natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Christoph, N., Bauer-Christoph C., Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung des Ethylcarbamatgehaltes bei der Herstellung von Steinobstbränden (II), Kleinbrennerei 1999; 1: 5-13.
Christoph, N., Bauer-Christoph C., Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung des Ethylcarbamatgehaltes bei der Herstellung von Steinobstbränden (II), Kleinbrennerei 1999; 1: 5–13.
on measures for self-protection and the prevention of piracy and armed robbery against ships
o ukrepih za samozaščito ter preprečevanje piratskih napadov in oboroženega ropanja ladij
The resurgence of acts of piracy off the coast of Somalia led the Maritime Safety Committee of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to adopt a series of measures at its 86th session from 27 May to 5 June 2009. It issued a number of circulars either updating the general recommendations in force on the measures to combat piracy and armed robbery against ships or defining specific measures to tackle piracy in the Gulf of Aden and off the coast of Somalia.
Zaradi vedno pogostejših piratskih napadov ob somalski obali je Odbor za varnost na morju Mednarodne pomorske organizacije (IMO) na svoji 86. seji, ki je potekala od 27. maja do 5. junija 2009, z več okrožnicami sprejel vrsto ukrepov, s katerimi je posodobil veljavna splošna priporočila o ukrepih za preprečevanje piratskih napadov in oboroženega ropanja ladij oziroma opredelil posebne ukrepe za preprečevanje piratskih napadov v Adenskem zalivu in ob somalski obali.
Circular MSC.1/Circ.1334 of 23 June 2009 offers ‘Guidance to ship owners and ship operators, shipmasters and crews on preventing and suppressing acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships’.
Z okrožnico MSC.1/Circ.1334 z dne 23. junija 2009 je določil „glavne smernice za lastnike, upravljalce, kapitane in posadko ladij o preprečevanju in odpravljanju piratskih napadov in oboroženega ropanja ladij“.
The circular lists a comprehensive series of measures that can be taken onboard ships under any circumstances to prevent attacks or, when they occur, to minimise the risks to the crew and ship.
Ta okrožnica vsebuje vrsto ukrepov, ki se lahko sprejmejo na krovu ladij za preprečitev napadov v vseh okoliščinah in ki v primeru dejanskih napadov čim bolj zmanjšajo nevarnost za posadko in ladjo.
Circular MSC.1/Circ.1332 of 16 June 2009 lists the best management practices to avoid, deter or delay acts of piracy in the Gulf of Aden and off the coast of Somalia, devised by maritime industry organisations on a voluntary basis and supported and encouraged by the contracting parties on account of the urgent need to combat attacks off the coast of Somalia.
Okrožnica MSC.1/Circ.1332 z dne 16. junija 2009 vsebuje t. i. ukrepe za „najboljše prakse upravljanja“ za izogibanje, odvračanje in upočasnjevanje piratskih napadov v Adenskem zalivu in ob somalski obali („najboljše prakse za izogibanje, odvračanje in upočasnjevanje piratskih napadov v Adenskem zalivu in ob somalski obali“), ki so jih pripravili partnerji pomorskega sektorja na prostovoljni osnovi in ki jih pogodbene stranke zaradi nujnosti obvladovanja nevarnosti ob somalski obali podpirajo in spodbujajo.
The maritime industry organisations updated these measures in version 2, which was published as circular MSC.1/Circ.
Partnerji pomorskega sektorja so te ukrepe posodobili in jih kot 2. različico razširili z okrožnico MSC.1/Circ.
1335 of 29 September 2009.
1335 z dne 29. septembra 2009.
Although the measures set out in these IMO circulars are not compulsory or binding, the clear need to improve maritime security means that ships flying the flag of a Member State should protect themselves as best they can using current know-how when they are exposed in navigation regions with a high risk of piracy and armed robbery.
Čeprav ukrepi iz okrožnice IMO niso ne obvezni ne zavezujoči, je zaradi očitne potrebe po večji varnosti na morju potrebno, da se ladje, ki plujejo pod zastavami držav članic v primeru, da so namenjene v plovbna območja z visoko nevarnostjo piratskih napadov in oboroženega ropanja, pred njimi čim bolje zaščitijo ter pri tem upoštevajo trenutno znanje in izkušnje.
By their very nature, acts of piracy and armed robbery against ships are often violent and pose a serious threat in several regions of the world, beyond the current situation off the coast of Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean.
Piratski napadi in oboroženi ropi ladij so po naravi pogosto nasilna dejanja, ki ne glede na trenutni položaj ob somalski obali, v Adenskem zalivu in Indijskem oceanu v več regijah sveta predstavljajo veliko nevarnost.
Piracy figures for 2008 are the highest since the International Maritime Bureau began collecting data in 1991, with 293 attacks on ships, 49 captures, 889 seamen held hostage, 11 killed, and 21 missing and presumed dead.
Od leta 1991, ko je Mednarodni urad za pomorstvo začel zbirati podatke, je bilo število piratskih napadov v letu 2008 največje in je obsegalo 293 napadov na ladje, 49 ugrabitev, 889 talcev, 11 ubitih, 21 pogrešanih in razglašenih za mrtve.
Since 2008, there has been a sharp increase in the number of ships attacked and hijacked off the coast of Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean.
Od leta 2008 se je število napadov in ugrabljenih ladij povečalo zlasti ob somalski obali, v Adenskem zalivu in Indijskem oceanu.
Numerous ships have been attacked and detained by pirates, who hold the crew hostage until a ransom is paid for their release.
Pirati so napadli in zasedli številne ladje, posadko pa vzeli za talce in v zameno za njeno osvoboditev zahtevali odkupnino.
The periods of captivity last several weeks or even months and are as unacceptable as they are traumatic for the seamen detained.
Ujetništvo običajno traja več tednov ali celo več mesecev, kar je nesprejemljivo in nevzdržno za zajeto posadko.
The number of attacks in the Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden has increased since the beginning of 2009, despite a brief respite in the summer on account of the monsoon and the difficult sailing conditions for pirates.
Število napadov v Indijskem oceanu in Adenskem zalivu se je od začetka leta 2009 kljub kratkemu poletnemu premoru, ki so ga povzročili monsun in z njim povezani težki pogoji plovbe za pirate, povečalo.
Pirates carried out at least 164 attacks in 2009, 48 of which led to a ship being captured.
Pirati so leta 2009 napadli najmanj 164 ladij ter jih od tega 48 zajeli.
The best management practices urge maritime companies and ships to register on the website of the Maritime Security Centre — Horn of Africa (MSCHOA (http://www.mschoa.org) before passing through the Gulf of Aden.
V „najboljših praksah upravljanja“ je pomorskim družbam in ladjam priporočeno, da se pred prečkanjem Adenskega zaliva registrirajo na internetni strani Centra za varnost na morju Afriškega roga (http://www.mschoa.org).
Ships that register receive all the information available on the current situation in this particular navigation region and are tracked by the EU NAVFOR-ATALANTA operation forces, reducing the risk of attack.
Registrirane ladje prejmejo vse razpoložljive informacije o položaju v tem plovbnem območju, sledijo pa jim oborožene sile operacije EU NAVFOR-ATALANTA, zaradi česar je nevarnost napadov manjša.
Yet more than one third of ships in transit are still not registered with the MSCHOA and, as a result, cannot benefit from the measures in place to safeguard their transit through this region.
Vendar pa več kot tretjina ladij, ki prečka zaliv, še vedno ni registrirana pri Centru za varnost, ki zato ne more izvajati ukrepov za varno prečkanje tega območja.
On 15 June 2009, the Council of the European Union decided to extend the EU NAVFOR-ATALANTA military operation by one year from 13 December 2009 in order to help deter, prevent and suppress acts of piracy and armed robbery off the coast of Somalia.
Svet Evropske unije je 15. junija 2009 sklenil, da bo s 13. decembrom 2009 za eno leto podaljšal vojaško operacijo Evropske unije EU NAVFOR-ATALANTA in tako prispeval k odvračanju, preprečevanju ter odpravljanju piratskih napadov in oboroženega ropanja ob somalski obali.
This military operation is the first naval operation conducted under the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), the Council having observed that piracy off the coast of Somalia continued to pose a significant threat to sea transport in the region.
Ta vojaška operacija je prva pomorska operacija v okviru evropske varnostne in obrambne politike (EVOP). Svet je namreč potrdil, da piratstvo ob somalski obali še naprej predstavlja veliko nevarnost za plovbo v tem območju.
Since they are complementary to measures taken under the EU NAVFOR-ATALANTA operation, the effective and harmonised implementation of the preventive measures recommended by circulars MSC.1/Circ.
Ker preventivni ukrepi, priporočeni v okrožnicah MSC.1/Circ.
1334 and MSC.1/Circ.
1334 in MSC.1/Circ.
1335 can but increase the effectiveness of the naval protection measures adopted by the Council to combat piracy off the coast of Somalia.
1335, dopolnjujejo ukrepe v okviru operacije EU NAVFOR-ATALANTA, lahko njihovo učinkovito in usklajeno izvajanje samo še dodatno poveča učinkovitost ukrepov za pomorsko zaščito, ki jih je sprejel Svet za preprečevanje piratskih napadov ob somalski obali.
It is the responsibility of the Member States to implement the measures aimed at strengthening maritime security and to ensure that all necessary means are allocated and provided to that end,
Za izvajanje ukrepov, katerih namen je zagotoviti večjo varnost na morju, so pristojne države članice, ki dodelijo in zagotovijo vsa za to potrebna sredstva –
The Member States are requested to ensure the effective and harmonised application of preventive measures to deal with the threats which ships may face during acts of piracy and armed robbery.
Države članice naj zagotovijo učinkovito in usklajeno izvajanje preventivnih ukrepov, s katerimi bodo ukrepale v primeru nevarnosti, ki ji bodo izpostavljene ladje pri piratskih napadih in oboroženemu ropanju.
These measures, which have been inventoried and consolidated, have received wide support from the IMO and maritime industry organisations.
Te ukrepe, ki so že bili pregledani in konsolidirani, je močno podprla tudi Mednarodna pomorska organizacija (IMO) in partnerji pomorskega sektorja.
The Member States are requested to inform operators registered with them of circular MSC.1/Circ.1334 adopted at the 86th session of the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee, which sets out and updates preventive measures for self-protection that ships and shipping companies are called on to implement in order to combat piracy and armed robbery wherever such risk occurs, in accordance with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code).
Države članice naj upravljalce, ki so se pri njih registrirali, obvestijo o vsebini okrožnice MSC.1/Circ. 1334, sprejeti na 86. seji Odbora za varnost na morju Mednarodne pomorske organizacije (IMO) in o v njej določenih posodobljenih preventivnih ukrepih za samozaščito, ki naj bi jih izvajale ladje in pomorske družbe, da bi v skladu z določbami Mednarodnega kodeksa o zaščiti ladij in pristanišč (kodeks ISPS) v primeru nevarnosti preprečile piratske napade in oboroženo ropanje.
The Member States are requested to ensure above all that their ships are sufficiently and effectively manned in accordance with Rule 4.28 of Part B of the ISPS Code, which has become compulsory under Article 3(5) of Regulation (EC) No 725/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council [1].
Države članice naj zagotovijo, da imajo ladje dovolj številčno in dovolj usposobljeno posadko, kot to določa predpis 4.28 dela B kodeksa ISPS, ki je s členom 3(5) Uredbe (ES) št. 725/2004 Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta postal zavezujoč [1].
Measures specific to the situation off the coast of Somalia
Posebni ukrepi za izboljšanje položaja ob somalski obali
The Member States are requested to inform operators registered with them of circular MSC.1/Circ.1332 adopted at the 86th session of the IMO’s Maritime Safety Committee, supplemented by circular MSC.1/Circ.1335, which endorse best management practices at global level to avoid, deter or delay piracy in the Gulf of Aden and off the coast of Somalia, which are published and updated by maritime industry organisations on a regular basis.
Države članice naj upravljalce, ki so se pri njih registrirali, obvestijo o vsebini okrožnice MSC.1/Circ. 1332, sprejeti na 86. seji Odbora za varnost na morju Mednarodne pomorske organizacije (IMO) in dopolnjeni z okrožnico MSC.1/Circ. 1335, s katero so bile na svetovni ravni uvedene „najboljše prakse upravljanja“ za izogibanje, odvračanje in upočasnjevanje piratskih napadov v Adenskem zalivu in ob somalski obali, ki jih redno objavljajo in posodabljajo partnerji pomorskega sektorja.
The Member States are requested to take all necessary steps to ensure the dissemination, pass on the regular updates and verify the implementation of the best management practices to deter piracy off the coast of Somalia, which are set out in the Annex to this Recommendation.
Države članice naj sprejmejo vse potrebne ukrepe, s katerimi bodo zagotovile, da bodo razširile najboljše prakse za odvračanje piratskih napadov ob somalski obali, vsebovane v prilogi tega priporočila, objavljale njihove redne posodobitve ter preverile izvajanje ukrepov.
Best management practices to deter piracy in the Gulf of Aden and off the coast of Somalia
Najboljše prakse za odvračanje piratstva v Adenskem zalivu in ob somalski obali
(Version 2 — August 2009)
različica – avgust 2009)
In an effort to counter piracy in the Gulf of Aden and off the coast of Somalia, these best management practices are supported by the following international industry representatives:
V prizadevanju za odpravljanje piratstva v Adenskem zalivu in ob somalski obali podpirajo naslednje mednarodne organizacije pomorskega sektorja najboljše prakse upravljanja, navedene v nadaljevanju:
International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (Intertanko)
Mednarodno združenje neodvisnih lastnikov tankerjev (International Association of Independent Tanker Owners - INTERTANKO)
International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
Mednarodna zbornica za plovbo (International Chamber of Shipping - ICS)
Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF)
Mednarodni pomorski forum naftnih družb (Oil Companies International Marine Forum - OCIMF)
Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO)
Baltski in mednarodni pomorski svet (Baltic and International Maritime Council - BIMCO)
Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators (SIGTTO)
Mednarodno združenje upravljalcev plinskih tankerjev in terminalov (Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators - SIGTTO)
International Association of Dry Cargo Ship Owners (Intercargo)
Mednarodno združenje ladjarjev za prevoz suhega tovora (INTERCARGO)
International Group of Protection and Indemnity Clubs (IGP & I)
Mednarodna skupina klubov za zaščito in odškodovanje (International Group of Protection and Indemnity Clubs - IGP&I)
Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA)
8 Mednarodno združenje družb za križarjenja (Cruise Lines International Association - CLIA)
International Union of Marine Insurers (IUMI)
Mednarodna zveza za pomorsko zavarovanje (International Union of Marine Insurers - IUMI)
Joint War Committee (JWC) and Joint Hull Committee (JHC)
Skupni odbor za vojne zadeve (Joint War Committee - JWC) in Skupni odbor za ladje (Joint Hull Committee - JHC)
International Maritime Bureau (IMB)
Mednarodni urad za pomorstvo (International Maritime Bureau - IMB)
International Transport Workers Federation (ITF)
Mednarodna zveza transportnih delavcev (International Transport Workers Federation - ITF)
These best management practices are also supported by:
Najboljšo poslovno prakso podpirajo tudi:
Maritime Security Centre Horn of Africa (MSCHOA)
Center za pomorsko varnost v Afriškem rogu (Maritime Security Centre Horn of Africa - MSCHOA)
UK Maritime Trade Organisation (UKMTO Dubai)
Organizacija Združenega kraljestva za pomorsko trgovino (UK Maritime Trade Organisation - UKMTO Dubaj)
Maritime Liaison Office (MARLO)
Pomorski urad za povezovanje (Maritime Liaison Office - MARLO)
Suggested planning and operational practices for owners, operators, managers and masters of ships transiting the Gulf of Aden and off the coast of Somalia
Predlagane prakse načrtovanja in izvajanja za lastnike, upravljalce, upravitelje in kapitane ladij, ki plujejo po Adenskem zalivu in ob somalski obali
The purpose of this document is to provide best management practices (BMP) to assist companies and ships in avoiding piracy attacks, deterring attacks and delaying successful attacks in the Gulf of Aden (GoA) and off the coast of Somalia.
Ta dokument naj bi vseboval najboljše prakse upravljanja (Best Management Practices - BMP), ki naj bi podjetjem in ladjam pomagale pri preprečevanju in odvračanju piratskih napadov in upočasnjevanju uspešnih napadov v Adenskem zalivu in ob somalski obali.
The organisations consulted on this document represent the vast majority of ship owners and operators transiting the region.
Organizacije, ki so bile vključene v posvetovanje, predstavljajo veliko večino ladjarjev in upravljalcev ladij, ki to regijo prečkajo.
These organisations will encourage their members to utilise these BMP and will endeavour to promulgate these to other shipping interests as BMP for combating piracy in the region.
Te organizacije bodo svoje člane spodbujale, naj uporabljajo te najboljše prakse, in si prizadevale, da jih bodo razširile med drugimi zainteresiranimi akterji v pomorskem sektorju kot najboljše prakse za preprečevanje piratstva v regiji. Ta dokument dopolnjuje navodila iz okrožnice MSC.
This document complements guidance provided in the IMO MSC Circular MSC.1/Circ.1334.
1/Circ. 1334 organizacije IMO MSC.
Typical attack profiles and lessons learnt
Značilne vrste napadov in pridobljene izkušnje
During 2008 and the first half of 2009, an increase in the number of pirate attacks on merchant ships occurred throughout the GoA and off the coast of Somalia and within the wider North-West Indian Ocean.
V letu 2008 in prvi polovici leta 2009 je število piratskih napadov na trgovske ladje v Adenskem zalivu in ob somalski obali kot tudi na širšem območju severozahodnega Indijskega oceana naraslo.
The majority of attacks were initially clustered around the northern side of the GoA but attacks have occurred further off the east coast of Somalia.
Na začetku je bila večina napadov strnjena v severnem delu Adenskega zaliva, nato pa so o pojavih poročali tudi ob vzhodnih somalski obali.
Analysis of successful attacks indicates that the following common vulnerabilities are exploited by the pirates:
Iz analize uspešnih napadov je razvidno, da pirati izkoriščajo naslednje skupne šibke točke:
low speed;
nizko hitrost
low freeboard;
nizko nadvodje
inadequate planning and procedures;
neustrezno načrtovanje in postopke
visibly low state of alert and/or lack of evident self-protective measures;
vidno nizko stopnjo pripravljenosti in/ali pomanjkanje očitnih samozaščitnih ukrepov
where a slow response by the ship is evident.
očitno počasno odzivnost ladje.
Commonly two or more small high-speed (up to 25 knots) open boats/‘skiffs’ are used in attacks often approaching from the port quarter and/or stern.
Običajno se pri napadih uporabljata dva ali več majhnih hitrih (do 25 vozlov) odprtih čolnov/t. i. „skifov“, ki se pogosto približajo z levega boka in/ali krme.
The use of a pirate ‘mother ship’, which is a larger ship carrying personnel, equipment, supplies and smaller attack craft, has enabled attacks to be successfully undertaken at a greater range from the shore.
Uporaba piratske „matične ladje“, tj. večje ladje, ki prevaža osebe, opremo, zaloge in manjše plovilo za napade, omogoča uspešno izvajanje napadov tudi v večji oddaljenosti od obale.
Vigilance should be highest at first light and last light, as the majority of the attacks have taken place during these periods.
Največja budnost mora biti ob svitu in mraku, ker se večina napadov zgodi v tem času.
Higher speed vessels (15 knots and above) should not presume to be safe from attack but speed is an effective form of defence.
Plovila višje hitrosti (15 in več vozlov) ne bi smela predpostavljati, da so varna pred napadom, čeprav je hitrost učinkovita oblika obrambe.
The use of small arms fire, rocket-propelled grenades (RPG), in an effort to intimidate masters of vessels to reduce speed has occurred within the area.
V prizadevanju, da bi kapitane ladij prisilili zmanjšati hitrost, so pirati v tem območju začeli uporabljati majhno orožje in ročne raketomete (RPG).
Maintaining full sea speed in such circumstances has been shown to be effective.
V takih okoliščinah se je za učinkovito izkazalo ohranjanje polne hitrosti.
The majority of attempted hijacks have been repelled by ship’s crew who have planned and trained in advance of the passage and employed passive counter measures to good effect.
Večino poskusov ugrabitev ladij je odbila posadka ladje, ki je vnaprej načrtovala in vadila prehod ter dobro uporabila pasivne varnostne ukrepe.
Prevailing weather and sea state conditions also greatly influence attackers’ ability to operate.
Vremenske razmere in razmere na morju prav tako močno vplivajo na sposobnost napadalcev.
Wind strengths in excess of 18 knots and wave heights above 2 metres are considered sufficient to provide protection for all but the most vulnerable vessels, particularly where masters are taking full account of best management practices.
Hitrost vetra več kot 18 vozlov in valovi, višji od dveh metrov, se štejejo za zadostno zaščito za vsa plovila, razen najbolj ranljivih, zlasti kadar kapitani v celoti upoštevajo najboljše prakse upravljanja.
Recommended best management practices
Priporočene najboljše prakse upravljanja
Whilst recognising the absolute discretion of the master at all times to adopt appropriate measures to avoid, deter or delay piracy attacks in this region, this document of best practices is provided for ship owners and ship operators, masters and their crews.
Ob priznavanju stalne in popolne pravice kapitana, da sprejme ustrezne ukrepe za izogibanje, odvračanje in upočasnjevanje piratskih napadov v tej regiji, je ta dokument, v katerem so zbrane najboljše prakse upravljanja, namenjen ladjarjem in upraviteljem ladij, kapitanom in njihovim posadkam.
Not all measures discussed in this document may be applicable for each ship.
Vsi ukrepi iz tega dokumenta se ne morejo uporabljati za vsako ladjo.
Therefore, as part of the risk analysis, an assessment is recommended to determine which of the BMP will be most suitable for the ship.
Zato se priporoča, da se kot del analize opravi ocena, da se ugotovi, katera najboljša praksa upravljanja je za posamezno ladjo najprimernejša.
The following have, however, generally proved effective:
Vendar pa so se na splošno za učinkoviti izkazali naslednji ukrepi:
Prior to transit — general planning
Pred prečkanjem – splošno načrtovanje
UKMTO Dubai is the first point of contact for ships in the region.
Prva kontaktna točka za ladje v regiji je UKMTO Dubaj.
The day-to-day interface between masters and the military is provided by UKMTO Dubai, who talk to the ships and liaise directly with MSCHOA and the naval commanders at sea.
UKMTO Dubaj, ki ima stik z ladjami ter sodeluje neposredno z MSCHOA in pomorskimi poveljniki na morju, deluje kot dnevni vmesnik med kapitani in vojsko.
UKMTO Dubai require regular updates on the position and intended movements of ships.
UKMTO Dubaj potrebuje redno posodobljene podatke o položaju in nameravanih premikih ladij.
Prior to transiting the high-risk area, the owner and master should carry out their own risk assessment to assess the likelihood and consequences of piracy attacks on the ship, based on the latest available information.
Pred prečkanjem tega zelo nevarnega območja morata ladjar in kapitan na podlagi najnovejših razpoložljivih informacij oceniti verjetnost in morebitne posledice piratskih napadov na ladjo.