natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
initial volume of the aqueous phase in contact with the soil during the adsorption test
začetna prostornina vodne faze v stiku s tlemi med preskusom adsorpcije
volume of the aliquot in which the test substance is measured
prostornina alikvota, v katerem se meri preskusna snov
distribution coefficient for adsorption
porazdelitveni koeficient za adsorpcijo
organic carbon normalised adsorption coefficient
adsorpcijski koeficient, normiran na organski ogljik
organic matter normalised distribution coefficient
porazdelitveni koeficient, normiran na organsko snov
Freundlich adsorption coefficient
Freundlichov adsorpcijski koeficient
Freundlich exponent
Freundlichov eksponent
desorption percentage at a point time ti
odstotek desorpcije ob času ti
desorption percentage corresponding to a time interval Δti
odstotek desorpcije, ki ustreza časovnemu intervalu Δti
apparent desorption coefficient
navidezni desorpscijski koeficient
Freundlich desorption coefficient
Freundlichov desorpscijski koeficient
mass of the test substance desorbed from soil at the time ti
masa preskusne snovi, desorbirane s tal ob času Δti
mass of the test substance desorbed from soil during the time Δti
masa preskusne snovi, desorbirane s tal v časovnem intervalu Δti
mass of the substance determined analytically in the aqueous phase at desorption equilibrium
masa snovi, določena analitsko v vodni fazi ob desorpcijskem ravnotežju
total mass of the test substance desorbed at desorption equilibrium
skupna masa preskusne snovi, desorbirane ob desorpcijskem ravnotežju
mass of the substance remaining adsorbed on the soil after the time interval Δti
masa snovi, ki ostane adsorbirana na tleh po časovnem intervalu Δti
mass of the substance left over from the adsorption equilibrium due to incomplete volume replacement
masa snovi, ki ostane od adsorpcijskega ravnotežja zaradi nepopolne nadomestitve prostornine
content of the test substance remaining adsorbed on the soil at desorption equilibrium
vsebnost preskusne snovi, ki ostane adsorbirana na tleh ob desorpcijskem ravnotežju
mass concentration of the test substance in the aqueous phase at desorption equilibrium
masna koncentracija preskusne snovi v vodni fazi ob desorpcijskem ravnotežju
total volume of the aqueous phase in contact with the soil during the desorption kinetics experiment performed with the serial method
skupna prostornina vodne faze v stiku s tlemi med poskusom kinetike desorpcije, izvedenem s serijalno metodo
volume of the supernatant removed from the tube after the attainment of adsorption equilibrium and replaced by the same volume of a 0,01 M CaCl2 solution
prostornina supernatanta, odstranjenega iz epruvete po vzpostavitvi adsorpcijskega ravnotežja in nadomeščenega z enako prostornino 0,01 M raztopine CaCl2
volume of the aliquot sampled for analytical purpose from the time (i), during the desorption kinetics experiment performed with the serial method
prostornina alikvota, odvzetega iz epruvete za namen analize (i) med preskusom kinetike desorpcije, izvedenim s serijalnoo metodo
volume of the solution taken from the tube (i) for the measurement of the test substance, in desorption kinetics experiment (parallel method)
prostornina raztopine, odvzete iz epruvete (i) za meritev preskusne snovi med poskusom kinetike desorpcije (paralelna metoda)
volume of the solution taken from the tube for the measurement of the test substance, at desorption equilibrium
prostornina raztopine, odvzete iz epruvete za meritev preskusne snovi ob desorpcijskem ravnotežju
mass balance
masna bilanca
total mass of the test substance extracted from soil and walls of the test vessel in two steps
skupna masa preskusne snovi, ekstrahirane iz tal in sten preskusne posode v dveh fazah
volume of the supernatant recovered after the adsorption equilibrium
prostornina supernatanta, rekuperiranega po adsorpcijskem ravnotežju
octanol/water partition coefficient
porazdelitveni koeficient oktanol/voda
dissociation constant
disociacijska konstanta
water solubility
topnost v vodi
Known volumes of solutions of the test substance, non-labelled or radiolabelled, at known concentrations in 0,01 M CaCl2 are added to soil samples of known dry weight which have been pre-equilibrated in 0,01 M CaCl2.
Znane prostornine raztopin preskusne snovi, neoznačene ali radioaktivno označene, pri znanih koncentracijah v 0,01 M CaCl2 se dodajo vzorcem tal znane suhe teže, pri katerih je bilo predhodno doseženo ravnotežje v 0,01 M CaCl2.
The mixture is agitated for an appropriate time.
Zmes se ustrezno dolgo stresa.
The soil suspensions are then separated by centrifugation and, if so wished, filtration and the aqueous phase is analysed.
Suspenzije tal se nato ločijo s centrifugiranjem in po želji s filtracijo, nato se vodna faza analizira.
The amount of test substance adsorbed on the soil sample is calculated as the difference between the amount of test substance initially present in solution and the amount remaining at the end of the experiment (indirect method).
Količina preskusne snovi, adsorbirane na vzorcu tal, se izračuna kot razlika med količino preskusne snovi v raztopini na začetku in količino, ki ostane na koncu poskusa (posredna metoda).
As an option, the amount of the test substance adsorbed can also be directly determined by analysis of soil (direct method).
Kot druga možnost se lahko količina adsorbirane preskusne snovi določi tudi neposredno z analizo tal (neposredna metoda).
This procedure which involves stepwise soil extraction with appropriate solvent, is recommended in cases where the difference in the solution concentration of the substance cannot be accurately determined.
Ta postopek, ki zajema postopno ekstrakcijo tal z ustreznim topilom, je priporočljiv v primerih, ko razlike v koncentraciji raztopine snovi ni mogoče točno določiti.
Examples of such cases are: adsorption of the test substance on surface of the test vessels, instability of the test substance in the time scale of the experiment, weak adsorption giving only small concentration change in the solution; and strong adsorption yielding low concentration which cannot be accurately determined.
Taki primeri so na primer: adsorpcija preskusne snovi na površino preskusnih posod, nestabilnost preskusne snovi v času trajanja preskusa, šibka adsorpcija, ki povzroči samo majhno spremembo koncentracije v raztopini, ter močna adsorpcija, ki povzroči nizke koncentracije, ki jih ni mogoče točno določiti.
If radiolabelled substance is used, the soil extraction may be avoided by analysis of the soil phase by combustion and liquid scintillation counting.
Če se uporabi radioaktivno označena snov, se je mogoče izogniti ekstrakciji tal z analizo talne faze s sežigom in tekočinskim scintilacijskim štetjem.
However, liquid scintillation counting is an unspecific technique which cannot differentiate between parental and transformation products; therefore it should be used only if the test chemical is stable for the duration of the study.
Vendar je tekočinsko scintilacijsko štetje nespecifična tehnika, ki ne more razlikovati med izhodiščno snovjo in produkti transformacije; zato se uporabi samo, če je preskusna kemikalija stabilna v času trajanja študije.
The use of non-labelled test substances with known composition and preferably at least 95 % purity or of radiolabelled test substances with known composition and radio-purity, is recommended.
Kemični reagenti morajo biti analitsko čisti. priporočena je uporaba neoznačenih preskusnih snovi z znano sestavo in najbolje najmanj 95-odstotno čistostjo ali radioaktivno označenih snovi z znano sestavo in radioaktivno čistostjo.
In the case of short half-life tracers, decay corrections should be applied.
V primeru sledil kratke razpolovne dobe, je treba uporabiti korekcije za upoštevanje razpadanja.
Before carrying out a test for adsorption-desorption, the following information about the test substance should be available:
Pred izvajanjem preskusa adsorpcije/desorpcije morajo biti na voljo naslednje informacije o preskusni snovi:
water solubility (A.6);
topnost v void (A.6);
vapour pressure (A.4) and/or Henry's Law Constant;
parni tlak (A.4) in/ali Henryjeva konstanta;
abiotic degradation: hydrolysis as a function of pH (C.7);
abiotska razgradnja: hidroliza kot funkcija pH (C.7);
partition coefficient (A.8);
porazdelitveni koeficient (A.8);
ready biodegradability (C.4) or aerobic and anaerobic transformation in soil;
lahka biorazgradljivost (C.4) ali aerobna in anaerobna transformacija v tleh;
pKa of ionisable substances;
pKa snovi, ki lahko ionizirajo;
direct photolysis in water (i.e. UV-vis absorption spectrum in water, quantum yield) and photodegradation on soil.
neposredna fotoliza v vodi (t.j. absorpcijski spekter UV-VIS v vodi, kvantni izkoristek) in fotorazgradnja na tleh.
APPLICABILITY OF THE TEST
UPORABNOST PRESKUSA
The test is applicable to chemical substances for which an analytical method with sufficient accuracy is available.
Preskus se uporablja za kemične snovi, za katere je na voljo analitska metoda z zadostno točnostjo.
An important parameter that can influence the reliability of the results, especially when the indirect method is followed, is the stability of the test substance in the time scale of the test.
Pomemben parameter, ki lahko vpliva na zanesljivost rezultatov, zlasti pri posredni metodi, je stabilnost preskusne snovi v času trajanja preskusa.
Thus, it is a prerequisite to check the stability in a preliminary study; if a transformation in the time scale of the test is observed, it is recommended that the main study be performed by analysing both soil and aqueous phases.
Zato je predpogoj preverjanje stabilnosti v predhodni študiji; če se ugotovi, da pride do transformacije snovi v času, kolikor bi trajal preskus, je priporočljivo, da se glavna študija izvede z analiziranjem tako talne kot vodne faze.
Difficulties may arise in conducting this test for test substances with low water solubility (Sw < 10-4 g l-1), as well as for highly charged substances, due to the fact that the concentration in the aqueous phase cannot be measured analytically with sufficient accuracy.
Težave lahko nastanejo pri izvajanju tega preskusa na preskusnih snoveh, ki so slabo topne v vodi (Sw < 10-4 g l-1) ter pri visoko nabitih snoveh, ker koncentracije v vodni fazi ni mogoče analitično izmeriti z zadostno točnostjo.
In these cases, additional steps have to be taken.
V teh primerih so potrebni dodatni koraki.
Guidance on how to deal with these problems is given in the relevant sections of this method.
Smernice za reševanje teh težav so dane v ustreznih poglavjih te metode.
When testing volatile substances, care should be taken to avoid losses during the study.
Pri preskušanju hlapnih snovi je treba paziti, da med študijo ne pride do izgub.
Apparatus and chemical reagents
Naprave in reagenti
Standard laboratory equipment, especially the following:
Standardna laboratorijska oprema, zlasti naslednje:
tubes or vessels to conduct the experiments.
Epruvete ali posode za izvedbo poskusov.
It is important that these tubes or vessels,
Pomembno je, da:
fit directly in the centrifuge apparatus in order to minimise handling and transfer errors,
se te epruvete ali posode neposredno prilegajo prostoru v centrifugi za preprečevanje napak pri rokovanju in prenašanju,
be made of an inert material, which minimises adsorption of the test substance on its surface,
so te epruvete ali posode iz inertnega materiala, ki omogoča čim manjšo adsorpcijo preskusne snovi na njihovo površino.
agitation device: overhead shaker or equivalent equipment; the agitation device should keep the soil in suspension during shaking,
Naprava za stresanje: stresalnik ali enakovredna naprava; naprava za stresanje mora delovati tako, da so tla med tresenjem ves čas v suspenziji.
centrifuge: preferably high-speed, e.g. centrifugation forces > 3000 g, temperature controlled, capable of removing particles with a diameter greater than 0,2 μm from aqueous solution.
Centrifuga: najbolje z visoko hitrostjo, npr. centrifugalna sila > 3000 g, z uravnavano temperaturo, ki iz vodne raztopine lahko odstrani delce s premerom nad 0,2 μm.
The containers should be capped during agitation and centrifugation to avoid volatility and water losses; to minimise adsorption on them, deactivated caps such as teflon lined screw caps should be used,
Posode je treba med stresanjem in centrifugiranjem zapreti s pokrovom, da se prepreči izhlapevanje in izguba vode; za čim manjšo adsorpcijo na pokrove je treba uporabiti deaktivirane pokrove, kot so s teflonom prevlečeni pokrovi z navojem.
optional: filtration device; filters of 0,2 μm porosity, sterile, single use.
Neobvezno: naprava za filtriranje; filtri s porami 0,2 μm, sterilni, za enkratno uporabo.
Special care should be taken in the choice of the filter material, to avoid any losses of the test substance on it; for poorly soluble test substances, organic filter material is not recommended,
Posebna pozornost je potrebna pri izbiri materiala filtra, da ne bi na njem ostajala preskusna snov; za slabo topne preskusne snovi se ne priporočajo filtri iz organskih materialov.
analytical instrumentation, suitable for measuring the concentration of the test chemical,
Analitski inštrumenti, primerni za merjenje koncentracije preskusne kemikalije.
laboratory oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 103 oC to 110 oC,
Laboratorijski sušilnik, v katerem je mogoče vzdrževati temperaturo 103 oC do 110 oC.
Characterisation and selection of soils
Opredelitev in izbira tal
The soils should be characterised by three parameters considered to be largely responsible for the adsorptive capacity: organic carbon, clay content and soil texture, and pH.
Tla je treba opredeliti s tremi parametri, ki veljajo za prvenstveno odgovorne za adsorptivno sposobnost: organski ogljik, vsebnost gline in tekstura tal ter pH.
As already mentioned (see Scope) other physico-chemical properties of the soil may have an impact on the adsorption/desorption of a particular substance and should be considered in such cases.
Kot je bilo že omenjeno (glej Področje uporabe), lahko tudi druge fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti tal vplivajo na adsorpcijo/desorpcijo neke snovi in jih je treba v takih primerih upoštevati.
The methods used for soil characterisation are very important and can have a significant influence on the results.
Metode, uporabljene za opredelitev tal, so zelo pomembne in imajo lahko precejšen vpliv na rezultate.
Therefore, it is recommended that soil pH should be measured in a solution of 0,01 M CaCl2 (that is the solution used in adsorption/desorption testing) according to the corresponding ISO method (ISO-10390-1).
Zato je priporočljivo pH tal meriti v raztopini 0,01 M CaCl2 (raztopini, ki se uporablja pri preskušanju adsorpcije/desorpcije) po ustrezni metodi ISO (ISO-10390-1).
It is also recommended that the other relevant soil properties be determined according to standard methods (for example ISO ‘Handbook of Soil Analysis’); this permits the analysis of sorption data to be based on globally standardised soil parameters.
Priporočljivo je tudi, da se druge ustrezne lastnosti tal določijo po standardnih metodah (na primer ISO „Handbook of Soil Analysis“); s tem se omogoči, da analiza sorpcijskih podatkov temelji na globalno standardiziranih parametrih za tla.
Some guidance for existing standard methods of soil analysis and characterisation is given in references (50-52).
Nekaj smernic za obstoječe standardne metode analize in opredeljevanja tal je na voljo v literaturi (50–52).
For calibration of soil test methods, the use of reference soils is recommended.
Za umerjanje preskusnih metod za tla je priporočljiva uporaba referenčnih tal.
Guidance for selection of soils for adsorption/desorption experiments is given in Table 1.
Smernice za izbiranje tal za poskuse adsorpcije/desorpcije so v tabeli 1.
The seven selected soils cover soil types encountered in temperate geographical zones.
Sedem izbranih tal zajema tipe iz zmernih geografskih območij.
For ionisable test substances, the selected soils should cover a wide range of pH, in order to be able to evaluate the adsorption of the substance in its ionised and unionised forms.
Pri preskusnih snoveh, ki lahko ionizirajo, naj izbrana tla zajemajo širok razpon pH, da bi lahko ovrednotili adsorpcijo snovi v njeni ionizirani in neionizirani obliki.
Guidance on how many different soils to use at the various stages of the test is given under ‘Performance of the test’ 1.9.
Navodila o tem, koliko različnih tipov tal uporabiti v različnih fazah preskusa, so navedena pod 1.9 „Izvedba preskusa“.
If other soil types are preferred, they should be characterised by the same parameters and should have similar variation in properties to those described in Table 1, even if they do not match the criteria exactly.
Če se da prednost drugim vrstam tal, jih je treba opredeliti z istimi parametri in morajo imeti podobne razlike v lastnostih kot tiste, opisane v tabeli 1, četudi niso popolnoma skladne z merili.
Guidance for selection of soil samples for adsorption-desorption
Smernice za izbiranje vzorcev tal za adsorpcijo/desorpcijo
Soil Type
Tip tal
pH range (in 0,01 M CaCl2)
Razpon pH (v 0,01 M CaCl2)
Organic carbon content (%)
Vsebnost organskega ogljika (%)
Clay content (%)
Vsebnost gline (%)
Soil texture [14]
Tekstura tal [14]
clay loam
glinasta ilovica
sand/loamy sand
pesek/ilovnat pesek
Collection and storage of soil samples
Zbiranje in shranjevanje vzorcev tal
No specific sampling techniques or tools are recommended; the sampling technique depends on the purpose of the study (53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58).
Ne priporoča se nobena posebna tehnika vzorčenja ali orodja; tehnika vzorčenja je odvisna od namena študije (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58).
The following should be considered:
Treba je upoštevati naslednje:
detailed information on the history of the field site is necessary; this includes location, vegetation cover, treatments with pesticides and/or fertilisers, biological additions or accidental contamination.
potrebne so podrobne informacije o preteklosti mesta vzorčenja; to vključuje lokacijo, pokritost z vegetacijo, uporabo pesticidov in/ali gnojil, biološke dodatke ali naključno kontaminacijo.
Recommendations of the ISO standard on soil sampling (ISO 10381-6) should be followed with respect to the description of the sampling site;
Treba je upoštevati priporočila standarda ISO o vzorčenju tal (ISO 10381-6) glede opisa mesta vzorčenja;
the sampling site has to be defined by UTM (Universal Transversal Mercator-Projection/European Horizontal Datum) or geographical co-ordinates; this could allow recollection of a particular soil in the future or could help in defining soil under various classification systems used in different countries.
mesto vzorčenja je treba definirati z UTM (Universal Transversal Mercator-Projection/European Horizontal Datum) ali zemljepisnimi koordinatami; s tem je v prihodnosti omogočen ponoven odvzem vzorca teh tal ali pa to lahko pomaga pri definiranju tal po različnih sistemih klasifikacije, uporabljenih v različnih državah.
Also, only A horizon up to a maximum depth of 20 cm should be collected.
Poleg tega je treba odvzeti vzorec samo iz horizonta A do največje globine 20 cm.
Especially for the soil type No 7 if a Oh horizon is present as part of the soil, it should be included in the sampling.
Zlasti, če je pri tipu tal št. 7 horizont Oh prisoten kot del tal, ga je treba pri vzorčenju vključiti.
The soil samples should be transported using containers and under temperature conditions which guarantee that the initial soil properties are not significantly altered.
Vzorce tal je treba prenašati v posodah in v temperaturnih razmerah, ki zagotavljajo, da se prvotne lastnosti tal bistveno ne spremenijo.
The use of soils freshly taken from the field is preferred.
Najbolje je uporabiti tla, na sveže odvzeta na terenu.
Only if this is not possible soil can be stored at ambient temperature and should be kept air-dried.
Samo če to ni mogoče, se lahko vzorec tal shrani pri temperaturi prostora, posušen na zraku.
No limit on the storage time is recommended, but soils stored for more than three years should be re-analysed prior to the use with respect to their organic carbon content, pH and CEC.
Nobena omejitev časa shranjevanja ni priporočena, vendar je treba tla, hranjena več kot tri leta, pred uporabo ponovno analizirati glede na njihovo vsebnost organskega ogljika, pH in CEC.
Handling and preparation of soil samples for the test
Rokovanje z vzorci tal in njihova priprava na preskus
The soils are air-dried at ambient temperature (preferably between 20-25 oC).
Tla se posušijo na zraku pri temperaturi prostora (najbolje med 20 in 25 oC).
Disaggregation should be performed with minimal force, so that the original texture of the soil will be changed as little as possible.
Desagregacija (razdruževanje) naj se izvede s čim manjšo silo, tako da se prvotna tekstura tal čim manj spremeni.
The soils are sieved to a particle size ≤ 2 mm; recommendations of the ISO standard on soil sampling (ISO 10381-6) should be followed with respect to the sieving process.
Tla se presejejo tako, da je velikost delcev < 2 mm; glede postopka presejanja se upoštevajo priporočila standarda ISO o vzorčenju tal (ISO 10381-6).
Careful homogenisation is recommended, as this enhances the reproducibility of the results.
Priporočena je previdna homogenizacija, saj se s tem poveča ponovljivost rezultatov.
The moisture content of each soil is determined on three aliquots with heating at 105 oC until there is no significant change in weight (approximately 12 h).
Vsebnost vlage v posameznem vzorcu tal se določi na treh alikvotnih delih s segrevanjem pri 105 oC dokler ni več pomembnih sprememb mase (sušenje do konstantne mase, približno 12 h).
For all calculations the mass of soil refers to oven dry mass, i.e. the weight of soil corrected for moisture content.
Pri vseh izračunih se masa tal nanaša na maso po sušenju, t.j. maso tal, brez vsebnosti vlage.
Preparation of the test substance for application to soil
Priprava preskusne snovi za aplikacijo na tla
The test substance is dissolved in a solution of 0,01 M CaCl2 in distilled or de-ionised water; the CaCl2 solution is used as the aqueous solvent phase to improve centrifugation and minimise cation exchange.
Preskusna snov se raztopi v 0,01 M raztopini CaCl2 v destilirani ali deionizirani vodi, pri čemer se raztopina CaCl2 uporabi kot vodna topilna faza za izboljšanje centrifugiranja in doseganje čim manjše kationske izmenjave.
The concentration of the stock solution should preferably be three orders of magnitude higher than the detection limit of the analytical method used.
Najbolje je, da je koncentracija osnovne raztopine tri velikostne rede večja od meje detekcije uporabljene analitske metode.
This threshold safeguards accurate measurements with respect to the methodology followed in this method; additionally, the stock solution concentration should be below water solubility of the test substance.
S tem pragom se zavaruje točnost meritev glede na metodologijo, ki jo ta metoda upošteva; poleg tega mora biti koncentracija osnovne raztopine pod topnostjo preskusne snovi v vodi.
The stock solution should preferably be prepared just before application to soil samples and should be kept closed in the dark at 4 oC.
Osnovno raztopino je najbolje pripraviti tik pred apliciranjem na vzorce tal, hraniti pa jo je treba zaprto v temi pri 4 oC.
The storage time depends on the stability of the test substance and its concentration in the solution.
Čas hranjenja je odvisen od stabilnosti preskusne snovi in njene koncentracije v raztopini.
Only for poorly soluble substances (Sw < 10-4 g l-1), an appropriate solubilising agent may be needed when it is difficult to dissolve the test substance.
Samo pri slabo topnih snoveh (Sw < 10-4 g l-1) je lahko potrebno uporabiti ustrezno topilo, če je preskusno snov težko raztopiti.