natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Commission Decision of 12 October 1994 concerning the grant of State aid by France to the Bull group in the form of a non-notified capital increase (OJ L 386, 31.12.2004, p. 1), paragraph 10; Commission Decision of 26 July 1995 giving conditional approval to the aid granted by France to the bank Crédit Lyonnais (OJ L 308, 21.12.1995, p. 92), paragraph 116; Commission Decision of 21 June 1995 on the aid granted by the Italian State to the company Enichem Agricoltura SpA (OJ L 28, 6.2.1996, p. 18), paragraph 26; Commission Decision of 3 July 2001 on State aid which Spain has implemented and is planning to implement for the restructuring of Babcock Wilcox España SA (OJ L 67, 9.3.2002, p. 50), paragraph 40; Commission Decision of 16 September 1998 authorising subject to conditions, aid granted by Italy to Società Italiana per Condotte d’Acqua SpA (OJ L 129, 22.5.1999, p. 30), paragraph 35; Commission Decision of 16 September 1998 authorising, subject to condition, aid granted by Italy to Italstrade SpA (OJ L 109, 27.4.1999, p. 1), paragraph 2.
Odločba Komisije z dne 12. oktobra 1994 o državni pomoči Francije za skupino Bull v obliki nepriglašenega povečanja kapitala (UL L 386, 31.12.2004, str. 1), odstavek 10; Odločba Komisije z dne 26. julija 1995, s katero je bila pogojno odobrena pomoč, ki jo je Francija dodelila Crédit Lyonnais (UL L 308, 21.12.1995, str. 92), odstavek 116; Odločba Komisije z dne 21. junija 1995 o pomoči Italije za podjetje Enichem Agricoltura SpA (UL L 28, 6.2.1996, str. 18), odstavek 26; Odločba Komisije z dne 3. julija 2001 o državni pomoči Španije za prestrukturiranje Babcock Wilcox España SA (UL L 67, 9.3.2002, str. 50), odstavek 40; Odločba Komisije z dne 16. septembra 1998, s katero je bila pogojno odobrena pomoč, ki jo je Italija dodelila Società Italiana per Condotte d'Acqua SpA (UL L 129, 22.5.1999, str. 30), odstavek 35; Odločba Komisije z dne 16. septembra 1998, s katero je bila pogojno odobrena pomoč, ki jo je Italija dodelila Italstrade SpA (UL L 109, 27.4.1999, str. 1), odstavek 2.
Decision Bank Austria/Creditanstalt, IV/M.873, dated 10 February 1997, paragraph 46 et seq.
Odločba Komisije z dne 10. februarja 1997, Bank Austria/Creditanstalt, COMP IV/M.873, odstavek 46 in naslednji.
Regarding market shares, Austria refers to the merger control decision of the Commission of 28 February, Cerberus/BAWAG-PSK, COMP/M.
Avstrija v zvezi s tržnimi deleži opozarja na Odločbo Komisije o nadzoru združevanja z dne 28. f 2007, Cerberus/BAWAG-PSKI, COMP/M.
See for instance Judgment of the Court in Case C-372/97, Italy vs Commission [2004] ECR I-3679, paragraph 44.
Glej med drugim sodbo Sodišča z dne 29. aprila 2004 v zadevi C-372/97 Italija proti Komisiji, [2004] Recueil I-3679, odstavek 44.
Case C-482/99 France vs Commission [2002] ECR I-4397, paragraph 71.
Sodba Sodišča z dne 16. maja 2002 v zadevi C-482/99, Francija proti Komisiji, [2002] Recueil I-4397, odstavek 71.
Joined Cases T-228/99 and T-233/99, paragraph 255.
Sodba Sodišča prve stopnje z dne 6. marca 2003 v združenih zadevah T-228/99 in T-233/99, Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale in Dežela Severno Porenje-Vestfalija proti Komisiji, [2003], Recueil II-43, odstavek 255.
Joined Cases T-228/99 and T-233/99, paragraph 246.
Združeni zadevi T-228/99 in T-233/99, odstavek 246.
Cases T-16/96, Cityflyer Express vs Commission, paragraph 76.
Sodba Sodišča prve stopnje z dne 30. aprila 1998 v zadevi T-16/96, Cityflyer Express proti Komisiji, [1996] Recueil II-757, odstavek 76.
Compare State aid Case C 44/03 which Austria is planning to implement for Bank Burgenland (OJ L 263, 8.10.2005, p. 8), paragraph 36.
Prim. zadevo C 44/03 (pomoč Avstrije banki Bank Burgenland), (UL L 263, 8.10.2005, str. 8), odstavek 36.
Compare State guarantees for the German public banks (Gewährträgerhaftung) or the Austrian Sparkassen (Ausfallhaftung), which have been abolished by Commission decisions.
Prim. državna jamstva za nemške javne banke („Gewährträgerhaftung“) ali za avstrijske hranilnice ( „Ausfallhaftung“), ki so bile odpravljene z odločbama Komisije.
Commission Decision of 26 June 1999, C(1999) 2035, Crédit Foncier de France (OJ L 34, 3.2.2001, p. 36), paragraph 49.
Odločba Komisije z dne 26. junija 1999, C(1999) 2035, Crédit Foncier de France, (UL L 34, 3.2.2001, str. 36), odstavek 49.
The decision on the CFF case was adopted before the Notice on guarantee entered into force.
Odločba v zadevi CFF je bila izdana pred začetkom veljavnosti Obvestila o državni pomoči v obliki jamstev.
Capital injections by minority shareholders are not likely in the context of the selling commitment imposed on ÖGB by Austria.
Dokapitalizacija s strani manjšinskih delničarjev v zvezi z obveznostjo prodaje, ki jo je Avstrija naložila ÖGB, ni verjetna.
For instance, the forecasted annual results of BAWAG-PSK, sum up to EUR […] million over an initial three-year period (2006-08), which could constitute a reasonable time frame for the analysis of a private guarantor.
Pričakovani letni rezultati BAWAG-PSK v prvih treh letih (2006–2008) znašajo skupaj […] milijonov EUR. To obdobje bi bilo primerna podlaga za analizo zasebnega vlagatelja.
However, the Commission remarks that these forecasted results do not include the real market fee for the guarantee, while the payment of this market fee would reduce considerable the ability of the Bank to reach the forecasted results over the restructuring period.
Vendar pa ne smemo pozabiti, da v tej napovedi ni bila upoštevana tržna cena za jamstvo: če bi morala banka plačati takšno ceno, bi v obdobju prestrukturiranja zelo težko dosegla te rezultate.
Decreasing the total assets would considerably decrease the income basis of BAWAG-PSK.
Z zmanjšanjem aktive bi se podlaga za dobiček BAWAG-PSK občutno zmanjšala.
In general, in the short term assets can only be sold below market value.
Na splošno je mogoče aktivo kratkoročno prodati samo pod tržno vrednostjo.
Based on a 10 % discount rate.
Pri diskontni stopnji 10 %.
EUR 1,7 + EUR […] – EUR […] – EUR […] billion = EUR […] billion.
1,7 milijarde EUR + […] milijarde EUR – […] milijarde EUR – […] milijarde EUR = […] milijarde EUR.
The setting up by private operators of the two above mentioned SPVs does not invalidate this view as the SPVs would not have been created in the absence of the guarantee.
Ustanovitev obeh omenjenih SPV s strani zasebnih udeležencev na trgu ne bi bila izvedena brez državnega jamstva in zato ni v nasprotju s tem mnenjem.
Commission Decision 88/167/EEC of 7 October 1987 concerning Law 1386/1983 by which the Greek Government grants aid to Greek industry (OJ L 76, 22.3.1988, p. 18).
Odločba Komisije 88/167/EGS z dne 7. oktobra 1987 o zakonu 1386/1983, po katerem grška vlada dodeli pomoč grški industriji (UL L 76, 22.3.1988, str. 18).
Commission Decision of 20 May 1998 concerning aid granted by France to the Crédit Lyonnais group (OJ L 221, 8.8.1998, p. 28).
Odločba Komisije z dne 20. maja 1998 o pomoči Francije za Crédit Lyonnais (UL L 221, 8.8.1998, str. 28).
In 1995, the Commission authorised a first package of aid measures, estimated at a maximum amount of EUR 8 billion (Commission Decision of 26 July 1995 giving conditional approval to the aid granted by France to the bank Crédit Lyonnais (OJ L 308, 21.12.1995, p. 92)).
Leta 1995 je Komisija odobrila prvo državno pomoč, ki je bila ocenjena na najvišji znesek 8 milijard EUR (Odločba Komisije z dne 26. julija 1995 o pogojni odobritvi pomoči Francije za Crédit Lyonnais, UL L 308, 21.12.1995, str. 92).
In 1996, EUR 0,6 billion of aids were authorised (Commission Decision State aid N 692/96 — C 47/96 (OJ C 390, 24.12.1996, p. 7).
Leta 1996 so bile odobrene pomoči v višini 0,6 milijarde EUR (Odločba Komisije v zadevi N 692/96-C 47/96, UL C 390, 24.12.1996, str. 7).
Finally, in 1998, additional aids were authorised; amounting to a value between EUR 8 and 15 billion (Commission Decision of 20 May 1998 concerning aid granted by France to the Crédit Lyonnais group (OJ L 221, 8.8.1998, p. 28)).
Leta 1998 so bile odobrene nadaljnje pomoči v vrednosti med 8 in 15 milijard EUR (Odločba Komisije z dne 20. maja 1998 o pomoči Francije za Crédit Lyonnais, UL L 221, 8.8.1998, str. 28).
Litigation resulting in the payment of invoices.
Postopki, ki vodijo do plačila računov.
The sale price has an effect on the necessary capital increase.
Prodajna cena vpliva na potrebno dokapitalizacijo.
See for instance Commission Decision 1999/508/EC of 14 October 1998 conditionally approving aid granted by France to Société Marseillaise de Crédit (Case C 42/96 ex NN 194/95), (OJ L 198, 30.7.1999, p. 1; Commission Decision 2005/345/EC of 18 February 2004 on restructuring aid implemented by Germany for Bankgesellschaft Berlin AG (Case C 28/2002 ex NN 5/2002) (OJ L 116, 4.5.2005, p. 1); Commission Decision 2001/89/EC of 23 June 1999 conditionally approving aid granted by France to Crédit Foncier de France (Case C 30/96 ex NN 44/96) (OJ L 34, 3.2.2001, p. 36).
Glej na primer Odločbo Komisije 1999/508/ES z dne 14. oktobra 1998, s katero je bila pogojno odobrena pomoč, ki jo je Francija dodelila Societé Marseillaise de Crédit (zadeva C 42/96 ex NN 194/95), (UL L 198, 30.7.1999, str. 1); Odločbo Komisije 2005/345/ES z dne 18. februarja 2004 o pomoči Nemčije pri prestrukturiranju v korist Bankgesellschaft Berlin AG, (zadeva C 28/2002 ex NN 5/2002), (UL L 116, 4.5.2005, str. 1); in Odločbo Komisije 2001/89/ES z dne 23. junija 1999, s katero je bila pogojno odobrena pomoč, ki jo je Francija dodelila Crédit Foncier de France (zadeva C 30/96 ex NN 44/96), (UL L 34, 3.2.2001, str. 36).
In exceptional cases, to be duly motivated by Austria, the Commission may also decide that some obligations and conditions are amended or replaced by equivalent measures.
V izjemnih primerih, ki jih mora Avstrija ustrezno utemeljiti, lahko Komisija nekatere zahteve in pogoje spremeni ali jih nadomesti z drugimi enakovrednimi ukrepi.
For the group as a whole, the balance sheet has diminished by 12,2 % over the same period.
Bilančna vsota celotne skupine se je v istem obdobju znižala za 12,2 %.
See also Commission Decision of 11 June 2002 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/36 571/D-1: Austrian banks — Lombard Club), (OJ L 56, 24.2.2004, p.1), paragraph 8.
Prim. tudi Odločbo Komisije z dne 11. junija 2002 v zvezi s postopkom iz člena 81 Pogodbe ES v zadevi COMP/36.571/D-1 – avstrijske banke („Lombard Club“), ( UL L 56, 24.2.2004, str. 1), odstavek 8.
According to Commission Regulation (EC) No 68/2001 of 12 January 2001 on the application of Articles 87 and 88 of the EC Treaty to training aid (OJ L 10, 13.1.2001, p. 20), Regulation as last amended by Decision 2007/72/EC (OJ L 32, 6.2.2007, p. 180)), ‘general training’ means training involving tuition which is not applicable only or principally to the employee’s present or future position in the assisted firm, but which provides qualifications that are largely transferable to other firms or fields of work and thereby substantially improve the employability of the employee.
V skladu z Uredbo Komisije (ES) št. 68/2001 z dne 12. januarja 2001 o uporabi členov 87 in 88 Pogodbe ES pri pomoči za usposabljanje (UL L 10, 13.1.2001, str. 20), Uredba, kakor je bila nazadnje spremenjena z Odločbo 2007/72/ES (UL L 32, 6.2.2007, str. 180)), „splošno usposabljanje“ pomeni usposabljanje, ki ga delojemalec ne uporablja samo ali v pretežni meri na trenutnem ali prihodnjem delovnem mestu delojemalca v podjetju, ki prejema pomoč, temveč delojemalcu daje znanja, ki so v veliki meri prenosljiva na druga podjetja ali delovna področja in s tem bistveno izboljšajo zaposljivost delojemalca.
According to the Community guidelines on State aid for environmental protection (OJ C 37, 3.2.2001, p. 3), energy-saving measures should be understood as meaning among other things action which enables companies to reduce the amount of energy used in their production cycle.
V skladu s Smernicami Skupnosti o državni pomoči za zaščito okolja (UL C 37, 3.2.2001, str. 3) so ukrepi varčevanja z energijo zlasti ukrepi, ki podjetjem omogočajo, da zmanjšajo količino energije, ki jo porabijo v proizvodnem ciklusu.
In order to clean up the losses of the Caribbean involvement in 2005, liquid funds in the amount of EUR […] million, write-offs in the course of the re-establishment in the amount of EUR 534 million and additional write-downs at the end of 2005 in an amount of EUR […] million were made.
Za poravnavo izgub iz karibskih poslov v letu 2005 so bili uporabljeni likvidna sredstva v višini […] milijonov EUR, odpisi v okviru ponovne ustanovitve leta 2005 v višini 534 milijonov EUR in nadaljnji popravki vrednosti neposredno po letu 2005 v višini […] milijonov EUR. […].
These events lead to value adjustments requiring the provisioning of EUR […] million in the […] balance sheet [11].
Posledica teh dogodkov so bili popravki vrednosti, za kar je bilo treba v bilanci stanja za leto […] zagotoviti […] milijard EUR [11].
BAWAG-PSK could only cover EUR […] million through reserve accruals and the annual net income.
BAWAG-PSK bi lahko z rezervami in letnim dobičkom kril le […] milijonov EUR.
Overview of already made divestures
Pregled že izvedenih dezinvesticij
Implementation date
Čas izvedbe
Sale Bank Frick & Co.
Prodaja banke Frick & Co.
Retail banking
Majhni bančni posli
19 July 2006
julij 2006
‘… The comparison between the conduct of public and private investors must be made by reference to the attitude which a private investor would have had at the time of the transaction in question, having regard to the available information and foreseeable developments at that time’ [32].
„Ravnanje javnega vlagatelja je treba primerjati z ravnanjem zasebnega vlagatelja v zvezi s tem, kako bi ravnal zasebni vlagatelj pri zadevnem postopku, ob upoštevanju v tistem času razpoložljivih informacij in predvidljivega razvoja [32]“.
It follows that events subsequent to the decision to invest are irrelevant [33] in the assessment of the aid amount in the guarantee.
Dogodki po objavi odločitve o naložbi zato niso pomembni za oceno zneska pomoči [33], vsebovanega v prevzemu jamstva.
Regarding the likelihood of the drawdown, Austria argued that at the time of granting the State guarantee, there was a high likelihood that BAWAG-PSK would be sold within a year for a total buyer investment of more than EUR 2,6 billion. A strong indicator of the effective value of BAWAG-PSK in April 2006, thus before the granting of the State guarantee, would be the sales price, i.e. the total investment stated by the bidders in their final offers of December 2006.
V zvezi z verjetnostjo uveljavljanja jamstva je Avstrija pojasnila, da je v času odobritve državnega jamstva obstajala velika možnost prodaje BAWAG-PSK v roku enega leta za skupno vrednost več kot 2,6 milijard EUR. Močan kazalec dejanske vrednosti BAWAG-PSK aprila 2006, torej pred odobritvijo državnega jamstva, je nakupna cena oz. celotna naložba ponudnikov v njihovi končni ponudbi iz decembra 2006.
The bids were made as part of an international tender, an open and non-discriminating procedure that left bidders enough time to assess the potential sales object before making a bid.
Ponudbe so bile oddane v okviru mednarodnega razpisa, ki je potekal javno in nediskriminatorno, ponudniki pa so imeli dovolj časa, da so pred oddajo ponudb preverili morebitni predmet nakupa.
In 2006, various real properties were sold for an amount of EUR […] million.
Leta 2006 je bilo prodanih za […] milijard EUR različnih nepremičnin.
BAWAG-PSK would submit a corresponding request to Austria as soon as it wished to have an extension, but not later than 31 March 2007.
BAWAG-PSK bi moral Avstriji poslati ustrezno prošnjo takoj, ko bi potreboval podaljšanje jamstva, najpozneje pa do 31. marca 2007.
Because of the basic soundness of BAWAG-PSK in spring 2006 and the limited character of the problems having led to its financial difficulties, the value of BAWAG-PSK at the moment of granting the guarantee was evaluated at about EUR 2,6 billion. This high value is also reflected in the tender, notably in the final offers made in December 2006 and finally in the total investment made by Cerberus.
Ker je bil BAWAG-PSK spomladi leta 2006 v svojem jedru zdravo podjetje, v finančne težave pa je zašel samo zaradi omejene narave težav, naj bi bila njegova vrednost v času prevzema jamstva okoli 2,6 milijard EUR. Ta visoka vrednost se je odražala tudi na razpisu, in sicer v končnih ponudbah z decembra 2006 in nenazadnje v celotni naložbi Cerberusa.
Moreover, the upper value of the aid range EUR 898 million, represents only 1,6 % of the balance sheet total of the bank.
Poleg tega predstavlja zgornja meja obsega pomoči z 898 milijoni EUR samo 1,6 % bilančne vsote banke.
This amount is very low in comparison with other cases in which the Commission adopted a positive decision [49].
Ta vsota je v primerjavi z drugimi primeri, v katerih je Komisija izdala pozitivno odločbo, zelo nizka [49].
Austria explained that Moody's Financial Strength Rating (hereafter FSR) [17] would be an appropriate indicator of the financial situation of BAWAG-PSK, because the FSR is only based on the financial ability of the company to perform without any external support. It contains an implicit statement regarding future development of the Bank and thereby provides a significant picture of the overall payment default risk.
Avstrija je pojasnila, da je „ocena finančne moči“ (v nadaljevanju „FSR“) [17], ki jo izvaja agencija Moody's, ustrezen kazalec finančnega stanja BAWAG-PSK, saj FSR temelji izključno na finančni zmogljivosti podjetja, ki deluje brez zunanje pomoči.
The FSR of BAWAG-PSK of ‘E+’ would correspond to a baseline risk assessment rated from B1 to B3.
Ocena vsebuje implicitno oceno prihodnjega razvoja banke in zagotavlja značilno sliko celotnega tveganja neplačila.
The request had to show and establish proof of the existence of the prerequisites for an extension.
Prošnja bi morala vsebovati utemeljitev in dokumentacijo o izpolnjevanju pogojev za podaljšanje.
Other properties will be sold, before the end of 2008 valued at approximately EUR […] million in total as reflected in the balance sheet. Industrial participation in Voestalpine and […] will also be sold in 2007.
Pred koncem leta 2008 naj bi se prodale še druge nepremičnine v bilančni vrednosti v višini okoli […] milijonov EUR. Poleg tega bodo leta 2007 prodani tudi industrijski deleži v Voestalpine in […].
BAWAG-PSK is also engaged in the insurance sector through BAWAG Versicherung AG and P.S.K. Versicherung AG [8] and in non-banking activities.
BAWAG-PSK je nadalje dejaven tudi v zavarovalniškem sektorju, in sicer preko BAWAG Versicherung AG in PSK Versicherung AG [8].
The most important of the latter are BAWAG-PSK real estate group, Stiefelkönig (shoe distribution chain) and ATV Privat-TV Services (TV broadcaster).
Na področju nebančnih storitev pa je dejaven preko BAWAG-PSK Immobilien AG, Stiefelköniga, trgovske verige s čevlji, in televizijske postaje ATV Privat-TV Services.
While BA-CA, Erste Bank and RZB each contributed EUR […] million and ÖVAG EUR […] million in capital to one SPV, each of the four insurance companies contributed EUR […] million to the second corporation. BAWAG-PSK held a controlling stake of […] % in both SPVs.
Medtem ko so BA-CA, Erste Bank in RZB eni SPV namenili vsak po […] milijonov EUR, ÖVAG pa […] milijonov EUR, je vsaka zavarovalniška družba drugi SPV namenila […] milijonov EUR. BAWAG-PSK je imel s […] % v obeh SPV nadzorni delež.
Austria alternatively evaluated the value of the guarantee by determining the theoretical refinancing advantage for BAWAG-PSK resulting from the guarantee. Due to the guarantee the risk premium decreased by approximately 0,2 % [25].
Avstrija je vrednost jamstva ocenila tudi z določitvijo teoretične prednosti refinanciranja državnega jamstva za BAWAG-PSK, zaradi katerega se je premija za tveganje zmanjšala za približno 0,2 % [25].
Composite BBB
Sestavljena BBB
Composite A
Sestavljena A
Actually, absent the prolongation, the guarantee would be drawn close to its full amount because BAWAG-PSK had not yet rebuilt the necessary financial resources to respect the prudential ratios.
Nasprotno, jamstvo bi bilo brez podaljšanja uveljavljeno v skoraj celotnem obsegu, saj BAWAG-PSK ni pridelal finančnih sredstev, potrebnih za skrbno poslovanje.
Therefore insolvency would threaten again.
Tako bi zopet grozil stečaj.
of 25 March 2008
z dne 25. marca 2008
on the fire safety requirements to be met by European standards for cigarettes pursuant to Directive 2001/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
o zahtevah za požarno varnost, ki jih morajo izpolnjevati evropski standardi za cigarete v skladu z Direktivo 2001/95/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta
Having regard to Directive 2001/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 December 2001 on general product safety [1], and in particular Article 4(1)(a),
ob upoštevanju Direktive 2001/95/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta z dne 3. decembra 2001 o splošni varnosti proizvodov [1] in zlasti člena 4(1)(a),
Directive 2001/95/EC provides that European standards should be established by European standardisation bodies.
V skladu z Direktivo 2001/95/ES morajo evropski organi za standarde pripraviti evropske standarde.
Such standards should ensure that products satisfy the general safety requirement of the Directive.
Takšni standardi morajo zagotavljati, da izdelki izpolnjujejo splošno varnostno zahtevo iz Direktive.
According to Directive 2001/95/EC a product shall be presumed safe, as far as the risks and risk categories covered by relevant national standards are concerned, when it conforms to voluntary national standards transposing European standards.
Na podlagi Direktive 2001/95/ES se proizvod šteje za varnega, kar zadeva nevarnost in vrste nevarnosti, zajete v ustreznih nacionalnih standardih, kadar je v skladu z neobvezujočimi nacionalnimi standardi, ki prevzemajo evropske standarde
Cigarettes are inherently dangerous products since they produce heat and because they contain a burning material that keeps burning through the whole cigarette length when ignited.
Cigarete so same po sebi nevarni proizvodi, ker so vir toplote in ker vsebujejo gorljiv material, ki po vžigu gori po vsej dolžini cigarete.
A risk associated with lit cigarettes, when laid carelessly down and left unattended, are fires with ensuing fatalities, injuries and material damage.
Nevarnosti, povezane z gorečimi cigaretami, ki so odložene neprevidno in ostanejo brez nadzora, so požari s smrtnimi primeri, poškodbami in materialno škodo.
Accidents of this kind have been observed and cause an estimated minimum of 1000 fatalities in the Community every year [2].
Tako povzročene nesreče se dogajajo in vsako leto povzročijo najmanj 1000 smrtnih primerov v Skupnosti [2].
Technical solutions to prevent cigarettes from burning through the whole length when not actively puffed have been developed.
Razvite so bile tehnične rešitve, ki preprečujejo gorenje cigarete po vsej dolžini, ko ni aktivnega vlečenja dima.
Commercially available cigarettes contain bands of paper in the cigarette paper, about 6 mm wide and spaced by about 20 to 30 mm. Such ‘speed bumps’ make burning cigarettes self-extinguish, at least to a certain extent, by hindering oxygen access to the burn area.
Na trgu dostopne cigarete v cigaretnem papirju vsebujejo pasove papirja, široke približno 6 mm in medsebojno oddaljene za približno 20 do 30 mm. Takšne „ovire gorenja“ povzročijo, da se zaradi oviranega dostopa kisika na področju gorenja, vsaj določena mera cigaret, sama ugasne.
The reduced ignition propensity thus restricts the source and risk of fires.
Zmanjšana sposobnost gorenja tako zmanjšuje vir vžiga in zmanjša nevarnost požarov.