natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Domestication does not appear substantially to have altered quail behaviour, so it is essential to design housing systems that respect this and allow the provision of substrate for scratching, pecking and dustbathing, nestboxes and cover wherever possible.
Udomačitev ni veliko spremenila vedenja prepelic, zato je pomembno, da se zanje oblikuje bivališče, ki to upošteva in omogoča zagotavljanje podlage za brskanje, kljuvanje in valjanje v prahu, gnezdišča in zavetje, kadar je to mogoče.
The housing of quail in aviaries or pens as opposed to cages is therefore strongly recommended.
Zato se močno priporoča nameščanje prepelic v ptičnice ali staje namesto v kletke.
Quail (Coturnix spp; Colinus virginianis; Lophortyx californica; Excalfactoria chinensis) should be group housed in either all female or mixed-sex groups.
Prepelice (Coturnix spp; Colinus virginianis; Lophortyx californica; Excalfactoria chinensis) je treba nameščati v skupine samih samic ali skupine mešanih spolov.
Where the sexes are mixed, the ratio of males to females should be low (for example, 1 to 4) to reduce aggression between males and injuries to females.
V skupinah mešanih spolov mora biti delež samcev glede na samice nizek (na primer 1 proti 4), da se zmanjšajo napadalno vedenje med samci in poškodbe samic.
It may be possible to pair-house males if stable pairs are formed during rearing.
Če se med vzrejo oblikujejo trdni pari, je mogoče v parih nameščati tudi samce.
The likelihood of aggressive pecking leading to skin lesions and feather loss is reduced if quail are not kept under intensive conditions and established groups are not mixed.
Verjetnost napadalnega kljuvanja, ki povzroči poškodbe kože in izgubo perja, se zmanjša, če se prepelice ne zadržujejo v napetem okolju in se že oblikovane skupine ne mešajo med seboj.
Quail are capable of extremely rapid startle responses, which can lead to head injuries.
Prepelice so sposobne izredno hitrih obrambnih odzivov, kar lahko povzroči poškodbe glave.
Staff should therefore always approach birds slowly and calmly and quail should be provided with cover and environmental enrichment, especially early in life, in order to reduce fear.
Zato mora osebje do ptice vedno pristopati počasi in mirno, prepelicam pa je treba zagotoviti zavetje in obogateno okolje, zlasti v zgodnjem obdobju življenja, da se zmanjša strah.
Quail chicks should have access to coloured objects such as balls, tubing and cubes to alleviate fear of both human beings and novel stimuli in adult birds.
Mladiči prepelice morajo imeti dostop do barvnih predmetov, kot so žogice, cevi in kocke, da izgubijo strah pred ljudmi in novimi dražljaji, ko odrastejo.
Adult birds should be given pecking objects such as stones, pine cones, balls and branches of vegetation.
Odrasle ptice morajo imeti na voljo predmete za kljuvanje, kot so kamni, borovi storži, žogice in rastlinske veje.
Sand, wood shaving or straw substrate for foraging and a place to which the birds can withdraw should be provided, with additional dust baths of sand or sawdust if the foraging substrate is not suitable for dust bathing.
Za iskanje hrane je treba zagotoviti podlago iz peska, lesenih oblancev ali slame, razen tega je treba zagotoviti mesto, kamor se živali lahko umaknejo, ter dodaten pesek ali žagovino za valjanje v prahu, če podlaga za iskanje hrane ni primerna za to.
Laying hens should have access to nest boxes and nesting material, such as hay.
Kokoši nesnice morajo imeti dostop do gnezdišč in materiala za gnezdenje, kot je seno.
If quail need to be housed in cages, consideration should be given to combining enclosures and adding enrichment items.
Če je treba prepelice nameščati v kletke, je treba upoštevati možnost združevanja ograjenih prostorov in dodajanja elementov za obogatitev okolja.
Solid enclosure roofs may make birds feel safer, although this could result in unacceptably low light levels in lower enclosures if birds are housed in racks.
Ptice se počutijo varneje v ograjenih prostorih s trdnimi strehami, čeprav lahko to povzroči nesprejemljivo slabo osvetljavo v nižjih ograjenih prostorih, če so ptice nameščene po nadstropjih.
Birds should be cage-housed for the minimum possible period because many welfare problems become more severe with age, especially in birds kept for one year or more.
Ptice morajo biti v kletkah nameščene čim manj časa, ker postanejo z leti številne težave v zvezi s počutjem resnejše, zlasti pri pticah, ki so zaprte eno leto ali več.
Table H.4.
Tabela H.4
Quail: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Prepelice: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti.
Area per bird pair-housed (m2)
Najmanjše območje za par ptic (m2)
Area per additional bird group-housed (m2)
Dodaten prostor za skupino ptic (m2)
Minimum height (cm) [25]
Najmanjša višina (cm) [25]
Minimum length of trough per bird (cm)
Najmanjša dolžina korita na ptico (cm)
Domestic ducks and geese commonly used in research and testing include Anas platyrhynchos, Anser anser domesticus and Cairina moschata.
Domače race in gosi, ki se pogosto uporabljajo pri raziskavah in poskusih, vključujejo vrste Anas platyrhynchos, Anser anser domesticus in Cairina moschata.
All waterfowl are primarily adapted for locomotion and feeding in water, which is also very important for ‘comfort’ behaviours such as bathing and preening.
Vse vodne ptice so prvotno prilagojene za gibanje in hranjenje v vodi, kar je tudi zelo pomembno za ugodje, ki ga predstavljata kopanje in čiščenje perja s kljunom.
Ducks and geese should be provided with a pond with a mixture of stones and grit on the bottom, both to increase the birds' behavioural repertoire and to encourage adequate maintenance of the feathers.
Racam in gosem je treba zagotoviti ribnik z mešanico kamnov in peska na dnu za izboljšanje vedenjskih vzorcev ptic ter spodbujanje ustrezne skrbi za perje.
The very minimum that waterfowl should be able to do is immerse their heads under water and shake water over the body.
Vodnim pticam mora biti omogočeno najmanj to, da potopijo glave pod vodo in vodo stresejo po telesu.
Drinkers and ponds for waterfowl should be located over grid areas with drains beneath to reduce flooding.
Napajalniki in ribniki za vodne ptice morajo biti nameščeni nad območji iz rešetk z odvodnimi kanali za zmanjševanje poplavljanja.
Domestic geese and ducks have been selected for meat and egg production, but all breeds retain most of their ‘wild type’ behaviour and are generally more nervous and easily upset than other domestic birds, especially when they are moulting.
Domače gosi in race so namenjene za proizvodnjo mesa in jajc, vendar vse vrste ohranijo večji del svojega „divjega“ vedenja ter so običajno bolj živčne in razdražljive kot druge domače ptice, zlasti ko menjajo perje.
Within twenty-four hours of hatching and throughout the first week of life, water should be provided to facilitate swimming behaviour, but care should be taken to minimise the risk of drowning by, for example, the use of a shallow bowl.
V prvih štiriindvajsetih urah po izvalitvi in v prvem tednu življenja je treba zagotoviti vodo, da se spodbuja plavanje, vendar je treba poskrbeti za zmanjšanje nevarnosti utopitev, na primer z uporabo plitke posode.
After the first week, a shallow pond (dimensions as in table H.5) with large stones on the bottom should be provided with food or grit scattered among the stones to encourage dabbling or diving, as appropriate.
Po prvem tednu je treba zagotoviti plitek ribnik (mere so v tabeli H.5) z velikimi kamni na dnu ter hrano in peskom, razsejanim med njimi, da se spodbudi čofotanje in potapljanje.
In the absence of the parent birds, access to ponds for juvenile birds should only be under supervision to ensure that they can leave the water and do not become chilled.
V odsotnosti odraslih ptic je dostop mladih ptic do ribnika treba nadzorovati, s čimer se zagotovi, da lahko vodo zapustijo in se ne podhladijo.
This should continue until they are clearly capable of leaving the water unaided and their waterproof feathers have begun to emerge.
To je treba delati tako dolgo, da so nedvomno zmožne zapustiti vodo brez pomoči in se jim začne pojavljati perje, ki ne prepušča vode.
It is not necessary to control the temperature of the water.
Temperature vode ni treba nadzorovati.
Ponds should be regularly cleaned and water replaced as necessary to ensure good water quality.
Ribnike je treba redno čistiti in po potrebi menjavati vodo, da se zagotovi dobra kakovost vode.
Ducks and geese should be housed on solid floors and have sufficient space to permit foraging, walking, running and wing flapping.
Race in gosi morajo biti nameščene na trdnih tleh in imeti dovolj prostora za iskanje hrane, hojo, tek in plahutanje s perutmi.
A complex environment should be provided, including for example natural or artificial cover, boxes and straw bales.
Zagotoviti jim je treba celostno okolje, vključno z na primer naravnim ali umetnim zatočiščem, ločenimi predeli in balami slame.
Ducks and geese should always be kept outdoors or have access to outdoor runs unless there is scientific or veterinary justification for keeping them indoors.
Race in gosi morajo vedno biti zunaj ali imeti dostop do zunanjih površin, razen če obstajajo znanstveni ali veterinarski razlogi, zaradi katerih morajo biti v zaprtih prostorih.
Birds housed with outside access should be kept secure from predators and should be supplied with a dry shelter to enable them to rest.
Ptice, ki so nameščene v prostorih z zunanjim dostopom, je treba obvarovati pred plenilci in jim zagotoviti suho zatočišče, kjer lahko počivajo.
Vegetation for cover and/or grazing should be provided as applicable.
Zagotoviti je treba primerno rastlinje za zatočišče in/ali pašo.
Serious consideration should be given to supplying other features of the habitat that are likely to be important to each species whether birds are housed indoors or outdoors.
Resno je treba razmisliti o zagotavljanju drugih lastnosti habitata, ki so lahko pomembne za posamezno vrsto, če so živali nameščene v zaprtih prostorih ali zunaj.
This includes shallow water with vegetation for dabbling ducks, turf for geese and deeper water with large stones for species whose natural habitat is along rocky coastlines.
To vključuje plitko vodo z rastlinjem za race, ki čofotajo, travo za gosi in globljo vodo z velikimi kamni za vrste, katerih naravni habitat je ob skalnatih obalah.
Ducks and geese should be housed in appropriately sized groups wherever possible and the amount of time when any individual is left alone should be minimised.
Race in gosi morajo biti nameščene v skupinah ustrezne velikosti, kadar je to mogoče, in treba je zmanjšati količino časa, ki ga kateri koli posameznik preživi sam.
Many species become territorial during the breeding season, however, so it may be necessary to reduce group sizes and ensure that there is sufficient enclosure space to reduce the risk of injury, particularly to female birds.
Veliko vrst med parjenjem postane ozemeljskih, zaradi česar je morda treba zmanjšati velikost skupin in zagotoviti dovolj velik ograjen prostor, da se zmanjša tveganje za nastanek poškodb, zlasti za samice.
Table H.5.
Tabela H.5
Ducks and geese: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Race in gosi: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Area per bird (m2) [26]
Območje na ptico (m2) [26]
over 300 to 1200 [27]
več kot 300 in do 1200 [27]
over 1200 to 3500
več kot 1200 in do 3500
over 3500
več kot 3500
over 500 to 2000
več kot 500 in do 2000
over 2000
več kot 2000
Where these minimum enclosure sizes cannot be provided for scientific reasons, the duration of the confinement should be justified by the experimenter and determined in consultation with the animal technician and with the competent person charged with advisory duties in relation to the well-being of the animals.
Kadar ni mogoče zagotoviti najmanjših mer zaradi znanstvenih razlogov, mora vodja poskusa utemeljiti trajanje omejitve in jo določiti po posvetovanju z zootehnikom in pristojno osebo, odgovorno za svetovanje v zvezi z dobrim počutjem živali.
These can be used to house small groups of birds in accordance with the space allowances given below.
Te se lahko uporablja za nameščanje manjših skupin ptic v skladu z navedenimi prostorskimi zmogljivostmi.
The various strains of domestic pigeon are believed to derive from the rock dove Columbia livia.
Različne vrste domačega goloba naj bi izhajale iz skalnega goloba Columbia livia.
Rock doves nest and roost on cliffs or within caves, and feral pigeons will utilise sheltered ledges on man-made structures in the same way.
Skalni golobi gnezdijo in počivajo na skalah ali v jamah, divji golobi pa za to uporabljajo skrite police na umetnih objektih.
In their natural habitat pigeons usually occur in pairs to large flocks, feeding and roosting together, but will defend roosting spaces and nesting areas.
V svojem naravnem habitatu se golobi ponavadi pojavljajo v parih, se prehranjujejo in počivajo skupaj, ampak branijo mesta za počitek in gnezdenje.
Pigeons can be housed in mixed groups, and may lay eggs but will not incubate them if nest boxes are not provided.
Golobi so lahko nameščeni v mešanih skupinah in bodo morda nesli jajca, vendar jih ne bodo valili, če ni zagotovljenih gnezdišč.
Care should be taken when choosing a breed for laboratory use, as some strains may show abnormal or undesirable behaviours and should therefore be avoided.
Pri izbiri vrste za laboratorijsko uporabo je treba paziti, saj nekatere vrste kažejo nenormalno ali neželeno vedenje in se jim je zato treba izogibati.
Pigeons are primarily seed-eaters but are omnivorous, so food containing animal protein should be offered regularly.
Golobi se prehranjujejo predvsem s semeni, vendar so vsejedi, zato jim je treba redno ponujati hrano, ki vsebuje beljakovine živalskega izvora.
Pigeons should be allowed an area sufficient for flight wherever possible, with a separate perching area for each bird along at least one wall of the enclosure.
Golobom je treba zagotoviti primeren prostor za letenje, kadar je mogoče, z ločenimi območji z gredmi za vsako ptico ob najmanj eni steni ograjenega prostora.
Box perches approximately 30 cm × 15 cm located in blocks should be provided.
Zagotoviti je treba ločene predele z gredmi velikosti okoli 30 cm × 15 cm, ki so nameščeni v kockah.
Branches hung from the roof and scaffolding can also be used for perching.
Za počitek se lahko uporabljajo tudi veje, ki visijo s strehe ali odra.
Toys hung from chains should be provided, for example, bird bells, mirrors and commercially available toys designed for pets.
Zagotoviti je treba igrače, ki visijo na verigah, na primer zvonce za ptiče, ogledala in igrače, ki so oblikovane za hišne živali in so na voljo na trgu.
Each enclosure should have shallow water baths.
Vsak ograjen prostor mora imeti plitke vodne kopeli.
Where pigeons need to be handled frequently, ‘nesting areas’ or chambers can be provided so that birds can be trained to retreat to them for capture.
Kadar je treba golobe redno oskrbovati, je treba zagotoviti območja za gnezdenje ali posebne prostore, da se ptice navadijo, da se vanje umaknejo v ujetništvu.
Larger, enriched enclosures with shelving, perches and toys should be used wherever possible rather than ‘standard’ pigeon enclosures.
Uporabljati je treba večje in obogatene ograjene prostore s policami, gredmi in igračami, kadar je to mogoče, in ne standardnih ograjenih prostorov za golobe.
Pigeons benefit from being able to forage and should not be kept on grid floors without strong scientific justification.
Golobi si lahko iščejo hrano in ne smejo biti nameščeni v prostorih z s tlemi iz rešetk brez tehtne znanstvene utemeljitve.
Table H.6.
Tabela H.6
Pigeons: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Golobi: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Group size
Mere za skupino
Minimum length of food trough per bird (cm)
Najmanjša dolžina korita za hrano na ptico (cm)
Minimum length of perch per bird (cm)
Najmanjša dolžina gredi na ptico (cm)
For each additional bird above 12
za vsako dodatno ptico nad 12
Enclosures should be long and narrow (for example 2 m by 1 m) rather than square to allow birds to perform short flights.
Ograjeni prostori morajo biti dolgi in ozki (na primer 2 m krat 1 m) in ne kvadratni, da se pticam omogočijo krajši leti.
Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) occur across most of Australia.
Avstralske zebrice (Taeniopygia guttata) se pojavljajo v velikem delu Avstralije.
They are highly mobile, ranging over wide areas in search of food, and live in flocks of up to several hundred individuals.
So zelo mobilne in pri iskanju hrane preiščejo velika območja ter živijo v jatah do več sto posameznikov.
The species is monogamous and sexually dimorphic, as the male's plumage is more ornate than that of the female.
Vrsta je monogamna in se razlikuje med spoloma, saj je perje samca lepše okrašeno kot perje samice.
The breeding season is not fixed, but is triggered by the availability of ripening grass seeds.
Obdobje parjenja ni točno določeno, ampak se sproži z razpoložljivostjo zorečih travnih semen.
Zebra finches use nests for roosting as well as breeding; roosting nests are used more frequently in cold conditions and may be old breeding nests or purpose-built.
Avstralske zebrice uporabljajo gnezda za počitek in parjenje; gnezda za počitek se pogosteje uporabljajo v hladnih pogojih, uporabijo lahko stara gnezda za parjenje ali gnezda zgradijo za ta namen.
Zebra finches are social and non-breeding birds should be housed in groups.
Avstralske zebrice so družabne, zato je ptice, ki se ne parijo, treba namestiti v skupine.
Unwanted breeding can be prevented by housing in single sex groups, or suppressed in mixed-sex groups by withholding both roosting and breeding nests and by feeding a diet of dry seeds supplemented with fresh greens, but never soaked or sprouted seeds.
Nezaželeno parjenje je mogoče preprečiti z namestitvami v istospolne skupine ali ga zatreti v mešanih spolnih skupinah z zadržanjem gnezd za počitek in parjenje ter s hranjenjem s suhimi semeni z dodatkom sveže zelenjave, ampak nikoli z namočenimi ali vzkaljenimi semeni.
Nests should be provided for breeding birds, for example in the form of wicker or plastic baskets or wooden boxes with dried grass, paper strips or coconut fibres for nesting material, but birds will defend these and it is important to monitor behaviour to ensure that sufficient nests are provided.
Zagotoviti je treba gnezda za ptice, ki se parijo, na primer v obliki košar iz protja, plastičnih košar ali lesenih škatel, in material za gnezda, kot so posušena trava, trakovi papirja ali vlakna kokosa, ki jih bodo ptice branile, zato je pomembno, da se spremlja njihovo vedenje in zagotovijo primerna gnezda.
Sprays of Panicum millet should be continually available as dietary enrichment.
Nenehno je treba zagotavljati poganjke prosa Panicum kot obogatitev v prehrani.
As zebra finches feed extensively on the ground, birds should be housed on solid floors to facilitate natural foraging behaviour.
Ker se avstralske zebrice večinoma hranijo na tleh, je treba ptice namestiti na trdnih tleh, da se spodbuja naravno vedenje pri iskanju hrane.
Toys, perches and swings designed for pet birds will benefit zebra finches and these should be provided wherever possible.
Igrače, gredi in gugalnice, oblikovane za hišne ptice, bodo koristile avstralskim zebricam in jih je treba zagotoviti, kadar je mogoče.
Perches are particularly important for well-being and should be provided at a range of heights to facilitate normal feeding and roosting behaviour.
Za dobro počutje so zlasti pomembne gredi, ki jih je treba zagotoviti na različnih višinah, da se spodbuja normalno vedenje pri prehranjevanju in iskanju hrane.
Water for bathing should be provided at least once a week in shallow trays with water of approximately 0,5 to 1 cm in depth.
Vsaj enkrat na teden je treba zagotoviti vodo v plitvih posodah, ki je globoka približno od 0,5 do 1 cm.
Fitting zebra finches with coloured leg bands for identification can have significant effects on their social and reproductive behaviour (for example, red can enhance dominance and green or blue reduce it).
Če avstralskim zebricam na noge namestimo barvne trakove za identifikacijo, lahko to znatno vpliva na njihovo družbeno in razmnoževalno vedenje (na primer, rdeča lahko poveča dominantnost, zelena ali modra pa jo zmanjša).
Care should be taken in the selection of colours and patterns of leg bands.
Pri izbiri barv in vzorcev za nožne trakove je potrebna previdnost.
Minimum enclosure sizes for zebra finches are set out in Table H.7 below.
Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov za avstralske zebrice so določene v tabeli H.7.
Enclosures should be long and narrow (for example, 2 m by 1 m) to enable birds to perform short flights.
Ograjeni prostori morajo biti dolgi in ozki (na primer 2 m krat 1 m), da se pticam omogočijo krajši leti.
Zebra finches thrive in outdoor enclosures provided they have access to shelter and roosting nests where appropriate.
Avstralske zebrice se dobro počutijo v zunanjih ograjenih prostorih, če imajo dostop do zavetja in gnezd za počitek, kadar je to primerno.
Additional heating should be provided for birds housed outdoors in cold conditions.
Zagotoviti je treba dodatno gretje za ptice, ki so nameščene zunaj v hladnih pogojih.
Table H.7.
Tabela H.7
Zebra Finch: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Avstralska zebrica: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Minimum number of feeders
Najmanjše število krmilnikov
for each additional bird above 20
za vsako dodatno ptico nad 20
1 per 6 birds
1 na 6 ptic
For breeding studies, pairs may be housed in smaller enclosures containing appropriate enrichment with a minimum floor area of 0,5 m2 and a minimum height of 40 cm.
V takšnih okoliščinah se ptice lahko namesti v manjše ograjene prostore, ki so primerno obogateni in imajo najmanjšo površino tal 0,5 m2 ter višino 40 cm.
The duration of the confinement should be justified by the experimenter and determined in consultation with the animal technician and with the competent person charged with advisory duties in relation to the well-being of the animals.
Vodja poskusa mora utemeljiti trajanje omejitve in to določiti po posvetovanju z zootehnikom in pristojno osebo, odgovorno za svetovanje v zvezi z dobrim počutjem živali.
I. SPECIES-SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR AMPHIBIANS
I. SMERNICE ZA DVOŽIVKE
According to systematics, amphibians involve three main orders: Urodela (Caudata), Gymnophiona (Apoda), and Anura (Ecaudata).
V skladu s sistematično hierarhijo se dvoživke delijo v tri glavne rede: Urodela (Caudata), Gymnophiona (Apoda) in Anura (Ecaudata).
The Anura belong to the super-order Salientia.
Red Anura spada v nadred Salientia.
For the present guidelines, Urodela (salamanders, newts) and Anura (frogs, toads) are of interest.
Te smernice zadevajo predvsem reda Urodela (močeradi, pupki) in Anura (žabe, krastače).
They differ greatly in their patterns of geographic distribution and in the diversity of living types, such as aquatic (for example, Xenopus laevis), semi-aquatic (for example, Rana temporaria), semi-terrestrial (for example, Bufo marinus) and arboreal (for example, Hyla cinerea).
Močno se razlikujeta po vzorcih geografske razširjenosti in po raznolikosti živečih vrst, kot so vodne (na primer Xenopus laevis), semiakvatične (na primer Rana temporaria), semiterestrične (na primer Bufo marinus) in drevesne (na primer Hyla cinerea).
Amphibians occupy a wide range of habitat types from arid deserts to deep freshwater lakes.
Dvoživke zasedajo veliko tipov habitatov od suhih puščav do globokih sladkovodnih jezer.
Some may spend most of their life underground or high in cloud forest canopy.
Nekatere preživijo večino svojega življenja pod zemljo ali visoko v temnih drevesnih krošnjah.
Some are found north of the Arctic Circle and can tolerate freezing conditions, while others have evolved a range of adaptations to avoid desiccation in hot areas of the world.
Nekatere najdemo severno od polarnega kroga in lahko prenašajo hud mraz, druge so se različno prilagodile, da so se izognile izsušitvi na vročih območjih sveta.