natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Operating systems for handheld devices such as personal digital assistants (PDA) or ‘intelligent’ mobile phones and operating systems for servers cannot presently be regarded as competitive substitutes for client PC operating systems.
Operacijski sistemi za prenosne naprave, kot so dlančniki („PDA“) ali „inteligentni“ mobilni telefoni, in operacijski sistemi za strežnike trenutno ne štejejo kot konkurenčni nadomestni proizvodi za operacijske sisteme za odjemalske osebne računalnike.
As regards supply-side substitutability, a software product that is not presently in the market for client PC operating systems would have to be substantially modified in order to adapt to the specific needs of consumers in that market.
Kar zadeva nadomestljivost na strani ponudbe, bi bilo treba proizvod programske opreme, ki trenutno ni prisoten na trgu operacijskih sistemov za odjemalske osebne računalnike, precej spremeniti za prilagoditev specifičnim potrebam potrošnikov na zadevnem trgu.
This entails a development and testing process that involves a substantial amount of time (often above one year) and expenses, and entails a substantial commercial risk.
To vključuje proces razvijanja in testiranja, ki zahteva precej časa (pogosto več kot eno leto) in velike stroške ter predstavlja precejšnje poslovno tveganje.
Furthermore, as is established when discussing Microsoft’s dominance in the relevant market, such a new entrant would face significant barriers to entry.
Poleg tega bi, kot je ugotovljeno pri obravnavi prevladujočega položaja Microsofta na zadevnem trgu, tak nov udeleženec naletel na velike ovire za vstop.
Work group server operating systems
Operacijski sistemi za strežnike delovnih skupin
‘Work group server services’ are the basic services that are used by office workers in their day-to-day work, namely sharing files stored on servers, sharing printers, and having their rights as network users ‘administered’ centrally by their organisation’s Information Technology department.
„Storitve strežnikov delovnih skupin“ (work group server services) so osnovne storitve, ki jih zaposleni v pisarnah uporabljajo pri svojem vsakodnevnem delu, predvsem so to skupna uporaba datotek, shranjenih na strežniku, skupna uporaba tiskalnikov in centralno „upravljanje“ njihovih pravic kot uporabnikov omrežja s strani oddelkov za informacijsko tehnologijo v organizacijah, kjer so zaposleni.
‘Work group server operating systems’ are operating systems designed and marketed to deliver these services collectively to relatively small numbers of PCs linked together in small to medium-sized networks.
„Operacijski sistemi za strežnike delovnih skupin“ (work group server operating systems) so operacijski sistemi, ki se razvijajo in tržijo z namenom celovitega zagotavljanja teh storitev sorazmerno majhnim številom osebnih računalnikov, med seboj povezanih v majhna do srednje velika omrežja.
Evidence gathered by the Commission in the course of its investigation has confirmed that work group server services are viewed by customers as constituting a distinct set of services provided by servers.
Podatki, ki jih je med preiskavo zbrala Komisija, so potrdili, da stranke gledajo na storitve strežnikov delovnih skupin kot na poseben skupek storitev, ki jih nudijo strežniki.
In particular, the provision of file and print services on the one hand and of group and user administration services on the other hand are closely interrelated: if there were no proper group and user administration, the user would not have efficient and secure access to file and print sharing services.
Obstaja tesna medsebojna povezanost med zagotavljanjem storitev na področju datotek in tiskanja na eni strani ter upravljanja z uporabniki in skupinami uporabnikov na drugi strani: če ne bi bilo ustreznega upravljanja z uporabniki in skupinami uporabnikov, uporabnik ne bi mogel učinkovito in varno dostopati do skupnih datotečnih in tiskalniških storitev.
Work group servers (servers that run a work group server operating system) must be distinguished from high-end servers that are generally needed to support ‘mission-critical’ tasks, such as inventory control, airline reservations or banking transactions.
Treba je razlikovati med strežniki delovnih skupin (strežniki, na katerih teče operacijski sistem za strežnike delovnih skupin) in vrhunskimi strežniki, ki se na splošno uporabljajo za podporo „kritičnih“ nalog, kot so vodenje zalog, rezervacije letalskih vozovnic ali bančne transakcije.
Such tasks may involve the need to support storage of vast amounts of data and require maximum (often termed rock-solid) reliability and availability.
Pri takih nalogah so lahko potrebni podpora za shranjevanje velikih količin podatkov in najvišja („rock-solid“) raven zanesljivosti in razpoložljivosti.
They are carried out by expensive machines (sometimes called enterprise servers) or by mainframes.
Izvajajo jih dragi računalniki (včasih poimenovani „strežniki za velika podjetja“) ali osrednji računalniki.
By contrast, work group server operating systems are generally installed on less expensive computers.
Nasprotno so operacijski sistemi za strežnike delovnih skupin običajno nameščeni v cenejših računalnikih.
However, not all low-end server machines are used as work group servers.
Vendar se vsi strežniki nižjega cenovnega razreda ne uporabljajo kot strežniki delovnih skupin.
For instance, low-end servers can also be installed at the ‘edge’ of networks and be specialised in web serving, web caching or firewall to the exclusion of the core work group server services.
Strežnik nižjega cenovnega razreda je na primer lahko nameščen na „rob“ omrežja in je specializiran za nudenje spletnih storitev (Web serving), storitev spletnega predpomnenja (Web caching) ali storitev požarnega zidu (firewall), pri čemer so izvzete osrednje storitve, ki jih nudijo strežniki delovnih skupin.
It should also be pointed out that whilst only file, print and group and user administration services constitute the core work group server services, work group server operating systems can be used to run applications, as is the case with other operating systems.
Treba je tudi poudariti, da le storitve na področju datotek, tiskanja ter upravljanja z uporabniki in skupinami uporabnikov predstavljajo osrednje storitve delovne skupine, medtem ko se operacijski sistemi za strežnike delovnih skupin lahko uporabljajo za izvajanje aplikacij, kot velja za druge operacijske sisteme.
These applications will often be tightly linked to the provision of group and user administration services.
Te aplikacije so pogosto tesno povezane z zagotavljanjem storitev upravljanja z uporabniki in skupinami uporabnikov.
Since work group server operating systems are as a rule used with inexpensive hardware, these applications will generally not require extremely high reliability.
Ker se operacijski sistemi za strežnike delovnih skupin praviloma uporabljajo v kombinaciji s cenejšo strojno opremo, te aplikacije navadno ne zahtevajo izredno visoke ravni zanesljivosti.
Streaming media players
Pretočni multimedijski predvajalniki
Media players are client-side software applications, the core functionality of which is to decode, decompress and play (and further allow the processing of) digital audio and video files downloaded or streamed over the Internet (and other networks).
Multimedijski predvajalniki so računalniški programi na strani odjemalcev, katerih osrednja funkcija je dekodiranje, razširjanje in predvajanje (ter nadalje omogočanje obdelave) digitalnih zvočnih in slikovnih datotek, ki so bile presnete ali pretočene z interneta (in drugih omrežij).
Media players are also capable of playing back audio and video files stored on physical carriers such as CDs and DVDs.
Prav tako lahko multimedijski predvajalniki predvajajo zvočne in slikovne datoteke, ki so shranjene na fizičnih nosilcih, kot so zgoščenke in DVD-ji.
As regards demand-side substitutability, classical playback devices such as CD and DVD players are not substitutes for media players as they offer a very limited subset of the media player functionalities.
Kar zadeva nadomestljivost z vidika povpraševanja, klasične predvajalne naprave, kot so predvajalniki zgoščenk in DVD-jev, ne predstavljajo nadomestnih proizvodov za multimedijske predvajalnike, saj nudijo zelo omejen del funkcij slednjih.
Media players which depend on third parties’ proprietary technologies are, in contrast to Microsoft’s WMP, RealNetworks’ RealOne Player and Apple’s QuickTime Player, not likely to constrain the third parties’ behaviour.
V nasprotju z Microsoftovim WMP, predvajalnikom RealOne Player podjetja RealNetworks in Applovim predvajalnikom QuickTime Player, multimedijski predvajalniki, ki so odvisni od lastniških tehnologij tretjih oseb, navadno ne ovirajo ravnanja teh tretjih oseb.
Media players unable to receive audio and video content streamed over the Internet are not substitutes for streaming media players since they do not satisfy specific consumer demand for streaming.
Multimedijski predvajalniki, ki ne omogočajo sprejema z interneta pretočene zvočne in slikovne vsebine, niso nadomestni proizvodi za pretočne multimedijske predvajalnike, saj ne zadovoljujejo specifičnega povpraševanja potrošnikov po pretočnosti.
As regards supply-side substitutability, the significant necessary R&D investments, the protection of existing media technologies through IP rights and the indirect network effects characterising the market translate into entry barriers for developers of other software applications including non-streaming media players.
Kar zadeva nadomestljivost na strani ponudbe, predstavljajo potrebne znatne naložbe v raziskave in razvoj, zaščita obstoječih multimedijskih tehnologij s pravicami intelektualne lastnine in posredni učinki omrežja, značilni za ta trg, ovire za vstop za razvijalce drugih programskih aplikacij, vključno z multimedijskimi predvajalniki, ki niso pretočni.
Dominance
Prevladujoči položaj
Microsoft has acknowledged that it holds a dominant position in the PC operating system market.
Microsoft je priznal, da ima prevladujoči položaj na trgu operacijskih sistemov za osebne računalnike.
This dominant position is characterised by market shares that have remained very high at least since 1996 (90 % + in recent years), and by the presence of very high barriers to entry.
Za ta prevladujoči položaj so značilni tržni deleži, ki so zelo visoki že vsaj od leta 1996 (90 % in višji v zadnjih letih), in prisotnost zelo velikih ovir za vstop na trg.
These barriers to entry are in particular linked to the presence of indirect network effects.
Te ovire za vstop so zlasti povezane s posrednimi učinki omrežja.
Indeed, the popularity of a PC operating system among users derives from its popularity among vendors of PC applications, which in turn choose to focus their development efforts towards the PC operating system which is most popular among users.
Priljubljenost operacijskega sistema za osebne računalnike med uporabniki dejansko izvira iz njegove priljubljenosti med prodajalci aplikacij za osebne računalnike, ti pa posledično osredotočajo svoja razvojna prizadevanja na operacijski sistem, ki je najbolj priljubljen med uporabniki.
This creates a self-reinforcing dynamic that protects Windows as the de facto standard for PC operating systems (applications barrier to entry).
To ustvarja dinamiko, ki sama sebe krepi in ščiti Windowse kot dejanski standard za operacijske sisteme za osebne računalnike (ovire za vstop, ki jih povzroča programska oprema).
The Commission concludes that Microsoft has achieved a dominant position in the work group server operating system market.
Komisija zaključi, da je Microsoft dosegel prevladujoči položaj na trgu operacijskih sistemov za strežnike delovnih skupin.
This conclusion rests in particular on the following findings:
Ta zaključek temelji zlasti na naslednjih ugotovitvah:
The Commission has examined a variety of data in order to measure Microsoft’s market share in the work group server operating system market.
Komisija je proučila vrsto podatkov, da bi ocenila tržni delež Microsofta na trgu operacijskih sistemov za strežnike delovnih skupin.
All these datasets confirm that Microsoft holds by far the leading market share, which, under every measure, is above 50 %, and for most measures, is in the 60 % 75 % range.
Vsi zbrani podatki potrjujejo, da ima Microsoft daleč največji tržni delež, ki je v vsakem primeru višji od 50 % in se po večini metod ocenjevanja giblje v razponu od 60 do 75 %.
There are barriers to entry in the work group server operating system market.
Na trgu operacijskih sistemov za strežnike delovnih skupin so prisotne ovire za vstop.
In particular, the easier it is to find technicians skilled in administering a given work group server operating system, the more customers are inclined to purchase that work group server operating system.
Lažje kot je najti tehnike, usposobljene za upravljanje danega operacijskega sistema za strežnike delovnih skupin, prej se stranke odločijo za nakup tega operacijskega sistema.
In turn, however, the more popular a work group server operating system is among customers, the easier it is for technicians (and the more willing technicians are) to acquire skills related to that product.
Posledično je za tehnike lažje (in bolj so pripravljeni) pridobiti veščine, povezane z operacijskim sistemom za strežnike delovnih skupin, ki je bolj priljubljen med strankami.
This mechanism can be formalised from an economic perspective in terms of network effects.
Ta mehanizem se lahko iz ekonomskega vidika opiše z učinki omrežja.
There are strong commercial and technical associative links between the PC operating system market and the work group server operating system market.
Med trgom operacijskih sistemov za osebne računalnike in trgom operacijskih sistemov za strežnike delovnih skupin obstajajo močne komercialne in tehnične povezave.
As a result, Microsoft’s dominance over the PC operating system market has a significant impact on the adjacent market for operating systems for work group servers.
Rezultat tega je, da ima Microsoftov prevladujoči položaj na trgu operacijskih sistemov za osebne računalnike precejšen vpliv na sosednji trg operacijskih sistemov za strežnike delovnih skupin.
Refusal to Supply
Zavrnitev posredovanja
The Decision makes the following findings.
Odločba ugotavlja naslednje:
Microsoft has refused to provide Sun with information enabling Sun to design work group server operating systems that can seamlessly integrate in the ‘Active Directory domain architecture’, a web of interrelated client PC-to-server and server-to-server protocols that organise Windows work group networks.
Microsoft je zavrnil posredovanje informacij Sunu, ki bi slednjemu omogočile izdelavo takega operacijskega sistema za strežnike delovnih skupin, ki bi se lahko neopazno povezal z „arhitekturo domene Active Directory“, mrežo med seboj povezanih protokolov odjemalski osebni računalnik-strežnik in strežnik-strežnik, ki organizirajo omrežja delovnih skupin Windowsov.
It is noteworthy that, in order to allow Sun to provide for such seamless integration, Microsoft only had to provide specifications of the relevant protocols, that is to say, technical documentation, and not to give access to the software code of Windows, let alone to allow its reproduction by Sun. There are two further factual circumstances of the refusal at issue that must be pointed out.
Treba je upoštevati, da bi moral Microsoft za to, da bi Sunu omogočil zagotovitev take neopazne integracije, ponuditi le specifikacije relevantnih protokolov, to je tehnično dokumentacijo, in ne razkriti programske kode Windowsov, kaj šele dovoliti, da jo Sun reproducira. Obstajata še dve drugi dejanski okoliščini zadevne zavrnitve, na kateri je treba opozoriti.
First, Microsoft’s refusal to Sun is part of a broader pattern of conduct of refusing the relevant information to any work group server operating system vendor.
Najprej je Microsoftova zavrnitev nasproti Sunu del širšega vzorca zavračanja posredovanja relevantnih informacij kateremu koli prodajalcu operacijskega sistema za strežnike delovnih skupin.
Second, Microsoft’s refusal constitutes a disruption of previous levels of supply, since the analogous information for previous versions of Microsoft’s products had been made available to Sun and to the industry at large, indirectly through a licence to AT&T.
Drugič, Microsoftova zavrnitev pomeni prekinitev prejšnje ravni posredovanja informacij, saj so bile podobne informacije za predhodne različice Microsoftovih proizvodov na voljo Sunu ter industriji na splošno posredno skozi podelitev licence AT&T.
Microsoft’s refusal risks eliminating competition in the relevant market for work group server operating systems because the refused input is indispensable for competitors operating in that market.
Microsoftova zavrnitev bi lahko izključila konkurenco na zadevnem trgu operacijskih sistemov za strežnike delovnih skupin, saj so informacije, katerih razkritje je Microsoft zavrnil, nepogrešljive za konkurente, ki delujejo na tem trgu.
Customer evidence confirms the link between on the one hand, the privileged interoperability that Microsoft’s work group server operating systems enjoy with its dominant PC operating system, and on the other hand, their rapid rise to dominance (and the increasing uptake of the features of the Active Directory domain architecture that are incompatible with competitors’ products).
Podatki, pridobljeni od strank, potrjujejo povezavo med privilegirano interoperabilnostjo Microsoftovih operacijskih sistemov za strežnike delovnih skupin z njegovim prevladujočim operacijskim sistemom za osebne računalnike na eni strani ter hiter vzpon do obvladujočega položaja (in naraščajoča uporaba lastnosti arhitekture domene Active Directory, ki niso združljive s konkurenčnimi proizvodi) na drugi strani.
The Commission’s investigation also shows that there is no actual or potential substitute to the refused input.
Preiskava Komisije prav tako kaže, da ni dejanskega ne možnega nadomestka za informacije, katerih razkritje je Microsoft zavrnil.
Microsoft’s refusal limits technical development to the prejudice of consumers, in contradiction in particular with Article 82(b).
Microsoftova zavrnitev omejuje tehnični razvoj na škodo potrošnikov, kar je zlasti v nasprotju s členom 82(b).
If competitors had access to the refused information, they would be able to provide new and enhanced products to the consumer.
Če bi konkurenti imeli dostop do informacij, katerih razkritje je Microsoft zavrnil, bi lahko potrošniku ponudili nove in izboljšane proizvode.
In particular, market evidence shows that consumers value product characteristics such as security and reliability, although those characteristics are relegated to a secondary position due to Microsoft’s interoperability advantage.
Tržni podatki kažejo, da potrošniki cenijo lastnosti proizvodov, kot sta varnost in zanesljivost, čeprav sta ti lastnosti potisnjeni na drugo mesto zaradi prednosti, ki jo predstavlja interoperabilnost Microsoftovih proizvodov.
Microsoft’s refusal thereby indirectly harms consumers.
Microsoftova zavrnitev zato posredno škoduje potrošnikom.
These circumstances of an exceptional nature lead to the conclusion that Microsoft’s refusal constitutes an abuse of a dominant position incompatible with Article 82, unless it is objectively justified.
Te izjemne okoliščine vodijo do zaključka, da Microsoftova zavrnitev predstavlja zlorabo prevladujočega položaja, ki ni skladna s členom 82, razen če je objektivno utemeljena.
Microsoft’s claimed justification for its refusal is that providing the information at stake and allowing competitors to use it in order to make compatible products would be tantamount to licensing intellectual property rights.
Microsoft utemeljuje svojo zavrnitev s tem, da bi bilo razkritje zadevnih informacij in dovoljevanje konkurentom njihove uporabe za izdelavo združljivih proizvodov enako podeljevanju licenc za njegove pravice iz intelektualne lastnine.
The Commission did not take a position on the validity of Microsoft’s general intellectual property claims, which could in any event only be ascertained on a case by case basis when Microsoft has prepared the relevant specifications.
Komisija ni zavzela stališča glede veljavnosti splošnih zahtevkov Microsofta v zvezi z intelektualno lastnino, saj bi bilo tako ugotavljanje možno le za vsak posamezen primer posebej, ko bi Microsoft izdelal relevantne specifikacije.
However, according to the jurisprudence, an undertaking’s interest in exercising its intellectual property rights cannot in itself constitute an objective justification when exceptional circumstances such as the ones identified above are established.
Vendar v skladu s sodno prakso interes podjetja pri uveljavljanju pravic intelektualne lastnine ne more sam po sebi predstavljati objektivne utemeljitve, kadar so ugotovljene izjemne okoliščine, kot so te, ki so navedene zgoraj.
The Commission investigated whether, under the specific circumstances of this case, Microsoft’s proffered justification outweighed these exceptional circumstances and concluded that Microsoft had not provided any evidence to that effect.
Komisija je proučila, ali bi v posebnih okoliščinah te zadeve utemeljitev, ki jo je podal Microsoft, lahko prevladala nad temi izjemnimi okoliščinami, in zaključila, da Microsoft v ta namen ni predložil nobenih dokazov.
In particular, an order to supply the relevant information could not lead to the cloning of Microsoft’s product.
Zahteva za posredovanje relevantnih informacij ne bi mogla privesti do kloniranja Microsoftovih proizvodov.
The Commission also took account of the fact that disclosure of information of the kind refused by Microsoft was commonplace in the industry.
Komisija je prav tako upoštevala dejstvo, da je razkritje informacij, ki jih Microsoft ni hotel razkriti, običajno v zadevni industriji.
Furthermore, the Commission drew inspiration from the undertaking made by IBM to the Commission in 1984 (the IBM Undertaking), and from the 1991 Software Directive.
Nadalje se je Komisija oprla na zavezo, ki ji jo je dal IBM leta 1984 („the IBM Undertaking“), ter na Direktivo o programski opremi iz leta 1991.
Microsoft indeed recognises that the IBM Undertaking and the Software Directive provide useful guidance for the present case.
Microsoft dejansko priznava, da zaveza IBM in Direktiva o programski opremi predstavljata koristno vodilo v obravnavani zadevi.
The Commission concluded that an order to supply in the present case would be analogous to the IBM Undertaking, in that it would only relate to interface specifications.
Komisija je zaključila, da je zahteva za posredovanje v tej zadevi podobna kot zaveza IBM v tem, da se nanaša zgolj na specifikacije vmesnikov.
The Commission also concluded that the refusal at issue was a refusal to supply interoperability information, in the sense of the Software Directive.
Komisija je tudi zaključila, da je zadevna zavrnitev pomenila zavrnitev posredovanja informacij o interoperabilnosti v smislu Direktive o programski opremi.
In that respect, the Commission noted that the Software Directive restricted the exercise of copyright over software (including exercise by non-dominant undertakings) in favour of interoperability, thereby stressing the importance of interoperability in the software industry.
V zvezi s tem je Komisija navedla, da Direktiva o programski opremi omejuje uveljavljanje avtorskih pravic za programsko opremo (vključno z uveljavljanjem pravic podjetij, ki niso prevladujoča) v korist interoperabilnosti, s čimer poudarja pomen interoperabilnosti v industriji programske opreme.
It also noted that the Software Directive explicitly provided that its provisions were without prejudice to the application of Article 82, in particular if a dominant undertaking refused to make information available which is necessary for interoperability.
Treba je tudi opozoriti, da Direktiva o programski opremi izrecno predpisuje, da so njene določbe brez poseganja v uporabo člena 82, zlasti če je prevladujoče podjetje zavrnilo dostop do informacij, ki so nujne za zagotavljanje interoperabilnosti.