natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The liquid layer attached to the ring must not separate from the ring.
Tekoča plast, ki se drži obročka, se od njega ne sme ločiti.
After completing the measurements, the ring shall be immersed below the surface again and the measurements repeated until a constant surface tension value is reached.
Po končani meritvi se obroček spet potopi pod površino in merjenja ponavljajo, dokler se ne doseže konstantna vrednost površinske napetosti.
The time from transferring the solution to the measurement vessel shall be recorded for each determination.
Za vsako meritev se zapiše čas, ki je minil od ulitja tekočine v merilno posodo.
Readings shall be taken at the maximum force required to detach the ring from the liquid surface.
Vrednost se odčita pri največji sili, potrebni za odtrganje obročka od površine tekočine.
In order to calculate the surface tension, the value read in mN/m on the apparatus shall be first multiplied by the calibration factor Φa or Φb (depending on the calibration procedure used).
Za izračun površinske napetosti se vrednost, odčitana z aparature v mN/m, najprej pomnoži z umeritvenim faktorjem Φa ali Φb (odvisno od uporabljenega umeritvenega postopka).
This will yield a value which applies only approximately and therefore requires correction.
Dobljena vrednost je le približna in jo je treba popraviti.
Harkins and Jordan (4) have empirically determined correction factors for surface-tension values measured by the ring method which are dependent on ring dimensions, the density of the liquid and its surface tension.
Harkins in Jordan (4) sta empirično določila korekcijske faktorje za vrednosti površinske napetosti, izmerjene z metodo z obročkom, ki so odvisni od dimenzij obročka, gostote tekočine in njene površinske napetosti.
Since it is laborious to determine the correction factor for each individual measurement from the Harkins and Jordan tables, in order to calculate the surface tension for aqueous solutions the simplified procedure of reading the corrected surface-tension values directly from the table may be used.
Ker je postopek določanja korekcijskega faktorja za vsako posamezno meritev iz Harkinsovih in Jordanovih tabel dolgotrajen, se lahko za izračun površinske napetosti vodnih raztopin uporabi poenostavljeni postopek odčitavanja popravljenih vrednosti površinskih napetosti neposredno iz tabele.
(Interpolation shall be used for readings ranging between the tabular values.)
(Za odčitke med vrednostmi v tabeli se uporabi interpolacija.)
Correction of the measured surface tension
Popravljanje izmerjene površinske napetosti
Only for aqueous solutions, ρ = 1 g/cm3
Le za vodne raztopine, ρ = 1 g/cm3
= 9,55 mm (average ring radius)
= 9,55 mm (povprečni polmer obročka)
= 0,185 mm (ring wire radius)
= 0,185 mm (polmer žice obročka)
Experimental Value (mN/m)
Izmerjena vrednost (mN/m)
Corrected Value (mN/m)
Popravljena vrednost (mN/m)
Weight calibration (see 1.6.4.2.2(a))
Umeritev z maso (glej 1.6.4.2.2(a))
Water calibration (see 1.6.4.2.2(b))
Umertlev z vodo (glej 1.6.4.2.2(b))
This table has been compiled on the basis of the Harkins-Jordan correction.
Ta tabela je bila sestavljena na podlagi Harkins-Jordanovega popravka.
It is similar to that in the DIN Standard (DIN 53914) for water and aqueous solutions (density ρ = 1 g/cm3 and is for a commercially available ring having the dimensions R = 9,55 mm (mean ring radius) and r = 0,185 mm (ring wire radius).
Podobna je tabeli iz standarda DIN (DIN 53914) za vodo in vodne raztopine (gostota ρ = 1 g/cm3) in velja za na trgu dostopen obroček z dimenzijami R = 9,55 mm (povprečni polmer obročka) in r = 0,185 mm (polmer žice obročka).
The table provides corrected values for surface-tension measurements taken after calibration with weights or calibration with water.
V tabeli so popravljene vrednosti za meritve površinske napetosti, opravljene po umeritvi z utežmi ali vodo.
Alternatively, without the preceding calibration, the surface tension call can be calculated according to the following formula:
Druga možnost je, da se brez predhodne umeritve površinska napetost izračuna po naslednji enačbi:
F the force measured on the dynamometer at the breakpoint of the film
F sila, izmerjena z dinamometrom, tik preden film poči
R the radius of the ring
R polmer obročka
f the correction factor (1)
f korekcijski faktor (1)
type of water or solution used,
vrsta uporabljene vode ali raztopine,
precise specification of the substance (identity and impurities),
natančna specifikacija snovi (identiteta in nečistote),
measurement results: surface tension (reading) stating both the individual readings and their arithmetic mean as well as the corrected mean (taking into consideration the equipment factor and the correction table),
rezultati merjenja: površinska napetost (odčitek), tako posamezni odčitki kot tudi njihova aritmetična sredina in popravljena aritmetična sredina (upoštevajoč faktor opreme in korekcijsko tabelo),
concentration of the solution,
koncentracija raztopine,
test temperature,
temperatura med preskusom,
age of solution used; in particular the time between preparation and measurement of the solution,
starost uporabljene raztopine; zlasti čas, pretekel od priprave do meritve raztopine,
description of time dependence of surface tension after transferring the solution to the measurement vessel,
opis časovne odvisnosti površinske napetosti po prenosu raztopine v merilno posodo,
all information and remarks relevant for the interpretation of results have to be reported, especially with regard to impurities and physical state of the substance.
informacije in opombe, pomembne za razlago rezultatov, zlasti glede nečistot in agregatnega stanja snovi.
Considering that distilled water has a surface tension of 72,75 mN/m at 20 oC, substances showing a surface tension lower than 60 mN/m under the conditions of this method should be regarded as being surface-active materials.
Glede na to, da je površinska napetost destilirane vode 72,75 mN/m pri 20 oC, je treba snovi, katerih površinska napetost pri pogojih te metode je manjša od 60 mN/m, šteti za površinsko aktivne snovi.
Weissberger ed.: Technique of Organic Chemistry, Physical Methods of Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Interscience Publ., New York, 1959, vol. I, Part I, Chapter XIV.
Weissberger ed.: Technique of Organic Chemistry, Physical Methods of Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., Interscience Publ., New York, 1959, Vol. I, Part I, Chapter XIV
It is useful to have preliminary information on the structural formula, the vapour pressure, the dissociation constant and the hydrolysis (as a function of pH) of the substance to perform this test.
Za izvajanje tega preskusa je koristno imeti predhodne informacije o strukturni formuli, parnem tlaku, disociacijski konstanti in hidrolizi (kot funkciji pH) snovi.
No single method is available to cover the whole range of solubilities in water.
Na voljo ni nobene posamezne metode, ki bi zajela celotno območje topnosti v vodi.
The two test methods described below cover the whole range of solubilities but are not applicable to volatile substances:
Spodaj opisani metodi zajemata celotno območje topnosti, vendar nista primerni za hlapne snovi:
one which applies to essentially pure substances with low solubilities, (< 10-2 grams per litre), and which are stable in water, referred to as the ‘column elution method’,
prva, imenovana „metoda z izpiranjem kolone“, se uporablja za v glavnem čiste snovi z majhno topnostjo (< 10-2 gramov na liter), ki so stabilne v vodi,
the other which applies to essentially pure substances with higher solubilities (> 10-2 grams per litre), and which are stable in water, referred to as the ‘flask method’.
druga, imenovana „metoda z bučko“, se uporablja za v glavnem čiste snovi z večjo topnostjo (> 10-2 gramov na liter), ki so stabilne v vodi.
The water solubility of the test substance can be considerably affected by the presence of impurities.
Na topnost preskusne snovi v vodi lahko znatno vpliva prisotnost nečistot.
DEFINITION AND UNITS
OPREDELITVE IN ENOTE
The solubility in water of a substance is specified by the saturation mass concentration of the substance in water at a given temperature.
Topnost snovi v vodi določa masna koncentracija nasičene raztopine te snovi v vodi pri določeni temperaturi.
The solubility in water is specified in units of mass per volume of solution.
Topnost v vodi se izrazi v enotah mase na volumen raztopine.
The SI unit is kg/m3 (grams per litre may also be used).
Enota SI je kg/m3 (lahko se uporabljajo tudi grami na liter).
The approximate amount of the sample and the time necessary to achieve the saturation mass concentration should be determined in a simple preliminary test.
Z enostavnim predhodnim preskusom je treba določiti približno količino vzorca in čas, ki sta potrebna, da se doseže koncentracija nasičenja.
Column elution method
Metoda z izpiranjem kolone
This method is based on the elution of a test substance with water from a micro-column which is charged with an inert support material, such as glass beads or sand, coated with an excess of test substance.
Ta metoda temelji na izpiranju preskusne snovi z vodo iz mikro-kolone, ki je napolnjena z inertnim pomožnim materialom, kot so steklene kroglice ali pesek, prevlečenim s presežkom preskusne snovi.
The water solubility is determined when the mass concentration of the eluate is constant.
Topnost v vodi se določi, ko je masna koncentracija eluata konstantna.
This is shown by a concentration plateau as a function of time.
To se pokaže kot konstantna raven koncentracije v odvisnosti od časa.
Flask method
Metoda z bučko
In this method, the substance (solids must be pulverised) is dissolved in water at a temperature somewhat above the test temperature.
Pri tej metodi se snov (trdne snovi je treba uprašiti) raztopi v vodi pri temperaturi, ki je nekoliko višja od temperature preskusa.
When saturation is achieved the mixture is cooled and kept at the test temperature, stirring as long as necessary to reach equilibrium.
Ko se doseže nasičenost, se zmes ohladi do temperature preskusa, nato se hrani pri tej temperaturi in meša, dokler se ne vzpostavi ravnotežje.
Alternatively, the measurement can be performed directly at the test temperature, if it is assured by appropriate sampling that the saturation equilibrium is reached.
Druga možnost je, da se meritev izvede neposredno pri temperaturi preskusa, če se z ustreznim vzorčenjem zagotovi, da je doseženo ravnotežje nasičenja.
Subsequently, the mass concentration of the substance in the aqueous solution, which must not contain any undissolved particles, is determined by a suitable analytical method.
Nato se z ustrezno analitsko metodo določi masna koncentracija snovi v vodni raztopini, ki ne sme vsebovati nobenih neraztopljenih delcev.
For the column elution method, < 30 % may be obtainable; for the flask method, < 15 % should be observed.
Pri metodi z izpiranjem kolone se lahko doseže ponovljivost < 30 %; pri metodi z bučko je treba doseči ponovljivost < 15 %.
Sensitivity
Občutljivost
This depends upon the method of analysis, but mass concentration determinations down to 10-6 grams per litre can be determined.
Ta je sicer odvisna od analitske metode, vendar se masna koncentracija lahko določi do najmanj 10-6 gramov na liter.
The test is preferably run at 20 ±0,5 oC.
Preskus se po možnosti opravi pri 20 ±0,5 oC.
If a temperature dependence is suspected in the solubility (> 3 % per oC), two other temperatures at least 10 oC above and below the initially chosen temperature should also be used.
Če se domneva, da je topnost odvisna od temperature (> 3 % na oC), se izvede še pri dveh drugih temperaturah, najmanj 10 oC nad in pod izbrano temperaturo.
In this case, the temperature control should be ±0,1 oC.
V tem primeru je treba temperaturo vzdrževati na ±0,1 oC.
The chosen temperature should be kept constant in all relevant parts of the equipment.
Izbrana temperatura mora biti konstantna v vseh bistvenih delih opreme.
Preliminary test
Predhodni preskus
To approximately 0,1 g of the sample (solid substances must be pulverised) in a glass-stoppered 10 ml graduated cylinder, increasing volumes of distilled water at room temperature are added according to the steps shown in the table below:
Približno 0,1 g vzorca (trdne snovi je treba uprašiti) v 10 ml-merilnem valju s steklenim zamaškom se dodajajo vedno večje količine destilirane vode sobne temperature po korakih, prikazanih v spodnji tabeli:
0,1 g soluble in ‘x’ ml of water
0,1 g topen v „x“ ml vode
Approximative solubility (grams per litre)
Približna topnost (grami na liter)
After each addition of the indicated amount of water, the mixture is shaken vigorously for 10 minutes and is visually checked for any undissolved parts of the sample.
Po vsakem dodatku navedene količine vode se zmes 10 minut močno stresa, nato se vizualno preveri, ali so v vzorcu prisotni neraztopljeni delci.
If, after addition of 10 ml of water, the sample or parts of it remain undissolved, the experiment has to be repeated in a 100 ml measuring cylinder with larger volumes of water.
Če po dodatku 10 ml vode vzorec ali del vzorca ostane neraztopljen, se preskus ponovi v 100 ml-merilnem valju z večjimi količinami vode.
At lower solubilities the time required to dissolve a substance can be considerably longer (at least 24 h should be allowed).
Pri manjši topnosti je lahko čas, potreben za raztopitev snovi, občutno daljši (počakati je treba najmanj 24 h).
The approximate solubility is given in the table under that volume of added water in which complete dissolution of the sample occurs.
Približna topnost je navedena v tabeli pod tisto količino dodane vode, pri kateri se je vzorec popolnoma raztopil.
If the substance is still apparently insoluble, more than 24 h should be allowed (96 h maximum), or further dilution should be undertaken to ascertain whether the column elution or flask solubility method should be used.
Če je snov še vedno navidez netopna, je treba počakati več kot 24 h (največ 96 h) ali pa jo je treba še dodatno razredčiti, da se ugotovi, ali je treba uporabiti metodo za določanje topnosti z izpiranjem kolone ali metodo z bučko.
Support material, solvent and eluent
Nosilec, topilo in eluent
The support material for the column elution method should be inert.
Nosilec pri metodi z izpiranjem kolone mora biti inerten.
Possible materials which can be employed are glass beads and sand.
Možna materiala sta steklene kroglice in pesek.
A suitable volatile solvent of analytical reagent quality should be used to apply the test substance to the support material.
Za nanašanje preskusne snovi na nosilec je treba uporabiti ustrezno analitsko čisto hlapno topilo.
Water which has been double distilled in glass or quartz apparatus should be employed as the eluent.
Kot eluent je treba uporabiti vodo, dvakrat destilirano v stekleni ali kremenčevi aparaturi.
Water directly from an organic ion exchanger must not be used.
Ne sme se uporabiti voda neposredno iz organskega ionskega izmenjevalca.
Loading of the support
Nanašanje na nosilec
Approximately 600 mg of support material is weighed and transferred to a 50 ml round-bottom flask.
Približno 600 mg nosilca se stehta in prenese v 50 ml-bučko z okroglim dnom.
A suitable, weighed amount of test substance is dissolved in the chosen solvent.
Ustrezna stehtana količina preskusne snovi se raztopi v izbranem topilu.
An appropriate amount of this solution is added to the support material.
Primerna količina te raztopine se doda nosilcu.
The solvent must be completely evaporated, e.g. in a rotary evaporator; otherwise water saturation of the support is not achieved due to partition effects on the surface of the support material.
Topilo mora popolnoma upareti, npr. v rotavaporju, sicer se nosilec ne nasiti z vodo zaradi porazdelitvenih učinkov na površini nosilca.
The loading of support material may cause problems (erroneous results) if the test substance is deposited as an oil or a different crystal phase.
Nanašanje na nosilec lahko povzroči težave (napačne rezultate), če se preskusna snov poseda kot olje ali drugačna kristalinična faza.
The problem should be examined experimentally and the details reported.
Take težave je treba preučiti s poskusi in o tem poročati.
The loaded support material is allowed to soak for about two hours in approximately 5 ml of water, and then the suspension is added to the microcolumn.
Nosilec z naneseno preskusno snovjo se pusti namakati približno dve uri v približno 5 ml vode, nato se suspenzija prenese v mikrokolono.
Alternatively, dry loaded support material may be poured into the microcolumn, which has been filled with water, and then equilibrated for approximately two hours.
Druga možnost je, da se v mikrokolono, napolnjeno z vodo, natrese nosilec z naneseno preskusno snovjo in nato pusti približno dve uri, da se vzpostavi ravnotežje.
Test procedure:
Preskusni postopek:
The elution of the substance from the support material can be carried out in one of two different ways:
Izpiranje snovi iz nosilca se lahko izvede na enega od naslednjih dveh načinov:
recirculating pump (see figure 1),
z recirkulacijsko črpalko (glej sliko 1),
levelling vessel (see figure 4).
z nivojsko posodo (glej sliko 4).
Column elution method with recirculating pump
Metoda z izpiranjem kolone z recirkulacijsko črpalko
A schematic arrangement of a typical system is presented in figure 1.
Shematski prikaz značilnega sistema je predstavljen na sliki 1.
A suitable microcolumn is shown in figure 2, although any size is acceptable, provided it meets the criteria for reproducibility and sensitivity.
Ustrezna mikrokolona je prikazana na sliki 2, čeprav je primerna kakršna koli velikost, pod pogojem, da izpolnjuje merila glede ponovljivosti in občutljivosti.
The column should provide for a headspace of at least five bed volumes of water and be able to hold a minimum of five samples.
Kolona mora biti dovolj velika, da je volumen predkolone najmanj petkrat tolikšen kot volumen polnitve in da sprejme najmanj pet vzorcev.
Alternatively, the size can be reduced if make-up solvent is employed to replace the initial five bed volumes removed with impurities.
Velikost kolone se lahko tudi zmanjša, če se uporabi nadomestno topilo, ki nadomesti prvotnih pet volumnov polnitve, odstranjenih z nečistotami.
The column should be connected to a recirculating pump capable of controlling flows of approximately 25 ml/h.
Kolono je treba povezati z recirkulacijsko črpalko, s pretočno zmogljivostjo približno 25 mLh.
The pump is connected with polytetrafluoroethylene (P.T.F.E.) and/or glass connections.
Črpalka se poveže s politetrafluoroetilenskimi (P.T.F.E.) in/ali steklenimi priključki.
The column and pump, when assembled, should have provision for sampling the effluent and equilibrating the headspace at atmospheric pressure.
Ko sta kolona in črpalka sestavljeni, morata omogočati vzorčenje eluenta in vzpostavljanje ravnotežja v predkoloni pri atmosferskem tlaku.
The column material is supported with a small (5 mm) plug of glass wool, which also serves to filter out particles.
Material v koloni podpira majhen (5 mm) zamašek iz steklene volne, ki služi tudi za filtracijo delcev.
The recirculating pump can be, for example, a peristaltic pump or a membrane pump (care must be taken that no contamination and/or absorption occurs with the tube material).
Recirkulacijska črpalka je lahko na primer peristaltična črpalka ali membranska črpalka (treba je paziti, da material cevi ne povzroči onesnaženja in/ali absorpcije).
The flow through the column is started.
Tok se požene skozi kolono.
It is recommended that a flow rate of approximately 25 ml/hr be used (this corresponds to 10 bed volumes/hr for the column described).
Priporočljivo je, da se uporabi pretok približno 25 ml/h (to ustreza približno 10 volumnov polnitve za opisano kolono).
The first five bed volumes (minimum) are discarded to remove water-soluble impurities.
Prvih pet (najmanj) volumnov polnitve se zavrže, da se odstranijo v vodi topne nečistote.
Following this, the recirculating pump is allowed to run until equilibration is established, as defined by five successive samples whose concentrations do not differ by more than ± 30 % in a random fashion.
Zatem naj vodna črpalka deluje do vzpostavitve ravnotežja, ki je opredeljeno s petimi zaporednimi vzorci, katerih koncentracije se med seboj ne razlikujejo za več kot ± 30 %.
These samples should be separated from each other by time intervals corresponding to the passage of at least 10 bed volumes of the eluent.
Časovni intervali med temi vzorci morajo ustrezati prehodu najmanj 10 volumnov polnitve.
Column elution method with levelling vessel
Metoda z izpiranjem kolone z nivojsko posodo
Apparatus (see figures 4 and 3)
Aparatura (glej sliki 4 in 3)
Levelling vessel: the connection to the levelling vessel is made by using a ground glass joint which is connected by PTFE tubing.
Nivojska posoda: Nivojska posoda se priključi s spojko iz brušenega stekla, ki je povezana s PTFE cevjo.
It is recommended that a flow rate of approximately 25 ml/hr be used.
Priporočljivo je, da se uporabi pretok približno 25 ml/h.
Successive eluate fractions should be collected and analysed by the chosen method.
Zberejo se zaporedne frakcije eluata in analizirajo z izbrano metodo.
Those fractions from the middle eluate range where the concentrations are constant (± 30 %) in at least five consecutive fractions are used to determine the solubility in water.
Za določitev topnosti v vodi se uporabijo frakcije eluata iz srednjega območja, kjer so koncentracije konstantne (± 30 %) pri najmanj petih zaporednih frakcijah,.
In both cases (using a recirculating pump or a levelling vessel), a second run is to be performed at half the flow rate of the first.
V obeh primerih (pri uporabi recirkulacijske črpalke ali nivojske posode) je treba opraviti drugo meritev pri polovičnem pretoku prve meritve.
If the results of the two runs are in agreement, the test is satisfactory; if there is a higher apparent solubility with the lower flow rate, then the halving of the flow rate must continue until two successive runs give the same solubility.
Če so rezultati obeh meritev skladni, je preskus zadovoljiv; če je pri manjšem pretoku navidezna topnost večja, je treba nadaljevati z razpolavljanjem pretoka, dokler ni topnost enaka pri dveh zaporednih meritvah.
In both cases (using a recirculating pump or a levelling vessel) the fractions should be checked for the presence of colloidal matter by examination for the Tyndall effect (light scattering).
V obeh primerih (pri uporabi recirkulacijske črpalke ali nivojske posode) je treba preveriti, ali frakcije vsebujejo koloidne snovi, na kar kaže prisotnost Tyndallovega efekta (razpršitev svetlobe).
Presence of such particles invalidates the results, and the test should be repeated with improvements in the filtering action of the column.
Prisotnost takšnih delcev razveljavi rezultate in preskus je treba ponoviti z izboljšano filtracijo v koloni.
The pH of each sample should be recorded.
Zapisati je treba pH vsakega vzorca.
A second run should be performed at the same temperature.
Drugo meritev je treba izvesti pri enaki temperaturi.
For the flask method the following material is needed:
Za metodo z bučko je potreben naslednji material:
normal laboratory glassware and instrumentation,
običajna laboratorijska steklovina in instrumentarij,
a device suitable for the agitation of solutions under controlled constant temperatures,
naprava, primerna za mešanje raztopin pri nadzorovanih konstantnih temperaturah,
a centrifuge (preferably thermostated), if required with emulsions, and
centrifuga (po možnosti termostatirana), če je potrebna za emulzije, in
equipment for analytical determination.
oprema za analitsko določanje.
The quantity of material necessary to saturate the desired volume of water is estimated from the preliminary test.
S predhodnim preskusom se oceni količina materiala, potrebna za nasičenje želenega volumna vode.
The volume of water required will depend on the analytical method and the solubility range.
Volumen potrebne vode bo odvisen od analitske metode in območja topnosti.