natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In indoor enclosures for sheep and goats at least one drinking point per twenty animals should be provided.
V notranjih ograjenih prostorih za ovce in koze mora biti na voljo vsaj en napajalnik na dvajset živali.
Dyeing the fleece or coat using recognised non-toxic agricultural marker products may be used for short-term experiments in short-wool breeds of sheep and in goats.
Barvanje dlake ali kože s priznanimi netoksičnimi kmetijskimi proizvodi za označevanje se lahko uporablja za kratkoročne poskuse pri kratkodlakih pasmah ovc in koz.
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) is descended from the European wild boar.
Domači prašiči (Sus scrofa) izvirajo iz evropskega divjega prašiča.
Although subject to intensive selection pressure over many generations for production characteristics of economic importance, domesticated pigs have largely retained the same behavioural repertoire as their ancestors.
Čeprav so bili domači prašiči skozi več generacij pod velikim pritiskom selekcije v zvezi s proizvodnimi značilnostmi gospodarskega pomena, so večinoma ohranili iste vedenjske vzorce kot njihovi predniki.
Under unrestricted conditions, they live in small family groups, show a crepuscular diurnal rhythm and have strongly developed exploratory behaviour.
Kadar njihovi pogoji niso omejeni, živijo prašiči v majhnih skupinah družin, dejavni so zvečer in so zelo raziskovalnega značaja.
They are omnivorous and a large part of their active time is spent foraging for food.
So vsejedi in velik del svoje dejavnosti namenijo iskanju hrane.
At birth, sows farrow in social isolation and construct a nest prior to parturition.
Svinje prasijo v družbeni osamitvi in pred kotitvijo zgradijo gnezdo.
Weaning is gradual and is completed at about four months of age, and piglets integrate gradually into the social group with little aggression.
Odstavitev je postopna in se konča po približno štirih mesecih, pujski pa se v skupino vključijo postopno in manj napadalno.
Mini-pigs differ from the farm pig in many significant respects.
Pritlikave svinje se od domačega prašiča bistveno razlikujejo.
A number of different mini-pig strains have been developed by conventional breeding procedures in order to produce a small pig as a laboratory animal suitable for research purposes.
S konvencionalnimi postopki vzreje je bilo razvitih več različnih ras pritlikavih svinj, zato da je bila ustvarjena majhna svinja, primerna za laboratorijsko žival za raziskovalne namene.
For the purpose of this annex, the mini-pig is considered as a small pig breed for usage for experimental and other scientific purposes and with an adult body weight typically not exceeding 60 kg, but can be as high as 150 kg in some strains.
V tej prilogi pritlikava svinja pomeni vrsto majhne svinje, ki se uporablja za poskusne in druge znanstvene namene, teža odrasle živali običajno ne presega 60 kg, vendar lahko pri nekaterih rasah doseže tudi do 150 kg.
Because of this difference in body size at maturity, recommendations for farm pigs cannot always be extrapolated on a simple weight basis.
Zaradi te razlike v telesni teži v fazi zrelosti, priporočil za domače prašiče ni vedno mogoče izpeljati le na podlagi teže.
Recommendations in this document apply to both types of pig, with specific requirements of mini-pigs annotated where necessary.
Priporočila v tem dokumentu veljajo za obe vrsti prašiča s posebnimi zahtevami za pritlikave svinje, če je potrebno.
Pigs and mini-pigs are highly sensitive to environmental temperature and place a high behavioural priority on thermoregulation.
Prašiči in pritlikave svinje so zelo občutljivi na temperaturo okolja in pri vedenjskih vzorcih dajejo veliko prednost uravnavanju temperature.
Pigs may be kept in a uniform, temperature-controlled environment, in which case the whole room should be maintained within the thermoneutral zone.
Prašiči so lahko nameščeni v nespremenljivem okolju z nadzorovano temperaturo, pri čemer mora biti celoten prostor v temperaturno nevtralnem območju.
Alternatively, they may be kept in an enclosure with different microclimates, by providing localised heating or kennelling of the lying area and provision of adequate bedding material.
Nameščeni so lahko tudi v ograjenem prostoru z različnimi mikroklimami, vendar mora biti zagotovljeno lokalno ogrevanje ali ležišče v brlogu ter ustrezna stelja.
A temperature gradient within the enclosure is considered beneficial.
Sprememba temperature v ograjenem prostoru je koristna.
Outdoor pigs can compensate for lower ambient temperature provided that adequate shelter, with plentiful dry bedding, and additional food is provided.
Prašiči na prostem se lahko prilagodijo nižji temperaturi prostora, če so zagotovljeni ustrezno zavetje, zadostna količina suhe stelje in dodatna hrana.
Table G.3.
Tabela G.3
Pigs and minipigs: Guideline temperature ranges for single-housed animals
Svinje in pritlikave svinje: Priporočen razpon temperature za živali, ki so nameščene posamezno
Liveweight
Živa teža
Recommended temperature range ( oC)
Priporočen razpon temperature (oC)
Less than 3 kg
Manj kot 3 kg
from 3 to 8 kg
od 3 do 8 kg
over 8 to 30 kg
več kot 8 in do 30 kg
over 30 to 100 kg
več kot 30 in do 100 kg
over 100 kg
več kot 100 kg
In addition to body weight, suitable temperatures will vary according to sexual maturity, the presence or absence of bedding, group housing, and the caloric intake of the animal.
Poleg telesne teže je ustrezna temperatura odvisna od spolne zrelosti, prisotne ali odstranjene stelje, skupinske namestitve živali in vnosa kalorij.
Within the ranges given, animals of lower body weight, without bedding or with restricted caloric intake should be provided with the higher temperatures.
Glede na navedene razpone je treba živalim z nižjo telesno težo, brez stelje ali z omejenim vnosom kalorij zagotoviti višjo temperaturo.
Piglets of low body weight are very sensitive to environmental temperature and should be provided with higher temperatures.
Pujski z nižjo telesno težo so zelo občutljivi na temperaturo okolja, zato jim treba zagotoviti višjo temperaturo.
Litters of newborn piglets should be offered a lying area minimum of 30 oC, decreasing to 26 oC at the age of two weeks.
Zarodom na novo skotenih pujskov je treba zagotoviti ležišče z najnižjo temperaturo 30 oC, ki jo je treba pri starosti dveh tednov znižati na 26 oC.
For farrowing/lactation rooms, the minimum room temperature necessary is that required to allow an adequate temperature to be maintained in the piglet lying area, taking account of any local heat supply.
Najnižja temperatura prostorov za prasitev/laktacijo mora zagotavljati vzdrževanje ustrezne temperature v ležiščih za pujske, ob upoštevanju lokalnega ogrevanja.
Because of their high metabolic activity, lactating sows are prone to heat stress and farrowing room temperatures should ideally not exceed 24 oC.
Doječe svinje zaradi dobrega presnovnega delovanja trpijo zaradi vročine, zato naj temperatura v prostoru za prasitev ne bi presegla 24 oC.
(See paragraph 3 of the general considerations for farm animals and mini-pigs)
(Glej odstavek 3 Splošnih načel za domače živali in pritlikave svinje.)
Pigs show spatial separation of different behaviours such as lying, feeding and excretion.
Prašiči za izvajanje različnih dejavnosti, kot so ležanje, hranjenje in izločanje, uporabljajo ločene prostore.
Enclosures should therefore allow for the establishment of separate functional areas by providing either plentiful space or appropriate subdivision of the enclosure area.
Zato je treba v ograjenih prostorih omogočiti delitev na ločene funkcionalne prostore z zagotavljanjem zadostnega prostora ali ustrezno razdelitvijo ograjenega prostora.
Pigs have a high motivation to explore and should be provided with an environment of sufficient complexity to allow expression of species-specific exploratory behaviour.
Prašiči radi raziskujejo, zato jim je treba zagotoviti dovolj celostno okolje, ki jim omogoča izražanje raziskovalnega značaja, značilnega za to vrsto.
All pigs should at all times have access to adequate amounts of materials for investigation and manipulation, including rooting, in order to reduce the risk of behavioural disorders.
Vsi prašiči morajo imeti vedno zagotovljen dostop do ustrezne količine materiala za raziskovanje in manipulacijo, vključno z ritjem, da se zmanjša tveganje vedenjskih motenj.
Table G.4. indicates the minimum space requirement for an animal at any given liveweight.
Tabela G.4 navaja najmanjše prostorske zahteve na žival z dano živo težo.
Enclosures should be designed to accommodate the highest liveweight that pigs will finally reach in any given circumstance.
Ograjeni prostori morajo zagotavljati bivanje prašičev z največjo živo težo, ki jo bodo dosegli, in v kakršnih koli danih okoliščinah.
The number of enclosure changes should be minimised.
Število sprememb v ograjenem prostoru je treba zmanjšati.
Table G.4.
Tabela G.4
Pigs and Minipigs: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Svinje in pritlikave svinje: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Liveweight (kg)
Živa teža (kg)
Minimum enclosure size [21](m2)
Najmanjša velikost ograjenega prostora [21](m2)
Minimum lying space per animal (in, thermoneutral conditions)
Najmanjša površina ležišča na žival (pri temperaturno nevtralnih pogojih)
over 10 to 20
več kot 10 in do 20
over 20 to 30
več kot 20 in do 30
over 30 to 50
več kot 30 in do 50
over 50 to 70
več kot 50 in do 70
over 70 to 100
več kot 70 in do 100
over 150
več kot 150
Adult (conventional) boars
odrasli (konvencionalni) prašiči
Where pigs are housed individually or in small groups, greater space allowances per animal are required than for those in larger groups.
Če so prašiči nameščeni posamezno ali v manjših skupinah, so potrebne večje prostorske zmogljivosti na žival kot za prašiče v večjih skupinah.
Pigs should not be tethered at any time, and should not be confined in stalls or crates except for short periods of time necessary for feeding, insemination, veterinary or experimental purposes.
Prašiči ne smejo biti vedno privezani in ne smejo biti zaprti v hlevih ali boksih, razen za krajša obdobja hranjenja, osemenitve ter zaradi veterinarskih ali poskusnih razlogov.
The accommodation for sows and piglets should enable the fulfilment of the special behaviour patterns of the sow before and after parturition, and those of the piglets after birth.
Bivališče svinj in pujskov mora omogočati izražanje posebnih vedenjskih vzorcev svinje pred prasitvijo in po njej ter pujskov po skotitvi.
Thus, although the use of farrowing crates can safeguard piglet survival and welfare under some conditions, the close confinement of sows during the perinatal and suckling periods should be limited as far as possible and loose housing systems should be aimed at.
Čeprav lahko uporaba prasitvenih boksov v nekaterih razmerah zagotovi preživetje in dobro počutje pujskov, se je treba čim bolj izogibati zapiranju svinj v tesne prostore v perinatalnem obdobju in obdobju dojenja ter zagotoviti prostorna bivališča.
The most appropriate flooring material will depend on the size and weight of the pigs.
Najprimernejši talni material je odvisen od velikosti in teže prašičev.
To facilitate provision of rooting/nesting substrate, it is desirable to provide a solid floor in the lying area of the pen.
Za dobro podlago za ritje/gnezdenje je priporočljivo, da se v prostorih z ležišči v hlevu zagotovijo trdna tla.
Slatted floors can be of value in facilitating good hygiene, but the slat and void dimensions should be appropriate to the size of the pigs in order to prevent foot injuries.
Tla z letvami lahko zagotovijo dobro higieno, vendar morajo mere letev in vrzeli ustrezati velikosti prašičev, da se preprečijo poškodbe nog.
Pigs kept for meat production are typically fed ad libitum until approaching maturity, after which restricted feeding practices are necessary to avoid obesity.
Prašiči, ki se gojijo za proizvodnjo mesa, se običajno hranijo po želji, dokler ne dosežejo zrelosti, po tem pa je potrebno omejeno hranjenje, da se prepreči debelost.
Mini-pigs are prone to become obese on conventional pig diets.
Pritlikave svinje so pri konvencionalni prašičji krmi nagnjene k debelosti.
Special reduced calorie diets with increased fibre content help to prevent this problem.
Pri preprečevanju te težave pomaga posebna krma z zmanjšano energijsko vrednostjo in večjo vrednostjo vlaknin.
Where feed restriction is necessary, pigs will show increased foraging motivation which can be expressed as increased activity and aggression, and development of stereotyped oral behaviours.
Če je potrebno omejeno hranjenje, imajo prašiči povečano motivacijo za iskanje hrane, ki jo lahko izrazijo s povečano dejavnostjo in napadalnostjo ter razvojem stereotipnih oralnih vzorcev.
To avoid these problems it is important to modify diets to enhance satiety, for example by provision of increased dietary fibre, and to provide an appropriate foraging substrate such as straw.
Da se preprečijo te težave, je treba spremeniti krmo za povečanje sitosti, npr. s povečanjem prehrambenih vlaknin, ter zagotoviti ustrezno podlago za iskanje hrane, kot je slama.
With restricted feeding practices, young growing animals should be fed at least twice daily, whereas mature animals should be fed once daily, as an adequate meal size is important for the animal to reach satiety, and will minimise aggression.
Pri omejenem hranjenju je treba mlade živali, ki še rastejo, hraniti vsaj dvakrat na dan, medtem ko je treba odrasle živali hraniti enkrat na dan, saj je ustrezna velikost obroka pomembna za sitost živali in zmanjšuje napadalnost.
Where feeding is restricted, all individuals within the social group should have access to feed without causing aggression.
Če je hranjenje omejeno, morajo imeti vse posamezne živali iz družbene skupine dostop do krme, kar preprečuje napadalnost.
Adequate trough space should be provided to ensure that animals can feed simultaneously.
Za istočasno hranjenje živali je treba zagotoviti ustrezno velikost korita.
Recommended requirements are given in Table G.5.
Priporočljive zahteve so navedene v tabeli G.5.
Where animals are housed singly or in small groups, the minimum trough space should be that for restricted feeding.
Če so živali nameščene posamezno ali v manjših skupinah, najmanjša velikost korita ustreza velikosti korita za omejeno hranjenje.
When animals are housed in larger groups and fed ad libitum, trough space can be shared and a lower total space is required.
Če so živali nameščene v večjih skupinah in se hranijo po želji, si lahko korito delijo, celoten prostor pa je lahko manjši.
Table G.5.
Tabela G.5
Pigs and minipigs: Minimum feeding trough space allowances
Svinje in pritlikave svinje: Najmanjše prostorske zmogljivosti za korita s krmo
Minimum trough space (cm)
Najmanjša velikost korita (cm)
(ad-libitum and restricted feeding [22])
(hranjenje po želji in omejeno hranjenje [22]
Minimum trough space per animal on ad-libitum feeding
Najmanjša velikost korita na žival za hranjenje po želji
(cm/animal)
(cm/žival)
Over 10 to 20
več kot 10 in do 20
Over 20 to 30
več kot 20 in do 30
Over 30 to 50
več kot 30 in do 50
Over 50 to 70
več kot 50 in do 70
Over 70 to 100
več kot 70 in do 100
Over 100 to 150
več kot 100 in do 150
Over 150
več kot 150
As pigs are particularly sensitive to the consequences of water deprivation, in cases where they are group-housed, at least two drinking points per unit — or a large bowl allowing more than one pig to drink at the same time — should be provided to prevent dominant animals impeding access to the drinking point.
Ker so prašiči občutljivi zlasti na posledice pomanjkanja vode, je treba, če so nameščeni v skupinah, zagotoviti najmanj dva napajalnika na enoto ali večjo skledo, ki zagotavlja istočasno pitje več kot enega prašiča, da nadrejene živali ne morejo ovirati dostopa do napajalnika.
To achieve this, the following drinking space allowances are recommended.
Zato so priporočljive naslednje prostorske zmogljivosti za pitje.
Table G.6.
Tabela G.6
Pigs and minipigs: Minimum drinking point allowances
Svinje in pritlikave svinje: Najmanjše zmogljivosti za napajalnike
Drinker type
Vrsta napajalnika
No. of pigs per drinking point
Število prašičev na napajalnik
Nipple or bite drinkers
Napajalniki z nastavki ali na ugriz
Large bowl drinkers (which allow at least two pigs to drink at the same time)
Napajalniki z velikimi skledami (ki omogočajo istočasno pitje najmanj dveh prašičev)
Where pigs housed in larger groups are watered from an open trough, the minimum length of trough perimeter with access to water should be that allowing a single pig unimpeded access (as indicated in Table G.5. for restricted feeding space), or 12,5 mm of trough length per pig, whichever is the greater.
Če se prašiči, nameščeni v večjih skupinah, napajajo iz odprtega korita, mora najmanjša dolžina korita zagotavljati neoviran dostop enega prašiča do vode (kot je določeno v tabeli G.5 v zvezi s prostorom za omejeno hranjenje) ali pa se zagotovi 12,5 mm dolžine korita na žival oziroma večja vrednost.
Table G.7.
Tabela G.7
Pigs and minipigs: minimum drinking water flow rates for pigs
Svinje in pritlikave svinje: najmanjša stopnja pretoka pitne vode za prašiče
Type of pig
Vrsta prašiča
Minimum water flow rate (ml/min)
Najmanjša stopnja pretoka vode (ml/min)
Weaners
Odstavljenci
Growers
Odraščajoči prašiči
Dry sows and boars
Jalove svinje in merjasci
Lactating sows
Doječe svinje
Bedding contributes to pig welfare in many ways.
Stelja na več načinov prispeva k dobremu počutju prašičev.
It enhances physical and thermal comfort (except in hot environmental conditions), can be eaten to provide gut fill and enhance satiety, and provides a substrate for foraging and nest-building behaviours.
Izboljša fizično in toplotno ugodje (razen v vročem vremenu), živali se lahko z njo krmijo, saj jim zapolni črevo in poveča sitost, ter zagotavlja podlago za iskanje hrane in grajenje gnezda.
The extent to which each of these different benefits can be provided will depend on the nature of the bedding, with long straw providing the best overall material but alternatives such as chopped straw, sawdust, wood shavings and shredded paper conferring some benefits.
Zagotavljanje vseh teh koristi je odvisno od vrste stelje, pri čemer dolga slama zagotavlja celostnejši material, vendar nadomestni materiali, npr. nasekljana slama, žagovina, ostružki lesa in razrezani papir, zagotavljajo še dodatne koristi.
Bedding should be non-toxic and, where possible, provide structural diversity to stimulate exploratory behaviour.
Stelja mora biti netoksična, in če je mogoče, mora zagotavljati raznolikost struktur, ki spodbuja raziskovalne dejavnosti.
Bedding should be provided for all pigs, unless precluded for experimental reasons, and is particularly important for farrowing sows, which have a strong motivation to perform nest-building behaviour, and for pigs on restricted feeding regimes, which have a strong motivation to express foraging behaviour.
Stelja se zagotovi vsem prašičem, razen če je odstranjena zaradi poskusov, ter je zlasti pomembna za breje svinje z veliko motivacijo za grajenje gnezd in za prašiče z veliko motivacijo za iskanje hrane, ki jih je treba hraniti omejeno.
Equines evolved as grazers of open grasslands, and domestic horses and ponies (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus asinus) have retained the behavioural repertoire of their ancestors.
Kopitarji so se v preteklosti pasli na odprtih pašnikih, domači konji in poniji (Equus caballus) ter osli (Equus asinus) pa so ohranili vedenjske vzorce svojih prednikov.
In the feral or free-ranging state, equines live in herds separated into small family groups or bands typically comprising one stallion, with several mares, foals and yearlings.
V divjini ali na prostosti kopitarji živijo v čredah, ki se delijo v manjše skupine družin ali trope, običajno sestavljene iz enega žrebca, več kobil, žrebet in enoletnih živali.
The social structure develops as a clearly defined hierarchy, and individual animals within a group often form close pair bonds which it is important to recognise and maintain if possible.
Družbena struktura se je razvila v jasno opredeljeno hierarhijo, v kateri se posamezne živali iz skupine pogosto povezujejo v tesne pare in ki jo je treba, če je mogoče, priznavati in vzdrževati.
Mutual body care is a particularly important element in their social life.
Medsebojna skrb za telo je bistven del njihovega družbenega življenja.
Unlike ruminants, equines may graze continuously for many hours and under natural conditions they will spend fourteen to sixteen hours daily at this activity.
V nasprotju s prežvekovalci se lahko kopitarji pasejo več ur neprekinjeno in v naravnih razmerah tej dejavnosti namenijo štirinajst do šestnajst ur na dan.
Although their natural food is grass, herbs, and leaves, they are very selective regarding their choice of grass species and which part of the plant to eat.
Čeprav so njihova naravna hrana trava, zelišča in listje, so zelo izbirčni glede izbire vrste trave in dela rastline.
Their normal daily pattern is to graze, move a few steps and graze again.
Po običajnem dnevnem vzorcu se pasejo, naredijo nekaj korakov in se ponovno pasejo.
In this way they exercise as well as feed, and can cover long distances in a twenty-four hour period.
Tako se hkrati gibljejo in hranijo ter lahko v štiriindvajsetih urah dosežejo velike razdalje.
Ideally, management systems for equines should accommodate their natural behaviour, in particular the need to graze, exercise, and socialise.
Sistemi upravljanja za kopitarje naj bi omogočali njihovo naravno vedenje, zlasti potrebo po paši, gibanju in druženju.
They are flight animals and hence easily startled and this should also be taken into account.
So zelo plašne živali, zato se hitro poženejo v beg, kar je tudi treba upoštevati.
Rugs can be used in cool conditions, especially if hair has been clipped, but these should be removed and checked daily.
V hladnih pogojih se lahko uporabljajo odeje, zlasti če je bila dlaka postrižena, vendar jih je treba vsak dan odstraniti in preveriti.
The mane and tail of equines provide protection from adverse weather conditions and from flies and should not be removed or cut short.
Griva in rep kopitarjem zagotavljata zaščito pred slabimi vremenskimi razmerami in muhami, zato se ju ne sme odstraniti ali kratko pristriči.
Where manes and tails need to be shortened or tidied this should be achieved by trimming rather than by pulling.
Če je treba grivo ali rep skrajšati ali očistiti, je treba to storiti s striženjem in ne s puljenjem.
Ideally, equines should be kept at pasture or have access to pasture for at least six hours a day.
Kopitarji naj bi bili vsaj šest ur na dan na paši ali imeli dostop do nje.
Where equines are kept with minimal or no access to grazing then additional roughage should be provided to extend the time spent feeding and reduce boredom.
Če imajo kopitarji manj časa dostop do paše ali ga nimajo, jim je treba zagotoviti dodatne vlaknine, da se podaljša čas hranjenja in prepreči dolgočasenje.
In indoor enclosures, group-housing systems are preferred since these provide opportunities for socialisation and exercise.
V notranjih ograjenih prostorih je bolje uporabljati sistem namestitve v skupine, ker zagotavlja druženje in gibanje.
For horses it is essential that great care is taken to ensure social compatibility of groups
Pri konjih je bistveno zagotoviti družbeno združljivost skupin.
The total space requirement for indoor enclosures will depend on whether animals also have daily access to additional areas for grazing and/or other forms of exercise.
Skupne prostorske zahteve za notranje ograjene prostore so odvisne od tega, ali imajo živali tudi dnevni dostop do dodatnih prostorov za pašo in/ali druge oblike gibanja.
The figures below assume that such additional areas will be provided.
Spodnje številke predvidevajo možnost dostopa do dodatnih prostorov.
If not, then space allowances should be increased significantly.
V nasprotnem primeru je treba bistveno povečati prostorske zmogljivosti.
Table G.8.
Tabela G.8
Equines: Minimum enclosure dimensions and space allowances
Kopitarji: Najmanjše mere ograjenih prostorov in prostorske zmogljivosti
Wither height
Višina vihra