natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ammonia will be further converted into nitrite and nitrate.
Amoniak se naprej pretvori v nitrit in nitrat.
Ammonia and nitrite are very toxic to fish and their accumulation should be avoided by increasing flow rate, reducing density or temperature, or biofiltration.
Amoniak in nitrit sta zelo strupena za ribe, zato je treba njuno kopičenje preprečiti s povečanjem stopnje pretoka, zmanjšanjem gostote ali temperature ali biofiltracijo.
Susceptibility to ammonia varies between fish species and in general marine and younger fish are more susceptible.
Občutljivost na amoniak se razlikuje glede na vrsto rib, na splošno pa so morske in mlajše ribe bolj občutljive.
The toxic form of ammonia is unionised ammonia, the amount of which depends not only on total ammonia concentration, but also on pH, salinity and temperature.
Strupena oblika amoniaka je neioniziran amoniak, katerega količina je odvisna ne le od skupne koncentracije amoniaka, ampak tudi od pH, slanosti in temperature.
Carbon dioxide is produced by fish during respiration and dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, thus lowering the pH.
Ribe proizvajajo ogljikov dioksid med dihanjem, raztaplja pa se v vodi v ogljikovo kislino in tako znižuje pH.
Accumulation of carbon dioxide can be a problem at a high stocking density if pure oxygen is used instead of air to maintain the oxygen content in the water.
Kopičenje ogljikovega dioksida lahko pri veliki gostoti naseljenosti pomeni težavo, če se namesto zraka za vzdrževanje vsebnosti kisika v vodi uporablja čisti kisik.
Although high concentrations of free carbon dioxide can be fatal to fish this is most unlikely to be a problem under normal housing conditions.
Čeprav so lahko visoke koncentracije prostega ogljikovega dioksida smrtne za ribe, to v normalnih pogojih bivanja običajno ne pomeni težave.
However, care should be taken that water supply systems, particularly in the case of groundwater-based systems, do not introduce harmful quantities of carbon dioxide in the enclosures.
Vendar je treba paziti, da sistemi oskrbe z vodo, zlasti v primeru sistemov s podzemno vodo, ne uvajajo škodljivih količin ogljikovega dioksida v ograjene prostore.
Acceptable pH levels depend on many water quality factors, for example, carbon dioxide and calcium.
Sprejemljive ravni pH so odvisne od veliko dejavnikov kakovosti vode, na primer od ogljikovega dioksida in kalcija.
As far as possible pH should be kept stable as any changes in pH will influence other water quality parameters.
Vrednost pH mora biti stabilna, kolikor je to mogoče, ker vsaka sprememba vrednosti pH vpliva na druge parametre kakovosti vode.
In general pH may be lower in freshwater than in salt water.
Na splošno je lahko vrednost pH v sladki vodi nižja kot v slani.
If necessary supply water should be buffered.
Po potrebi je treba vodi dodajati puferno raztopino.
Salinity
Slanost
Salinity requirements of fish will vary according to whether they are marine or freshwater in origin or adapted.
Potrebe rib po slanosti so odvisne do tega, ali so ribe morskega ali sladkovodnega izvora ali prilagojene.
Changes in salinity should be introduced gradually.
Spremembe slanosti je treba uvajati postopno.
Temperature should be maintained within the optimal range of the fish species involved and any changes should take place gradually.
Temperaturo je treba vzdrževati v optimalnem razponu za zadevno vrsto rib, vsako spremembo pa je treba uvesti postopno.
At high temperatures it may be necessary to provide supplementary aeration of enclosure water.
Pri visoki temperaturi je morda treba zagotoviti dodatno prezračevanje vode v ograjenem prostoru.
Many fish require light for feeding and other behavioural activities.
Veliko rib potrebuje svetlobo za hranjenje in druge dejavnosti.
Fish should be maintained on an appropriate photoperiod as far as possible since the day/night cycle influences the physiology and the behaviour of fish.
Ribe je treba čim dlje primerno osvetljevati, ker obdobje dneva in noči vpliva na fiziologijo in vedenje rib.
Many fish species should not normally be kept in bright light, although some tropical species naturally encounter very bright light.
Veliko vrst rib se običajno ne sme izpostaviti močni svetlobi, čeprav so ji nekatere tropske vrste v naravnem okolju izpostavljene.
As appropriate for the species, lighting should be subdued or tanks should be covered and suitable hiding places provided.
Če je za vrsto primerno, je treba razsvetljavo ublažiti ali pa prekriti bazene in zagotoviti primerna skrivališča.
Abrupt changes in light should be avoided as far as possible.
Odpraviti je treba čim več nenadnih svetlobnih sprememb.
Fish can be acutely sensitive to sounds, even at very low levels.
Ribe so lahko izjemno občutljive na zvoke, tudi ob zelo nizki jakosti.
Noise levels within experimental facilities should be kept to a minimum.
Raven hrupa mora biti v objektu za poskuse čim nižja.
Where possible equipment causing noise or vibration, such as power generators or filtration systems, should be separated from fish-holding facilities.
Če je mogoče, da oprema povzroča hrup ali vibracije, kot so električni generatorji ali sistemi filtriranja, jo je treba ločiti od objektov z nameščenimi ribami.
Fish reared in a particular environment will adapt to the stimuli presented there and may become stressed if moved to unfamiliar surroundings.
Ribe, gojene v posebnem okolju, se bodo prilagodile na prisotne dražljaje, zato je lahko preselitev v nepoznano okolje zanje stresna.
(See Paragraph 2.6 of the General Section)
(Glej odstavek 2.6 oddelka Splošno.)
Appropriate attention should be paid to hygiene within experimental facilities.
Primerno pozornost je treba nameniti higieni v objektih za poskuse.
The health of fish is intimately bound up with their environmental and husbandry conditions.
Zdravje rib je tesno povezano z njihovim okoljem in razmerami reje.
Most diseases are associated with stress arising from deficiencies in these conditions and any attempt to control disease should address these areas if problems are to be successfully eradicated.
Večina bolezni je povezana s stresom zaradi neustreznih razmer in vsak poskus nadzora nad boleznijo mora za uspešno odpravljanje težav obravnavati ta področja.
Fish health management is almost always concerned with populations rather than single individuals, and control measures should be designed accordingly.
Urejanje zdravja rib skoraj vedno zadeva celotno populacijo, ne le posameznih živali, nadzorni ukrepi pa morajo biti ustrezno oblikovani.
Hygiene and disinfection
Higiena in razkuževanje
Fish-holding facilities, including associated pipework, should be cleaned and disinfected when appropriate.
Objekte z nameščenimi ribami, vključno s povezanim cevovodom, je treba po potrebi očistiti in razkužiti.
In closed systems cleaning and disinfection should be compatible with maintenance of optimal microbiological conditions.
V zaprtih sistemih mora biti čiščenje in razkuževanje združljivo z ohranjanjem optimalnih mikrobioloških pogojev.
Equipment, for example nets, should be disinfected between use.
Opremo, na primer mreže, je treba med uporabo razkužiti.
Staff should take precautions to prevent cross-contamination between fish enclosures.
Osebje mora sprejeti varnostne ukrepe za preprečevanje navzkrižne kontaminacije med ograjenimi prostori z ribami.
Newly introduced stocks, both from farmed and wild fish, should be given an appropriate quarantine period, as far as possible separate from existing stocks.
Na novo uvedeni staleži gojenih in prosto živečih rib morajo biti v ustrezni karanteni, kolikor je mogoče ločeni od že nameščenih staležev.
During quarantine they should be closely monitored and any disease problem which arises should be treated or the stock destroyed.
Med karanteno je treba ribe natančno opazovati, vsako bolezen, ki se pojavi, pa je treba zdraviti ali pokončati stalež.
Farmed fish should be procured from reputable suppliers and as far as possible have a verified health status.
Če je mogoče, je treba gojene ribe pridobiti od priznanih dobaviteljev in s preverjenim zdravstvenim stanjem.
Fish behaviour will influence stocking density and schooling or territorial behaviour should be considered.
Vedenje rib vpliva na gostoto naseljenosti, upoštevati je treba plavanje v jatah ali teritorialno vedenje.
The stocking density of fish should be based on the total needs of the fish in respect of environmental conditions, health and welfare.
Gostota naseljenosti pri ribah mora temeljiti na vseh potrebah rib glede na okoljske razmere, zdravje in dobro počutje.
Fish should have sufficient water volume for normal swimming.
Ribe morajo imeti zadostno količino vode za normalno plavanje.
Measures should be taken to avoid or minimise conspecific aggression without otherwise compromising animal welfare.
Da se prepreči ali zmanjša napadalnost znotraj vrste, je treba ukrepati brez vpliva na dobro počutje živali.
Acceptable stocking density for a given species will vary depending on water flow and current, water quality, fish size, age, health and feeding method.
Sprejemljiva gostota naseljenosti za dano vrsto je odvisna od pretoka vode in toka, kakovosti vode, velikosti rib, starosti, zdravja in načina hranjenja.
In principle, groups should consist of fish of the same size to minimise the risk of injuries or cannibalism.
Praviloma skupine sestavljajo ribe enake velikosti, da se zmanjša tveganje za nastanek poškodbe ali kanibalizem.
For some species, environmental enrichment may be necessary to take account of their behavioural traits, for example, in reproduction or predation.
Za nekatere vrste je okoljska obogatitev morda nujna, da se upoštevajo vedenjske lastnosti, na primer pri razmnoževanju ali ropanju.
Examples of such needs include provision of hiding places for wrasse, or substrate such as sand for some flatfish.
Primeri takšnih potreb vključujejo zagotavljanje skrivališč za ustnače ali podlago, kot je pesek, za nekatere bokoplute.
Care is needed to ensure that environmental enrichment does not adversely affect water quality, but this should not impede the development of suitable measures to enhance the welfare of fish.
Potrebna je previdnost za zagotovitev, da obogatitev okolja ne škoduje kakovosti vode, vendar to ne sme ovirati razvoja ustreznih ukrepov za krepitev dobrega počutja rib.
Enclosures
Ograjeni prostori
Fish holding facilities
Objekti z ribami
Fish can be maintained in land-based enclosures in dedicated buildings or in external areas, or in enclosures in open-water systems.
Ribe so lahko v ograjenih prostorih na kopnem v za to namenjenih objektih ali zunaj ali pa v ograjenih prostorih v sistemih z odprto vodo.
Where practical, these should have controlled access and be arranged to minimise disturbance of the fish, and to facilitate maintenance of suitable environmental conditions.
Če je izvedljivo, morajo imeti prostori nadzorovan dostop in morajo biti urejeni tako, da je čim manj motenj za ribe in da olajšajo vzdrževanje primernih okoljskih razmer.
Land-based enclosures
Ograjeni prostori na kopnem
The materials used to construct the enclosures should be non-toxic, durable and with a smooth internal surface to prevent abrasions to the fish.
Materiali, ki se uporabljajo za gradnjo ograjenih prostorov, morajo biti nestrupeni, trpežni in z gladko notranjo površino, da se preprečijo odrgnine rib.
Enclosures should be of an appropriate size to accommodate the required stocking density of fish and should be able to receive the necessary water flow.
Ograjeni prostori morajo biti ustrezno veliki, da se lahko namesti zahtevana gostota naseljenosti rib in se omogoči potreben pretok vode.
Enclosures should be of an appropriate shape to accommodate the behavioural needs and preferences of the particular experimental fish species; for example, circular enclosures are most appropriate for salmonids.
Ograjeni prostori morajo biti ustrezno oblikovani, da se prilagodijo vedenjskim potrebam in posebnostim posamezne vrste rib za poskuse; na primer, okrogli ograjeni prostori so najbolj primerni za losose.
Enclosures should be designed to prevent escape.
Ograjeni prostori morajo biti oblikovani tako, da preprečujejo pobeg.
Enclosures should where appropriate be self-cleaning to aid removal of waste products and surplus feed.
Ograjeni prostori morajo biti po potrebi samoočiščevalni, da pospešujejo odstranjevanje odpadkov in odvečno hrano.
Open-water enclosures
Ograjeni prostori z odprto vodo
Mesh size should permit good water exchange while preventing escape of fish.
Velikost mrežnega očesa mora omogočati dober pretok vode in hkrati preprečevati pobeg rib.
Fish may be fed either on artificial diet or fresh/frozen natural feed.
Ribe se lahko hranijo z umetno hrano ali s svežo/zmrznjeno naravno hrano.
Artificial diet is preferable, providing it meets the nutritional requirements of the species, and is acceptable to the fish.
Zaželena je umetna hrana, če izpolnjuje prehranske potrebe vrste in je sprejemljiva za ribe.
Some fish species or life stages will not take artificial diets.
Nekatere vrste rib ali v nekaterih življenjskih obdobjih ribe ne uživajo umetne hrane.
Artificial diets also tend to have less impact on water quality.
Umetna hrana ponavadi tudi manj vpliva na kakovost vode.
It is important that fish are fed at an appropriate feeding rate and frequency, and this will depend on a number of factors including temperature, size and maturity.
Pomembno je, da se ribe hranijo z ustrezno količino hrane in ustrezno pogosto, to pa je odvisno od veliko dejavnikov, vključno s temperaturo, velikostjo in zrelostjo.
As high temperature increases the metabolic rate, feeding level should also be increased.
Ker visoka temperatura pospeši stopnjo metabolizma, je treba povečati tudi količino hrane.
It may not always be necessary to feed fish daily.
Rib morda ni treba vedno hraniti vsak dan.
Presentation of diet is also very important to ensure adequate feeding.
Oblika prehrane je tudi zelo pomembna za zagotavljanje ustreznega hranjenja.
Consideration should be given to the number of meals per day, the age of the fish, the water temperature and the size of the pellet or food fragment offered.
Upoštevati je treba število obrokov na dan, starost rib, temperaturo vode in velikost kroglice ali ponujenih drobcev hrane.
Feeding regime, palatability and the presentation of food should ensure that all fish obtain sufficient food.
Način hranjenja živali, okusnost in oblika hrane morajo zagotavljati, da vse ribe dobijo dovolj hrane.
Particular attention should be paid to feeding of larval fish, especially where feeding is switched from live to artificial diets.
Posebno pozornost je treba nameniti hranjenju larvalnih rib, zlasti če se hranjenje z živo hrano nadomesti z umetno hrano.
Cleaning of enclosures
Čiščenje ograjenih prostorov
All enclosures should be kept free of fish waste products or uneaten feed.
V ograjenih prostorih ne sme biti ribjih odpadkov ali ostankov hrane.
If these are allowed to accumulate, water quality and thus fish health will be adversely affected.
Če se dopusti njihovo kopičenje, sta kakovost vode in s tem zdravje rib ogrožena.
Enclosures should be regularly treated and cleaned to prevent fouling and reduced water exchange.
Za ograjene prostore je treba redno skrbeti in jih čistiti, da se preprečita nabiranje umazanije in zmanjšan pretok vode.
There should be no risk of back-flushing and consequent fouling of enclosure water and the risk of infection.
Ne smejo obstajati tveganje povratnega izpiranja in posledično nabiranje umazanije v ograjenih prostorih ter tveganje okužbe.
If enclosures are not self-cleaning, waste material should be siphoned off as necessary, generally as soon as possible after feeding.
Če ograjeni prostori niso samoočiščevalni, je treba odpadke po potrebi izčrpati, običajno čim prej po hranjenju.
The sides and bottom of enclosures should be cleaned regularly to avoid build up of algae and other detritus.
Stranice in dno ograjenega prostora je treba redno čistiti, da se prepreči obraščanje z algami in nabiranje drugih odpadkov.
Care should be taken to minimise stress during cleaning.
Med čiščenjem je potrebna previdnost, da se čim bolj zmanjša stres za živali.
Fish may be severely stressed by handling which should therefore be kept to the minimum possible.
Ribe so lahko močno obremenjene zaradi oskrbe, ki jo je treba zato čim bolj zmanjšati.
Fish should normally be netted out from the normal enclosure and anaesthetised in a smaller container before handling.
Ribe je običajno treba poloviti iz običajnega ograjenega prostora in jih pred oskrbo omrtvičiti v manjšem bazenu.
Fish should be kept under anaesthetic for as short a time as possible and be placed in clean aerated water for recovery.
Ribe morajo biti omrtvičene čim krajši čas in jih je treba premestiti v čisto zračeno vodo za okrevanje.
An effective concentration of anaesthetic should be maintained throughout the procedure.
Med postopkom je treba ohranjati učinkovito koncentracijo anestetika.
When catching fish, nets with an appropriate frame and mesh size should be used.
Pri lovljenju rib je treba uporabiti mreže z ustreznim okvirom in velikostjo očesa.
Knotted net mesh should be avoided.
Izogibati se je treba vozlanim mrežnim očesom.
Nets should be disinfected and rinsed in clean water before use.
Mreže je treba pred uporabo razkužiti in izprati s čisto vodo.
Out of water fish should be handled with wet gloves or wet hands and on a moist surface to avoid scale and mucus loss.
Rib se je treba zunaj vode dotikati z mokrimi rokavicami ali mokrimi rokami na vlažni podlagi, da se prepreči izguba lusk in sluzi.
Particular attention should be paid to handling practices to avoid desiccation, suffocation and other injury.
Posebno pozornost je treba nameniti postopkom ravnanja, da se preprečijo sušenje, dušenje in druge poškodbe.
Most fish should be killed by either:
Večino rib se ubije:
an overdose of anaesthetic using appropriate route and anaesthetic agent for the size and species.
s predoziranjem anestetika na primeren način in s primernim anestetikom za velikost in vrsto.
When killed by immersion, fish should be left in the anaesthetic solution for at least five minutes following the cessation of opercular movement and/or vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), or
Če se ribe ubije s potopitvijo, jih je treba pustiti v raztopini anestetika vsaj pet minut po prenehanju gibanja škrg in/ali vestibulookularnem refleksu (VOR), ali
concussion of the brain by striking of the cranium
s pretresom možganov z udarcem po lobanji.
Death should be confirmed, for example, by physical destruction of the brain or exsanguination.
Smrt je treba potrditi s fizičnim uničenjem možganov ali izkrvavitvijo.
Records should be maintained on appropriate water quality parameters.
Vzdrževati je treba evidence o parametrih ustrezne kakovosti vode.
It is not always necessary or feasible to individually identify all fish within a facility.
Posamezna identifikacija vseh rib v objektu ni vedno potrebna ali izvedljiva.
If it is necessary to mark fish for identification purposes, subcutaneous dye injection is considered the least invasive method of marking.
Če je ribe treba označiti zaradi identifikacije, se za najmanj invazivno metodo označevanja šteje podkožna injekcija barvila.
Careful consideration is needed before more invasive methods such as fin clipping or PIT tagging are used.
Pred uporabo invazivnejših metod, kot sta obrezovanje plavuti ali označevanje s pasivnim integriranim transponderjem, je nujna skrbna preučitev.
Mechanical tagging should not be used unless no other method is suitable.
Mehansko označevanje se ne sme uporabiti, razen če nobena druga metoda ni primerna.
Marking should generally be carried out under anaesthesia in order to ease handling and minimise the risk of injury, morbidity and stress.
Označevanje se običajno izvaja v anesteziji, da se olajša oskrba in zmanjšajo tveganje za nastanek poškodbe, obolevnost in stres.
Fish should be deprived of food prior to transportation for a period sufficient to allow the gut to clear and reduce faecal contamination of the transport system.
Pred prevozom se rib ne sme hraniti tako dolgo, da se lahko črevesje izprazni in se zmanjša fekalna kontaminacija prevoznega sistema.
Care should be taken to prevent injury and stress to fish during capture, loading, transportation and unloading.
Med lovljenjem, natovarjanjem, prevozom in iztovarjanjem je potrebna previdnost, da se preprečijo poškodbe in stres rib.
Abrupt temperature changes, periods of hypoxia and any deterioration in water quality due to excretory products should be avoided.
Preprečiti je treba nenadne spremembe temperature, obdobja pomanjkanja kisika in vsako poslabšanje kakovosti vode zaradi ribjih izločkov.
Post-weaned mice may be kept at these higher stocking densities, for the short period after weaning until issue, provided that the animals are housed in larger enclosures with adequate enrichment.
Odstavljene miši so lahko nastanjene pri tej gostoti naseljenosti za kratko dobo od odstavitve do odhoda, če so živali nastanjene v večjih ograjenih prostorih z ustreznimi obogatitvami.
These housing conditions should not cause any welfare deficit such as: increased levels of aggression, morbidity or mortality, stereotypes and other behavioural deficits, weight loss, or other physiological or behavioural stress responses.
Ti pogoji bivanja ne smejo povzročiti slabšega počutja živali, kot so povečana raven napadalnosti, razširjenosti bolezni in umrljivosti, stereotipija in druge vedenjske motnje, izguba teže ali drugi psihološki ali vedenjski odzivi na stres.
In lifetime studies, animals should be provided with enclosures of a suitable size to enable the animals to be socially housed.
Pri študijah življenjskega obdobja je treba živalim zagotoviti ograjene prostore primerne velikosti, ki omogočajo namestitev z drugimi živalmi.
As stocking densities towards the end of such studies may be difficult to predict, consequentially there may be occasions where space allowances per individual animal may fall below those indicated above.
Ker je gostoto naseljenosti proti koncu takih študij težko predvideti, včasih prostorske zmogljivosti za posamezno žival ne ustrezajo navedenim.
In such circumstances priority should be given to maintaining stable social structures.
V takih primerih je treba dati prednost ohranjanju stabilnih družbenih struktur.
Post-weaned rats may be kept at these stocking densities, for the short period after weaning until issue, provided that the animals are housed in larger enclosures with adequate enrichment.
Odstavljene podgane so lahko pri tej gostoti naseljenosti nastanjene za kratko dobo od odstavitve do odhoda, če so živali nastanjene v večjih ograjenih prostorih z ustreznimi obogatitvami.
These housing conditions should not cause any welfare deficit such as: increased levels of aggression, morbidity or mortality, stereotypies and other behavioural deficits, weight loss, or other physiological or behavioural stress responses.
Ti pogoji bivanja ne smejo povzročiti slabšega počutja živali, kot so povečana raven napadalnosti, razširjenosti bolezni in umrljivosti, stereotipija in druge vedenjske motnje, izguba teže ali drugi psihološki ali vedenjski odzivi na stres.
Post-weaned hamsters may be kept at these stocking densities, for the short period after weaning until issue, provided that the animals are housed in larger enclosures with adequate enrichment.
Odstavljeni hrčki so lahko nastanjeni pri tej gostoti naselitve za kratko dobo od odstavitve do odhoda, če so živali nameščene v večjih zaprtih prostorih z ustreznimi obogatitvami.
Floor area excluding shelves.
Opomba: Površina tal, ki ne vključuje polic.
Animals should only be kept singly under exceptional circumstances (see paragraph 4.1).
Živali so lahko nameščene posamezno le v izjemnih okoliščinah (glej odstavek 4.1).
The top of the enclosure should be at least 1,8m from the floor.
Streha ograjenega prostora mora biti vsaj 1,8 m nad tlemi.
Squirrel monkeys should preferably be kept in groups of 4 or more animals.
Veveričje opice je treba po možnosti zadrževati v skupinah po 4 ali več živali.
An enclosure of minimum dimensions may hold up to three animals.
V ograjenem prostoru najmanjših mer so lahko do tri živali.