natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Table J.1. lists two very general habitat categories of reptiles and examples of species of each habitat frequently used for experimental and other scientific purposes.
Tabela J.1 navaja dve zelo splošni kategoriji habitata plazilcev in primere vrst iz vsakega habitata, ki se pogosto uporablja za poskusne in druge znanstvene namene.
The following proposals provide details on the basic housing and care conditions recommended for species found within these habitats.
Naslednji predlogi navajajo podrobnosti o osnovnih pogojih namestitve in oskrbe, ki se priporoča za vrste v teh habitatih.
Specific procedures may require the use of certain other species which do not fall into these categories, such as semi-aquatic, arboreal or rock-climbing reptiles.
Posebni postopki lahko zahtevajo uporabo nekaterih drugih vrst, ki ne spadajo v te kategorije, kot so semiakvatični, drevesni ali skalni plazilci.
Additional information on species and habitats is available in the background information document by the expert group.
Dodatne informacije o vrstah in habitatih so na voljo v dokumentu z osnovnimi informacijami strokovne skupine.
Where possible, reptiles used for experimental or other scientific purposes should be procured from reputable suppliers.
Plazilce, ki se uporabljajo za poskusne ali druge znanstvene namene, se mora pridobiti od priznanih dobaviteljev, če je to mogoče.
Table J.1.
Tabela J.1
Two habitat categories and examples of reptile species of each habitat frequently used
Dve kategoriji habitata in primeri vrst plazilcev iz vsakega habitata, ki se pogosto uporabljajo
Trachemys scripta elegans Red-eared terrapin
Trachemys scripta elegans Rdečevratka
Mississippi Valley drainage/Quiet water with muddy bottom
Drenaža doline reke Mississippi/mirna voda z blatnim dnom
20 oC to 25 oC
20 oC do 25 oC
Terrestrial
Kopenski
Thamnophis sirtalis Common garter snake
Thamnophis sirtalis Navadna podvezničarka
North America/Woodland, wet areas
Severna Amerika/gozdna in mokra območja
22 oC to 27 oC
22 oC do 27 oC
Enclosures of reptiles should be adequately ventilated.
Ograjene prostore za plazilce je treba ustrezno prezračevati.
To prevent animals from escaping, ventilation should be screen-covered.
Prezračevanje mora biti prekrito z zaslonom, da se živalim prepreči uhajanje.
Reptiles are ectothermic.
Plazilci so ektotermni.
In order to maintain their body temperatures, under natural conditions they will select microenvironments in which they can gain or lose heat.
Za ohranjanje telesne temperature bodo v naravnih razmerah izbrali mikrookolja, kjer lahko pridobijo ali izgubijo toploto.
Therefore, enclosures should offer to the animals areas of different temperatures (temperature gradient).
Zato morajo ograjeni prostori živalim omogočati območja z različno temperaturo (temperaturni gradient).
Temperature requirements of different species vary considerably and may even fluctuate in the same species at different times of the year.
Temperaturne potrebe različnih vrst se bistveno razlikujejo in lahko celo pri isti vrsti ob različnih letnih časih nihajo.
In the laboratory, room and water temperatures should be controlled.
V laboratoriju je treba nadzorovati sobno temperaturo in temperaturo vode.
In many reptiles, sex determination and gonadal differentiation are temperature-dependent.
Pri veliko plazilcih je določanje spola in razločevanje po gonadah odvisno od temperature.
An incandescent lamp positioned over the platform provided as a resting board will allow basking reptiles to increase their body temperature.
Žarnica, nameščena nad ploščadjo za počitek, bo plazilcem omogočila izpostavljanje toploti za zvišanje telesne temperature.
When the lights are turned off, a flat heating device may be used.
Kadar so luči ugasnjene, se lahko uporablja grelna naprava.
Terraria of snakes or lizards from tropical biotopes should be furnished with at least one warmth-plate.
Terarij s kačami ali kuščarji iz tropskih biotopov mora biti opremljen z vsaj eno grelno ploščo.
Heating devices should be thermostatically-controlled to prevent the animals from overheating and burning.
Grelna naprava mora imeti termostatski nadzor, da se preprečijo pregrevanje živali in opekline.
In order to regulate humidity, it will also be necessary to regulate the ventilation rate.
Za uravnavanje vlažnosti je treba uravnavati tudi stopnjo prezračevanja.
A relative humidity of 70 to 90 % can be maintained by evaporating water from a container placed near the heater.
Relativna vlažnost 70 do 90 % se lahko vzdržuje z izhlapevanjem vode iz posode, postavljene blizu grelnika.
The provision of areas of different humidity (humidity gradient) is beneficial.
Koristno je zagotavljanje območij z različno vlažnostjo (gradient vlažnosti).
Appropriate light and dark regimes for each species, life stage, and time of the year should be provided.
Za vsako vrsto, življenjsko obdobje in letni čas je treba zagotoviti ustrezno ureditev svetlobe in teme.
Reptiles should have the opportunity to withdraw to shaded areas within the enclosure.
Plazilci morajo imeti možnost, da se umaknejo v zasenčena območja v ograjenem prostoru.
Light or sun lamps should not be the sole source of heat.
Luči ali sončne svetilke ne smejo biti edini vir toplote.
The provision of ultraviolet radiation is necessary to stimulate the animal's production of vitamin D.
Zagotavljanje ultravijoličnega sevanja je nujno za spodbujanje tvorjenja vitamina D pri živalih.
Reptiles are very sensitive to acoustic noise (airborne stimuli) and to vibratory noise (substrate-borne stimuli) and are disturbed by any new, unexpected stimulus.
Plazilci so zelo občutljivi na hrup (dražljaji iz zraka) in vibracije (dražljaji iz podlage) ter jih vznemirja vsak nov in nepričakovan dražljaj.
Adequate alarm systems should be provided if water circulation systems are used and/or aeration is required.
Zagotoviti je treba ustrezen alarmni sistem, če se uporabljajo sistemi za kroženje vode in/ali je potrebno zračenje.
Care is needed when housing different species of possible different health status.
Pri namestitvi različnih vrst z različnim zdravstvenim stanjem je treba biti previden.
(See paragraph 4.5.2. of the General section)
(Glej odstavek 4.5.2 oddelka Splošno.)
The habitat of reptiles should be structured to include, for example, natural or artificial branches, leaves, pieces of bark and stones.
Habitat plazilcev mora biti zgrajen tako, da vključuje naravne ali umetne veje, liste, koščke lubja in kamne.
Reptiles benefit from such environmental enrichment in different ways: for example, such inclusions allow animals to hide, and provide labels for visual and spatial orientation.
Za plazilce je takšna obogatitev okolja koristna na različne načine: na primer, takšni dodatki živalim omogočajo, da se skrijejo, in jim zagotavljajo oznake za vizualno in prostorsko orientacijo.
To prevent collision with clear glass, the side walls of the terraria should be patterned to provide a structured surface.
Da se prepreči trčenje živali v prozorno steklo, morajo biti bočne stene terarija okrašene z vzorci, da je površina strukturirana.
Enclosures and enclosure furniture should have smooth surfaces and rounded edges to minimise the risk of injury, and in the most sensitive species opaque materials should be used.
Ograjeni prostori in oprema teh prostorov morajo imeti gladke površine in zaobljene robove, da se čim bolj zmanjša tveganje za nastanek poškodb, pri najbolj občutljivih vrstah pa je treba uporabiti neprozorne materiale.
Enclosures for aquatic reptiles
Zaprti prostori za vodne plazilce
Aquatic reptiles should be accommodated in water-circulated, filtered, and aerated tanks.
Vodni plazilci morajo biti nameščeni v bazenih s kroženjem, filtriranjem in zračenjem vode.
The water should be renewed about twice per week.
Vodo je treba zamenjati približno dvakrat na teden.
To minimise the bacterial contamination of the water, water temperatures should not exceed 25 oC.
Da se čim bolj zmanjša okužba vode z bakterijami, temperatura vode ne sme presegati 25 oC.
Water levels should be sufficient for reptiles to submerge.
Raven vode mora biti dovolj visoka, da se plazilci lahko potopijo.
A platform should be provided as a resting board on which the reptiles can haul out or under which take shelter.
Zagotoviti je treba ploščad za počitek, na katero se lahko plazilci zavlečejo ali pod njo poiščejo zavetje.
Such platforms should be made of suitable materials, such as wood, so that animals are able to get a purchase with their claws in order to pull themselves out of the water.
Takšne ploščadi morajo biti zgrajene iz primernih materialov, kot je les, da se lahko živali s svojimi kremplji dvignejo in povlečejo iz vode.
Platforms should be replaced at intervals as necessary.
Ploščadi je treba v presledkih po potrebi zamenjati.
Platforms made of epoxy or polyurethane may not serve this function and will deteriorate quickly under continuous warm temperatures.
Ploščadi iz epoksija ali poliuretana za to morda niso primerne in se bodo pri stalni višji temperaturi hitro uničile.
Table J.2.
Tabela J.2
Aquatic chelonians e.g., Trachemys spp.: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Vodne želve, npr. Trachemys spp.: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Body length [40](cm)
Dolžina telesa [40](cm)
Minimum water surface area
Najmanjša vodna površina
Minimum water surface area for each additional animal in group holding (cm2)
Najmanjša vodna površina za vsako dodatno žival v skupini (cm2)
Enclosures for terrestrial reptiles
Zaprti prostori za kopenske plazilce
Terrestrial reptiles should be kept in enclosures consisting of an appropriate terrestrial part and an aquatic part.
Kopenske plazilce je treba zadrževati v ograjenih prostorih, ki jih sestavljata ustrezen kopenski in vodni del.
It is advisable to renew the water at least twice a week, except in the case of a flow-through system.
Priporočljivo je, da se voda zamenja vsaj dvakrat na teden, razen če je sistem pretočen.
Terraria should be transparent, have tight seams, with all holes securely screened, and be provided with well-fitted lids or doors that can be securely fastened down.
Terarij mora biti pregleden, imeti mora neprepustne plasti z varno zastrtimi luknjami in tesno prilegajoče se zapore ali vrata, ki se lahko varno spustijo.
All doors and lids should be fitted with latches, hooks or hasps.
Vsa vrata in zapore morajo biti opremljeni s ključavnicami, kljukami ali zapahi.
It is advisable to construct doors and lids, so that the entire top or an entire end or side opens to facilitate cleaning (except in the case of venomous reptiles).
Priporočljivo je zgraditi vrata in zapore, da se lahko ves zgornji ali spodnji ali stranski del odpre in omogoči čiščenje (razen pri strupenih plazilcih).
For some species, except for the front wall, all side walls including the top should be opaque.
Pri nekaterih vrstah morajo biti vse stranske stene, vključno z zgornjim delom, razen sprednje stene, neprosojne.
In case of highly irritable or easily frightened reptiles, the clear wall can be provided with a removable covering.
Pri zelo občutljivih in plašnih plazilcih se lahko namesti prosojna stena z odstranljivim prekrivalom.
For housing venomous snakes, certain security criteria must be fulfilled.
Pri namestitvi strupenih kač je treba izpolniti nekatera varnostna merila.
The provision of appropriate shelter is important for all terrestrial reptiles, both in which to hide and also sometimes to feed.
Zagotavljanje ustreznega zavetja je za vse kopenske plazilce pomembno za skrivanje in včasih tudi hranjenje.
A shelter-box, such as a tube of clay simulates the darkness of a burrow.
Škatla za zavetje, kot je glinena cev, ustvarja podobno temo, kot je v brlogu.
Table J.3.
Tabela J.3
Terrestrial snakes, e.g., Thamnophis spp: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Kopenske kače, npr. Thamnophis spp.: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Body length [41](cm)
Dolžina telesa [41](cm)
Minimum floor area
Najmanjša površina tal
Minimum enclosure height [42](cm)
Najmanjša višina ograjenega prostora [42](cm)
over 30 to 40
več kot 30 in do 40
over 40 to 50
več kot 40 in do 50
over 50 to 75
več kot 50 in do 75
over 75
več kot 75
Captive reptiles should be maintained on their natural foods, foodstuffs or commercial diets approximating those of their natural diets.
Plazilce v ujetništvu je treba hraniti z njihovo naravno hrano, živili ali komercialno prehrano, ki je podobna njihovi naravni prehrani.
Many reptiles are carnivores (all snakes and crocodiles, most lizards, and some turtles), but some are vegetarian and others are omnivores.
Veliko plazilcev je mesojedih (vse kače in krokodili, večina kuščarjev in nekatere želve), nekateri so rastlinojedi in drugi vsejedi.
Some species exhibit very narrow and specific feeding habits.
Nekatere vrste imajo zelo omejene in posebne prehranjevalne navade.
Reptiles, except for some snakes, can be trained to feed on dead prey.
Plazilci, razen nekaterih kač, se lahko naučijo hranjenja z mrtvim plenom.
Therefore, it should normally not be necessary to feed on live vertebrates.
Zato običajno ni nujno, da se hranijo z živimi vretenčarji.
When dead vertebrates are used, they should have been humanely killed using a method that avoids the risk of toxicity to the reptiles.
Če se uporabljajo mrtvi vretenčarji, jih je treba ubiti humano z uporabo metod, ki preprečujejo tveganje za strupenost za plazilce.
Feeding regimes should be appropriate to the species, stage of development and husbandry system.
Načini hranjenja živali morajo biti primerni za vrsto, stopnjo razvoja in sistem reje.
Drinking water should be provided for all reptiles.
Vsi plazilci morajo imeti zagotovljeno pitno vodo.
A variety of substrates may be used for terraria, depending on the requirements of the species.
V terariju se lahko uporablja različna podlaga, odvisno od potreb vrste.
Fine sawdust and any other small-particle substrate should be avoided, as this may cause serious mouth or internal injuries or bowel obstruction, particularly in snakes.
Izogibati se je treba drobni žagovini in vsem drugim majhnim delcem podlage, ker lahko povzročijo resne poškodbe ust ali notranje poškodbe ali zaprtje črevesja, zlasti pri kačah.
Care is needed when handling reptiles, as they can be easily injured.
Pri ravnanju s plazilci je potrebna previdnost, ker se lahko hitro poškodujejo.
For example, some lizards may shed their tails (autotomy) if handled in an inappropriate way, and other species can easily be traumatised.
Na primer, nekaterim kuščarjem lahko ob neprimernem ravnanju odpade rep (avtotomija), druge vrste pa se lahko hitro poškodujejo.
(See also paragraph 4.11. of the General section)
(Glej tudi odstavek 4.11 oddelka Splošno.)
An appropriate method of killing is by an overdose of a suitable anaesthetic.
Primerna metoda ubijanja je predoziranje z ustreznim anestetikom.
Where animals need to be identified individually a number of suitable methods are available: transponders; enclosure labels for individually housed animals; monitoring individual skin patterns (according to colour, skin damages, etc.); pen markings require renewal after skin shedding; small labels at the toes by coloured thread.
Če je treba živali identificirati posamezno, je na voljo veliko primernih metod: transponderji; oznake ograjenega prostora za posamezno nameščene živali; opazovanje posameznih vzorcev kože (glede na barvo, poškodbe kože itd.); napisane oznake je treba po levitvi kože obnoviti; majhne oznake na nožnih prstih z barvnimi nitkami.
Toe clipping is deleterious and should not be done.
Obrezovanje krempljev je škodljivo in se ne sme uporabljati.
During transport reptiles should be provided with adequate air and moisture and, if necessary, appropriate devices included to maintain the required temperature and humidity.
Med prevozom je treba plazilcem zagotoviti dovolj zraka in vlage ter, če je to potrebno, vključiti ustrezne naprave, ki vzdržujejo želeno temperaturo in vlažnost.
SPECIES-SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR FISH
SMERNICE ZA RIBE
The use of fish as experimental animals has expanded greatly over the past decade for a number of reasons, including the great increase in aquaculture, which has led to a variety of supporting basic studies in areas such as nutrition, disease, physiology and genetics, ecotoxicology and other toxicological research, as well as fundamental studies in genetics and immunology whose results are of relevance to higher vertebrate groups, including mammals.
Uporaba rib kot poskusnih živali se je v zadnjem desetletju izjemno razširila zaradi več razlogov, vključno z veliko rastjo v ribogojstvu, kar je povzročilo različne spremljevalne osnovne študije na področjih, kot so prehrana, bolezni, fiziologija in genetika, toksikologija okolja in druge toksikološke raziskave, ter tudi temeljne študije v genetiki in imunologiji, katerih rezultati zadevajo višje skupine vretenčarjev, vključno s sesalci.
A wide variety of fish species are used for experimental purposes and these have a diverse range of habitats, behaviour and environmental and husbandry requirements.
Številne vrste rib, ki se uporabljajo za poskuse, živijo v raznolikih habitatih, se različno vedejo in imajo različne potrebe.
Fish are ectothermic animals and thus highly adapted to their particular aquatic environment.
Ribe so ektotermne živali, zato so izjemno prilagojene na svoje posebno vodno okolje.
They react very rapidly to stress with immediate physiological consequences that can be relatively long-lasting and such changes, as well as having obvious welfare implications, will also impact upon experimental results.
Na stres se odzivajo zelo hitro s takojšnjimi fiziološkimi posledicami, ki so lahko sorazmerno dolgotrajne, takšne spremembe pa bodo, razen očitnih posledic na dobro počutje, vplivale tudi na rezultate poskusa.
Investigators and animal care staff should acquaint themselves with the characteristics of the proposed experimental fish species, to ensure that appropriate facilities and husbandry procedures are in place before animals are obtained.
Raziskovalci in osebje, ki skrbi za živali, se morajo seznaniti z značilnostmi predlaganih vrst rib za poskuse, da se zagotovijo ustrezne zmogljivosti in postopki reje, preden se živali pridobijo.
Species-specific guidance on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), tilapiine cichlids, zebra fish (Danio rerio), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), African catfish (Clarias gariepenus) is available in the background document elaborated by the Group of Experts.
Navodila za posamezno vrsto za šarenko (Oncorhynchus mykiss), atlantskega lososa (Salmo salar), Tilapiini Cichlidae, zebrico (Danio rerio), brancina (Dicentrarchus labrax), atlantskega lista (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), trsko (Gadus morhua), romba (Scophthalmus maximus) in afriškega soma (Clarias gariepinus) so na voljo v osnovnem dokumentu strokovne skupine.
Further advice on the requirements of these and other species should be sought from expert specialists and care staff to ensure that any particular species needs are adequately addressed.
Za dodatne nasvete o zahtevah za te in druge vrste se je treba obrniti na izkušene strokovnjake in osebje, ki skrbi za živali, da se zagotovi ustrezna obravnava vseh potreb posamezne vrste.
During aquaculture research, when the aim of the research requires that fish are kept under similar conditions to those under which commercial fish are kept, the keeping of the animals should at least follow the standards laid down in the Directive 98/58/EC.
Če se zaradi cilja raziskave zahteva, da so ribe nameščene v podobnih pogojih kot komercialne vrste rib, mora med raziskovanjem ribogojstva namestitev živali upoštevati vsaj standarde iz Direktive 98/58/ES.
Water supply
Oskrba z vodo
It is essential that an adequate water supply of suitable quality is provided at all times.
Bistveno je, da se vedno zagotavlja primerna oskrba z vodo ustrezne kakovosti.
Water flow in recirculatory systems or filtration within enclosures should be sufficient to remove suspended solids and wastes and to ensure that water quality parameters are maintained within acceptable levels.
Pretok vode v obtočnih sistemih ali filtracija v ograjenih prostorih mora biti ustrezna, da odstrani raztopljene trdne snovi in odpadke ter zagotovi, da se parametri kakovosti vode ohranjajo na sprejemljivi ravni.
Monitoring systems should be in place to ensure fish are provided with an appropriate quantity of water of appropriate quality.
Vzpostaviti je treba sisteme nadzora, da se ribam zagotovi ustrezna količina vode primerne kakovosti.
Water flow should also be appropriate to enable fish to swim correctly and to maintain normal behaviour.
Tudi pretok vode mora biti ustrezen, da lahko ribe ustrezno plavajo in se vedejo normalno.
In most cases, within enclosures housing post-larval fish, the water supply is best directed onto the water surface at an angle.
Večinoma je najbolje, da je v ograjenih prostorih s post-larvalnimi ribami oskrba z vodo usmerjena na površino vode pod kotom.
Water quality is the most important factor in maintaining the well-being of fish and in reducing stress and the risk of disease.
Kakovost vode je najpomembnejši dejavnik pri ohranjanju dobrega počutja rib in zmanjšanju stresa ter tveganja za bolezen.
Water-quality parameters should at all times be within the acceptable range that sustains normal activity and physiology for a given species.
Parametri kakovosti vode morajo biti vedno v sprejemljivem razponu, ki vzdržuje običajno dejavnost in fiziologijo dane vrste.
The definition of acceptable range is complicated in that optimum conditions are not well defined for many species and that the requirements of individual species may vary between different life-stages e.g larvae, juveniles, adults or according to physiological status for example metamorphosis, spawning, feeding, previous history of exposure.
Opredelitev sprejemljivega razpona je zahtevna, ker optimalni pogoji niso dobro opredeljeni za veliko vrst in se lahko potrebe posamezne vrste razlikujejo v različnih življenjskih obdobjih, npr. za ličinke, mladice, odrasle ali, v skladu s fiziološkim stanjem, na primer preobrazbo, drstenjem, hranjenjem, preteklo zgodovino izpostavljenosti.
Fish show varying degrees of adaptability to changing water-quality conditions.
Ribe kažejo različne stopnje prilagodljivosti na spreminjanje razmer kakovosti vode.
Some degree of acclimatisation may be necessary and this should be carried out for a period appropriate for the fish species in question.
Morda je potrebno delno privajanje, ki ga je treba izvesti v ustreznem obdobju za zadevno vrsto rib.
As most fish species cannot function well in water containing a high level of suspended solids, these should be maintained within an acceptable range.
Ker se veliko vrst rib ne počuti dobro v vodi z visoko ravnjo raztopljenih trdnih snovi, je treba te snovi ohranjati v sprejemljivem razponu.
Where necessary water supply to facilities should be appropriately filtered to remove substances harmful to fish and to maintain suitable water physico-chemical parameters.
Po potrebi je treba oskrbo z vodo v objektih ustrezno filtrirati, da se odstranijo za ribe škodljive snovi in vzdržujejo primerni fizikalno-kemijski parametri vode.
Oxygen concentration should be appropriate to the species and the context in which they are held.
Koncentracija kisika mora biti ustrezna za vrsto in prostor, v katerem so ribe nameščene.
Required oxygen concentration will vary according to temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, salinity, feeding level and amount of handling.
Obvezna koncentracija kisika je odvisna od temperature, koncentracije ogljikovega dioksida, slanosti, stopnje hranjenja in obsega ravnanja.
Where necessary supplementary aeration of water should be provided.
Po potrebi je treba zagotoviti dodatno prezračevanje vode.
Nitrogen compounds
Dušikove spojine
Ammonia is the main excretory product of fish.
Amoniak je glavni produkt izločanja rib.
Dissolved urea, as well as feed and faeces, are converted to inorganic compounds such as ammonia and phosphate.
Raztopljena sečnina ter tudi hrana in iztrebki se pretvorijo v anorganske spojine, kot sta amoniak in fosfat.