natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
This toxicity test is a laboratory method, designed to assess the acute contact toxicity of plant protection products and other chemicals to adult worker honeybees.
Ta preskus toksičnosti je laboratorijska metoda, namenjena oceni akutne kontaktne toksičnosti fitofarmacevtskih sredstev in drugih kemikalij za odrasle čebele delavke.
In the assessment and evaluation of toxic characteristics of substances, determination of acute contact toxicity in honeybees may be required, e.g. when exposure of bees to a given chemical is likely.
Pri ocenjevanju in ovrednotenju toksičnih lastnosti snovi, je lahko potrebna določitev akutne kontaktne toksičnosti pri čebelah, npr. kadar je verjetna izpostavljenost čebel dani kemikaliji.
The acute contact toxicity test is carried out to determine the inherent toxicity of pesticides and other chemicals to bees.
Preskus akutne kontaktne toksičnosti se izvede, da se ugotovi inherentna toksičnost pesticidov in drugih kemikalij za čebele.
The results of this test should be used to define the need for further evaluation.
Rezultate teh preskusov je treba uporabiti za opredelitev potrebe po nadaljnjem ocenjevanju.
Acute contact toxicity: is the adverse effects occurring within a maximum period of 96 h of a topical application of a single dose of a substance.
Akutna kontaktna toksičnost: so škodljivi učinki, ki se pojavijo v največ 96 urah topične aplikacije enkratnega odmerka snovi.
Dose: is the amount of test substance applied.
Odmerek: je količina uporabljene preskusne snovi.
LD50(Median Lethal Dose) contact: is a statistically derived single dose of a substance that can cause death in 50 % of animals when administered by the contact.
LD50(srednji smrtni odmerek) pri kontaktu: je statistično dobljen enkratni odmerek snovi, ki lahko povzroči smrt pri 50 % živalih, ki se aplicira s kontaktom.
The LD50 value is given in μg of test substance per bee.
Vrednost LD50 se navede v μg preskusne snovi na čebelo.
Adult worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) are exposed to a range of doses of the test substance dissolved in appropriate carrier, by direct application to the thorax (droplets).
Odrasle čebele delavke (Apis mellifera) se izpostavijo nizu odmerkov preskusne snovi, raztopljene v ustreznem nosilcu, z neposredno aplikacijo na toraks (kapljice).
The test duration is 48 h. If the mortality rate is increasing between 24 h and 48 h whilst control mortality remains at an accepted level, i.e. < 10 %, it is appropriate to extend the duration of the test to a maximum of 96 h. Mortality is recorded daily and compared with control values.
Trajanje preskusa je 48 ur. Če se stopnja smrtnosti povečuje v času med 24. in 48. uro, medtem ko smrtnost kontrolne skupine ostaja na sprejemljivi ravni, t.j. ± 10 %, je primerno podaljšati preskus na največ 96 ur. Smrtnost se dnevno zapisuje in primerja s kontrolnimi vrednostmi.
The results are analysed in order to calculate the LD50 at 24 h and 48 h, and in case the study is prolonged at 72 h and 96 h.
Rezultati se analizirajo, da se izračuna LD50 po 24-ih urah in 48 urah, in če se preskus podaljša, po 72 urah in 96 urah.
the average mortality for the total numbers of controls must not exceed 10 % at the end of the test,
povprečna smrtnost za celotno število kontrol ne sme preseči 10 % na koncu preskusa,
Young adult worker bees should be used, i.e. bees of the same age, feeding status, race etc. Bees should be obtained from adequately fed, healthy, as far as possible disease-free and queen-right colonies with known history and physiological status.
Uporabiti moramo mlade odrasle čebele delavke, t.j. čebele iste starosti, prehranjevalnega statusa, pasme itn. Dobiti jih moramo iz kolonij z matico, ki dobivajo primerno hrano, so zdrave, kolikor je mogoče brez bolezni, z znano zgodovino in fiziološkim stanjem.
Collection in early spring or late autumn should be avoided, as the bees have a changed physiology during the time.
Izogibati se je treba zbiranju zgodaj spomladi in pozno jeseni, ker je v tem času fiziološko stanje čebel spremenjeno.
If tests have to be conduced in early spring or late autumn, bees can be emerged in an incubator and reared for one week with ‘bee bread’ (pollen collected from the comb) and sucrose solution.
Če je treba preskuse opraviti zgodaj spomladi ali pozno jeseni, se čebele lahko dajo v inkubator in en teden hranijo s „čebeljo pogačo“ (pelodom, nabranim iz sata) in raztopino saharoze.
Any appropriate material can be used, e.g. stainless steel, wire mesh, plastic, disposable wooden cages, etc. The size of test cages should be appropriate to the number of bees, i.e. providing adequate space.
Uporabi se lahko kateri koli primeren material, npr. nerjavno jeklo, žična mreža, plastika ali lesene kletke za enkratno uporabo itn. Velikost preskusnih kletk mora biti primerna za število čebel, t.j. da zagotavlja dovolj prostora.
Groups of 10 bees per cage are preferred.
Po možnosti naj bo v vsaki kletki 10 čebel.
The bees should be held in the dark in an experimental room at a temperature of 25 ± 2 οC.
Čebele je treba imeti v temi v prostoru, kjer se izvaja preskus pri temperaturi 25 ± 2 oC.
Sucrose solution in water with a final concentration of 500 g/l (50 % w/v) should be used as food and provided ad libitum during the test time, using a bee feeder.
Kot hrana se uporablja raztopina saharoze v vodi s končno koncentracijo 500 g/l (50 % m/v), ki jo je treba zagotavljati ad libitum v preskusnem času z uporabo krmilnika čebele.
This can be a glass tube (approximately 50 mm long and 10 mm wide with the open end narrowed to about 2 mm diameter).
To je lahko steklena cevka (približno 50 mm dolga in 10 mm široka z odprtim koncem, zožanim na približno 2 mm v premeru).
The collected bees may be anaesthetised with carbon dioxide or nitrogen for application of the test substance.
Zbrane čebele se lahko za nanos preskusne snovi anestezirajo z ogljikovim dioksidom ali dušikom.
The amount of anaesthetic used and time of exposure should be minimised.
Uporabljena količina anestetika in čas izpostavljenosti morata biti čim manjša.
The test substance is to be applied as solution in a carrier, i.e. an organic solvent or a water solution with a wetting agent.
Preskusno snov je treba nanesti kot raztopino v nosilcu, t.j. v organskem topilu ali v vodni raztopini z vlažilnim sredstvom.
As organic solvent, acetone is preferred but other organic solvents of low toxicity to bees may be used (e.g. dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide).
Organsko topilo naj bo po možnosti aceton, vendar se lahko uporabijo tudi druga organska topila nizke toksičnosti za čebele (npr. dimetil formamid, dimetil sulfoksid).
For water dispersed formulated products and highly polar organic substances not soluble in organic carrier solvents, solutions may be easier to apply if prepared in a weak solution of a commercial wetting agent (e.g. Agral, Cittowett, Lubrol, Triton, Tween).
Za formulirane pripravke dispergirane v vodi in zelo polarne organske snovi, ki niso topne v organskih topilih, je raztopine lažje nanašati, če so pripravljene v šibki raztopini komercialnega vlažilnega sredstva (npr. Agral, Cittowett, Lubrol, Triton, Tween).
Appropriate control solutions should be prepared, i.e. where a solvent or a dispersant is used to solubilise the test substance, two separate control groups should be used, one treated with water, and one treated with the solvent/dispersant.
Pripraviti je treba primerne kontrolne raztopine, t.j. kadar se za raztapljanje preskusne snovi uporabi topilo ali disperzijsko sredstvo, je treba uporabiti dve ločeni kontrolni skupini: eno, tretirano z vodo, in eno, tretirano z topilom/disperzij skim sredstvom.
The number of doses and replicates tested should meet the statistical requirements for determination LD50 with 95 % confidence limits.
Število preskušanih odmerkov in ponovitev mora zadoščati statističnim zahtevam za določitev LD50 z 95 % intervalom zaupanja.
Normally five doses in a geometric series, with a factor not exceeding 2,2, and covering the range for LD50, are required for the test.
Navadno je za preskus potrebnih pet odmerkov v geometrijskemem zaporedju s faktorjem, ki ne presega 2,2 in pokriva območje LD50.
However, the number of doses has to be determined in relation to the slope of the toxicity curve (dose versus mortality) and with consideration taken to the statistical method which is chosen for analysis of the results.
Vendar je treba število odmerkov določiti glede na nagib krivulje toksičnosti (odmerek/smrtnost) in z upoštevanjem statistične metode, ki smo jo zbrali za analizo rezultatov.
A range-finding test enables the choice of the appropriate doses.
Preskus za določitev območja omogoča izbiro primernih odmerkov.
If an organic solvent or a wetting agent is used three additional control batches of each 10 bees for the solvent or the wetting agent have to be included.
Če se uporabi organsko topilo ali vlažilno sredstvo, je treba vključiti tri dodatne kontrolne skupine po 10 čebel za topilo ali vlažilno sredstvo.
A toxic standard must be included in the test series.
V preskusni niz je treba vključiti toksični standard.
The preferred toxic standard is dimethoate, for which the reported contact LD50-24 h is in the range 0,10-0,30 μg a.s./bee (2).
Priporočljiv toksičen standard je dimetoat, za katerega je znana vrednost (kontaktna) LD50-24 h v območju 0,10–0,30 μg a.s./čebelo (2).
Anaesthetised bees are individually treated by topical application.
Čebele se pod anestezijo individualno tretirajo s topično aplikacijo.
The bees are randomly assigned to the different test doses and controls.
Čebele se naključno dodelijo skupinam z različnim preskusnim odmerkom in kontrolam.
A volume of 1 μl of solution containing the test substance at the suitable concentration should be applied with a microapplicator to the dorsal side of the thorax of each bee.
Na hrbtno stran toraksa vsake čebele se z mikroaplikatorjem nanese 1 μl raztopine, ki vsebuje preskusno snov v primerni koncentraciji.
Other volumes may be used, if justified.
Uporabijo se lahko tudi drugačne količine, če je to utemeljeno.
After application, the bees are allocated to test cages and supplied with sucrose solutions.
Po nanosu odmerka, se čebele dajo v preskusne kletke in oskrbijo z raztopino saharoze.
Mortality is recorded at 4 h after dosing and thereafter at 24 h and 48 h. If a prolonged observation period is required, further assessments should be made, at 24 h intervals, to a maximum of 96 h, provided that the control mortality does not exceeding 10 %.
Smrtnost se zapiše 4 ure po odmerjanju in nato po 24 urah in 48 urah. Če je potreben podaljšan opazovalni čas, je treba izvesti dodatna opazovanja v 24 urnih časovnih razmikih, največ 96 ur, pod pogojem da smrtnost kontrolnih skupin ne presega 10 %.
In some cases (e.g. when a test substance is expected to be of low toxicity) limit test may be performed, using 100 μg a.s./bee in order to demonstrate that the LD50 is greater than this value.
V nekaterih primerih (npr. kadar se pričakuje, da je preskusna snov nizke toksičnosti) se lahko naredi mejni preskus, tako da se uporabi 100 μg a.s./čebelo, da se prikaže, da je LD50 večji od te vrednosti.
The same procedure should be used, including three replicate test groups for the test dose, the relevant controls, and the use of the toxic standard.
Uporabiti je treba isti postopek, vključno s tremi ponovitvenimi preskusnimi skupinami za preskusni odmerek, ustreznimi kontrolnimi skupinami in uporabo toksičnega standarda.
If sublethal effects are observed (see Section 1.6.4) these should be recorded.
Če se opazijo subletalni učinki (glej poglavje 1.6.4), jih je treba zapisati.
Data should be summarised in tabular form, showing for each treatment group, as well as, control and toxic standard groups, the number of bees used, mortality at each observation time and number of bees with adverse behaviour.
Podatke je treba povzeti v obliki tabele, ki za vsako tretirano Skupino in za kontrolne skupine in za skupine toksičnega standarda prikazujejo število uporabljenih čebel, smrtnost ob vsakem času opazovanja in število čebel, ki se nenormalno vedejo.
Plot dose-response curves at each recommended observation time (i.e. 24 h, 48 h and, if relevant, 72 h, 96 h) and calculate the slopes of the curves and the median lethal doses (LD50) with 95 % confidence limits.
24 ur, 48 ur in, če pride v poštev, 72 ur in 96 ur) in izračunajo nagib krivulj in srednji smrtni odmerki (LD50) z 95 % intervalom zaupanja.
physical nature and physical-chemical properties (e.g. stability in water, vapour pressure),
fizikalno stanje in fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti (npr. obstojnost v vodi, parni tlak),
methods of administration of test substance, e.g. carrier solvent used, volume of test solution applied anaesthetics used,
metode nanosa preskusne snovi, npr. uporabljeno topilo, prostornina nanešene preskusne raztopine, uporabljeni anestetiki,
test design, e.g. number and test doses used, number of controls; for each test dose and control, number of replicate cages and number of bees per cage,
načrt preskusa, npr. število in koncentracije preskusnih odmerkov, število kontrol; za vsak preskusni odmerek in kontrolo, število ponovitvenih kletk in število čebel na kletko,
raw data: mortality at each concentration tested at each observation time,
grobi podatki: smrtnost pri vsaki preskušani koncentraciji ob vsakem opazovalnem času,
values, with 95 % confidence limits, at each of the recommended observation times, for test substance and toxic standard,
vrednosti LD50 z 95 % intervalom zaupanja ob vsakem od priporočenih opazovalnih časov za preskusno snov in toksični standard,
other biological effects observed or measured and any abnormal responses of the bees,
drugi opaženi ali izmerjeni biološki učinki, npr. nenormalni odzivi čebel,
any deviation from the test method procedures described here and any other relevant information.
kakršno koli odstopanje od preskusnega postopka, ki je tu opisan, in kakršen koli drug relevanten podatek.
EPPO bulletin, vol. 23, N.1, p. 151-165.
EPPO bulletin, vol. 23, N.1, 151–165.
Gough, H. J., McIndoe, E.C., Lewis, G.B., (1994) The use of dimethoate as a reference compound in laboratory acute toxicity tests on honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), 1981-1992.
Gough, H. J., McIndoe, E.C., Lewis, G.B. (1994). The use of dimethoate as a reference compound in laboratory acute toxicity tests on honeybees (Apis mellifera L.), 1981–1992.
Journal of Apicultural Research 22, p. 119-125.
Journal of Apicultural Research 22, 119–125.
This method is a replicate of the OECD TG 106, for the Determination of Soil Adsorption/Desorption, using a Batch Equilibrium Method (2000).
Ta metoda ustreza metodi OECD tg 106 za določanje adsorpcije/desorpcije s pomočjo metode šaržnega ravnotežja (2000).
The method takes into account a ring test and a workshop for soil selection for the development of an adsorption test (1)(2)(3)(4) and also existing guidelines at national level (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).
Metoda upošteva krožni preskus in delavnico o izbiranju tal za razvoj preskusa adsorpcije (1) (2) (3) (4) ter tudi obstoječe smernice na nacionalni ravni (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11).
Adsorption/desorption studies are useful for generating essential information on the mobility of chemicals and their distribution in the soil, water and air compartments of the biosphere (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21).
Študije adsorpcije/desorpcije so koristne za pridobivanje bistvenih informacij o mobilnosti kemikalij in njihovi porazdelitvi v tleh, vodi in zraku znotraj biosfere (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21).
The information can be used in the prediction or estimation, for example, of the availability of a chemical for degradation (22)(23), transformation and uptake by organisms (24); leaching through the soil profile (16)(18)(19)(21)(25)(26)(27)(28); volatility from soil (21)(29)(30); run-off from land surfaces into natural waters (18)(31)(32).
Informacije se lahko uporabijo za napovedovanje ali ocenjevanje, na primer, razpoložljivosti kemikalije za razgradnjo (22) (23), transformacijo ali vnos v organizme (24); izluževanja skozi talni profil (16) (18) (19) (21) (25) (26) (27) (28); izhlapevanja iz tal (21) (29) (30); odtekanja s površin v naravne vode (18) (31) (32).
Adsorption data can be used for comparative and modelling purposes (19)(33)(34)(35).
Podatki o adsorpciji se lahko uporabijo za namene primerjave in modeliranja (19) (33) (34) (35).
The distribution of a chemical between soil and aqueous phases is a complex process depending on a number of different factors: the chemical nature of the substance (12)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40), the characteristics of the soil (4)(12)(13)(14)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49), and climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, sunlight and wind.
Porazdelitev kemikalije med talno in vodno fazo je kompleksen proces, odvisen od številnih različnih dejavnikov: kemične narave snovi (12) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40), lastnosti tal (4) (12) (13) (14) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) in podnebnih dejavnikov, kot so padavine, temperatura, sončna svetloba in veter.
Thus, the numerous phenomena and mechanisms involved in the process of adsorption of a chemical by soil cannot be completely defined by a simplified laboratory model such as the present method.
Zato številnih pojavov in mehanizmov, vpletenih v proces adsorpcije kemikalije v tleh, ni mogoče popolnoma opredeliti s poenostavljenim laboratorijskim modelom, kot je ta metoda.
However, even if this attempt cannot cover all the environmentally possible cases, it provides valuable information on the environmental relevance of the adsorption of a chemical.
Vendar, čeprav ne more zajeti vseh primerov, možnih v okolju, daje dragocene informacije o pomembnosti adsorpcije kemikalije za okolje.
See also General Introduction.
Glej tudi Splošni uvod..
The method is aimed at estimating the adsorption/desorption behaviour of a substance on soils.
Metoda je namenjena ocenjevanju adsorpcijskega/desorpcijskega obnašanja snovi v tleh.
The goal is to obtain a sorption value which can be used to predict partitioning under a variety of environmental conditions; to this end, equilibrium adsorption coefficients for a chemical on various soils are determined as a function of soil characteristics (e.g. organic carbon content, clay content and soil texture and pH).
Cilj je ugotoviti sorptivno vrednost, ki se lahko uporabi za napovedovanje porazdelitve v vrsti različnih okoljskih pogojev; s tem namenom se določijo ravnotežni adsorpcijski koeficienti za kemikalijo v različnih tleh kot funkcija lastnosti tal (npr. vsebnost organskega ogljika, vsebnost gline in tekstura tal ter pH).
Different soil types have to be used in order to cover as widely as possible the interactions of a given substance with naturally occurring soils.
Uporabiti je treba različne tipe tal, da bi čim širše zajeli interakcije dane snovi s tlemi, ki jih najdemo v naravi.
In this method, adsorption represents the process of the binding of a chemical to surfaces of soils; it does not distinguish between different adsorption processes (physical and chemical adsorption) and such processes as surface catalysed degradation, bulk adsorption or chemical reaction.
Pri tej metodi adsorpcija predstavlja proces vezave kemikalije na površino tal; ne razlikuje med različnimi adsorpcijskimi procesi (fizikalna in kemijska adsorpcija) in procesi, kot so katalizirana razgradnja na površini, masovna adsorpcija ali kemična reakcija.
Adsorption that will occur on colloids particles (diameter < 0,2 μm) generated by the soils is not taken into account.
Adsorpcija na koloidnih delcih (premer < 0,2 μm), ki jih tvorijo tla, se ne upošteva.
The soil parameters that are believed most important for adsorption are: organic carbon content (3)(4)(12)(13)(14)(41)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48); clay content and soil texture (3)(4)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46) (47)(48) and pH for ionisable compounds (3)(4)(42).
Parametri tal, ki veljajo za najpomembnejše pri adsorpciji so: vsebnost organskega ogljika (3) (4) (12) (13) (14) (41) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48); vsebnost gline in tekstura tal (3) (4) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) ter pH za spojine, ki lahko ionizirajo (3) (4) (42).
Other soil parameters which may have an impact on the adsorption/desorption of a particular substance are the effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), the content of amorphous iron and aluminium oxides, particularly for volcanic and tropical soils (4), as well as the specific surface (49).
Drugi parametri tal, ki lahko vplivajo na adsorpcijo/desorpcijo neke snovi so efektivna kationska izmenjalna kapaciteta (ECEC), vsebnost amorfnega železa in aluminijevih oksidov, zlasti pri vulkanskih in tropskih tleh (4), ter specifična površina (49).
The test is designed to evaluate the adsorption of a chemical on different soil types with a varying range of organic carbon content, clay content and soil texture, and pH.
Preskus je namenjen ovrednotenju adsorpcije kemikalije na različne tipe tal z različno vsebnostjo organskega ogljika, vsebnostjo gline in teksturo ter pH-vrednostjo.
It comprises three tiers:
Zajema tri stopnje:
Tier 1:
Stopnja 1:
preliminary study in order to determine:
Predhodna študija za določitev:
the soil/solution ratio,
razmerja tla/raztopina,
the equilibrium time for adsorption and the amount of test substance adsorbed at equilibrium,
časa potrebnega za vzpostavitev ravnotežja adsorpcije in količine preskusne snovi, adsorbirane ob ravnotežju,
the adsorption of the test substance on the surfaces of the test vessels and the stability of the test substance during the test period.
adsorpcija preskusne snovi na površine preskusnih posod in stabilnosti preskusne snovi med preskusnim obdobjem.
Tier 2:
Stopnja 2:
screening test: the adsorption is studied in five different soil types by means of adsorption kinetics at a single concentration and determination of distribution coefficient Kd and Koc.
Presejalni preskus: adsorpcija se proučuje na petih različnih tipih tal s pomočjo kinetike adsorpcije pri eni koncentraciji in določanja porazdelitvenega koeficienta Kd in Koc.
Tier 3:
Stopnja 3:
determination of Freundlich adsorption isotherms to determine the influence of concentration on the extent of adsorption on soils.
Določitev Freundlichovih adsorpcijskih izoterm za določitev vpliva koncentracije na obseg adsorpcije na tla.
Study of desorption by means of desorption kinetics/Freundlich desorption isotherms (Appendix 1).
Proučevanje desorpcije s pomočjo kinetike desorpcije/Freundlichovih desorpcijskih izoterm (Dodatek 1).
adsorption percentage at the time ti
odstotek adsorpcije ob č času ti
adsorption percentage at adsorption equilibrium
odstotek adsorpcije ravnotežju ob adsorpcijskem
mass of the test substance adsorbed on the soil at the time ti
masa preskusne snovi, času ti adsorbirane na tla ob
mass of the test substance adsorbed on the soil during the time interval Δti
masa preskusne snovi, časovnem intervalu Δti adsorbirane na tla v
mass of the test substance adsorbed on the soil at adsorption equilibrium
masa preskusne snovi, adsorbirane na tla ob adsorpcijskem ravnotežju
mass of the test substance in the test tube, at the beginning of the adsorption test
masa preskusne snovi v epruveti na začetku preskusa adsorpcije
mass of the test substance measured in an aliquot (va
masa preskusne snovi, izmerjena v alikvotu (va
mass of the substance in the solution at adsorption equilibrium
masa snovi v raztopini ob adsorpcijskem ravnotežju
quantity of the soil phase, expressed in dry mass of soil
količina talne faze, izražena v suhi masi tal
mass concentration of the stock solution of the substance
masna koncentracija osnovne raztopine snovi
μg cm-3
μgcm-3
initial mass concentration of the test solution in contact with the soil
začetna masna koncentracija preskusne raztopine v stiku s tlemi
mass concentration of the substance in the aqueous phase at the time ti that the analysis is performed
masna koncentracija snovi v vodni fazi ob času ti, ko se izvaja analiza
content of the substance adsorbed on soil at adsorption equilibrium an equilibrium
vsebnost snovi, adsorbirane na tla ob adsorpcijskem ravnotežju
mass concentration of the substance in the aqueous phase at adsorption equilibrium
masna koncentracija snovi v vodni fazi ob adsorpcijskem ravnotežju