natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Measurements in sediment might not be necessary if the partitioning of the test substance between water and sediment has been clearly determined in a water/sediment study under comparable conditions (e.g. sediment to water ratio, type of application, organic carbon content of sediment).
Meritve v usedlini morda ne bodo potrebne, če je bila porazdelitev preskusne snovi med vodo in usedlino jasno določena z raziskavo vode/usedline v primerljivih pogojih (npr. razmerje usedline in vode, vrsta uporabe, vsebnost organskega ogljika v usedlini).
The pH, dissolved oxygen in the test water and temperature of the test vessels should be measured in an appropriate manner (see paragraph 10).
Vrednost pH, raztopljeni kisik v preskusni vodi in temperaturo preskusnih posod je treba ustrezno meriti (glej odstavek 10).
Effect concentrations expressed as concentrations in the overlaying water, are calculated preferably based on measured concentrations at the beginning of the test (see paragraph 38).
Če je mogoče, se efektivne koncentracije, izražene kot koncentracije v vodi nad usedlino, izračunajo na podlagi izmerjenih koncentracij na začetku preskusa (glej odstavek 38).
If not, a Fisher’s exact or Mantel-Haenszal test with Bonferroni-Holm adjusted p-values can be used.
Če niso, se lahko uporabi Fisherjev eksaktni preskus ali Mantel-Haenszelov preskus z Bonferroni-Holmovimi popravljenimi p-vrednostmi.
To apply ANOVA methods values of ER should first be transformed by the arcsin square roottransformation or Freeman-Tukey transformation to obtain an approximate normal distribution and to equalise variances.
Za uporabo metod ANOVA je treba vrednosti ER najprej transformirati z arkus sinus-korensko transformacijo ali Freeman-Tukeyevo transformacijo, da se dobi približna normalna porazdelitev in da se variance izenačijo.
The arcsin square root transformation is applied by taking the inverse sine (sine–1) of the square root of ER.
Pri arkus sinus-korenski transformaciji se izračuna arkus sinus (sin–1) kvadratnega korena ER.
For development rate as a continuous response, ECx-values can be estimated by using regression analysis (e.g. (23)(24)).
Če se hitrost razvoja obravnava kot zvezni odgovor, se lahko vrednosti ECx ocenijo z regresijsko analizo (npr. (23) (24)).
method of preparation of stock solutions and test concentrations;
način priprave osnovnih raztopin in preskusnih koncentracij,
application of test substance: test concentrations used, number of replicates and use of solvent if any;
uporaba preskusne snovi: uporabljene preskusne koncentracije, število ponovitev in uporaba topila, če je bilo uporabljeno,
estimates of toxic endpoints e.g. ECx (and associated confidence intervals), NOEC and/or LOEC, and the statistical methods used for their determination;
ocene strupenih končnih točk, npr. ECx (in s tem povezani intervali zaupanja), NOEC in/ali LOEC, ter statistične metode, uporabljene za njihovo določitev,
Chapter C.8 of this Annex, Toxicity for Earthworms,
Poglavje C.8 te priloge, Strupenost za deževnike.
For the purpose of this method the following definitions are used:
Za to metodo se uporabljajo naslednje opredelitve pojmov:
Spiked water is the test water to which test substance has been added.
voda s primešano snovjo je preskusna voda, ki ji je bila dodana preskusna snov;
Chironomus larvae should be fed with a fish flake food (TetraMin®, TetraPhyll® or other similar brand of proprietary fish food), at approximately 250 mg per vessel per day.
Ličinke Chironomus je treba hraniti s približno 250 mg ribje hrane v kosmičih (TetraMin®, TetraPhyll® ali druga podobna zaščitena znamka ribje hrane) na posodo na dan.
This preparation may be fed at a rate of about 5 ml per vessel per day (shake before use.) Older larvae may receive more.
Ta pripravek se lahko daje v količini približno 5 ml na posodo na dan (pred uporabo ga je treba pretresti). Starejše ličinke lahko dobijo več hrane.
50 ml from the combined stock Solution (II) and the amounts of each macro nutrient stock solution which are given in Table 2 are made up to 1 l of deionised water to prepare the “M7” medium.
V 50 ml sestavljene osnovne raztopine (II), ki ji je dodana količina vsake osnovne raztopine makrohranilnih snovi, navedena v preglednici 2, se dolije do 1 litra deionizirana voda, da se pripravi medij ‚M7‘.
Vitamin stock solution for medium M4 and M7
Založna raztopina vitaminov za medija M4 in M7
All three vitamin solutions are combined to make a single vitamin stock solution.
Vse tri raztopine vitaminov so združene v eno.
Chapter C.8 of this Annex, Toxicity for Earthworms
Poglavje C.8 te priloge, Strupenost za deževnike.
Meller M, Egeler P, Rombke J, Schallnass H, Nagel R and Streit B (1998).
Meller, M., Egeler, P., Rombke, J., Schallnass, H., Nagel, R., Streit, B. (1998).
Chemical Characteristics of Acceptable Dilution Water
Kemijske lastnosti sprejemljive vode za redčenje
READY BIODEGRADABILITY — CO2 IN SEALED VESSELS (HEADSPACE TEST)
DOBRA BIORAZGRADLJIVOST – CO2 V ZAPRTIH POSODAH (PRESKUS NADPROSTORA)
This Test Method is equivalent to OECD Test Guideline (TG) 310 (2006).
Ta preskusna metoda ustreza Smernici za preskušanje OECD (TG) 310 (2006).
This Test Method is a screening method for the evaluation of ready biodegradability of chemicals and provides similar information to the six test methods described in chapter C.4 of this Annex A to F. Therefore, a chemical that shows positive results in this Test Method can be considered readily biodegradable and consequently rapidly degradable in the environment.
Je presejalna metoda za ocenjevanje dobre biološke razgradljivosti kemikalij in daje podobne informacije kot šest preskusnih metod, opisanih v poglavju C.4, A–F, te priloge. Zato se lahko kemikalija, pri kateri so rezultati te preskusne metode pozitivni, šteje za dobro biološko razgradljivo in zato hitro razgradljivo v okolju.
In the original and modified Sturm test (1)(2) CO2 is removed from the liquid phase to the absorbing vessels by sparging (i.e. bubbling air treated to remove CO2 through the liquid medium), while in the version of Larson (3)(4) CO2 is transferred from the reaction vessel to the absorbers by passing CO2-free air through the headspace and, additionally, by shaking the test vessel continuously.
Pri izvirnem in prilagojenem Sturmovem preskusu (1) (2) se CO2 odstrani iz tekoče faze v posode za absorpcijo s prepihovanjem (tj. uvajanjem mehurčkov obdelanega zraka za odstranitev CO2 prek tekočega medija), pri Larsonovi različici (3) (4) pa se CO2 prenese iz reakcijske posode v absorberje s spuščanjem zraka brez CO2 skozi nadprostor in dodatno z nenehnim stresanjem preskusne posode.
Only in the Larson modification is the reaction vessel shaken; stirring is specified only for insoluble substances in ISO 9439 (5) and in the original US version (6), both of which specify sparging rather than headspace replacement.
Reaktorska posoda se stresa samo pri prilagojeni Larsonovi različici; v ISO 9439 (5) in izvirni ameriški različici (6), ki oba določata prepihovanje in ne zamenjave v nadprostoru, je mešanje predpisano samo za netopne snovi.
In another official US EPA method (7) based on Gledhill’s method (8), the shaken reaction vessel is closed to the atmosphere and CO2 produced is collected in an internal alkaline trap directly from the gaseous phase, as in classical Warburg/Barcroft respirometer flasks.
Pri drugi uradni metodi Agencije za varstvo okolja Združenih držav (US EPA) (7), ki temelji na Gledhillovi metodi (8), je reakcijska posoda, ki se stresa, zaprta za ozračje, nastali CO2 pa se zbira v notranjem alkalnem lovilniku neposredno iz plinske faze kot pri klasičnih Warburgovih/Barcroftovih respirometrih.
However, inorganic carbon (IC) has been shown to accumulate in the medium during the application of the standard, modified Sturm test to a number of chemicals (9).
Toda pokazalo se je, da se pri uporabi standardnega prilagojenega Sturmovega preskusa pri številnih kemikalijah (9) v mediju nabira anorganski ogljik (IC).
A concentration of IC as high as 8 mg/l was found during the degradation of 20 mg C/l of aniline.
Pri razgradnji 20 mg C/l anilina je bila ugotovljena koncentracija IC kar 8 mg/l.
Thus, the collection of CO2 in the alkaline traps did not give a true reflection of the amount of CO2 produced microbiologically at intermediate times during the degradation.
Zato zbiranje CO2 v alkalnih lovilnikih ni pravilno pokazalo količine mikrobiološko nastalega CO2 pri vmesnih časih med razgradnjo.
As a result, the specification that > 60 % theoretical maximum CO2 production (ThCO2) must be collected within a “10-d window” (the 10 days immediately following the attainment of 10 % biodegradation) for a test chemical to be classified as readily biodegraded will not be met for some chemicals which would be so classified using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal.
Zato pogoja, da je treba za uvrstitev preskusne kemikalije med dobro biološko razgradljive v ‚10-dnevnem obdobju‘ (10 dneh, ki neposredno sledijo dosegu 10-odstotne biološke razgradljivosti) nabrati > 60 % teoretično največje količine nastalega CO2 (ThCO2), ne izpolnjujejo nekatere kemikalije, ki bi se med dobro biološko razgradljive uvrstile ob odstranjevanju raztopljenega organskega ogljika (DOC).
When the percentage degradation is a lower value than expected, IC is possibly accumulated in the test solution.
Kadar je delež razgradnje manjši, kot je bilo pričakovano, se v preskusni raztopini morda nabira IC.
Then, the degradability may be assessed with the other ready biodegradability tests.
V takem primeru se lahko razgradljivost oceni z drugimi preskusi dobre biološke razgradljivosti.
Other drawbacks of the Sturm methodology (cumbersome, time-consuming, more prone to experimental error and not applicable to volatile chemicals) had earlier prompted a search for a sealed vessel technique, other than Gledhill’s, rather than gas flow-through (10)(11).
Zaradi drugih pomanjkljivosti Sturmove metodologije (okornost, dolgotrajnost, nagnjenost k eksperimentalnim napakam in neuporabnost za hlapne kemikalije) se je že prej poleg Gledhillove metode iskala tehnika z zaprtimi posodami, in ne s pretokom plina.
Boatman et al (12) reviewed the earlier methods and adopted an enclosed headspace system in which the CO2 was released into the headspace at the end of incubation by acidifying the medium.
Boatman idr. (12) so pregledali prejšnje metode in uporabili zaprt sistem z nadprostorom, pri čemer je bil CO2 sproščen v nadprostor ob koncu inkubacije z zakisanjem medija.
was measured by gas chromatography (GC)/IC analysis in automatically taken samples of the headspace but dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the liquid phase was not taken into account.
se je meril z analizo s plinsko kromatografijo (GC)/IC v samodejno odvzetih vzorcih iz nadprostora, a se pri tem ni upošteval raztopljeni anorganski ogljik (DIC) v tekoči fazi.
Also, the vessels used were very small (20 ml) containing only 10 ml of medium, which caused problems e.g. when adding the necessarily very small amounts of insoluble test chemicals, and/or there may be insufficient or no microorganisms present in the inoculated medium that are competent to degrade the test chemicals.
Poleg tega so bile uporabljene posode zelo majhne (20 ml) in so vsebovale samo 10 ml medija, kar je povzročalo težave, npr. pri dodajanju nujno zelo majhnih količin netopnih preskusnih kemikalij in/ali pa v inokuliranem mediju ni bilo (dovolj) mikroorganizmov, ki so sposobni razgraditi preskusne kemikalije.
These difficulties have been overcome by the independent studies of Struijs and Stoltenkamp (13) and of Birch and Fletcher (14), the latter being inspired by their experience with apparatus used in the anaerobic biodegradation test (15).
Te težave so v neodvisnih raziskavah premagali Struijs in Stoltenkamp (13) ter Birch in Fletcher (14), pri čemer so slednja navdihnile njune izkušnje z napravo, ki se uporablja pri preskusu anaerobne biološke razgradnje (15).
In the former method (13) CO2 is measured in the headspace after acidification and equilibration, while in the latter (14) DIC in both the gaseous and liquid phases was measured, without treatment; over 90 % of the IC formed was present in the liquid phase.
Pri prvi metodi (13) se CO2 meri v nadprostoru po zakisanju in uravnoteženju, pri drugi (14) pa je bil DIC izmerjen v plinski in tekoči fazi, brez obdelave; več kot 90 % nastalega IC je bilo v tekoči fazi.
Both methods had advantages over the Sturm test in that the test system was more compact and manageable, volatile chemicals can be tested and the possibility of delay in measuring CO2 produced is avoided.
Obe metodi imata prednosti pred Sturmovim preskusom, ker je preskusni sistem bolj priročen in lažje obvladljiv, ker je mogoče preskusiti hlapne kemikalije in ker je preprečena možnost zakasnitve pri merjenju nastalega CO2.
The two approaches were combined in the ISO Headspace CO2 Standard (16), which was ring-tested (17) and it is this Standard which forms the basis of the present Test Method.
Pristopa sta bila združena v standard ISO za CO2 v nadprostoru (16), ki je bil krožno preskušen (17), na njem pa temelji tudi ta preskusna metoda.
Similarly, the two approaches have been used in the US EPA method (18).
Podobno sta pristopa uporabljena v metodi US EPA (18).
Two methods of measuring CO2 have been recommended, namely CO2 in headspace after acidification (13) and IC in the liquid phase after the addition of excess alkali.
Priporočeni sta dve metodi merjenja CO2, in sicer CO2 v nadprostoru po zakisanju (13) in IC v tekoči fazi po dodajanju presežne baze.
The latter method was introduced by Peterson during the CONCAWE ring test (19) of this headspace method modified to measure inherent biodegradability.
Drugo metodo je uvedel Peterson pri krožnem preskusu CONCAWE (19) te metode z nadprostorom, prilagojene za merjenje inherentne biološke razgradljivosti.
The changes made in the 1992 (20) revision of the methods in chapter C.4 of this Annex for Ready Biodegradability have been incorporated into this Test Method, so that the conditions (medium, duration etc.) are otherwise the same as those in the revised Sturm test (20).
Spremembe iz revizije teh metod iz leta 1992 (20) v poglavju C.4 te priloge za dobro biološko razgradljivost so bile vključene v to preskusno metodo, tako da so pogoji (medij, trajanje itd.) sicer enaki kot pri revidiranem Sturmovem preskusu (20).
Birch and Fletcher (14) have shown that very similar results were obtained with this headspace test as were obtained with the same chemicals in the OECD Ring Test (21) of the revised Test Methods.
Birch in Fletcher (14) sta pokazala, da ta preskus nadprostora daje zelo podobne rezultate, kot so bili za iste kemikalije ugotovljeni v krožnem preskusu OECD (21) revidiranih preskusnih metod.
The CO2 evolution resulting from the ultimate aerobic biodegradation of the test chemical is determined by measuring the IC produced in the test bottles in excess of that produced in blank vessels containing inoculated medium only.
Nastajanje CO2 zaradi popolne aerobne biološke razgradnje preskusne kemikalije se določi z merjenjem nastalega IC v preskusnih steklenicah, ki presega IC, ki nastane v posodah s slepim vzorcem, ki vsebujejo samo inokuliran medij.
The extent of biodegradation is expressed as a percentage of the theoretical maximum IC production (ThIC), based on the quantity of test chemical (as organic carbon) added initially.
Obseg biološke razgradnje se izrazi kot delež teoretično največje količine nastalega IC (ThIC) na podlagi prvotno dodane količine preskusne kemikalije (kot organski ogljik).
The DOC removal and/or the extent of primary biodegradation of the test chemical can also be measured (20).
Merita se lahko tudi odstranitev DOC in/ali obseg primarne biološke razgradnje preskusne kemikalije (2).
The organic carbon content (% w/w) of the test chemical needs to be known, either from its chemical structure or by measurement, so that the percentage degradation may be calculated.
Za izračun deleža razgradnje je treba poznati vsebnost organskega ogljika (% w/w) v preskusni kemikaliji, ki se določi na podlagi njene kemične strukture ali z merjenjem. Pri hlapnih preskusnih kemikalijah je izmerjena ali izračunana Henryjeva konstanta koristna za določanje ustreznega volumskega razmerja med nadprostorom in tekočino.
For volatile test chemicals, a measured or calculated Henry’s law constant is helpful for determining a suitable headspace to liquid volume ratio.
Informacije o strupenosti preskusne kemikalije za mikroorganizme so koristne pri izbiri ustrezne preskusne koncentracije in za razlago rezultatov, ki kažejo slabo biološko razgradljivost.
Information on the toxicity of the test chemical to micro-organisms is useful in selecting an appropriate test concentration and for interpreting results showing poor biodegradability: it is recommended to include the inhibition control unless it is known that the test chemical is not inhibitory to microbial activities (see paragraph 24).
Priporoča se vključitev kontrole zaviranja, razen če je znano, da preskusna kemikalija ne zavira mikrobne dejavnosti (glej odstavek 24).
The test is applicable to water-soluble and insoluble test chemicals, though good dispersion of the test chemical should be ensured.
Preskus se uporablja za vodotopne in netopne preskusne kemikalije, vendar je treba zagotoviti njihovo dobro porazdelitev.
Using the recommended headspace to liquid volume ratio of 1:2, volatile chemicals with a Henry’s law constant of up to 50 Pa.m3.mol–1 can be tested as the proportion of test chemical in the headspace will not exceed 1 % (13).
S priporočenim volumskim razmerjem med nadprostorom in tekočino 1 : 2 se lahko preskusijo hlapne kemikalije s Henryjevo konstanto do 50 Pa.m3.mol-1, saj delež preskusne kemikalije v nadprostoru ne preseže 1 % (13).
A smaller headspace volume may be used when testing chemicals, which are more volatile, but their bioavailability may be limiting especially if they are poorly soluble in water.
Pri preskušanju bolj hlapnih kemikalij se lahko uporabi manjša prostornina nadprostora, vendar je lahko njihova biološka razpoložljivost omejujoča, zlasti če so slabo topne v vodi.
However, users must ensure that the headspace to liquid volume ratio and the test chemical concentration are such that sufficient oxygen is available to allow complete aerobic biodegradation to occur (e.g. avoid using a high substrate concentration and a small headspace volume).
Toda uporabniki morajo zagotoviti, da sta volumsko razmerje med nadprostorom in tekočino ter koncentracija preskusne kemikalije taka, da je na voljo dovolj kisika za popolno aerobno biološko razgradnjo (npr. treba se je izogibati visoki koncentraciji substrata in majhni prostornini nadprostora).
Guidance on this matter can be found in (13)(23).
Navodila glede tega so na voljo v (13) (23).
In order to check the test procedure, a reference chemical of known biodegradability should be tested in parallel.
Za preverjanje preskusnega postopka je treba vzporedno preskusiti referenčno kemikalijo z znano biološko razgradljivostjo.
For this purpose, aniline, sodium benzoate or ethylene glycol may be used when testing water-soluble test chemicals and 1-octanol for poorly soluble test chemicals (13).
Za ta namen se lahko pri preskušanju vodotopnih preskusnih kemikalij uporabijo anilin, natrijev benzoat ali etilen glikol, pri preskušanju slabo topnih preskusnih kemikalij pa 1-oktanol (13).
Biodegradation of these chemicals must reach > 60 % ThIC within 14 days.
Biološka razgradnja teh kemikalij mora v 14 dneh doseči > 60 % ThIC.
REPRODUCIBILITY
PONOVLJIVOST
In the ISO ring test of the method (17), the following results were obtained using the recommended conditions, including 20 mg C test chemical/l.
Pri krožnem preskusu metode po ISO (17) so bili pri priporočenih pogojih, vključno z 20 mg C preskusne kemikalije/l, dobljeni spodnji rezultati.
Mean Percentage Biodegradation
Povprečni delež biološke razgradnje v %
Coefficient of variation
Koeficient variacije
Number of Laboratories
Število laboratorijev
Within-test variability (replicability), using aniline, was low with coefficients of variability not greater than 5 % in nearly all test runs.
Variabilnost znotraj preskusa (ponovljivost) pri uporabi anilina je bila majhna, pri čemer koeficienti variacije niso presegli 5 % v skoraj nobeni izvedbi preskusa.
In the two cases in which the replicability was worse, the greater variability was probably due to high IC production in the blanks.
V dveh primerih, v katerih je bila ponovljivost slabša, je bilo za večjo variabilnost verjetno krivo večje nastajanje IC v slepih vzorcih.
Replicability was worse with 1-octanol but was still less than 10 % for 79 % of test runs.
Pri 1-oktanolu je bila ponovljivost slabša, vendar je bila še vedno manjša od 10 % pri 79 % izvedenih preskusov.
This greater within-test variability may have been due to dosing errors, as a small volume (3 to 4 μl) of 1-octanol had to be injected into sealed test bottles.
Za to večjo variabilnost znotraj preskusa so lahko krive napake pri odmerjanju, saj je treba v zaprte preskusne steklenice vbrizgati majhno količino 1-oktanola (3 do 4 μl).
Higher coefficients of variation would result when lower concentrations of test chemical are used, especially at concentrations lower than 10 mg C/l.
Višji koeficienti variacije nastanejo pri nižjih koncentracijah preskusne kemikalije, zlasti pri koncentracijah pod 10 mg C/l.
This could be partially overcome by reducing the concentration of total inorganic carbon (TIC) in the inoculum.
Temu se je mogoče delno izogniti z znižanjem koncentracije skupnega anorganskega ogljika (TIC) v inokulumu.
In an EU ring-test (24) of five surfactants added at 10 mg C/l, the following results were obtained:
Pri krožnem preskusu EU (24) petih površinsko aktivnih snovi, dodanih v 10 mg C/l, so bili dobljeni naslednji rezultati:
Mean Percentage biodegradation
Povprečni delež biološke razgradnje v %
Di-iso-octylsulpho-Succinate
Diizooktilsulfo-sukcinat
Hexadecyl-trimethyl [7]Ammonium chloride
Heksadecil-trimetil [7]amonijev klorid
Iso-Nonylphenol - (ethoxylate)9
Izononilfenol-(etoksilat)9
Coco-amide-propyl
Kokoamidopropil
Dimethylhydroxy
dimetilhidroksi
Sulphobetaine
sulfobetain
(amphoteric)
(amfoteričen)
The results show that generally, the variability was higher for the less well-degraded surfactants.
Rezultati kažejo, da je bila na splošno variabilnost večja pri slabše razgrajenih površinsko aktivnih snoveh.
Within-test variability was less than 15 % for over 90 % of cases, the highest reaching 30-40 %.
Variabilnost znotraj poskusa je bila manjša od 15 % v 90 % primerov, dosegla pa je največ 30–40 %.
NOTE: Most surfactants are not single molecular species but are mixtures of isomers, homologues, etc. which degrade after different characteristic lag periods and at different kinetic rates resulting in “blurred”, extenuated curves, so that the 60 % pass value may not be reached within “the 10-d window”, even though each individual molecular species would reach > 60 % within 10 days if tested alone.
OPOMBA: večine površinsko aktivnih snovi ne sestavlja ena sama molekulska vrsta, temveč so mešanica izomerov, homologov itd., ki se razgradijo po različnih značilnih časih prilagajanja in z različno kinetično hitrostjo, zaradi česar nastanejo ‚zabrisane‘ oslabele krivulje, tako da v 10-dnevnem obdobju ni mogoče doseči praga 60 %, čeprav bi vsaka posamezna molekulska vrsta v 10 dneh dosegla > 60 %, če bi se preskušala sama.
This may be observed with other complex mixtures as well.
To je bilo ugotovljeno tudi pri drugih kompleksnih mešanicah.
Normal laboratory apparatus and:
Običajna laboratorijska oprema in:
Glass serum bottles, sealed with butyl rubber stoppers and crimp-on aluminium seals.
steklene serumske steklenice, zatesnjene z zamaški iz butilne gume in stisnjenimi aluminijskimi tesnili.
The recommended size is “125 ml” which have a total volume of around 160 ml (in this case the volume of each bottle should be known to be 160 ± 1 ml).
Priporočena velikost je ‚125 ml‘, pri čemer je celotna prostornina takih steklenic 160 ml (v tem primeru bi moralo biti znano, da je prostornina posamezne steklenice 160 ± 1 ml).