natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
From the exhaust gas of the recovery boiler, the sulphur dioxide is then recovered by counter-current multistage scrubbers and reused as a cooking chemical.
Ustvarjeni aglomerati (lahke oborine) se nato odplavijo v čistilni bazen.
As a back-up system, scrubbers are used.
Pri flotaciji z raztopljenim zrakom so neraztopljene trdne snovi pritrjene na zračne mehurčke.
Gaseous compounds are dissolved in a suitable liquid (water or alkaline solution).
Očiščena voda se kot tehnološka voda v enoti ali v integrirani napravi vrača v krogotok od stroja za izdelavo papirja do naprave za proizvodnjo celuloze in od naprave za proizvodnjo celuloze do naprave za lupljenje lesa.
Simultaneous removal of solid and gaseous compounds may be achieved.
Odpadna voda se večinoma odvaja s točk z največjo obremenitvijo zaradi onesnaževanja (npr. čisti filtrat filtrirnega diska pri proizvodnji celuloze, lupljenje lesa).
Downstream of the wet scrubber, the flue-gases are saturated with water and a separation of the droplets is required before discharging the flue-gases.
Optimalna zasnova in konstrukcija rezervoarjev in kadi (proizvodnja papirja)
The resulting liquid has to be treated by a waste water process and the insoluble matter is collected by sedimentation or filtration
Zbiralniki za skladiščenje snovi in sitove vode so zasnovani tako, da lahko obvladujejo nihanja med procesom in spreminjajoče se tokove tudi med zagoni in ustavitvami.
ESP or multicyclones with multistage venturi scrubbers or multistage double inlet downstream scrubbers
Faza pranja pred prečiščevanjem mehanske celuloze iz lesa iglavcev
The separation of dust is carried out in an electrostatic precipitator or multistage cyclone.
V nekaterih napravah se sekanci iz lesa iglavcev predhodno obdelajo s kombiniranjem predogrevanja pod tlakom in impregnacije za izboljšanje lastnosti celuloze.
For the magnesium sulphite process, the dust retained in the ESP consists mainly of MgO but also to a minor extent, K, Na or Ca compounds.
V fazi pranja pred prečiščevanjem in beljenjem se močno zmanjša KPK z odstranitvijo toka majhne količine visoko koncentrirane odpadne vode, ki se lahko očisti ločeno.
The recovered MgO ash is suspended with water and cleaned by washing and slaking to form Mg(OH)2 which is then used as an alkaline scrubbing solution in the multistage scrubbers in order to recover the sulphur component of the cooking chemicals.
Nadomestitev NaOH s Ca(OH)2 ali Mg(OH)2 kot alkalije pri beljenju s peroksidom
For the ammonium sulphite process, the ammonia base (NH3) is not recovered, as it is decomposed in the combustion process in nitrogen.
Rezultat uporabe Ca(OH)2 kot alkalije je zmanjšanje obremenitev z emisijami KPK za približno 30 % ob ohranjanju visokih stopenj svetlosti.
After the removal of dust, the flue-gas is cooled down by passing through a cooling scrubber operated with water and it then enters a three or more staged scrubber of the flue-gas where the SO2 emissions are scrubbed with the Mg(OH)2 alkaline solution in the case of the magnesium sulphite process, and with a 100 % fresh NH3 solution in the case of the ammonium sulphite process.
Za nadomestitev NaOH se uporablja tudi Mg(OH)2.
Process integrated techniques
Beljenje v zaprtem krogotoku
Dry debarking
V napravah za proizvodnjo sulfitne celuloze, ki kot osnovo za kuhanje uporabljajo natrij, se lahko odpadne vode iz naprave za beljenje očistijo npr. z ultrafiltracijo, flotacijo ter izločanjem smole in maščobnih kislin, kar omogoča beljenje v zaprtem krogotoku.
Dry debarking of wood logs in dry tumbling drums (water being used only in washing of the logs, and then recycled with only a minimum purge to the waste water treatment plant)
Filtrati iz beljenja in pranja se ponovno uporabijo v fazi prvega pranja po kuhanju in se na koncu vrnejo v enote za zajemanje kemikalij.
Totally chlorine free bleaching (TCF)
Uravnavanje pH šibke lužine pred napravo za uparjanje oziroma v njej
In TCF bleaching, the use of chlorine containing bleaching chemicals is completely avoided and thus so are the emissions of organic and organochlorinated substances from bleaching
Nevtralizacija se izvede pred uparjanjem ali po prvi fazi uparjanja, da organske kisline ostanejo raztopljene v koncentratu, da se jih s porabljeno lužino pošlje v rekuperacijski kotel.
Modern elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching
Anaerobno čiščenje kondenzatov iz uparjalnikov
Modern ECF bleaching minimises the consumption of chlorine dioxide by using one or a combination of the following bleaching stages:
Glej oddelek 1.7.2.2 (kombinirano anaerobno-aerobno čiščenje).
oxygen, hot acid hydrolysis stage, ozone stage at medium and high consistency, stages with atmospheric hydrogen peroxide and pressurised hydrogen peroxide or the use of a hot chlorine dioxide stage
Odstranjevanje in predelava SO2 iz kondenzatov uparjalnikov
Extended delignification
Iz kondenzatov se izloči SO2;
Extended delignification by (a) modified cooking or (b) oxygen delignification enhances the degree of delignification of pulp (lowering the kappa number) before bleaching and thus reduces the use of bleaching chemicals and the COD load of waste water.
koncentrati se biološko obdelajo, odstranjeni SO2 pa se pošlje v predelavo kot kemikalija za kuhanje.
Lowering the kappa number by one unit before bleaching can reduce the COD released in the bleach plant by approximately 2 kg COD/ADt.
Za napredne zaprte vodne sisteme je potrebna optimizacija celotnega „sistema vlakno-voda-kemični aditiv-energija“.
The lignin removed can be recovered and sent to the chemicals and energy recovery system
To zahteva stalen monitoring kakovosti vode in motiviranje osebja, znanje ter delovanje, povezano z ukrepi, ki so potrebni za zagotovitev zahtevane kakovosti vode.
Extended modified cooking
Stalen vnos mikroorganizmov z vodo in vlakni ustvarja v vsaki napravi za proizvodnjo papirja posebno mikrobiološko ravnovesje.
Extended cooking (batch or continuous systems) comprises longer cooking periods under optimised conditions (e.g. alkali concentration in the cooking liquor is adjusted to be lower at the beginning and higher at the end of the cooking process), to extract a maximum amount of lignin before bleaching, without undue carbohydrate degradation or excessive loss of pulp strength.
Za preprečevanje čezmerne rasti mikroorganizmov, oblog nakopičene biomase ali biofilmov v vodnih krogotokih in opremi se pogosto uporabljajo biološka disperzijska sredstva ali biocidi.
Thus, the use of chemicals in the subsequent bleaching stage and the organic load of the waste water from the bleach plant can be reduced
Pri uporabi katalitskega razkuževanja z vodikovim peroksidom se biofilmi in prosti mikrobi iz tehnološke vode in papirnate gošče odstranijo brez uporabe biocidov.
Oxygen delignification
Odstranjevanje kalcija iz tehnološke vode z nadzorovanim obarjanjem kalcijevega karbonata
Oxygen delignification is an option to remove a substantial fraction of the lignin remaining after cooking, in case the cooking plant has to be operated with higher kappa numbers.
Z zmanjšanjem koncentracije kalcija z nadzorovanim odstranjevanjem kalcijevega karbonata (npr. v celici za flotacijo z raztopljenim zrakom) se zmanjša tveganje neželenega obarjanja kalcijevega karbonata ali nastajanja oblog v vodnih sistemih in opremi, npr. v valjih, žičnih mrežah, klobučevini in pršilnih šobah, ceveh ali bioloških čistilnih napravah za odpadno vodo.
The pulp reacts under alkaline conditions with oxygen to remove some of the residual lignin
Optimizacija prh v stroju za izdelavo papirja
Closed and efficient brown stock screening and washing
Optimizacija prh vključuje:
Brown stock screening is carried out with slotted pressure screens in a multistage closed cycle.
ponovno uporabo tehnološke vode (npr. očiščene sitove vode) za zmanjšanje uporabe sveže vode in b) uporabo posebno zasnovanih pršilnih šob.
Impurities and shives are thus removed at an early stage in the process.
Čiščenje odpadne vode
Brown stock washing separates dissolved organic and inorganic chemicals from the pulp fibres.
Primarno čiščenje
The brown stock pulp may be washed first in the digester, then in high-efficiency washers before and after oxygen delignification, i.e. before bleaching.
Fizikalno-kemijsko čiščenje, kot je izenačevanje, nevtralizacija ali usedanje.
Carry-over, chemical consumption in bleaching, and the emission load of waste water are all reduced.
Izenačevanje (npr. v izenačevalnih bazenih) se uporablja za preprečevanje velikih razlik v stopnji pretoka, temperaturi in koncentraciji onesnaževal ter s tem za izogibanje preobremenitvi sistema za čiščenje odpadne vode.
Additionally, it allows for recovery of the cooking chemicals from the washing water.
Sekundarno (biološko) čiščenje
Efficient washing is done by counter-current multistage washing, using filters and presses.
Za čiščenje odpadne vode z mikroorganizmi sta na voljo postopka aerobnega in anaerobnega čiščenja.
The water system in the brown stock screening plant is completely closed
V fazi sekundarnega prečiščevanja se trdne snovi in biomasa izločijo iz odpadne vode z usedanjem, včasih v kombinaciji s flokulacijo.
Acid and alkaline filtrates are recycled within the bleach plant counter-currently to the pulp flow.
Aerobno čiščenje
Water is purged either to the waste water treatment plant or, in a few cases, to post-oxygen washing.
Pri aerobnem biološkem čiščenju odpadne vode se biorazgradljive raztopljene in koloidne snovi v vodi s pomočjo mikroorganizmov v prisotnosti zraka spremenijo deloma v trdno celično snov (biomaso) ter deloma v ogljikov dioksid in vodo.
Efficient washers in the intermediate washing stages are a prerequisite for low emissions.
Uporabljajo se naslednji postopki:
A bleach plant effluent flow of 12 – 25 m3/ADt is achieved in efficient mills (Kraft)
eno- ali dvostopenjski postopki z aktivnim blatom,
Effective spill monitoring and containment, also with chemical and energy recovery
postopki v reaktorju z biofilmom,
An effective spill control, catchment and recovery system that prevents accidental releases of high organic and sometimes toxic loads or peak pH values (to the secondary waste water treatment plant) comprises:
postopki z biofilmom/aktivnim blatom (kompaktna biološka čistilna naprava).
conductivity or pH monitoring at strategic locations to detect losses and spills;
Ta tehnika vključuje kombinacijo prosto potujočih nosilcev in aktivnega blata (BAS).
collecting diverted or spilled liquor at the highest possible liquor solids concentration;
Proizvedena biomasa (odvečno blato) se izloči iz odpadne vode, preden se voda izpusti.
returning collected liquor and fibre to the process at appropriate locations;
Kombinirano anaerobno-aerobno čiščenje
preventing spills of concentrated or harmful flows from critical process areas (including tall oil and turpentine) from entering the biological effluent treatment;
Z anaerobnim čiščenjem odpadne vode se organske snovi v odpadni vodi s pomočjo mikroorganizmov v odsotnosti zraka spremenijo v metan, ogljikov dioksid, sulfid itd. Postopek se izvaja v nepredušno zaprti reaktorski posodi.
adequately dimensioned buffer tanks for collecting and storing toxic or hot concentrated liquors
Mikroorganizmi se ohranijo v posodi kot biomasa (blato).
Sufficient capacity in the black liquor evaporation plant and in the recovery boiler ensure that additional liquor and dry solids loads due to the collection of spills or bleach plant effluents can be dealt with.
Bioplin, ki nastane pri tem biološkem procesu, vsebuje metan, ogljikov dioksid in druge pline, kot sta vodik in vodikov sulfid, ter je primeren za proizvodnjo energije.
This reduces losses of weak black liquor, other concentrated process effluents and potentially bleach plant filtrates.
Anaerobno čiščenje je treba zaradi preostalih obremenitev s KPK obravnavati kot predhodno čiščenje pred aerobnim čiščenjem.
The multi-effect evaporator concentrates weak black liquor from brown stock washing and, in some cases, also biosludge from the effluent treatment plant and/or salt cake from the ClO2 plant.
Z anaerobnim predhodnim čiščenjem se zmanjša količina blata, ki nastane med biološkim čiščenjem.
Additional evaporation capacity above normal operation gives sufficient contingency to recover spills and to treat potential bleach filtrate recycle streams
Terciarno čiščenje
Stripping of contaminated (foul) condensates and reuse of condensates in the process reduces the fresh water intake of a mill and the organic load to the waste water treatment plant.
Napredno čiščenje vključuje tehnike, kot so filtracija za nadaljnje odstranjevanje trdnih snovi, nitrifikacija in denitrifikacija za odstranjevanje dušika ali flokulacija/obarjanje, ki ji/mu sledi filtracija za odstranjevanje fosforja.
In a stripping column, steam is lead counter-currently through the previously filtered process condensates that contain reduced sulphur compounds, terpenes, methanol and other organic compounds.
Terciarno čiščenje se običajno uporablja v primerih, ko s primarnim in biološkim čiščenjem ni mogoče doseči nizkih ravni TSS, dušika ali fosforja, ki se lahko zahtevajo npr. zaradi lokalnih pogojev.
The volatile substances of the condensate accumulate in the overhead vapour as non-condensable gases and methanol and are withdrawn from the system.
Ustrezno zasnovana in delujoča biološka čistilna naprava
The purified condensates can be reused in the process, e.g. for washing in the bleach plant, in brown stock washing, in the causticising area (mud washing and dilution, mud filter showers), as TRS scrubbing liquor for lime kilns, or as white liquor make-up water.
Ustrezno zasnovana in delujoča biološka čistilna naprava vključuje ustrezno zasnovo in dimenzioniranje čistilnih rezervoarjev/bazenov (npr. rezervoarji za usedanje) glede na hidravlične obremenitve in obremenitve z onesnaževali.
The stripped non-condensable gases from the most concentrated condensates are fed into the collection system for strong malodorous gases and are incinerated.
Nizke emisije TSS se dosežejo z zagotavljanjem dobrega usedanja aktivne biomase.
Stripped gases from moderately contaminated condensates are collected into the low volume high concentration gas system (LVHC) and incinerated
Z občasnimi pregledi zasnove, dimenzioniranja in delovanja čistilne naprave za odpadne vode je mogoče lažje doseči te cilje.
Evaporating and incinerating effluents from the hot alkaline extraction stage
Sistem presoje nadaljnjega ravnanja z odpadki in sistem ravnanja z odpadki
The effluents are first concentrated by evaporation and then combusted as biofuel in a recovery boiler.
Sistemi presoje nadaljnjega ravnanja z odpadki in sistemi ravnanja z odpadki se uporabljajo za iskanje izvedljivih možnosti za optimiziranje preprečevanja, ponovne uporabe, predelave, recikliranja in končnega odlaganja odpadkov.
Sodium carbonate containing dust and melt from the furnace bottom are dissolved to recover soda solution
Popisi odpadkov omogočajo ugotavljanje in razvrščanje vrst, značilnosti, količine in izvora vsake frakcije odpadkov.
Recirculation of washing liquids from pre-bleaching to brown stock washing and evaporation to reduce emissions from MgO-based pre-bleaching
Ločeno zbiranje različnih frakcij odpadkov
Prerequisites for the use of this technique are a relatively low kappa number after cooking (e.g. 14 – 16), sufficient capacity of tanks, evaporators and recovery boiler to cope with additional flows, the possibility to clean the washing equipment from deposits, and a moderate brightness level of the pulp (≤ 87 % ISO) as this technique may lead to a slight loss of brightness in some cases.
Ločeno zbiranje različnih frakcij odpadkov na mestih izvora in, če je potrebno, vmesno skladiščenje lahko povečata možnosti za ponovno uporabo ali vračanje v krogotok.
For market paper pulp producers or others that have to reach very high brightness levels (> 87 % ISO), it may be difficult to apply MgO pre-bleaching
Ločeno zbiranje vključuje tudi izločanje in razvrščanje nevarnih frakcij odpadkov (npr. ostankov olj in maščob, hidravlična in transformatorska olja, odpadne baterije, odpadna električna oprema, topila, barve, biocidi ali ostanki kemikalij).
Counter-current flow of process water
Združevanje ustreznih frakcij ostankov
In integrated mills, fresh water is introduced mainly through the paper machine showers from which it is fed upstream towards the pulping department
Združevanje ustreznih frakcij ostankov, ki je odvisno od najprimernejše možnosti za ponovno uporabo/recikliranje, nadaljnjo obdelavo in odlaganje.
Separation of water systems
Predhodna obdelava vključuje tehnike, kot so:
Water systems of different process units (e.g. pulping unit, bleaching and paper machine) are separated by washing and dewatering the pulp (e.g. by wash presses).
odstranjevanje vode iz na primer blata, lubja ali rejektov in v nekaterih primerih sušenje za povečanje ponovne uporabnosti pred uporabo (npr. povečanje kalorične vrednosti pred sežigom) ali
This separation prevents carry-over of pollutants to subsequent process steps and allows for removing disturbing substances from smaller volumes
odstranjevanje vode za zmanjšanje mase in prostornine za prevoz.
High consistency (peroxide) bleaching
Za odstranjevanje vode se uporabljajo tračne stiskalnice, centrifuge za dekantiranje ali komorne filtrske stiskalnice,
For high consistency bleaching, the pulp is dewatered e.g. by a twin wire or other press before bleaching chemicals are added.
drobljenje odpadkov npr. iz postopkov RCF in odstranjevanje kovinskih delcev, da se pred sežigom izboljšajo zgorevalne lastnosti,
This allows for more efficient use of bleaching chemicals and results in a cleaner pulp, less carry-over of detrimental substances to the paper machine and generates less COD.
biološka stabilizacija pred odstranjevanjem vode, če je predvidena uporaba za kmetijske namene.
Residual peroxide may be recirculated and reused
Postopki za snovno predelavo vključujejo tehnike, kot so:
White water from the paper machine can be treated by the following techniques:
izločanje vlaken iz vodnih tokov in njihovo vračanje med surovine,
‘Save-all’ devices (typically drum or disc filter or dissolved air flotation units etc.) that separate solids (fibres and filler) from the process water.
predelava kemičnih aditivov, prekrivnih pigmentov itd.,
Dissolved air flotation in white water loops transforms suspended solids, fines, small-size colloidal material and anionic substances into flocks that are then removed.
predelava kemikalij za kuhanje s pomočjo rekuperacijskih kotlov, luženjem itd.
The recovered fibres and fillers are recirculated to the process.
Ostanki lupljenja lesa, drobljenja, prebiranja itd., kot so lubje, vlaknato blato ali drugi večinoma organski ostanki, se zaradi njihove kalorične vrednosti sežigajo v sežigalnih pečeh ali kurilnih napravah na biomaso za ponovno pridobivanje energije.
Clear white water can be reused in showers with less stringent requirements for water quality.
Izkoriščanje snovi iz ustreznih odpadkov iz proizvodnje celuloze in papirja se lahko izvaja v drugih industrijskih sektorjih, na primer
Additional ultrafiltration of the pre-filtered white water results in super clear filtrate with a quality sufficient for use as high pressure shower water, sealing water and for the dilution of chemical additives
s sežiganjem v pečeh ali mešanjem s surovinami pri proizvodnji cementa, keramike ali opeke (vključuje tudi rekuperacijo energije),
The systems for water clarification used almost exclusively in the paper industry are based on sedimentation, filtration (disc filter) and flotation.
s kompostiranjem papirnate gošče ali zemlje z razširjanjem ustreznih frakcij odpadkov v kmetijstvu,
The most used technique is dissolved air flotation.
z uporabo anorganskih frakcij odpadkov (pesek, kamni, prod, pepel, apno) za gradnjo, na primer tlakovanje, ceste, prekrivne plasti itd.
Anionic trash and fines are agglomerated into physically treatable flocs by using additives.
Primernost frakcij odpadkov za uporabo zunaj naprav je določena s strukturo odpadkov (npr. vsebnost anorganskih/mineralnih snovi) in dokazom, da predvideni postopek recikliranja ne povzroča škode za okolje ali zdravje.
High-molecular, water-soluble polymers or inorganic electrolytes are used as flocculants.
Predhodna obdelava frakcij odpadkov pred odstranitvijo
The generated agglomerates (flocs) are then floated off in the clarification basin.
Predhodna obdelava odpadkov pred odstranitvijo vključuje ukrepe (odstranjevanje vode, sušenje itd.) za zmanjšanje mase in prostornine za prevoz ali odstranjevanje.
In dissolved air flotation (DAF), the suspended solid material is attached to air bubbles
V posebnih primerih je morda treba uporabiti drugačen postopek vzorčenja (npr. zajemni odvzem).
Clarified water is recirculated as process water within a unit or in integrated mills from the paper machine to the pulp mill and from the pulping to the debarking plant.
Obstaja trend po nadomeščanju KPK s TOC zaradi ekonomskih in okoljskih razlogov.
Effluent is mainly discharged from the points with the highest pollution load (e.g. clear filtrate of the disc filter in pulping, debarking)
Če je TOC že izmerjen kot ključni parameter procesa, KPK ni treba izmeriti;
Optimum design and construction of tanks and chests (papermaking)
vendar je treba ugotoviti povezavo med obema parametroma za določen vir emisij in določeno fazo čiščenja odpadne vode.
Holding tanks for stock and white water storage are designed so that they can cope with process fluctuations and varying flows also during start-ups and shutdowns
Uporabijo se lahko tudi metode hitrih testov.
Washing stage before refining softwood mechanical pulp
Rezultate hitrih testov je treba redno preverjati (npr. mesečno) glede na standarde EN ali, če standardi EN niso na voljo, glede na standarde ISO, nacionalne ali druge mednarodne standarde, s katerimi se zagotovijo z znanstvenega vidika enako kakovostni podatki.
Some mills pretreat softwood chips by combining pressurised preheating, high compression and impregnation to improve pulp properties.
Za naprave, ki obratujejo manj kot sedem dni v tednu, se lahko monitoring KPK in TSS opravlja manj pogosto, da se vključijo dnevi, ko naprava obratuje, ali da se obdobje vzorčenja podaljša na 48 ali 72 ur.
A washing stage before refining and bleaching significantly reduces COD by removing a small, but highly concentrated effluent stream that can be treated separately
Se uporablja, kadar se v procesu uporablja EDTA ali DTPA (kelatna reagenta).
Substitution of NaOH by Ca(OH)2 or Mg (OH)2 as alkali in peroxide bleaching
Se ne uporablja za naprave, ki zagotavljajo dokaze, da zaradi kemičnih aditivov in surovin ne nastajajo ali se dodajajo AOX.
The use of Ca(OH)2 as alkali results in approximately 30 % lower COD emission loads; while keeping brightness levels high.
Se ne uporablja za naprave, v katerih je biološka obremenitev odpadne vode po primarnem čiščenju zelo majhna, npr. v nekaterih napravah za proizvodnjo papirja, ki izdelujejo specialne papirje.
Also Mg(OH)2 is used to replace NaOH
Razponi ravni emisij, povezanih z najboljšimi razpoložljivimi tehnikami, se nanašajo na proizvodnjo tržne celuloze in proizvodnjo celuloze, ki je del integriranih naprav (emisije iz proizvodnje papirja niso vključene).
Closed-loop bleaching
Kompaktna biološka čistilna naprava za odpadne vode lahko nekoliko poveča ravni emisij.
In sulphite pulp mills using sodium as a cooking base, the bleach plant effluent can be treated, e.g. by ultrafiltration, flotation and separation of resin and fatty acids which enables closed-loop bleaching.
Zgornja meja razpona se nanaša na naprave, ki uporabljajo evkalipte iz regij z večjo vsebnostjo fosforja (npr. z Iberskega polotoka).
The filtrates from bleaching and washing are reused in the first washing stage after cooking and finally recycled back to the chemical recovery units
Uporablja se za naprave, ki uporabljajo belilne kemikalije, ki vsebujejo klor.
pH adjustment of weak liquor before/inside the evaporation plant
Za naprave, ki proizvajajo celulozo, za katero so značilne visoka trdnost, togost in visoka čistost (npr. za kartone za embalažo za tekoča živila in premazani papir majhne mase), lahko ravni emisij AOX znašajo do 0,25 kg/ADt.