natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
For each animal held singly or in groups of up to 3 animals
Za vsako posamezno nameščeno žival ali skupine do 3 živali
For each animal held in groups of 4 or more animals
Za vsako žival v skupini 4 ali več živali
Foaling box/mare with foal
Boks za žrebitev/kobila z žrebetom
over 1,40 to 1,60
več kot 1,40 in do 1,60
over 1,60
več kot 1,60
The shortest side should be a minimum of 1,5 × the wither height of the animal.
Najkrajša stranica mora meriti najmanj 1,5 × višina vihra živali.
The height of indoor enclosures should allow animals to rear to their full height to safeguard the welfare of the animals.
Višina notranjega ograjenega prostora mora živalim omogočati, da se popolnoma dvignejo, kar zagotavlja dobro počutje živali.
Slatted floors should not be used for equines.
Tla s steljo se za kopitarje ne smejo uporabljati.
Incorrect feeding of equines can have very serious welfare implications, causing illnesses such as colic and laminitis.
Nepravilno hranjenje kopitarjev ima lahko resne posledice za njihovo dobro počutje in povzroča bolezni, kot sta kolika in laminitis.
Since they naturally graze for long periods, they should ideally have constant access to forage in the form of fresh grass, hay, silage or straw.
Ker se v naravnih razmerah hranijo dlje časa, naj bi imeli stalen dostop do paše v obliki sveže trave, sena, silaže ali slame.
Where they are not given the opportunity to graze, they should be provided with a suitable quantity of long fibre/roughage every day.
Če nimajo možnosti paše, morajo imeti vsak dan na voljo ustrezno količino daljših vlaken/vlaknin.
Where possible roughage should be fed on the ground or in suitably designed round bale feeders.
Če je mogoče, mora biti krma na tleh ali v ustrezno oblikovanih okroglih krmilnikih iz bal.
Hay nets and racks should be designed and positioned to minimise risk of injury.
Mreže za seno in nosilci morajo biti oblikovani in nameščeni tako, da zmanjšujejo tveganje za nastanek poškodb.
If ‘hard’ (concentrate) feed is offered to animals, particularly where the animals are housed in groups the feeding order should, where possible, follow the herd order of dominance.
Če je živalim na voljo „trda“ (koncentrirana) krma, zlasti če so živali nameščene v skupinah, mora zaporedje hranjenja, če je mogoče, ustrezati nadrejenosti v čredi.
Where possible individuals should be fed separately.
Če je mogoče, je treba posamezne živali hraniti ločeno.
If this is not possible feeding points should be spaced at least 2,4 m apart and there should be at least one point per animal.
Če to ni mogoče, morajo biti krmilniki vsaj 2,4 m narazen, na voljo pa mora biti vsaj en krmilnik na žival.
Horses fed with concentrates need to be given small amounts of feed frequently.
Konji, ki se hranijo s koncentrirano krmo, morajo imeti na voljo manjše, vendar pogoste količine krme.
Horses prefer to drink from an open water surface, and this should be provided where possible.
Konji radi pijejo iz odprtih vodnih virov, zato jih je treba zagotoviti, če je mogoče.
If automatic water nipple drinkers are used, animals may need to be trained to use them.
Če se uporabljajo avtomatski napajalniki z nastavki, je treba živali naučiti, kako se uporabljajo.
Ear tags and tattooing should not be used in equines.
Ušesne znamke in tetoviranje se za kopitarje ne smejo uporabljati.
If identification other than coat colour is required then transponders should be used.
Če je potrebno drugo označevanje kot barvanje dlake, je treba uporabiti transponderje.
Numbered head-collars and hanging tags for halters have also been used successfully for identification.
Oštevilčene ovratnice in viseče oznake na oglavnikih so se tudi uspešno uporabljale za označevanje.
SPECIES-SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR BIRDS
SMERNICE ZA PTICE
Birds are used for a broad range of purposes including fundamental research, applied veterinary medical studies and toxicology.
Ptice se uporabljajo za številne namene, vključno s temeljnimi raziskavami, uporabnimi veterinarsko-medicinskimi študijami in toksikologijo.
Domestic fowl and turkeys are the most common laboratory birds and are often used in developmental studies and for the production of biological materials such as tissue and antibodies.
Domače kokoši in purani so najpogostejše laboratorijske ptice in se pogosto uporabljajo v razvojnih študijah ter za proizvodnjo bioloških materialov, kot so tkiva in protitelesa.
Domestic poultry are also the most commonly used species in bird welfare research.
Domača perutnina je prav tako tudi vrsta, ki se najpogosteje uporablja v raziskavah dobrega počutja ptic.
Fowl are used for pharmaceutical safety and efficacy evaluation, whereas quail and other birds are more frequently the subjects of ecotoxicology studies.
Kokoši se uporabljajo za vrednotenje farmacevtske varnosti in učinkovitosti, medtem ko se prepelice in druge ptice pogosteje uporabljajo v ekotoksikoloških študijah.
The other, less commonly used species such as the pigeon and wild birds are generally used in psychology and fundamental physiology or zoology research.
Druge manj pogosto uporabljene vrste, kot so golobi in prostoživeče ptice, se navadno uporabljajo v psiholoških in temeljnih fizioloških ali zooloških raziskavah.
Catching wild birds to use as experimental animals should be avoided unless it is necessary for the purposes of the experiment.
Izogibati se je treba lovu prostoživečih ptic za uporabo v poskusne namene, razen če to zahteva namen poskusa.
Although birds are essentially built for flight and share the same basic body plan, they have an extremely diverse range of adaptations for locomotion and feeding.
Čeprav so ptice v osnovi grajene za letenje in imajo enako telesno konstitucijo, so zelo različno prilagojene za gibanje in hranjenje.
Most species are adapted to range over relatively large, three-dimensional areas by one or more means of locomotion including flying, walking, running, swimming or diving, both while foraging and during migration.
Večina ptic je prilagojenih tako, da se gibljejo po sorazmerno velikem tridimenzionalnem prostoru z enim ali več načinov gibanja, vključno z letenjem, hojo, tekom, plavanjem ali potapljanjem, med iskanjem hrane in selitvijo.
Many species of birds are highly social and should be kept in stable groups wherever possible.
Številne vrste ptic so zelo družabne in jih je treba zadrževati v stalnih skupinah, kadar je to mogoče.
It is essential that the housing and care of less commonly used species not included below pay due regard to their behavioural, physiological and social requirements.
Bistveno je, da se pri namestitvi in oskrbi vrst, ki se manj pogosto uporabljajo in niso navedene, upošteva njihovo vedenje ter fiziološke potrebe in potrebe po druženju.
Housing, husbandry and care protocols for such species should be researched before birds are obtained or used.
Protokole za namestitev, vzrejo in oskrbo takšnih vrst je treba raziskati, preden se ptice pridobijo ali uporabljajo.
Advice on requirements for other species (or if behavioural or breeding problems occur) should be sought from experts and care staff to ensure that any particular species needs are adequately addressed.
Za nasvete o zahtevah za druge vrste (ali v primeru vedenjskih težav ali težav pri vzreji) se je treba obrniti na strokovnjake in osebje, ki skrbi za živali, da se zagotovi ustrezna obravnava vseh posebnih potreb posamezne vrste.
Information and guidance on less commonly used species is available in the background information document.
Informacije in smernice o vrstah, ki se ne uporabljajo tako pogosto, so na voljo v dokumentu z osnovnimi informacijami.
During agricultural research when the aim of the research requires that the animals are kept under similar conditions to those under which commercial farm animals are kept, the keeping of the animals should at least follow the standards laid down in Directive 98/58/EC and in the specific Directive for the protection of laying hens (Council Directive 1999/74/EC) as well as in the Recommendations adopted under the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes (ETS No 87).Many of the potential welfare problems specific to birds are associated with inappropriate pecking behaviour.
Med raziskavami v kmetijstvu je treba, kadar morajo biti zaradi cilja raziskav živali nameščene v podobnih razmerah kot živali na tržno usmerjenih kmetijah, pri namestitvi živali upoštevati vsaj standarde iz Direktive 98/58/ES in posebne direktive za zaščito kokoši nesnic (Direktiva Sveta 1999/74/ES ter iz priporočil, sprejetih v skladu s Konvencijo Sveta Evrope o zaščiti rejnih živali (ETS št. 87).Številne možne težave v zvezi z dobrim počutjem, ki so značilne za ptice, so povezane z neprimernim kljuvanjem.
This can be divided into aggressive pecking; feather pecking (where individuals either peck at other birds' feathers or pluck and pull at their own); and pecking at the skin of other birds, which can cause serious suffering and mortality if unchecked.
Pri tem lahko razlikujemo med napadalnim kljuvanjem, kljuvanjem perja (kadar posamezne ptice kljuvajo perje drugih živali ali trgajo in pulijo lastno perje) ter kljuvanjem kože drugih ptic, kar lahko povzroči hude bolečine in smrt, če se ne nadzoruje.
The cause of inappropriate pecking is not always clear, but it is often possible to avoid outbreaks by rearing chicks with access to substrate that enables them to forage and peck appropriately.
Vzrok za neprimerno kljuvanje ni vedno jasen, vendar se je izbruhom pogosto mogoče izogniti, tako da se mladičem med vzrejo zagotovi dostop do podlage, ki jim omogoča primerno iskanje hrane in kljuvanje.
Chicks of all species should therefore be housed on solid floors with litter.
Mladiče vseh vrst je zato treba namestiti v prostore s trdnimi tlemi in steljo.
Prevention is especially important because fowl are attracted to damaged feathers, and the presence of a few feather-pecked birds may therefore lead to the rapid spread of injurious pecking.
Preprečevanje je zlasti pomembno, ker kokoši privlači poškodovano perje in zato lahko prisotnost nekaj ptic s pokljuvanim perjem povzroči hitro širjenje škodljivega kljuvanja.
There are a number of measures that should be employed to avoid outbreaks of injurious pecking wherever possible and to reduce or prevent this behaviour should it occur.
Obstajajo številni ukrepi, ki jih je treba uporabiti za izognitev izbruhom škodljivega kljuvanja, kadar je to mogoče, in za zmanjšanje ali preprečevanje takšnega vedenja, če se to pojavi.
These include providing alternative pecking substrates such as foraging substrate, bunches of string, pecking blocks or straw; providing visual barriers; periodically or temporarily lowering the light intensity or using red light; and using light sources that emit UV rays.
To vključuje zagotavljanje nadomestnih podlag za kljuvanje, kot so podlage za iskanje hrane, šopi vrvi, kocke za kljuvanje ali slama; zagotavljanje vidnih ovir; redno ali občasno zmanjševanje svetlobe ali uporaba rdečih luči in uporaba virov svetlobe, ki oddajajo UV-žarke.
Anti-pecking sprays are commercially available and can be used to reduce the incidence of injurious pecking in the short term, but it will still be necessary to address the underlying causes of the behaviour.
Na trgu so na voljo razpršila proti kljuvanju in jih je mogoče uporabiti za kratkoročno zmanjšanje pojavnosti škodljivega kljuvanja, vendar bo še vedno treba obravnavati temeljne vzroke za takšno vedenje.
Some strains of domestic bird have been selectively bred so that inappropriate pecking is reduced and such strains should be researched and used wherever possible.
Nekatere rase domačih ptic so bile vzrejene s selektivno vzrejo, tako da se je neprimerno kljuvanje zmanjšalo; te rase je treba raziskovati in uporabljati, kadar koli je to mogoče.
Methods which cause pain or distress, such as very low lighting (i.e. below 20 lux) for prolonged periods, or for physical modifications such as beak trimming, should not be used.
Metode, ki povzročajo bolečino ali neugodje, kot so dolgotrajna slaba osvetljava (tj. pod 20 luksi) ali fizične spremembe, kot je obrezovanje kljuna, se ne smejo uporabljati.
Birds housed in a poor quality environment that does not permit them to forage, exercise or interact with conspecifics will experience chronic distress that may be indicated by stereotypic behaviour, for example self-mutilation, feather pecking, and pacing.
Ptice, ki so nameščene v okolje slabe kakovosti, ki jim ne dopušča iskanja hrane, gibanja ali druženja z drugimi pripadniki iste vrste, bodo nenehno trpele, kar se lahko kaže kot stereotipno vedenje, na primer pohabljanje samih sebe, kljuvanje perja in tekanje naokoli.
Such behaviour may be indicative of serious welfare problems and should lead to an immediate review of housing, husbandry and care.
Takšno vedenje lahko kaže na resne težave v zvezi z dobrim počutjem in mora sprožiti takojšen pregled namestitve, vzreje in oskrbe.
Many species are especially susceptible to draughts.
Številne vrste so zlasti občutljive na prepih.
Measures should therefore be in place to ensure that individuals do not become chilled.
Zato so potrebni ukrepi za zagotovitev, da se posamezne živali ne podhladijo.
Accumulation of dust and gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia should be kept to a minimum.
Kopičenje prahu in plinov, kot sta ogljikov dioksid in amoniak, mora biti čim manjše.
Where appropriate, birds should be provided with a range of temperatures so that they can exercise a degree of choice over their thermal environment.
Kadar je to ustrezno, je treba pticam zagotoviti različno temperaturo, da lahko izbirajo med različnimi temperaturnimi okolji.
All healthy adult quail, pigeon and domestic ducks, geese, fowl and turkeys should be housed at temperatures between 15 oC and 25 oC.
Vse zdrave odrasle prepelice, golobi in domače race, gosi, kokoši in purani morajo biti nameščeni pri temperaturi med 15 oC in 25 oC.
It is essential to take account of the interaction between temperature and relative humidity, as some species will suffer from heat stress within the prescribed temperature range if relative humidity is too high.
Bistveno je, da se upošteva medsebojni vpliv med temperaturo in relativno vlažnostjo, ker bodo nekatere vrste trpele zaradi vročine tudi v okviru predpisanega temperaturnega razpona, če je relativna vlažnost previsoka.
For species where there are no published guidelines on temperature and humidity, the climate experienced in the wild throughout the year should be researched and replicated as closely as possible.
Za vrste, za katere ni objavljenih smernic glede temperature in vlažnosti, je treba preučiti podnebje v divjini skozi leto in ga čim bolj ustrezno poustvariti.
Higher room temperatures than those indicated or a localised source of supplementary heat such as a brooder lamp may be required for sick or juvenile birds (see Table H.1.below).
Sobna temperatura, ki je višja od navedene, ali lokalizirani viri dodatne toplote, kot so luči za valilnice, so morda potrebni za bolne ali mlade ptice (glej tabelo H.1).
Table H.1.
Tabela H.1
Guidelines for temperatures and relative humidities for domestic fowl and turkeys, G. gallus domesticus and Meleagris gallopavo
Smernice za temperaturo in relativno vlažnost za domače kokoši in purane, G. gallus domesticus in Meleagris gallopavo
Age (days)
Starost (dnevi)
Under lamp (°C)
Pod lučjo (oC)
Ambient temperature in room (°C)
Sobna temperatura v prostoru (oC)
Relative humidity ( %)
Relativna vlažnost (%)
Over 1 to 7
več kot 1 in do 7
Over 7 to 14
več kot 7 in do 14
Over 14 to 21
več kot 14 in do 21
Over 21 to 28
več kot 21 in do 28
Over 28 to 35
več kot 28 in do 35
Over 35
več kot 35
The chicks' behaviour should be used as a guide when setting brooder lamp temperature.
Vedenje mladičev je treba uporabiti kot vodilo pri nastavljanju temperature luči v valilnicah.
If thermally comfortable, chicks of all species will be evenly spaced in the enclosure and making a moderate amount of noise; quiet chicks may be too hot and chicks making noisy distress calls may be too cold.
Če jim temperatura ustreza, bodo mladiči vseh vrst enakomerno porazdeljeni in bodo ustvarjali zmeren hrup; tihim mladičem je lahko prevroče, hrupne mladiče pa lahko zebe.
Relative humidity should be maintained within the range of 40 to 80 % for healthy, adult, domestic birds.
Za zdrave odrasle domače ptice je treba relativno vlažnost vzdrževati v razponu od 40 do 80 %.
Light quality and quantity are critically important for some species at certain times of the year for normal physiological functioning.
Kakovost in količina svetlobe sta v nekaterih obdobjih leta ključni za normalno fiziološko delovanje nekaterih vrst.
Appropriate light and dark regimes for each species, life stage and time of year should be known before animals are acquired.
Preden se živali pridobi, je treba za vsako vrsto, življenjsko obdobje in letni čas poznati ustrezne ureditve svetlobe in teme.
Lights should not be abruptly switched off or on, but should be dimmed and raised in a gradual fashion.
Luči se ne smejo na hitro prižgati ali ugasniti, ampak je treba osvetljenost postopno zmanjševati in povečevati.
This is especially important when housing birds capable of flight.
To je zlasti pomembno pri namestitvi ptic, ki znajo leteti.
Dim night-lights may facilitate movement at night for heavy-bodied poultry strains.
Zatemnjene nočne luči ponoči olajšujejo gibanje težji perutnini.
Where provided, care should be taken to ensure that circadian rhythms are not disrupted.
Kadar je to zagotovljeno, je treba paziti, da cirkadialni ritem ni moten.
Some birds, for example the pigeon, are considered to be able to hear very low frequency sounds.
Nekatere ptice, kot na primer golob, lahko slišijo zelo nizke frekvence zvokov.
Although infrasound (sound below 16 Hz) is unlikely to cause distress, birds should be housed away from any equipment that emits low frequency vibrations whenever possible.
Čeprav je malo verjetno, da bi infrazvok (zvok pod 16 Hz) pticam povzročal težave, jih je treba namestiti ločeno od opreme, ki oddaja nizkofrekvenčne vibracije, kadar koli je to mogoče.
Captive-bred birds should be used wherever possible.
Kadar je mogoče, je treba uporabljati ptice, vzrejene v ujetništvu.
Wild birds may present special problems in terms of their behaviour and health when in a laboratory situation.
Prostoživeče ptice lahko v laboratoriju predstavljajo posebne težave glede svojega vedenja in zdravja.
A longer period of quarantine and habituation to captive conditions is generally required before they are used in scientific procedures.
Pred uporabo ptic v znanstvenih postopkih je navadno potrebno daljše obdobje karantene in navajanja na razmere v ujetništvu.
Careful health monitoring and parasite control should minimise health risks in birds with outdoor access.
Pazljivo spremljanje zdravja in nadzor nad zajedavci morata zmanjšati zdravstveno tveganje pri pticah, ki se lahko gibajo na odprtem.
Birds should be housed in enclosures which facilitate and encourage a range of desirable natural behaviours, including social behaviour, exercise and foraging.
Ptice je treba namestiti v ograjene prostore, ki olajšujejo in spodbujajo različne primerne oblike naravnega vedenja, vključno z družabnim vedenjem, gibanjem in iskanjem hrane.
Many birds will benefit from housing that allows them to go outdoors and the feasibility of this should be evaluated with respect to the potential to cause distress or to conflict with experimental aims.
Številnim pticam bo koristila namestitev, ki jim omogoča gibanje na odprtem, izvedljivost tega pa je treba oceniti ob upoštevanju možnosti, da to povzroči neugodje ali je v nasprotju s cilji poskusa.
Some form of cover such as shrubs should always be provided outdoors to encourage birds to use all the available area.
Na odprtem je vedno treba zagotoviti določeno vrsto zavetja, kot je grmovje, da se ptice spodbudi k uporabi celotnega razpoložljivega območja.
Birds should be housed in socially harmonious groups within the animal enclosure, unless the scientific procedures or welfare requirements make this impossible.
V ograjenih prostorih za živali je treba ptice namestiti v skupinah, v katerih se med seboj dobro razumejo, razen če znanstveni postopki ali zahteve za dobro počutje to preprečujejo.
Special care is needed when regrouping birds or introducing an unfamiliar bird to a group.
Pri razporejanju skupin ptic ali uvajanju nove ptice v skupino je potrebna posebna pozornost.
Single-housing of birds for even short periods can be a significant stress factor.
Posamezno nameščanje ptic, tudi za zelo kratko obdobje, je lahko precejšen stresni dejavnik.
Therefore, birds should not be single-housed unless justified on welfare or veterinary grounds.
Zato ptice ne smejo biti nameščene posamezno, razen če to ni upravičeno iz veterinarskih razlogov ali zaradi dobrega počutja.
Most species of bird are social for at least part of the year and highly sensitive to family relationships, so the formation of appropriate, stable, harmonious groups should be given a high priority.
Večina vrst ptic je družabnih vsaj del leta in so zelo občutljive na odnose v družini, zato je zelo pomembno oblikovati ustrezne, stabilne in usklajene skupine.
As there are significant species variations, the optimal composition of groups, and at what stage in the birds' lives these should be created should be known before groups are formed and procedures are undertaken.
Zaradi precejšnjih razlik med vrstami je treba pred oblikovanjem skupin in izvedbo postopkov poznati najboljšo sestavo skupin in vedeti, v katerem obdobju življenja ptic je treba oblikovati skupine.
A stimulating environment is a very important contributor to good bird welfare.
Spodbudno okolje je zelo pomemben prispevek k dobremu počutju ptic.
Perches, dust and water baths, suitable nest sites and nesting material, pecking objects and substrate for foraging should be provided for species and individuals that will benefit from them unless there is scientific or veterinary justification for withholding such items.
Vrstam in posameznim živalim je treba zagotoviti gredi, prah in vodne kopeli, ustrezna mesta za gnezdišča in materiale za gnezdenje, predmete za kljuvanje in podlago za iskanje hrane, ki jim bodo koristili, razen če obstajajo znanstveni ali veterinarski razlogi za nasprotno.
Birds should be encouraged to use all three dimensions of their housing for foraging, exercise and social interactions including play wherever possible.
Ptice je treba, kadar koli je mogoče, spodbujati k uporabi vseh treh dimenzij bivališča za iskanje hrane, gibanje in družabne stike, vključno z igro.
Guidelines for enclosure dimensions are set out in the species-specific guidelines for domestic fowl, domestic turkeys, quail, ducks and geese, pigeons and zebra finches.
Smernice za mere ograjenega prostora so določene v smernicah za posamezne vrste za domače kokoši, domače purane, prepelice, race in gosi, golobe in avstralske zebrice.
All birds, especially species that spend a significant proportion of their time walking, such as quail or fowl, should be housed on solid floors with substrate rather than on grid floors.
Vse ptice, zlasti vrste, ki porabijo velik del časa za hojo, kot so prepelice ali kokoši, morajo biti nameščene v prostorih s trdnimi tlemi s podlago in ne v prostorih s tlemi iz rešetk.
Birds can be prone to foot problems, for example, overgrown claws, faecal accumulation and foot lesions such as foot-pad dermatitis due to standing on wet litter, on any type of flooring, and so frequent monitoring of foot condition is always necessary.
Ptice so lahko nagnjene k težavam z nogami, kot so na primer zaraščeni kremplji, kopičenje fekalij in poškodbe nog, kot so vnetje blazinic na nogah zaradi stanja na mokri stelji, na katerem koli tipu tal, zato je vedno potrebo pogosto spremljanje stanja nog.
In practice, it may be necessary to consider a compromise between solid-and grid flooring for scientific purposes.
V praksi je zaradi znanstvenih namenov morda potrebno najti kompromis med trdnimi tlemi in tlemi iz rešetk.
In such cases, birds should be provided with solid-floored resting areas occupying at least a third of the enclosure floor.
V takšnih primerih je treba pticam zagotoviti počivališča s trdnimi tlemi, ki zavzemajo vsaj tretjino tal v ograjenih prostorih.