natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The purpose of the method is the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of solid or liquid organic substances in a standard, arbitrary manner, under fixed laboratory conditions.
Namen te metode je izmeriti kemijsko potrebo po kisiku (KPK) trdnih ali tekočih organskih snovi na standardni način, pod določenimi laboratorijskimi pogoji.
Information on the formula of the substance will be useful to conduct this test and interpret the result obtained (e.g. halogen salts, ferrous salts of organic compounds, organochlorine compounds).
Za izvedbo tega preskusa in razlago dobljenih rezultatov bodo uporabne informacije o formuli snovi (npr. halogenidi, železove soli organskih spojin, organoklorove spojine).
The chemical oxygen demand is a measure of the oxidisability of a substance, expressed as the equivalent amount in oxygen of an oxidising reagent consumed by the substance under fixed laboratory conditions.
Kemijska potreba po kisiku je mera oksidacije snovi, izražena kot količina kisika ekvivalentna količini oksidacijskega reagenta, ki jo porabi snov pod določenimi laboratorijskimi pogoji.
The result is expressed in grams of COD per gram of tested substance.
Rezultat se izrazi v gramih KPK na gram preskusne snovi.
They should serve primarily to calibrate the method from time to time and to allow comparison of results when another method is applied.
Predvsem naj bi se uporabljale za občasno umerjanje metode in za omogočanje primerjave rezultatov pri uporabi druge metode.
A predetermined amount of the substance, dissolved or dispersed in water, is oxidised by potassium dichromate in a strong sulphuric acid medium with silver sulphate as a catalyst, under reflux for two hours.
Vnaprej določena količina snovi, raztopljene ali dispergirane v vodi, se dve uri oksidira s kalijevim dikromatom v mediju s koncentrirano žveplovo kislino in s srebrovim sulfatom kot katalizatorjem pod povratnim hladilnikom.
The residual dichromate is determined by titration with standardised ferrous ammonium sulphate.
Ostanek dikromata se določi s titracijo s standardiziranim železo-amonijevim sulfatom.
In case of chlorine-containing substances, mercuric sulphate is added to reduce chloride interference.
Pri snoveh, ki vsebujejo klor, se doda živosrebrov sulfat da se zmanjšanja motnja zaradi klorida.
Because of the arbitrary manner of determination, COD is an ‘oxidisability indicator’ and as such is used as a practical method to measure organic matter.
Zaradi arbitrarnega načina določanja je KPK „indikator oksidacije“ in se kot tak uporablja kot praktični način merjenja organskih snovi.
Chloride can interfere in this test; inorganic reducing or oxidising agents may also interfere with the COD determination.
Klorid lahko moti ta preskus; določanje KPK lahko motijo tudi anorganski reducenti ali oksidanti.
Some cyclic compounds and many volatile substances (e.g. lower fatty acids) are not fully oxidised by this test.
Nekatere ciklične spojine in mnoge hlapne spojine (npr. nižje maščobne kisline) se pri tem preskusu ne oksidirajo popolnoma.
A preliminary solution or dispersion of the substance is prepared to obtain a COD between 250 and 600 mg per litre.
Pripravi se predhodna raztopina ali disperzija snovi, tako da se dobi KPK med 250 in 600 mg na liter.
In the case of poorly soluble and non-dispersible substances, an amount of finely powdered substance or liquid substance corresponding to about 5 mg of COD can be weighed and put in the experimental apparatus with water.
Pri snoveh, ki so slabo topne ali se jih ne da dispergirati, se lahko zatehta količina fino uprašene snovi ali tekoče snovi, ki ustreza približno 5 mg KPK, in se da v preskusno aparaturo z vodo.
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is often and especially in case of poorly soluble substances determined advantageously in a variant of the method, i.e., in a closed system with a pressure equaliser (H. Kelkenberg, 1975).
Pogosto, zlasti pri slabo topnih snoveh, je kemijsko potrebo po kisiku (KPK) bolj primerno določiti po različici metode, t.j. v zaprtem sistemu z napravo za izravnavo tlaka (H. Kelkenberg, 1975).
In this modification compounds which are only with difficulty determined by the conventional method — e.g. acetic acid — may often be successfully quantified.
S to prilagojeno metodo se pogosto lahko uspešno kvantitativno določijo snovi, ki se s konvencionalno metodo le stežka določijo – npr. ocetna kislina.
The method also fails, however, in the case of pyridine.
Vendar je v primeru piridina tudi ta metoda neuspešna.
If the potassium dichromate concentration, as prescribed in ref.(1), is raised to 0,25 N (0,0416 M), the direct weighing-in of 5-10 mg of substance is facilitated which is essential for the COD determination of poorly water soluble substances (ref. (2)).
Če se koncentracija kalijevega dikromata, predpisana v viru (1), poveča na 0,25 N (0,0416 M), se lažje neposredno zatehta 5–10 mg snovi, kar je bistveno za določanje KPK slabo topnih snovi (vir (2)).
Otherwise, the COD is then determined following any suitable national or international standardised method.
V drugih primerih se nato določi KPK po kateri koli ustrezni nacionalni ali mednarodni standardizirani metodi.
The COD contained in the experimental flask is calculated following the selected normalised method, and converted to grams of COD per gram of tested substance.
KPK v preskusni bučki se izračuna po izbrani normirani metodi in pretvori v grame KPK na gram preskusne snovi.
The reference method used should be stated.
Treba je navesti uporabljeno referenčno metodo.
The chemical oxygen demand should be a mean of at least three measurements.
Kemijska potreba po kisiku mora biti srednja vrednost najmanj treh meritev.
All information and remarks relevant to the interpretation of the results have to be reported, especially with regard to impurities, physical state and inherent properties of the substance (if known) which would affect the results.
Poročati je treba o vseh informacijah in opombah, pomembnih za razlago rezultatov, zlasti glede nečistot, agregatnega stanja in notranjih lastnosti snovi (če so znane), ki bi lahko vplivale na rezultate.
The use of mercuric sulphate to minimise the chloride interference must be reported.
Treba je poročati o uporabi živosrebrovega sulfata za zmanjšanje motnje zaradi klorida.
Kelkenberg, H.,Z. von Wasser und Abwasserforschung, 1975, vol. 8, 146.
Kelkenberg, H.,Z. von Wasser und Abwasserforschung, 1975, vol. 8, 146.
NBN T 91-201 Determination of the chemical oxygen demand.
NBN T 91–201 Determination of the chemical oxygen demand.
NF T 90-101 Determination of the chemical oxygen demand.
NF T 90–101 Determination of the chemical oxygen demand.
This testing method is equivalent to the OECD TG 111 (2004).
Ta preskusna metoda je enakovredna OECD TG 111 (2004).
Chemicals can enter surface waters by such routes as direct application, spray drift, run-off, drainage, waste disposal, industrial, domestic or agricultural effluent and atmospheric deposition and may be transformed in those waters by chemical (e.g. hydrolysis, oxidation), photochemical and/or microbial processes.
V teh vodah se lahko pretvorijo s kemijskimi (npr. hidrolizo, oksidacijo), fotokemijskimi in/ali mikrobnimi procesi. V tej smernici je opisana laboratorijska preskusna metoda za določevanje abiotskih hidrolitskih pretvorb kemikalij v vodnih sistemih pri vrednostih pH, ki so v tem okolju običajne (pH 4–9).
This Guideline describes a laboratory test method to assess abiotic hydrolytic transformations of chemicals in aquatic systems at pH values normally found in the environment (pH 4-9) and is based on existing Guidelines (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7).
Ta smernica temelji na obstoječih smernicah (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7).
The experiments are performed to determine (i) the rate of hydrolysis of the test substance as a function of pH and (ii) the identity or nature and rates of formation and decline of hydrolysis products to which organisms may be exposed.
S poskusi se določi (i) hitrost hidrolize preskusne snovi kot funkcijo pH ter (ii) identiteta ali narava in stopnje nastajanja ali razpada produktov hidrolize, ki so jim lahko izpostavljeni organizmi.
Such studies may be required for chemicals which are directly applied to water or that are likely to reach the environment by the other routes described above.
Te študije so lahko potrebne za kemikalije, ki se neposredno vnašajo v vode, ali kemikalije, za katere je verjetno, da lahko vstopijo v okolje po drugih poteh, ki so opisane zgoraj.
See Appendix 2
Glej Dodatek 2.
APPLICABILITY OF THE METHOD
UPORABA METODE
The method is generally applicable to chemical substances (unlabelled or labelled) for which an analytical method with sufficient accuracy and sensitivity is available.
Metoda je splošno uporabna za kemijske snovi (označene ali neoznačene), za katere je na voljo analitska metoda z zadostno natančnostjo in občutljivostjo.
It is applicable to slightly volatile and non-volatile compounds of sufficient solubility in water.
Uporabna je za rahlo hlapne in nehlapne spojine, ki so zadostno topne v vodi.
The test should not be applied to chemicals that are highly volatile from water (e.g. fumigants, organic solvents) and thus cannot be kept in solution under the experimental conditions of this test.
Preskus se ne uporablja za kemikalije, ki so zelo hlapne iz vode (npr. fumigante, organska topila) in jih ni mogoče zadržati v raztopini v poskusnih pogojih tega preskusa.
The test may be difficult to conduct with substances of minimal solubility in water (8).
Preskus je težko izvesti s snovmi, ki so slabo topne v vodi (8).
Sterile aqueous buffer solutions of different pH values (pH 4, 7 and 9) are treated with the test substance and incubated in the dark under controlled laboratory conditions (at constant temperatures).
Sterilne vodne pufrske raztopine z različnimi vrednostmi pH (pH 4, 7 in 9) se obdelajo s preskusno snovjo in inkubirajo v temi v nadzorovanih laboratorijskih pogojih (pri konstantnih temperaturah).
After appropriate time intervals, buffer solutions are analysed for the test substance and for hydrolysis products.
Po ustreznih časovnih intervalih se na pufrskih raztopinah izvede analiza za preskusno snov in produkte hidrolize.
With labelled test substance (e.g. 14C), a mass balance can be more easily established.
Če je preskusna snov označena (npr. s 14C), je lažje določiti masno ravnovesje.
This testing method is designed as a tiered approach which is shown and explained in Appendix 1.
Ta preskusna metoda je zasnovana kot stopenjski pristop, ki je prikazan in razložen v Dodatku 1.
Each tier is triggered by the results of the previous tier.
Rezultat vsake stopnje sproži naslednjo stopnjo.
Non-labelled or labelled test substance can be used to measure the rate of hydrolysis.
Za določevanje hitrosti hidrolize se lahko uporabijo neoznačena ali označena preskusna snov.
Labelled material is generally preferred for studying the pathway of hydrolysis and for establishing mass balance; however, in special cases, labelling may not be absolutely necessary.
Označene snovi je na splošno bolje uporabiti za preučevanje poti hidrolize in za določevanje ravnovesja mase, vendar v posebnih primerih označevanje ni absolutno potrebno.
14C-labelling is recommended but the use of other isotopes, such as 13C, 15N, 3H, may also be useful.
Priporočljivo je označevanje s 14C, vendar se lahko uporabljajo tudi drugi izotopi, npr. 13C, 15N, 3H.
As far as possible, the label should be positioned in the most stable part(s) of the molecule.
Če je možno, se označi(-jo) najbolj stabilen(-lni) del(-i) molekule.
For example, if the test substance contains one ring, labelling on this ring is required; if the test substance contains two or more rings, separate studies may be needed to evaluate the fate of each labelled ring and to obtain suitable information on formation of hydrolysis products.
Če npr. preskusna snov vsebuje en obroč, je treba označiti ta obroč; če preskusna snov vsebuje dva ali več obročev, pa se lahko opravijo ločene študije za ugotavljanje usode vsakega označenega obroča in za pridobivanje ustreznih podatkov o tvorbi produktov hidrolize.
The purity of the test substance should be at least 95 %.
Čistost preskusne snovi mora biti najmanj 95 %.
Before carrying out a hydrolysis test, the following information on the test substance should be available:
Pred izvedbo preskusa hidrolize morajo biti na voljo naslednji podatki o preskusni snovi:
solubility in water [Testing Method A.6];
topnost v vodi [Preskusna metoda A.6];
solubility in organic solvents;
topnost v organskih topilih;
vapour pressure [Testing Method A.4] and/or Henry's Law constant;
parni tlak [Preskusna metoda A.4] in/ali konstanta Henryjevega zakona;
n-octanol/water partition coefficient [Testing Method A.8];
porazdelitveni koeficient n-oktanol/voda [Preskusna metoda A.8];
dissociation constant (pKa) [OECD Guideline 112] (9);
konstanta disociacije (pKa) [Smernica OECD 112] (9);
direct and indirect phototransformation rate in water where appropriate.
hitrost neposredne in posredne fototransformacij e v vodi, kadar j e primerno.
Analytical methods for quantification of the test substance and, if it is relevant, for identification and quantification of hydrolysis products in aqueous solutions should be available (see also Section 1.7.2).
Na voljo morajo biti analitske metode za številčno vrednotenje preskusne snovi ter če je ustrezno za identifikacijo in številčno vrednotenje produktov hidrolize v vodnih raztopinah (glej tudi oddelek 1.7.2).
Where possible, reference substances should be used for the identification and quantification of hydrolysis products by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods or other suitably sensitive methods.
Po možnosti je treba uporabiti referenčne snovi za identifikacijo in številčno vrednotenje produktov hidrolize s spektroskopskimi in kromatografskimi metodami ali drugimi ustrezno občutljivimi metodami.
Recovery
Analitski izkoristek
Analysis of, at least, duplicate buffer solutions or of their extracts immediately after the addition of the test substance gives a first indication of the repeatability of the analytical method and of the uniformity of the application procedure for the test substance.
Analiza najmanj dvojnika pufrskih raztopin ali njihovih ekstraktov neposredno po dodatku preskusne snovi ponuja prve kazalce ponovljivosti analitske metode in enakomernosti uporabe postopka za preskusno snov.
Recoveries for later stages of the experiments are given by the respective mass balances (when labelled material is used).
Izračun analitskih izkoristkov v kasnejših stopnjah poskusov omogočajo ustrezna masna ravnovesja (če se uporabi označena snov).
Recoveries should range from 90 % to 110 % for labelled and non labelled chemicals (7).
Analitski izkoristki morajo biti v območju 90 % do 110 % za označene in neoznačene kemikalije (7).
In case it is technically difficult to reach this range, a recovery of 70 % for non labelled chemicals is acceptable, but justification should be given.
Če je doseganje tega območja tehnično zahtevno, je sprejemljiv analitski izkoristek 70 % za neoznačene kemikalije, vendar je za to potrebna utemeljitev.
Repeatability and sensitivity of analytical method
Ponovljivost in občutljivost analitske metode
Repeatability of the analytical method(s) used to quantify the test substance and hydrolysis products at later times can be checked by duplicate analysis of the same buffer solutions (or of their extracts) after sufficient quantities of hydrolysis products have formed for quantification
Ponovljivost analitskih metod, uporabljenih za številčno vrednotenje preskusne snovi in produktov hidrolize, je v kasnejših stopnjah možno preveriti z analizo istih pufrskih raztopin (ali njihovih ekstraktov) v dvojniku potem, ko je količina produktov hidrolize dovolj velika za številčno vrednotenje.
The analytical method should be sufficiently sensitive to quantify test substance concentrations down to 10 % or less of the initial concentration.
Analitska metoda mora biti zadostno občutljiva za številčno vrednotenje koncentracij preskusne snovi do 10 % ali manj začetne koncentracije.
If relevant, analytical methods should also be sufficiently sensitive to quantify any hydrolysis product representing 10 % or more of applied (at any time during the study) down to 25 % or less of its peak concentration.
Če je ustrezno, morajo biti analitske metode tudi zadostno občutljive za številčno vrednotenje produktov hidrolize v 10 % ali več uporabljene koncentracije (kadar koli v študiji) vse do 25 % ali manj najvišje koncentracije.
Confidence intervals for hydrolysis kinetic data
Intervali zaupanja za podatke kinetike hidrolize
Confidence intervals should be computed and presented for all regression coefficients, rate constants, half-lives, and any other kinetic parameters (e.g. DT50).
Intervale zaupanja je treba izračunati in predstaviti za vse regresijske koeficiente, konstante hitrosti, razpolovne dobe in druge parametre kinetike (npr. DT50).
Equipment and apparatus
Oprema in aparatura
The study should be performed in glass containers (e.g. test tubes, small flasks) under dark and sterile conditions, if necessary, unless preliminary information (such as the n-octanol-water partition coefficient) indicates that the test substance may adhere to glass.
Studijo je treba izvesti v steklenih posodah (npr. epruvetah ali majhnih bučkah) v temi in sterilnih pogojih, če je potrebno, razen če predhodni podatki (npr. porazdelitveni koeficient n-oktanol/voda) pokažejo, da se preskusna snov lahko veže na steklo.
In such cases, alternative materials (such as Teflon) may have to be considered.
V teh primerih je morda treba preučiti uporabo alternativnih materialov (npr. teflon).
It may also be possible to alleviate the problem of adhere to glass by using one or more of the following methods:
Problem vezave na steklo je možno zmanjšati na enega ali več naslednjih načinov:
determine the mass of test substance and hydrolysis products sorbed to the test vessel,
določitev mase preskusne snovi in produktov hidrolize, vezanih na preskusno posodo,
use of an ultrasonic bath,
uporaba ultrazvočne kopeli,
ensure a solvent wash of all glassware at each sampling interval,
spiranje vse steklovine s topili ob vsakem vzorčenju,
use of formulated products,
uporaba formuliranih proizvodov,
use an increased amount of co-solvent for addition of test substance to the system; if a co-solvent is used it should be a co-solvent that does not hydrolyse the test substance.
uporaba večjih količin sotopil pri dodajanju preskusne snovi v sistem; če se uporablja sotopilo, mora biti takšno, da ne povzroči hidrolize preskusne snovi.
Temperature-controlled water bath shakers or thermostatically controlled incubators for incubation of the various test solutions are normally required.
Običajno so za inkubacijo različnih preskusnih raztopin potrebne temperaturno nadzorovane stresalne vodne kopeli ali termostatsko nadzorovani inkubatorji.
Standard laboratory equipment is required, including, in particular, the following:
Potrebna je običajna laboratorijska oprema, zlasti naslednja oprema
analytical instruments such as GC, HPLC, TLC equipment, including the appropriate detection systems for analysing radiolabelled and non-labelled substances or inverse isotopes dilution method,
analitski instrumenti, kot so oprema za GC, HPLC in TLC, vključno z ustreznimi sistemi detekcije za analizo radioaktivno označenih in neoznačenih snovi ali metodo obratnega redčenja izotopov,
instruments for identification purposes (e.g. MS, GC-MS, HPLC-MS, NMR, etc.),
instrumenti za identifikacijo (npr. MS, GC-MS, HPLC-MS, NMR itn.),
liquid scintillation counter,
tekočinski scintilacijski števec,
separating funnels for liquid-liquid extraction,
separacijski liji za tekočinsko-tekočinsko ekstrakcijo,
instrumentation for concentrating solutions and extracts (e.g. rotating evaporator),
instrumenti za koncentracijo raztopin in ekstraktov (npr. rotacijski evaporator),
temperature control devise (e.g. water bath).
naprava za nadzorovanje temperature (npr. vodna kopel).
Chemical reagents include, for example:
Kemijski reagenti so med drugim npr:
organic solvents, analytical grade, such as hexane, dichloromethane, etc.,
organska topila analitske čistosti, npr. heksan, diklorometan itn.,
scintillation liquid,
scintilacijska tekočina,
buffer solutions (for details see Section 1.8.3).
pufrske raztopine (glej oddelek 1.8.3 za podrobnosti).
All glassware, reagent-grade water and buffer solutions used in the hydrolysis tests should be sterilised.
Vso steklovino, analitsko čisto vodo in pufrske raztopine, uporabljene v preskusu hidrolize, je treba sterilizirati.
Test substance application
Uporaba preskusne snovi
The test substance should be applied as aqueous solution into the different buffer solutions (see Appendix 3).
Preskusna snov se vnese v obliki vodne raztopine v različne pufrske raztopine (glej Dodatek 3).
The use of formulated product is not routinely recommended, as it cannot be excluded that the formulation ingredients may influence the hydrolysis process.
Rutinska uporaba formuliranih proizvodov ni priporočljiva, saj ni možno izključiti vpliva sestavin formule na hidrolizo.
However, for poorly water-soluble test substances or for substances that adhere to glass (see Section 1.8.1), the use of formulated material may be an appropriate alternative.
Vendar je uporaba formuliranih snovi ustrezna alternativa pri slabo vodotopnih preskusnih snoveh ali snoveh, ki se vežejo na steklo (glej oddelek 1.8.1).
One concentration of the test substance should be used; it should not exceed 0,01 M or half of the saturation concentration (see Appendix 1).
Uporabiti se sme ena koncentracija preskusne snovi; pri čemer njena koncentracija ne sme preseči 0,01 M ali polovice koncentracije nasičenosti (glej Dodatek 1).
Buffer solutions
Pufrske raztopine
The hydrolysis test should be performed at pH values of 4, 7 and 9.
Preskus hidrolize je treba opraviti pri vrednostih pH 4, 7 in 9.
For this purpose, buffer solutions should be prepared using reagent grade chemicals and water.
Za ta namen je treba pripraviti pufrske raztopine iz kemikalij in vode analitske čistosti.
Some useful buffer systems are presented in Appendix 3.
Nekaj uporabnih pufrskih sistemov je navedenih v Dodatku 3.
It should be noted that the buffer system used may influence the rate of hydrolysis and where this is observed an alternate buffer system should be employed.
Upoštevati je treba, da lahko uporabljeni pufrski sistem vpliva na hitrost hidrolize, zato je v teh primerih treba uporabiti drug pufrski sistem.
The pH of each buffer solution should be checked with a calibrated pH meter to a precision of at least 0,1 at the required temperature.
Vrednost pH vsake pufrske raztopine je treba preveriti s kalibriranim pH-metrom z natančnostjo najmanj 0,1 pri zahtevani temperaturi.
Test temperature
Preskusna temperatura
The hydrolysis experiments should be carried out at constant temperatures.
Poskuse hidrolize je treba izvajati pri konstantnih temperaturah.
For extrapolation purposes, it is important to maintain the temperature to at least ±0,5 oC.
Zaradi ekstrapolacije je pomembno, da se temperatura vzdržuje v mejah vsaj ±0,5 oC.
A preliminary test (Tier 1) should be conducted at a temperature of 50 oC if the hydrolytic behaviour of the test substance is unknown.
Če hidrolitsko obnašanje preskusne snovi ni znano, je treba opraviti predhodni poskus (Stopnja 1) pri temperaturi 50 oC.
Higher Tier kinetic tests should be carried out with a minimum of three temperatures (including the test at 50 oC) unless the test substance is stable to hydrolysis as determined by the Tier 1 testing.
Preskusi kinetike v višjih stopnjah se izvajajo pri najmanj treh temperaturah (vključno s preskusom pri 50 oC), razen če je bila v preskusih Stopnje 1 ugotovljena odpornost preskusne snovi proti hidrolizi.
A suggested temperature range is 10-70 oC (preferably with at least one temperature below 25 oC utilised), which will encompass the reporting temperature of 25 oC and most of the temperatures encountered in the field.
Predlagano temperaturno območje je 10–70 oC (po možnosti z najmanj eno temperaturo pod 25 oC), kar zajema poročevalno temperaturo 25 oC in večino temperatur, ki jih srečamo na terenu.
Light and oxygen
Svetloba in kisik