natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
They are used for the calculation of log Pow for aromatic molecules or substructures.
Uporabljajo se za izračunavanje log Pow za aromatske molekule ali podstrukture.
Rekker method
Rekkerjeva metoda
According to Rekker (g) the log Pow value is calculated as follows:
Po Rekkerju (g) se vrednost log Pow izračuna na naslednji način:
(interactious terms)
(členi interakcije)
where fi represents the different molecular fragment constants and ai the frequency of their occurrence in the molecule under investigation.
kjer fi predstavlja konstante za različne fragmente molekule in ai pogostnost njihovega pojavljanja v preiskovani molekuli.
The correction terms can be expressed as an integral multiple of one single constant Cm (so-called magic constant).
Členi korekcije se lahko izrazijo kot skupni zmnožek ene same konstante Cm (tako imenovane „magične konstante“).
The fragment constants fi and Cm were determined from a list of 1054 experimental Pow values (825 compounds) using multiple regression analysis (c)(h).
Konstante fragmentov fi in Cm so bile določene na podlagi seznama 1054 vrednosti Pow, dobljenih s poskusi (825 spojin), z uporabo multiple regresijske analize (c)(h).
The determination of the interaction terms is carried out according to set rules described in the literature (e)(h)(i).
Členi interakcije se določijo v skladu z določenimi pravili, opisanimi v literaturi (e)(h)(i).
According to Hansch and Leo (c), the log Pow value is calculated from:
Po Hanschu in Leu (c) se vrednost log Pow izračuna po enačbi:
where fi represents the different molecular fragment constants, Fj the correction terms and ai, bj the corresponding frequencies of occurrence.
kjer fi predstavlja konstante različnih fragmentov molekule, Fj člene korekcije ter ai in bj ustrezne pogostnosti pojavljanja.
Derived from experimental Pow values, a list of atomic and group fragmental values and a list of correction terms Fj (so-called factors) were determined by trial and error.
Z metodo poskusa in napake ter z izpeljavo iz vrednosti Pow, dobljenih s poskusi, sta bila sestavljena seznam vrednosti za atome in skupine ter seznam členov korekcije Fj (tako imenovanih „faktorjev“).
The correction terms have been ordered into several different classes (a)(c).
Členi korekcije so bili razvrščeni v več različnih razredov (a)(c).
It is relatively complicated and time consuming to take into account all the rules and correction terms.
Upoštevanje vseh pravil in členov korekcije je sorazmerno zapleteno in dolgotrajno.
Software packages have been developed (b).
Razviti so bili programski paketi (b).
Combined method
Kombinirana metoda
The calculation of log Pow of complex molecules can be considerably improved, if the molecule is dissected into larger substructures for which reliable log Pow values are available, either from tables (b)(c) or from one's own measurements.
Izračunavanje log Pow kompleksnih molekul se lahko znatno izboljša, če se molekula razdeli na večje podstrukture, za katere so na voljo zanesljive vrednosti log Pow, bodisi iz tabel (b)(c) bodisi iz lastnih meritev.
Such fragments (e.g. heterocycles, anthraquinone, azobenzene) can then be combined with the Hansch π-values or with Rekker or Leo fragment constants.
Taki fragmenti (npr. heterocikli, antrakinon, azobenzen) se nato lahko kombinirajo s Hanschovimi p-vrednostmi ali Rekkerjevimi ali Leovimi konstantami fragmentov.
The calculation methods can only be applied to partly or fully ionised compounds when it is possible to take the necessary correction factors into account;
Računske metode se lahko za delno ali popolnoma ionizirane snovi uporabijo le, kadar je mogoče upoštevati potrebne korekcijske faktorje;
if intramolecular hydrogen bonds can be assumed, the corresponding correction terms (approx. +0,6 to +1,0 log Pow units) have to be added (a).
če se lahko predpostavlja, da so intramolekularne vodikove vezi, je treba prišteti ustrezne člene korekcije (pribl. +0,6 do +1,0 enot log Pow) (a).
Indications for the presence of such bonds can be obtained from stereo models or spectroscopic data of the molecule;
Znaki prisotnosti takih vezi se lahko pridobijo iz stereo modelov ali spektroskopskih podatkov o molekuli;
If several tautomeric forms are possible, the most likely form should be used as the basis of the calculation;
če je možnih več tavtomernih oblik, mora izračun temeljiti na najbolj verjetni obliki;
the revisions of lists of fragment constants should be followed carefully.
pozorno je treba spremljati spremembe seznamov konstant fragmentov.
When using calculation/estimation methods, the test report shall, if possible, include the following information:
Kadar se uporabijo računske/ocenjevalne metode, se v poročilo o preskusu, če je možno, vključijo naslednje informacije:
description of the substance (mixture, impurities, etc.),
opis snovi (zmes, nečistote itd.),
indication of any possible intramolecular hydrogen bonding, dissociation, charge and any other unusual effects (e.g. tautomerism),
znaki kakršne koli možne intramolekularne vodikove vezi, disociacije, naboja in vseh drugih neobičajnih učinkov (npr. tavtomerija),
description of the calculation method,
opis računske metode,
identification or supply of database,
identifikacija podatkovne baze ali vir,
peculiarities in the choice of fragments,
posebnosti izbire fragmentov,
comprehensive documentation of the calculation.
izčrpno dokumentacijo izračuna.
Recommended Reference Substances for the HLPC Method
Priporočene referenčne snovi za metodo HPLC
Reference Substance
Referenčna snov
2-Butanone
2-Butanon
Benzylalcohol
Benzilakohol
p-Methoxyphenol
p-Metoksifenol
Phenoxy acetic acid
Fenoksiocetna kislina
4-Methylbenzyl alcohol
4-Metílbenzil alkohol
3-Nitrobenzoic acid
3-Nitrobenzojska kislina
4-Chloraniline
4-Kloroanilin
Cinnamic alcohol
Cimetov alkohol
Cinnamic acid
Cinamska kislina
Methylbenzoate
Metil benzoat
3-Methylbenzoic acid
3-Metílbenzojska kislina
4-Chlorophenol
4-Klorofenol
Ethylbenzoate
Etillbenzoat
2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile
2,6-Diklorobenzonitril
3-Chlorobenzoic acid
3-Klombenzojska kislina
1-Naphthol
1 -Naftol
Ethylbenzene
Etílbenzen
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Diklorobenzen
Phenylbenzoate
Fenilbenzoat
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4.6-Triklorofenol
Benzylbenzoate
Benzilbenzoat
2,4-Dinitro-6 sec. butyophenol
2,4-Dinitro-6-.sek-butilfenol
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Triklorobenzen
Phenanthrene
Fenantrene
Fluoranthene
Fluoroanten
Other reference substances of low log Pow
Druge referenčne snoví za majhne vrednosti log Pow
It is useful to have preliminary information on the flammability of the substance before performing this test.
Pred izvajanjem tega preskusa je koristno imeti predhodne informacije o vnetljivosti snovi.
The test procedure is applicable to liquid substances whose vapours can be ignited by ignition sources.
Preskusni postopek se lahko uporablja za tekoče snovi, katerih hlape je mogoče prižgati z viri vžiga.
The test methods listed in this text are only reliable for flash-point ranges which are specified in the individual methods.
Preskusne metode, naštete v tem besedilu, so zanesljive samo za območja plamenišča, navedena pri posameznih metodah.
The possibility of chemical reactions between the substance and the sample holder should be considered when selecting the method to be used.
Pri izbiri metode je treba upoštevati možnost kemičnih reakcij med snovjo in posodo za vzorec.
The flash-point is the lowest temperature, corrected to a pressure of 101,325 kPa, at which a liquid evolves vapours, under the conditions defined in the test method, in such an amount that a flammable vapour/air mixture is produced in the test vessel.
Plamenišče je najnižja temperatura, popravljena glede na tlak 101,325 kPa, pri kateri tekočina razvije hlape, pri pogojih, opredeljenih v preskusni metodi, v takšni količini, da se v preskusni posodi tvori vnetljiva zmes hlapov in zraka.
Units: oC
Enote: oC
(t in oC and T in K)
(t v oC in T v K)
The substance is placed in a test vessel and heated or cooled to the test temperature according to the procedure described in the individual test method.
Snov se da v preskusno posodo in segreje ali ohladi do temperature preskusa v skladu s postopkom, opisanim v posamezni preskusni metodi.
Ignition trials are carried out in order to ascertain whether or not the sample flashed at the test temperature.
S poskušanjem vžiga se ugotavlja, ali vzorec vzplamti pri temperaturi preskusa ali ne.
The repeatability varies according to flash-point range and the test method used; maximum 2 oC.
Ponovljivost se spreminja glede na območje plamenišča in uporabljeno preskusno metodo; največ 2 oC.
The sensitivity depends on the test method used.
Občutljivost je odvisna od uporabljene preskusne metode.
The specificity of some test methods is limited to certain flash-point ranges and subject to substance-related data (e.g. high viscosity).
Specifičnost nekaterih preskusnih metod je omejena na določena območja plamenišča in odvisna od podatkov o snovi (npr. velika viskoznost).
Preparations
Priprave
A sample of the test substance is placed in a test apparatus according to 1.6.3.1 and/or 1.6.3.2.
Vzorec preskusne snovi se vnese v preskusno aparaturo v skladu z 1.6.3.1 in/ali 1.6.3.2.
For safety, it is recommended that a method utilising a small sample size, circa 2 cm3, be used for energetic or toxic substances.
Zaradi varnosti se priporoča, da se pri energetsko bogatih ali strupenih snoveh uporabi metoda, pri kateri je vzorec majhen, pribl. 2 cm3.
The apparatus should, as far as is consistent with safety, be placed in a draught-free position.
Aparaturo je treba postaviti na mesto, kjer ni prepiha, če je to v skladu z varnostjo.
Performance of the test
Izvajanje preskusa
Equilibrium method
Ravnotežna metoda
See ISO 1516, ISO 3680, ISO 1523, ISO 3679.
Glej ISO 1516, ISO 3680, ISO 1523, ISO 3679.
Non-equilibrium method
Neravnotežna metoda
Abel apparatus:
Aparatura Abel:
See BS 2000 part 170, NF M07-011, NF T66-009.
Glej BS 2000 del 170, NF M07-011, NF T66-009.
Abel-Pensky apparatus:
Aparatura Abel-Pensky:
See EN 57, DIN 51755 part 1 (for temperatures from 5 to 65 oC), DIN 51755 part 2 (for temperatures below 5 oC), NF M07-036.
Glej EN 57, DIN 51755 del 1 (za temperature od 5 do 65 oC), DIN 51755 del 2 (za temperature pod 5 oC), NF M07-036.
Tag apparatus:
Aparatura Tag:
See ASTM D 56.
Glej ASTM D 56.
Pensky-Martens apparatus:
Aparatura Pensky-Martens:
See ISO 2719, EN 11, DIN 51758, ASTM D 93, BS 2000-34, NF M07-019.
Glej ISO 2719, EN 11, DIN 51758, ASTM D 93, BS 2000-34, NF M07-019.
When the flash-point, determined by a non-equilibrium method in 1.6.3.2, is found to be 0 ± 2 oC, 21 ± 2 oC or 55 ± 2 oC, it should be confirmed by an equilibrium method using the same apparatus.
Kadar je plamenišče, določeno z neravnotežno metodo iz 1.6.3.2, enako 0 ± 2 oC, 21 ± 2 oC ali 55 ± 2 oC, je treba to vrednost potrditi z ravnotežno metodo z uporabo iste aparature.
Only the methods which can give the temperature of the flash-point may be used for a notification.
Za prijavo se lahko uporabijo le metode, s katerimi je mogoče določiti plamenišče.
To determine the flash-point of viscous liquids (paints, gums and similar) containing solvents, only apparatus and test methods suitable for determining the flash-point of viscous liquids may be used.
Za določitev plamenišča viskoznih tekočin (barve, gume in podobno), ki vsebujejo topila, se lahko uporabijo samo aparature in preskusne metode, primerne za določanje plamenišča viskoznih tekočin.
See ISO 3679, ISO 3680, ISO 1523, DIN 53213 part 1.
Glej ISO 3679, ISO 3680, ISO 1523, DIN 53213, del 1.
the precise specification of the substance (identification and impurities),
natančna specifikacija snovi (identiteta in nečistote),
the method used should be stated as well as any possible deviations,
navesti je treba uporabljeno metodo in kakršna koli možna odstopanja,
the results and any additional remarks relevant for the interpretation of results.
rezultati in vse dodatne opombe, ki so pomembne za razlago rezultatov.
It is useful to have preliminary information on potentially explosive properties of the substance before performing this test.
Pred izvajanjem tega preskusa je koristno imeti predhodne informacije o morebitnih eksplozivnih lastnostih snovi.
This test should only be applied to powdery, granular or paste-like substances.
Ta preskus je treba uporabljati samo za prašnate, granularne ali pastozne snovi.
In order not to include all substances which can be ignited but only those which burn rapidly or those whose burning behaviour is in any way especially dangerous, only substances whose burning velocity exceeds a certain limiting value are considered to be highly flammable.
Šteje se, da so lahko vnetljive samo snovi, katerih hitrost gorenja presega neko mejno vrednost, zato da ne bi bile mednje vključene vse snovi, ki jih je mogoče prižgati, ampak le tiste, ki gorijo hitro, ali tiste, katerih način gorenja je kakor koli posebej nevaren.
It can be especially dangerous if incandescence propagates through a metal powder because of the difficulties in extinguishing a fire.
Posebej je nevarno, če se žarenje širi preko kovinskega prahu, zaradi težav pri gašenju.
Metal powders should be considered highly flammable if they support spread of incandescence throughout the mass within a specified time.
Kovinski prah se šteje za lahko vnetljivega, če omogoča razširjenje žarenja po celi masi v določenem času.
Burning time expressed in seconds.
Čas gorenja izražen v sekundah.
Not specified.
Niso določene.
The substance is formed into an unbroken strip or powder train about 250 mm long and a preliminary screening test performed to determine if, on ignition by a gas flame, propagation by burning with flame or smouldering occurs.
Snov se oblikuje v neprekinjen trak ali pas prahu, dolg približno 250 mm, in opravi se predhodni presejalni preskus, da se ugotovi, ali se ob vžigu s plinskim plamenom gorenje širi s plamenom ali tlenjem.
If propagation over 200 mm of the train occurs within a specified time then a full test programme to determine the burning rate is carried out.
Če se v določenem času gorenje razširi čez 200 mm pasu, se opravi popoln preskus za določanje hitrosti gorenja.
Not stated.
Niso navedena.
Preliminary screening test
Predhodni presejalni preskus
The substance is formed into an unbroken strip or powder train about 250 mm long by 20 mm wide by 10 mm high on a non-combustible, non-porous and low heat-conducting base plate.
Snov se oblikuje v neprekinjen trak ali pas prahu, približno 250 mm dolg, 20 mm širok in 10 mm visok, na negorljivi, neporozni in toplotno slabo prevodni osnovni plošči.
A hot flame from a gas burner (minimum diameter 5 mm) is applied to one end of the powder train until the powder ignites or for a maximum of two minutes (five minutes for powders of metals or metal-alloys).
K enemu koncu pasu prahu se približa vroč plamen plinskega gorilnika (premer najmanj 5 mm), dokler se prah ne vname ali za najmanj 2 minuti (5 minut pri prahu iz kovin ali kovinskih zlitin).
It should be noted whether combustion propagates along 200 mm of the train within the 4 minutes test period (or 40 minutes for metal powders).
Zapiše se, ali se gorenje razširi vzdolž 200 mm pasu v 4 minutah preskusa (ali 40 minutah pri kovinskem prahu).
If the substance does not ignite and propagate combustion either by burning with flame or smouldering along 200 mm of the powder train within the four minutes (or 40 minutes) test period, then the substance should not be considered as highly flammable and no further testing is required.
Če se snov ne vname in se gorenje v 4 minutah (ali 40 minutah) trajanja preskusa ne razširi ne s plamenom ne s tlenjem vzdolž 200 mm pasu prahu, se šteje, da snov ni lahko vnetljiva, in nadaljnje preskušanje ni potrebno.
If the substance propagates burning of a 200 mm length of the powder train in less than four minutes, or less than 40 minutes for metal powders, the procedure described below (point 1.6.2. and following) should be carried out.
Če se gorenje razširi po snovi do 200 mm dolžine pasu prahu v manj kot 4 minutah, ali manj kot 40 minutah pri kovinskem prahu, je treba izvesti spodaj opisani postopek (točka 1.6.2 in naslednje).
Burning rate test
Preskus hitrosti gorenja
Powdery or granular substances are loosely filled into a mould 250 mm long with a triangular cross-section of inner height 10 mm and width 20 mm. On both sides of the mould in a longitudinal direction two metal plates are mounted as lateral limitations which project 2 mm beyond the upper edge of the triangular cross section (figure).
Prašnate ali granularne snovi se narahlo natresejo v kalup, dolg 250 mm, s trikotnim prečnim prerezom z notranjo višino 10 mm in širino 20 mm. Na obe vzdolžni stranici kalupa je pritrjena kovinska plošča, kot stranska pregrada, ki sega 2 mm nad gornji rob trikotnega prečnega prereza (slika).
The mould is then dropped three times from a height of 2 cm onto a solid surface.
Nato se kalup trikrat spusti z višine 2 cm na trdo podlago.
If necessary the mould is then filled up again.
Če je potrebno, se kalup dopolni.
The lateral limitations are then removed and the excess substance scraped off. A non-combustible, non-porous and low heat-conducting base plate is placed on top of the mould, the apparatus inverted and the mould removed.
Nato se stranski pregradi odstranita in presežek snovi postrga stran. Na vrh kalupa se položi plošča iz negorljivega, neporoznega in toplotno slabo prevodnega materiala, nato se cela priprava obrne za 180o in kalup odstrani.
Paste-like substances are spread on a non-combustible, non-porous and low heat-conducting base plate in the form of a rope 250 mm in length with a cross section of about 1 cm2.
Pastozne snovi se nanesejo na negorljivo, neporozno in toplotno slabo prevodno osnovno ploščo v obliki 250 mm dolgega valja s prečnim prerezom približno 1 cm2.
In the case a moisture-sensitive substance, the test should be carried out as quickly as possible after its removal from the container.
V primeru snovi, občutljivih na vlago, je treba preskus opraviti čim prej po odstranitvi snovi iz vsebnika.
Arrange the pile across the draught in a fume cupboard.
Kupček se namesti v digestorij, prečno na tok zraka.
The air-speed should be sufficient to prevent fumes escaping into the laboratory and should not be varied during the test.
Hitrost odvajanja zraka mora biti zadostna, da dim ne uhaja v laboratorij, in se med preskusom ne sme spreminjati.
A draught screen should be erected around the apparatus.
Okrog aparature je treba namestiti zaslon, za zaščito pred prepihom.
A hot flame from a gas burner (minimum diameter of 5 mm) is used to ignite the pile at one end.
Z vročim plamenom plinskega gorilnika (s premerom najmanj 5 mm) se prižge en konec kupčka.
When the pile has burned a distance of 80 mm, the rate of burning over the next 100 mm is measured.
Ko kupček zgori do dolžine 80 mm, se izmeri hitrost gorenja naslednjih 100 mm.
The test is performed six times, using a clean cool plate each time, unless a positive result is observed earlier.
Preskus se izvede šestkrat, vsakokrat s čisto, hladno ploščo, razen če se že prej dobi pozitiven rezultat.
The burning time from the preliminary screening test (1.6.1) and the shortest burning time in up to six tests (1.6.2.3) are relevant for evaluation.
Za vrednotenje sta pomembna čas gorenja iz predhodnega presejalnega preskusa (1.6.1) in najmanjši čas gorenja v do šestih preskusih (1.6.2.3).
a description of the substance to be tested, its physical state including moisture content,
opis preskusne snovi, njeno agregatno stanje vključno z vsebnostjo vlage,
results from the preliminary screening test and from the burning rate test if performed,
rezultati predhodnega presejalnega preskusa in preskusa hitrosti gorenja, če je bil opravljen,
all additional remarks relevant to the interpretation of results.
vse dodatne opombe, pomembne za razlago rezultatov.
INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULT
RAZLAGA REZULTATA
Powdery, granular or paste-1ike substances are to be considered as highly flammable when the time of burning in any tests carried out according to the test procedure described in 1.6.2 is less than 45 seconds.
Prašnate, granularne ali pastozne snovi se štejejo za lahko vnetljive, če je čas gorenja v katerem koli od preskusov, opravljenih v skladu s preskusnim postopkom, opisanim v 1.6.2, manj kot 45 sekund.
Powders of metals or metal-alloys are considered to be highly flammable when they can be ignited and the flame or the zone of reaction spreads over the whole sample in 10 minutes or less.
Prah kovin ali kovinskih zlitin se šteje za lahko vnetljivega, če ga je mogoče prižgati in se plamen ali območje reakcije razširi po celotnem vzorcu v 10 minutah ali manj.
Mould and accessories for the preparation of the pile
Kalup in pripomočki za pripravo kupčka
This method allows a determination of whether gases mixed with air at room temperature (circa 20 oC) and atmospheric pressure are flammable and, if so, over what range of concentrations.
Ta metoda omogoča ugotavljanje, ali so plini, zmešani z zrakom, pri sobni temperaturi (ca. 20 oC) in atmosferskem tlaku vnetljivi, in če so, v katerem območju koncentracij.
Mixtures of increasing concentrations of the test gas with air are exposed to an electrical spark and it is observed whether ignition occurs.
Zmesi preskušanega plina z zrakom naraščajočih koncentracij se izpostavijo električni iskri, nato se opazuje, ali pride do vžiga.
The range of flammability is the range of concentration between the lower and the upper explosion limits.
Območje vnetljivosti je območje koncentracije med spodnjo in zgornjo mejo eksplozivnosti.
The lower and the upper explosion limits are those limits of concentration of the flammable gas in admixture with air at which propagation of a flame does not occur.
Zgornja in spodnja meja eksplozivnosti sta tisti meji koncentracije vnetljivega plina v zmesi z zrakom, pri katerih se plamen ne širi.
The concentration of gas in air is increased step by step and the mixture is exposed at each stage to an electrical spark.
Koncentracija plina v zraku se postopoma zvišuje in zmes se vsakokrat izpostavi električni iskri.
The test vessel is an upright glass cylinder having a minimum inner diameter of 50 mm and a minimum height of 300 mm. The ignition electrodes are separated by a distance of 3 to 5 mm and are placed 60 mm above the bottom of the cylinder.
Preskusna posoda je pokončni stekleni valj z notranjim premerom najmanj 50 mm in višino najmanj 300 mm. Vžigalni elektrodi sta med seboj oddaljeni 3 do 5 mm in nameščeni 60 mm nad dnom valja.
The cylinder is fitted with a pressure-release opening.
Valj je opremljen z odprtino za razbremenitev tlaka.
The apparatus has to be shielded to restrict any explosion damage.
Aparaturo je treba zaščiti z zaslonom, da se omeji morebitna škoda zaradi eksplozije.
A standing induction spark of 0,5 sec. duration, which is generated from a high voltage transformer with an output voltage of 10 to 15 kV (maximum of power input 300 W), is used as the ignition source.
Kot vir vžiga se uporabi indukcijska iskra, ki traja 0,5 s in jo proizvede visoko napetostni transformator z izhodno napetostjo od 10 do 15 kV (največja vhodna moč 300 W).
An example of a suitable apparatus is described in reference (2).
Primer primerne aparature je opisan v viru (2).
The test must be performed at room temperature (circa 20 oC).
Preskus je treba izvajati pri sobni temperaturi (ca. 20 oC).
Using proportioning pumps, a known concentration of gas in air is introduced into the glass cylinder.
Z uporabo dozirne črpalke se v stekleni valj potisne znana koncentracija plina v zraku.
A spark is passed through the mixture and it is observed whether or not a flame detaches itself from the ignition source and propagates independently.
Skozi zmes se pošlje iskra, nato se opazuje, ali se plamen loči od vira vžiga in neodvisno širi ali ne.
The gas concentration is varied in steps of 1 % vol. until ignition occurs as described above.
Postopoma se povečuje koncentracija plina, vsakokrat za 1 volumski %, do pojava vžiga, kakor je opisan zgoraj.