natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
ANNEX I
Proizvajalec mora analizirati nevarnosti in tveganja, da lahko opredeli tisto, ki je povezano z njegovo opremo zaradi tlaka;
The obligations arising from the essential safety requirements listed in this Annex for pressure equipment also apply to assemblies where the corresponding hazard exists.
SPLOŠNO
The essential safety requirements laid down in this Directive are compulsory.
Tlačna oprema je načrtovana, izdelana in preverjena, po potrebi pa tudi opremljena in nameščena tako, da je zagotovljena njena varnost, ko se izroči v uporabo v skladu z navodili proizvajalca ali v smiselno predvidljivih okoliščinah.
The obligations following from those essential safety requirements apply only if the corresponding hazard exists for the pressure equipment in question when it is used under conditions which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer.
Pri izbiranju najustreznejših rešitev proizvajalec upošteva spodaj našteta načela v navedenem vrstnem redu:
The manufacturer is under an obligation to analyse the hazards and risks in order to identify those which apply to his equipment on account of pressure;
odprava ali zmanjšanje nevarnosti, kolikor je smiselno izvedljivo,
he shall then design and construct it taking account of his analysis.
uporaba ustreznih varovalnih ukrepov pred nevarnostjo, ki je ni mogoče odpraviti,
The essential safety requirements are to be interpreted and applied in such a way as to take account of the state of the art and current practice at the time of design and manufacture as well as of technical and economic considerations which are consistent with a high degree of health and safety protection.
kadar je treba, obvestitev uporabnikov o drugih nevarnostih in opozorilo, ali so potrebni posebni ukrepi za zmanjšanje tveganja med nameščanjem in/ali uporabo.
GENERAL
Kadar so možnosti neustrezne rabe znane ali jasno predvidljive, je tlačna oprema načrtovana tako, da se prepreči tveganje zaradi take rabe, če pa to ni mogoče, je treba dovolj jasno opozoriti, da tlačne opreme na določen način ni dovoljeno uporabljati.
Pressure equipment shall be designed, manufactured and checked, and if applicable equipped and installed, in such a way as to ensure its safety when put into service in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, or in reasonably foreseeable conditions.
NAČRTOVANJE
In choosing the most appropriate solutions, the manufacturer shall apply the principles set out below in the following order:
Splošno
eliminate or reduce hazards as far as is reasonably practicable;
Tlačna oprema je načrtovana pravilno, ob upoštevanju vseh pomembnih dejavnikov, tako da je zagotovljena njena varnost v njeni celotni predvideni življenjski dobi.
apply appropriate protection measures against hazards which cannot be eliminated;
Načrtovanje vključuje ustrezne varnostne dejavnike in uporabo izčrpnih metod, za katere je znano, da dosledno vključujejo zadostne varnostne rezerve za vsa pomembna stanja odpovedi.
where appropriate, inform users of residual hazards and indicate whether it is necessary to take appropriate special measures to reduce the risks at the time of installation and/or use.
Načrtovanje za zadostno trdnost
Where the potential for misuse is known or can be clearly foreseen, the pressure equipment shall be designed to prevent risks from such misuse or, if that is not possible, adequate warning given that the pressure equipment shall not be used in that way.
Tlačna oprema je načrtovana glede na obremenitve, značilne za njeno predvideno uporabo, in druge smiselno predvidljive obratovalne okoliščine.
DESIGN
Posebej je treba upoštevati naslednje dejavnike:
General
reakcijske sile in navore na podporah, priključkih, ceveh itd.,
The pressure equipment shall be properly designed taking all relevant factors into account in order to ensure that the equipment will be safe throughout its intended life.
korozijo in erozijo, utrujenost itd.,
The design shall incorporate appropriate safety coefficients using comprehensive methods which are known to incorporate adequate safety margins against all relevant failure modes in a consistent manner.
razpadanju nestabilnih fluidov.
Design for adequate strength
Preučiti je treba različne sočasne obremenitve in pri tem upoštevati verjetnost, da se bodo pojavljale hkrati.
The pressure equipment shall be designed for loadings appropriate to its intended use and other reasonably foreseeable operating conditions.
Načrtovanje za zadostno trdnost temelji na čemer koli od naslednjega:
In particular, the following factors shall be taken into account:
v splošnem na računski metodi, opisani v točki 2.2.3, po potrebi dopolnjeni z metodo načrtovanja s preskušanjem, ki je opisana v točki 2.2.4;
internal/external pressure, ambient and operational temperatures,
na metodi načrtovanja s preskušanjem brez izračunov, opisani v točki 2.2.4, kadar je zmnožek najvišjega dovoljenega tlaka PS in prostornine V manjši od 6000 barον·L ali zmnožek PS·DN manjši od 3000 barov.
static pressure and mass of contents in operating and test conditions, traffic, wind, earthquake loading,
Računska metoda
reaction forces and moments which result from the supports, attachments, piping, etc.,
Ovojnica za zadrževanje tlaka in drugi vidiki obremenitve
corrosion and erosion, fatigue, etc.,
Dopustne napetosti v tlačni opremi so omejene glede na smiselno predvidljiva stanja odpovedi v obratovalnih okoliščinah.
decomposition of unstable fluids.
Zato se uporabljajo varnostni dejavniki za popolno odpravo vse negotovosti v zvezi s proizvodnjo, dejanskimi obratovalnimi okoliščinami, napetostmi, računskimi modeli ter lastnostmi in vedenjem materialov.
Various loadings which can occur at the same time shall be considered, taking into account the probability of their simultaneous occurrence.
Te računske metode zagotavljajo zadostne varnostne rezerve, skladne, kjer je treba, z zahtevami iz točke 7.
Design for adequate strength shall be based on either of the following:
Zgoraj opisane zahteve je mogoče izpolniti z ustrezno uporabo ene od naslednjih metod, po potrebi dopolnjeno ali kombinirano z drugimi metodami:
as a general rule, a calculation method, as described in point 2.2.3, and supplemented if necessary by an experimental design method as described in point 2.2.4,
načrtovanje z uporabo formul,
an experimental design method without calculation, as described in point 2.2.4, when the product of the maximum allowable pressure PS and the volume V is less than 6000 bar·L or the product PS·DN less than 3000 bar.
načrtovanje z uporabo analize,
Calculation method
načrtovanje z uporabo mehanike lomov;
Pressure containment and other loading aspects
Odpornost
The allowable stresses for pressure equipment shall be limited having regard to reasonably foreseeable failure modes under operating conditions.
Za določitev odpornosti v obravnavani tlačni opremi se naredijo ustrezni projektni izračuni.
To this end, safety factors shall be applied to eliminate fully any uncertainty arising out of manufacture, actual operational conditions, stresses, calculation models and the properties and behaviour of the material.
Zlasti:
These calculation methods shall provide sufficient safety margins consistent, where applicable, with the requirements of point 7.
računski tlaki niso nižji od najvišjih dovoljenih tlakov, pri tem pa se upoštevajo statične tlačne višine, dinamični tlaki v fluidih in razpadanje nestabilnih fluidov.
The requirements set out above may be met by applying one of the following methods, as appropriate, if necessary as a supplement to or in combination with another method:
Če je posoda razdeljena v več tlačnih komor, so delilne stene načrtovane glede na najvišji možni tlak v komori z višjim tlakom in najnižji možni tlak v sosednji komori,
design by formula,
računske temperature upoštevajo ustrezne varnostne rezerve,
design by analysis,
pri načrtovanju se upoštevajo vse možne kombinacije temperatur in tlakov, ki se lahko pojavijo v smiselno predvidljivih obratovalnih okoliščinah za to opremo,
In particular:
mejo tečenja pri 0,2-odstotnem ali, odvisno od primera, pri 1,0-odstotnem trajnem raztezku pri računski temperaturi,
the calculation pressures shall not be less than the maximum allowable pressures and take into account static head and dynamic fluid pressures and the decomposition of unstable fluids.
natezno trdnost,
Where a vessel is separated into individual pressure-containing chambers, the partition wall shall be designed on the basis of the highest possible chamber pressure relative to the lowest pressure possible in the adjoining chamber,
trajno statično trdnost, tj. trdnost pri lezenju,
the calculation temperatures shall allow for appropriate safety margins,
podatke o utrujanju materiala,
the design shall take appropriate account of all possible combinations of temperature and pressure which might arise under reasonably foreseeable operating conditions for the equipment,
Youngov modul (modul elastičnosti),
the maximum stresses and peak stress concentrations shall be kept within safe limits,
ustrezno vrednost plastične deformacije,
the calculation for pressure containment shall utilise the values appropriate to the properties of the material, based on documented data, having regard to the provisions set out in point 4 together with appropriate safety factors.
udarno žilavost,
Material characteristics to be considered, where applicable, include:
lomno žilavost,
yield strength, 0,2 % or 1,0 % proof strength as appropriate at calculation temperature,
lastnostim materialov se prilagodijo ustrezni dejavniki spojev v odvisnosti od vrst neporušitvenih preskušanj, spojenih materialov in predvidenih obratovalnih okoliščin,
tensile strength,
projekt ustrezno upošteva vse smiselno predvidljive mehanizme poslabšanja lastnosti materialov (npr. korozijo, lezenje, utrujenost) glede na predvideno rabo opreme.
fatigue data,
Vidiki stabilnosti
Young’s modulus (modulus of elasticity),
Kadar izračunana debelina ne zagotavlja zadostne stabilnosti konstrukcije, se ustrezno ukrepa, da se ta problem odpravi, upoštevati pa je treba nevarnost, ki se pojavlja pri prevozu opreme in rokovanju z njo.
appropriate amount of plastic strain,
Načrtovanje s preizkušanjem
bending rupture energy,
Celoten načrt opreme ali njegovi deli so lahko preverjeni z ustreznim programom preskusov, izvedenih na vzorcu, reprezentativnem za konkreten tip ali razred opreme.
fracture toughness.
Program preskusov je jasno opredeljen pred njihovo izvedbo, potrditi pa ga mora tudi priglašeni organ, odgovoren za ugotavljanje skladnosti načrtovanja, kadar tak organ obstaja.
appropriate joint factors shall be applied to the material properties depending, for example, on the type of non-destructive testing, the materials joined and the operating conditions envisaged,
Ta program opredeljuje preskusne pogoje in merila za sprejem ali zavrnitev.
the design shall take appropriate account of all reasonably foreseeable degradation mechanisms (e.g. corrosion, creep, fatigue) commensurate with the intended use of the equipment.
Pred preskusi se izmeri dejanske vrednosti bistvenih mer in lastnosti materialov, iz katerih je izdelana preskušana oprema.
Attention shall be drawn, in the instructions referred to in point 3.4, to particular features of the design which are relevant to the life of the equipment, for example:
Kadar je to primerno, je med preskušanjem kritična mesta na tlačni opremi mogoče opazovati z ustrezno merilno napravo, ki omogoča dovolj natančno zaznavanje napetosti in obremenitev.
for creep: design hours of operation at specified temperatures,
Program preskusov obsega:
for fatigue: design number of cycles at specified stress levels,
trdnostni tlačni preskus, katerega namen je preveriti, ali se na opremi, obremenjeni na tlak, ki je za določen varnostni pribitek višji od najvišjega dovoljenega tlaka, pojavljajo opazno puščanje ali deformacije, ki bi presegali določeno mejno vrednost.
for corrosion: design corrosion allowance.
kadar obstaja tveganje lezenja ali utrujenosti, ustrezne preskuse, določene na podlagi obratovalnih okoliščin za opremo, na primer preskus z zadrževanjem na določeni temperaturi, preskus z nihajočimi napetostmi po določenih vrednostih napetosti;
Stability aspects
po potrebi dodatne preskuse, povezane z drugimi dejavniki, navedenimi v točki 2.2.1, na primer s korozijo, zunanjimi poškodbami.
Where the calculated thickness does not allow for adequate structural stability, the necessary measures shall be taken to remedy the situation taking into account the risks from transport and handling.
Ukrepi za zagotovitev varnega ravnanja in upravljanja
Experimental design method
Postopek upravljanja, določen za tlačno opremo, je tak, da odpravlja vse smiselno predvidljive nevarnosti med delovanjem opreme.
The design of the equipment may be validated, in all or in part, by an appropriate test programme carried out on a sample representative of the equipment or the category of equipment.
Posebna pozornost se posveti:
The test programme shall be clearly defined prior to testing and accepted by the notified body responsible for the design conformity assessment module, where it exists.
zapiralom in odprtinam,
This programme shall define test conditions and criteria for acceptance or refusal.
nevarnim sproščanjem tlaka pri razbremenilnih izpuhih,
The actual values of the essential dimensions and characteristics of the materials which constitute the equipment tested shall be measured before the test.
napravam za preprečevanje fizičnega dostopa, kadar je oprema pod tlakom ali podtlakom,
Where appropriate, during tests, it shall be possible to observe the critical zones of the pressure equipment with adequate instrumentation capable of registering strains and stresses with sufficient precision.
temperaturi na površini, ob upoštevanju predvidene uporabe,
The test programme shall include:
Zlasti je tlačna oprema z vgrajenimi dostopnimi vrati opremljena z ročno ali avtomatsko napravo, s katero lahko uporabnik ugotovi, ali bo odpiranje vrat povzročilo kakšno tveganje.
A pressure strength test, the purpose of which is to check that, at a pressure with a defined safety margin in relation to the maximum allowable pressure, the equipment does not exhibit significant leaks or deformation exceeding a determined threshold.
Če je mogoče odprtino odpreti hitro, se tlačna oprema opremi z napravo, ki preprečuje odpiranje, kadar koli bi tlak ali temperatura fluida lahko povzročila tveganje.
The test pressure shall be determined on the basis of the differences between the values of the geometrical and material characteristics measures under test conditions and the values used for design purposes; it shall take into account the differences between the test and design temperatures;
Možnosti pregledovanja
where the risk of creep or fatigue exists, appropriate tests determined on the basis of the service conditions laid down for the equipment, for instance hold time at specified temperatures, number of cycles at specified stress-levels;
Tlačna oprema je načrtovana in izdelana tako, da je mogoče opraviti vse potrebne preglede, potrebne za zagotavljanje varnosti;
where necessary, additional tests concerning other factors referred to in point 2.2.1 such as corrosion, external damage.
Omogočeno je ugotavljanje stanja v notranjosti opreme, kadar je to potrebno za zagotavljanje trajne varnosti opreme, na primer odprtine za fizični dostop v notranjost tlačne opreme, tako da je mogoče ustrezne preglede opravljati varno in ergonomično;
Provisions to ensure safe handling and operation
Drugi načini zagotavljanja varnosti tlačne opreme so lahko uporabljeni v kateri koli izmed naslednjih okoliščin:
The method of operation specified for pressure equipment shall be such as to preclude any reasonably foreseeable risk in operation of the equipment.
kadar je oprema premajhna za dostop v notranjost,
Particular attention shall be paid, where appropriate, to:
kadar bi odpiranje tlačne opreme škodovalo njeni notranjosti,
closures and openings,
kadar je dokazano, da snov v posodi ne škoduje materialu, iz katerega je izdelana tlačna oprema, in kadar ni smiselno pričakovanih nobenih drugih mehanizmov degradacije notranjosti.
dangerous discharge of pressure relief blow-off,
Možnosti praznjenja in zračenja
devices to prevent physical access whilst pressure or a vacuum exists,
Kadar je treba, se zagotovijo ustrezne možnosti praznjenja in zračenja tlačne opreme, tako da:
surface temperature taking into consideration the intended use,
ne more priti do škodljivih učinkov, na primer hidravličnih udarov, zrušitve zaradi podtlaka, korozije ali nenadzorovanih kemičnih reakcij.
In particular, pressure equipment fitted with an access door shall be equipped with an automatic or manual device enabling the user easily to ascertain that the opening will not present any risk.
Upoštevati je treba vse faze delovanja in preskušanja, predvsem tlačnega preskušanja,
Furthermore, where the opening can be operated quickly, the pressure equipment shall be fitted with a device to prevent it being opened whenever the pressure or temperature of the fluid presents a risk.
so mogoči varno čiščenje, pregledovanje in vzdrževanje.
Means of examination
Korozija in drugi škodljivi kemični vplivi
Pressure equipment shall be designed and constructed so that all necessary examinations to ensure safety can be carried out;
Kadar je treba, se zagotovijo ustrezni dodatki ali zaščita pred škodljivimi kemičnimi učinki, upoštevajoč predvideno in smiselno pričakovano rabo.
Means of determining the internal condition of the equipment shall be available, where it is necessary to ensure the continued safety of the equipment, such as access openings allowing physical access to the inside of the pressure equipment so that appropriate examinations can be carried out safely and ergonomically;
Obraba
Other means of ensuring the safe condition of the pressure equipment may be applied in any of the following situations:
Kadar se lahko pojavijo hude erozije ali abrazije, se izvedejo ustrezni ukrepi za:
where it is too small for physical internal access,
zmanjšanje teh učinkov z ustreznim načrtovanjem, npr. z dodatki k debelini sten opreme ali z uporabo premazov ali oblog,
where opening the pressure equipment would adversely affect the inside,
zamenjavo najbolj prizadetih delov,
Adequate means shall be provided for the draining and venting of pressure equipment where necessary:
Sklopi so načrtovani tako, da:
to avoid harmful effects such as water hammer, vacuum collapse, corrosion and uncontrolled chemical reactions.
so njihovi sestavni deli zanesljivi in primerni za svoje funkcije,
All stages of operation and testing, particularly pressure testing, shall be considered,
so vsi sestavni deli pravilno združeni in ustrezno sestavljeni.
to permit cleaning, inspection and maintenance in a safe manner.
Možnosti za polnjenje in praznjenje
Corrosion or other chemical attack
Če je treba, je tlačna oprema tako načrtovana in opremljena z napravami oziroma pripravljena za opremljanje s pripravami, da sta zagotovljena varno polnjenje in praznjenje, zlasti glede na naslednja tveganja:
Where necessary, adequate allowance or protection against corrosion or other chemical attack shall be provided, taking due account of the intended and reasonably foreseeable use.
pri polnjenju:
Wear
prenapolnjenje ali tlačna preobremenitev, posebno glede na delež polnitve in parni tlak pri referenčni temperaturi,
Where severe conditions of erosion or abrasion may arise, adequate measures shall be taken to:
nestabilnost tlačne opreme;
minimise that effect by appropriate design, e.g. additional material thickness, or by the use of liners or cladding materials,
Zaščita pred preseganjem dovoljenih omejitev tlačne opreme
permit replacement of parts which are most affected,
Kadar bi pri smiselno predvidljivi uporabi lahko prišlo do preseganja dovoljenih omejitev, se tlačna oprema opremi ali pripravi za opremljanje z ustreznimi zaščitnimi napravami, razen če je predvideno, da bo v okviru sklopa zavarovana z drugimi zaščitnimi napravami.
draw attention, in the instructions referred to in point 3.4, to measures necessary for continued safe use.
Ustrezno napravo ali kombinacijo naprav se določi glede na posebne značilnosti opreme ali sklopa.
Assemblies
Ustrezne naprave ali njihove kombinacije obsegajo:
Assemblies shall be so designed that:
varnostne armature, opredeljene v točki 4 člena 2;
the components to be assembled together are suitable and reliable for their duty,
po potrebi ustrezne nadzorne naprave, npr. kazalnike in/ali alarme, ki omogočajo ustrezno ukrepanje, avtomatsko ali ročno, s katerim se tlačna oprema zadrži v okviru dovoljenih omejitev.
all the components are properly integrated and assembled in an appropriate manner.
Varnostne armature
Provisions for filling and discharge
Varnostne armature so:
Where appropriate, the pressure equipment shall be so designed and provided with accessories, or provision made for their fitting, as to ensure safe filling and discharge in particular with respect to risks such as:
načrtovane in izdelane tako, da so zanesljive in primerne za predvidene naloge ter da, kjer je treba, upoštevajo zahteve, povezane z vzdrževanjem in preizkušanjem naprav,
on filling:
neodvisne od drugih funkcij, razen če te ne ogrožajo njenih varnostnih funkcij,
overfilling or overpressurisation having regard in particular to the filling ratio and to vapour pressure at the reference temperature,
skladne z ustreznimi načeli načrtovanja, tako da zagotavljajo primerno in zanesljivo zaščito.
instability of the pressure equipment;
Med ta načela spadajo zlasti delovanje z varno odpovedjo, redundanca, raznovrstnost in samodiagnostika.
on discharge: the uncontrolled release of the pressurised fluid;
Naprave za omejevanje tlaka
on filling or discharge: unsafe connection and disconnection.
Te naprave so načrtovane tako, da tlak ne more trajno preseči največjega dovoljenega tlaka PS;
Protection against exceeding the allowable limits of pressure equipment
kjer je potrebno, pa so dopustni kratkotrajni sunki tlaka, če ostanejo v okviru predpisov iz točke 7.3.
Where, under reasonably foreseeable conditions, the allowable limits could be exceeded, the pressure equipment shall be fitted with, or provision made for the fitting of, suitable protective devices, unless the equipment is intended to be protected by other protective devices within an assembly.
Naprave za nadzor temperature
The suitable device or combination of such devices shall be determined on the basis of the particular characteristics of the equipment or assembly.
Te naprave imajo s stališča varnosti zadostne odzivne čase, skladne s svojimi merilnimi funkcijami.
Suitable protective devices and combinations thereof comprise:
Zunanji požar
safety accessories as defined in point 4 of Article 2,
Kjer je treba, je tlačna oprema načrtovana in primerno opremljena z ustreznimi armaturami ali s priključnimi mesti za opremljanje z njimi, da izpolnjuje zahteve glede omejevanja škode pri zunanjih požarih, pri čemer je treba upoštevati predvsem predvideno rabo opreme.
where appropriate, adequate monitoring devices such as indicators and/or alarms which enable adequate action to be taken either automatically or manually to keep the pressure equipment within the allowable limits.
PROIZVODNJA
Safety accessories
Proizvodni postopki
Safety accessories shall:
Proizvajalec z uporabo primernih tehnik in smotrnih postopkov zagotovi strokovno izvedbo določb iz faze načrtovanja, zlasti pa upošteva vidike, navedene v nadaljevanju.
be so designed and constructed as to be reliable and suitable for their intended duty and take into account the maintenance and testing requirements of the devices, where applicable,
Priprava sestavnih delov
be independent of other functions, unless their safety function cannot be affected by such other functions,
Priprava sestavnih delov (npr. preoblikovanje, posnetje robov) ne sme povzročati poškodb ali razpok ali sprememb mehanskih lastnosti, ki bi lahko škodovale varnosti tlačne opreme.
comply with appropriate design principles in order to obtain suitable and reliable protection.
Stalni spoji
These principles include, in particular, fail-safe modes, redundancy, diversity and self-diagnosis.
Stalni spoji in območja v njihovi okolici nimajo nobenih površinskih ali notranjih poškodb, ki bi škodovale varnosti tlačne opreme.