natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
test substance, vehicle, dose levels tested and rationale for dose selection, negarive and positive controls, toxicity data,
preskusna snov, nosilec, preskusne velikosti odmerka in utemeljitev izbora odmerka, negativne in pozitivne kontrole, podatki o strupenosti,
route and treatment schedule,
program dajanja in tretiranja,
mating schedule,
program parjenja,
method used to determine that mating has occurred,
uporabljena metoda za določitev, ali je prišlo do parjenja,
time of sacrifice,
čas žrtvovanja,
criteria for scoring dominant lethals,
merila za preštevanj e dominantnih letalnih genov,
dose/response relationship, if applicable,
razmerje odmerek/odziv, če je primerno,
This method is a replicate of the OECD TG 483, Mammalian Spermatogonial Chromosome Aberration Test (1997).
Ta metoda ustreza metodi OECD TG 483, Mammalian Spermatogonial Chromosome Aberration Test (1997).
The purpose of the in vivo mammalian spermatogonial chromosome aberration test is to identify those substances that cause structural chromosome aberrations in mammalian spermatogonial cells (1)(2)(3)(4)(5).
Namen preizkusa kromosomskih aberacij v sesalskih spermatogonijih in vivo je določiti snovi, ki povzročijo strukturne kromosomske aberacije v spermatogonijih sesalcev (1) (2) (3) (4) (5).
This method is not designed to measure numerical aberrations and is not routinely used for that purpose.
Ta metoda ni namenjena določanju numeričnih aberacij in se navadno ne uporablja v ta namen.
Chromosome mutations and related events are the cause of many human genetic diseases.
Kromosomske mutacije in podobni pojavi so vzrok številnih genskih bolezni pri človeku.
This test measures chromosome events in spermatogonial germ cells and is, therefore, expected to be predictive of induction of inheritable mutations in germ cells.
S tem preizkusom se določajo kromosomski pojavi v spermatogonijih in zato se pričakuje, da preizkus napove povzročitev dednih mutacij v kličnih celicah.
This in vivo cytogenetic test detects chromosome aberrations in spermatogonial mitoses.
Ta citogenetski preizkus in vivo zazna kromosomske aberacije pri mitozi spermatogonijev.
Other target cells are not the subject of this method.
Druge tarčne celice niso predmet te metode.
To detect chromatid-type aberrations in spermatogonial cells, the first mitotic cell division following treatment should be examined before these lesions are lost in subsequent cell divisions.
Da se zaznajo aberacije kromatidnega tipa v spermatogonijih, naj se pregleda prva mitotska delitev celic po obdelavi, preden se lezije izgubijo v naslednjih celičnih delitvah.
Additional information from treated spermatogonial stem cells can be obtained by meiotic chromosome analysis for chromosome-type aberrations at diakinesis-metaphase I when the treated cells become spermatocytes.
Dodatne informacije o obdelanih spermatogonijih se lahko pridobijo z analizo aberacij kromosomskega tipa pri mejotskih kromosomih v diakinezi-metafazi I, ko obdelane celice postanejo spermatociti.
This in vivo test is designed to investigate whether somatic cell mutagens are also active in germ cells.
Ta preizkus in vivo je namenjen ugotavljanju, ali so mutageni somatskih celic aktivni tudi v kličnih celicah.
In addition, the spermatogonial test is relevant to assessing mutagenicity hazard in that it allows consideration of factors of in vivo metabolism, pharmacokinetics and DNA-repair processes.
Poleg tega je ta preizkus na spermatogonijih primeren za ocenjevanje nevarnosti mutagenosti, ker omogoča upoštevanje dejavnikov presnove in vivo, farmakokinetike in popravljanja DNA.
A number of generations of spermatogonia are present in the testis with a spectrum of sensitivity to chemical treatment.
V modu so številne generacije spermatogonijev, ki so različno občutljive za kemično obdelavo.
Thus, the aberrations detected represent an aggregate response of treated spermatogonial cell populations, with the more numerous differentiated spermatogonial cells predominating.
Zaznane aberacije tako pomenijo skupni odziv obdelanih populacij spermatogonijev, pri čemer prevladujejo številnejši diferencirani spermatogoniji.
Depending on their position within the testis, different generations of spermatogonia may or may not be exposed to the general circulation, because of the physical and physiological Sertoli cell barrier and the blood-testis barrier.
Zaradi fizične in fiziološke prepreke Sertolijevih celic in prepreke med krvjo in modom so različne generacije spermatogonijev lahko izpostavljene krvnemu obtoku ali pa ne, odvisno od njihovega položaja v modu.
Gap: an achromatic lesion smaller than the width of one chromatid, and with minimum misalignment of the chromatids.
Presledek: akromatska lezija, manjša od širine ene kromatide, ob zelo majhni neporavnanosti kromatid.
Numerical aberration: a change in the number of chromosomes from the normal number characteristic of the animals utilised.
Numerična aberacija: število kromosomov, drugačno od normalnega števila, ki je značilno za uporabljene živali.
Structural aberration: a change in chromosome structure detectable by microscopic examination of the metaphase stage of cell division, observed as deletions, intrachanges or interchanges.
Strukturna aberacija: sprememba v strukturi kromosoma, ki je vidna pri mikroskopskem pregledu metafaze celične delitve v obliki delecij, transpozicij ali recipročnih translokacij.
Prior to sacrifice, animals are treated with a metaphase-arresting substance (e.g. Colcemid® or colchicine).
Pred žrtvovanjem se živali tretirajo s snovjo za ustavitev metafaze (npr. kolhicinom, Colcemidom®).
Chromosome preparations are then made from germ cells and stained, and metaphase cells are analysed for chromosome aberrations.
Nato se pripravijo in obarvajo preparati kromosomov iz kličnih celic ter določijo kromosomske aberacije v metafaznih celicah.
At the commencement of the study the weight variation of animals should be minimal and not exceed ± 20 % of the mean weight.
Ob začetku študije naj bo nihanje teže živali čim manjše in naj ne presega ± 20 % srednje vrednosti teže.
Healthy young adult males are randomly assigned to the control and treatment groups.
Zdravi mladi odrasli samci se naključno dodelijo kontrolni in tretirani skupini.
The animals are acclimated to the laboratory conditions for at least five days prior to the start of the study.
Živali se pred začetkom študije vsaj pet dni aklimatizirajo na laboratorijske razmere.
The solvent/vehicle should not produce toxic effects at the dose levels used and should not be suspected of chemical reaction with the test substance.
Topilo/nosilec naj nima toksičnih učinkov pri uporabljenih odmerkih in naj se zanj ne sumi, da kemično reagira s preizkušano snovjo.
If other than well-known solvents/vehicles are used, their inclusion should be supported by data indicating their compatibility.
Če se uporabijo manj poznana topila/nosilci, naj njihovo vključitev podpirajo podatki, ki kažejo na njihovo združljivost.
Concurrent positive and negative (solvent/vehicle) controls should be included in each test.
V vsak preizkus naj se vključijo sočasni pozitivni in negativni (topilo/nosilec) kontrolni vzorci.
Except for treatment with the test substance, animals in the control groups should be handled in an identical manner to animals in the treated groups.
Razen tretiranja s preizkušano snovjo naj se z živalmi v kontrolnih skupinah ravna enako kakor s tistimi v tretiranih skupinah.
Positive controls should produce structural chromosome aberrations in vivo in spermatogonial cells when administered at exposure levels expected to give a detectable increase over background.
Snovi pozitivne kontrole naj pri ravneh izpostavljenosti, pri katerih se pričakuje zaznavno povečanje glede na ozadje, povzročijo strukturne kromosomske aberacije v spermatogonijih in vivo.
Monomeric acrylamide
Monomerni akrilamid
Negative controls, treated with solvent or vehicle alone, and otherwise treated in the same way as the treatment groups, should be included for every sampling time, unless acceptable inter-animal variability and frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations are demonstrated by historical control data.
Negativni kontrolni vzorci, tretirani le s topilom ali nosilcem, drugače pa obravnavani enako kakor tretirane skupine, naj se vključijo v vsako vzorčenje, razen če pretekli kontrolni podatki dokazujejo sprejemljivo spremenljivost med posameznimi živalmi in pogostnost celic s kromosomskimi aberacijami.
Each treated and control group must include at least five analysable males.
Vsaka tretirana in kontrolna skupina mora vključevati vsaj pet samcev, ki jih je mogoče analizirati.
Test substances are preferably administered once or twice (i.e. as a single treatment or as two treatments).
Preizkušane snovi se po možnosti dajo enkrat ali dvakrat (tj. kot en vnos ali kot dva vnosa).
In the highest dose group two sampling times after treatment are used.
Pri skupini z največjim odmerkom se vzorci vzamejo dvakrat po tretiranju.
Since cell cycle kinetics can be influenced by the test substance, one early and one late sampling time are used around 24 and 48 hours after treatment.
Ker preizkušana snov lahko vpliva na dinamiko celičnega ciklusa, se vzorci vzamejo enkrat zgodaj, približno 24 ur po tretiranju, in drugič pozno, približno 48 ur po tretiranju.
For doses other than the highest dose, a sampling time of 24 hours or 1,5 cell cycle length after treatment should be taken, unless another sampling time is known to be more appropriate for detection of effects (6).
Pri drugih odmerkih naj se vzorci vzamejo 24 ur ali 1,5 dolžine celičnega ciklusa po tretiranju, razen če je znano, da so drugi časi vzorčenja primernejši za zaznavanje učinkov (6).
In addition, other sampling times may be used.
Lahko se vzamejo dodatni vzorci ob drugih časih.
For example in the case of chemicals, which may induce chromosome lagging, or may exert S-independent effects, earlier sampling times may be appropriate (1).
Na primer pri kemikalijah, ki bi lahko povzročile zaostajanje kromosomov ali učinke, neodvisne od faze S, bi bilo lahko primerno vzorčiti bolj zgodaj (1).
The appropriateness of a repeated treatment schedule needs to be identified on a case-by-case basis.
Ustreznost programa ponovljenega tretiranja je treba določiti za vsak primer posebej.
Following a repeated treatment schedule the animals should then be sacrificed 24 hours (1,5 cell cycle length) after the last treatment.
Po ponovljenem programu tretiranja naj se živali žrtvujejo 24 ur (1,5 dolžine celičnega ciklusa) po zadnjem vnosu.
Additional sampling times may be used where appropriate.
Lahko se vzamejo dodatni vzorci ob drugih časih, kadar je to primerno.
Prior to sacrifice, animals are injected intraperitoneally with an appropriate dose of a metaphase arresting substance (e.g. Colcemid® or colchicine).
Pred žrtvovanjem se živalim intraperitonealno injicira ustrezen odmerek snovi za ustavitev metafaze (npr. Colcemida® ali kolhicina).
For mice this interval is approximately three to five hours, for Chinese hamsters this interval is approximately four to five hours.
Pri miših je ta interval približno 3–5 ur, pri kitajskih hrčkih pa približno 4–5 ur.
If a range finding study is performed because there are no suitable data available, it should be performed in the same laboratory, using the same species, strain and treatment regimen to be used in the main study (7).
Če se opravi študija za ugotavljanje območja, ker ni na voljo ustreznih podatkov, naj se opravi v istem laboratoriju, na isti vrsti in sevu ter ob enakem režimu tretiranja, kakor bo to uporabljeno v glavni študiji (7).
The highest dose may also be defined as a dose that produces some indication of toxicity in the spermatogonial cells (e.g. a reduction in the ratio of spermatogonial mitoses to first and second meiotic metaphases; this reduction should not exceed 50 %).
Največji odmerek se lahko opredeli tudi kot odmerek, ki povzroči nekaj znakov toksičnosti v spermatogonijih (npr. zmanjšanje razmerja med mitozami spermatogonijev v prvi in drugi mejotski metafazi; zmanjšanje naj ne bi preseglo 50 %).
If a test at one dose level of at least 2000 mg/kg body weight/day using a single treatment, or as two treatments on the same day, produces no observable toxic effects, and if genotoxicity would not be expected based upon data from structurally related substances, then a full study using three dose levels may not be considered necessary.
Če preizkus pri eni velikosti odmerka vsaj 2000 mg/kg telesne teže/dan, ki se da v enem vnosu ali v dveh vnosih v istem dnevu, ne povzroči nobenih opaznih toksičnih učinkov in če se na podlagi podatkov o strukturno sorodnih snoveh ne pričakuje, da bo snov genotoksična, se lahko pojmuje, da popolna študija z uporabo treh velikosti odmerkov ni potrebna.
Immediately after sacrifice, cell suspensions are obtained from one or both testes, exposed to hypotonic solution and fixed.
Takoj po žrtvovanju se iz enega ali obeh mod pridobijo celične suspenzije, se izpostavijo hipotonični raztopini in fiksirajo.
For each animal at least 100 well-spread metaphase should be analysed (i.e. a minimum of 500 metaphases per group).
Pri vsaki živali naj se analizira vsaj 100 dobro vidnih metafaz (tj. najmanj 500 metafaz na skupino).
Since fixation procedures often result in the breakage of a proportion of metaphases with loss of chromosomes, the cells scored should contain a number of centromeres equal to the number 2n ± 2.
Ker fiksiranje pogosto povzroči pretrganje dela metafaz in izgubo kromosomov, naj bo število centromer v štetih celicah enako 2n ± 2.
Individual animal data should be presented in a tabular form.
Podatki za posamezne živali naj bodo prikazani v tabeli.
For each individual animal the number of cells with structural chromosome aberrations and the number of chromosome aberrations per cell should be evaluated.
Za vsako žival naj se določi število celic s strukturnimi kromosomskimi aberacij ami in število kromosomskih aberacij na celico.
If mitosis as well as meiosis is observed, the ratio of spermatogonial mitoses to first and second meiotic metaphases should be determined as a measure of cytotoxicity for all treated and negative control animals in a total sample of 100 dividing cells per animal to establish a possible cytotoxic effect.
Če se opazujeta mitoza, pa tudi mejoza, naj se določi razmerje med mitozami spermatogonijev v prvi in drugi mejotski metafazi kot merilo citotoksičnosti za vse tretirane živali in živali negativne kontrole v celem vzorcu 100 delečih se celic na žival, da se ugotovijo možni citotoksični učinki.
If only mitosis is observed, the mitosis index should be determined in at least 1000 cells for each animal.
Če se opazuje le mitoza, naj se določi mitotični indeks v vsaj 1000 celicah za vsako žival.
There are several criteria for determining a positive result, such as a dose-related increase in the relative number of cells with chromosome aberrations or a clear increase in the number of cells with aberrations in a single dose at a single sampling time.
Pozitivni rezultat se lahko določi na podlagi številnih meril, kakor je na primer z odmerkom povezano povečanje relativnega števila celic s kromosomskimi aberacijami ali jasno povečanje števila celic z aberacijami v posamezni tretirani skupini ob posameznem vzorčenju.
Statistical methods may be used as an aid in evaluating the test results (8).
Pri vrednotenju rezultatov preizkusa se kot pomoč lahko uporabijo statistične metode (8).
Positive results from the in vivo spermatogonial chromosome aberration test indicate that the test substance induces structural chromosome aberrations in the germ cells of the species tested.
Pozitivni rezultati preizkusa kromosomskih aberacij v spermatogonijih in vivo pomenijo, da preizkušana snov povzroča strukturne kromosomske aberacij e v kličnih celicah preizkusne vrste.
Negative results indicate that, under the test conditions, the test substance does not induce chromosome aberrations in the germ cells of the species tested.
Negativni rezultati pomenijo, da preizkušana snov pri preizkusnih pogojih ne povzroča kromosomskih aberacij v kličnih celicah preizkusne vrste.
The likelihood that the test substance or its metabolites reach the target tissue should be discussed.
Obravnava naj se verjetnost, da preizkušana snov ali njeni metaboliti dosežejo tarčno tkivo.
number and age of animals,
število in starost živali,
data from range finding study, if conducted,
podatki študije za ugotavljanje območja, če je bila opravljena,
rationale for sacrifice times,
razlogi za čas žrtvovanja,
conversion from diet/drinking water test substance concentration (ppm) to the actual dose (mg/kg body weight/day), if applicable.
način preračunavanja koncentracije preizkušane snovi v hrani/pitni vodi (ppm) v dejanski odmerek (mg/kg telesne teže/dan), če je to primerno,
methods for measurement of toxicity,
metode merjenja toksičnosti,
ratio of spermatogonial mitoses cells to first and second meiotic metaphases,
razmerje med mitozami spermatogonijev v prvi in drugi mejotski metafazi,
total number of aberrations per group,
skupno število aberacij na skupino,
number of cells with aberrations per group,
število celic z aberacijami na skupino,
dose-response relationship, if possible,
odvisnost med odmerkom in odzivom, če je to mogoče,
concurrent positive control data,
podatki o sočasni pozitivni kontroli,
changes in ploidy, if seen.
spremembe v ploidnosti, če so bile opažene.
Adler, I.D., (1986) Clastogenic Potential in Mouse Spermatogonia of Chemical Mutagens Related to their Cell-Cycle Specifications.
Adler, I.D. (1986).
In: Genetic Toxicology of Environmental Chemicals, Part B: Genetic Effects and Applied Mutagenesis, Ramel, C., Lambert, B. and Magnusson, J. (Eds.)
Clastogenic Potential in Mouse Spermatogonia of Chemical Mutagens Related to their Cell-Cycle Specifications. In: Genetic Toxicology of Environmental Chemicals, Part B: Genetic Effects and Applied Mutagenesis, Ramel, C, Lambert, B. and Magnusson, J. (Eds.)
Liss, New York, p. 477-484.
Liss, New York, str. 477–484.
Adler, I.D., (1984) Cytogenetic tests in Mammals.
Adler, ID., (1984). Cytogenetic tests in Mammals.
IRL Press, Oxford, Washington DC, p. 275-306.
IRL Press, Oxford, Washington DC, str. 275–306.
Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 3, p. 289-294.
Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, 3, str. 289–294.
Richold, M., Ashby, J., Chandley, A., Gatehouse, D.G. and Henderson, L., (1990) In Vivo Cytogenetic Assays, In: D.J.
Richold, M., Ashby, J., Chandley, A., Gatehouse, D.G. and Henderson, L. (1990). In Vivo Cytogenetic Assays, In: D.J.
Mutation Res., 52, p. 207-209.
Mutation Res., 52, str. 207–209.
Adler, I.D., Shelby M.D., Bootman, J., Favor, J., Generoso, W., Pacchierotti, F., Shibuya, T. and Tanaka N., (1994) International Workshop on Standardisation of Genotoxicity Test Procedures.
Adler, ID., Shelby M.D., Bootman, J., Favor, J., Generoso, W., Pacchierotti, F., Shibuya, T. and Tanaka N. (1994). International Workshop on Standardisation of Genotoxicity Test Procedures.
Mutation Res., 312, p. 313-318.
Mutation Res., 312, str. 313–318.
Fielder, R.J., Allen, J.A., Boobis, A.R., Botham, P.A., Doe, J., Esdaile, D.J., Gatehouse, D.G., Hodson-Walker, G., Morton, D.B., Kirkland, D.J. and Richold, M., (1992) Report of British Toxicology Society/UK Environmental Mutagen Society Working group: Dose setting in In Vivo Mutagenicity Assays.
Fielder, R.J., Allen, J.A., Boobis, A.R., Botham, P.A., Doe, J., Esdaile, D.J., Gatehouse, D.G., Hodson-Walker, G, Morton, D.B., Kirkland, D.J. and Richold, M. (1992). Report of British Toxicology Society/UK Environmental Mutagen Society Working group: Dose setting in In Vivo Mutagenicity Assays.
Lovell, D.P., Anderson, D., Albanese, R., Amphlett, G.E., Clare, G., Ferguson, R., Richold, M., Papworth, D.G. and Savage, J.R.K., (1989) Statistical Analysis of In Vivo Cytogenetic Assays In: D.J.
Lovell, D.P., Anderson, D., Albanese, R., Amphlett, G.E., Clare, G., Ferguson, R., Richold, M., Papworth, D.G. and Savage, J.R.K. (1989).
This is an in vivo test in mice in which developing embryos are exposed to the chemicals.
To je preskus in vivo na miših, pri katerem se kemikalijam izpostavijo razvijajoči embrii.
The target cells in the developing embryos are melanoblasts, and the target genes are those which control the pigmentation of the coat hairs.
Ciljne celice v razvijajočih embriih so melanoblasti, ciljni geni pa so tisti, ki nadzorujejo pigmentacijo dlak krzna.
The developing embryos are heterozygous for a number of these coat colour genes.
Razvijajoči se embrii so heterozigotni za številne navedene gene za obarvanje krzna.
A mutation in, or loss of (by a variety of genetic events), the dominant allele of such a gene in a melanoblast results in the expression of the recessive phenotype in its descendant cells, constituting a spot of changed colour in the coat of the resulting mouse.
Posledica mutacije v dominantnem alelu tega gena v melanoblastu ali izgube tega alela (zaradi različnih genetskih vzrokov) se odraža v izražanju recesivnega fenotipa v njegovih celicah potomkah, ki predstavlja madež spremenjene barve na krznu miši.
The number of offspring with these spots, mutations, are scored and their frequency is compared with that among offspring resulting from embryos treated with the solvent only.
Določi se število zaroda z navedenimi madeži, mutacijami, njihova pogostost pa se primerja s pogostostjo teh madežev med potomci, ki nastanejo iz embriov, tretiranih samo s topilom.
The mouse spot test detects presumed somatic mutations in foetal cells.
Preskus pojava madežev pri miših odkriva predvidene somatske mutacije v fetalnih celicah.
When possible, test substances are dissolved or suspended in isotonic saline.
Preskusne snovi se, kadar je mogoče, raztopijo ali suspendirajo v izotonični raztopini soli.
Chemicals insoluble in water are dissolved or suspended in appropriate vehicles.
Kemikalije, netopne v vodi, se raztopijo ali suspendirajo v ustreznih nosilcih.
Fresh preparations of the test chemical should be used.
Uporabiti je treba sveže pripravljene preskusne kemikalije.
Mice of the T strain (nonagouti, a/a; chinchilla, pink eye, cchp/cchp; brown, b/b; dilute, short ear, d se/d se; piebald spotting, s/s) are mated either with the HT strain (pallid, nonagouti, brachypody, pa a bp/pa a bp; leaden fuzzy, ln fz/ln fz; pearl pe/pe) or with C57BL (nonagouti, a/a).
Miši seva T (nonagouti, a/a; chincilla, pink eye, cchp/cchp; brown, b/b; dilute, short ear, d se/d se; piebald spotting, s/s) se parijo ali s sevom HT (pallid, nonagouti, brachypody, pa a bp/pa a bp; leaden fuzzy, ln fz/ln fz; pearl pe/pe), ali s C57 BL (nonagouti, a/a).
Other appropriate crosses such as between Nmri (nonagouti, a/a; albino, c/c) and DBA (nonagouti, a/a; brown, b/b; dilute d/d) may be used provided they produce nonagouti offspring.
Lahko se izvajajo tudi druga ustrezna križanja, kot med NMRI (nonagouti, a/a; albino, c/c) in DBA (nonagouti, a/a; brown, b/b; dilute d/d), pod pogojem, da proizvedejo potomce nonagouti.
Sufficient pregnant females are treated to provide an appropriate number of surviving offspring for each dose level used.
Tretira se zadostno število brejih samic, da bi se ustvarilo ustrezno število preživelega zaroda pri vsaki uporabljeni velikosti odmerka.
The appropriate sample size in governed by the number of spots observed in the treated mice and the scale of the control data.
Ustrezno velikost vzorca določa število madežev, opaženih na tretirani miši, in lestvica kontrolnih podatkov.
A negative result is acceptable only when at least 300 offspring from females treated with the highest dose have been scored.
Negativni rezultat je sprejemljiv le, če se doseže najmanj 300 potomcev samic, tretiranih z najvišjo velikostjo odmerka.
Concurrent control data from mice treated with the vehicle only (negative controls) should be available.
Na razpolago morajo biti sočasni kontrolni podatki za miši, ki so bile tretirane samo z nosilcem (negativne kontrole).
Historical control data from the same laboratory may be pooled to increase the sensitivity of the test provided they are homogeneous.
Da bi se povečala občutljivost preskusa, se lahko uporabijo tudi pretekli kontrolni podatki iz istega laboratorija, pod pogojem da so le-ti homogeni.