natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
TC Total carbon, is the sum of the organic and inorganic carbon present in a sample.
TC Skupni ogljik je vsota organskega in anorganskega ogljika v vzorcu (total carbon).
Primary biodegradation:
Primarna biorazgradnja:
is the alteration in the chemical structure of a substance, brought about by biological action, resulting in the loss of specific property of that substance.
je sprememba kemične strukture snovi, ki jo povzroči biološko delovanje, zaradi česar snov zgubi posebne lastnosti.
Ultimate biodegradation (aerobic):
Popolna biorazgradnja (aerobna):
is the level of degradation achieved when the test compound is totally utilised by micro-organisms resulting in the production of carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts and new microbial cellular constituents (biomass).
je raven biorazgradnje, ki se doseže, ko mikroorganizmi povsem porabijo preskusno snov, pri čemer nastane ogljikov dioksid, voda, mineralne soli in nove mikrobne celične sestavine (biomasa).
Readily biodegradable:
Dobro biorazgradljivo:
an arbitrary classification of chemicals which have passed certain specified screening tests for ultimate biodegradability; these tests are so stringent that it is assumed that such compounds will rapidly and completely biodegrade in aquatic environments under aerobic conditions.
je arbitrarna razvrstitev snovi, ki so prestale nekatere specifične presejalne preskuse za popolno biorazgradljivost; ker so ti preskusi dovolj strogi, se predpostavlja, da se bodo take snovi v vodnem okolju in aerobnih pogojih hitro in povsem biorazgradile.
Inherently biodegradable:
Inherentno biorazgradljivo:
a classification of chemicals for which there is unequivocal evidence of biodegradation (primary or ultimate) in any recognized test of biodegradability.
razvrstitev snovi, za katere obstajajo nedvoumni dokazi o biorazgradljivosti (primarni ali popolni) iz katerega koli priznanega preskusa biorazgradljivosti.
Treatability:
Možnost čiščenja:
is the amenability of compounds to removal during biological wastewater treatment without adversely affecting the normal operation of the treatment processes.
je voljnost snovi za odstranitev med biološkim čiščenjem odpadnih vod, ne da bi to škodovalo normalnemu delovanju čistilnih procesov.
Generally, readily biodegradable compounds are treatable but not all inherently biodegradable compounds are.
Na splošno se dobro biorazgradljive snovi lahko čistijo, ne pa tudi vse inherentno biorazgradljive snovi.
Abiotic processes may also operate.
Lahko delujejo tudi abiotski procesi.
Lag time
Čas prilagajanja (lag faza):
is the time from inoculation, in a die-away test, until the degradation percentage has increased to at least 10 %.
je pri preskusu upadanja čas, ki preteče od inokulacije do razgradnje najmanj 10 %.
The lag time is often highly variable and poorly reproducible.
Čas prilagajanja je pogosto zelo spremenljiv in slabo obnovljiv.
Degradation time
Čas razgradnje:
is the time from the end of the lag time till the time that 90 % of maximum level of degradation has been reached.
je čas od konca časa prilagajanja do trenutka, ko se doseže 90 % največje ravni razgradnje.
10-day window
10-dnevno okno:
is the 10 days immediately following the attainment of 10 % degradation.
je obdobje 10 dni, ki se začne takoj, ko se doseže 10-odstotna razgradnja.
CALCULATION AND DETERMINATION OF SUITABLE SUMMARY PARAMETERS
IZRAČUN IN DOLOČITEV PRIMERNIH ZBIRNIH PARAMETROV
Depending on the method chosen, certain summary parameters will be required.
Odvisno od izbrane metode bodo potrebni nekateri zbirni parametri.
The following section describes the derivation of these values.
V naslednjem oddelku je opisana izpeljava teh vrednosti.
The use of these parameters is described in the individual methods.
Uporaba teh parametrov je opisana v posameznih metodah.
Carbon content
Vsebnost ogljika
The carbon content is calculated from the known elemental composition or determined by elemental analysis of the test substance.
Vsebnost ogljika se izračuna iz znane ali z elementarno analizo določene elementarne sestave preskusne snovi.
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD)
Teoretična potreba po kisiku (TPK)
The theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) may be calculated if the elemental composition is known or derermined by elemental analysis.
Teoretična potreba po kisiku (TPK) se lahko izračuna, če je znana ali je bila z elementarno analizo določena elementarna sestava.
It is for the compound:
Za spojino:
without nitrification,
brez nitrifikacije je
=16 2c+1/2 h-cl-3n
=16 2c+1/2h-cl-3n
or with nitrification
ali z nitrifikacijo
=16 2c+1/2 h-cl
=16 2c+1/2h-cl
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Kemijska potreba po kisiku (KPK)
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is determined according to method C.6.
Kemijska potreba po kisiku (KPK) se določi po metodi C.6.
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
Raztopljeni organski ogljik (DOC)
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is by definition the organic carbon of any chemical or mixture in water passing through a 0,45 micrometre filter.
Raztopljeni organski ogljik (DOC) je po opredelitvi organski ogljik katere koli snovi ali zmesi v vodi, ki gre skozi 0,45-mikrometrski filter.
Samples from the test vessels are withdrawn and filtered immediately in the filtration apparatus using an appropriate membrane filter.
Iz preskusnih posod vzamemo vzorce in jih takoj filtriramo v filtrirni napravi z uporabo ustreznega membranskega filtra.
The first 20 ml (amount can be reduced when using small filters) of the filtrate are discarded.
Prvih 20 ml (kadar uporabimo majhen filter, se ta količina lahko zmanjša) filtrata zavržemo.
Volumes of 10-20 ml or lower, if injected (volume depending on the amount required for carbon analyser) are retained for carbon analysis.
Za analizo ogljika obdržimo 10–20 ml, kadar injiciramo, lahko tudi manj (volumen odvisen od količine, potrebne za analizator ogljika).
The DOC concentration is determined by means of an organic carbon analyser which is capable of accurately measuring a carbon concentration equivalent or lower than 10 % of the initial DOC concentration used in the test.
Koncentracija DOC se določi z analizatorjem organskega ogljika, ki lahko točno izmeri koncentracijo ogljika, enakovredno ali manjšo od 10 % začetne koncentracije DOC v preskusu.
Filtered samples which cannot be analysed on the same working day can be preserved by storage in a refrigerator at 2-4 oC for 48 h, or below - 18 oC for longer periods.
Filtrirane vzorce, ki jih ne moremo analizirati isti dan, lahko konzerviramo tako, da jih shranimo v hladilniku pri temperaturi 2–4 oC za 48 h ali pod –18 oC za dlje časa.
Membrane filters are often impregnated with surfactants for hydrophilisation.
Membranski filtri so pogosto impregnirani s površinsko aktivnimi snovmi, da postanejo hidrofilni.
Thus the filter may contain up to several mg of soluble organic carbon which would interfere in the biodegradability determinations.
Tak filter lahko vsebuje več mg topnega organskega ogljika, ki moti določanje biorazgradljivosti.
Surfactants and other soluble organic compounds are removed from the filters by boiling them in deionised water for three periods each of one hour.
Površinsko aktivne snovi in druge topne organske spojine se s filtrov odstranijo tako, da se filtri trikrat po eno uro kuhajo v vreli deionizirani vodi.
The filters may then be stored in water for one week.
Filtri se nato lahko shranijo v vodi za en teden.
If disposable filter cartridges are used each lot must be checked to confirm that it does not release soluble organic carbon.
Če se uporabijo filtrirni vložki za enkratno uporabo, je treba vsako serijo preveriti, ali ne sprošča topnega organskega ogljika.
Depending on the type of membrane filter the test chemical may be retained by adsorption.
Odvisno od vrste membranskega filtra se lahko nanj adsorbira preskusna snov.
It may therefore be advisable to ensure that the test chemical is not retained by the filter.
Zato je priporočljivo zagotoviti, da se preskusna snov ne zadrži na filtru.
Centrifugation at 40000 m.sec-2 (4000 g) for 15 min may be used for differentiation of TOC versus DOC instead of filtration.
Namesto filtracije se za določanje razlike med TOC in DOC uporabi 15-minutno centrifugiranje pri 40000 m sec-2 (4000 g).
The method is not reliable at initial concentration of < 10 mg DOC/l since either not all bacteria are removed or carbon as part of the bacterial plasma is redissolved.
Metoda ni zanesljiva pri začetni koncentraciji < 10 mg DOC/l, saj se bodisi ne odstranijo vse bakterije bodisi se ogljik kot del bakterijske plazme ponovno raztopi.
Bestimmung des Chemischen Sauerstoffbedarfs (CSB) (H 41), Normenausschuß Wasserwesen (NAW) in DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.
Bestimmung des Chemischen Sauerstoffbedarfs (CSB) (H 41), Normenausschuβ Wasserwesen (NAW) in DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.
EVALUATION OF THE BIODEGRADABILITY OF POORLY SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES
VREDNOTENJE BIORAZGRADLJIVOSTI SLABO TOPNIH SNOVI
In biodegradability tests with poorly soluble substances the following aspects should receive special attention.
Pri preskusih biorazgradljivosti s slabo topnimi snovmi, je treba posebno pozornost posvetiti naslednjim vidikom.
While homogeneous liquids will seldom present sampling problems, it is recommended that solid materials be homogenised by appropriate means to avoid errors due to non-homogeneity.
Homogene tekočine bodo redko povzročale težave pri vzorčenju, trdne materiale pa je priporočljivo homogenizirati z ustreznimi sredstvi, da se preprečijo napake zaradi nehomogenosti.
Special care must be taken when representative samples of a few milligrams are required from mixtures of chemicals or substances with large amounts of impurities.
Posebej previdni moramo biti, kadar potrebujemo reprezentativne vzorce nekaj miligramov zmesi snovi ali snovi z veliko vsebnostjo nečistot.
Various forms of agitation during the tests may be used.
Lahko se uporabijo različni načini mešanja med preskusom.
Care should be taken to use only sufficient agitation to keep the chemical dispersed, and to avoid overheating, excessive foaming and excessive shear forces.
Biti moramo previdni, da mešanje ravno zadostuje za dispergiranje snovi, ne povzroči pa pregrevanja, prekomernega penjenja in prekomernih strižnih sil.
An emulsifier which gives a stable dispersion of the chemical may be used.
Lahko se uporabi emulgator, ki daje stabilne disperzije snovi.
It should not be toxic to bacteria and must not be biodegraded or cause foaming under test conditions.
Ne sme biti strupen za bakterije in ne sme se biorazgraditi ali povzročiti penjenja v pogojih preskusa.
The same criteria apply to solvents as to the emulsifiers.
Za topila veljajo enaka merila, kakor za emulgatorje.
It is not recommended that solid carriers be used for solid test substances but they may be suitable for only substances.
Ni priporočljivo uporabljati trdnih nosilcev za trdne preskusne snovi, so pa lahko primerni za oljaste snovi.
When auxiliary substances such as emulsifiers, solvents and carriers are used, a blank run containing the auxiliary substance should be performed.
Kadar se uporabijo pomožne snovi, kot so emulgatorji, topila in nosilci, je treba izvesti preskus na slepem vzorcu, ki vsebuje pomožno snov.
Any of the three respirometric tests CO2, BOD, MITI can be used to study the biodegradability of poorly soluble compounds.
Za preučevanje biorazgradljivosti slabo topnih snovi se lahko uporabi kateri koli od treh respirometričnih preskusov: CO2, BPK, MITI.
EVALUATION OF THE BIODEGRADABILITY OF CHEMICALS SUSPECTED TO BE TOXIC TO THE INOCULUM
VREDNOTENJE BIORAZGRADLJIVOSTI SNOVI, ZA KATERE SE SUMI, DA SO STRUPENE ZA INOKULUM
When a chemical is subjected to ready biodegradability testing and appears to be non-biodegradable, the following procedure is recommended if a distinction between inhibition and inertness is desired (Reynolds et al., 1987).
Kadar se na snovi opravi preskus dobre biorazgradljivosti in je videti, da snov ni biorazgradljiva, se priporoča naslednji postopek, če je treba razlikovati med inhibicijo in inertnostjo (Reynolds et al., 1987).
Similar or identical inocula should be used for the toxicity and biodegradation tests.
Za preskuse strupenosti in biorazgradljivosti je treba uporabiti podobne ali enake inokulume.
To assess the toxicity of chemicals studied in ready biodegradability tests, the application of one or a combination of the inhibition of Sludge Respiration rate (activated sludge respiration inhibition test — Directive 87/302/EEC), BOD and/or Growth Inhibition methods would seem appropriate.
Za oceno strupenosti snovi, preučevanih v preskusih biorazgradljivosti, se zdi primerno uporabiti eno od metod inhibicije stopnje respiracije blata (preskus inhibicije respiracije aktivnega blata – Direktiva 88/302/EGS), BPK in/ali metod inhibicije rasti oziroma kombinacijo teh metod.
If inhibition due to toxicity is to be avoided, it is suggested that the test substance concentrations used in ready biodegradability testing should be less than 1/10 of the EC50 values (or less than EC20 values) obtained in toxicity testing.
Če je treba preprečiti inhibicijo zaradi strupenosti, je priporočljivo pri preskušanju dobre biorazgradljivosti uporabiti koncentracije preskusne snovi, ki so manjše od 1/10 vrednosti EC50 (ali manjše od vrednosti EC20), dobljenih pri preskušanju strupenosti.
Compounds with an EC50 value of greater than 300 mg/1 are not likely to have toxic effects in ready biodegradability testing.
Snovi z vrednostjo EC50 nad 300 mg/l, verjetno ne bodo imele strupenega učinka pri preskušanju dobre biorazgradljivosti.
values of less than 20 mg/1 are likely to pose serious problems for the subsequent testing.
Vrednosti EC50, manjše od 20 mg/l, bodo verjetno predstavljale resen problem pri nadaljnjem preskušanju.
Low test concentrations should be employed, necessitating the use of the stringent and sensitive Closed Bottle test or the use of 14C-labelled material.
Treba je uporabiti majhne koncentracije preskusne snovi ter posledično uporabiti strog in občutljiv preskus z zaprto steklenico ali material, označen s 14C.
Alternatively, an acclimatised inoculum may permit higher test substance concentrations to be used.
Po drugi strani lahko aklimatiziran inokulum omogoči uporabo večjih koncentracij preskusne snovi.
In the latter case, however, the specific criterion of the ready biodegradability test is lost.
Vendar se v tem drugem primeru izgubi specifično merilo preskusa dobre biorazgradljivosti.
Appendix 5
DODATEK 5
CORRECTION FOR OXYGEN UPTAKE FOR INTERFERENCE BY NITRIFICATION
POPRAVEK SPREJEMA KISIKA ZARADI VPLIVA NITRIFIKACIJE
Errors due to not considering nitrification in the assessment by oxygen uptake of the biodegradability of test substances not containing N are marginal (not greater than 5 %), even if oxidation of the ammonium-N in the medium occurs erratically as between test and blank vessels.
Napake zaradi neupoštevanja nitrifikacije pri določanju biorazgradljivosti z merjenjem sprejema kisika so pri preskusnih snoveh, ki ne vsebujejo N, zanemarljive (največ 5 %), tudi če se oksidacija amonijskega dušika kdaj pa kdaj pojavlja v preskusnih posodah in tistih s slepim vzorcem.
However, for test substances containing N, serious errors can arise.
Lahko pa nastanejo resne napake, kadar preskusna snov vsebuje N.
If nitrification has occurred but is not complete the observed oxygen uptake by the reaction mixture may be corrected for the amount of oxygen used in oxidising ammonium to nitrite and nitrate, if the changes in concentration during incubation of nitrite and nitrate are determined by consideration of the following equations:
Če je prišlo do nitrifikacije, ki pa ni popolna, se opaženi sprejem kisika v reakcijski zmesi lahko popravi za količino kisika, porabljenega za oksidacijo amoniaka do nitrita in nitrata, če se določijo spremembe koncentracije nitrita in nitrata med inkubacijo, z upoštevanjem naslednjih enačb:
2 NH4Cl + 3 O2 = 2 HNO2 + 2 HCl + 2 H2O
2 NH4Cl + 3O2 = 2 HN O2 + 2 HCI + 2 H2O
Overall:
Torej:
From equation (1), the oxygen uptake by 28 g of nitrogen contained in ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in being oxidised to nitrite is 96 g, i.e. a factor of 3,43 (96/28).
Po enačbi (1) je količina kisika, ki jo 28 g dušika v amonijevem kloridu (NH4Cl) porabi pri oksidaciji do nitrita, enaka 96 g, faktor je torej 3,43 (96/28).
In the same way, from equation (3) the oxygen uptake by 28 g of nitrogen in being oxidised to nitrate is 128 g, i.e. a factor of 4,57 (128/28).
Po enačbi (3) pa je količina kisika, ki jo porabi 28 g dušika pri oksidaciji do nitrata, enaka 128 g, kar pomeni faktor 4,57 (128/28).
Since the reactions are sequential, being carried out by distinct and different bacterial species, it is possible for the concentration of nitrite to increase or decrease; in the latter case an equivalent concentration of nitrate would be formed.
Ker sta reakciji zaporedni, saj potekata v ločenih in različnih bakterijskih vrstah, se koncentracija nitrita lahko poveča ali zmanjša; v drugem primeru se bo proizvedla ekvivalentna koncentracija nitrata.
Thus, the oxygen consumed in the formation of nitrate is 4,57 multiplied by the increase in concentration of nitrate, whereas the oxygen associated with the formation of nitrite is 3,43 multiplied by the increase in the concentration of nitrite or with the decrease in its concentration the oxygen loss is -3,43 multiplied by the decrease in concentration.
Količina kisika, porabljenega pri tvorbi nitrata, je torej 4,57 pomnoženo s povečanjem koncentracije nitrata, medtem ko je količina kisika, povezana z nastajanjem nitrita, enaka 3,43 pomnoženo s povečanjem koncentracije nitrita oziroma pri zmanjšanju koncentracije nitrita je izguba kisika enaka -3,43 pomnoženo s zmanjšanjem koncentracije.
That is:
To je:
consumed in nitrate formation = 4,57 × increase in nitrate concentration
O2, porabljen pri tvorbi nitrata = 4,57 × povečanje koncentracije nitrata
consumed in nitrite formation = 3,43 × increase in nitrite concentration
O2, porabljen pri tvorbi nitrita = 3,43 × povečanje koncentracije nitrita
lost in nitrite disappearance = -3,43 × decrease in nitrate concentration
O2, izgubljen pri izginjanju nitrita = -3,43 × zmanjšanje koncentracije nitrata
So that
Tako da je
uptake due to nitrification = ±3,43 × change in nitrite conc. +4,57 × increase in nitrate conc.
sprejem O2 zaradi nitrifikacije = ±3,43 × sprememba konc. nitrita +4,57 × povečanje (7) konc. nitrata
uptake due to C oxidation = total observed uptake uptake due to nitrification
sprejem zaradi oksidacije C = celotni opaženi sprejem – sprejem zaradi nitrifikacije
Alternatively, if only total oxidised N is determined, the oxygen uptake due to nitrification may be taken to be, as a first approximation, 4,57 × increase in oxidised N
Če se določi le skupni oksidirani N, se lahko za prvi približek šteje, da je sprejem kisika zaradi nitrifikacije enak 4,57 × povečanje oksidiranega N.
The corrected value for oxygen consumption due to C oxidation is then compared with ThOD NH3, as calculated in Appendix 2.
Popravljena vrednost porabe kisika zaradi oksidacije C se primerja s TPK NH3, kakor se izračuna v Dodatku 2.
The purpose of the method is the measurement of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of solid or liquid organic substances.
Namen te metode je izmeriti biokemijsko potrebo po kisiku (BPK) trdnih ali tekočih organskih snovi.
Data elaborated with this test pertain to water-soluble compounds; however, volatile compounds and those of low water solubility may also, at least in principle, be tested.
Podatki, pridobljeni s tem preskusom, se nanašajo na vodotopne snovi; lahko pa se, vsaj načeloma, preskušajo tudi hlapne snovi in tiste, slabo topne v vodi.
The method is applicable only to those organic test materials which are not inhibitory to bacteria at the concentration used in the test.
Ta metoda se uporablja samo za tiste organske preskusne snovi, ki ne zavirajo bakterij pri koncentraciji, uporabljeni pri preskusu.
If the test material is not soluble at the test concentration, special measures, such as the use of ultrasonic dispersion, may have to be employed to achieve good dispersion of test material.
Če preskusna snov ni topna pri preskusni koncentraciji, bodo morda potrebni posebni ukrepi, kot je uporaba ultrazvočnega dispergiranja, da se doseže dobra disperzija preskusne snovi.
Information on the toxicity of the chemical may be useful to the interpretation of low results and in the selection of appropriate test concentrations.
Podatki o strupenosti snovi so lahko uporabni za razlago nizkih rezultatov in za izbiro primernih preskusnih koncentracij.
The BOD is defined as the mass of dissolved oxygen required by a specified volume of solution of the substance for the process of biochemical oxidation under prescribed conditions.
BPK je opredeljen kot masa raztopljenega kisika, potrebna za biokemijsko oksidacijo določenega volumna raztopine snovi pod predpisanimi pogoji.
The results are expressed as grams of BOD per gram of tested substance.
Rezultati se izrazijo v gramih BPK na gram preskusne snovi.
The use of a suitable reference substance to check the activity of the inoculum is desirable.
Zaželena je uporaba ustrezne referenčne snovi za preverjanje aktivnosti inokuluma.
A predetermined amount of the substance, dissolved or dispersed in a well-aerated suitable medium, is inoculated with micro-organisms and incubated at a constant defined ambient temperature in the dark.
Vnaprej določena količina snovi, raztopljene ali dispergirane v dobro prezračenem primernem mediju, se inokulira z mikroorganizmi in inkubira v temi pri konstantni določeni temperaturi okolja.
The BOD is determined by the difference in dissolved oxygen content at the beginning and at the end of the test.
BPK se določi iz razlike v vsebnosti raztopljenega kisika na začetku in na koncu preskusa.
The duration of the test must be at least five days and not more than 28 days.
Preskus mora trajati najmanj pet dni in največ 28 dni.
A blank must be determined in a parallel assay containing no test substance.
Vzporedno je treba opraviti slepi preskus z vzorcem brez preskusne snovi.
The BOD determination cannot be considered as a valid determination of the biodegradability of a substance.
Določitev BPK se ne šteje za veljavno določitev biorazgradljivosti snovi.
This test may only be regarded as a screening test.
Ta preskus se lahko upošteva le kot presejalni preskus.
A preliminary solution or dispersion of the substance is prepared to obtain a BOD concentration compatible with the method used.
Pripravi se predhodna raztopina ali disperzija snovi, tako da se dobi koncentracija BPK, ki je združljiva z uporabljeno metodo.
The BOD is then determined following any suitable national or international standardised method.
Nato se določi BPK po kateri koli ustrezni nacionalni ali mednarodni standardizirani metodi.
The BOD contained in the preliminary solution is calculated according to the selected normalised method, and converted into grams of BOD per gram of tested substance.
BPK v predhodni raztopini se izračuna po izbrani normirani metodi in pretvori v grame BPK na gram preskusne snovi.
The method used shall be stated.
Navede se uporabljena metoda.
The biochemical oxygen demand should be a mean of at least three valid measurements.
Biokemijska potreba po kisiku mora biti srednja vrednost najmanj treh veljavnih meritev.
All information and remarks relevant for the interpretation of results have to be reported, especially with regard to impurities, physical state, toxic effects and inherent composition of the substance which would affect the results.
Poročati je treba o vseh informacijah in opombah, pomembnih za razlago rezultatov, zlasti glede nečistot, agregatnega stanja, strupenih učinkov in notranje sestave snovi, ki bi lahko vplivale na rezultate.
The use of an additive to inhibit biological nitrification must be reported.
Poročati je treba o uporabi dodatka za zaviranje biološke nitrifikacije.
List of standardised methods, for example:
Seznam standardiziranih metod, na primer: