natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Exposure should be for a suitable period of time (usually three to six hours is effective).
Čas izpostavljenosti naj bo ustrezno dolg (navadno zadostuje 3-6 ur).
Exposure time may be extended over one or more cell cycles.
Čas izpostavljenosti lahko traja en celični ciklus ali več.
Either duplicate or single treated cultures may be used at each concentration tested.
Pri vsaki preizkušeni koncentraciji se lahko obdelata dve vzporedni kulturi ali le ena.
When single cultures are used, the number of concentrations should be increased to ensure an adequate number of cultures for analysis (e.g. at least eight analysable concentrations).
Kadar se uporabi le ena kultura, naj se poveča število koncentracij, da se zagotovi zadostno število kultur za analizo (npr. vsaj osem koncentracij, ki jih je mogoče analizirati).
Duplicate negative (solvent) control cultures should be used.
Uporabita naj se dve vzporedni kulturi negativne (topilo) kontrole.
Gaseous or volatile substances should be tested by appropriate methods, such as in sealed culture vessels (21)(22).
Plinaste ali hlapne snovi naj se preizkušajo z ustreznimi metodami, na primer v zatesnjenih posodah za kulture (21) (22).
Measurement of survival, viability and mutant frequency
Merjenje preživetja, sposobnosti preživetja in pogostnosti mutant
At the end of the exposure period, cells are washed and cultured to determine survival and to allow for expression of the mutant phenotype.
Ob koncu izpostavljenosti se celice sperejo in kultivirajo, da se določi preživetje in omogoči izražanje fenotipa mutant.
Measurement of cytotoxicity by determining the relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth of the cultures is usually initiated after the treatment period.
Merjenje citotoksičnosti z določanjem relativne učinkovitosti tvorbe klonov (preživetje) ali relativne skupne rasti kultur se navadno začne po obdelovanju.
Each locus has a defined minimum time requirement to allow near optimal phenotypic expression of newly induced mutants (HPRT and XPRT require at least six to eight days, and TK at least two days).
Vsak lokus potrebuje določen najmanjši čas za skoraj optimalno izrazitev fenotipa na novo induciranih mutacij (HPRT in XPRT potrebujeta vsaj 6-8 dni, TK pa vsaj 2 dni).
Cells are grown in medium with and without selective agent(s) for determination of numbers of mutants and cloning efficiency, respectively.
Celice naj se gojijo na gojišču s selektivno(-imi) snovjo(-mi) in na gojišču brez takšnih snovi, da se določita število mutant in učinkovitost tvorbe klonov.
The measurement of viability (used to calculate mutant frequency) is initiated at the end of the expression time by plating in non-selective medium.
Merjenje sposobnosti preživetja (ki se uporabi za izračun pogostnosti mutant) se začne ob koncu časa izražanja z nasaditvijo v neselektivno gojišče.
If the test substance is positive in the L5178Y TK+/- test, colony sizing should be performed on at least one of the test cultures (the highest positive concentration) and on the negative and positive controls.
Če da preizkušana snov pri preizkusu L5178Y TK+/- pozitiven rezultat, naj se pri vsaj eni od preizkusnih kultur (največja pozitivna koncentracija) ter pri negativnih in pozitivnih kontrolnih vzorcih kolonije razvrstijo po velikosti.
If the test substance is negative in the L5178Y TK+/- test, colony sizing should be performed on the negative and positive controls.
Če da preizkušana snov pri preizkusu L5178Y TK+/- negativen rezultat, naj se kolonije razvrstijo po velikosti pri negativnih in pozitivnih kontrolnih vzorcih.
In studies using TK6TK+/-, colony sizing may also be performed.
Razvrstitev kolonij po velikosti se lahko izvede tudi pri študijah, pri katerih se uporabi TK6TK+/-.
Data should include cytotoxicity and viability determination, colony counts and mutant frequencies for the treated and control cultures.
Podatki naj vključujejo citotoksičnost in sposobnost preživetja, število kolonij in pogostnost mutant za obdelane in kontrolne kulture.
In the case of a positive response in the L5178Y TK+/- test, colonies are scored using the criteria of small and large colonies on at least one concentration of the test substance (highest positive concentration) and on the negative and positive control.
Pri pozitivnem odzivu pri preizkusu L5178Y TK+/- se kolonije štejejo z upoštevanjem merila velikih in majhnih kolonij pri vsaj eni od koncentracij preizkušane snovi (največja pozitivna koncentracija) ter pri negativni in pozitivni kontroli.
The molecular and cytogenetic nature of both large and small colony mutants has been explored in detail (23)(24).
Molekularne in citogenetske lastnosti mutant z velikimi in majhnimi kolonijami so bile podrobno raziskane (23) (24).
In the TK+/- test, colonies are scored using the criteria of normal growth (large) and slow growth (small) colonies (25).
Pri preizkusu TK+/- se kolonije štejejo z upoštevanjem merila kolonij z normalno rastjo (velike) in počasno rastjo (majhne) (25).
Mutant cells that have suffered the most extensive genetic damage have prolonged doubling times and thus form small colonies.
Mutirane celice z najobsežnejšimi genskimi poškodbami imajo daljši podvojitveni čas in zato sestavljajo majhne kolonije.
This damage typically ranges in scale from the losses of the entire gene to karyotypically visible chromosome aberrations.
Obseg poškodb se giblje od izgube celega gena do kromosomskih aberacij, vidnih pri kari otipu.
The induction of small colony mutants has been associated with chemicals that induce gross chromosome aberrations (26).
Nastanek mutant z majhnimi kolonijami se povezuje s kemikalijami, ki povzročajo obsežne kromosomske aberacije (26).
Less seriously affected mutant cells grow at rates similar to the parental cells and form large colonies.
Manj resno prizadete mutirane celice rastejo s podobno hitrostjo kakor starševske celice in sestavljajo velike kolonije.
Survival (relative cloning efficiencies) or relative total growth should be given.
Navede naj se preživetje (relativna uspešnost tvorbe klonov) ali relativna skupna rast.
Mutant frequency should be expressed as number of mutant cells per number of surviving cells.
Pogostnost mutant naj se izrazi kot število mutiranih celic na število preživelih celic.
Modification of study parameters to extend the range of conditions assessed should be considered in follow-up experiments for either equivocal or negative results.
Pri dvoumnih ali negativnih rezultatih naj se v nadaljnjih poskusih preuči možnost prilagoditve preizkusnih parametrov, da se razširi območje analiziranih pogojev.
There are several criteria for determining a positive result, such as a concentration-related increase or a reproducible increase in mutant frequency.
Pozitivni rezultat se lahko določi na podlagi številnih meril, kakor je na primer s koncentracijo povezano povečanje ali ponovljivo povečanje pogostnosti mutant.
Statistical methods may be used as an aid in evaluating the test results.
Pri vrednotenju rezultatov preizkusa se kot pomoč lahko uporabijo statistične metode.
Although most studies will give clearly positive or negative results, in rare cases the data set will preclude making a definite judgement about the activity of the test substance.
Čeprav bo večina študij dala jasne pozitivne ali negativne rezultate, bodo v redkih primerih dobljeni podatki preprečili zanesljivo oceno o delovanju preizkušane snovi.
Positive results from the in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test indicate that the test substance induces gene mutations in the cultured mammalian cells used.
Pozitivni rezultati preizkusa genskih mutacij v celicah sesalcev in vitro pomenijo, da preizkušana snov povzroča genske mutacije v uporabljenih kultiviranih sesalskih celicah.
A positive concentration response that is reproducible is most meaningful.
Ponovljiv rezultat pri koncentraciji s pozitivnim odzivom je najbolj pomemben.
Negative results indicate that, under the test conditions, the test substance does not induce gene mutations in the cultured mammalian cells used.
Negativni rezultati pomenijo, da preizkušana snov pri preizkusnih pogojih ne povzroča genskih mutacij v uporabljenih kultiviranih sesalskih celicah.
justification for choice of vehicle/solvent,
utemeljitev izbire nosilca/topila;
number of cell cultures,
število celičnih kultur,
number of cell passages, if applicable,
število pasaž celic, če je to primerno,
absence of mycoplasma.
odsotnost mikoplazme.
composition of media, CO2 concentration,
sestava gojišč, koncentracija CO2,
cell density during treatment,
gostota celic med obdelavo,
length of expression period (including number of cells seeded, and subcultures and feeding schedules, if appropriate),
dolžina časa izražanja (skupaj s številom nasajenih celic ter programom kultiviranja na novem gojišču in dodajanja hranil, če je to primerno),
selective agents,
selektivne snovi,
criteria for considering tests as positive, negative or equivocal,
merila za določitev, ali je preizkus pozitiven, negativen ali dvoumen,
methods used to enumerate numbers of viable and mutant cells.
uporabljene metode za določanje števila živih in mutiranih celic,
definition of colonies of which size and type are considered (including criteria for ‘small’ and ‘large’ colonies, as appropriate).
opredelitev, katera velikost in tip kolonij se upoštevata (vključno z merili za „majhne“ in „velike“ kolonije, če je to primerno).
data on pH and osmolality during the exposure to the test substance, if determined,
podatki o pH in osmolarnosti med izpostavljenostjo preizkusni snovi, če sta bila določena,
colony size if scored for at least negative and positive controls,
velikost kolonij, če je določena, vsaj za negativne in pozitivne kontrolne vzorce,
laboratory's adequacy to detect small colony mutants with the L5178Y TK+/- system, where appropriate,
usposobljenost laboratorija za zaznavanje mutant z majhnimi kolonijami pri sistemu L5178Y TK+/-, kadar je to primerno,
historical negative (solvent/vehicle) and positive control data with ranges, means and standard deviations,
podatki o pretekli negativni (topilo/nosilec) in pozitivni kontroli, z območji, srednjimi vrednostmi in standardnimi odkloni,
mutant frequency.
pogostnost mutant.
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The Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) test measures the DNA repair synthesis after excision and removal of a stretch of DNA containing the region of damage induced by chemical and physical agents.
Preskus nenačrtne sinteze DNK meri repaturno sintezo DNK po izrezu in odstranitvi dela DNK, ki vsebuje mesto okvare, ki so jo inducirali kemijski in fizikalni povzročitelji.
The test is based on the incorporation of tritium labelled thymidine (3H-TdR) into the DNA of mammalian cells, which are not in the S phase of the cell cycle.
Preskus temelji na vključitvi timidina, označenega s tritijem (3H-TdR), v DNK sesalskih celic, ki niso v fazi S celičnega ciklusa.
The uptake of 3H-TdR may be determined by autoradiography or by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) of DNA from the treated cells.
Sprejem H-TdR se lahko določi z avtoradiografijo ali tekočinskim scintilacijskim štetjem (LSC) DNK iz tretiranih celic.
Mammalian cells in culture, unless primary rat hepatocytes are used, are treated with the test agent with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system.
Sesalske celice v kulturi, razen če se ne uporabljeni primarnih podganjih hepatocitov, se tretirajo s preskusnim sredstvom z ali brez eksogenega metabolnega aktivacijskega sistema.
UDS may also be measured in in vivo systems.
Nenačrtno sintezo DNK je mogoče meriti tudi v in vivo sistemih.
Test chemicals and control or reference substances should be prepared in growth medium or dissolved or suspended in appropriate vehicles and then further diluted in growth medium for use in the assay.
Preskusne kemikalije in kontrolne ali referenčne snovi je treba pripraviti na rastnem gojišču ali pa raztopiti ali suspendirati v ustreznih nosilcih ter nato še nadalje razredčiti v rastnem gojišču za uporabo v preskusu.
The final concentration of the vehicle should not affect cell viability.
Končna koncentracija nosilca naj ne vpliva na sposobnost preživetja celic.
Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, human lymphocytes or established cell lines (e.g. human diploid fibroblasts) may be used in the assay.
V preskusu je mogoče uporabiti primarne kulture podganjih hepatocitov, človeške limfocite ali stabilizirane celične linije (npr. človeške diploidne fibroblaste).
Cells should be exposed to the test chemical both in the presence and absence of an appropriate metabolic activation system.
Celice je treba izpostaviti preskusni kemikaliji v prisotnosti in v odsotnosti ustreznega metabolnega aktivacij skega sistema.
Number of cultures
Število kultur
At least two cell cultures for autoradiography and six cultures (or less if scientifically justified) for LSC UDS determinations are necessary for each experimental point.
Za vsako preskusno točko sta potrebni najmanj dve celični kulturi za avtoradiografijo in šest kultur (ali manj, če je to znanstveno utemeljeno) za določitev nenačrtne sinteze DNK s tekočinskim scintilacijskim štetjem.
Concurrent positive and negative (untreated and/or vehicle) controls with and without metabolic activation should be included in each experiment.
V vsak preskus je treba hkrati vključiti pozitivne in negativne (netretirane in/ali kontrole nosilca) kontrole z in brez metabolne aktivacije.
Examples of positive controls for the rat hepatocyte assay include 7,12- dimethylbenzathracene (7,12- DMBA) or 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF).
Primeri pozitivnih kontrol za preskus podganjih hepatocitov vključujejo 7,12- dimetil benzantracen (7,12-DMBA) ali 2-acetilaminofluoren (2-AAF).
In the case of established cell lines 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) is an example of a positive control for both the autoradiographic and LSC assays performed without metabolic activation; N-dimethylnitrosamine is an example of a positive control compound when metabolic activation systems are used.
V primeru stabiliziranih celičnih linij je 4-nitrokinolin-N-oksid (4-NQO) primer pozitivne kontrole za avtoradiografski preskus in preskus tekočinskega scintilacijskega štetja, ki sta opravljena brez metabolne aktivacije; N-dimetil nitrosamin je primer spojine pozitivne kontrole kadar se uporabi metabolni aktivacijski sistem.
Multiple concentrations of the test substance over a range adequate to define the response should be used.
Uporabiti je treba več koncentracij preskusne snovi v območju, ustreznem za opredelitev odziva.
The highest concentration should elicit some cytotoxic effects.
Najvišja koncentracija mora sprožiti nekaj citotoksičnih učinkov.
Relatively water-insoluble compounds should be tested up to the limit of solubility.
Snovi, relativno netopne v vodi, je treba preskušati do meje njihove topnosti.
For freely water-soluble non-toxic chemicals, the upper test chemical concentration should be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Za dobro vodotopne nestrupene snovi je treba zgornjo koncentracijo preskusne kemikalije določiti od primera do primera.
Appropriate growth media, CO2 concentration, temperature and humidity should be used in maintaining cultures.
Za vzdrževanju kultur je treba uporabiti ustrezno rastno gojišče, CO2 koncentracijo, temperaturo in vlažnost.
Established cell lines should be periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination.
Stabilizirane celične linije je treba redno preverjati za okužbo z mikoplazmo.
A metabolic activation system is not used with primary hepatocyte cultures.
Sistem metabolne aktivacij e se s kulturami primarnih hepatocitov ne uporablja.
Established cell lines and lymphocytes are exposed to test substance both in the presence and absence of an appropriate metabolic activation system.
Stabilizirane celične linije in limfociti se izpostavijo preskusni snovi v prisotnosti in v odsotnosti ustreznega metabolnega aktivacij skega sistema.
Established cell lines are generated from stock cultures (e.g. by trypsinisation or by shaking off), seeded in culture vessels at appropriate density, and incubated at 37 oC.
Stabilizirane celične linije se pridobijo iz založnih kultur (npr. s tripsinizacijo ali z otresanjem), nacepljenih v posodah za kulture v primerni gostoti in inkubiranih pri 37 oC.