natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
After centrifugation and if so wished filtration, the aqueous phase of the first tube is recovered as completely as possible and is measured after, for example, 4 h, that of the second tube after 8 h, that of the third after 24, etc.
Po centrifugiranju in po želji po filtriranju se vodna faza prve epruvete v čim večji meri rekuperira in se izmeri po na primer 4 h, vodna faza druge epruvete po 8 h, tista iz tretje po 24 h itd.
serial method: only a duplicate sample is prepared for each soil/solution ratio.
Serialna metoda: za vsako razmerje tla/raztopina se pripravita samo dva vzorca.
At defined time intervals the mixture is centrifuged to separate the phases.
V opredeljenih časovnih intervalih se zmes centrifugira, da se ločijo faze.
A small aliquot of the aqueous phase is immediately analysed for the test substance; then the experiment continues with the original mixture.
V majhnem alikvotu vodne faze se takoj določi preskusna snov; nato se poskus nadaljuje s prvotno zmesjo.
If filtration is applied after centrifugation, the laboratory should have facilities to handle filtration of small aqueous aliquots.
Če se po centrifugiranju izvede filtracija, mora imeti laboratorij možnost filtriranja majhnih vodnih alikvotov.
It is recommended that the total volume of the aliquots taken not exceed 1 % of the total volume of the solution, in order not to change significantly the soil/solution ratio and to decrease the mass of solute available for adsorption during the test.
Priporočeno je, da skupna prostornina odvzetih alikvotov ne presega 1 % skupne prostornine raztopine tako, da se razmerje tla/raztopina ne spremeni bistveno in da se ne zmanjša masa topljenca, ki je med preskusom na voljo za adsorpcijo.
The percentage adsorption Ati
Odstotek adsorpcije Ati
is calculated at each time point (ti) on the basis of the nominal initial concentration and the measured concentration at the sampling time (ti), corrected for the value of the blank.
se izračuna za vsako posamezno časovno točko (ti) na osnovi nominalne začetne koncentracije in izmerjene koncentracije ob času vzorčenja (ti), korigirane glede na vrednost slepega vzorca.
Plots of the Ati
Izdelajo se grafični prikazi Ati
versus time (Fig. 1 Appendix 5) are generated in order to estimate the achievement of equilibrium plateau.
v odvisnosti od časa (slika 1 v Dodatku 5), da se oceni vzpostavitev ravnotežnega konstantnega nivoja.
The Kd value at equilibrium is also calculated.
Izračuna se tudi vrednost Kd ob ravnotežju.
Based on this Kd value, appropriate soil/solution ratios are selected from Fig.1, so that the percentage adsorption reaches above 20 % and preferably >50 % (61).
Na osnovi te vrednosti Kd se iz slike 1 izberejo ustrezna razmerja tla/raztopina, tako da je odstotek adsorpcije nad 20 % in najbolje nad 50 % (61).
All the applicable equations and principles of plotting are given in section on Data and Reporting and in Appendix 5.
Vse uporabljene enačbe in načela izdelave grafov so navedeni v poglavju „Podatki in poročanje“ in v Dodatku 5.
Determination of adsorption equilibration time and of the amount of test substance adsorbed at equilibrium
Določanje časa adsorpcijskega ravnotežja in količine preskusne snovi, adsorbirane ob ravnotežju
As already mentioned, plots of Ati
Kot je bilo že omenjeno, grafični prikazi Ati
or Caq
ali Caq
versus time permit estimation of the achievement of the adsorption equilibrium and the amount of test substance adsorbed at equilibrium. Figs.
v odvisnosti od časa omogočajo ocenitev vzpostavitve adsorpcijskega ravnotežja in količine preskusne snovi, adsorbirane ob ravnotežju.
1 and 2 in the Appendix 5 show examples of such plots.
Sliki 1 in 2 v Dodatku 5 sta primera takih grafičnih prikazov.
Equilibration time is the system needs to reach a plateau.
Čas, potreben za vzpostavitev ravnotežja pove, koliko časa sistem potrebuje, da doseže konstanten nivo.
If, with a particular soil, no plateau but a steady increase is found, this may be due to complicating factors such as biodegradation or slow diffusion.
Če se za neka tla ne ugotovi konstantnega nivoja, temveč gre za stalno naraščanje, so za to lahko krivi dejavniki, kot sta biorazgradnja ali počasna difuzija.
Biodegradation can be shown by repeating the experiment with a sterilised sample of the soil.
Biorazgradnja se lahko ugotovi s ponovitvijo poskusa s steriliziranim vzorcem tal.
If no plateau is achieved even in this case, the experimenter should search for other phenomena that could be involved in his specific studies; this could be done with appropriate modifications of the experiment conditions (temperature, shaking times, soil/solution ratios).
Če tudi v tem primeru ni dosežen konstanten nivo, mora izvajalec poiskati druge pojave, ki bi lahko bili vpleteni v njegovi študiji; to se lahko naredi z ustreznimi spremembami eksperimentalnih pogojev (temperatura, čas stresanja, razmerja tla/raztopina).
It is left to the experimenter to decide whether to continue the test procedure in spite of a possible failure to achieve an equilibrium.
Izvajalcu je prepuščeno, da odloči, ali nadaljevati s preskusnim postopkom, čeprav se ravnotežje morda ne bo vzpostavilo.
Adsorption on the surface of the test vessel and stability of the test substance
Adsorpcija na površino preskusne posode in stabilnost preskusne snovi
Some information on the adsorption of the test substance on the surface of test vessels, as well as its stability, can be derived by analysing the control samples.
Nekatere informacije o adsorpciji preskusne snovi na površino preskusnih posod in o njeni stabilnosti se lahko pridobijo z analiziranjem kontrolnih vzorcev.
If a depletion more than the standard error of the analytical method is observed, abiotic degradation and/or adsorption on the surface of the test vessel could be involved.
Če se ugotovi izčrpanje snovi za več kot za standardno napako analitske metode, sta lahko vzrok abiotska razgradnja in/ali adsorpcija na površino preskusne posode.
Distinction between these two phenomena could be achieved by thoroughly washing the walls of the vessel with a known volume of an appropriate solvent and subjecting the wash solution to analysis for the test substance.
Ta dva pojava se lahko razločita s temeljitim izpiranjem sten posode z znano prostornino ustreznega topila in analiziranjem vsebnosti preskusne snovi v izpiralni raztopini za izpiranje.
If no adsorption on the surface of the test vessels is observed, the depletion demonstrates abiotic unstability of the test substance.
Če ni ugotovljena adsorpcija na površino posode, je izgubljanje dokaz za abiotsko nestabilnost preskusne snovi.
If adsorption is found, changing the material of the test vessels is necessary.
Če je adsorpcija ugotovljena, je treba zamenjati material preskusne posode.
However, data on the adsorption on the surface of the test vessels gained from this experiment cannot be directly extrapolated to soil/solution experiment.
Vendar podatkov o adsorpciji na površino preskusnih posod, dobljenih s tem poskusom, ni mogoče neposredno ekstrapolirati na preskus tla/raztopina.
The presence of soil will affect this adsorption.
Prisotnost vzorca tal bo vplivala na to adsorpcijo.
Additional information on the stability of the test substance can be derived by determination of the parental mass balance over time.
Dodatne informacije o stabilnosti preskusne snovi je mogoče dobiti z določitvijo masne bilance izhodiščne snovi v odvisnosti od časa.
This means that the aqueous phase, extracts of soil and test vessel walls are analysed for the test substance.
To pomeni, da se analizira vsebnost preskusne snovi v vodni fazi, ekstraktu tal in na stenah preskusne posode.
The difference between the mass of the test chemical added and the sum of the test chemical masses in the aqueous phase, extracts of the soil and test vessel walls is equal to the mass degraded and/or volatilised and/or not extracted.
Razlika med maso dodane preskusne kemikalije in vsoto mas preskusne kemikalije v vodni fazi, ekstraktih tal in na stenah preskusne posode je enaka razgrajeni in/ali izhlapeli in/ali neekstrahirani masi.
In order to perform a mass balance determination, the adsorbion equilibrium should have been reached within the period of the experiment.
Za določitev masne bilance bi moralo biti adsorpcijsko ravnotežje vzpostavljeno v času trajanja poskusa.
The mass balance is performed on both soils and for one soil/solution ratio per soil that gives a depletion above 20 % and preferably > 50 % at equilibrium.
Masna bilanca se določi za oba tipa tal in za eno razmerje tla/raztopina, pri katerem v ravnotežju pride do izgubljanja nad 20 % in najbolje nad 50 %>.
When the ratio-finding experiment is completed with the analysis of the last sample of the aqueous phase after 48 h, the phases are separated by centrifugation and, if so wished, filtration.
Ko je poskus za določitev razmerja končan z analiziranjem zadnjega vzorca vodne faze po 48 h, se faze ločijo s centrifugiranjem in, po želji, s filtracijo.
The amount of test substance in the soil and test vessel extracts is determined and the mass balance is calculated (equation 10, Data and Reporting).
Priporočeni sta vsaj dve zaporedni ekstrakcij i. Določi se količina preskusne snovi v ekstraktih tal in ekstraktih preskusnih posod in izračuna se masna bilanca (enačba 10, Podatki in poročanje).
If it is less than 90 %, the test substance is considered to be unstable in the time scale of the test.
Če je manjša od 90 %>, preskusna snov velja za nestabilno v času trajanja preskusa.
However, studies could still be continued, taking into account the unstability of the test substance; in this case it is recommended to analyse both phases in the main study.
Vendar se lahko študija nadaljuje ob upoštevanju neobstojnosti preskusne snovi; v tem primeru je priporočljivo analizirati obe fazi v glavni študiji.
Tier 2 — Adsorption kinetics at one concentration of the test substance
Stopnja 2 – Kinetika adsorpcije pri eni koncentraciji preskusne snovi
Five soils are used, selected from Table 1.
Uporabi se pet tipov tal, izbranih iz tabele 1.
There is an advantage to including some or all of the soils used in the preliminary study, if appropriate, among these five soils.
Med teh pet tipov je, če je primerno, koristno vključiti nekatere ali vse tipe tal, uporabljene v predhodni študiji.
In this case, Tier 2 has not to be repeated for the soils used in preliminary study.
V tem primeru stopnje 2 ni treba ponoviti za tipe tal, uporabljene v predhodni študiji.
The equilibration time, the soil/solution ratio, the weight of the soil sample, the volume of the aqueous phase in contact with the soil and concentration of the test substance in the solution are chosen based on the preliminary study results.
Čas potreben za vzpostavitev ravnotežja, razmerje tla/raztopina, teža vzorca tal, prostornina vodne faze v stiku s tlemi in koncentracija preskusne snovi v raztopini se izberejo na podlagi izsledkov predhodne študije.
Analysis should preferably be done approximately after 2, 4, 6, 8 (possibly also 10) and 24 h contact time; the agitation time may be extended to a maximum of 48 h in case a chemical requires longer equilibration time with respect to ratio-finding results.
Analizo je najbolje opraviti približno po 2, 4, 6, 8 (po možnosti tudi 10) in 24 urah stika; čas stresanja se lahko podaljša na največ 48 h, če kemikalija zahteva daljši čas za vzpostavitev ravnotežja glede na rezultate določanja razmerja.
However, times of analysis could be considered with flexibility.
Vendar se časi analize lahko pretehtajo s fleksibilnostjo.
Each experiment (one soil and one solution) is done at least in duplicate to allow estimation of the variance of the results.
Vsak poskus (en tip tal in ena raztopina) se izvede vsaj v dveh ponovitvah, da se omogoči oceno variance rezultatov.
In every experiment one blank is run.
V vsakem poskusu je en slepi vzorec.
It consists of the soil and 0,01 M CaCl2 solution, without test substance, and of weight and volume, respectively, identical to those of the experiment.
Sestavljen je iz vzorca tal in 0,01 M raztopine CaCl2 brez preskusne snovi ter ima težo in prostornino, enaki tistima v preskusu.
A control sample with only the test substance in 0,01 M CaCl2 solution (without soil) is subjected to the same test procedure, serving to safeguard against the unexpected.
Kontrolni vzorec, ki vsebuje samo preskusno snov v 0,01 M raztopini CaCl2 (brez tal), se tretira po enakem preskusnem postopku in služi kot zaščita pred nepričakovanim.
The percentage adsorption is calculated at each time point Ati
Odstotek adsorpcije se izračuna za vsak čas Ati
and/or time interval AΔti
in/ali časovni interval Ati
(according to the need) and is plotted versus time.
(glede na potrebe) in se grafično prikaže v odvisnosti od časa.
The distribution coefficient Kd at equilibrium, as well as the organic carbon normalised adsorption coefficient Koc (for non-polar organic chemicals), are also calculated.
Izračunata se tudi porazdelitveni koeficient Kd ob ravnotežju in adsorpcijski koeficient normiran na organski ogljik Koc (za nepolarne organske kemikalije).
Results of the adsorption kinetics test
Rezultati preskusa kinetike adsorpcije
The linear Kd value is generally accurate to describe sorptive behaviour in soil (35)(78) and represents an expression of inherent mobility of chemicals in soil.
Linearna vrednost Kd navadno točno opiše obnašanje pri sorpciji v tleh (35) (78) in izraža inherentno mobilnost kemikalij v tleh.
For example, in general chemicals with Kd ≤ 1 cm3 g-1 are considered to be qualitatively mobile.
Na primer, na splošno kemikalije s Kd ≤ 1 cm3 g-1 veljajo za kvalitativno mobilne.
Similarly, a mobility classification scheme based on Koc values has been developed by MacCall et al. (16).
Podobno so MacCall et al. (16) razvili sistem razvrščanja po mobilnosti na osnovi vrednosti Koc.
Additionally, leaching classification schemes exist based on a relationship between Koc and DT-50 (32)(79).
Poleg tega obstajajo sistemi razvrščanja glede na izluževanje, ki temeljijo na odnosu med Koc DT-50 (32) (79).
Also, according to error analysis studies (61), Kd values below 0,3 cm3 g-1 cannot be estimated accurately from a decrease in concentration in the aqueous phase, even when the most favourable (from point of view of accuracy) soil/solution ratio is applied, i.e. 1:1.
Glede na študije analize napake (61) se vrednosti Kd pod 0,3 cm3 g-1 ne dajo točno oceniti iz zmanjšanja koncentracije v vodni fazi, četudi se uporabi najugodnejše (z vidika točnosti) razmerje tla/raztopina, t.j.
In this case analysis of both phases, soil and solution, is recommended.
Vtem primeru je priporočljiva analiza obeh faz, tal in raztopine.
With respect to the above remarks, it is recommended that the study of the adsorptive behaviour of a chemical in soil and its potential mobility be continued by determining Freundlich adsorption isotherms for these systems, for which an accurate determination of Kd is possible with the experimental protocol followed in this test method.
Glede na zgornje opombe je priporočljivo, da se študija adsorptivnega obnašanja kemikalije v tleh in njene potencialne mobilnosti nadaljuje z določitvijo Freundlichovih adsorpcijskih izoterm za te sisteme, za katere je mogoča točna določitev Kd po eksperimentalnem protokolu iz te preskusne metode.
Accurate determination is possible if the value which results by multiplying the Kd with the soil/solution ratio is > 0,3, when measurements are based on concentration decrease in the aqueous phase (indirect method), or > 0,1, when both phases are analysed (direct method) (61).
Točna določitev je mogoča, če je rezultat pomnožitve Kd z razmerjem tla/raztopina > 0,3, kadar meritve temeljijo na zmanjševanju koncentracije v vodni fazi (posredna metoda), oziroma > 0,1, kadar se analizirata obe fazi (neposredna metoda) (61).
Tier 3 — Adsorption isotherms and desorption kinetics/desorption isotherms
Stopnja 3 – Adsorpcijske izoterme in kinetika desorpcije/desorpcijske izoterme
Adsorption isotherms
Adsorpcijske izoterme
Five test substance concentrations are used, covering preferably two orders of magnitude; in the choice of these concentrations the water solubility and the resulting aqueous equilibrium concentrations should be taken into account.
Uporabi se pet koncentracij preskusne snovi, ki najbolje da zajemajo dva velikostna reda; pri izbiri teh koncentracij se upoštevajo topnost v vodi in posledične koncentracije vodnega ravnotežja.
The same soil/solution ratio per soil should be kept along the study.
Med študijo je potrebno ohranjati isto razmerje tla/raztopina za posamezni tip tal.
The adsorption test is performed as described above, with the only difference that the aqueous phase is analysed only once at the time necessary to reach equilibrium as determined before in Tier 2.
Preskus adsorpcije se izvede, kakor je opisano zgoraj, z edino razliko, da se vodna faza analizira samo enkrat ob času, potrebnem za vzpostavitev ravnotežja, kakor je že bilo določeno v stopnji 2.
The equilibrium concentrations in the solution are determined and the amount adsorbed is calculated from the depletion of the test substance in the solution or with the direct method.
Določijo se ravnotežne koncentracije v raztopini, adsorbirana količina pa se izračuna iz izgubljanja preskusne snovi v raztopini ali z neposredno metodo.
The adsorbed mass per unit mass of soil is plotted as a function of the equilibrium concentration of the test substance (see Data and Reporting).
Adsorbirana masa na enoto mase tal se prikaže grafično kot funkcija ravnotežne koncentracije preskusne snovi (glej poglavje „Podatki in poročanje“).
Results from the adsorption isotherms experiment
Rezultati poskusa adsorpcijskih izoterm
Among the mathematical adsorption models proposed so far, the Freundlich isotherm is the one most frequently used to describe adsorption processes.
Med doslej predlaganimi matematičnimi modeli adsorpcije se za opisovanje adsorpcijskih procesov najpogosteje uporablja Freundlichova izoterma.
More detailed information on the interpretation and importance of adsorption models is provided in the references (41)(45)(80)(81)(82).
Bolj podrobne informacije o razlagi in pomenu adsorpcij skih modelov so na voljo v literaturi (41) (45) (80) (81) (82).
Note: it should be mentioned that a comparison of KF (Freundlich adsorption coefficient) values for different substances is only possible if these KF values are expressed in the same units (83).
Opomba: Treba je omeniti, da je primerjava vrednosti KF (Freundlichov adsorpcijski koeficient) za različne snovi mogoča samo, če so te vrednosti KF izražene v enakih enotah (83).
Desorption kinetics
Kinetika desorpcije
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate whether a chemical is reversibly or irreversibly adsorbed on a soil.
Namen tega preskusa je proučiti, ali se kemikalija reverzibilno ali ireverzibilno adsorbira na tla.
This information is important, since the desorption process also plays an important role in the behaviour of a chemical in field soil.
Ta podatek je pomemben, saj ima tudi desorpcijski proces pomembno vlogo pri obnašanju kemikalije v tleh.
Moreover, desorption data are useful inputs in the computer modelling of leaching and dissolved run-off simulation.
Poleg tega so podatki o desorpciji koristni vhodni podatki pri računalniškem modeliranju izluževanja in odtekanja raztopljenih snovi.
If a desorption study is desired, it is recommended that the study described below be carried out on each system for which an accurate determination of Kd in the preceding adsorption kinetics experiment was possible.
Če se želi opraviti študija desorpcije, je priporočljivo, da se spodaj opisana študija izvede za vsak sistem, za katerega je bila v prejšnjem preskusu kinetike desorpcije mogoča točna določitev Kd.
Likewise with the adsorption kinetics study, there are two options to proceed with the desorption kinetics experiment: (a) the parallel method and (b) serial method.
Kot pri študiji kinetike desorpcije, obstajata dve možnosti izvajanja poskusa kinetike desorpcije: (a) paralelna metoda in (b) serialna metoda.
The choice of methodology to be followed, is left to the experimenter who will need to consider the available laboratory facilities and resources.
Izbira metodologije je prepuščena izvajalcu, ki mora pretehtati zmožnosti in sredstva laboratorija.
parallel method: for each soil which is chosen to proceed with the desorption study, samples with the same soil/solution ratio are prepared, as many as the time intervals at which it is desired to study the desorption kinetics.
Paralelna metoda: za vsak tip tal, ki se izbere za študijo desorpcije, se pripravijo vzorci z enakim razmerjem tla/raztopina, in sicer toliko vzorcev, kolikor je časovnih intervalov, v katerih se želi proučevati kinetika desorpcije.
As a control sample the test substance in 0,01 M CaCl2 solution (without soil) is subjected to the same test procedure.
Kot kontrolni vzorec se po enakem preskusnem postopku tretira preskusna snov v 0,01 M raztopini CaCl2 (brez tal).
All the mixtures of the soil with the solution is agitating until to reach adsorption equilibrium (as determined before in Tier 2).
Vse zmesi tal z raztopino se stresajo, dokler se ne vzpostavi adsorpcijsko ravnotežje (kot je bilo določeno zgoraj v stopnji 2).
Then, the phases are separated by centrifugation and the aqueous phases are removed as much as possible.
Nato se faze ločijo s centrifugiranjem in vodne faze se v čim večji meri odstranijo.
The volume of solution removed is replaced by an equal volume of 0,01 M CaCl2 without test substance and the new mixtures are agitated again.
Prostornina odstranjene raztopine se nadomesti z enako prostornino 0,01 M CaCl2 brez preskusne snovi in nove zmesi se zopet stresajo.
The aqueous phase of the first tube is recovered as completely as possible and is measured after, for example, 2 h, that of the second tube after 4 h, that of the third after 6 h, etc. until the desorption equilibrium is reached.
Vodna faza v prvi epruveti se v čim večji meri rekuperira in se izmeri po na primer 2 h, tista v drugi epruveti po 4 h, tista v tretji po 6 h itd., dokler se ne vzpostavi desorpcijsko ravnotežje.
serial method: after the adsorption kinetics experiment, the mixture is centrifuged and the aqueous phase is removed as much as possible.
Serijska metoda: po preskusu kinetike adsorpcije se zmes centrifugira in vodna faza v čim večji meri odstrani.
The volume of solution removed is replaced by an equal volume of 0,01 M CaCl2 without test substance.
Prostornina odstranjene raztopine se nadomesti z enako prostornino 0,01 M CaCl2 brez preskusne snovi.
The new mixture is agitated until the desorption equilibrium is reached.
Nova zmes se stresa, dokler ni vzpostavljeno desorpcijsko ravnotežje.
During this time period, at defined time intervals, the mixture is centrifuged to separate the phases.
V tem času se v določenih časovnih intervalih zmes centrifugira, da se ločijo faze.
A small aliquot of the aqueous phase is immediately analysed for the test substance; then, the experiment continues with the original mixture.
V majhnem alikvotu vodne faze se takoj analizira vsebnost preskusne snovi; nato se preskus nadaljuje s prvotno zmesjo.
The volume of each individual aliquot should be less than 1 % of the total volume.
Prostornina posameznega alikvota naj bo manjša od 1 % skupne prostornine.
The same quantity of fresh 0,01 M CaCl2 solution is added to the mixture to maintain the soil to solution ratio, and the agitation continues until the next time interval.
Enaka količina sveže raztopine 0,01 M CaCl2 se doda zmesi, da se ohrani razmerje tla/raztopina, stresanje pa se nadaljuje do naslednjega časovnega intervala.
The percentage desorption is calculated at each time point Dti
Odstotek desorbcije se izračuna za vsak čas Dti
and/or time interval DΔti
ali časovni interval DΔti
(according to the needs of the study) and is plotted versus time.
(glede na potrebe študije) in grafično prikaže v odvisnosti od časa.
The desorption coefficient of Kdes at equilibrium is also calculated.
Izračuna se tudi desorpcijski koeficient Kdes ob ravnotežju.
All applicable equations are given in Data and Reporting and Appendix 5.
Vse uporabljene enačbe so navedene v poglavju Podatki in poročanje in Dodatku 5.