natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
With organic compounds that are water insoluble not more than a 2 % solution v/v of organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) should be used.
Če gre za v vodi netopne organske spojine, naj se ne uporabi več kot 2 % raztopina v/v organskih topil, kot so etanol, aceton ali dimetilsulfoksid (DMSO).
The final concentration of the vehicle should not significantly affect cell viability and growth characteristics.
Končna koncentracija nosilca ne sme bistveno vplivati na sposobnost preživetja celic in na značilnosti rasti.
The system most commonly used is a co-factor supplemented post-mitochondrial fraction from the livers of rodents pre-treated with enzyme inducing agents.
Najpogosteje uporabljeni sistem je s kofaktorjem dopolnjena post-mitohondrijalna frakcija iz jeter glodalcev, ki so bila prej tretirana s sredstvi za indukcijo encimov.
The most frequently used strains are the diploids D4, D5, D7 and JD1.
Najpogosteje uporabljani sevi so diploidi D4, D5, D7 in JD1.
The use of other strains may be appropriate.
Ustrezna je lahko tudi uporaba drugih sevov.
Appropriate culture media are used for the determination of survival and the frequency of mitotic recombination.
Za določitev preživetja celic in frekvence mitotične rekombinacije se uporabijo ustrezna gojišča.
Appropriate positive control chemicals should be used for each specific recombination endpoint.
Za vsak specifični ciljni učinek rekombinacije je treba uporabiti ustrezne kemikalije pozitivne kontrole.
Among the factors to be taken into consideration are cytotoxicity and solubility.
Med dejavniki, ki jih je treba upoštevati, so citotoksičnost in topnost.
The lowest concentration must have no effect on celf viability.
Najnižja koncentracija ne sme imeti nikakršnega učinka na sposobnost preživetja celic.
For toxic chemicals, the highest concentration tested should not reduce survival below 5 to 10 %.
V primeru strupenih kemikalij preživetje pri najvišji koncentraciji ne sme pasti pod 5 do 10 %.
Relatively water-insoluble chemicals should be tested up to the limit of solubility using appropriate procedures.
Z relativno vodotopnimi snovmi je treba preskus opravljati do meje njihove topnosti z uporabo ustreznih postopkov.
For freely water-soluble non-toxic substances the upper concentration should be determined on a case by case basis.
Za dobro vodotopne nestrupene snovi je treba zgornjo koncentracijo določiti od primera do primera.
Incubation conditions
Pogoji inkubacije
The plates are incubated in the dark for four to seven days at 28 to 30 oC.
Plošče se inkubira v temi štiri do sedem dni pri 28 do 30 oC.
Plates used for the assay of red and pink homozygous sectors produced by mitotic crossing-over should be kept in a refrigerator (about 4 oC) for a further one to two days before scoring to allow for the development of the appropriate pigmented colonies.
Plošče, uporabljene za analizo rdečih in rožnatih homozigotnih sektorjev, ki nastanejo z mitotičnim crossing-over, je treba hraniti v hladilniku (približno 4 oC) za nadaljnji dan ali dva pred štetjem, da se omogoči razvoj ustreznih pigmentiranih kolonij.
Spontaneous mitotic recombination frequencies
Frekvence spontane mitotične rekombinacije
Sub-cultures should be used with spontaneous mitotic recombination mutation frequencies within the accepted normal range.
Uporabiti je treba subkulture s frekvencami spontane mitotične rekombinacije znotraj dovoljenega normalnega razpona.
Number of replicates
Število dvojnikov
A minimum of three replicate plates should be used per concentration for the assay of prototrophs produced by mitotic gene conversion and for viability.
Uporabiti je treba najmanj tri ponovitvene plošče na koncentracijo za analizo prototrofov, ki so nastali z mitotično konverzijo genov, in sposobnosti preživetja celic.
In the case of the assay of recessive homozygosis produced by mitotic crossing-over, the plate number should be increased to provide an adequate number of colonies.
V primeru preskusov recesivne homozigotnosti, ki nastane z mitotičnim (crossing-over, je treba število plošč povečati, da bi se dobilo ustrezno število kolonij.
1-5 × 107 celles/ml are exposed to the test chemical for up to 18 hours at 28 to 37 oC with shaking; an adequate amount of metabolic activation system is added during treatment when appropriate.
Začetne preskuse je treba opraviti na rastočih celicah: 1 – 5 × 107 celic/ml se izpostavi preskusni kemikaliji največ 18 ur pri 28 do 37 oC s tresenjem; če je primerno, se med tretiranjem doda ustrezna količina metabolnega aktivacijskega sistema.
At the end of the treatment, cells are centrifuged, washed and seeded upon appropriate culutre medium.
Na koncu tretiranja se celice centrifugirajo, sperejo in zasejejo na ustrezno gojišče.
After incubation plates are scored for survival and the induction of mitotic recombination.
Po inkubaciji se plošče preštejejo za preživetje in indukcijo genske mutacije.
If the first experiment is positive it is confirmed in an independent experiment.
Če je prvi preskus pozitiven, se ga potrdi z ustreznim neodvisnim preskusom.
Data should be presented in tabular form indicating the number of colonies counted, the number of recombinants, survival and the frequency of recombinants.
Podatki se povzamejo v obliki tabele, iz katere je razvidno število preštetih kolonij, število rekombinant, preživetje in frekvenca rekombinant.
Results should be confirmed in an independent experiment.
Rezultate je treba potrditi z neodvisnim preskusom.
The data should be evaluated using appropriate statistical methods.
Podatke je treba oceniti z uporabo ustreznih statističnih metod.
test conditions: stationary phase or growing cells, composition of media, incubation temperature and duration, metabolic activation system,
preskusni pogoji: celice v stacionarni fazi in rastoče celice, sestava gojišč, inkubacijska temperatura in trajanje, metabolni aktivacijski sistem,
treatment conditions: exposure concentration, procedure and duration of treatment, treatment temperature, positive and negative controls,
pogoji tretiranja: stopnje izpostavljenosti, postopek in trajanje tretiranja, temperatura tretiranja, pozitivna in negativna kontrola,
number of colonies counted, number of recombinants; survival and recombination frequency, dose/response relationship if applicable, statistical evaluation of data,
število preštetih kolonij, število rekombinant, preživetje in frekvenca rekombinacije, razmerje odmerek/odziv, če je primerno, statistična ocena podatkov,
This method is a replicate of the OECD TG 476, In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test (1997).
Ta metoda ustreza metodi OECD TG 476, In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test (1997).
The in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test can be used to detect gene mutations induced by chemical substances.
Preizkus genskih mutacij v celicah sesalcev in vitro se lahko uporablja za odkrivanje genskih mutacij, ki jih povzročajo kemične snovi.
Suitable cell lines include L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, the CHO, CHO-AS52 and V79 lines of Chinese hamster cells, and TK6 human lymphoblastoid cells (1).
Primerne celične linije vključujejo celice limfoma miši L5178Y, linije celic kitajskega hrčka CHO, CHO-AS52 in V79 in človeške limfoblaste TK6 (1).
In these cell lines the most commonly-used genetic endpoints measure mutation at thymidine kinase (TK) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and a transgene of xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XPRT).
V teh celičnih linijah najpogosteje uporabljane genske končne točke izmerijo mutacijo na lokusih za timidin-kinazo (TK) in hipoksantin-gvanin-fosforibozil-transferazo (HPRT) in na transgenu za ksantin-gvanin-fosforibozil-transferazo (XPRT).
The TK, HPRT and XPRT mutation tests detect different spectra of genetic events.
Preizkusi mutacij TK, HPRT in XPRT zaznajo različne vrste genskih pojavov.
The autosomal location of TK and XPRT may allow the detection of genetic events (e.g. large deletions) not detected at the HPRT locus on X-chromosomes (2)(3)(4)(5)(6).
Lokacija TK in XPRT na avtosomih lahko omogoči zaznavo genskih pojavov (npr. obsežnih delecij), ki se ne zaznajo na lokusu za HPRT na X kromosomih (2) (3) (4) (5) (6).
In the in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test, cultures of established cell lines or cell strains can be used.
Pri preizkusu genskih mutacij v celicah sesalcev in vitro se lahko uporabijo kulture trajnih celičnih linij ali celičnih sevov.
The cells used are selected on the basis of growth ability in culture and stability of the spontaneous mutation frequency.
Uporabljene celice se izberejo na podlagi zmožnosti rasti v kulturi in stabilnosti pogostnosti spontanih mutacij.
Care should be taken to avoid conditions, which would lead to results not reflecting intrinsic mutagenicity.
Treba je paziti, da se prepreči nastanek razmer, ki bi vodile do rezultatov, ne izražajočih prave mutagenosti.
Positive results, which do not reflect intrinsic mutagenicity may arise from changes in pH, osmolality or high levels of cytotoxicity (7).
Pozitivni rezultati, ki ne izražajo prave mutagenosti, so lahko posledica sprememb pH, osmolarnosti ali visoke ravni citotoksičnosti (7).
Correlation is dependent on chemical class and there is increasing evidence that there are carcinogens that are not detected by this test because they appear to act through other, non genotoxic mechanisms or mechanisms absent in bacterial cells (6).
Odvisna je od skupine nevarnosti kemikalije in vedno več je dokazov, da obstajajo rakotvorne snovi, ki jih ta preizkus ne zazna, ker, kakor kaže, delujejo prek drugih mehanizmov, ki niso genotoksični, ali mehanizmov, ki jih v sesalskih celicah ni (6).
Forward mutation: a gene mutation from the parental type to the mutant form which gives rise to an alteration or a loss of the enzymatic activity of the function of the encoded protein.
Napredna mutacija: genska mutacija starševskega tipa mutirane oblike, ki povzroči spremembo ali izgubo encimskega delovanja kodirane beljakovine.
Base pair substitution mutagens: substances, which cause substitution of one or several base pairs in the DNA.
Mutageni substitucije baznih parov: snovi, ki povzročijo zamenjavo ene ali več baznih parov v DNA.
Frameshift mutagens: Substances, which cause the addition or deletion of single or multiple base pairs in the DNA molecule.
Mutageni premika bralnega okvira: snovi, ki povzročijo adicijo ali delecij o enega ali več baznih parov v molekuli DNA.
Phenotypic expression time: a period during which unaltered gene products are depleted from newly mutated cells.
Čas izražanja fenotipa: obdobje, v katerem se nespremenjeni genski produkti odstranijo iz na novo mutiranih celic.
Mutant frequency: the number of mutant cells observed divided by the number of viable cells.
Pogostnost mutant: število opaženih mutiranih celic, deljeno s številom živih celic.
Relative total growth: increase in cell number over time compared to a control population of cells; calculated as the product of suspension growth relative to the negative control times cloning efficiency relative to negative control.
Relativna skupna rast: povečanje števila celic v časovnem obdobju v primerjavi s kontrolno populacijo celic; izračunano kot zmnožek rasti v suspenziji glede na negativno kontrolo in učinkovitosti kloniranja glede na negativno kontrolo.
Relative suspension growth: increase in cell number over the expression period relative to the negative control.
Relativna rast v suspenziji: povečanje števila celic v obdobju izražanja glede na negativno kontrolo.
Viability: the cloning efficiency of the treated cells at the time of plating in selective conditions after the expression period.
Sposobnost preživetja: učinkovitost tvorbe klonov obdelanih celic v času nasaditve v selektivnih pogojih po času izražanja.
Survival: the cloning efficiency of the treated cells when plated at the end of the treatment period; survival is usually expressed in relation to the survival of the control cell population.
Preživetje: učinkovitost tvorbe klonov obdelanih celic, ko se nasadijo na ploščo ob koncu obdelave; preživetje se navadno izraža v odvisnosti od preživetja kontrolne populacije celic.
Cells deficient in thymidine kinase (TK) due to the mutation TK+/- -> TK-/- are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the pyrimidine analogue trifluorothymidine (TFT).
Celice brez timidin-kinaze (TK) so zaradi mutacije TK+/- -> TK-/- odporne proti citotoksičnim učinkom pirimidinskega analoga trifluorotimidina (TFT).
Thymidine kinase proficient cells are sensitive to TFT, which causes the inhibition of cellular metabolism and halts further cell division.
Celice s timidin-kinazo so občutljive za TFT, ki zavira celično presnovo in ustavi celično delitev.
Thus mutant cells are able to proliferate in the presence of TFT, whereas normal cells, which contain thymidine kinase, are not.
Mutirane celice so tako sposobne množitve v navzočnosti TFT, medtem ko normalne celice, ki vsebujejo timidin-kinazo, to niso.
Similarly, cells deficient in HPRT or XPRT are selected by resistance to 6-thioguanine (TG) or 8-azaguanine (AG).
Podobno se celice brez HPRT ali XPRT selekcionirajo z odpornostjo proti 6-tiogvaninu (TG) ali 8-azogvaninu (AG).
The properties of the test substance should be considered carefully if a base analogue or a compound related to the selective agent is tested in any of the mammalian cell gene mutation tests.
Lastnosti preizkušane snovi naj se skrbno preučijo, če se v katerem koli od preizkusov genskih mutacij v celicah sesalcev preizkuša bazni analog ali spojina, sorodna selektivni snovi.
For example, any suspected selective toxicity by the test substance for mutant and non-mutant cells should be investigated.
Preuči naj se na primer vsaka domnevna selektivna toksičnost preizkušane snovi za mutirane in nemutirane celice.
Thus, performance of the selection system/agent must be confirmed when testing chemicals structurally related to the selective agent (8).
Treba je potrditi učinkovitost selekcijskega sistema/snovi, kadar se preizkušajo kemikalije, ki so po strukturi sorodne selektivni snovi (8).
Cells in suspension or monolayer culture are exposed to the test substance, both with and without metabolic activation, for a suitable period of time and subcultured to determine cytotoxicity and to allow phenotypic expression prior to mutant selection (9)(10)(11)(12)(13).
Celice v suspenziji ali enoplastni kulturi se za ustrezno časovno obdobje izpostavijo preizkušam snovi, ob aktivaciji presnove in brez nje, in se kultivirajo na novem gojišču, da se določi citotoksičnost in se omogoči izražanje fenotipa pred selekcijo mutant (9) (10) (11) (12) (13).
Cytotoxicity is usually determined by measuring the relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth of the cultures after the treatment period.
Citotoksičnost se navadno določi z merjenjem relativne učinkovitosti tvorbe klonov (preživetje) ali relativne skupne rasti kultur po obdelovanju.
The treated cultures are maintained in growth medium for a sufficient period of time, characteristic of each selected locus and cell type, to allow near-optimal phenotypic expression of induced mutations.
Obdelovane kulture se vzdržujejo na rastnem gojišču dovolj dolgo obdobje, značilno za vsak izbran lokus in vrsto celic, ki omogoči skoraj optimalno izražanje fenotipa induciranih mutacij.
Mutant frequency is determined by seeding known numbers of cells in medium containing the selective agent to detect mutant cells and in medium without selective agent to determine the cloning efficiency (viability).
Pogostnost mutant se določi z nasaditvijo znanega števila celic v gojišče s selektivno snovjo, da se zaznajo mutirane celice, in v gojišče brez selektivne snovi, da se določi učinkovitost tvorbe klonov (sposobnost preživetja).
After a suitable incubation time, colonies are counted.
Po ustrezno dolgi inkubaciji se preštejejo kolonije.
The mutant frequency is derived from the number of mutant colonies in selective medium and the number of colonies in non-selective medium.
Pogostnost mutant se izračuna iz števila mutiranih kolonij v selektivnem gojišču in iz števila kolonij v neselektivnem gojišču.
A variety of cell types are available for use in this test including subclones of L5178Y, CHO, CHO-AS52, V79 or TK6 cells.
Na voljo je več vrst celic, ki se lahko uporabijo pri tem preizkusu, skupaj s subkloni celic L5171Y, CHO, CHO-AS52, V79 ali TK6.
Cell types used in this test should have a demonstrated sensitivity to chemical mutagens, a high cloning efficiency and a stable spontaneous mutant frequency.
Za vrsto celic, uporabljeno pri tem preizkusu, naj bodo dokazane občutljivost za kemične mutagene, velika učinkovitost tvorbe klonov in stabilna pogostnost spontanih mutacij.
Cells should be checked for mycoplasma contamination and should not be used if contaminated.
Preveri naj se, ali celice niso okužene z mikoplazmo, in če so, naj se ne uporabijo.
The test should be designed to have a predetermined sensitivity and power.
Preizkus naj bo načrtovan tako, da bosta njegova občutljivost in moč vnaprej določeni.
The number of cells, cultures and concentrations of test substance used should reflect these defined parameters (14).
Število uporabljenih celic, kultur in koncentracij preizkušane snovi naj izraža te določene parametre (14).
The minimal number of viable cells surviving treatment and used at each stage in the test should be based on the spontaneous mutation frequency.
Najmanjše število živih celic, ki preživijo obdelovanje in se uporabijo v vsaki fazi preizkusa, naj temelji na pogostnosti spontanih mutacij.
A general guide is to use a cell number, which is at least 10 times the inverse of the spontaneous mutation frequency.
Splošno vodilo je, da se uporabi število celic, ki je vsaj 10-kratna recipročna vrednost pogostnosti spontanih mutacij.
However, it is recommended to utilise at least 106 cells.
Vendar se priporoča, da se uporabi vsaj 106 celic.
Adequate historical data on the cell system used should be available to indicate consistent performance of the test.
Na voljo naj bodo zadovoljivi pretekli podatki o uporabljenem celičnem sistemu, ki kažejo na dosledno učinkovitost preizkusa.
Appropriate culture media, and incubation conditions (culture vessels, temperature, CO2 concentration, and humidity) should be used.
Uporabijo naj se ustrezna gojišča za kulture in pogoji inkubacije (posode za kulture, temperatura, koncentracija CO2 in vlažnost).
Media should be chosen according to the selective systems and cell type used in the test.
Gojišča naj se izberejo glede na selektivne sisteme in vrsto celic, ki se uporabijo v preizkusu.
It is particularly important that culture conditions should be chosen that ensure optimal growth of cells during the expression period and colony forming ability of both mutant and non-mutant cells.
Posebej pomembno je, da se izberejo takšni pogoji kultiviranja, ki zagotavljajo optimalno rast celic v času izražanja in sposobnost tvorjenja kolonij mutiranih, pa tudi nemutiranih celic.
Cell are propagated from stock cultures, seeded in culture medium and incubated at 37 oC.
Celice se namnožijo iz založnih kultur, nasadijo v gojišče in inkubirajo pri 37 oC.
Prior to use in this test, cultures may need to be cleansed of pre-existing mutant cells.
Pred uporabo v tem preizkusu bo morda iz kultur treba odstraniti že obstoječe mutirane celice.
The most commonly used system is a cofactor-supplemented post-mitochondrial fraction (S9) prepared from the livers of rodents treated with enzyme-inducing agents such as Aroclor 1254 (15)(16)(17)(18) or a combination of phenobarbitone and ß–naphthoflavone (19)(20).
Najpogosteje uporabljani sistem je postmitohondrijska frakcija z dodanim kofaktorjem (S9), pripravljena iz jeter glodavcev, ki so bila obdelana s sredstvi za encimsko indukcijo, kakor je Aroclor 1254 (15) (16) (17) (18), ali z zmesjo fenobarbitona in β-naftoflavona (19) (20).
Cytotoxicity should be determined with and without metabolic activation in the main experiment using an appropriate indication of cell integrity and growth, such as relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth.
Citotoksičnost naj se določi ob aktivaciji presnove in brez nje v glavnem poskusu z uporabo ustreznega kazalca celične neokrnjenosti in rasti, kakor sta relativna učinkovitost tvorbe klonov (preživetje) ali relativna skupna rast.
At least four analysable concentrations should be used.
Uporabijo naj se vsaj štiri koncentracije, ki jih je mogoče analizirati.
Where there is cytotoxicity, these concentrations should cover a range from the maximum to little or no toxicity; this will usually mean that the concentration levels should be separated by no more than a factor between 2 and √10.
Pri citotoksičnosti naj te koncentracije zajemajo območje od največje toksičnosti do majhne toksičnosti ali netoksičnosti; to bo navadno pomenilo, da razlika med koncentracijami ne bo smela biti večja od faktorja med 2 in √10.
If the maximum concentration is based on cytotoxicity then it should result in approximately 10-20 % (but not less than 10 %) relative survival (relative cloning efficiency) or relative total growth.
Če največja koncentracija temelji na citotoksičnosti, naj povzroči približno 10–20 % (vendar ne manj kakor 10 %) relativno preživetje (relativna učinkovitost tvorbe klonov) ali relativno skupno rast.
For relatively non-cytotoxic substances, the maximum test concentration should be 5 mg/ml 5 μl/ml, or 0,01 M, whichever is the lowest.
Za sorazmerno necitotoksične snovi naj bo največja preizkušana koncentracija 5 mg/ml, 5μl/ml oziroma 0,01 M, tista, ki je najnižja.
Relatively insoluble substances should be tested up to or beyond their limit of solubility under culture conditions.
Sorazmerno netopne snovi naj se preizkušajo do ali prek meje topnosti v pogojih kultiviranja.
Evidence of insolubility should be determined in the final treatment medium to which cells are exposed.
Netopnost naj se določi v končnem obdelovalnem gojišču, kateremu so izpostavljene celice.
It may be useful to assess solubility at the beginning and the end of the treatment, as solubility can change during the course of exposure in the test system due to presence of cells, S9, serum, etc. Insolubility can be detected by using the unaided eye.
Lahko je koristno oceniti topnost na začetku in na koncu obdelave, saj se topnost med izpostavitvijo v preizkusnem sistemu lahko spremeni zaradi navzočnosti celic, S9, seruma itn. Netopnost se lahko zazna s prostim očesom.
Concurrent positive and negative (solvent or vehicle) controls, both with and without metabolic activation should be included in each experiment.
V vsak poskus naj se vključijo sočasni pozitivni in negativni (topilo ali nosilec) kontrolni vzorci, ob aktivaciji presnove in brez nje.
Metabolic activation condition
Stanje aktivacije presnove
Absence of exogenous metabolic activation
Ni zunanje aktivacije presnove
TK (small and large colonies)
TK (majhne in velike kolonije)
Presence of exogenous metabolic activation
Zunanja aktivacija presnove
3-Methylcholanthrene
3-metilholantren
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-dimetilnitrozamin
7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene
7,12-dimetilbenzoantracen
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (for high levels of S-9)
N-dimetil nitrozamin(pri velikih koncentracijah S-9)
Other appropriate positive control reference substances may be used, e.g. if a laboratory has a historical data base on 5-Bromo 2'-deoxyuridine (CAS n. 59-14-3, Einecs n. 200-415-9), this reference substance could be used as well.
Lahko se uporabijo druge ustrezne referenčne snovi pozitivne kontrole, npr. če ima laboratorij bazo preteklih podatkov za 5-bromo 2'-dioksiuridin (št. CAS 59-14-3, št. Einecs 200-415-9), se lahko uporabi tudi ta referenčna snov.
Negative controls, consisting of solvent or vehicle alone in the treatment medium, and treated in the same way as the treatment groups, should be included.
Vključijo naj se negativni kontrolni vzorci, ki jih sestavlja le topilo ali nosilec v obdelovalnem gojišču, obdelani enako kakor obdelovane skupine.
Proliferating cells should be exposed to the test substance both with and without metabolic activation.
Množeče se celice naj se izpostavijo preizkušam snovi ob aktivaciji presnove in brez nje.