natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The calibration should be performed at regular intervals at least twice daily in order to account for unexpected changes in column performance.
Umerjanje se opravlja v rednih presledkih vsaj dvakrat dnevno, da se lahko upoštevajo nepričakovane spremembe v delovanju kolone.
For best practice the calibration injections should be carried out before and after injections of the test substance to confirm retention times have not drifted.
Najbolje je umeritveno injiciranje izvesti pred in po injiciranju preskusne snovi za potrditev, da se retencijski časi niso spremenili.
The test substances are injected separately in quantities as small as possible (to avoid column overload) and their retention times are determined.
Preskusne snovi se injicirajo ločeno v čim manjših količinah (da ne bi prišlo do preobremenitve kolone) in določijo se njihovi retencijski časi.
In order to increase the confidence in the measurement, at least duplicate determinations should be made.
Za večjo zanesljivost meritev je treba določitev opraviti vsaj dvakrat.
The values of log Koc derived from individual measurements should fall within a range of 0,25 log unit.
Vrednosti log Koc v posameznih meritvah morajo biti v območju 0,25 logaritemske enote.
The capacity factors k' are calculated from the dead time to and retention times tR of the selected reference substances according to equation 4 (see Section 1.2).
Kapacitivni faktorji k' se izračunajo iz mrtvega časa t0 in retencijskih časov tR izbranih referenčnih snovi po enačbi 4 (glej poglavje 1.2).
The log k' data of the reference substances are then plotted against their log Koc values from batch equilibrium experiments given in Tables 1 and 3 of the Appendix.
Podatke log k' za referenčne snovi se nato vnese v graf odvisnosti od njihovih vrednosti Koc iz poskusov s šaržnim ravnotežjem iz tabel 1 in 3 v Dodatku.
Using this plot, the log k' value of a test substance is then used to determine its log Koc value.
S pomočjo tega grafičnega prikaza se nato vrednost log k' preskusne snovi uporabi za določitev njene vrednosti log Koc.
If the actual results show that the log Koc of the test substance is outside the calibration range the test should be repeated using different, more appropriate reference substances.
Če dejanski rezultati pokažejo, da je log Koc preskusne snovi izven umeritvenega območja, je treba preskus ponoviti in uporabiti druge, bolj ustrezne referenčne snovi.
The report must include the following information:
Poročilo mora vsebovati naslednje informacije:
identity of test and reference substances and their purity, and pKa values if relevant,
identiteto preskusnih in referenčnih snovi in njihovo čistost ter vrednosti pKa, če je ustrezno,
description of equipment and operating conditions, e.g. type and dimension of analytical (and guard) column, means of detection, mobile phase (ratio of components and pH), temperature range during measurements,
opis opreme in delovnih pogojev, npr. vrsta in dimenzije analizne (in varovalne) kolone, detekcijsko sredstvo, mobilna faza (razmerje komponent in pH), temperaturni razpon med meritvami,
dead time and the method used for its determination,
mrtvi čas in metodo za njegovo določanje,
quantities of test and reference substances introduced in the column,
količine preskusnih in referenčnih snovi v koloni,
retention times of reference compounds used for calibration,
retencijske čase referenčnih spojin, uporabljenih za umerjanje,
details of fitted regression line (log k' vs log Koc) and a graph of the regression line,
podrobnosti o prilagojeni regresijski premici (log k' v odvisnosti od log Koc) in graf regresijske premice,
average retention data and estimated d log Koc value for the test compound,
podatke o povprečni retenciji in ocenjeno vrednost log Koc za preskusno spojino,
chromatograms.
kromatograme.
Rosenblatt (ed), (1990) Handbook of chemical property estimation methods, chapt.
Handbook of chemical property estimation methods, chapt.
Williams, (1988) The estimation of the adsorption coefficient (Koc) for soils by HPLC.
Williams (1988). The estimation of the adsorption coefficient (Koc) for soils by HPLC.
Technol., 17, p. 227-231.
Technol., 17, 227–231.
Health, B19, p. 297-312.
Health, B19, 297–312.
Peters, V. H. Freed, (1979) A physical concept of soil water equilibria for nonionic organic compounds, Science, 106, p. 831-832.
Peters, V. H. Freed (1979). A physical concept of soil water equilibria for nonionic organic compounds, Science, 106, 831–832.
Chemosphere, 10, p. 833-846.
Chemosphere, 10, 833–846.
Kördel, D. Hennecke, M. Herrmann, (1997) Application of the HPLC-screening method for the determination of the adsorption coefficient on sewage sludges.
Kordel, D. Hennecke, M. Herrmann (1997). Application of the HPLC-screening method for the determination of the adsorption coefficient on sewage sludges.
Chemosphere, 35(1/2), p. 121-128.
Chemosphere, 35(1/2). 121–128.
Kördel (1996) Comparison of screening methods for the estimation of adsorption coefficients on soil.
Kordel (1996). Comparison of screening methods for the estimation of adsorption coefficients on soil.
Kördel, J. Stutte, G. Kotthoff (1993) HPLC-screening method for the determination of the adsorption coefficient in soil-comparison of different stationary phases, Chemosphere, 27(12), p. 2341-2352.
Kordel, J. Stutte, G. Kotthoff (1993). HPLC-screening method for the determination of the adsorption coefficient in soil-comparison of different stationary phases, Chemosphere, 27(12). 2341–2352.
Klein (1991) Sorption of nonpolar and polar compounds to soils: Processes, measurements and experience with the applicability of the modified OECD Guideline 106, Chemosphere, 22, p. 285-304.
Klein (1991). Sorption of nonpolar and polar compounds to soils: Processes, measurements and experience with the applicability of the modified OECD Guideline 106, Chemosphere, 22, 285–304.
Kördel, G. Kotthoff, J. Müller (1995) HPLC-screening method for the determination of the adsorption coefficient on soil-results of a ring test.
Kordel, G. Kotthoff, J. Muller (1995). HPLC-screening method for the determination of the adsorption coefficient on soil-results of a ring test.
Chemosphere, 30(7), p. 1373-1384.
Chemosphere, 30(7), 1373–1384.
Comparison of Koc values for soils and sewage sludges, and calculated values by the HPLC screening method [1], [2]
Primerjava vrednosti Koc za tla in blato iz čistilnih naprav ter vrednosti, izračunane po presejalni metodi HPLC [1], [2]
substance
Snov
CAS-No
Št. CAS
log Koc sewage sludges
log Koc za odpadno blato
log Koc soils
log Koc za tla
Benzoic acid phenylester
Fenil benzoat
4-Nitrobenzamide
4-Nitrobenzamid
2,5-Dichloroaniline
2,5-Dikloroanilin
Results of a laboratory inter-comparison test (11 participating laboratories) performed to improve and validate the HPLC-method [3]
Izsledki preskusa s primerjavo med laboratoriji (11 sodelujočih laboratorijev), izvedenega za izboljšanje in validacijo metode HPLC [3]
[HPLC-method]
[metoda HPLC]
Recommended reference substances for the HPLC screening method based on soil adsorption data.
Priporočene referenčne snovi za presejalno metodo HPLC na osnovi adsorpcijskih podatkov za tla
Reference substance
Referenčna snov
log Koc mean values from batch equilibrium
Povprečne vrednosti log Koc iz šaržnega preskusa ravnotežja
number of Koc data
Število podatkov Koc
source
Vir
2-Nitrobenzamide
2-Nitrobenzamid
N.N-dimethylbenzamide
N.N-dimetilbenzamid
4-Methylbenzamide
4-Metilbenzamid
3-Nitrobenzamide
3 -Nitrob enzami d
3,5-Dinitrobenzamide
3,5-Dinitrobenzamid
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene
1,2,3 -Triklorobenzen
Basic Blue 41 (mix)
Basic Blue 41 (zmes)
Kördel, D. Hennecke, C. Franke, (1997) Determination of the adsorption-coefficients of organic substances on sewage sludges.
Kordel, D. Hennecke, C. Franke (1997). Determination of the adsorption-coefficients of organic substances on sewage sludges.
Chemosphere, 35 (1/2), p. 107-119.
Chemosphere, 35 (1/2), 107–119.
Kördel, G. Kotthoff, J. Müller (1995).
Kordel, G. Kotthoff, J. Muller (1995).
Chemosphere, 30(7), 1373-1384.
Chemosphere, 30(7), 1373–1384
Kördel, J. Müller (1994).
Kordel, J. Miiller (1994).
Bestimmung des Adsorptionskoeffizienten organischer Chemikalien mit der HPLC.
Bestimmung des Adsorptionskoeffizienten organischer Chemikalien mit der HPLC. UBA R&D Report No.
Oepen, W.
Oepen, W. Kordel, W.
Klein., (1991) Chemosphere, 22, p. 285-304.
Chemosphere, 22, 285–304
Data provided by industry.
Podatki iz industrije
This Reproduction toxicity test method is a replicate of the OECD TG 211 (1998).
Ta metoda preskušanja toksičnosti za razmnoževanje ustreza metodi OECD TG 211 (1998).
The primary objective of the test is to assess the effect of chemicals on the reproductive output of Daphnia magna.
Glavni cilj preskusa je oceniti vpliv kemikalij na sposobnost razmnoževanja vrste Daphnia magna.
Parent Animals: are those female Daphnia present at the start of the test and of which the reproductive output is the object of the study.
Starši: so samice vodne bolhe (iz rodu Daphnia), ki so prisotne na začetku preskusa in katerih sposobnost razmnoževanja je predmet te študije.
Offspring: are the young Daphnia produced by the parent animals in the course of the test.
Potomci: so mladiči vodne bolhe, ki jih starši producirajov času preskusa.
Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC): is the lowest tested concentration at which the substance is observed to have a statistically significant effect on reproduction and parent mortality (at p < 0,05) when compared with the control, within a stated exposure period.
Najnižja koncentracija z opaznim učinkom (LOEC): je najnižja preskušena koncentracija, pri kateri je ugotovljeno, da ima snov v danem obdobju izpostavljenosti statistično značilen učinek na razmnoževanje in smrtnost staršev (pri p < 0,05) ob primerjavi s kontrolo.
When these two conditions cannot be satisfied, a full explanation must be given for how the LOEC (and hence the NOEC) has been selected.
Če teh dveh pogojev ni mogoče izpolniti, je treba podrobno razložiti, kako je bil izbran LOEC (in s tem NOEC).
No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC): is the test concentration immediately below the LOEC, which when compared with the control, has no statistically significant effect (p < 0,05), within a stated exposure period.
Koncentracija brez opaznih učinkov (NOEC): je preskusna koncentracija neposredno pod LOEC, ki v primerjavi s kontrolo nima statistično značilnega učinka (p < 0,05) v danem obdobju izpostavljenosti.
ECx: is the concentration of the test substance dissolved in water that results in a x % reduction in reproduction of Daphnia magna within a stated exposure period.
ECx: je koncentracija preskusne snovi, raztopljene v vodi, ki povzroči x- % zmanjšanje v razmnoževanju vrste Daphnia magna v danem obdobju izpostavljenosti.
Intrinsic rate of increase: is a measure of population growth which integrates reproductive output and age-specific mortality (20) (21) (22).
Za populacijo značilna stopnja rasti: je merilo rasti populacije, ki združuje sposobnost razmnoževanja in smrtnost v določeni starosti (20) (21) (22).
In steady state populations it will be zero.
Pri populacijah v dinamičnem ravnotežju je enaka nič.
For growing populations it will be positive and for shrinking populations it will be negative.
Pri rastočih populacijah je pozitivna, pri upadajočih pa negativna.
Clearly, the latter is not sustainable and ultimately will lead to extinction.
Slednja seveda ni samovzdržna in na koncu vodi k izumrtju.
Limit of Detection: is the lowest concentration that can be detected but not quantified.
Meja detekcije: je najnižja koncentracija, ki jo je mogoče zaznati, ne pa tudi količinsko ovrednotiti.
Limit of Determination: is the lowest concentration that can be measured quantitatively.
Meja določanja: je najnižja koncentracija, ki jo je mogoče količinsko izmeriti.
Mortality: an animal is recorded as dead when it is immobile, i.e. when it is not able to swim, or if there is no observed movement of appendages or postabdomen, within 15 seconds after gentle agitation of the test container.
Smrtnost: žival se zabeleži kot mrtva, če je nepremična, t.j. če ne more plavati ali če v 15 sekundah po rahlem tresenju preskusne posode ni opaziti premikanja okončin ali postabdomna.
(If another definition is used, this must be reported together with its reference).
(Če se uporabi druga opredelitev pojmov, je treba o tem poročati, skupaj z navedbo literature.)
Young female Daphnia (the parent animals), aged less than 24 hours at the start of the test, are exposed to the test substance added to water at a range of concentrations.
Mlade samice vodne bolhe iz rodu daphnia (starši), na začetku preskusa mlajše od 24 ur, se izpostavijo preskusni snovi, dodani vodi v različnih koncentracijah.
The test duration is 21 days.
Preskus traja 21 dni.
At the end of the test, the total number of living offspring produced per parent animal alive at the end of the test is assessed.
Na koncu preskusa se oceni celotno število živih potomcev na starša, ki je ob koncu poskusa živ.
This means that juveniles produced by adults that die during the test are excluded from the calculations.
To pomeni, da se mladiči odraslih živali, ki med preskusom poginejo, pri računanju ne upoštevajo.
Reproductive output of parent animals can be expressed in other ways (e.g. number of living offspring produced per animal per day from the first day offspring were observed) but these should be reported in addition to the total number of juveniles produced per parent alive at the end of the test.
Sposobnost razmnoževanja staršev je mogoče izraziti tudi na druge načine (npr. število živih potomcev, ki jih ima žival na dan od prvega dne, ko so opaženi potomci), vendar je treba o tem poročati poleg celotnega števila mladičev na starša, ki je ob koncu preskusa še živ.
The reproductive output of the animals exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control(s) in order to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and hence the no observed effect concentration (NOEC).
Sposobnost razmnoževanja živali, izpostavljenih preskusni snovi, se primerja z živalmi kontrol, da se določita najnižja koncentracija z opaznim učinkom (LOEC) in s tem koncentracija brez opaznih učinkov (NOEC).
In addition, and as far as possible, the data are analysed using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output (i.e. the EC50, EC20, or EC10).
Poleg tega se, kolikor je mogoče, podatki analizirajo s pomočjo regresijskega modela, da se oceni koncentracija, ki bi povzročila x-odstotno znižanje sposobnosti razmnoževanja (t.j. EC50, EC20 ali EC10).
The survival of the parent animals and time to production of first brood must also be reported.
Poročati je treba tudi o preživetju staršev in času do produkcije prvega zaroda.
Other substance-related effects on parameters such as growth (e.g. length) and possibly intrinsic rate of increase, may also be examined.
Proučijo se lahko tudi drugi od snovi odvisni učinki na parametre, kot sta rast (npr. dolžina) in po možnosti za populacijo značilna stopnja rasti.
Results of an acute toxicity test (see Method C.2, Part I) performed with Daphnia magna should be available.
Na razpolago naj bodo izsledki preskusa akutne toksičnosti (glej metodo C.2, del I) za vrsto Daphnia magna.
The result may be useful in selecting an appropriate range of test concentrations in the reproduction tests.
Ti izsledki so lahko koristni pri izbiranju ustreznega razpona preskusnih koncentracij za preskuse razmnoževanja.
The water solubility and the vapour pressure of the test substance should be known and a reliable analytical method for the quantification of the substance in the test solutions with reported recovery efficiency and limit of determination should be available.
Znana morata biti topnost v vodi in parni tlak preskusne snovi, na razpolago pa mora biti zanesljiva analitska metoda za določanje količine snovi v preskusnih raztopinah, za katero obstajajo poročila o uspešnosti rekuperacije in meji določanja.
Information on the test substance which may be useful in establishing the test conditions includes the structural formula, purity of the substance, stability in light, stability under the conditions of the test, pKa, Pow and results of the test for ready biodegradability (see Method C.4).
Informacije o preskusni snovi, ki so lahko koristne pri določanju preskusnih pogojev, vključujejo strukturno formulo, čistost snovi, stabilnost na svetlobi, stabilnost pri preskusnih pogojih, pKa, Pow in izsledke preskusa lahke biorazgradljivosti (glej metodo C.4).
For a test to be valid, the following performance criteria should be met in the control(s):
Da bi bil preskus veljaven, morajo kontrole izpolnjevati naslednja merila:
the mortality of the parent animals (female Daphnia) does not exceed 20 % at the end of the test,
smrtnost staršev (samic vodnih bolh) ob koncu preskusa ne presega 20 %,
the mean number of live offspring produced per parent animal surviving at the end of the test is ≥ 60.
povprečno število živih potomcev na starša, ki preživi do konca poskusa, je ≥ 60.
Test vessels and other apparatus which will come into contact with the test solutions should be made entirely of glass or other chemically inert material.
Preskusne posode in druge priprave, ki pridejo v stik s preskusno snovjo, morajo biti v celoti iz stekla ali drugega kemično inertnega materiala.
The test vessels will normally be glass beakers.
Preskusne posode so navadno steklene čaše.
In addition, some or all of the following equipment will be required:
Poleg tega bo lahko potrebna naslednja oprema:
oxygen meter (with microelectrode or other suitable equipment for measuring dissolved oxygen in low volume samples),
oksimeter (z mikroelektrodo ali drugo primerno opremo za merjenje raztopljenega kisika v vzorcih z majhno prostornino),
equipment for the determination of the hardness of water,
oprema za določanje trdote vode,
equipment for the determination of the total organic carbon concentration (TOC) of water or equipment for the determination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD),
oprema za določanje koncentracije skupnega organskega ogljika (TOC) v vodi ali oprema za določanje kemijske potrebe po kisiku (KPK),
adequate apparatus for the control of the lighting regime and the measurement of light intensity.
primerna naprava za nadzorovanje režima osvetlitve in merjenje jakosti svetlobe.
The species to be used in the test is Daphnia magna Straus.
V preskusu se uporabi vrsta Daphnia magna, Straus.
Other Daphnia species may be used providing they meet the validity criteria as appropriate (the validity criterion relating to the reproductive output in the controls should be relevant for the Daphnia species).
Lahko se uporabijo druge vrste iz rodu Daphnia, pod pogojem, da ustrezno izpolnjujejo merila za veljavnost (merilo za veljavnost v zvezi s sposobnostjo razmnoževanja kontrole mora biti ustrezno za vrsto vodne bolhe).
If other species of Daphnia are used they must be clearly identified and their use justified.
Če se uporabijo druge vrste vodnih bolh, morajo biti jasno identificirane, njihova uporaba pa utemeljena.
Preferably, the clone should have been identified by genotyping.
Najbolje je, če je klon identificiran z genotipizacijo.
Research (1) has shown that the reproductive performance of Clone A (which originated from IRCHA in France) (3) consistently meets the validity criterion of a mean of ≥ 60 offspring per parent animal surviving when cultured under the conditions described in this method.
Raziskave (1) so pokazale, da sposobnost razmnoževanja klona A (ki izvira iz IRCHA v Franciji) (3) dosledno izpolnjuje merilo za veljavnost, ki zahteva, da je povprečno število preživelih potomcev na preživelega starša ≥ 60, če so gojeni v razmerah, opisanih v tej metodi.
However, other clones are acceptable provided that the Daphnia culture is shown to meet the validity criteria for a test.
Vendar so sprejemljivi tudi drugi kloni, pod pogojem da kultura vodnih bolh dokazano izpolnjuje merila za veljavnost preskusa.
At the start of the test, the animals should be less than 24 hours old and must not be first brood progeny.
Na začetku preskusa morajo biti živali mlajše od 24 ur in ne smejo biti prva generacija potomcev.
They should be derived from a healthy stock (i.e. showing no signs of stress such as high mortality, presence of males and ephippia, delay in the production of the first brood, discoloured animals etc.).
Izvirati morajo iz zdravega staleža (t.j. ne smejo kazati znakov stresa, kot je visoka smrtnost, prisotnost samcev in efipijev, zamuda pri produkciji prvega zaroda, razbarvane živali itd.).
The stock animals must be maintained in culture conditions (light, temperature, medium, feeding and animals per unit volume) similar to those to be used in the test.
Živali v staležu morajo biti gojene v razmerah (svetloba, temperatura, medij, hranjenje in živali na enoto prostornine), podobnih tistim, ki se uporabijo v preskusu.
If the Daphnia culture medium to be used in the test is different from that used for routine Daphnia culture, it is good practice to include a pre-test acclimation period of normally about 3 weeks (i.e. one generation) to avoid stressing the parent animals.
Če se v preskusu uporabi gojitveni medij vodnih bolh, ki je različen od tistega, ki se ga uporablja za rutinsko gojenje vodnih bolh, je dobro vključiti prilagoditveno obdobje pred preskusom, ki navadno traja okoli tri tedne (t.j. eno generacijo), da starši ne bi bili pod stresom.
It is recommended that a fully defined medium be used in this test.
Za ta preskus je priporočljivo uporabiti popolnoma definiran medij.
This can avoid the use of additives (e.g. seaweed, soil extract etc.), which are difficult to characterise, and therefore improves the opportunities for standardisation between laboratories.
S tem se je mogoče izogniti uporabi dodatkov (npr. morske alge, ekstrakt tal itd.), ki jih je težko opredeliti, s čimer se izboljšajo možnosti za standardizacijo med laboratoriji.
Elendt M4 (4) and M7 media (see Appendix 1) have been found to be suitable for this purpose.
Ugotovljeno je bilo, da sta medija Elendt M4 (4) in M7 (glej Dodatek 1) primerna za ta namen.
However, other media (e.g. (5) (6)) are acceptable providing the performance of the Daphnia culture is shown to meet the validity criteria for the test.
Sprejemljivi pa so tudi drugi mediji (npr. (5) (6)), pod pogojem da sposobnost kulture vodnih bolh dokazano izpolnjuje merila za veljavnost preskusa.
If media are used which include undefined additives, these additives should be specified clearly and information should be provided in the test report on composition, particularly with regard to carbon content as this may contribute to the diet provided.
Če se uporabijo mediji, ki vsebujejo nedefinirane dodatke, je treba te dodatke jasno navesti, poročilo o preskusu pa naj vsebuje informacije o sestavi, zlasti v zvezi z vsebnostjo ogljika, ker to lahko vpliva na prehrano.
It is recommended that the total organic carbon (TOC) and/or chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the stock preparation of the organic additive is determined and an estimate of the resulting contribution to the TOC/COD in the test medium made.
Priporočljivo je določiti skupni organski ogljik (TOC) in/ali kemijsko potrebo po kisiku (KPK) osnovnega pripravka organskega dodatka in oceniti posledični prispevek k TOC/KPK preskusnega medija.
It is recommended that TOC levels in the medium (i.e. before addition of the algae) be below 2 mg/l (7).
Priporočljivo je, da je raven TOC v mediju (t.j. pred dodatkom alg) pod 2 mg/l (7).
When testing substances containing metals, it is important to recognise that the properties of the test medium (e.g. hardness, chelating capacity) may have a bearing on the toxicity of the test substance.
Pri preskušanju snovi, ki vsebujejo kovine, se je pomembno zavedati, da lahko lastnosti preskusnega medija (npr. trdota, sposobnost tvorbe kelatov) vplivajo na toksičnost preskusne snovi.
For this reason, a fully defined medium is desirable.
Zato je zaželen popolnoma definiran medij.