natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Additional considerations may need to be taken into account when a product becomes unusable after a certain time period, even though it has never been used.
Podobna vprašanja si je treba zastaviti, ko postane proizvod po določenem obdobju neuporaben, tudi če ni bil nikoli v uporabi.
Examples are electric blankets or heating pads.
Primer so električne odeje ali grelne blazine.
The electric cords in the products are usually thin and become fragile after ten years, even if the product has never been used.
Električni kabli v proizvodih so običajno tanki in postanejo po desetih letih krhki, tudi če izdelek ni bil nikoli uporabljen.
The heating cords can come into contact with each other, can cause a short-circuit and set the bedclothes on fire.
Grelni kabli lahko pridejo v medsebojni stik, sprožijo kratek stik in vnamejo posteljnino.
Finally, the packaging of the product should also be included in any risk assessment.
Poleg tega je treba v vsako oceno tveganja vključiti tudi embalažo proizvoda.
Hazard is the intrinsic property of the product that may cause an injury to the consumer who uses the product.
Nevarnost je bistvena lastnost proizvoda, ki lahko povzroči poškodbo potrošnika, ki uporablja proizvod.
It can appear in different forms:
Pojavi se lahko v različnih oblikah:
mechanical hazard, such as sharp edges that can cut fingers, or tight openings in which someone can trap their fingers;
mehanska nevarnost, kot so ostri robovi, na katerih si lahko porežemo prste, ali ozke odprtine, v katerih se lahko prsti zagozdijo,
choking hazard, such as from small parts that come loose from a toy, which may be swallowed by a child and make the child choke;
nevarnost zadavljenja, na primer z majhnimi delci, ki odpadejo z igrače ter jih lahko otrok pogoltne in se z njimi zadavi,
suffocation hazard, such as from the drawstrings of an anorak hood which may lead to strangulation;
nevarnost zadušitve, na primer z vrvico kapuce anoraka, ki lahko privede do zadušitve,
electrical hazard, such as from live electrical parts that can cause an electric shock;
nevarnost električnega udara, na primer deli pod napetostjo, ki lahko povzročijo električni udar,
heat or fire hazard, such as a heater fan that overheats, catches fire and causes burns;
nevarnost visokih temperatur ali ognja, na primer grelni ventilator, ki se pregreje, zaneti ogenj in povzroči opekline,
thermal hazard, such as the hot outer surface of an oven that can cause a burn;
toplotna nevarnost, na primer vroča zunanjost pečice, ki lahko povzroči opeklino,
chemical hazard, such as a toxic substance that can poison a consumer immediately upon ingestion, or a carcinogenic substance that can cause cancer in the long term.
kemična nevarnost, na primer strupene snovi, ki lahko zastrupijo potrošnika takoj po zaužitju, ali rakotvorne snovi, ki lahko dolgoročno povzročijo raka.
Some chemicals may damage the consumer only after repeated exposure;
Nekatere kemikalije lahko potrošniku škodujejo šele po večkratni izpostavljenosti,
microbiological hazard, such as a bacteriological contamination of cosmetics which may cause a skin infection;
mikrobiološka nevarnost, na primer bakteriološko onesnaženje kozmetičnih proizvodov, ki lahko povzroči vnetje kože,
noise hazard, such as ring tones from toy mobile phones that are much too loud and can damage children's hearing capacity;
nevarnost zaradi hrupa, na primer zvonjenje mobilnih telefonov – igrač, ki so veliko preglasni in lahko poškodujejo sluh otroka,
other hazards, such as explosion, implosion, sonic and ultrasonic pressure, fluid pressure, or radiation from laser sources.
ostale nevarnosti, na primer eksplozija, implozija, zvočni ali nadzvočni tlak, tlak v tekočini ali sevanje iz laserskih virov.
For the purpose of these guidelines, hazards have been grouped, linked to the size, shape and surface of a product, to potential, kinetic or electric energy, to extreme temperatures, and others, as shown in table 2.
V teh smernicah so bile nevarnosti združene v skupine glede na velikost, obliko in površino proizvoda, potencialno, kinetično ali električno energijo, ekstremne temperature in druge lastnosti, kot je prikazano v preglednici 2.
The table is for guidance only, and any risk assessor should adapt the scenario to the product under consideration.
Preglednica je samo vodilo in vsak ocenjevalec tveganja mora scenarij prilagoditi obravnavanemu proizvodu.
Of course not every type of hazard applies to every product.
Seveda se vsaka vrsta nevarnosti ne nanaša na vsak proizvod.
Nevertheless, table 2 should help risk assessors to look for and identify all possible hazards in consumer products that are being assessed.
Kljub temu pa bo preglednica 2 pomagala ocenjevalcem tveganja pri iskanju in ugotavljanju vseh možnih nevarnosti v proizvodih za potrošnike, ki se ocenjujejo.
Where a product has several hazards, each hazard should be taken separately with its own risk assessment and the highest risk identified as ‘the risk’ of the product.
Kadar ima proizvod več nevarnosti, se vsaka nevarnost obravnava ločeno, s svojo oceno tveganja in največjim tveganjem, ki se ga določi kot „tveganje“, ki ga predstavlja proizvod.
Of course, risks requiring specific risk management measures should also be reported, to ensure that all risks can be reduced.
Seveda je treba poročati tudi o tveganjih, ki zahtevajo posebne ukrepe za obvladovanje tveganja, da se zagotovi zmanjšanje vseh tveganj.
Note that a single hazard may lead to several injuries in the same scenario.
Upoštevati je treba, da lahko ena nevarnost v istem scenariju povzroči več poškodb.
For example, malfunctioning brakes on a motor cycle could cause an accident and result in damage to the driver’s head, hands and legs, and could even cause burns if the petrol bursts into flames in the accident.
Na primer, okvarjene zavore na motornem kolesu lahko povzročijo nesrečo, katere posledica je lahko poškodba voznikove glave, rok in nog, lahko pa povzročijo tudi opekline, če se ob nesreči vname bencin.
In this case, all injuries would belong to the same injury scenario, and the severity of all injuries together would have to be estimated.
V tem primeru spadajo vse poškodbe v isti scenarij poškodb in bi bilo treba oceniti resnost vseh poškodb skupaj.
Of course, these injuries together are very serious.
Seveda so vse te poškodbe skupaj zelo resne.
Several injuries in different scenarios should, however, not be added.
Vendar ne gre dodajati več poškodb iz različnih scenarijev.
In the daily practice of market surveillance, it may be sufficient to assess the risk from even a single hazard.
V vsakodnevni praksi nadzora trga bi zadostovala ocena tveganja, ki izhaja iz ene same nesreče.
If the risk from that hazard provides for risk management action, that action can be taken without further ado.
Če zahteva tveganje, ki izhaja iz te nevarnosti, ukrepe za obvladovanje tveganja, je treba ukrepe izvesti brez obotavljanja.
Nevertheless, the risk assessor should be sure that the risk identified is (one of) the highest risk(s), to ensure that the risk management action is sufficiently effective.
Vendar mora biti ocenjevalec tveganja prepričan, da je ugotovljeno tveganje največje ali eno od največjih tveganj, da zagotovi ustrezno učinkovitost ukrepa za obvladovanje tveganja.
This is always the case when the risk is serious, since this is the highest possible risk level proposed in these guidelines.
To velja v vsakem primeru resnega tveganja, saj je to največja možna stopnja tveganja, predlagana v teh smernicah.
In cases of less than serious risk, however, further risk assessments might be necessary and possibly specific risk management at a later stage.
V primerih tveganja, ki je manjše od resnega tveganja, bo morda treba izvesti nadaljnje ocene tveganja, pozneje pa tudi posebno oceno tveganja.
In conclusion, experience with risk assessment in market surveillance practice will limit the number of required risk assessments to a minimum.
Izkušnje v zvezi z oceno tveganja v praksi nadzora trga bodo kar najbolj omejile število zahtevanih ocen tveganja.
Hazard identification by tests and standards
Ugotavljanje nevarnosti s preskusi in standardi
Hazards are often identified and quantified by tests.
Nevarnosti se pogosto ugotovijo in količinsko opredelijo s preskusi.
These tests and how to carry them out may be laid down in European or international product standards.
Preskusi in njihova izvedba so lahko opisani v evropskih in mednarodnih standardih za proizvode.
Compliance of a product with a ‘harmonised’ European standard (‘EN …’), of which the references have been published in the Official Journal, provides presumption of safety (albeit only for the safety characteristics covered by the value(s) or standard(s)).
Skladnost proizvoda z „usklajenim“ evropskim standardom („EN …“), katerega sklicevanja so bila objavljena v Uradnem listu, omogoča domnevo o varnosti (čeprav samo za lastnosti glede varnosti, ki so zajete v vrednostih ali standardih).
It can be presumed in such cases that the product presents only a minimum risk and a high level of protection with regard to the specific hazard tested.
V teh primerih se lahko domneva, da predstavlja proizvod minimalno tveganje in visoko raven zaščite glede na preskušeno nevarnost.
Nevertheless, there may be instances where presumption of safety is not the case, and in such cases a particularly well-documented risk assessment will have to be prepared, including a call for amendment to the harmonised standard.
Kljub temu pa so možni primeri, ko domneva o varnosti ne velja in je treba pripraviti izčrpno dokumentirano oceno tveganja, vključno z zahtevo po spremembi usklajenega standarda.
On the other hand, if a product fails the test, a risk can normally be assumed, unless the manufacturer can provide evidence that the product is safe.
Če pa proizvod ne opravi preskusa, se običajno domneva, da obstaja tveganje, razen če lahko proizvajalec dokaže, da je proizvod varen.
Products may still present a risk even though they do not cause injuries
Proizvodi lahko predstavljajo tveganje tudi, če ne povzročajo poškodb
Products may not be hazardous but can nevertheless cause a risk, due to not being fit for their intended use.
Proizvodi, ki niso nevarni, lahko kljub temu povzročijo tveganje, ker ne ustrezajo nameravani uporabi.
Examples of this can be observed in the area of personal protective equipment or life saving equipment, such as reflective jackets that car drivers put on after an accident.
Primere tega je mogoče opaziti na področju osebne varovalne opreme ali reševalne opreme, kot so odsevni jopiči, ki si jih nadenejo vozniki avtomobilov po nesreči.
These jackets are meant to get the attention of oncoming drivers and traffic participants to warn them of the accident, in particular at night.
Namen teh jopičev je pritegniti pozornost voznikov in udeležencev v prometu, da jih opozorijo o nesreči, zlasti ponoči.
However, they might not be seen if the reflector stripes are too small or do not reflect sufficiently, and do not therefore protect users as they should.
Vendar če so odsevni pasovi premajhni ali ne odsevajo dovolj, jih morda ne bo mogoče videti in zato uporabnikom ne zagotavljajo ustrezne zaščite.
These jackets therefore pose a risk even though they are not hazardous in themselves.
Ti jopiči zato predstavljajo tveganje, čeprav sami po sebi niso nevarni.
Another example is a sunscreen product which displays ‘high protection’ (sun protection factor of 30) on the label but provides only ‘low protection’ (factor of 6).
Naslednji primer je proizvod za zaščito pred soncem z oznako „visoka zaščita“ (zaščitni faktor 30), ki pa zagotavlja le „nizko zaščito“ (faktor 6).
This can lead to severe sunburn.
Posledica so lahko hude opekline.
The abilities and behaviour of the consumer using the product may greatly influence the level of risk.
Zmožnosti in vedenje potrošnika, ki uporablja proizvod, lahko pomembno vplivajo na stopnjo tveganja.
It is therefore of prime importance to have a clear idea of the type of consumer pictured in the injury scenario.
Zato je v scenariju poškodbe najpomembnejša jasna predstava o vrsti potrošnika.
It may be necessary to generate injury scenarios with different types of consumers in order to identify the highest risk and thus ‘the risk’ of the product.
Da bi lahko določili največje tveganje in s tem „tveganje“, ki ga predstavlja proizvod, bo morda treba izdelati scenarije poškodb z različnimi vrstami potrošnikov.
It is not enough, for example, to consider only the most vulnerable consumers, because the probability of their suffering adverse effects in the scenario may be so low that the risk is lower than in an injury scenario with a non-vulnerable consumer.
Ni dovolj, če se na primer upoštevajo samo najranljivejši potrošniki, saj je lahko verjetnost, da bodo utrpeli škodljive učinke, v scenariju tako majhna, da je tveganje manjše kot v scenariju poškodb s potrošnikom, ki ni ranljiv.
Consideration should also be given to people who are not actually using the product, but who may be in the vicinity of the user.
Treba je upoštevati tudi ljudi, ki proizvoda dejansko ne uporabljajo, vendar so lahko v bližini uporabnika.
For example, a chain saw may cause splinters to fly around and hit a bystander in the eye.
Verižna žaga lahko na primer povzroča okruške, ki letijo naokrog in zadenejo v oko osebo v bližini.
Thus, although the risk from the chain saw may be effectively managed by the user him- or herself wearing protective equipment and complying with any other risk management measures specified by the manufacturer, bystanders may be under serious threat.
Čeprav lahko uporabnik sam učinkovito obvladuje tveganje, ki ga povzroča verižna žaga, s tem, da nosi varovalno opremo in izpolnjuje druge ukrepe za obvladovanje tveganja, ki jih določi proizvajalec, je lahko oseba, ki je v bližini, resno ogrožena.
Consequently, warnings should be given, for example in the chain saw instructions for use, about the risks to bystanders and how to minimise such risks.
Zato je treba zagotoviti opozorila o tveganjih za osebe, ki so v bližini, na primer v navodilih za uporabo verižne žage, in navesti, kako je mogoče ta tveganja zmanjšati.
Thus, when developing an injury scenario, the following aspects should be taken into account regarding the type of consumer and how they use the product.
Pri razvoju scenarija poškodbe je treba upoštevati naslednje vidike v zvezi z vrsto potrošnika in njegovo uporabo proizvoda.
This is not a complete list, but it should encourage risk assessors to describe their injury scenarios with the necessary level of detail.
Ta seznam ni popoln, vendar bi moral spodbuditi ocenjevalce tveganj k dovolj natančnemu opisu scenarijev poškodb.
It should be noted that ‘consumer’ also means people who are not actually using the product, but who may be affected by virtue of being nearby:
Treba je opozoriti, da „uporabnik“ pomeni tudi ljudi, ki proizvoda dejansko ne uporabljajo, vendar so lahko prizadeti, ker so v bližini:
Intended/non-intended user: The intended user of a product may use the product with ease because he goes by the instructions or because he is familiar with this kind of product, including its apparent and non-apparent hazard(s).
Oseba, ki ji je proizvod namenjen/ki ji proizvod ni namenjen: Oseba, ki ji je proizvod namenjen, lahko proizvod uporablja brez težav, saj sledi navodilom ali pozna to vrsto proizvodov, vključno z njegovimi očitnimi in neočitnimi nevarnostmi.
The hazard of the product may not then materialise, and the product risk could be minor.
Nevarnost proizvoda se ne uresniči in tveganje je lahko manjše.
The non-intended user may not be familiar with the product and may not recognise the hazard(s).
Oseba, ki ji proizvod ni namenjen, proizvoda ne pozna in ne prepozna njegovih nevarnosti.
He therefore runs the risk of injury, and the consumer risk is thus higher.
Zato je izpostavljena tveganju za poškodbo in tveganje za potrošnika je večje.
Thus, the risk may be different for an intended and a non-intended user, depending on the product and the way it is used.
Tveganji za osebo, ki ji je proizvod namenjen, in osebo, ki ji proizvod ni namenjen, se razlikujeta glede na proizvod in način uporabe.
Vulnerable consumers: Several categories of vulnerable and very vulnerable consumers can be distinguished: children (0 to 36 months, > 36 months to < 8 years, 8 to 14 years) and others such as the elderly (see table 1).
Ranljivi potrošniki: Razlikujemo več kategorij ranljivih in zelo ranljivih potrošnikov: otroci (0 do 36 mesecev, > 36 mesecev do < 8 let, 8 do 14 let) in ostali, na primer starejši (glej preglednico 1).
They all have less capacity to recognise a hazard, for example children who, when touching a hot surface, notice the heat only after some 8 seconds (and then are already burnt), whereas adults notice heat immediately.
Vsi ti imajo manjšo sposobnost prepoznavanja nevarnosti, na primer otroci, ki se dotaknejo vroče površine, občutijo vročino šele po 8 sekundah (in takrat so že opečeni), medtem ko jo odrasli občutijo takoj.
Vulnerable consumers may also have problems taking account of warning labels, or may have particular problems using a product they have never used before.
Ranljivi potrošniki imajo lahko težave z upoštevanjem oznak z opozorili, ali pa imajo težave z uporabo proizvoda, ki ga še niso uporabljali.
They may also act in a way that makes them more exposed, for example young children crawling and mouthing.
S svojimi dejanji lahko prav tako pripomorejo k večji izpostavljenosti, na primer majhni otroci se plazijo in dajejo stvari v usta.
Children may also be attracted to products because of their appeal, which makes them a high risk in the hands of children.
Otroke lahko privlači tudi videz proizvodov, ki v njihovih rokah predstavljajo veliko tveganje.
On the other hand, supervision by parents or other adults should normally prevent children from running straight into trouble.
Po drugi strani pa bi morali starši ali druge odrasle osebe z nadzorom običajno preprečiti, da otroci zaidejo v težave.
Furthermore, consumers who are not usually vulnerable may become vulnerable in specific situations, for example when the instructions or warnings on a product are in a foreign language that the consumer does not understand.
Poleg tega lahko potrošniki, ki običajno niso ranljivi, v posebnih okoliščinah postanejo ranljivi, na primer, kadar so opozorila na proizvodu v tujem jeziku, ki ga potrošnik ne razume.
Finally, in the particular case of chemicals, children may be more susceptible to the toxicity of chemicals than the average adult.
In nenazadnje, v primeru kemikalij so lahko otroci bolj dovzetni za strupenost kemikalij kot povprečna odrasla oseba.
Therefore, children should not be treated as if they were ‘small adults’.
Zato se otrok ne sme obravnavati kot „majhnih odraslih“.
In conclusion, a product that is normally safe for an average adult may not be safe for vulnerable consumers.
Proizvod, ki je za povprečnega odraslega človeka običajno varen, pa morda ni varen za ranljive potrošnike.
This has to be taken into account when determining the severity and probability of an injury (see below) and thus the risk.
To je treba upoštevati pri določanju resnosti in verjetnosti poškodbe (glej spodaj) ter s tem tveganja.
Intended and reasonably foreseeable use: Consumers may use a product for other purposes than the one for which it is intended, although the instructions are clearly understandable, including any warnings.
Nameravana in razumno predvidena uporaba: Potrošniki lahko uporabljajo proizvod za druge namene kot so tisti, za katere je namenjen, čeprav so navodila popolnoma razumljiva, vključno z opozorili.
Therefore, as warnings may not be fully effective, other uses than the intended ones also have to be taken into account in a risk assessment.
Ker opozorila morda ne bodo dovolj učinkovita, je treba pri oceni tveganja upoštevati tudi druge uporabe.
This aspect is particularly important for the manufacturer of a product, since he has to ensure that the product is safe under any reasonably foreseeable conditions of use.
Ta vidik je zlasti pomemben za proizvajalca proizvoda, saj mora zagotoviti, da je proizvod varen pod vsakimi razumno predvidenimi pogoji uporabe.
Reasonably foreseeable use may have to be based on experience, because there may be no information available in official accident statistics or other sources of information.
Razumno predvidena uporaba lahko temelji na izkušnjah, saj v uradnih statistični podatkih ali drugih virih informacij morda ni razpoložljivih informacij.
It may then be difficult to draw the line between ‘reasonably foreseeable’ and ‘totally unperceived’ scenarios.
V takšnem primeru je težko potegniti črto med „razumno predvidljivim“ in „popolnoma nepričakovanim“ scenarijem.
Nevertheless, even ‘totally unperceived’ scenarios can be considered under these guidelines, even when they lead to very severe injuries, because such scenarios will always have very low probability.
Kljub temu pa se lahko v skladu s temi smernicami upoštevajo tudi „popolnoma nepričakovani“ scenariji, celo kadar vodijo do zelo resnih poškodb, saj bo verjetnost takšnih scenarijev vedno majhna.
This possibly safeguards against such scenarios having too much of an influence in determining the overall risk of the product.
To naj bi bila zaščita pred prevelikim vplivom takšnih scenarijev pri določanju celotnega tveganja, ki ga predstavlja proizvod.
Frequency and duration of use: Different consumers may use a product often or not so often, and for longer or shorter periods of time.
Pogostost in trajanje uporabe: Različni uporabniki uporabljajo proizvod različno pogosto za krajši ali daljši čas.
This depends on the attractiveness of the product and the ease with which it can be used.
To je odvisno od privlačnosti proizvoda in enostavnosti uporabe.
Daily or long-term use could make a consumer entirely familiar with a product and its specifics, including its hazards, instructions and warning labels, thus making the risk minor.
Ob vsakodnevni ali dolgotrajni uporabi se lahko potrošnik v celoti seznani s proizvodom in njegovimi lastnostmi, vključno z nevarnostjo, navodili in oznakami z opozorili, ter s tem zmanjša tveganje.
On the other hand, daily or long-term use may make the consumer too used to the product and lead to user fatigue where he recklessly ignores instructions and warnings, thus increasing the risk.
Po drugi strani pa se lahko potrošnik zaradi vsakodnevne ali dolgotrajne uporabe preveč navadi na proizvod, kar povzroča utrujenost uporabnika, ki nepremišljeno prezre navodila in opozorila ter s tem poveča tveganje.
Finally, daily or long-term use may also accelerate product ageing, and any parts that cannot withstand such frequent use may quickly fail and cause a hazard, and possibly an injury, which also increases the risk.
Vsakodnevna ali dolgotrajna uporaba pa lahko tudi pospešita staranje proizvoda in deli, ki ne prenesejo tako pogoste rabe, lahko hitro odpovejo in povzročijo nevarnost, lahko pa tudi poškodbo, kar prav tako poveča tveganje.
Hazard recognition and protective behaviour and equipment: Some products are known for their hazards, such as scissors, knives, do-it-yourself drilling machines, chain saws, roller blades, bicycles, motor bikes and cars.
Prepoznavanje nevarnosti ter zaščitno vedenje in oprema: Nevarnosti nekaterih proizvodov so znane, kot na primer škarij, nožev, vrtalnih strojev za domačo uporabo, verižnih žag, krožnih rezil, koles, motornih koles in avtomobilov.
In all these cases, the product hazard is clearly known or readily recognisable, or described in the instructions, which will include risk management measures.
V vseh teh primerih je nevarnost proizvoda znana ali lahko prepoznavna, ali pa je opisana v navodilih, ki vključujejo ukrepe za obvladovanje tveganja.
The consumer can then act carefully or use personal protective equipment such as gloves, helmets or seat-belts, thereby using the product in a way that minimises the risk.
Potrošnik je lahko tako pri delu previden ali uporablja osebno varovalno opremo, kot so rokavice, čelade ali varnostni pasovi, in s tem uporablja proizvod na način, ki zmanjša tveganje.