natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Before carrying out a slow-stirring experiment for determination of POW, the following information on the test substance should be available:
Pred izvedbo preskusa s počasnim mešanjem za določitev POW morajo biti na voljo naslednje informacije o preskusni snovi:
suitable analytical methods for determination of the concentration of the substance in water and 1-octanol
ustrezne analitske metode za ugotavljanje koncentracije snovi v vodi in 1-oktanolu;
dissociation constant(s) of ionisable substances (OECD Guideline 112 (9))
disociacijske konstante snovi, ki lahko ionizirajo (Smernica OECD 112 (9));
aqueous solubility (10)
topnost v vodi (10);
abiotic hydrolysis (11)
abiotska hidroliza (11);
ready biodegradability (12)
dobra biorazgradljivost (12);
vapour pressure (13).
parni tlak (13).
Standard laboratory equipment is required, in particular, the following:
Potrebna je standardna laboratorijska oprema, zlasti:
magnetic stirrers and Teflon coated magnetic stir bars are employed to stir the water phase;
za mešanje vodne faze se uporabljajo magnetna mešala in magnetne mešalne palice, prevlečene s teflonom,
analytical instrumentation, suitable for determination of the concentration of the test substance at the expected concentrations;
analitski instrumenti, primerni za ugotavljanje koncentracije preskusne snovi pri pričakovanih koncentracijah,
stirring-vessel with a tap at the bottom.
mešalna posoda s pipo pri dnu.
Dependent on the estimate of log POW and the Limit of Detection (LOD) of the test compound, the use of a reaction vessel of the same geometry larger than one litre has to be considered, so that a sufficient volume of water can be obtained for chemical extraction and analysis.
Glede na oceno log POW in mejo zaznavnosti (LOD) preskusne spojine je treba razmisliti o uporabi reakcijske posode, ki ima enako geometrijo in je večja od enega litra, da se lahko zagotovi zadosten volumen vode za kemijsko ekstrakcijo in analizo.
This will result in higher concentrations in the water extract and thus a more reliable analytical determination.
To privede do višjih koncentracij v vodnem ekstraktu in s tem do zanesljivejšega analitskega določanja.
A table giving estimates of the minimum volume needed, the LOD of the compound, its estimated log POW and its water solubility is given in Appendix 1.
Dodatek 1 vsebuje preglednico, v kateri so navedene ocene najmanjšega potrebnega volumna, LOD spojine, njen ocenjeni log POW in njena topnost v vodi.
The table is based on the relationship between log POW and the ratio between the solubilities in octanol and water, as presented by Pinsuwan et al.
Preglednica temelji na razmerju med log POW ter razmerjem topnosti v oktanolu in vodi, kot so ga predstavili Pinsuwan idr.
(in molarity);
(v molih),
and the relationship given by Lyman (15) for predicting water solubility.
ter na razmerju, ki ga je podal Lyman (15) za napovedovanje topnosti v vodi.
Water solubilities calculated with the equation given in Appendix 1 must be seen as a first estimate.
Topnosti v vodi, izračunane z enačbo, kot je navedena v Dodatku 1, je treba obravnavati kot prvo oceno.
It should be noted that the user is free to generate an estimate of water solubility by means of any relationship that is considered to better represent the relationship between hydrophobicity and solubility.
Opozoriti je treba, da lahko uporabnik pripravi oceno topnosti v vodi tudi z uporabo katerega koli razmerja, za katero se šteje, da bolje predstavlja razmerje med hidrofobnostjo in topnostjo.
For solid compounds, inclusion of melting point in the prediction of solubility is for instance recommended.
Priporoča se na primer, naj se za trdne spojine v napovedovanje topnosti vključi tališče.
In case a modified equation is used, it should be ascertained that the equation for calculation of solubility in octanol is still valid.
Če se uporabi spremenjena enačba, se je treba prepričati, da enačba za izračun topnosti v oktanolu še vedno velja.
A schematic drawing of a glass-jacketed stirring-vessel with a volume of ca. one litre is given in Appendix 2.
V Dodatku 2 je prikazana shema mešalne posode s stekleno oblogo, katere prostornina znaša približno en liter.
The proportions of the vessel shown in Appendix 2 have proven favourable and should be maintained when apparatus of a different size is used;
Razmerja med merami posode, prikazane v Dodatku 2, so se izkazala za ugodna in jih je treba ohraniti, kadar se uporabi aparatura druge velikosti,
a means for keeping the temperature constant during the slow-stirring experiment is essential.
bistveno je sredstvo za ohranjanje konstantne temperature med preskusom s počasnim mešanjem.
Vessels should be made from inert material such that adsorption to vessel surfaces is negligible.
Posode morajo biti izdelane iz inertnega materiala, tako da je adsorpcija na površine posode zanemarljiva.
The POW determination should be carried out with the highest purity 1-octanol that is commercially available (at least + 99 %).
POW je treba določiti z najčistejšim 1-oktanolom, ki je na voljo na trgu (vsaj + 99-odstotnim).
Purification of 1-octanol by extraction with acid, base and water and subsequent drying is recommended.
Priporoča se prečiščenje 1-oktanola z ekstrakcijo s kislino, bazo in vodo ter poznejšim sušenjem.
In addition, distillation can be used to purify 1-octanol.
Poleg tega se lahko 1-oktanol prečisti z destilacijo.
Purified 1-octanol is to be used to prepare standard solutions of the test substances.
Prečiščeni 1-oktanol se uporabi za pripravo standardnih raztopin preskusnih snovi.
Water to be used in the POW determination should be glass or quartz distilled, or obtained from a purification system, or HPLC-grade water may be used.
Voda, ki bo uporabljena pri določanju POW, mora biti destilirana v stekleni ali kremenčevi aparaturi ali pridobljena iz prečiščevalnega sistema, lahko pa se uporablja tudi voda HPLC-čistosti.
Filtration through a 0,22 μm filter is required for distilled water, and blanks should be included to check that no impurities are in the concentrated extracts that may interfere with the test substance.
Za destilirano vodo je potrebno filtriranje skozi filter z velikostjo por 0,22 μm. Vključiti je treba slepe vzorce, s čimer se zagotovi, da v koncentriranih ekstraktih ni nečistot, ki lahko interferirajo s preskusno snovjo.
If a glass fibre filter is used, it should be cleaned by baking for at least three hours at 400 °C.
Če se uporablja filter iz steklenih vlaken, ga je treba očistiti s triurnim segrevanjem v peči pri 400 °C.
Both solvents are mutually saturated prior to the experiment by equilibrating them in a sufficiently large vessel.
Pred preskusom se topili medsebojno nasitita z uravnoteženjem v dovolj veliki posodi.
This is accomplished by slow-stirring the two-phase system for two days.
To se doseže tako, da se dvofazni sistem dva dneva počasi meša.
An appropriate concentration of test substance is selected and dissolved in 1-octanol (saturated with water).
Izbrana ustrezna koncentracija preskusne snovi se raztopi v 1-oktanolu (nasičenem z vodo).
The 1-octanol/water partition coefficient needs to be determined in dilute solutions in 1-octanol and water.
Porazdelitveni koeficient 1-oktanol/voda je treba določiti v razredčenih raztopinah v 1-oktanolu in vodi.
Therefore the concentration of the test substance should not exceed 70 % of its solubility with a maximum concentration of 0,1 M in either phase (1).
Zato koncentracija preskusne snovi ne sme presegati 70 % njene topnosti z največjo koncentracijo 0,1 M v kateri koli fazi (1).
The 1-octanol solutions used for the experiment must be devoid of suspended solid test substance.
V raztopinah z 1-oktanolom, uporabljenih za preskus, ne sme biti suspendirane trdne preskusne snovi.
The appropriate amount of test substance is dissolved in 1-octanol (saturated with water).
Ustrezna količina preskusne snovi se raztopi v 1-oktanolu (nasičenem z vodo).
If the estimate of log POW exceeds five, care has to be taken that the 1-octanol solutions used for the experiment are devoid of suspended solid test substance.
Če ocena log POW presega vrednost 5, je treba poskrbeti, da v raztopinah z 1-oktanolom, uporabljenih za preskus, ni suspendirane trdne preskusne snovi.
To that end, the following procedure for chemicals with an estimated value of log POW > 5 is followed:
V ta namen se upošteva postopek za kemikalije z ocenjeno vrednostjo log POW > 5:
the test substance is dissolved in 1-octanol (saturated with water);
preskusna snov se raztopi v 1-oktanolu (nasičenem z vodo),
the solution is given sufficient time for the suspended solid substance to settle out.
raztopina se pusti dovolj dolgo, da se suspendirana trdna snov posede.
During the settling period, the concentration of the test substance is monitored;
Med posedanjem se spremlja koncentracija preskusne snovi,
after the measured concentrations in the 1-octanol-solution have attained stable values, the stock solution is diluted with an appropriate volume of 1-octanol;
ko izmerjene koncentracije v raztopini z 1-oktanolom dosežejo stabilne vrednosti, se osnovna raztopina razredči z ustreznim volumnom 1-oktanola,
the concentration of the diluted stock solution is measured.
izmeri se koncentracija razredčene osnovne raztopine.
If the measured concentration is consistent with the dilution, the diluted stock solution can be employed in the slow-stirring experiment.
Če je izmerjena koncentracija v skladu z razredčitvijo, se lahko razredčena osnovna raztopina uporabi v preskusu s počasnim mešanjem.
Extraction and analysis of samples
Ekstrakcija in analiza vzorcev
A validated analytical method should be used for the assay of test substance.
Za analizo preskusne snovi je treba uporabiti validirano analitsko metodo.
The investigators have to provide evidence that the concentrations in the water saturated 1-octanol as well as in the 1-octanol saturated water phase during the experiment are above the method limit of quantification of the analytical procedures employed.
Raziskovalci morajo zagotoviti dokaze, da so koncentracije v fazi 1-oktanola, nasičenega z vodo, in fazi vode, nasičene z 1-oktanolom, med preskusom nad mejo določljivosti uporabljenih analitskih postopkov.
Analytical recoveries of the test substance from the water phase and from the 1-octanol phase need to be established prior to the experiment in those cases for which extraction methods are necessary.
V primerih, v katerih so potrebne ekstrakcijske metode, je treba analitske izkoristke preskusne snovi iz vodne faze in faze 1-oktanola določiti pred preskusom.
The analytical signal needs to be corrected for blanks and care should be taken that no carry-over of analyte from one sample to another can occur.
Analitski signal je treba popraviti za slepe vzorce in paziti, da prenos analita iz enega vzorca v drugega ni mogoč.
Extraction of the water phase with an organic solvent and preconcentration of extract are likely to be required prior to analysis, due to rather low concentrations of hydrophobic test substances in the water phase.
Pred analizo bosta zaradi dokaj nizkih koncentracij hidrofobnih preskusnih snovi v vodni fazi verjetno potrebna ekstrakcija iz vodne faze z organskim topilom in predkoncentriranje ekstrakta.
For the same reason it is necessary to reduce eventual blank concentrations.
Iz istega razloga je treba znižati morebitne koncentracije slepih vzorcev.
To that end, it is necessary to employ high purity solvents, preferably solvents for residue analysis.
V ta namen je treba uporabiti topila visoke čistosti, po možnosti topila za analizo ostankov.
Moreover, working with carefully pre-cleaned (e.g. solvent washing or baking at elevated temperature) glassware can help to avoid cross-contamination.
Poleg tega lahko navzkrižno kontaminacijo pomaga preprečiti delo s steklovino, ki se predhodno skrbno očisti (npr. s pomivanjem v topilu ali segrevanjem v peči pri zvišani temperaturi).
An estimate of log POW may be obtained from an estimation program or by expert judgment.
Ocena log POW se lahko pridobi s programom za ocenjevanje ali s strokovno presojo.
If the value is higher than six then blank corrections and analyte carry-over need to be monitored closely.
Če je vrednost višja od 6, je treba skrbno spremljati popravke za slepe vzorce in prenos analita.
Similarly, if the estimate of log POW exceeds six, the use of a surrogate standard for recovery correction is mandatory, so that high preconcentration factors can be reached.
Če ocena log POW presega 6, je obvezna uporaba nadomestnega standarda za popravek izkoristka, da je mogoče doseči visoke faktorje predkoncentracije.
A number of software programs for the estimation of log POW are commercially available [1], e.g. Clog P (16), KOWWIN (17), ProLogP (18) and ACD log P (19).
Na trgu so na voljo številni računalniški programi za ocenjevanje log POW [1], npr. Clog P (16), KOWWIN (17), ProLogP (18) in ACD log P (19).
Descriptions of the estimation approaches can be found in references (20-22).
Opisi pristopov k ocenjevanju so na voljo v virih (20–22).
The limits of quantification (LOQ) for determination of the test substance in 1-octanol and water are established using accepted methods.
Meje določljivosti (LOQ) za ugotavljanje preskusne snovi v 1-oktanolu in vodi je treba določiti s sprejetimi metodami.
As a rule of thumb, the method limit of quantification can be determined as the concentration in water or 1-octanol that produces a signal to noise ratio of ten.
Načeloma se lahko meja določljivosti metode določi kot koncentracija v vodi ali 1-oktanolu, katere razmerje med signalom in hrupom znaša 10.
A suitable extraction and pre-concentration method should be selected and analytical recoveries should also be specified.
Izbrati je treba ustrezno metodo ekstrakcije in predkoncentriranja ter opredeliti analitske izkoristke.
A suitable pre-concentration factor is selected in order to obtain a signal of the required size upon analytical determination.
Izbere se ustrezen predkoncentracijski faktor, da se pri analitskem določanju dobi signal potrebne intenzivnosti.
On the basis of the parameters of the analytical method and the expected concentrations, an approximate sample size required for an accurate determination of the compound concentration is determined.
Na podlagi parametrov analitske metode in pričakovanih koncentracij se določi približna velikost vzorca, ki je potrebna za natančno določitev koncentracije spojine.
The use of water samples that are too small to obtain a sufficient analytical signal should be avoided.
Izogibati se je treba uporabi vzorcev vode, ki so premajhni za doseganje zadostnega analitskega signala.
Also, the use of excessively large water samples should be avoided, since otherwise there might be too little water left for the minimum number of analyses required (n = 5).
Prav tako se je treba izogibati prevelikim vzorcem vode, saj sicer lahko ostane premalo vode za najmanjše število zahtevanih analiz (n = 5).
In Appendix 1, the minimum sample volume is indicated as a function of the vessel volume, the LOD of the test substance and the solubility of the test substance.
V Dodatku 1 so navedeni minimalni volumni vzorcev v odvisnosti od prostornine posode, LOD preskusne snovi in topnosti preskusne snovi.
Quantification of the test substances occurs by comparison with calibration curves of the respective compound.
Količinska določitev preskusnih snovi se izvede s primerjavo z umeritvenimi krivuljami zadevne spojine.
The concentrations in the samples analysed must be bracketed by concentrations of standards.
Koncentracije v analiziranih vzorcih je treba razvrstiti glede na koncentracije standardov.
For test substances with a log POW estimate higher than six a surrogate standard has to be spiked to the water sample prior to extraction in order to register losses occurring during extraction and pre-concentration of the water samples.
Za preskusne snovi z oceno log POW, višjo od 6, je treba vzorcu vode pred ekstrakcijo primešati nadomestni standard, da se ugotovijo izgube, ki se pojavijo med ekstrakcijo in predkoncentriranjem vzorcev vode.
For accurate recovery correction, the surrogates must have properties that are very close to, or identical with, those of the test substance.
Za natančen popravek izkoristka morajo imeti nadomestki lastnosti, ki so zelo podobne ali celo enake lastnostim preskusne snovi.
Preferably, (stable) isotopically-labelled analogues of the substances of interest (for example, perdeuterated or 13C-labelled) are used for this purpose.
Po možnosti se za ta namen uporabljajo (stabilni) izotopno označeni analogi preiskovanih snovi (na primer devterirani analogi ali analogi, označeni z izotopom 13C).
If the use of labelled stable isotopes, i.e. 13C or 2H, is not possible it should be demonstrated from reliable data in the LITERATURE that the physical-chemical properties of the surrogate are very close to those of the test substance.
Če uporaba označenih stabilnih izotopov, tj. 13C ali 2H, ni mogoča, je treba z opiranjem na zanesljive podatke v literaturi dokazati, da so fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti nadomestka zelo podobne lastnostim preskusne snovi.
During liquid-liquid extraction of the water phase emulsions can form.
Med tekočinsko-tekočinsko ekstrakcijo vodne faze se lahko tvorijo emulzije.
They can be reduced by addition of salt and allowing the emulsion to settle overnight.
Njihovo nastajanje je mogoče zmanjšati tako, da se doda sol, emulzija pa pusti čez noč mirovati.
Methods used for extracting and pre-concentrating the samples need to be reported.
O metodah, ki se uporabijo za ekstrahiranje in predkoncentriranje vzorcev, je treba poročati.
Samples withdrawn from the 1-octanol phase may, if necessary, be diluted with a suitable solvent prior to analysis.
Vzorci, odvzeti iz faze 1-oktanola, se lahko pred analizo po potrebi razredčijo z ustreznim topilom.
Moreover, the use of surrogate standards for recovery correction is recommended for substances for which the recovery experiments demonstrated a high degree of variation in the recovery experiments (relative standard deviation > 10 %).
Poleg tega je uporaba nadomestnih standardov za popravek izkoristka priporočljiva za snovi, za katere so se v preskusih izkoristka pokazala velika odstopanja (relativni standardni odklon > 10 %).
The details of the analytical method need to be reported.
O podrobnostih analitske metode je treba poročati.
This includes the method of extraction, pre-concentration and dilution factors, instrument parameters, calibration routine, calibration range, analytical recovery of the test substance from water, addition of surrogate standards for recovery correction, blank values, detection limits and limits of quantification.
To vključuje metodo ekstrakcije, predkoncentracijske faktorje in faktorje redčenja, parametre instrumentov, postopek umerjanja, umeritveno območje, analitski izkoristek preskusne snovi iz vode, dodajanje nadomestnih standardov za popravek izkoristka, vrednosti slepih vzorcev, meje zaznavnosti in meje določljivosti.
Performance of the Test
Izvedba preskusa
Optimal 1-octanol/water volume ratios
Optimalna razmerja volumnov 1-oktanol/voda
When choosing the water and 1-octanol volumes, the LOQ in 1-octanol and water, the pre-concentration factors applied to the water samples, the volumes sampled in 1-octanol and water, and the expected concentrations should be considered.
Pri izbiri volumnov vode in 1-oktanola je treba upoštevati LOQ v 1-oktanolu in vodi, predkoncentracijske faktorje, uporabljene za vzorce vode, vzorčene volumne v 1-oktanolu in vodi ter pričakovane koncentracije.
For experimental reasons, the volume of 1-octanol in the slow-stirring system should be chosen such that the 1-octanol layer is sufficiently thick (> 0,5 cm) in order to allow for sampling of the 1-octanol phase without disturbing it.
Za namene preskusa je treba volumen 1-oktanola v sistemu počasnega mešanja izbrati tako, da je plast 1-oktanola dovolj debela (> 0,5 cm), da omogoča vzorčenje faze 1-oktanola brez povzročanja motenj v njej.
Typical phase ratios used for the determinations of compounds with log POW of 4,5 and higher are 20 to 50 ml of 1-octanol and 950 to 980 ml of water in a one litre vessel.
Običajna fazna razmerja, uporabljena za določitve spojin, katerih log POW znaša 4,5 in več, so 20 do 50 ml 1-oktanola in 950 do 980 ml vode v litrski posodi.
During the test the reaction vessel is thermostated to reduce temperature variation to below 1 °C.
Med preskusom je reakcijska posoda termostatirana, da se temperaturne spremembe zmanjšajo pod 1 °C.
The assay should be performed at 25 °C.
Analizo je treba opraviti pri 25 °C.
The experimental system should be protected from daylight by either performing the experiment in a dark room or by covering the reaction vessel with aluminium foil.
Preskusni sistem je treba zaščititi pred dnevno svetlobo, bodisi tako, da se preskus izvaja v temnem prostoru, bodisi tako, da se reakcijska posoda pokrije z aluminijasto folijo.
The experiment should be performed in a dust-free (as far as possible) environment.
Preskus je treba izvajati v brezprašnem okolju (kolikor je to mogoče).
The 1-octanol-water system is stirred until equilibrium is attained.
Sistem 1-oktanol-voda se meša, dokler ni doseženo ravnotežje.
In a pilot experiment the length of the equilibration period is assessed by performing a slow-stirring experiment and sampling water and 1-octanol periodically.
V pilotnem preskusu se dolžina obdobja za vzpostavljanje ravnotežja oceni z izvedbo preskusa s počasnim mešanjem ter rednim vzorčenjem vode in 1-oktanola.
The sampling time points should be interspersed by a minimum period of five hours.
Intervali vzorčenja morajo znašati najmanj pet ur.
Each POW determination has to be performed employing at least three independent slow-stirring experiments.
POW je treba vsakič določiti z vsaj tremi neodvisnimi preskusi s počasnim mešanjem.
Determination of the equilibration time
Določanje časa do vzpostavitve ravnotežja
It is assumed that the equilibrium is achieved when a regression of the 1-octanol/water concentration ratio against time over a time span of four time points yields a slope that is not significantly different from zero at a p-level of 0,05.
Domneva se, da je ravnotežje doseženo, ko regresija razmerja koncentracij 1-oktanol/voda glede na čas v obdobju štirih časovnih točk da naklon, ki ne odstopa bistveno od nič pri vrednosti p = 0,05.
The minimum equilibration time is one day before sampling can be started.
Najkrajši čas do vzpostavitve ravnotežja je en dan pred začetkom vzorčenja.
As a rule of thumb, sampling of substances with a log POW estimate of less than five can take place during days two and three.
Načeloma se lahko vzorčenje snovi, katerih log POW je ocenjen na manj kot 5, opravi drugi in tretji dan.
The equilibration might have to be extended for more hydrophobic compounds.
Pri bolj hidrofobnih spojinah bo morda treba vzpostavljanje ravnotežja podaljšati.
Starting the experiment
Začetek preskusa
At the start of the experiment the reaction vessel is filled with 1-octanol-saturated water.
Na začetku preskusa se reakcijska posoda napolni z vodo, nasičeno z 1-oktanolom.
Sufficient time should be allowed to reach the thermostated temperature.
Dopustiti je treba dovolj časa, da se doseže termostatirana temperatura.
The desired amount of test substance (dissolved in the required volume of 1-octanol saturated with water) is carefully added to the reaction vessel.
Želena količina preskusne snovi (raztopljene v zahtevanem volumnu 1-oktanola, nasičenega z vodo) se pazljivo doda v reakcijsko posodo.
This is a crucial step in the experiment, since turbulent mixing of the two phases has to be avoided.
To je ključni korak v preskusu, saj se je treba izogniti turbulentnemu mešanju obeh faz.
To that end, the 1-octanol phase can be pipetted slowly against the wall of the experimental vessel, close to the water surface.
V ta namen je treba fazo 1-oktanola s pipeto počasi dodajati na steno preskusne posode blizu vodne površine.
It will subsequently flow along the glass wall and form a film above the water phase.
Tako bo zadevna faza tekla stekla po steni in ustvarila film nad vodno fazo.