natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Nevertheless, these model equations should be used with caution, especially when changes in the test chemical's bioavailability, or (bio)degradation occur during the test (see e.g. (79)).
Vseeno je treba te modelne enačbe uporabljati previdno, zlasti kadar se med preskusom pojavijo spremembe v biološki razpoložljivosti preskusne kemikalije ali (biološki) razgradnji (glej npr. (79)).
EXAMPLES OF SCHEDULES FOR SOIL BIOACCUMULATION TESTS
PRIMERI ČASOVNIH RAZPOREDOV ZA PRESKUSE BIOAKUMULACIJE V TLEH
Earthworm test
Preskus z deževniki
Uptake phase with 8 sampling dates used for calculation of kinetics
Faza absorpcije z 8 datumi vzorčenja za izračun kinetike
Conditioning of the prepared soil for 48 h;
rno kondicioniranje pripravljene zemljine;
Spiking of the soil fraction with the test chemical solution; evaporating of any solvent; mixing of the soil constituents; distributing the soil to the test vessels; equilibration at test conditions for 4 days (3 weeks for metal-spiked soil);
dodajanje raztopine preskusne kemikalije v del zemljine; izparevanje morebitnega topila; mešanje sestavin zemljine; razporejanje zemljine v preskusne posode; 4-dnevno vzpostavljanje ravnotežja v preskusnih pogojih (3 tedne za zemljinela s primešano kovino);
3 to – 1
3 do –1
Separation of the test organisms from the culture for acclimation; preparation and moisturising of the soil constituents;
izločevanje preskusnih organizmov iz gojišča za aklimatizacijo; priprava in vlaženje sestavin zemljine;
temperature, and soil pH; removing soil samples from treated vessels and solvent controls for determination of test chemical concentration; addition of food ration; weighing and randomised distribution of the worms to the test vessels; retaining of sufficient subsamples of worms for determination of analytical background values, wet and dry weight, and lipid content; weighing of all test vessels to control soil moisture; controlling air supply, if closed test system is used;
temperature in vrednosti pH tal; odstranjevanje vzorcev tal iz tretiranih posod in kontrolnih vzorcev s topilom za določitev koncentracije preskusne kemikalije; dodajanje obroka hrane; tehtanje in naključna razporeditev črvov v preskusne posode; zadržanje zadostnih podvzorcev črvov za določanje analitskih vrednosti ozadja, mokre in suhe teže ter vsebnosti lipidov; tehtanje vseh preskusnih posod za kontrolo vlage v tleh; kontrola dotoka zraka, če se uporabi zaprt preskusni sistem;
Controlling air supply, recording worm behaviour and temperature; taking soil and worm samples for determination of test item concentration;
kontrola dotoka zraka, zapisovanje obnašanja črvov in temperature; jemanje vzorcev tal in črvov za določitev koncentracije preskusne snovi;
Same as day 1;
enako kot 1. dan;
Controlling air supply, worm behaviour and temperature;
kontrola dotoka zraka, obnašanja črvov in temperature;
Same as day 3;
enako kot 3. dan;
Same as day 1; addition of food ration; control soil moisture by re-weighing the test vessels and compensate evaporated water;
enako kot 1. dan; dodajanje obroka hrane; kontrola vlage v tleh s ponovnim tehtanjem preskusnih posod in nadomeščanje izhlapele vode;
Same as day 1; measuring temperature and soil pH; control soil moisture by re-weighing the test vessels; end of uptake phase; transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean soil for elimination phase (no gut-purging); sampling of soil and worms from solvent controls.
enako kot 1. dan; merjenje temperature in vrednosti pH tal; kontrola vlage v tleh s ponovnim tehtanjem preskusnih posod; konec faze absorpcije; premestitev črvov iz preostalih izpostavljenih ponovitev v posode s čisto zemljino za fazo izločanja (brez praznjenja prebavil); vzorčenje tal in črvov iz kontrolnih vzorcev s topilom.
Pre-exposure activities (equilibration phase) should be scheduled taking into account the properties of the test chemical.
Dejavnosti pred izpostavljenostjo (faza uravnoteženja) je treba časovno načrtovati ob upoštevanju lastnosti preskusne kemikalije.
Activities described for day 3 should be performed daily (at least on workdays).
Dejavnosti, opisane za 3. dan, je treba izvajati dnevno (vsaj ob delovnikih).
Elimination phase
Faza izločanja
Preparation and moisturising of the soil constituents; conditioning of the prepared soil for 48 h;
Priprava in vlaženje sestavin zemljine; 48-urno kondicioniranje pripravljene zemljine;
Mixing of the soil constituents; distributing the soil to the test vessels; incubation at test conditions for 4 days;
mešanje sestavin zemljine; razporejanje zemljine v preskusne posode; 4-dnevna inkubacija v preskusnih pogojih;
0 (end of uptake phase)
0 (konec faze absorpcije)
Measuring temperature and soil pH; weighing and randomised distribution of the worms to the test vessels; addition of food ration; transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean soil; taking soil and worm samples after 4-6 h for determination of test chemical concentration;
merjenje temperature in vrednosti pH tal; tehtanje in naključna razporeditev črvov v preskusne posode; dodajanje obroka hrane; premestitev črvov iz preostalih izpostavljenih ponovitev v posode s čisto zemljino; jemanje vzorcev tal in črvov po 4–6 urah za določitev koncentracije preskusne kemikalije;
Controlling air supply, recording worm behaviour and temperature; taking soil and worm samples for determination of test chemical concentration;
kontrola dotoka zraka, zapisovanje obnašanja črvov in temperature; jemanje vzorcev tal in črvov za določitev koncentracije preskusne kemikalije;
Same as day 1; measuring temperature and soil pH; control soil moisture by re-weighing the test vessels; sampling of soil and worms from solvent controls.
enako kot 1. dan; merjenje temperature in vrednosti pH tal; kontrola vlage v tleh s ponovnim tehtanjem preskusnih posod; vzorčenje tal in črvov iz kontrolnih vzorcev s topilom.
Preparation of the soil prior to start of elimination phase should be done in the same manner as before the uptake phase.
Tla pred začetkom faze izločanja je treba pripraviti enako kot pred fazo absorpcije.
Enchytraeid test
Preskus z enhitreji
temperature, and soil pH; removing soil samples from treated vessels and solvent controls for determination of test chemical concentration; addition of food ration to soil; weighing and randomised distribution of the worms to the test vessels; retaining of sufficient subsamples of worms for determination of analytical background values, wet and dry weight, and lipid content; weighing of all test vessels to control soil moisture; controlling air supply, if closed test system is used;
temperature in vrednosti pH tal; odstranjevanje vzorcev tal iz tretiranih posod in kontrolnih vzorcev s topilom za določitev koncentracije preskusne kemikalije; dodajanje obroka hrane v tla; tehtanje in naključna razporeditev črvov v preskusne posode; zadržanje zadostnih podvzorcev črvov za določanje analitskih vrednosti ozadja, mokre in suhe teže ter vsebnosti lipidov; tehtanje vseh preskusnih posod za kontrolo vlage v tleh; kontrola dotoka zraka, če se uporabi zaprt preskusni sistem;
Same as day 1; addition of food ration to soil; control soil moisture by re-weighing the test vessels and compensate evaporated water;
enako kot 1. dan; dodajanje obroka hrane v tla; kontrola vlage v tleh s ponovnim tehtanjem preskusnih posod in nadomeščanje izhlapele vode;
Same as day 1; addition of food ration to soil; measuring temperature and soil pH; control soil moisture by re-weighing the test vessels; end of uptake phase; transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean soil for elimination phase (no gut-purging); sampling of soil and worms from solvent controls.
enako kot 1. dan; dodajanje obroka hrane v tla; merjenje temperature in vrednosti pH tal; kontrola vlage v tleh s ponovnim tehtanjem preskusnih posod; konec faze absorpcije; premestitev črvov iz preostalih izpostavljenih ponovitev v posode s čisto zemljino za fazo izločanja (brez praznjenja prebavil); vzorčenje tal in črvov iz kontrolnih vzorcev s topilom.
Artificial soil – preparation and storage recommendations
Umetna zemljina – priporočila glede priprave in shranjevanja
Since natural soils from a particular source may not be available throughout the year, and indigenous organisms as well as the presence of micro-pollutants can influence the test, an artificial substrate, the artificial soil according to Chapter C.8 of this Annex, Toxicity for Earthworms (48), is recommended for use in this test.
Ker naravna zemljina iz določenega vira ni nujno na voljo vse leto in ker lahko domorodni organizmi in prisotna mikroonesnaževala vplivajo na preskus, se za ta preskus priporoča umetni substrat – umetna zemljina v skladu s poglavjem C.8 te priloge, Strupenost za deževnike (48).
Several test species can survive, grow, and reproduce in this soil, and maximum standardisation as well as intra- and interlaboratory comparability of test and culture conditions are provided.
V takih tleh lahko preživi, raste in se razmnožuje več preskusnih vrst, zagotovljeni pa so tudi največja mogoča standardizacija ter primerljivost preskusnih pogojev in pogojev gojenja znotraj laboratorija in med laboratoriji.
Soil constituents:
Sestavine zemljine
Peat:
Šota:
Sphagnum-peat, in accordance with the OECD Guideline 207 (48);
Šotni mah, v skladu s smernico OECD 207 (48).
Quartz sand:
Kremenov pesek:
Industrial quartz sand (air dried); grain size: more than 50 % of the particles should be in the range of 50-200 μm, but all particles should be ≤ 2 mm;
Industrijski kremenov pesek (sušen na zraku); velikost zrnc: več kot 50 % delcev mora biti velikih 50 do 200 μm, vsi delci pa morajo biti ≤ 2 mm.
Kaolinite clay:
Kaolinska glina:
Kaolinite content ≥ 30 %;
Vsebnost kaolinita ≥ 30-odstotna.
CaCO3, pulverised, chemically pure.
CaCO3, zdrobljen v prah, kemijsko čist.
As an option, the organic carbon content of the artificial soil may be reduced, e.g. by lowering the peat content to 4-5 % of dry soil and increasing the sand content accordingly.
Lahko se tudi zmanjša vsebnost organskega ogljika v umetni zemljini, npr. z zmanjšanjem vsebnosti šote na 4–5 % suhe zemljine in ustreznim povečanjem vsebnosti peska.
By such a reduction in organic carbon content, the possibilities of adsorption of test chemical to the soil (organic carbon) may be decreased, and the availability of the test chemical to the worms may increase (74).
S takim zmanjšanjem vsebnosti organskega ogljika se lahko zmanjšajo možnosti adsorpcije preskusne kemikalije na zemljino (organski ogljik), razpoložljivost preskusne kemikalije za črve pa se lahko poveča (74).
It has been demonstrated that Enchytraeus albidus and Eisenia fetida can comply with the validity criteria on reproduction when tested in field soils with lower organic carbon content, e.g. 2,7 % (33), (61), and there is experience that this can also be achieved in artificial soil with 5 % peat.
Dokazano je, da lahko Enchytraeus albidus in Eisenia fetida izpolnjujeta merila veljavnosti v zvezi z razmnoževanjem, če se preskus izvaja z naravno zemljino z manjšo vsebnostjo organskega ogljika, npr. 2,7 % (33), (211), izkušnje pa kažejo, da je to mogoče doseči tudi pri umetni zemljini s 5 % šote.
The dry constituents of the soil are mixed thoroughly (e.g. in a large-scale laboratory mixer).
Suhe sestavine zemljine se temeljito premešajo (npr. v velikem laboratorijskem mešalniku).
This should be done about one week before starting the test.
To je treba storiti približno en teden pred začetkom preskusa.
The mixed dry soil constituents should be moistened with deionised water at least 48 h before application of the test item in order to equilibrate/stabilise the acidity.
Zmešane suhe sestavine zemljine je treba navlažiti z deionizirano vodo vsaj 48 h pred primešanjem preskusne snovi, da se kislost uravnoteži/stabilizira.
For the determination of pH a mixture of soil and 1 M KCl solution in a 1:5 ratio is used.
Za določitev pH se uporabi mešanica zemljine in 1 M raztopine KCl v razmerju 1 : 5.
If the pH value is not within the required range (6,0 ± 0,5), a sufficient amount of CaCO3 is added to the soil, or a new batch of soil is prepared.
Če vrednost pH ni znotraj zahtevanega obsega (6,0 ± 0,5), se zemljini doda zadostna količina CaCO3 ali pripravi nova šarža zemljine.
The maximum water holding capacity (WHC) of the artificial soil is determined according to ISO 11268-2 (35).
Največja zmogljivost zadrževanja vode (WHC) v umetni zemljini se določi v skladu z ISO 11268-2 (35).
At least two days before starting the test, the dry artificial soil is moistened by adding enough deionised or reconstituted water to obtain approximately half of the final water content.
Vsaj dva dneva pred začetkom preskusa se suha umetna zemljina navlaži z dovolj deionizirane ali rekonstituirane vode, da nastane približno polovica končne vsebnosti vode.
The final water content should be 40 % to 60 % of the maximum WHC.
Končna vsebnost vode mora biti med 40 in 60 % največje WHC.
At the start of the test, the pre-moistened soil is divided into as many batches as the number of test concentrations and controls used for the test, and the moisture content is adjusted to 40-60 % of WHCmax by using the solution of the test item and/or by adding deionised or reconstituted water.
Na začetku preskusa se predhodno navlažena zemljina razdeli na toliko šarž, kot je preskusnih koncentracij in kontrolnih vzorcev, uporabljenih v preskusu, vsebnost vlage pa se prilagodi na 40–60 % WHCmax z raztopino preskusne snovi in/ali dodajanjem deionizirane ali rekonstituirane vode.
The dry constituents of the artificial soil may be stored at room temperature until use.
Suhe sestavine umetne zemljine se lahko do uporabe hranijo pri sobni temperaturi.
The prepared, pre-moistened soil may be stored in a cool place for up to three days prior to spiking; care should be taken to minimise evaporation of water.
Pripravljena predhodno navlažena zemljina se lahko hrani na hladnem do tri dni pred primešanjem preskusne kemikalije; paziti je treba, da je izhlapevanje vode čim manjše.
Soil spiked with the test item should be used immediately unless there is information indicating that the particular soil can be stored without affecting the toxicity and bioavailability of the test item.
Zemljino s primešano preskusno snovjo je treba uporabiti takoj, razen če obstajajo podatki o tem, da je mogoče določeno zemljino shranjevati, ne da bi to vplivalo na strupenost in biološko razpoložljivost preskusne snovi.
Samples of spiked soil may then be stored under the conditions recommended for the particular test item until analysis.
Vzorci zemljine s primešano preskusno snovjo se lahko nato do analize hranijo v pogojih, priporočenih za zadevno preskusno snov.
Species of terrestrial oligochaetes recommended for testing bioaccumulation from soil
Vrste kopenskih maloščetincev, priporočene za preskušanje bioakumulacije iz tal
The recommended test species is Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826), belonging to the family Lumbricidae.
Priporočena preskusna vrsta je Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826), ki spada v družino Lumbricidae.
In comparison to other lumbricid earthworms, they have a short life-cycle, reaching maturity within ca. 2-3 months (at room temperature).
V primerjavi z drugimi deževniki iz družine Lumbricidae imajo kratek življenjski ciklus in dosežejo zrelost pri približno 2–3 mesecih (pri sobni temperaturi).
Their optimum temperature is approximately at 20-24 °C.
Njihova optimalna temperatura je približno 20–24 °C.
They prefer relatively moist substrates with a nearly neutral pH and a high content of organic material.
Najraje imajo razmeroma vlažne substrate s skoraj nevtralno vrednostjo pH in visoko vsebnostjo organske snovi.
Since these species have been widely used in standardised ecotoxicological tests for about 25 years, their culturing is well established (48) (77).
Ker se ti vrsti zelo pogosto uporabljata v standardiziranih ekotoksikoloških preskusih že približno 25 let, je njuno gojenje dobro uveljavljeno (48) (77).
Both species can be bred in a wide range of animal wastes.
Obe vrsti je mogoče gojiti v zelo različnih živalskih odpadkih.
The breeding medium recommended by ISO (35) is a 50:50 mixture of horse or cattle manure and peat.
Medij za gojenje, priporočen v ISO (35), je mešanica konjskega ali govejega gnoja in šote v razmerju 50: 50.
The medium should have a pH value of about 6 to 7 (regulated with calcium carbonate), a low ionic conductivity (less than 6 mS/cm or less than 0,5 % salt concentration) and should not be contaminated excessively with ammonia or animal urine.
Medij mora imeti vrednost pH približno 6–7 (uravnavano s kalcijevim karbonatom), majhno ionsko prevodnost (manj kot 6 mS/cm ali manj kot 0,5-odstotna koncentracija soli) in ne sme biti pretirano kontaminiran z amonijem ali živalskim urinom.
Also, a commercial gardening soil free of additives, or artificial soil according to OECD (48), or a 50:50 mixture of both can be used.
Uporabiti je mogoče tudi komercialno vrtno prst brez aditivov ali umetno zemljino v skladu z OECD (48) ali mešanico obeh v razmerju 50: 50.
Breeding boxes of 10 litre to 50 litre volume are suitable.
Primerne so škatle za gojenje s prostornino 10 do 50 litrov.
To obtain worms of standard age and mass, it is best to start the culture with cocoons.
Za črve standardne starosti in teže je gojenje najbolje začeti s kokoni.
Therefore, adult worms are added to a breeding box containing fresh substrate to produce cocoons.
Zato se v škatle za gojenje s svežim substratom dajo odrasli črvi, da naredijo kokone.
Practical experience has shown that a population density of approximately 100 adult worms per kg substrate (wet weight) leads to good reproduction rates.
Praktične izkušnje so pokazale, da so pri gostoti populacije približno 100 odraslih črvov na kg substrata (mokra teža) dobre stopnje razmnoževanja.
After 28 days, the adult worms are removed.
Po 28 dneh se odrasli črvi odstranijo.
The earthworms hatched from the cocoons are used for testing when mature after at least 2 months but less than 12 months.
Deževniki, ki se izležejo iz kokonov, se uporabijo za preskušanje, ko so zreli, po vsaj 2 mesecih, vendar prej kot v 12 mesecih.
Worms of the species described above can be considered healthy if they move through the substrate, do not try to leave the substrate, and reproduce continuously.
Črve zgoraj opisanih vrst je mogoče šteti za zdrave, če se premikajo skozi substrat, ga ne poskušajo zapustiti in se stalno razmnožujejo.
Very slow motioning or a yellow posterior end (in the case of Eisenia fetida) indicates substrate exhaustion.
Zelo počasno premikanje ali rumen zadnji del (pri vrsti Eisenia fetida) kaže na izčrpanje substrata.
In this case, fresh substrate and/or a lower number of animals per box is recommended.
V tem primeru se priporoča svež substrat in/ali manjše število živali na škatlo.
Additional selected references
Dodatni izbrani viri
The recommended test species is Enchytraeus albidus Henle 1837 (white potworm).
Priporočena preskusna vrsta je Enchytraeus albidus Henle 1837 (enhitrej).
Enchytraeus albidus is one of the biggest (up to 15 mm) species of the annelid oligochaete family Enchytraeidae and it is worldwide distributed e.g. (8).
Enchytraeus albidus je ena od največjih (do 15 mm) vrst maloščetinarjev kolobarnikov iz družine Enchytraeidae in je razširjena po vsem svetu, npr. (8).
Enchytraeus albidus is found in marine, limnic and terrestrial habitats, mainly in decaying organic matter (seaweed, compost) and rarely in meadows (42).
Živi v morskih, sladkovodnih in kopenskih habitatih, večinoma v razpadajoči organski snovi (morske alge, kompost), redko pa na travnikih (42).
This broad ecological tolerance and some morphological variations indicate that there might be different races for this species.
Ta široka ekološka toleranca in nekatere morfološke variacije kažejo na to, da morda obstajajo različne podvrste te vrste.
Enchytraeus albidus is commercially available, sold as food for fish.
Enchytraeus albidus je komercialno dostopna vrsta in se prodaja kot hrana za ribe.
It should be checked whether the culture is contaminated by other, usually smaller species (60).
Treba je preveriti, ali je kultura kontaminirana z drugimi, običajno manjšimi vrstami (60).
If contamination occurs, all worms should be washed with water in a Petri dish.
Ob kontaminaciji je treba vse črve oprati z vodo v petrijevki.
Large adult specimens of Enchytraeus albidus are then selected (by using a stereomicroscope) to start a new culture.
Nato se (s stereomikroskopom) izberejo veliki odrasli osebki vrste Enchytraeus albidus, da se iz njih vzgoji nova kultura.
All other worms are discarded.
Vsi drugi črvi se zavržejo.
Its life cycle is short as maturity is reached between 33 days (at 18 °C) and 74 days (at 12 °C).
Življenjski ciklus enhitrejev je kratek, saj zrelost dosežejo v starosti med 33 dnevi (pri 18 °C) in 74 dnevi (pri 12 °C).
Only cultures which have been kept in the laboratory for at least 5 weeks (one generation) without problems should be used for a test.
Za preskus se uporabijo samo kulture, ki so bile v laboratoriju brez težav že vsaj 5 tednov (ena generacija).
Other species of the Enchytraeus genus are also suitable, especially Enchytraeus luxuriosus.
Primerne so tudi druge vrste rodu Enchytraeus, zlasti Enchytraeus luxuriosus.
This species is a true soil inhabitant, which has been newly described in (65).
Ta vrsta je pravi prebivalec tal, ki je bil na novo opisan v (65).
If other species of Enchytraeus are used, they should be clearly identified and the rationale for the selection of the species should be reported.
Če se uporabijo druge vrste Enchytraeus, jih je treba jasno identificirati in poročati o razlogih za izbiro.
Enchytraeus crypticus (Westheide & Graefe 1992) is a species belonging to the same group as Enchytraeus luxuriosus.
Enchytraeus crypticus (Westheide in Graefe 1992) je vrsta, ki spada v isto skupino kot Enchytraeus luxuriosus.
It has not been found to exist with certainty in the field, having only been described from earthworm cultures and compost heaps (Römbke 2003).
Ni bilo nedvomno ugotovljeno, da obstaja v naravnem okolju, saj je bila opisana samo v kulturah deževnikov in kompostnih kupih (Römbke 2003).
Its original ecological requirements are therefore not known.
Njene izvirne ekološke potrebe zato niso znane.
However, recent laboratory studies in various field soils have confirmed that this species has a broad tolerance towards soil properties like pH and texture (Jänsch et al. 2005).
Toda nedavne laboratorijske raziskave z različnimi naravnimi zemljinami so potrdile, da ta vrsta dobro prenaša različne lastnosti tal, kot so pH in tekstura (Jänsch idr. 2005).
However, it is small (3-12 mm; 7 mm on average (Westheide & Müller 1996), and this makes handling more difficult compared with Enchytraeus albidus. When using this species instead of Enchytraeus albidus, the size of the test vessel can but needs not to be smaller. In addition, it should be considered that this species reproduces very rapidly having a generation time of less than 20 days at 20 ± 2 °C (Achazi et al. 1999) and even quicker at higher temperatures.
Vendar so te živali majhne (3–12 mm; povprečno 7 mm (Westheide in Müller 1996)), zato je z njimi težje ravnati kot z vrsto Enchytraeus albidus. Če se uporablja ta vrsta namesto vrste Enchytraeus albidus, je lahko preskusna posoda manjša, ni pa to nujno. Poleg tega je treba upoštevati, da se ta vrsta zelo hitro razmnožuje in da je obdobje ene generacije krajše od 20 dni pri 20 ± 2 °C (Achazi idr. 1999), pri višjih temperaturah pa še krajše.
Enchytraeids of the species Enchytraeus albidus (as well as other Enchytraeus species) can be bred in large plastic boxes (e.g. 30 × 60 × 10 cm or 20 × 12 × 8 cm which is suitable for culture of worms of small size) filled with a mixture of artificial soil and commercially available, uncontaminated garden soil free of additives.
Enchytraeidae vrste Enchytraeus albidus (in druge vrste roda Enchytraeus) je mogoče gojiti v velikih plastičnih škatlah (npr. 30 × 60 × 10 cm ali 20 × 12 × 8 cm, kar je primerno za kulturo majhnih črvov), napolnjenih z mešanico umetne zemljine in komercialne dostopne nekontaminirane vrtne prsti brez aditivov.