookland EA (1996).
Larson, R. J., Hansmann, M. A. in Bookland, E. A. (1996).
ISO 9439 (1990; revised 1999).
ISO 9439 (1990; revidiran leta 1999).
Weytjens D, Van Ginneken I and Painter HA (1994).
Weytjens, D., Van Ginneken, I., in Painter, H. A. (1994).
Ennis DM and Kramer A (1975).
Ennis, D. M., in Kramer, A. (1975).
Ennis DM, Kramer A, Jameson CW, Mazzoccki PH and Bailey PH (1978).
Ennis, D. M., Kramer, A., Jameson, C. W., Mazzoccki, P. H., in Bailey, P. H. (1978).
Boatman RJ, Cunningham SL and Ziegler DA (1986).
Boatman, R. J., Cunningham, S. L., in Ziegler, D. A. (1986).
Struijs J and Stoltenkamp J (1990).
Struijs, J., in Stoltenkamp, J. (1990).
Birch RR and Fletcher RJ (1991).
Birch, R. R., in Fletcher, R. J. (1991).
Birch RR, Biver C, Campagna R, Gledhill WE, Pagga U, Steber J, Reust H, and Bontinck WJ (1989).
Birch, R. R., Biver, C., Campagna, R., Gledhill, W. E., Pagga, U., Steber, J., Reust, H., in Bontinck, W.
Battersby NS, Ciccognani D, Evans MR, King D, Painter HA, Peterson DR and Starkey M (1999).
Battersby, N. S., Ciccognani, D., Evans, M. R., King, D., Painter, H.A., Peterson, D. R. in Starkey, M. (1999).
Struijs J, Stoltenkamp-Wouterse MJ and Dekkers ALM (1995).
Struijs, J., Stoltenkamp-Wouterse, M. J., in Dekkers, A. L. M. (1995).
Among the Test Methods relating to environmental fate, the Bioconcentration: Flow-through Fish Test (chapter C.13 of this Annex (49)) and the Bioaccumulation in Sediment-dwelling Benthic Oligochaetes (53) were published in 1996 and 2008 respectively.
Med preskusnimi metodami, ki se nanašajo na okoljsko usodo, je bila leta 1996 objavljena Biokoncentracija: pretočni preskus na ribah (poglavje C.13 te priloge (49)), leta 2008 pa Bioakumulacija v bentoških maloščetincih, ki živijo v usedlinah (53).
The extrapolation of aquatic bioaccumulation data to terrestrial organisms like earthworms is difficult, if possible at all.
Ekstrapolacija podatkov o bioakumulaciji v vodnih organizmih na kopenske organizme, kot so deževniki, je zahtevna, če je sploh mogoča.
Model calculations based on a test chemical’s lipophilicity, e.g. (14) (37), are currently used for the assessment of bioaccumulation of chemicals in soil, as e.g. in the EU Technical Guidance Document (19).
Za ocenjevanje bioakumulacije kemikalij v tleh se trenutno uporabljajo modelni izračuni na podlagi lipofilnosti preskusne kemikalije, npr. (14) (37), kot na primer v tehničnih smernicah EU (19).
The need for a compartment-specific test method has already been addressed, e.g. (55).
Potreba po preskusni metodi za posamezna področja se je že začela obravnavati, npr. (55).
Such a method is especially important for the evaluation of secondary poisoning in terrestrial food chains (4).
Taka metoda je zlasti pomembna za ocenjevanje sekundarne zastrupitve v kopenskih prehranjevalnih verigah (4).
Several national test methods address the issue of bioaccumulation in organisms other than fish e.g. (2) and (72).
Več nacionalnih preskusnih metod se ukvarja z vprašanjem bioakumulacije v organizmih, ki niso ribe, npr. (2) in (72).
A method on the measurement of bioaccumulation from contaminated soils in earthworms (Eisenia fetida, Savigny) and potworms has been developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (3).
Ameriško združenje za preskušanje in materiale (American Society for Testing and Materials) je razvilo metodo za merjenje bioakumulacije v deževnikih (Eisenia fetida, Savigny) in enhitrejih iz kontaminiranih tal (3).
An internationally accepted method for the determination of bioaccumulation in spiked soil will improve the risk assessment of chemicals in terrestrial ecosystems e.g. (25) (29).
Mednarodno priznana metoda za določanje bioakumulacije v tleh s primešano preskusno snovjo bo izboljšala ocenjevanje tveganja kemikalij v kopenskih ekosistemih, npr. (25) (29).
By bioturbation of the soil and by serving as prey these animals can have a strong influence on the bioavailability of chemicals to other organisms like invertebrates (e.g. predatory mites and beetles; e.g. (64)) or vertebrate (e.g. foxes and gulls) predators (18) (62).
Z bioturbacijo tal in kot plen lahko te živali močno vplivajo na biološko razpoložljivost kemikalij za druge organizme, kot so nevretenčarji (npr. plenilske pršice in hrošči; npr. (64)) ali plenilski vretenčarji (npr. lisice in galebi) (18) (62).
Some species of terrestrial oligochaetes currently used in ecotoxicological testing are described in Appendix 5.
Nekatere vrste kopenskih maloščetincev, ki se trenutno uporabljajo pri ekotoksikološkem preskušanju, so opisane v Dodatku 5.
Tests for measuring the bioaccumulation of a chemical in terrestrial oligochaetes have been performed with heavy metals (see e.g. (63)) and persistent, organic chemicals having log Kow values between 3,0 and 6,0, e.g. (40).
Preskusi za merjenje bioakumulacije kemikalije v kopenskih maloščetincih se izvajajo s težkimi kovinami (glej npr. (63)) in obstojnimi organskimi kemikalijami z vrednostmi log Kow med 3,0 in 6,0, npr. (40).
Such tests also apply to:
Uporabljajo se tudi za:
Toxicity of the test chemical to the species used in the test should be known, e.g. an effect concentration (ECx) or lethal concentration (LCx) for the time of the uptake phase (e.g. (19)).
Znana mora biti strupenost preskusne kemikalije za vrsto, uporabljeno v preskusu, npr. koncentracija z učinkom (ECx) ali smrtna koncentracija (LCx) v fazi absorpcije (npr. (19)).
The selected concentration of the test chemical should preferably be about 1 % of its acute asymptotic LC50, and at least 10-fold higher than its detection limit in soil by the analytical method used.
Izbrana koncentracija preskusne kemikalije mora biti po možnosti približno 1 % njenega akutnega asimptotičnega LC50 in vsaj desetkrat višja kot meja njenega zaznavanja v tleh z uporabljeno analitsko metodo.
If available, preference should be given to toxicity values derived from long-term studies on sublethal endpoints (51) (52).
Prednost je treba dati vrednostim strupenosti, ki izhajajo iz dolgotrajnih raziskav subletalnih končnih točk, če so na voljo (51) (52).
If such data are not available, an acute toxicity test will provide useful information (see e.g. (23)).
Če taki podatki niso na voljo, je koristne informacije mogoče dobiti s preskusom akutne strupenosti (glej npr. (23)).
An elimination phase provides information on the rate at which the test chemical is excreted by the test organisms (e.g. (27)).
Faza izločanja zagotavlja informacije o hitrosti, s katero se preskusna kemikalija izloča iz preskusnih organizmov (npr. (27)).
If a steady state has not been reached during the uptake phase, the determination of the kinetic parameters – kinetic bioaccumulation factor BAFk, uptake and elimination rate constant(s) – should preferably be based on simultaneous fitting of the results of the uptake and elimination phases.
Če v fazi absorpcije stabilno stanje ni doseženo, mora določitev kinetičnih parametrov – kinetičnega bioakumulacijskega faktorja BAFk, konstante hitrosti absorpcije in konstante hitrosti izločanja – po možnosti temeljiti na hkratnem prilagajanju rezultatov iz faze absorpcije in faze izločanja.
The concentration of the test chemical in/on the worms is monitored throughout both phases of the test.
Koncentracija preskusne kemikalije v/na črvih se spremlja ves čas trajanja obeh faz preskusa.
For aquatic oligochaetes it is assumed that after the initial 4-24 h of the elimination phase, most of the contaminated gut content has been replaced by clean sediment e.g. (46).
Pri vodnih maloščetincih se predpostavlja, da se po začetnih 4–24 h faze izločanja večina kontaminirane vsebine prebavil nadomesti s čistim sedimentom, npr. (46).
Similar findings have been reported for earthworms in studies on the accumulation of radiolabelled cadmium and zinc (78).
O podobnih ugotovitvah se je poročalo v zvezi z deževniki v raziskavah o kopičenju radioaktivno označenega kadmija in cinka (78).
In the non-purged enchytraeids, the concentration of this first sample of the elimination phase may be considered as the tissue concentration after gut purge.
Pri enhitrejih z neizpraznjenimi prebavili se lahko koncentracija tega prvega vzorca v fazi izločanja šteje za koncentracijo v tkivu po praznjenju prebavil.
To account for dilution of the test item concentration by uncontaminated soil during the elimination phase, the weight of the gut content may be estimated from worm wet weight/worm ash weight or worm dry weight/worm ash weight ratios.
Da bi upoštevali razredčenje koncentracije preskusne snovi z nekontaminirano zemljino v fazi izločanja, je mogoče oceniti težo vsebnosti prebavil iz razmerja med mokro težo črvov in težo pepela črvov ali razmerja med suho težo črvov in težo pepela črvov.
Suitable methods should be used for determination of lipid content (some existing methods – e.g. (31) (58) – should be adapted for this purpose). These methods use a chloroform/methanol extraction technique.
Za določanje vsebnosti lipidov je treba uporabiti primerne metode (za ta namen je treba prilagoditi nekatere obstoječe metode, npr. (31) (58)), pri katerih se uporablja tehnika ekstrakcije s kloroformom/metanolom.
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The moisture content is determined at the beginning and at the end of the test (at 105 °C).
Vsebnost vlage se določi na začetku in koncu preskusa (pri 105 °C).
It should be optimal for the species’ requirements (the moisture content can also be checked as follows: when the soil is gently squeezed in the hand, small drops of water should appear between the fingers).
Biti mora optimalna za potrebe uporabljenih vrst živali (vsebnost vlage je mogoče preveriti tudi na naslednji način: če se zemljina nežno stisne v roki, se morajo med prsti pojaviti majhne kapljice vode).