natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Distillation method for boiling temperature
Destilacijska metoda za vrelišče
This method involves distillation of the liquid and measurement of the vapour recondensation temperature and determination of the amount of distillate.
Ta metoda vključuje destilacijo tekočine in merjenje temperature rekondenzacije pare ter določanje količine destilata.
Method according to Siwoloboff
Metoda po Swiloboffu
A sample is heated in a sample tube, which is immersed in a liquid in a heat-bath.
Vzorec se segreva v cevki, potopljeni v tekočino toplotne kopeli.
A fused capillary, containing an air bubble in the lower part, is dipped in the sample tube.
V cevko z vzorcem se potopi zataljena kapilara, ki v spodnjem delu vsebuje zračni mehurček.
Following the principle according to Siwoloboff, automatic photo-electrical measurement is made using rising bubbles.
Po Siwoloboffovem principu se izvede avtomatsko fotoelektrično merjenje z uporabo dvigajočih se mehurčkov.
When the sample undergoes a transition involving a change of enthalpy, that change is indicated by an endothermic departure (boiling) from the base line of the temperature record.
Ko gre vzorec skozi fazni prehod, ki vključuje spremembo entalpije, se ta sprememba pokaže kot endotermni (vrelišče) odmik od bazne črte zapisa temperature.
This technique records the difference in energy inputs into a substance and a reference material as a function of temperature, while the substance and reference material are subjected to the same controlled temperature programme.
Pri tej tehniki se beleži razlika v vnosu energije v snov in referenčni material v odvisnosti od temperature, pri čemer se na snovi in referenčnem materialu izvaja isti nadzorovani temperaturni program.
When the sample undergoes a transition involving a change of enthalpy, that change is indicated by an endothermic departure (boiling) from the base line of the heat flow record.
Ko gre vzorec skozi fazni prehod, ki vključuje spremembo entalpije, se ta sprememba pokaže kot endotermni (vrelišče) odmik od bazne črte zapisa toplotnega pretoka.
The applicability and accuracy of the different methods used for the determination of the boiling temperature/boiling range are listed in table 1.
Uporabnost in točnost različnih metod, ki se uporabljajo za določanje vrelišča/vreliščnega območja, sta navedeni v tabeli 1.
Comparison of the methods
Primerjava metod
Estimated accuracy
Ocenjena točnost
Existing standard
Veljavni standard
Ebulliometer
Ebulioskop
±1,4 K (up to 373 K) [5] [6]±2,5 K (up to 600 K) [5] [6]
±1,4 K (do373K) [5] [6]±2,5 K (do 600K) [5] [6]
Distillation process (boiling range)
Destilacijski proces (vreliščno območje)
According to Siwoloboff
Po Siwoloboffu
Differential thermal calorimetry
Diferenčna termična kalorimetrija
±2,0 K (up to 1273 K)
±2,0 K (do1 1273 K)
The procedures of some test methods have been described in international and national standards (see Appendix).
Postopki nekaterih preskusnih metod so opisani v mednarodnih in nacionalnih standardih (glej dodatek).
See test method A.4 for the determination of the vapour pressure.
Glej preskusno metodo A.4 za določanje parnega tlaka.
The boiling temperature observed with an applied pressure of 101,325 kPa is recorded.
Zapišemo temperaturo vrelišča, ugotovljeno pri tlaku 101,325 kPa.
The sample is heated in a melting temperature apparatus in a sample tube, with a diameter of approximately 5 mm (figure 1).
Vzorec se segreva v aparaturi za določanje tališča, v cevki s premerom približno 5 mm (slika 1).
Figure 1 shows a type of standardised melting and boiling temperature apparatus (JIS K 0064) (made of glass, all specifications in millimetres).
Slika 1 prikazuje vrsto standardizirane aparature za določanje tališča in vrelišča (JIS K 0064) (iz stekla, vse specifikacije v milimetrih).
Measuring vessel
A: Merilna posoda
G: Sample tube, maximum 5 mm outer diameter; containing a capillary tube, approximately 100 mm long, approximately 1 mm long inner diameter and approximately 0,2 to 0,3 mm wall-thickness
G: Cevka za vzorec, zunanji premer največ 5 mm; vsebuje kapilarno cevko, dolgo približno 100 mm, z notranjim premerom približno 1 mm in steno, debelo približno 0,2 do 0,3 mm
A capillary tube (boiling capillary) which is fused about 1 cm above the lower end is placed in the sample tube.
Kapilarna cevka (vreliščna kapilara), stisnjena približno 1 cm nad spodnjim delom, se da v cevko za vzorec.
The level to which the test substance is added is such that the fused section of the capillary is below the surface of the liquid.
Doda se toliko preskusne snovi, da je stisnjeni del kapilare pod površino tekočine.
The sample tube containing the boiling capillary is fastened either to the thermometer with a rubber band or is fixed with a support from the side (see figure 2).
Cevka z vzorcem, v kateri je vreliščna kapilara, se bodisi pritrdi na termometer z elastiko bodisi fiksira s podporo s strani (glej sliko 2).
Principle according to Siwoloboff
Princip po Siwoloboffu
Modified principle
Prilagojeni princip
The bath liquid is chosen according to boiling temperature.
Tekočina za kopel se izbere glede na vrelišče.
At temperatures up to 573 K, silicone oil can be used.
Pri temperaturah do 573 K se lahko uporabi silikonsko olje.
Liquid paraffin may only be used up to 473 K. The heating of the bath liquid should be adjusted to a temperature rise of 3 K/min at first.
Tekoči parafin se lahko uporabi le do 473 K. Segrevanje tekočine kopeli mora biti sprva naravnano tako, da temperatura narašča 3 K/min.
The bath liquid must be stirred.
Tekočino kopeli je treba mešati.
At about 10 K below the expected boiling temperature, the heating is reduced so that the rate of temperature rise is less than 1 K/min.
Pri približno 10 K pod pričakovanim vreliščem se segrevanje upočasni, tako da temperatura narašča manj kot 1 K/min.
Upon approach of the boiling temperature, bubbles begin to emerge rapidly from the boiling capillary.
Ko se približujemo vrelišču, začnejo iz vreliščne kapilare hitro izhajati mehurčki.
The boiling temperature is that temperature when, on momentary cooling, the string of bubbles stops and fluid suddenly starts rising in the capillary.
Vrelišče je temperatura, pri kateri se ob trenutni ohladitvi ustavi izhajanje mehurčkov, tekočina v kapilari pa se začne nenadoma dvigati.
The corresponding thermometer reading is the boiling temperature of the substance.
Ustrezen odčitek s termometra je vrelišče snovi.
In the modified principle (figure 3) the boiling temperature is determined in a melting temperature capillary.
Pri prilagojenem principu (slika 3) se vrelišče določa v tališčni kapilari.
It is stretched to a fine point about 2 cm in length (a) and a small amount of the sample is sucked up.
Njen konec se raztegne v približno 2 cm dolgo tanko konico (a); vanjo se vsesa majhna količina vzorca.
The open end of the fine capillary is closed by melting, so that a small air bubble is located at the end.
Odprti konec drobne kapilare se zatali, tako da je na koncu ostane zračni mehurček.
While heating in the melting temperature apparatus (b), the air bubble expands.
Med segrevanjem v aparaturi za določanje tališča (b) se zračni mehurček razširi.
The boiling temperature corresponds to the temperature at which the substance plug reaches the level of the surface of the bath liquid (c).
Vrelišče sovpada s temperaturo, pri kateri zamašek iz snovi doseže nivo površine tekočine kopeli (c).
The sample is heated in a capillary tube inside a heated metal block.
Vzorec se segreva v kapilarni cevki znotraj segrevanega kovinskega bloka.
A light beam is directed, via suitable holes in the block, through the substance onto a precisely calibrated photocell.
Skozi ustrezne luknje v bloku se usmeri svetlobni žarek skozi snov na natančno umerjeno fotocelico.
During the increase of the sample temperature, single air bubbles emerge from the boiling capillary.
Med naraščanjem temperature vzorca iz vreliščne kapilare izhajajo posamezni mehurčki.
When the boiling temperature is reached the number of bubbles increases greatly.
Ko se doseže vrelišče, se količina mehurčkov zelo poveča.
This causes a change in the intensity of light, recorded by a photocell, and gives a stop signal to the indicator reading out the temperature of a platinum resistance thermometer located in the block.
To povzroči spremembo v jakosti svetlobe, ki jo beleži fotocelica, kar da signal za konec indikatorju, ki odčitava temperaturo s platinskega uporovnega termometra znotraj bloka.
This method is especially useful because it allows determinations below room temperature down to 253,15 K (– 20 oC) without any changes in the apparatus.
Ta metoda je se posebej uporabna, ker omogoča določanje vrelišča pri temperaturi, nižji od sobne, vse do 253,15 K (–20 oC) ne da bi bilo treba aparaturo kakor koli spreminjati.
The instrument merely has to be placed in a cooling bath.
Instrument moramo le položiti v hladno kopel.
At small deviations from the normal pressure (max. ± 5 kPa) the boiling temperatures are normalised to Tn by means of the following number-value equation by Sidney Young:
Pri majhnih odstopanjih od normalnega tlaka (največ ± 5 kPa) se vrelišča normalizirajo na Tn po naslednji enačbi Sidneya Younga:
Δp (101,325 - p) [note sign]
Δp (101,325 – p) [pazi na predznak]
P pressure measurement in kPa
P izmerjeni tlak v kPa
rate of change of boiling temperature with pressure in K/kPa
razmerje med spremembo vrelišča in tlakom v K/kPa
T measured boiling temperature in K
T izmerjeno vrelišče v K
boiling temperature corrected to normal pressure in K
vrelišče, popravljeno na normalni tlak, v K
The temperature-correction factors, fT, and equations for their approximation are included in the international and national standards mentioned above for many substances.
V zgoraj navedenih mednarodnih in nacionalnih standardih so korekcijski faktorji za temperature, fT, in enačbe za njihove približke za mnoge snovi.
For example, the DIN 53171 method mentions the following rough corrections for solvents included in paints:
Na primer, metoda DIN 53171 navaja naslednje okvirne korekcije za topila v barvah:
Temperature — corrections factors fT
Temperatura – korekcijski faktorji fT
Temperature T (K)
Temperatura T (K)
Correction factor fT (K/kPa)
Korekcijski faktor fT (K/kPa)
The mean of at least two measurements which are in the range of the estimated accuracy (see table 1) is reported as the boiling temperature.
Kot vrelišče se navede srednja vrednost najmanj dveh meritev, ki sta v območju predvidene točnosti (glej tabelo 1).
The measured boiling temperatures and their mean shall be stated and the pressure(s) at which the measurements were made shall be reported in kPa.
Navedejo se izmerjena vrelišča in njihova srednja vrednost ter tlak(i), pri katerih so bile meritve opravljene, v kPa.
The pressure should preferably be close to normal atmospheric pressure.
Tlak naj bo po možnosti blizu normalnemu atmosferskemu tlaku.
Experimental thermodynamics, Butterworths, London, 1975, vol. II.
Experimental thermodynamics, Butterworths, London 1975, Volume II.
Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry
Diferenčna termična analiza in diferenčna dinamična kalorimetrija
The methods described are based on the OECD Test Guideline (1).
Opisane metode temeljijo na smernici za preskušanje OECD (1).
The fundamental principles are given in reference (2).
Temeljna načela so navedena v viru (2).
The methods for determining relative density described are applicable to solid and to liquid substances, without any restriction in respect to their degree of purity.
Opisane metode za določanje relativne gostote se uporabljajo za trdne in tekoče snovi, brez kakršnih koli omejitev glede njihove stopnje čistosti.
The various methods to be used are listed in table 1.
Različne metode, ki se uporabijo, so navedene v tabeli 1.
The relative density D204 of solids or liquids is the ratio between the mass of a volume of substance to be examined, determined at 20 oC, and the mass of the same volume of water, determined at 4 oC.
Relativna gostota, D420, trdnih snovi ali tekočin je razmerje med maso volumna preskusne snovi pri 20 oC in maso enakega volumna vode pri 4 oC.
The relative density has no dimension.
Relativna gostota nima enote.
The density, ρ, of a substance is the quotient of the mass, m, and its volume, v.
Gostota snovi, ρ, je količnik njene mase, m, in volumna, V.
The density, ρ, is given, in SI units, in kg/m3.
Gostota, ρ, se v enotah SI izrazi v kg/m3.
REFERENCE SUBSTANCES (1) (3)
REFERENČNE SNOVI (1) (3)
PRINCIPLE OF THE METHODS
PRINCIP METOD
Four classes of methods are used.
Uporabljajo se štiri vrste metod.
Buoyancy methods
Vzgonske metode
Hydrometer (for liquid substances)
Hidrometer (za tekoče snovi)
Sufficiently accurate and quick determinations of density may be obtained by the floating hydrometers, which allow the density of a liquid to be deduced from the depth of immersion by reading a graduated scale.
Dovolj točno in hitro je gostoto mogoče določiti s plavajočimi hidrometri, ki omogočajo sklepanje o gostoti tekočine glede na globino potopitve z odčitavanjem z graduirane lestvice.
Hydrostatic balance (for liquid and solid substances)
Hidrostatska tehtnica (za tekoče in trdne snovi)
The difference between the weight of a test sample measured in air and in a suitable liquid (e.g. water) can be employed to determine its density.
Za določitev gostote vzorca se lahko uporabi razlika med njegovo maso, izmerjeno na zraku, in tisto, izmerjeno v primerni tekočini (npr. vodi).
For solids, the measured density is only representative of the particular sample employed.
V primeru trdnih snovi je izmerjena gostota reprezentativna le za uporabljeni vzorec.
For the determination of density of liquids, a body of known volume, v, is weighed first in air and then in the liquid.
Pri določanju gostote tekočin, telo z znanim volumnom V, najprej stehtamo na zraku, potem pa še v tekočini.
Immersed body method (for liquid substances) (4)
Metoda s potopljenim telesom (za tekoče snovi) (4)
In this method, the density of a liquid is determined from the difference between the results of weighing the liquid before and after immersing a body of known volume in the test liquid.
Pri tej metodi se gostota tekočine določi iz razlike med rezultati tehtanja tekočine pred in po potopitvi telesa z znanim volumnom vanjo.
Pycnometer methods
Piknometrske metode
For solids or liquids, pycnometers of various shapes and with known volumes may be employed.
Za trdne snovi ali tekočine se lahko uporabijo piknometri različnih oblik in znanih volumnov.
The density is calculated from the difference in weight between the full and empty pycnometer and its known volume.
Gostota se izračuna iz razlike med maso polnega in maso praznega piknometra ter njegovega znanega volumna.
Air comparison pycnometer (for solids)
Piknometer s primerjanjem zraka (za trdne snovi)
The density of a solid in any form can be measured at room temperature with the gas comparison pycnometer.
Gostota trdne snovi v kakršni koli obliki se lahko izmeri s piknometrom s primerjanjem plina pri sobni temperaturi.
The volume of a substance is measured in air or in an inert gas in a cylinder of variable calibrated volume.
Volumen snovi se izmeri na zraku ali v inertnem plinu v valju s spremenljivim umerjenim volumnom.
For the calculation of density one mass measurement is taken after concluding the volume measurement.
Za izračun gostote se po končanem merjenju volumna opravi ena meritev mase.
Oscillating densitimeter (5) (6) (7)
Oscilacijski denzitometer (5) (6) (7)
The density of a liquid can be measured by an oscillating densitimeter.
Gostota tekočine se lahko izmeri z oscilacijskim denzitometrom.
A mechanical oscillator constructed in the form of a U-tube is vibrated at the resonance frequency of the oscillator which depends on its mass.
Mehanski oscilator, oblikovan kot U-cev, naj vibrira s svojo resonančno frekvenco, ki je odvisna od njegove mase.
Introducing a sample changes the resonance frequency of the oscillator.
Ko se doda vzorec, se resonančna frekvenca oscilatorja spremeni.
The apparatus has to be calibrated by two liquid substances of known densities.
Aparaturo je treba umeriti z dvema tekočima snovema, katerih gostoti sta znani.
These substances should preferably be chosen such that their densities span the range to be measured.
Po možnosti se izbereta snovi, katerih gostoti pokrivata merjeno območje.
The applicability of the different methods used for the determination of the relative density is listed in the table.
Uporabnost različnih metod za določanje relativne gostote je navedena v tabeli.
The standards given as examples, which are to be consulted for additional technical details, are attached in the Appendix.
Primeri standardov, ki so vir dodatnih tehničnih podatkov, so navedeni v dodatku.
The tests have to be run at 20 oC, and at least two measurements performed.
Preskusi morajo biti izvedeni pri 20 oC in vključevati najmanj dve meritvi.
See standards.
Glej standarde.
precise specification of the substance (identity and impurities) and preliminary purification step, if any.
natančna specifikacija snovi (identiteta in nečistote) in predhodno prečiščevanje, če je bilo opravljeno.
The relative density, D20
Relativna gostota, D20
, shall be reported as defined in 1.2, along with the physical state of the measured substance.
, se navede, kakor je opredeljeno v 1.2, skupaj z agregatnim stanjem merjene snovi.
Applicability of methods
Uporabnost metod
Density
Gostota
Maximum possible dynamic viscosity
Največja možna dinamična viskoznost
Existing Standards
Veljavni standardi
Hydrometer
Hidrometer
Hydrostatic balance
Hidrostatska tehtnica
solids
trdne snovi
liquids
Tekočine
ISO 901 and 758
ISO 901 in 758
Immersed body method
Metoda s potopljenim telesom
Pycnometer
Piknometer
Air comparison pycnometer
Piknometer s primerjanjem zraka
Oscillating densitimer
Oscilacijski denzitometer
Wagenbreth, H., Die Tauchkugel zur Bestimmung der Dichte von Flüssigkeiten, Technisches Messen tm, 1979, vol. II, p. 427-430.
Wagenbreth, H., Die Tauchkugel zur Bestimmung der Dichte von Flüssigkeiten, Technisches Messen tm, 1979, vol. II, 427–430.
Baumgarten, D., Füllmengenkontrolle bei vorgepackten Erzeugnissen -Verfahren zur Dichtebestimmung bei flüssigen Produkten und ihre praktische Anwendung, Die Pharmazeutische Industrie, 1975, vol. 37, p. 717-726.
Baumgarten, D., Füllmengenkontrolle bei vorgepackten Erzeugnissen -Verfahren zur Dichtebestimmung bei flüssigen Produkten und ihre praktische Anwendung, Die Pharmazeutische Industrie, 1975, vol. 37, 717–726.
Riemann, J., Der Einsatz der digitalen Dichtemessung im Brauereilaboratorium, Brauwissenschaft, 1976, vol. 9, p. 253-255.
Riemann, J., Der Einsatz der digital en Dichtemessung im Brauereilaboratorium, Brauwissenschaft, 1976, vol. 9, 253–255.
For solid substances
Za trdne snovi
Method A: Methods for determining the density and relative density of plastics excluding cellular plastics
A metode: Methods for determining the density and relative density of plastics excluding cellular plastics
For liquid substances
Za tekoče snovi
Lipkin pycnometer (for liquids with a kinematic viscosity of less than 100 10-6 m2 s-1 at 15 oC)
Lipkin pycnometer (for liquids with a kinematic viscosity of less than 100 . 10-6 m2 s-1 at 15 °C)
It is useful to have preliminary information on the structure, the melting temperature and the boiling temperature of the substance to perform this test.
Za izvajanje tega preskusa je koristno imeti predhodne informacije o strukturi, tališču in vrelišču snovi.
There is no single measurement procedure applicable to the entire range of vapour pressures.
Ni enega samega merilnega postopka, ki bi bil uporaben za celotno območje parnih tlakov.
Therefore, several methods are recommended to be used for the measurement of vapour pressure from < 10-4 to 105 Pa.
Zato se priporoča uporaba več metod za merjenje parnega tlaka od < 10–4 do 105 Pa.
Impurities will usually affect the vapour pressure, and to an extent which depends greatly upon the kind of impurity.
Nečistote običajno vplivajo na parni tlak, kolikšen pa je ta vpliv, je zelo odvisno od vrste nečistote.
Where there are volatile impurities in the sample, which could affect the result, the substance may be purified.
Kadar so v vzorcu hlapne nečistote, ki bi lahko vplivale na rezultat, se snov lahko prečisti.
It may also be appropriate to quote the vapour pressure for the technical material.
Primerno je lahko tudi navesti parni tlak tehničnega materiala.
Some methods described here use apparatus with metallic parts; this should be considered when testing corrosive substances.
Pri nekaterih tukaj opisanih metodah se uporablja aparatura s kovinskimi deli; to je treba upoštevati pri preskušanju jedkih snovi.
The vapour pressure of a substance is defined as the saturation pressure above a solid or liquid substance.
Parni tlak snovi je opredeljen kot tlak nasičene pare nad trdno ali tekočo snovjo.
At the thermodynamic equilibrium, the vapour pressure of a pure substance is a function of temperature only.
Pri termodinamičnem ravnotežju je parni tlak čiste snovi odvisen samo od temperature.
The SI unit of pressure which should be used is the pascal (Pa).
Enota SI za tlak, ki jo je treba uporabljati, je paskal (Pa).
Units which have been employed historically, together with their conversion factors, are:
V preteklosti uporabljane enote, skupaj s pretvorbenimi faktorji, so:
1 Torr (≡ 1 mm Hg)
1 tor (= 1 mmHg)
1 atmosphere
1 atmosfera
The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).
Enota SI za temperaturo je kelvin (K).
The universal molar gas constant R is 8,314 J mol-1 K-1
Splošna plinska konstanta R je 8,314 J mol-1 K-1.
The temperature dependence of the vapour pressure is described by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation:
Odvisnost parnega tlaka od temperature se opiše s Clausius-Clapeyronovo enačbo:
its heat of vaporisation in Jmol-1
izparilna toplota v J mol-l
R the universal molar gas constant in Jmol-1 K-1
R splošna plinska konstanta v J mol-l K-1
PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST METHODS
PRINCIP PRESKUSNIH METOD
For determining the vapour pressure, seven methods are proposed which can be applied in different vapour pressure ranges.
Za določanje parnega tlaka je predlaganih sedem metod, ki se lahko uporabijo za različna območja parnega tlaka.
For each method, the vapour pressure is determined at various temperatures.
Pri vsaki metodi se parni tlak določa pri različnih temperaturah.
In a limited temperature range, the logarithm of the vapour pressure of a pure substance is a linear function of the inverse of the temperature.
V omejenem temperaturnem območju je logaritem parnega tlaka čiste snovi linearna funkcija obratne vrednosti temperature.
In the dynamic method, the boiling temperature which pertains to a specified pressure is measured.
Pri dinamični metodi se meri vrelišče, ki je povezano z določenim tlakom.
Recommended range:
Priporočeno območje:
103 up to 105 Pa.
103 do 105 Pa.
This method has also been recommended for the determination of normal boiling temperature and is useful for that purpose up to 600 K.
Ta metoda se priporoča tudi za določanje normalnega vrelišča in je uporabna v ta namen do 600 K.
Static method
Statična metoda
In the static process, at thermodynamic equilibrium, the vapour pressure established in a closed system is determined at a specified temperature.
Med statičnim procesom, pri termodinamičnem ravnotežju, se pri določeni temperaturi določa parni tlak v zaprtem sistemu.
This method is suitable for one component and multicomponent solids and liquids.
Ta metoda je primerna za enokomponentne in večkomponentne trdne snovi in tekočine.
10 up to 105 Pa.
10 do 105 Pa.
This method can also be used in the range 1 to 10 Pa, providing care is taken.
Ta metoda se lahko uporabi tudi za območje od 1 do 10 Pa, pod pogojem, da smo previdni.
This standardised method is also a static method but is usually not suitable for multicomponent systems.
Ta standardizirana metoda je tudi statična metoda, vendar običajno ni primerna za večkomponentne sisteme.
Additional information is available in ASTM method D-2879-86.
Dodatne informacije so na voljo v metodi ASTM D-2879-86.
from 100 up to 105 Pa.
100 do 105 Pa.
Effusion method: Vapour pressure balance
Efuzijska metoda: Parnotlačna tehtnica