natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
All of the hydrolysis tests should be carried out using any suitable method to avoid photolytic effects.
Vse preskuse hidrolize je treba izvesti z ustrezno metodo, da se preprečijo fotolitski učinki.
All suitable measures should be taken to avoid oxygen (e.g. by bubbling helium, nitrogen or argon for five minutes before preparation of the solution).
Izvesti je treba vse ustrezne ukrepe, da se prepreči dostop kisika (npr. 5-minutno vpihavanje mehurčkov helija, dušika ali argona pred pripravo raztopine).
Test duration
Trajanje preskusa
The preliminary test should be carried out for 5 days whereas the higher Tier tests should be conducted until 90 % hydrolysis of the test substance or for 30 days whichever comes first.
Predhodni poskus mora trajati 5 dni, preskusi višjih stopenj pa se izvajajo, dokler se ne hidrolizira 90 % preskusne snovi ali 30 dni (do česar pride prej).
Preliminary test (Tier 1)
Predhodni preskus (Stopnja 1)
The preliminary test is performed at 50 ± 0,5 oC and pH 4,0, 7,0 and 9,0.
Predhodni poskus se izvede pri 50 ±0,5 oC in vrednostih pH 4,0, 7,0 in 9,0.
If less than 10 % of hydrolysis is observed after 5 days (t0,525oC > 1 year), the test substance is considered hydrolytically stable and, normally, no additional testing is required.
Če je hidroliza določena po 5 dneh (t0,525oC > 1 leto) manj kot 10-odstotna, se šteje, da je preskusna snov hidrolitsko stabilna in običajno ni potrebno dodatno preskušanje.
If the substance is known to be unstable at environmentally relevant temperatures, the preliminary test is not required.
Če je znano, da je snov nestabilna pri za okolje ustreznih temperaturah, ni potreben predhodni preskus.
The analytical method must be sufficiently precise and sensitive to detect a reduction of 10 % in the initial concentration.
Analitska metoda mora biti dovolj natančna in občutljiva za ugotavljanje 10-odstotnega zmanjšanja začetne koncentracije preskusne snovi.
Hydrolysis of unstable substances (Tier 2)
Hidroliza nestabilnih snovi (Stopnja 2)
The higher Tier (advanced) test should be performed at the pH values at which the test substance was found unstable as defined by the preliminary test above.
Preskus višje stopnje (napredni preskus) je treba opraviti pri vrednostih pH, pri katerih je bilo v predhodnem poskusu ugotovljeno, da je preskusna snov nestabilna.
The buffered solutions of the test substance should be thermostated at the selected temperatures.
Pufrske raztopine preskusne snovi je treba termostatirati pri izbranih temperaturah.
To test for first-order behaviour, each reaction solution should be analysed in time intervals which provide a minimum of six spaced data points normally between 10 % and 90 % hydrolysis of the test substance.
Za preskušanje obnašanja prvega reda, je treba vsako reakcijsko raztopino analizirati v časovnih intervalih, ki dajo najmanj šest podatkov meritev v ustreznih razmikih med 10- in 90-odstotno hidrolizo preskusne snovi.
Individual replicate test samples (a minimum of duplicate samples contained in separate reaction vessels) should be removed and the contents analysed at each of at least six sampling times (for a minimum of twelve replicate data points).
Posamezne ponovitve preskusnih vzorcev (najmanj duplikatni vzorci v ločenih reakcijskih posodah) je treba odstraniti in vsebino analizirati ob vsakem od najmanj šestih vzorčenj (za najmanj dvanajst podatkovnih točk s ponovitvami).
The use of a single bulk sample from which individual aliquots of the test solution are removed at each sampling interval is considered to be inadequate, as it does not allow for the analysis of data variability and it may lead to problems with contamination of the test solution.
Uporaba enega skupnega vzorca, iz katerega se jemljejo posamezni alikvoti preskusne raztopine v vsakem intervalu vzorčenja, se šteje kot nezadostna, saj ne dopušča analize variabilnosti podatkov in lahko povzroči težave zaradi kontaminacije preskusne raztopine.
Sterility confirmation tests should be conducted at the end of the higher Tier test (i.e. at 90 % hydrolysis or 30 days).
Ob koncu preskusa višjih stopenj je treba opraviti preskuse potrditve sterilnosti (t.j. po 90-odstotni hidrolizi ali po 30 dneh).
However, if no degradation (i.e. transformation) is observed, sterility tests are not considered necessary.
Če pa ni ugotovljena razgradnja (t.j. pretvorba), se šteje, da preskusi sterilnosti niso potrebni.
Identification of hydrolysis products (Tier 3)
Identifikacija produktov hidrolize (Stopnja 3)
Any major hydrolysis products at least those representing > 10 % of the applied dose should be identified by appropriate analytical methods.
Z ustreznimi analitskimi metodami je treba identificirati vse poglavitne produkte hidrolize, vsaj tiste ki znašajo > 10 % uporabljenega odmerka.
Optional tests
Izbirni preskusi
Additional tests at pH values other than 4, 7 and 9 may be required for a hydrolytically unstable test substance.
Pri hidrolitsko nestabilni preskusni snovi je morda treba opraviti dodatne preskuse pri pH vrednostih, ki so različne od 4, 7 in 9.
For example, for physiological purposes a test under more acidic conditions (e.g. pH 1,2) may be required employing a single physiologically relevant temperature (37 oC).
Npr. za fiziološke namene je morda treba opraviti preskus v bolj kislih pogojih (npr. pH 1,2) in pri eni sami fiziološko ustrezni temperaturi (37 oC).
The amounts of test substance and of hydrolysis products, if relevant, should be given as % of applied initial concentration and, where appropriate, as mg/L for each sampling interval and for each pH and test temperature.
Če je ustrezno, je treba količino preskusne snovi in produktov hidrolize navajati v % uporabljene začetne koncentracije in, kadar je primerno, v mg/L za vsako vzorčenje in vsako vrednost pH in preskusno temperaturo.
In addition, a mass balance should be given in percentage of the applied initial concentration when labelled test substance has been used.
Če je bila uporabljena označena preskusna snov, je treba navesti tudi masno ravnovesje v odstotkih uporabljene začetne koncentracije.
A graphical presentation of the log-transformed data of the test substance concentrations against time should be reported.
Narisati je treba grafično predstavitev logaritemsko pretvorjenih koncentracij preskusne snovi v odvisnosti od časa.
Any major hydrolysis products at least those representing ≥ 10 % of the applied dose should be identified and their log-transformed concentrations should also be plotted in the same manner as the parent substance to show their rates of formation and decline.
Opredeliti je treba vse večje produkte hidrolize, vsaj tiste, ki so > 10 % uporabljenega odmerka, in izrisati logaritemsko pretvorjene koncentracije teh snovi na enak način kot za izhodiščno snov, da so prikazane njihove hitrosti nastajanja in izginjanja.
More accurate determinations of half-lives or DT50 values should be obtained by applying appropriate kinetic model calculations.
Z uporabo ustreznega kinetičnega modela je treba natančneje določiti razpolovne dobe ali vrednosti DT50.
The half-life and/or DT50 values (including confidence limits) should be reported for each pH and temperature together with a description of the model used the order of kinetics and the coefficient of determination (r2).
Razpolovno dobo in/ali vrednosti DT50 (vključno z intervali zaupanja) je treba navesti za vsak pH in temperaturo skupaj z opisom uporabljenega modela, redom kinetike in koeficientom določitve (r2).
If appropriate, the calculations should also be applied to the hydrolysis products.
Kadar je to primerno, je treba izračune opraviti tudi za produkte hidrolize.
In the case of rate studies carried out at different temperatures, the pseudo first-order hydrolysis rate constants (kobs) should be described as a function of temperature.
V primeru študij hitrosti, opravljenih pri različnih temperaturah, je treba konstante psevdoprvega reda (kobs) opisati kot funkcije temperature.
The calculation should be based on both the separation of kobs into rate constants for acid catalysed, neutral, and base catalysed hydrolysis (kH, kneutral, and kOH respectively) and the Arrhenius equation:
Izračun mora temeljiti tako na ločitvi kobs v konstanti hitrosti za kislinsko katalizirano (kH), nevtralno (kneutral) in bazično katalizirano hidrolizo (KOH) kot na Arrheniusovi enačbi:
where Ai and Bi are regression constants from the intercept and slope, respectively, of the best fit lines generated from linearly regressing ln ki against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature in Kelvin (T).
pri čemer je Ai oziroma Bi regresijska konstanta iz preseka oziroma naklona najbolje prirejenih premic, ki nastanejo pri linearni regresiji ln ki v odvisnosti od obratne vrednosti absolutne temperature v kelvinih (T).
Through the use of the Arrhenius relationships for acid, neutral and base catalysed hydrolysis, pseudo first-order rate constants, and thus half-lives can be calculated for other temperatures for which the direct experimental determination of a rate constant is not practicable (10).
Z Arrheniusovimi odvisnostmi za kislinsko, nevtralno in bazično katalizirano hidrolizo se lahko izračunajo konstante hitrosti psevdoprvega reda in s tem razpolovne dobe za druge temperature, pri katerih neposrednega določevanja konstante hitrosti v poskusu ni možno izvesti (10).
Most hydrolysis reactions follow apparent first order reaction rates and, therefore, half-lives are independent of the concentration (see equation 4 in Appendix 2).
Večina hidrolitskih reakcij navidezno sledi konstantam prvega reda in so zato razpolovne dobe neodvisne od koncentracije (glej enačbo 4 v Dodatku 2).
This usually permits the application of laboratory results determined at 10-2 to 10-3 M to environmental conditions (≤ 10-6 M) (10).
To običajno dovoljuje uporabo laboratorijskih rezultatov določenih pri 10-2 do 10-3 M na okoljske pogoje (< 10-6 M) (10).
Several examples of good agreement between rates of hydrolysis measured in both pure and natural waters for a variety of chemicals were reported by Mabey and Mill (11), provided both pH and temperature had been measured.
Mabey in Mill (11) sta navedla več primerov dobrega ujemanja med hitrostmi hidrolize, izmerjenimi v čistih in naravnih vodah za različne kemikalije, pod pogojem, da sta bila izmerjena pH in temperatura.
common name, chemical name, CAS number, structural formula (indicating position of label when radiolabelled material is used) and relevant physical-chemical properties (see Section 1.5);
splošno ime, kemijsko ime, številka CAS, strukturna formula (v kateri je naveden položaj označevalca, če je bila uporabljena radioaktivno označena snov) in zadevne fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti (glej točko 1.5),
purity (impurities) of test substance,
čistost (nečistoče) preskušene snovi,
label purity of labelled chemical and molar activity (where appropriate).
čistost označevalca označene kemikalije in molarna aktivnost (kadar je primerno).
Buffer solutions:
Pufrske raztopine:
dates and details of preparation,
datum in podrobnosti priprave,
buffers and waters used,
uporabljeni pufri in vode,
molarity and pH of buffer solutions.
molarnost in pH pufrskih raztopin.
dates of the performance of the studies,
datumi izvedbe študij,
amount of test substance applied,
količina uporabljene preskusne snovi,
method and solvents (type and amount) used for application of the test substance,
metode in topila (vrsta in količina), uporabljene pri uporabi preskusne snovi,
volume of buffered test substance solutions incubated,
inkubirani volumen puferirane preskusne snovi,
description of the incubation system used,
opis uporabljenega inkubacij skega sistema,
pH and temperature during the study,
pH in temperatura med študijo,
sampling times,
časi vzorčenja,
method(s) of extraction,
metoda(-e) ekstrakcije,
methods for quantification and identification of the test substance and its hydrolysis products in the buffer solutions,
metode za številčno vrednotenje in identifikacijo preskusne snovi ter njenih produktov hidrolize v pufrskih raztopinah,
number of replicates.
število ponovitev.
repeatability and sensitivity of the analytical methods used,
ponovljivost in občutljivost uporabljene analitske metode,
recoveries (% values for a valid study are given in Section 1.7.1),
analitski izkoristki (odstotne vrednosti za veljavnost raziskave so navedene v točki 1.7.1),
replicate data and means in a tabular forms,
podatki za ponovitve in povprečne vrednosti v tabeli,
mass balance during and at the end of the studies (when labelled test substance is used),
masno ravnotežje med študijo in pri koncu študije (če je bila uporabljena označena preskusna snov),
results of preliminary test,
rezultati predhodnega preskusa,
discussion and interpretation of results,
razprava o rezultatih in interpretacija rezultatov,
all original data and figures.
vsi izvirni podatki in slike.
The following information is only required when hydrolysis rate is determined:
Naslednji podatki so potrebni le pri določevanju hitrosti hidrolize:
plots of concentrations versus time for the test substances and, where appropriate, for the hydrolysis products at each pH value and temperature;
grafi koncentracij v odvisnosti od časa za preskusne snovi in, kadar je primerno, za produkte hidrolize pri vsaki vrednosti pH in temperaturi,
tables of results of Arrhenius equation for the temperature 20 oC/25 oC, with pH, rate constant [h-1 or day-1], half-life or DT50, temperatures [oC] including confidence limits and the coefficients of correlation (r2) or comparable information;
tabele rezultatov Arrheniusove enačbe za temperaturo 20 oC/25 oC s pH, hitrostno konstanto [h-1 ali dan-1], razpolovno dobo ali DT50, temperaturami [ oC] in intervali zaupanja ter koeficienti korelacije (r2) ali primerljivimi podatki,
proposed pathway of hydrolysis.
predlagane poti hidrolize.
OECD, (1981) Hydrolysis as a Function of pH.
OECD (1981). Hydrolysis as a Function of pH. OECD Guideline for Testing of ChemicalsNr.
OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No 111, adopted 12 May 1981.
111, adopted 12 May 1981.
OECD (1994-2000): Addenda 6-11 to Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals.
OECD (1994-2000): Addenda 6–11 to Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals.
Tiered hydrolysis test scheme
Stopenjski preskus hidrolize
Yes
Adsorpcijske izoterme
Is the water solubility of the test substance > 2 10-2 M ?
Je topnost preskusne snovi v vodi > 2 • 10-2 M?
Conduct preliminary test for 5 days at pH 4, 7, 9 at 50°C
Pripravimo polovično nasičeno raztopino v pufru Da
Interim Assessment: Is < 10% of the test substance hydrolysed in 5 days* (t0.5>1y at 25°C)
Vmesno vrednotenje: Ali se je v 5 dneh* (t0,5 > 1 leto pri 25 °C) hidroliziralo < 10 % preskusne snovi?
Conduct hydrolysis tests at 3 temperatures in the range of 10-70°C and determine the hydrolysis rate for 25°C
Opravimo preskuse hidrolize pri 3 temperaturah v območju 10-70 °C in določimo hitrost hidrolize pri 25 °C.
Interim Assessment: Hydrolysis product(s) formed in significant amount (≥ 10%) in pH ranges 4-9 at 25°C ?
Vmesno vrednotenje: Ali v območjih pH-vrednosti 4-9 pri 25 °C nastanejo pomembne količine produkta(ov) hidrolize (≥ 10 %)?
Expert judgement of the relevance of and need for identification of hydrolysis products
Strokovna presoja pomena in potrebe po ugotovitvi produktov hidrolize.
Isolate and identify hydrolysis product(s)
Osamimo in ugotovimo produkt(e) hidrolize
No further hydrolysis tests
Brez dodatnih preskusov hidrolize
10% hydrolysis of a test substance at 50°C corresponds to a half-life of approx. 30 days which corresponds to a value of approx. 1 year at 20°C.
10-odstotna hidroliza preskusne snovi pri 50 °C ustreza razpolovni dobi približno 30 dni, kar ustreza vrednosti približne 1 leto pri 25 °C.
Definitions and units
Opredelitve in enote
Standard International (SI) units should be used in any case.
V vseh primerih je treba uporabiti standardne mednarodne enote (SI).
Test substance: any substance, whether the parent compound or relevant transformation products.
Preskusna snov: vsaka snov, ki je lahko izhodiščna spojina ali ustrezen produkt pretvorbe.
Transformation products: all substances resulting from biotic or abiotic transformation reactions of the test substance.
Produkt pretvorbe: vse snovi, ki nastanejo zaradi biotskih ali abiotskih pretvorbenih reakcij preskusne snovi.
Hydrolysis products: all substances resulting from hydrolytic transformation reactions of the test substance.
Produkti hidrolize: vse snovi, ki nastanejo zaradi hidrolitskih pretvorbenih reakcij preskusne snovi.
Hydrolysis refers to a reaction of a test substance RX with water, with the net exchange of the group X with OH at the reaction centre:
Hidroliza je reakcija preskusne snovi RX z vodo, pri kateri je v reakcijskem središču prišlo do neto zamenjave skupine X z OH:
The rate at which the concentration of RX decreases in this simplified process is given by
Hitrost manjšanja koncentracije RX v tem poenostavljenem postopku opisuje
rate = k [H2O] [RX]
hitrost = k [H2O] [RX]
second order reaction
reakcija drugega reda
rate = k [RX]
hitrost = k [RX]
first order reaction
reakcija drugega reda
depending on the rate determining step.
odvisno od stopnje, ki omejuje hitrost.
Because the water is present in great excess compared to the test substance, this type of reaction is usually described as a pseudo-first order reaction in which the observed rate constant is given by the relationship
Ker količina vode znatno presega količino preskusne snovi, se ta vrsta reakcije običajno opiše kot reakcija psevdoprvega reda, pri kateri konstanto opazovane hitrosti določa razmerje
kobs = k [H2O]
kobs = k [H2O]
and can be determined from the expressionkobs
in se lahko določi po enačbi kobs
and C o, Ct
in C 0, Ct
concentrations of RX at times 0 and t.
koncentraciji snovi (RX) ob času 0 in t.
The units of this constant have the dimensions of (time)-1 and the half-life of the reaction (time for 50 % of RX to react) is given by
Enota te konstante je (čas)-1 in razpolovna doba (čas, potreben za reagiranje 50 % preskusne snovi) je
Half-life: (t0,5) is the time taken for 50 % hydrolysis of a test substance when the reaction can be described by first order kinetics; it is independent of the concentration.
Razpolovna doba: (t0,5) je čas, potreben za 50-odstotno nidrolizo preskusne snovi, ce lahko reakcijo opišemo s kinetiko prvega reda: ni odvisna od koncentracije.
DT50(Disappearance Time 50): is the time within which the concentration of the test substance is reduced by 50 %; it is different from the half-life t0,5 when the reaction does not follow first order kinetics.
DT50(Čas razpada 50): je čas, v katerem se koncentracija preskusne snovi zniža za 50 %; se razlikuje od razpolovne dobe t0,5, če reakcija ne sledi kinetiki prvega reda.
Estimation of k at different temperature
Ocena k pri različnih temperaturah
When the rate constants are known for two temperatures, the rate constants at other temperatures can be calculated using the Arrhenius equation:
Kadar je konstanta hitrosti znana za dve temperaturi, lahko konstante hitrosti pri drugih hitrostih izračunamo z Arrheniusovo enačbo:
or ln k=-E
ali lnk=-E
A plot of ln k versus 1/T gives a straight line with a slope of - E/R
Graf ln k v odvisnosti od l/T je ravna črta z naklonom –E/R
k rate constant, measured at different temperatures
k konstanta hitrosti, izmerjena pri različnih temperaturah
E activation energy [kJ/mol]
E aktivacijska energija [kJ/mol]
T absolute temperature [K]
T absolutna temperatura [K]
R gas constant [8,314 J/mol.K]
R plinska konstanta [8,314 J/mol.K]
The activation energy was calculated by regression analysis or the following equation:
Aktivacijska energija je bila izračunana z regresijsko analizo ali naslednjo enačbo:
where: T2 > T1.
pri čemer je: T2 > T1.
0,1 N NaOH + 50 ml. phosphate to 100 ml
5,70 ml 0,1 N NaOH + 50 ml fosfata do 100 ml
0,1 N NaOH + 50 ml. boric acid to 100 ml
2,61 ml 0,1 N NaOH + 50 ml borove kisline do 100 ml
0,1 N NaOH + 50 ml. citrate to 100 ml
9,0 ml 0,1 N NaOH + 50 ml citrata do 100 ml
Borax
ml boraksa
The pH values reported in these tables have been calculated from the potential measurements using Sörensen's standard equations (1909).
Vrednosti pH v teh tabelah so bile izračunane iz potencialnih meritev s Sorensenovimi standardnimi enačbami (1909).
The corresponding pH values are 0,04 units higher than the tabulated values.
Ustrezne vrednosti pH so 0,04 enote višje od vrednosti iz preglednice.
Add tiny crystal of thymol or a similar substance to prevent growth of molds.
Dodati droben kristal timola ali podobne snovi, da se prepreči rast plesni.
ARTIFICIAL SOIL TEST
PRESKUS NA UMETNIH TLEH
In this laboratory test, the test substance is added to an artificial soil in which worms are placed for 14 days.
Pri tem laboratorijskem preskusu se preskusna snov doda umetnim tlem, v katera se dajo deževniki za 14 dni.
After this period (and optionally after seven days) the lethal effect of the substance on the earthworms is examined.
Po tem obdobju (in poljubno po sedmih dneh), se pregleda smrtni učinek snovi na deževnike.
The test provides a method for relatively short-term screening of the effect of chemicals on earthworms, by dermal and alimentary uptake.
Preskus ponuja metodo za relativno kratkotrajen pregled učinkov kemikalij na deževnike, po vnosu preko kože ali hrane.
DEFINITION AND UNIT
OPREDELITEV POJMOV IN ENOTA
the concentration of a substance estimated as killing 50 % of the test animals during the test period.
LC50: Koncentracija snovi, za katero se ocenjuje, da v preskusnem obdobju ubije 50 % preskusnih živali.
A reference substance is used periodically as a means of demonstration that the sensitivity of the test system has not changed significantly.
Referenčna snov se uporablja v rednih časovnih presledkih da se prikaže, da se občutljivost preskusnega sistema ni bistveno spremenila.
Analytical grade chloroacetamide is recommended as the reference substance.
Kot referenčna snov se priporoča analitsko čisti kloroacetamid.
Soil is a variable medium, so for this test a carefully defined artificial loam soil is used.
Tla so spremenljiv medij, zato je treba za ta preskus uporabiti natančno opredeljena umetna ilovnata tla.
Adult earthworms of the species Eisenia foetida (see note in Appendix) are kept in a defined artificial soil treated with different concentrations of the test substance.
Odrasli deževniki vrste Eisenia foetida (glej opozorilo v Dodatku) se hranijo v opredeljenih umetnih tleh tretiranih z različnimi koncentracijami preskusne snovi.
The content of the containers is spread on a tray 14 days (and optionally seven days) after the beginning of the test, and the earthworms surviving at each concentration counted.
Vsebina posod se raztrese na pladenj 14 dni (ali sedem dni) po začetku preskusa ter se preštejejo preživeli deževniki pri vsaki koncentraciji.
The test is designed to be as reproducible as possible with respect to the test substrate and organism.
Preskus je zasnovan tako, da je kolikor je mogoče, ponovljiv glede na preskusni substrat in organizem.
Mortality in the controls must not exceed 10 % at the end of the test, or the test is invalid.
Smrtnost v kontrolah na koncu preskusa ne sme presegati 10 %, sicer je preskus neveljaven.
Test substrate
Preskusni substrat
A defined artificial soil is used as a basic test substrate.
Kot osnovni preskusni substrat se uporabljajo opredeljena umetna tla.
Basic substrate (percentages are in terms of dry weight)
Osnovni substrat (odstotki veljajo za suho maso)
10 % sphagnum peat (as close to pH 5,5 to 6,0 as possible with no visible plant remains and finely ground),
10 % šotnega maha (čim bližje pH 5,5 do 6,0 brez kakršnih koli vidnih ostankov rastlin in fino zmlet),
20 % kaolinite clay with preferably more than 50 % kaolinite,
20 % gline kaolinit, po možnosti z več kot 50 % kaolinita,
about 69 % industrial quartz sand (dominant fine sand with more than 50 % of particle size 0,05 to 0,2 mm).
Približno 69 % industrijskega kremenovega peska (prevladujoči fini pesek z več kot 50 % delcev velikosti 0,05 do 0,2 mm).