natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
the results from tests with an inert substance, if any,
rezultate preskusov z inertno snovjo, če so bili izvedeni,
the results from tests in an inert atmosphere, if any.
rezultati preskusov v inertni atmosferi, če so bili izvedeni.
A substance is to be considered as an oxidising substance when:
Šteje se, da je snov oksidativna, kadar:
in the preliminary test, there is a vigorous reaction;
je v predhodnem preskusu nastala silovita reakcija;
in the full test, the maximum burning rate of the mixtures tested is higher than or equal to the maximum burning rate of the reference mixture of cellulose and barium nitrate.
je v popolnem preskusu največja hitrost gorenja preskušenih zmesi večja ali enaka največji hitrosti referenčne zmesi celuloze in barijevega nitrata.
In order to avoid a false positive, the results obtained when testing the substance mixed with an inert material and/or when testing under an inert atmosphere should also be considered when interpreting the results.
Da se izognemo lažno pozitivnim rezultatom, je treba pri razlagi rezultatov upoštevati tudi rezultate, dobljene pri preskušanju snovi, zmešane z inertnim materialom, in/ali pri preskušanju v inertni atmosferi.
Mould and accessories for the preparations of the pile
Kalup in pripomočki za pripravo kupčka
NUMBER-AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF POLYMERS
POVPREČNO ŠTEVILO MOLEKULSKE MASE IN PORAZDELITEV MOLEKULSKE MASE POLIMEROV
This Gel Permeation Chromatographic method is a replicate of the OECD TG 118 (1996).
Ta metoda gelske permeacijske kromatografije je posnetek OECD smernice 118 (1996).
The fundamental principles and further technical information are given in reference (1).
Temeljna načela in nadaljnje tehnične informacije so navedene v literaturi 1.
Since the properties of polymers are so varied, it is impossible to describe one single method setting out precisely the conditions for separation and evaluation which cover all eventualities and specificities occurring in the separation of polymers.
Ker so lastnosti polimerov tako raznolike, je nemogoče opisati eno samo metodo, s katero bi bili natančno določeni pogoji za separacijo in ocenjevanje, ki bi pokrivali vse možnosti in posebnosti, do katerih pride pri separaciji polimerov.
In particular, complex polymer systems are often not amenable to gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
Zlasti se gelski permeacijski kromatografiji (GPC) pogosto ne da podrediti kompleksnih sistemov polimerov.
When GPC is not practicable, the molecular weight may be determined by means of other methods (see Appendix).
Kadar GPC metode ni mogoče uporabiti, lahko molekulsko maso določimo s pomočjo drugih metod (glej Prilogo).
In such cases, full details and justification should be given for the method used.
V takšnih primerih je treba uporabljeno metodo natančno obrazložiti in utemeljiti.
The method described is based on DIN Standard 55672 (1).
Opisana metoda temelji na DIN standardu 55672 (1).
Detailed information about how to carry out the experiments and how to evaluate the data can be found in this DIN Standard.
Ta DIN standard vsebuje podrobne informacije o načinu izvajanja poskusov in ocenjevanja podatkov.
In case modifications of the experimental conditions are necessary, these changes must be justified.
V primeru, da je treba pogoje poskusa spremeniti, je treba takšne spremembe utemeljiti.
Other standards may be used, if fully referenced.
Lahko uporabimo tudi druge standarde, če so v celoti podprti z viri.
The method described uses polystyrene samples of known polydispersity for calibration and it may have to be modified to be suitable for certain polymers, e.g. water soluble and long-chain branched polymers.
Opisana metoda uporablja vzorce polistirena znane polidisperznosti za kalibriranje in jo bo mogoče treba spremeniti, da bo ustrezala določenim polimerom, npr. v vodi topnim polimerom in razvejanim polimerom z dolgimi verigami.
The number-average molecular weight Mn and the weight average molecular weight Mw are determined using the following equations:
Povprečno število molekulske mase Mn in povprečno maso molekulske mase Mw določimo s pomočjo naslednjih enačb:
where,
kjer sta:
Hi is the level of the detector signal from the baseline for the retention volume Vi,
Hi stopnja signala detektorja od osnovne črte za retenzijski volumen Vi,
Mi is the molecular weight of the polymer fraction at the retention volume Vi, and
Mi molekulska masa frakcije polimera pri retenzijskem volumnu Vi in
n is the number of data points.
n število podatkovnih točk.
The breadth of the molecular weight distribution, which is a measure of the dispersity of the system, is given by the ratio Mw/Mn.
Razpon porazdelitve molekulske mase, ki je mera za disperznost sistema, se kaže z razmerjem Mw/Mn.
The calibration curve can only be used in the determination of the molecular weight of the unknown sample if the conditions for the separation of the sample and the standards have been selected in an identical manner.
Kalibracijsko krivuljo lahko uporabimo le pri določanju molekulske mase neznanega vzorca, če so pogoji za separacijo vzorca in standardov izbrani na povsem enak način.
A determined relationship between the molecular weight and elution volume is only valid under the specific conditions of the particular experiment.
Določeno razmerje med molekulsko maso in volumnom elucije je veljavno le pod specifičnimi pogoji posameznega poskusa.
The conditions include, above all, the temperature, the solvent (or solvent mixture), the chromatography conditions and the separation column or system of columns.
Ti pogoji vključujejo predvsem temperaturo, topilo (ali mešanico topila), kromatografske pogoje in separacijsko kolono ali sistem kolon.
The molecular weights of the sample determined in this way are relative values and are described as ‘polystyrene equivalent molecular weights’.
Tako določene molekulske mase vzorca so relativne vrednosti in so opisane kot „ekvivalentne molekulske mase polistirena“.
This means that dependent on the structural and chemical differences between the sample and the standards, the molecular weights can deviate from the absolute values to a greater or a lesser degree.
To pomeni, da se lahko glede na strukturalne in kemične razlike med vzorcem in standardi molekulske mase bolj ali manj oddaljijo od absolutnih vrednosti.
If other standards are used, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, the reason should be stated.
Če uporabimo druge standarde, npr. polietilen glikol, polietilen oksid, polimetil metakrilat, poliakrilno kislino, je treba za to navesti razloge.
Both the molecular weight distribution of the sample and the average molecular weights (Mn, Mw) can be determined using GPC.
Porazdelitev molekulske mase vzorca in povprečno molekulsko maso (Mn, Mw) lahko določimo z uporabo GPC metode.
GPC is a special type of liquid chromatography in which the sample is separated according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the individual constituents (2).
GPC je poseben tip tekočinske kromatografije, kjer vzorec separiramo v skladu s hidrodinamičnimi volumni posameznih sestavin (2).
Separation is effected as the sample passes through a column which is filled with a porous material, typically an organic gel.
Separacija se izvede, ko vzorec preteče skozi kolono, napolnjeno s poroznim materialom, običajno z organskim gelom.
Small molecules can penetrate the pores whereas large molecules are excluded.
Majhne molekule lahko predrejo skozi pore, večje molekule pa se izločijo.
The path of the large molecules is thereby shorter and these are eluted first.
Pot večjih molekul je tako krajša in te so najprej eluirane.
The medium-sized molecules penetrate some of the pores and are eluted later.
Srednje velike molekule predrejo skozi nekaj por in so eluirane pozneje.
The smallest molecules, with a mean hydrodynamic radius smaller than the pores of the gel, can penetrate all of the pores.
Najmanjše molekule, katerih povprečen hidrodinamični premer je manjši od por gela, lahko predrejo skozi vse pore.
These are eluted last.
Te so eluirane zadnje.
In an ideal situation, the separation is governed entirely by the size of the molecular species, but in practice it is difficult to avoid at least some absorption effects interfering.
V idealnih razmerah na separacijo v celoti vpliva velikost molekulskih vrst, vendar pa se v praksi težko izognemo vsaj nekaterim oviraj očim učinkom absorbcije.
Uneven column packing and dead volumes can worsen the situation (2).
Neenakomerna napolnjenost kolon in mrtvi volumni lahko razmere poslabšajo (2).
Detection is effected by, e.g. refractive index or UV-absorption, and yields a simple distribution curve.
Ugotavljanje izvedemo, na primer, na osnovi refrakcijskega indeksa ali UV absorpcije in dobimo preprosto distribucijsko krivuljo.
However, to attribute actual molecular weight values to the curve, it is necessary to calibrate the column by passing down polymers of known molecular weight and, ideally, of broadly similar structure e.g. various polystyrene standards.
Da pa bi na krivulji opredelili dejanske vrednosti molekulske mase, moramo kalibrirati kolono, tako da skoznjo pretečejo polimeri z znano molekulsko maso in, v idealnem primeru, v glavnem podobno strukturo, npr. različni standardi polistirena.
Typically a Gaussian curve results, sometimes distorted by a small tail to the low molecular weight side, the vertical axis indicating the quantity, by weight, of the various molecular weight species eluted, and the horizontal axis the log molecular weight.
Rezultat Gaussove krivulje, čeprav včasih popačen z majhnim repom na strani nizke molekulske mase, je običajno tak, da navpična os kaže količino, izraženo z maso, raznih eluiranih vrst molekulske mase, vodoravna os pa logaritem molekulske mase.
The repeatability (Relative Standard Deviation: RSD) of the elution volume should be better than 0,3 %.
Ponovljivost (Relativna standardna deviacija: RSD) volumna elucije bi morala preseči 0,3 %.
The required repeatability of the analysis has to be ensured by correction via an internal standard if a chromatogram is evaluated time-dependently and does not correspond to the above mentioned criterion (1).
Zahtevana ponovljivost analize mora biti zagotovljena s korekcijo prek internega standarda, če je kromatogram ocenjen v časovni odvisnosti in če ne ustreza zgoraj navedenem kriteriju (1).
The polydispersities are dependent on the molecular weights of the standards.
Polidisperznosti so odvisne od molekulskih mas standardov.
In the case of polystyrene standards typical values are:
V primeru standarda polistirena so tipične vrednosti naslednje:
(Mp is the molecular weight of the standard at the peak maximum)
(Mp je molekulska masa standarda pri maksimumu vrha)
Preparation of the standard polystyrene solutions
Priprava standardnih raztopin polistirena
The polystyrene standards are dissolved by careful mixing in the chosen eluent.
Standardi polistirena se raztopijo s previdnim mešanjem v izbranem eluatu.
The recommendations of the manufacturer must be taken into account in the preparation of the solutions.
Pri pripravi raztopin je treba upoštevati navodila proizvajalca.
The concentrations of the standards chosen are dependent on various factors, e.g. injection volume, viscosity of the solution and sensitivity of the analytical detector.
Koncentracije izbranih standardov so odvisne od različnih dejavnikov, npr. injekcijski volumen, viskoznost raztopine in občutljivost analitskega detektorja.
The maximum injection volume must be adapted to the length of the column, in order to avoid overloading.
Maksimalen injekcijski volumen mora biti prilagojen dolžini kolone, da bi se izognili preobremenitvi.
Typical injection volumes for analytical separations using GPC with a column of 30 cm × 7,8 mm are normally between 40 and 100 μl.
Tipični injekcijski volumni za analitične separacije pri uporabi GPC metode s kolono 30 cm × 7,8 mm so navadno med 40 in 100 μl.
Higher volumes are possible, but they should not exceed 250 μl.
Možni so višji volumni, vendar ne smejo presegati 250 μl.
The optimal ratio between the injection volume and the concentration must be determined prior to the actual calibration of the column.
Optimalno razmerje med injekcijskim volumnom in koncentracijo je treba določiti pred dejanskim kalibriranjem kolone.
Preparation of the sample solution
Priprava raztopine vzorca
In principle, the same requirements apply to the preparation of the sample solutions.
Načeloma veljajo za pripravo raztopin vzorca enake zahteve.
The sample is dissolved in a suitable solvent, e.g. tetrahydrofuran (THF), by shaking carefully.
Vzorec se raztopi v ustreznem topilu, npr. tetrahidrofuranu (THF), če ga previdno pretresemo.
Under no circumstances should it be dissolved using an ultrasonic bath.
V nobenem primeru ga ne smemo raztopiti z uporabo ultrazvočne kopeli.
When necessary, the sample solution is purified via a membrane filter with a pore size of between 0,2 and 2 μm.
Kadar je potrebno, se raztopina vzorca očisti skozi membranski filter z velikostjo por med 0,2 in 2 μm.
The presence of undissolved particles must be recorded in the final report as these may be due to high molecular weight species.
Prisotnost neraztopljenih delcev je treba zabeležiti v zaključnem poročilu, saj do tega lahko pride zaradi vrst visoke molekulske mase.
An appropriate method should be used to determine the percentage by weight of the undissolved particles.
Uporabiti je treba ustrezno metodo za določitev odstotka razgrajenih delcev po masi.
The solutions should be used within 24 hours.
Raztopine je treba uporabiti v 24 urah.
solvent reservoir,
zbiralnik za topilo,
degasser (where appropriate),
digestorij (kjer je primerno),
pump,
črpalka,
pulse dampener (where appropriate),
blažilec tresljajev (kjer je primerno),
injection system,
injekcijski sistem,
chromatography columns,
kromatografske kolone,
flowmeter (where appropriate),
merilec pretoka (kjer je primerno),
data recorder-processor,
snemalnik in obdelovalec podatkov,
waste vessel.
posoda za odpadke.
It must be ensured that the GPC system is inert with regard to the utilised solvents (e.g. by the use of steel capillaries for THF solvent).
Zagotoviti je treba da je sistem GPC inerten v zvezi z uporabljenimi topili (npr. z uporabo jeklenih kapilar za topilo THF).
Injection and solvent delivery system
Injekcijski sistem in sistem prenosa topila
A defined volume of the sample solution is loaded onto the column either using an auto-sampler or manually in a sharply defined zone.
Določen volumen raztopine vzorca nanesemo na kolono bodisi z avtomatičnim vzorčevalcem bodisi ročno na natančno določeno mesto.
Withdrawing or depressing the plunger of the syringe too quickly, if done manually, can cause changes in the observed molecular weight distribution.
Če pri ročnem nanosu konico brizgalke prehitro umaknemo ali pritisnemo, lahko povzročimo spremembe v ugotovljeni porazdelitvi molekulske mase.
The solvent-delivery system should, as far as possible, be pulsation-free ideally incorporating a pulse dampener.
Sistem prenosa topila mora biti, kolikor je mogoče, brez tresljajev, zato je najbolje, če uporabimo blažilec tresljajev.
The flow rate is of the order of 1 ml/min.
Red stopnje pretoka je 1 ml/min.
Column
Kolona
Depending on the sample, the polymer is characterised using either a simple column or several columns connected in sequence.
Polimer je opredeljen z uporabo bodisi preproste kolone bodisi več zaporedno povezanih kolon, odvisno od vzorca.
A number of porous column materials with defined properties (e.g. pore size, exclusion limits) are commercially available.
V prodaji so na voljo številni porozni materiali kolon z opredeljenimi lastnostmi (npr. velikost por, meje izločanja).
Selection of the separation gel or the length of the column is dependent on both the properties of the sample (hydrodynamic volumes, molecular weight distribution) and the specific conditions for separation such as solvent, temperature and flow rate (1)(2)(3).
Izbor separacijskega gela ali dolžine kolone je odvisen tako od lastnosti vzorca (hidrodinamični volumni, porazdelitev molekulske mase) in specifičnih pogojev za separacijo, kot so topilo, temperatura in pretok (1) (2) (3).
Theoretical plates
Teoretični platoji
The column or the combination of columns used for separation must be characterised by the number of theoretical plates.
Kolona ali kombinacija kolon, uporabljenih za separacijo, mora biti opredeljen s številom teoretičnih platojev.
This involves, in the case of THF as elution solvent, loading a solution of ethyl benzene or other suitable non-polar solute onto a column of known length.
V primeru THF kot elucijskega topila to vsebuje nanos raztopine etil benzena ali drugega ustreznega nepolarnega vzorca na kolono znane dolžine.
The number of theoretical plates is given by the following equation:
Število teoretičnih platojev dobimo z naslednjo enačbo:
N the number of theoretical plates
N število teoretičnih platojev
the elution volume at the peak maximum
elucijski volumen na maksimumu vrha
W the baseline peak width
W temelj širine vrha
the peak width at half height
širina vrha na polovici višine
Separation efficiency
Učinkovitost separacije
In addition to the number of theoretical plates, which is a quantity determining the bandwidth, a part is also played by the separation efficiency, this being determined by the steepness of the calibration curve.
Poleg števila teoretičnih platojev, ki predstavlja količino, ki določa širino traku, svojo vlogo igra tudi učinkovitost separacije, ki jo določa nagib kalibracijske krivulje.
The separation efficiency of a column is obtained from the following relationship:
Učinkovitost separacije kolone dobimo iz naslednjega razmerja:
cross sectional area of the column
prečni preres kolone
the elution volume for polystyrene with the molecular weight Mx
elucijski volumen za polistiren z molekulsko maso Mx
the elution volume for polystyrene with a ten times greater molecular weight
elucijski volumen za polistiren z 10 krat večjo molekulsko maso
The resolution of the system is commonly defined as follows:
Resolucijo sistema običajno opredelimo na naslednji način:
the elution volumes of the two polystyrene standards at the peak maximum
elucijska volumna dveh standardov polistirena na maksimumu vrha
the peak widths at the base-line
širini vrha pri osnovni črti
the molecular weights at the peak maximum (should differ by a factor of 10)
molekulski masi pri maksimumu vrha (naj se razlikujeta s faktorjem 10).
The R-value for the column system should be greater than 1.7 (4).
R-vrednost sistema kolone mora biti večja od 1, 7 (4).
All solvents must be of high purity (for THF purity of 99,5 % is used).
Vsa topila morajo biti visoke čistosti (za THF se uporablja čistost 99,5 %).
The solvent reservoir (if necessary in an inert gas atmosphere) must be sufficiently large for the calibration of the column and several sample analyses.
Zbiralnik za topilo (če je potreben v inertnem plinskem ozračju) mora biti dovolj velik za kalibriranje kolon in nekaj analiz vzorca.
The solvent must be degassed before it is transported to the column via the pump.
Topilo je treba razpliniti preden ga s črpalko prenesemo na kolono.
Temperature control
Nadzor temperature
The temperature of the critical internal components (injection loop, columns, detector and tubing) should be constant and consistent with the choice of solvent.
Temperatura kritičnih internih sestavin (injekcijski zvitek, kolone, detektor in cevovod) mora biti konstantna in v skladu z izbranim topilom.
The purpose of the detector is to record quantitatively the concentration of sample eluted from the column.
Namen detektorja je količinsko beleženje koncentracije iz kolone eluiranega vzorca.
In order to avoid unnecessary broadening of peaks the cuvette volume of the detector cell must be kept as small as possible.
Da bi se izognili nepotrebni širitvi vrhov, mora kivetni volumen detektorske celice ostati čim manjši.
It should not be larger than 10 μl except for light scattering and viscosity detectors. Differential refractometry is usually used for detection.
Razen v primeru disperzije svetlobe in detektorjev viskoznosti ne sme presegati 10 μ l. Za detekcijo se navadno uporablja diferencialna refraktometrija.
However, if required by the specific properties of the sample or the elution solvent, other types of detectors can be used, e.g. UV/VIS, IR, viscosity detectors, etc.
Vendar pa, če to zahtevajo specifične lastnosti vzorca ali elucijskega topila, je mogoče uporabiti tudi druge tipe detektorjev, npr. UV/VIS, IR, detektorje viskoznosti, itd.
DATA AND REPORTING
PODATKI IN POROČANJE
The DIN Standard (1) should be referred to for the detailed evaluation criteria as well as for the requirements relating to the collecting and processing of data.
Za podrobne ocenjevalne kriterije kot tudi za zahteve, ki se nanašajo na zbiranje in obdelavo podatkov, se je treba sklicevati na DIN standard (1).
For each sample, two independent experiments must be carried out.
Za vsak vzorec je treba opraviti dva samostojna poskusa.
They have to be analysed individually.
Analizirati je treba vsakega posebej.
Mn, Mw, Mw/Mn and Mp must be provided for every measurement.
Za vsako meritev je treba določiti Mn, Mw, Mw/Mn in Mp.
It is necessary to indicate explicitly that the measured values are relative values equivalent to the molecular weights of the standard used.
Potrebno je eksplicitno označiti, da so merjene vrednosti relativne vrednosti, ekvivalentne molekulskim masam uporabljenega standarda.
After determination of the retention volumes or the retention times (possibly corrected using an internal standard), log Mp values (Mp being the peak maxima of the calibration standard) are plotted against one of those quantities.
Po določitvi retenzijskih volumnov ali retenzijskih časov (po možnosti popravljenih z uporabo internega standarda), se logaritem Mp vrednosti (kjer je Mp maskimum vrha kalibracijskega standarda) prikažejo ob eni izmed teh količin.
At least two calibration points are necessary per molecular weight decade, and at least five measurement points are required for the total curve, which should cover the estimated molecular weight of the sample.
Najmanj dve kalibracijski točki sta potrebni za dekado molekulske mase, najmanj pet meritvenih točk pa je zahtevanih za celotno krivuljo, ki bi morala pokrivati ocenjeno molekulsko maso vzorca.
The low molecular weight end-point of the calibration curve is defined by n-hexyl benzene or another suitable non-polar solute.
Končno točko nizke molekulske mase na kalibracijski krivulji določa n-heksil benzen ali kateri drug ustrezen nepolaren vzorec.
The number average and the weight-average molecular weights are generally determined by means of electronic data processing, based on the formulas of section 1.2.
Povprečno število in povprečno maso molekulskih mas navadno določimo s pomočjo elektronske obdelave podatkov, ki temelji na enačbah iz oddelka 1.2.
In case manual digitisation is used, ASTM D 3536-91 can be consulted (3).
V primeru ročne digitalizacije, se lahko upošteva ASTM D 3536-91 (3).
The distribution curve must be provided in the form of a table or as figure (differential frequency or sum percentages against log M).
Porazdelitvena krivulja mora biti posredovana v obliki tabele ali grafa (diferencialna frekvenca ali odstotek vsot proti logaritmu M).
In the graphic representation, one molecular weight decade should be normally about 4 cm in width and the peak maximum should be about 8 cm in height.
V grafičnem prikazu mora biti normalna širina ene dekade molekulske mase 4 cm, maksimum vrha pa naj sega približno 8 cm v višino.
In the case of integral distribution curves the difference in the ordinate between 0 and 100 % should be about 10 cm.
V primeru integralnih porazdelitvenih krivulj mora biti razlika na ordinati med 0 in 100 % približno 10 cm.
The test report must include the following information:
Poročilo o preskusu mora vsebovati naslednje podatke:
Test substance:
Preskusna snov:
available information about test substance (identity, additives, impurities),
razpoložljive informacije o preskusni snovi (identiteta, aditivi, nečistote),
description of the treatment of the sample, observations, problems.
opis obdelave vzorca, ugotovitve, problemi.