natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
About five times the quantity of material determined above is weighed into each of three glass vessels fitted with glass stoppers (e.g. centrifuge tubes, flasks).
V tri steklene posode s steklenimi zamaški (npr. centrifugirke, bučke) se zatehta po petkrat tolikšna količina snovi, kot je bila določena zgoraj.
The chosen volume of water is added to each vessel, and the vessels are tightly stoppered.
V vsako posodo se doda izbrani volumen vode, nato se posode tesno zamašijo.
The closed vessels are then agitated at 30 oC.
Vsebina zaprtih posod se meša pri 30 oC.
(A shaking or stirring device capable of operating at constant temperature should be used, e.g. magnetic stirring in a thermostatically controlled water bath).
(Uporabi se naprava za stresanje ali mešanje, ki je zmožna delovati pri konstantni temperaturi, npr. magnetno mešanje v termostatirani vodni kopeli).
After one day, one of the vessels is removed and re-equilibrated for 24 hours at the test temperature with occasional shaking.
Po enem dnevu se ena od posod odstrani ter se 24 ur hrani na temperaturi preskusa in občasno pretrese, da se ponovno vzpostavi ravnotežje.
The contents of the vessel are then centrifuged at the test temperature, and the concentration of test substance in the clear aqueous phase is determined by a suitable analytical method.
Nato se vsebina posode centrifugira pri temperaturi preskusa in z ustrezno analitsko metodo se določi koncentracija preskusne snovi v bistri vodni fazi.
The other two flasks are treated similarly after initial equilibration at 30 oC for two and three days, respectively.
S preostalima posodama se ravna podobno po začetnem vzpostavljanju ravnotežja pri 30 oC, ki naj traja pri eni dva in pri drugi tri dni.
If the concentration results from at least the last two vessels agree with the required reproducibility, the test is satisfactory.
Če se dobljene koncentracije vsaj pri zadnjih dveh posodah ujemajo s predpisano ponovljivostjo, je preskus zadovoljiv.
The whole test should be repeated, using longer equilibration times, if the results from vessels 1, 2 and 3 show a tendency to increasing values.
Če se pri posodah 1, 2 in 3 kaže težnja k naraščanju vrednosti, je treba celoten preskus ponoviti, pri čemer se uporabi daljši čas za vzpostavljanje ravnotežja,.
The measurement procedure can also be performed without pre-incubation at 30 oC.
Merilni postopek se lahko izvede tudi brez predinkubacije pri 30 oC.
In order to estimate the rate of establishment of the saturation equilibrium, samples are taken until the stirring time no longer influences the concentration of the test solution.
Da se oceni hitrost vzpostavljanja ravnotežje nasičenja, se vzorči, dokler čas mešanja nič več ne vpliva na koncentracijo preskusne raztopine.
A substance-specific analytical method is preferred for these determinations, since small amounts of soluble impurities can cause large errors in the measured solubility.
Za takšna določanja je zaželena uporaba analitske metode, ki je najbolj primerna za posamezno snov, ker lahko majhne količine topnih nečistot povzročijo velike napake pri izmerjeni topnosti.
Examples of such methods are: gas or liquid chromatography, titration methods, photometric methods, voltammetric methods.
Primeri takšnih metod so: plinska ali tekočinska kromatografija, titracijske metode, fotometrične metode in voltmetrične metode.
COLUMN ELUTION METHOD
METODA Z IZPIRANJEM KOLONE
The mean value from at least five consecutive samples taken from the saturation plateau should be calculated for each run, as should the standard deviation.
Za vsako ponovitev je treba izračunati srednjo vrednost najmanj petih zaporednih vzorcev, vzetih pri točki nasičenosti, in standardna deviacija.
The results should be given in units of mass per volume of solution.
Rezultati se navedejo v enotah mase na volumen raztopine.
The means calculated on two tests using different flows are compared and should have a repeatability of less than 30 %.
Primerjajo se srednje vrednosti, izračunane pri dveh preskusih pri različnih pretokih, in ponovljivost mora biti pod 30 %.
FLASK METHOD
METODA Z BUČKO
The individual results should be given for each of the three flasks and those results deemed to be constant (repeatability of less than 15 %) should be averaged and given in units of mass per volume of solution.
Navesti je treba posamezne rezultate za vsako od treh bučk, nato se izračuna srednja vrednost tistih rezultatov, ki se štejejo za konstantne (ponovljivost pod 15 %), in se navede v enotah mase na volumen raztopine.
This may require the reconversion of mass units to volume units, using the density when the solubility is very high (> 100 grams per litre).
Kadar je topnost zelo velika (> 100 gramov na liter) bo morda treba enote mase ponovno pretvoriti v volumske enote z uporabo gostote.
the results of the preliminary test,
rezultati predhodnega preskusa,
the individual concentrations, flow rates and pH of each sample,
posamezne koncentracije, pretok in pH za vsak vzorec,
the means and standard deviations from at least five samples from the saturation plateau of each run,
srednje vrednosti in standardna deviacija za najmanj pet vzorcev, vzetih pri točki nasičenosti vsake ponovitve,
the average of the two successive, acceptable runs,
povprečje dveh zaporednih, sprejemljivih ponovitev,
the temperature of the water during the saturation process,
temperatura vode med procesom nasičenja,
the method of analysis employed,
uporabljena analitska metoda,
the nature of the support material employed,
vrsta uporabljenega nosilca,
loading of support material,
nanašanje na nosilec,
solvent used,
uporabljeno topilo,
evidence of any chemical instability of the substance during the test and the method used,
dokazi o kakršni koli kemijski nestabilnosti snovi med preskusom in uporabljena metoda,
all information relevant for the interpretation of the results, especially with regard to impurities and physical state of the substance.
vse informacije, pomembne za razlago rezultatov, zlasti glede nečistot in agregatnega stanja snovi.
the individual analytical determinations and the average where more than one value was determined for each flask,
posamezne analitske določitve in povprečje, če je bilo za eno bučko določenih več vrednosti,
the pH of each sample,
pH vsakega posameznega vzorca,
the average of the value for the different flasks which were in agreement,
povprečje vrednosti različnih bučk, pri katerih so bili rezultati skladni,
the test temperature,
temperatura preskusa,
the analytical method employed,
uporabljena analitska metoda,
NF T 20-046 (AFNOR) (September 85) Chemical products for industrial use — Determination of water solubility of solids and liquids with high solubility — Flask method.
NF T 20-046 (AFNOR) (Sept. 85). Chemical products for industrial use – Determination of water solubility of solids and liquids with high solubility – Flask method
Atmospheric equilibration
Atmosfersko uravnoteženje
Flow meter
Merilnik pretoka
Microcolumn
Mikrokolona
Thermostatically controlled circulating pump
Termostatirana cirkulacijska črpalka
Recirculating pump
Recirkulacijska črpalka
Two-way valve for sampling
Dvosmerni ventil za vzorčenje
A typical microcolumn
Značilna mikrokolona
(All dimensions in millimetres)
(Vse dimenzije so v milimetrih)
(Connection for ground glass joint)
(Priključek za spojko iz brušenega stekla)
Headspace
Predkolona
Interior 5
Notranjost 5
Exterior 19
Zunanjost 19
Plug of glass wool
Čep iz steklene volne
Stopcock with two-way action
Dvosmerni petelinček
Connection for ground glass joint
Priključek za spojko iz brušenega stekla
Stopcock
Petelinček
1 = Levelling vessel (e.g. 2,5 litre flask)
1 = Nivojska posoda (npr. 2,5 litrska steklenica)
2 = Column (see figure 3)
2 = Kolona (glej sliko 3)
3 = Fraction collector
3 = Zbiralnik frakcij
5 = Teflon tubing
5 = Teflonska cev
6 = Ground glass joint
6 = Spojka iz brušenega stekla
7 = Water line (between thermostat and column, inner diameter: approximately 8 mm)
7 = Dovod vode (med termostatom in kolono, notranji premer: približno 8 mm)
The ‘shake flask’ method described is based on the OECD Test Guideline (1).
Opisana metoda „stresanja bučke“ temelji na smernici za preskušanje OECD (1).
It is useful to have preliminary information on structural formula, dissociation constant, water solubility, hydrolysis, n-octanol solubility and surface tension of the substance to perform this test.
Za izvajanje tega preskusa je koristno imeti predhodne informacije o strukturni formuli, disociacijski konstanti, topnosti v vodi, hidrolizi, topnosti v n-oktanolu in površinski napetosti snovi.
Measurements should be made on ionisable substances only in their non-ionised form (free acid or free base) produced by the use of an appropriate buffer with a pH of at least one pH unit below (free acid) or above (free base) the pK.
Pri snoveh, ki tvorijo ione, je treba meritve opraviti le z njihovo neionizirano obliko (prosta kislina ali prosta baza), pridobljeno z uporabo ustreznega pufra s pH, ki je najmanj eno enoto pod (prosta kislina) ali nad (prosta baza) pK.
This test method includes two separate procedures: the shake flask method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Ta preskusna metoda vključuje dva ločena postopka: metodo stresanja bučke in tekočinsko kromatografijo visoke ločljivosti (HPLC).
The former is applicable when the log Pow value (see below for definitions) falls within the range - 2 to 4 and the latter within the range 0 to 6.
Prvi se uporablja, kadar je vrednost log Pow (opredelitve glej spodaj) v območju od -2 do 4, in drugi, kadar je v območju od 0 do 6.
Before carrying out either of the experimental procedures a preliminary estimate of the partition coefficient should first be obtained.
Pred izvedbo katerega koli postopka, je treba pridobiti predhodno oceno porazdelitvenega koeficienta.
The shake-flask method applies only to essentially pure substances soluble in water and n-octanol.
Metoda stresanja bučke se uporablja samo za v glavnem čiste snovi, topne v vodi in n-oktanolu.
It is not applicable to surface active materials (for which a calculated value or an estimate based on the individual n-octanol and water solubilities should be provided).
Ni uporabna za površinsko aktivne snovi (za katere je treba navesti izračunano vrednost ali oceno na podlagi topnosti v n-oktanolu in topnosti v vodi).
The HPLC method is not applicable to strong acids and bases, metal complexes, surface-active materials or substances which react with the eluent.
Metoda HPLC ni uporabna za močne kisline in baze, kovinske komplekse, površinsko aktivne snovi ali snovi, ki reagirajo z eluentom.
For these materials, a calculated value or an estimate based on individual n-octanol and water solubilities should be provided.
Za te snovi je treba navesti izračunano vrednost ali oceno na podlagi topnosti v n-oktanolu in topnosti v vodi.
The HPLC method is less sensitive to the presence of impurities in the test compound than is the shake-flask method.
Metoda HPLC je manj občutljiva za prisotnost nečistot v preskusni snovi kakor metoda stresanja bučke.
Nevertheless, in some cases impurities can make the interpretation of the results difficult because peak assignment becomes uncertain.
Vendar v nekaterih primerih lahko nečistote otežijo razlago rezultatov, ker postane določitev vrha negotova.
For mixtures which give an unresolved band, upper and lower limits of log P should be stated.
Za zmesi, ki dajo nedoločen pas, se navedejo zgornja in spodnja meja log P.
The partition coefficient (P) therefore is the quotient of two concentrations and is usually given in the form of its logarithm to base 10 (log P).
Porazdelitveni koeficient (P) je torej količnik dveh koncentracij in se ponavadi navede v obliki logaritma z osnovo 10 (log P). pow =cn -Octanol cVoda Porazdelitveni koeficient (P) je opredeljen kot razmerje ravnotežnih koncentracij (c) raztopljene snovi v dvofaznem sistemu, sestavljenem iz dveh topil, ki se v glavnem ne mešata. V primeru n-oktanola in vode:
Shake-flask method
Metoda stresanja bučke
HPLC method
HPLC metoda
In order to correlate the measured HPLC data of a compound with its P value, a calibration graph of log P versus chromatographic data using at least six reference points has to be established.
Za določitev soodvisnosti med rezultati meritev s HPLC za snov in njeno vrednostjo P, je treba izdelati umeritveno krivuljo log P v odvisnosti od kromatografskih podatkov z uporabo najmanj 6 referenčnih točk.
It is for the user to select the appropriate reference substances.
Uporabnik sam izbere primerne referenčne snovi.
Whenever possible, at least one reference compound should have a Pow above that of the test substance, and another a Pow below that of the test substance.
Kadar je le mogoče, naj ima najmanj ena referenčna snov večji in ena manjši Pow kot preskusna snov.
For log P values less than 4, the calibration can be based on data obtained by the shake-flask method.
Za vrednosti log P, manjše od 4, umeritev lahko temelji na podatkih, dobljenih z metodo stresanja bučke.
For log P values greater than 4, the calibration can be based on validated literature values if these are in agreement with calculated values.
Za vrednosti log P, večje od 4, umeritev lahko temelji na validiranih podatkih iz literature, če so skladni z izračunanimi vrednostmi.
For better accuracy, it is preferable to choose reference compounds which are structurally related to the test substance.
Za večjo točnost je priporočljivo izbrati referenčne snovi, ki so strukturno sorodne preskusni snovi.
Extensive lists of values of log Pow for many groups of chemicals are available (2)(3).
Na voljo so izčrpni seznami vrednosti log Pow za mnoge skupine kemikalij (2)(3).
If data on the partition coefficients of structurally related compounds are not available, then a more general calibration, established with other reference compounds, may be used.
Če ni podatkov o porazdelitvenih koeficientih strukturno sorodnih snovi, se lahko uporabi bolj splošna umeritev z drugimi referenčnimi snovmi.
A list of recommended reference substances and their Pow values is given in Appendix 2.
Seznam priporočenih referenčnih snovi in njihovih vrednosti Pow je v dodatku 2.
In order to determine a partition coefficient, equilibrium between all interacting components of the system must be achieved, and the concentrations of the substances dissolved in the two phases must be determined.
Za določitev porazdelitvenega koeficienta je treba vzpostaviti ravnotežje med vsemi medsebojno delujočimi komponentami sistema in določiti koncentraciji snovi, raztopljene v dveh fazah.
A study of the literature on this subject indicates that several different techniques can be used to solve this problem, i.e. the thorough mixing of the two phases followed by their separation in order to determine the equilibrium concentration for the substance being examined.
Študija literature o tej temi kaže, da se v ta namen lahko uporabi več različnih tehnik, npr. temeljito mešanje dveh faz, ki mu sledi njuno ločevanje, da se ugotovi ravnotežna koncentracija preiskovane snovi.
HPLC is performed on analytical columns packed with a commercially available solid phase containing long hydrocarbon chains (e.g. C8, C18) chemically bound onto silica.
HPLC se izvaja z analitskimi kolonami, napolnjenimi z na trgu dostopno trdno fazo, ki vsebuje dolge verige ogljikovodikov (npr. C8, C18), vezane na silicijev dioksid.
Chemicals injected onto such a column move along it at different rates because of the different degrees of partitioning between the mobile phase and the hydrocarbon stationary phase.
Snovi, injicirane v tako kolono, potujejo vzdolž nje z različnimi hitrostmi, zaradi različne stopnje porazdelitve med mobilno fazo in stacionarno fazo ogljikovodikov.
Mixtures of chemicals are eluted in order of their hydrophobicity, with water-soluble chemicals eluted first and oil-soluble chemicals last, in proportion to their hydrocarbon-water partition coefficient.
Zmesi snovi se eluirajo v vrstnem redu po hidrofobnosti, pri čemer se prve eluirajo vodotopne snovi in zadnje tiste, topne v olju, sorazmerno z njihovim porazdelitvenim koeficientom ogljikovodik/voda.
This enables the relationship between the retention time on such a (reverse phase) column and the n-octanol/water partition coefficient to be established.
To omogoča določitev razmerja med retenzijskim časom v taki koloni (z reverzno fazo) in porazdelitvenim koeficientom n-oktanol/voda.
The partition coefficient is deduced from the capacity factor k, given by the expression:
Porazdelitveni koeficient se določi s sklepanjem iz faktorja kapacitete k, opisanega z enačbo: molekula topila, da pride skozi kolono (mrtvi čas).
in which, tr = retention time of the test substance, and to = average time a solvent molecule needs to pass through the column (dead-time).
pri čemer je tR = retenzijski čas preskusne snovi in to = povprečni čas, ki ga potrebuje molekula topila, da pride skozi kolono (mrtvi čas).
Quantitative analytical methods are not required and only the determination of elution times is necessary.
Kvantitativna analiza ni potrebna, treba je določiti le elucijske čase.
In order to assure the accuracy of the partition coefficient, duplicate determinations are to be made under three different test conditions, whereby the quantity of substance specified as well as the ratio of the solvent volumes may be varied.
Da se zagotovi točnost porazdelitvenega koeficienta, je treba izvesti po dve vzporedni meritvi pri treh različnih preskusnih pogojih, pri čemer se lahko spreminjata količina navedene snovi in razmerje volumnov topil.
The determined values of the partition coefficient expressed as their common logarithms should fall within a range of ±0,3 log units.
Določene vrednosti porazdelitvenega koeficienta, izražene kot logaritmi z osnovo 10, morajo biti v območju ±0,3 log enot.
In order to increase the confidence in the measurement, duplicate determinations must be made.
Za povečanje zanesljivosti meritve, je treba izvesti dve vzporedni določitvi.
The values of log P derived from individual measurements should fall within a range of ±0,1 log units.
Vrednosti log P, izpeljane iz posameznih meritev, naj bodo v območju ±0,1 enot log.
The measuring range of the method is determined by the limit of detection of the analytical procedure.
Merilno območje metode je določeno z mejo detekcije analitskega postopka.
This should permit the assessment of values of log Pow in the range of - 2 to 4 (occasionally when conditions apply, this range may be extended to log Pow up to 5) when the concentration of the solute in either phase is not more than 0,01 mol per litre.
Ta bi morala omogočiti določitev vrednosti log Pow v območju od –2 do 4 (občasno, kadar so izpolnjeni pogoji, se to območje lahko razširi do vrednosti log Pow 5), kadar koncentracija topljenca v nobeni fazi ni večja od 0,01 mola na liter.
The HPLC method enables partition coefficients to be estimated in the log Pow range 0 to 6.
Metoda HPLC omogoča ocenjevanje porazdelitvenega koeficienta v območju log Pow od 0 do 6.
Normally, the partition coefficient of a compound can be estimated to within ± l log unit of the shake-flask value.
Navadno se porazdelitveni koeficient lahko oceni do ± 1 enote log vrednosti, dobljene z metodo stresanja bučke.
Typical correlations can be found in the literature (4)(5)(6)(7)(8).
Značilne soodvisnosti so navedene v literaturi (4)(5)(6)(7)(8).
Higher accuracy can usually be achieved when correlation plots are based on structurally-related reference compounds (9).
Običajno se lahko doseže večja točnost, kadar korelacijske krivulje temeljijo na strukturno sorodnih referenčnih snoveh (9).
The Nernst Partition Law applies only at constant temperature, pressure and pH for dilute solutions.
Nernstov porazdelitveni zakon velja samo pri konstantnih temperaturi, tlaku in pH za razredčene raztopine.
It strictly applies to a pure substance dispersed between two pure solvents.
Nanaša se le na čiste snovi, porazdeljene med dve čisti topili.
If several different solutes occur in one or both phases at the same time, this may affect the results.
Če se v eni ali obeh fazah istočasno pojavi več različnih topljencev, lahko to vpliva na rezultate.
Dissociation or association of the dissolved molecules result in deviations from the Nernst Partition Law.
Disociacija ali asociacija raztopljenih molekul lahko povzroči odstopanje od Nernstovega porazdelitvenega zakona.
Such deviations are indicated by the fact that the partition coefficient becomes dependent upon the concentration of the solution.
Na takšna odstopanja pokaže dejstvo, da postane porazdelitveni koeficient odvisen od koncentracije raztopine.
Because of the multiple equilibria involved, this test method should not be applied to ionisable compounds without applying a correction.
Ker ta preskusna metoda zajema več ravnotežij, se ne sme uporabljati za snovi, ki jih je mogoče ionizirati, ne da bi se upošteval popravek.
The use of buffer solutions in place of water should be considered for such compounds; the pH of the buffer should be at least 1 pH unit from the pKa of the substance and bearing in mind the relevance of this pH for the environment.
Pri takšnih snoveh je treba presoditi o uporabi pufrskih raztopin namesto vode; pH pufra se mora najmanj za eno enoto pH razlikovati od pKa snovi, pri čemer je treba upoštevati pomen tega pH za okolje.
Preliminary estimate of the partition coefficient
Predhodna ocena porazdelitvenega koeficienta
The partition coefficient is estimated preferably by using a calculation method (see Appendix 1), or where appropriate, from the ratio of the solubilities of the test substance ill the pure solvents (10).
Porazdelitveni koeficient se po možnosti oceni z računsko metodo (glej dodatek 1) ali, kadar je primerno, iz razmerja topnosti preskusne snovi v čistih topilih (10).
n-Octanol: the determination of the partition coefficient should be carried out with high purity analytical grade reagent.
n-Oktanol: Določitev porazdelitvenega koeficienta je treba opraviti z zelo čistimi analitskimi reagenti.
Water: water distilled or double distilled in glass or quartz apparatus should be employed.
Voda: treba je uporabiti vodo, destilirano ali dvakrat destilirano v stekleni ali kremenčevi aparaturi.
For ionisable compounds, buffer solutions in place of water should be used if justified.
Za snovi, ki jih je mogoče ionizirati, se uporabijo pufri, če je to upravičeno.
Water taken directly from an ion exchanger should not be used.
Ne sme se uporabiti voda, vzeta neposredno iz ionskega izmenjevalca.
Pre-saturation of the solvents
Predhodno nasičenje topil
Before a partition coefficient is determined, the phases of the solvent system are mutually saturated by shaking at the temperature of the experiment.
Preden se določi porazdelitveni koeficient, se topili medsebojno nasitita s stresanjem pri temperaturi preskusa.
To do this, it is practical to shake two large stock bottles of high purity analytical grade n-octanol or water each with a sufficient quantity of the other solvent for 24 hours on a mechanical shaker and then to let them stand long enough to allow the phases to separate and to achieve a saturation state.
To se najlaže izvede tako, da se dve veliki standardni steklenici zelo čistega analitskega n-oktanola ali vode, v vsaki od katerih je zadostna količina drugega topila, stresata 24 ur na mehanskem stresalniku, nato se pustita stati tako dolgo, da se fazi ločita in se vzpostavi stanje nasičenosti.
Preparation for the test
Priprava na preskus
The entire volume of the two-phase system should nearly fill the test vessel.
Celoten volumen dvofaznega sistema naj bo tolikšen, da skoraj v celoti napolni preskusno posodo.
This will help prevent loss of material due to volatilisation.
To bo pomagalo preprečiti izgubo topila zaradi izhlapevanja.
The volume ratio and quantities of substance to be used are fixed by the following:
Volumsko razmerje in količine snovi, ki se bodo uporabili, se določijo glede na:
the preliminary assessment of the partition coefficient (see above),
predhodno oceno porazdelitvenega koeficienta (glej zgoraj),
the minimum quantity of test substance required for the analytical procedure, and
najmanjšo količino preskusne snovi, potrebno za analitski postopek, in