natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Amphibians are very much adapted to the substrate on/in which they live.
Dvoživke so zelo prilagojene na podlago, na/v kateri živijo.
In this context, the body skin plays an important role in the transfer of water, soluble substances, including toxic substances and oxygen.
V tem smislu je koža zelo pomembna za prehajanje vode, topnih snovi, vključno s strupenimi snovmi in kisikom.
Therefore it plays key roles in the survival of amphibians, their interaction with their environment, and their ability to exploit a wide range of habitats and ecological conditions.
Zato igra ključno vlogo pri preživetju dvoživk, njihovem stiku z okoljem in njihovo zmožnostjo, da živijo v različnih habitatih in ekoloških pogojih.
An amphibian's health depends on certain properties and peculiarities of its body skin, thus making amphibians significant bio-indicators of environmental health.
Zdravje dvoživk je odvisno od nekaterih lastnosti in posebnosti njihove kože, zato so dvoživke pomembni kazalniki zdravja okolja.
Where possible, amphibians used for experimental or other scientific purposes should be bred and reared in captivity.
Dvoživke, ki se uporabljajo za poskuse ali v druge znanstvene namene, je treba gojiti ali rediti v ujetništvu, če je to mogoče.
Purpose-bred animals should be used in preference to animals taken from the wild.
Bolje je uporabljati namensko vzrejene živali kot živali iz divjine.
Table I.1. lists the four main habitats of amphibians and examples of species of each habitat frequently used for experimental and other scientific purposes.
Tabela I.1 navaja štiri glavne habitate dvoživk in primere vrst iz vsakega habitata, ki se pogosto uporabljajo za poskusne in druge znanstvene namene.
The following proposals provide details on the basic accommodation and care conditions to be covered for species of these habitats.
Naslednji predlogi navajajo podrobnosti o osnovnih pogojih namestitve in oskrbe, ki morajo biti izpolnjeni za vrste v teh habitatih.
Specific procedures may require the use of certain other species which do not fall into the four habitat categories.
Posebni postopki lahko zahtevajo uporabo nekaterih drugih vrst, ki ne spadajo v te štiri kategorije habitatov.
Further advice on requirements for these and other species (or if behavioural or breeding problems occur) should be sought from expert specialists and care staff to ensure that any particular species needs are adequately addressed.
Za dodatne nasvete o zahtevah v zvezi s temi in drugimi vrstami (ali v primeru vedenjskih težav ali težav pri vzreji) se je treba obrniti na izkušene strokovnjake in osebje, ki skrbi za živali, da se zagotovi ustrezna obravnava vseh potreb posamezne vrste.
Additional background information on less commonly used species, and habitats is available in the background information document elaborated by the Group of Experts.
Dodatne osnovne informacije o vrstah, ki se redkeje uporabljajo, in habitatih so na voljo v dokumentu z osnovnimi informacijami strokovne skupine.
Table I.1:
Tabela I.1
Main habitat categories and examples by habitat of species frequently used
Glavne kategorije habitata in primeri vrst iz vsakega habitata, ki se pogosto uporabljajo
Amphibian species
Vrsta dvoživke
Size (cm)
Velikost (cm)
Original geographic distribution/Biotope
Prvotna geografska razširjenost/biotop
Optimal temperature
Najugodnejša temperatura
Main period of activity
Glavno dejavno obdobje
Aquatic
Vodni
(Urodeles)
(repate dvoživke)
Mexico/Channels of the former sea of Xochimilco
Mehika/kanali nekdanjega morja Xochimilco
15 oC to 22 oC
od 15 oC do 22 oC
Twilight
mrak
(Anurans)
(brezrepe dvoživke)
Xenopus laevis (Clawed frog)
Xenopus laevis (navadna krempljarka)
Central and South Africa/ponds, ground water and spring-fed
Srednja in južna Afrika/ribniki, podzemna voda in izviri
18 oC to 22 oC
od 18 oC do 22 oC
Twilight/night
mrak/noč
Semi-aquatic
Semiakvatične
Rana temporaria (Common frog)
Rana temporaria (sekulja)
Europe (middle and north) to Asia (without southern Balkan)/Near ponds, lakes, streams (shores, meadows)
Od Evrope (srednje in severne) do Azije (brez južnega Balkana)/blizu ribnikov, jezer, potokov (obale, travniki)
10 oC to 15 oC
od 10 oC do 15 oC
Day/night
dan/noč
Semi-terrestrial
Semiterestrične
Bufo marinus (Marine toad)
Bufo marinus (krastača)
Central and South America/Mangrove, woods
Srednja in Južna Amerika/mangrovi, gozdovi
23 oC to 27 oC
od 23 oC do 27 oC
Night
noč
Arboreal
Drevesne
Hyla cinerea (Green tree frog)
Hyla cinerea (zelena drevesna žaba)
Southeast USA/Open bushy borders of cypress swamps, flat country, forest
Jugovzhod ZDA/odprte grmičaste meje močvirij s cipresami, ravna pokrajina, gozd
18 oC to 25 oC
od 18 oC do 25 oC
Enclosures for amphibians should be adequately ventilated.
Ograjene prostore za dvoživke je treba ustrezno prezračevati.
The water in enclosures of aquatic caged amphibians should be filtered, circulated, and aerated (see also paragraph 4.3.1.).
Vodo v zaprtih prostorih je treba čistiti, mora krožiti in treba jo je zračiti (glej tudi odstavek 4.3.1).
Amphibians are ectothermic.
Dvoživke so ektotermne.
Areas of different temperature and humidity are beneficial, to allow amphibians to seek their preferred microenvironment.
Ugodna so območja z različno temperaturo in vlažnostjo, da se dvoživkam zagotovi mikrookolje, ki jim najbolj ustreza.
Amphibians exposed to frequent fluctuations in temperature and humidity may be severely stressed and may be more prone to health problems.
Dvoživke, ki so izpostavljene pogostim nihanjem temperature in vlažnosti, so lahko zaradi tega zelo obremenjene in lahko imajo več zdravstvenih težav.
Room and water temperatures should be controlled.
Sobno temperaturo in temperaturo vode je treba nadzorovati.
Hibernation in amphibians may be induced or interrupted by regulating light-dark rhythm and room temperature.
Zimsko spanje pri dvoživkah je mogoče povzročiti ali prekiniti z uravnavanjem svetlobe in teme ter sobne temperature.
Before inducing hibernation in captivity, animals should be in good health and body condition.
Pred sprožitvijo zimskega spanja v ujetništvu morajo biti živali zdrave in v dobri telesni kondiciji.
In animals used for breeding, a state of near winter torpor (for example dim light to darkness and 8 oC to 10 oC room temperature) may be simulated where appropriate.
Pri živalih za vzrejo je stanje skorajšnje zimske odrevenelosti (na primer zasenčena svetloba ali tema in od 8 oC do 10 oC sobne temperature) simulirano, kadar je to primerno.
Under these conditions, the animals can be kept without feeding for as long as four to five months.
V takih razmerah živali ni treba hraniti od štiri do pet mesecev.
Restoration of pre-hibernation environmental conditions will induce activity and mating behaviour.
Ponovna vzpostavitev okoljskih razmer, kot so bile pred zimskim spanjem, bo povzročila dejavnost in parjenje.
Prevention of hibernation in a laboratory environment will not cause major welfare problems.
Preprečitev zimskega spanja v laboratorijskem okolju ne bo povzročila večjih težav v zvezi z dobrim počutjem.
Amphibians do not drink but absorb moisture through their skin.
Dvoživke ne pijejo, ampak absorbirajo vlago skozi svojo kožo.
Water loss is an especially critical problem in captive terrestrial and semi-terrestrial amphibians, as a properly hydrated integument is essential to the normal function of the amphibian skin.
Izguba vode je zlasti nevarna težava pri kopenskih in semiterestričnih dvoživkah v ujetništvu, saj je ustrezno hidrirana povrhnjica bistvena za normalno delovanje kože dvoživk.
Areas of different humidity within the enclosure are beneficial.
Območja z različno vlažnostjo znotraj zaprtega prostora so ugodna.
Even desert-adapted amphibians should have access to a humid environment.
Tudi dvoživke, prilagojene na puščavsko okolje, morajo imeti dostop do vlažnega okolja.
Photoperiods reflecting the natural cycle from where the animals originate should be used.
Uporabljati je treba obdobja osvetlitve, ki izražajo naravni cikel okolja, iz katerega živali izhajajo.
Light levels in the enclosures should be consistent with that expected to be encountered under natural conditions.
Stopnja svetlobe v ograjenih prostorih mora biti skladna s tisto v naravnih razmerah.
Both semi-terrestrial and aquatic caged animals should have the opportunity to withdraw to shaded areas within the enclosure.
Semiterestrične in vodne živali v ujetništvu morajo imeti možnost, da se umaknejo v zasenčena območja v ograjenem prostoru.
Amphibians are very sensitive to noise (airborne stimuli) and vibration (substrate-borne stimuli) and are disturbed by any new, unexpected stimulus.
Dvoživke so zelo občutljive na hrup (dražljaji iz zraka) in vibracije (dražljaji iz podlage) ter jih vznemirja vsak nov in nepričakovan dražljaj.
Therefore, such extraneous disturbances should be minimised.
Zato je treba takšne tuje motnje čim bolj zmanjšati.
Adequate alarm systems are recommended if circulation systems are used and/or aeration is required.
Priporočljivi so ustrezni alarmni sistemi, če se uporabljajo sistemi za kroženje in/ali je potrebno zračenje.
(See paragraph 4.1. of the General section)
(Glej odstavek 4.1 oddelka Splošno.)
In most amphibians, social behaviour is mainly restricted to the mating season.
Pri večini dvoživk je družbeno vedenje omejeno zlasti na obdobje parjenja.
However, group-housing of amphibians is advisable, for instance to improve feeding and reduce fear responses.
Vendar je skupinska namestitev dvoživk priporočljiva, na primer za izboljšanje hranjenja in zmanjšanje plašnosti.
For example, in Xenopus spp. group feeding promotes feeding frenzies inducing all animals to feed.
Na primer, pri vrsti Xenopus spp. skupinsko hranjenje spodbuja prehranjevalno mrzlico, ki povzroča, da se vse živali hranijo.
At very low stocking densities such frenzies do not occur and food is frequently not eaten.
Pri zelo nizki gostoti naseljenosti se take mrzlice ne pojavljajo in hrana se pogosto ne poje.
To avoid cannibalism in certain species (particularly among larval Ambystoma spp. and Scaphiopus spp.), these animals should be maintained in small groups.
Za preprečitev kanibalizma pri nekaterih vrstah (zlasti med ličinkami Ambystoma spp. in Scaphiopus spp.) je treba te živali namestiti v majhnih skupinah.
Cannibalism in groups can be reduced by size grading.
Kanibalizem se v skupinah lahko zmanjša z razvrščanjem po velikosti.
The terrestrial habitat of amphibians should be structured, including, for example, branches, leaves, pieces of bark, stones or other suitable man-made materials.
Kopenski habitat dvoživk mora biti zgrajen tako, da vključuje veje, liste, koščke lubja, kamne ali druge primerne umetne materiale.
Amphibians benefit from such environmental enrichment in different ways: for example, such inclusions allow animals to hide, and provide labels for visual and spatial orientation.
Za dvoživke je takšna obogatitev okolja koristna na različne načine: na primer, takšni dodatki živalim omogočajo, da se skrijejo, in jim zagotavljajo oznake za vizualno in prostorsko orientacijo.
The side walls of the terraria should be textured to provide a structured surface.
Bočne stene terarija morajo biti teksturirane, da se zagotovi strukturirana površina.
The provision of hiding places/shelters that are appropriate to the amphibian's needs is recommended, because they can reduce stress on captive amphibians.
Priporočljivo je zagotoviti skrivališča/zavetišča, ki ustrezajo potrebam dvoživk, ker zmanjšujejo stres pri dvoživkah v ujetništvu.
For example, in Xenopus spp. a tube of ceramic or plastic may be provided.
Na primer pri vrsti Xenopus spp. je mogoče zagotoviti keramično ali plastično cevko.
Refuges should be inspected regularly for sick or injured animals.
Redno je treba pregledovati, ali so v zavetiščih bolne ali poškodovane živali.
A dark floor to the tank may enhance the sense of security in the animals.
Temna tla do bazena lahko živalim dajo občutek varnosti.
Materials used for enrichment devices should not be detrimental to the health of the amphibians.
Materiali, ki se uporabljajo za naprave za obogatitev, ne smejo škodovati zdravju dvoživk.
Enclosures and enrichment structures should have smooth surfaces and rounded edges to minimise the risk of injury to the amphibian's skin.
Ograjeni prostori in strukture za obogatitev morajo imeti gladke površine in zaobljene robove, da se čim bolj zmanjša tveganje za nastanek poškodb na koži dvoživk.
Enclosures for aquatic amphibians
Zaprti prostori za vodne dvoživke
Care is needed to ensure that aeration does not cause injury to the animals.
Paziti je treba, da zračenje ne poškoduje živali.
Unless a proper flow system is in place, the water in the enclosures should be renewed with water of an appropriate quality about twice a week.
Če ni nameščenega primernega sistema za kroženje vode, je treba vodo v zaprtih prostorih menjavati z vodo ustrezne kakovosti približno dvakrat na teden.
For Xenopus spp., systems with regular changes of water (fill-and-dump systems) are sufficient for maintaining appropriate water quality (such as minimising levels in ammonia).
Za Xenopus spp. so sistemi za menjavo vode (sistemi za napolnitev in izpraznitev) zadostni za ohranjanje primerne kakovosti vode (kot je zmanjšanje stopnje amoniaka).
Airstones are not required for Xenopus.
Luknjičasti kamni za Xenopus niso potrebni.
Furthermore, long, narrow enclosures should be avoided since they may restrict locomotor activity and social behaviour such as feeding frenzies.
Treba se je izogibati dolgim, ozkim zaprtim prostorom, saj lahko omejujejo gibanje in družbeno vedenje, kot je prehranjevalna mrzlica.
Table I.2.
Tabela I.2
Aquatic urodeles, e.g., Ambystoma spp: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Vodne repate dvoživke, npr. Ambystoma spp: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Body length [28](cm)
Dolžina telesa [28](cm)
Minimum water surface area (cm2)
Najmanjša vodna površina (cm2)
Minimum water surface area for each additional animal in group-holding (cm2)
Najmanjša vodna površina za vsako dodatno žival v skupini (cm2)
Minimum water depth (cm)
Najnižja globina vode (cm)
Table I.3.
Tabela I.3
Aquatic anurans, e.g., Xenopus spp: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances. [30]
Vodne brezrepe dvoživke, npr. Xenopus spp: najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti [29]
Body length [30] (cm)
Dolžina telesa [30] (cm)
Less than 6
manj kot 6
over 9 to 12
več kot 9 in do 12
over 12
več kot 12
Enclosures for semi-aquatic and semi-terrestrial amphibians
Ograjeni prostori za semiakvatične in semiterestrične dvoživke
Semi-aquatic and semi-terrestrial amphibians are kept in enclosures consisting of a terrestrial part and a aquatic part.
Semiakvatične in semiterestrične dvoživke je treba namestiti v ograjenih prostorih, ki so sestavljeni iz kopenskega in vodnega dela.
The water area of the terrarium should allow animals to submerge.
Vodno območje terarija mora živalim omogočati, da se potopijo.
Unless a flow-through system is used, water should be renewed at least twice a week.
Vodo je treba menjati vsaj dvakrat na teden, razen če se uporablja pretočni sistem.
Each terrarium should be covered to prevent escape.
Vsak terarij mora biti pokrit, da se prepreči pobeg.
It is advisable to paint or otherwise cover the outside of transparent walls to minimise damage to the animal.
Priporočljivo je, da se pobarva ali drugače prekrije zunanji del prozornih sten, da se zmanjša ogrožanje živali.
Additions to the interior design can include: soft-foamed plastic material on the floor near the pool area, stones, pieces of artificial bark material, artificial branches and leaves, and shelves.
Dodatki za notranjo opremo lahko vključujejo: plastičen material iz mehke pene na tleh blizu bazena, kamne, kose umetnega lubja, umetne veje in liste ter police.
Fine sawdust and any other related small-particle substrate should be avoided, as it affects the sensitive body skin, harbours pathogens and is difficult to clean and re-use.
Izogibati se je treba drobni žagovini in drugim podobnim majhnim delcem podlage, ker škodijo občutljivi koži, vsebujejo patogene in jih je težko čistiti in ponovno uporabljati.
Table I.4.
Tabela I.4
Semi-aquatic anurans, e.g., Rana temporaria: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Semiakvatične brezrepe dvoživke, npr. Rana temporaria: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Body length [31](cm)
Dolžina telesa [31](cm)
Minimum enclosure size [32] (cm2)
Najmanjša velikost zaprtega prostora [32] (cm2)
Minimum area for each additional animal in group holding (cm2)
Najmanjša površina za vsako dodatno žival v skupini (cm2)
Minimum enclosure height [33] (cm)
Najmanjša višina zaprtega prostora [33] (cm)
Minimum water depth
Najnižja globina vode
over 5,0 to 7,5
več kot 5,0 in do 7,5
over 7,5
več kot 7,5
Table I.5.
Tabela I.5
Semi-terrestrial anurans, e.g., Bufo marinus: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Semiterestrične brezrepe dvoživke, npr. Bufo marinus: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Body length [34](cm)
Dolžina telesa [34](cm)
Minimum enclosure size [35](cm2)
Najmanjša velikost ograjenega prostora [35](cm2)
Minimum area for each additional animal in group-holding (cm2)
Najmanjša površina za vsako dodatno žival v skupini (cm2)
Minimum enclosure height [36] (cm)
Najmanjša višina zaprtega prostora [36] (cm)
Enclosures for arboreal amphibians
Zaprti prostori za drevesne dvoživke
Having regard for the behaviour of different arboreal species, every effort should be made to allow for this by the provision of appropriate structures for climbing and resting by arboreal species (see section 4.3.2).
Potruditi se je treba, da se zagotovi naravno vedenje različnih drevesnih vrst dvoživk z zagotavljanjem primernih struktur za plezanje in počivanje za drevesne vrste dvoživk (glej oddelek 4.3.2).
In addition, it is necessary to provide water in which they can submerge themselves or seek greater humidity.
Poleg tega je treba zagotoviti vodo, v kateri se lahko potapljajo ali imajo na voljo več vlage.
If water dishes are used, they should be arranged in such a way that they are easy for the amphibians to enter or to leave.
Če se uporabijo posode za vodo, jih je treba urediti tako, da lahko dvoživke vanje brez težav vstopijo in iz njih odidejo.
Table I.6:
Tabela I.6
Arboreal anurans, e.g., Hyla cinerea: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Drevesne brezrepe dvoživke, npr. Hyla cinerea: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Body length [37](cm)
Dolžina telesa [37](cm)
Minimum enclosure size [38](cm2)
Najmanjša velikost ograjenega prostora [38](cm2)
Minimum enclosure height [39](cm)
Najmanjša višina ograjenega prostora [39](cm)
over 3,0
več kot 3,0
The majority of amphibians are carnivores with food preferences for living small invertebrates (such as larvae, insects and worms).
Večina dvoživk je mesojedih in najraje jedo majhne žive nevretenčarje (kot so ličinke, žuželke in črvi).
Captive animals should be maintained on their natural foods or on foodstuffs approximating those of their natural diets.
Dvoživke v ujetništvu je treba hraniti z njihovo naravno hrano ali z živili, ki so podobna njihovi naravni prehrani.
However, captive aquatic amphibians can successfully be maintained on pieces of fish fillet or scrapings from frozen liver and heart.
Vendar se lahko vodne dvoživke v ujetništvu uspešno hrani s koščki ribjega fileja ali nastrganimi delci zamrznjenih jeter ali srca.
The feeding frequency should be related to environmental conditions, such as temperature and light intensity.
Pogostost hranjenja mora biti povezana z okoljskimi razmerami, kot sta temperatura in intenzivnost svetlobe.
Daily feeding is not advisable for adult animals, but once to three times weekly to satiation at each feeding is recommended.
Za odrasle živali dnevno hranjenje ni priporočeno, vendar je priporočljivo, da se jih enkrat do trikrat na teden nahrani do sitega.
For aquatic and semi-aquatic amphibians water quality, including the concentration of ammonia and the pH level in water, should be regularly monitored.
Redno je treba nadzirati kakovost vode vodnih in semiakvatičnih dvoživk, vključno s koncentracijo amoniaka in ravnijo pH.
(See paragraph 4.8 of the General section)
(Glej odstavek 4.8 oddelka Splošno.)
In order to avoid diseases, the terrestrial and aquatic areas in the terraria should be carefully cleaned to remove dirt, excrement and food particles.
Da se izognemo bolezni, je treba kopenske in vodne površine v akvariju pazljivo čistiti, da se odstranijo umazanija, iztrebki in delci hrane.
The skin of amphibians can be easily damaged.
Koža dvoživk se lahko hitro poškoduje.
Care is required during handling, which should be kept to a minimum.
Pri ravnanju z njimi je treba paziti in se jih čim manj dotikati.
Anaesthesia and humane killing
Anestezija in humano ubijanje
Invasive, potentially painful procedures should be accompanied both by analgesia and anaesthesia.
Invazivne postopke in postopke, ki bi utegnili biti boleči, je treba izvajati ob uporabi analgezije in anestezije.
As amphibians' skin accounts for a significant portion of normal gaseous exchanges, in anaesthetised animals, in which lung respiration is reduced or interrupted, the body skin should always be kept moist, for example with a wet tissue.
Ker se skozi kožo dvoživk običajno izmenja veliko plinov, je treba pri živalih pod anestezijo, ko se delovanje njihovih pljuč zmanjša ali prekine, njihovo kožo nenehno vlažiti, na primer z vlažno krpo.
Where animals need to be identified individually there are a number of suitable methods such as transponders; tank labels for individually housed animals; monitoring pigment or wart configurations; small labels by coloured thread.
Če je treba živali identificirati posamezno, je na voljo veliko primernih metod, kot so na primer transponderji; oznake bazena za posamezno nameščene živali; pigment za opazovanje ali oblika izrastkov; majhne oznake z barvnimi nitkami.
Chemical markings should not be used, since substances are absorbed through the skin, possibly causing toxic effects.
Kemičnih oznak se ne sme uporabljati, ker se snovi absorbirajo skozi kožo in imajo lahko strupene učinke.
Toe clipping is deleterious and should not be carried out.
Obrezovanje krempljev je škodljivo in se ne sme izvajati.
During transport, amphibians should be provided with sufficient air and moisture and, if necessary, appropriate devices to maintain the required temperature and humidity.
Med prevozom je treba dvoživkam zagotoviti dovolj zraka in vlage ter ustrezne naprave, ki vzdržujejo želeno temperaturo in vlažnost, če je to potrebno.
SPECIES-SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR REPTILES
SMERNICE ZA PLAZILCE
According to morphological systematics, reptiles include the main orders Rhynchocephalia (tuatara), Squamata (lizards, snakes), Chelonia (tortoises, turtles, and terrapins), and Crocodilia (alligators, crocodiles, caimans, and gavials).
Po morfološki sistematiki so med plazilce vključeni glavni redi Rhynchocephalia (tuatare), Squamata (kuščarji in kače), Chelonia (kopenske in vodne želve) in Crocodilia (aligatorji, krokodili, kajmani in gaviali).
They differ greatly in their patterns of geographic distribution and in the diversity of living types.
Med seboj se močno razlikujejo po vzorcih geografske razširjenosti in raznolikosti živečih vrst.
In contrast to the more or less smooth and moist skin seen in amphibians, reptiles have a skin protected by overlapping scales (snakes, lizards), by a box-like shell (chelonians), or by bone plates in the skin (crocodiles, alligators, and caimans).
V nasprotju s sorazmerno gladko in vlažno kožo pri dvoživkah imajo plazilci kožo zaščiteno s prekrivajočimi luskami (kače in kuščarji), z lupino v obliki škatle (želve) ali s poroženelimi ploščami v koži (krokodili, aligatorji in kajmani).
The thick skin is an adaptation to better protect reptiles from the water loss that occurs with the permeable skin of amphibians.
Debela koža je prilagoditev, s katero so plazilci bolje zaščiteni pred izgubo vode, ki se pojavlja pri prepustni koži dvoživk.