natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
However, the estimated Koc may be useful for choosing appropriate test parameters for adsorption/desorption studies according to the test method C.18 by calculating Kd (distribution coefficient) or Kf (Freundlich adsorption coefficient) according to the equation 3 (see Section 1.2).
Kljub temu je lahko ocenjeni Koc koristen pri izbiranju ustreznih preskusnih parametrov za proučevanje adsorpcije/desorpcije po preskusni metodi C.18 z računanjem Kd (porazdelitveni koeficient) ali Kf (Freundlichov adsorpcijski koeficient) po enačbi 3 (glej poglavje 1.2).
Kd: distribution coefficient is defined as the ratio of equilibrium concentrations C of a dissolved test substance in a two phase system consisting of a sorbent (soil or sewage sludge) and an aqueous phase; it is a dimensionless value when concentrations in both phases are expressed on a weight/weight base.
Kd: Porazdelitveni koeficient je opredeljen kot razmerje med ravnotežnimi koncentracijami C raztopljene preskusne snovi v dvofaznem sistemu iz sorbenta (tla ali odpadno blato) in vodne faze; to je vrednost brez enote, kadar sta koncentraciji v obeh fazah izraženi kot teža/težo.
In case the concentration in the aqueous phase is given on a weight/volume base then the units are ml· g-1.
Če je koncentracija v vodni fazi podana kot teža/prostornino, je enota ml· g-1.
Kd can vary with sorbent properties and can be concentration dependent.
Kd se lahko spreminja glede na sorptivne lastnosti in je lahko odvisen od koncentracije.
concentration of test substance in soil at equilibrium (μg· g-1)
koncentracija preskusne snovi v tleh ob ravnotežju (μg· g-1)
concentration of test substance in sludge at equilibrium (μg· g-1)
koncentracija preskusne snovi v blatu ob ravnotežju (μg· g-1)
concentration of test substance in aqueous phase at equilibrium (μg· g-1, μg· ml-1).
koncentracija preskusne snovi v vodni fazi ob ravnotežju (μg· g-1, μg· ml-1).
Kf: Freundlich adsorption coefficient is defined as the concentration of the test substance in soil or sewage sludge (x/m) when the equilibrium concentration Caq in the aqueous phase is equal to one; units are μg.g-1 sorbent.
Kf: Freundlichov adsorpcijski koeficient je opredeljen kot koncentracija preskusne snovi v tleh ali odpadnem blatu (x/m), ko je ravnotežna koncentracija Caq v vodni fazi enaka ena; enota je μg· g-1 sorbenta.
The value can vary with sorbent properties.
Vrednost se lahko spreminja glede na sorptivne lastnosti.
x/m amount of test substance x (μg) adsorbed on amount of sorbent m (g) at equilibrium
x/m količina preskusne snovi x (μg), adsorbirane na količino sorbenta m (g) ob ravnotežju
1/n slope of Freundlich adsorption isotherm
1/n nagib Freundlichove adsorpcijske izoterme
concentration of test substance in aqueous phase at equilibrium (μg· ml- 1)
koncentracija preskusne snovi v vodni fazi ob ravnotežju (μg· ml-1)
Koc: distribution coefficient (Kd) or Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf) normalised to the organic carbon content (foc) of a sorbent; particularly for non-ionised chemicals, it is an approximate indicator for the extent of adsorption between a substance and the sorbent and allows comparisons to be made between different chemicals.
Koc: Porazdelitveni koeficient (Kd) ali Freundlichov adsorpcijski koeficient (Kf), normiran na vsebnost organskega ogljika (foc) v sorbentu; zlasti za neionizirane kemikalije je približni pokazatelj obsega adsorpcije med snovjo in sorbentom in omogoča primerjavo med različnimi kemikalijami.
Depending on the dimensions of Kd and Kf, Koc can be dimensionless or have the units ml· g-1 or μg· g-1 organic matter.
Glede na enote Kd in Kf je Koc lahko brez enote ali ima enoto ml· g-1 ali μg· g-1 organske snovi.
The relationship between Koc and Kd is not always linear and thus Koc values can vary from soil to soil but their variability is greatly reduced compared to Kd or Kf values.
Razmerje med Koc in Kd ni vedno lineareno, tako da so lahko vrednosti Koc različne pri različnih tipih tal, vendar je njihova variabilnost močno zmanjšana v primerjavi z vrednostmi Kd ali Kf .
The adsorption coefficient (Koc) is deduced from the capacity factor (k') using a calibration plot of log k' versus log Koc of the selected reference compounds.
Adsorpcijski koeficient (Koc) se izpelje iz kapacitivnega faktorja (k“) s pomočjo umeritvenega grafa log k' v odvisnosti od log Koc izbranih referenčnih spojin.
HPLC retention time of test and reference substance (minutes);
retencijski čas preskusne in referenčne snovi pri HPLC (minute)
HPLC dead time (minutes) (see Section 1.8.2).
mrtvi čas pri HPLC (minute) (glej poglavje 1.8.2).
POW: The octanol-water partition coefficient is defined as the ratio of the concentrations of dissolved substance in n-octanol and water; it is a dimensionless value.
POW : Porazdelitveni koeficient oktanol/voda je opredeljen kot razmerje med koncentracijama raztopljene snovi v n-oktanolu in vodi; to je vrednost brez enote.
The structural formula, the purity and the dissociation constant (if appropriate) should be known before using the method.
Pred uporabo metode naj bodo znane strukturna formula, čistost In disociacijska konstanta (če je ustrezno).
Information on solubility in water and organic solvents, on octanol-water partition coefficient and on hydrolysis characteristics is useful.
Koristne so informacije o topnosti v vodi in organskih topilih, porazdelitvenem koeficientu oktanol/voda in hidroliznih lastnostih.
To correlate the measured HPLC-retention data of a test substance with its adsorption coefficient Koc, a calibration graph of log Koc versus log k’ has to be established.
Za korelacijo izmerjenih podatkov o retenciji pri FIPLC za preskusno snov z njenim adsorpcijskim koeficientom Koc je treba izdelati umeritveni graf log Koc v odvisnosti od k'.
A minimum of six reference points, at least one above and one below the expected value of the test substance should be used.
Uporabiti je treba vsaj šest referenčnih točk, pri čemer je vsaj ena nad in ena pod pričakovano vrednostjo za preskusno snov.
The accuracy of the method will be significantly improved if reference substances that are structurally related to the test substance are used.
Točnost metode se znatno izboljša, če se uporabijo referenčne snovi, ki so strukturno sorodne preskusni snovi.
If such data are not available, it is up to the user to select the appropriate calibration substances.
Če ti podatki niso na razpolago, uporabnik sam izbere ustrezne umeritvene snovi.
A more general set of structurally heterogeneous substances should be chosen in this case.
V tem primeru se izbere bolj splošna skupina strukturno heterogenih snovi.
Substances and Koc-values which may be used are listed in the Appendix in Table 1 for sewage sludge and in Table 3 for soil.
Snovi in vrednosti Koc, ki se lahko uporabijo, so naštete v Dodatku in sicer v tabeli 1 za odpadno blato in v tabeli 3 za tla.
The selection of other calibration substances should be justified.
Izbira drugih umeritvenih snovi mora biti utemeljena.
HPLC is performed on analytical columns packed with a commercially available cyanopropyl solid phase containing lipophilic and polar moieties.
HPLC se izvaja s analiznimi kolonami, polnjenimi s cianopropilno trdno fazo (cianopropilnimi trdnimi delci), ki je na voljo na tržišču in ki vsebuje lipofilne in polarne dele.
A moderately polar stationary phase based on a silica matrix is used:
Uporablja se zmerno polarna stacionarna faza na osnovi matrice iz silicijevega oksida:
O — Si— used:
O — Si— z silicijevega oksida:
CH2— ble cyanopropyl solid phase containing lipophilic and polar moieties.
CH2— evega oksida:
silica
silicijev oksid
non-polar spacer
nepolarni vmesnik
polar moiety
polami del
The principle of the test method is similar to testing method A.8 (Partition coefficient, HPLC method).
Princip preskusne metode je podoben kot pri preskusni metodi A.8 (porazdelitveni koeficient, metoda HPLC).
While passing through the column along with the mobile phase the test substance interacts with the stationary phase.
Pri potovanju skozi kolono skupaj z mobilno fazo pride do interakcije med preskusno snovjo in stacionarno fazo.
As a result of partitioning between mobile and stationary phases the test substance is retarded.
Porazdeljevanje med mobilno in stacionarno fazo zadrži preskusno snov.
The dual composition of the stationary phase having polar and non-polar sites allows for interaction of polar and non-polar groups of a molecule in a similar way as is the case for organic matter in soil or sewage sludge matrices.
Dvojna sestava stacionarne faze, ki ima polarna in nepolarna mesta, omogoča interakcijo med polarnimi in nepolarnimi skupinami molekule na podoben način kot pri organskih snoveh v matriksu tal ali odpadnega blata.
This enables the relationship between the retention time on the column and the adsorption coefficient on organic matter to be established.
To omogoča določitev odnosa med retencijskim časom v koloni in adsorpcijskim koeficientom na organski snovi.
pH has a significant influence on sorption behaviour in particular for polar substances.
pH ima pomemben vpliv na obnašanje pri sorpcij zlasti pri polarnih snoveh.
For agricultural soils or tanks of sewage treatment plants pH normally varies between pH 5,5 and 7,5.
Pri kmetijskih tleh in v bazenih komunalnih čistilnih naprav je pH navadno med 5,5 in 7,5.
For ionisable substances, two tests should be performed with both ionised and non-ionised forms in appropriate buffer solutions but only in cases where at least 10 % of the test compound will be dissociated within pH 5,5 to 7,5.
Za snovi, ki lahko ionizirajo, je treba izvesti dva preskusa, za ionizirano in neionizirano obliko, v ustreznih pufrih, vendar samo če najmanj 10 % preskusne spojine disociira v območju pH 5,5 do 7,5.
Since only the relationship between the retention on the HPLC column and the adsorption coefficient is employed for the evaluation, no quantitative analytical method is required and only the determination of the retention time is necessary.
Ker se pri ocenjevanju uporabi samo razmerje med retencijo na koloni HPLC in adsorpcijskim koeficientom, kvantitativna analitska metoda ni potrebna, potrebna je samo določitev retencijskega časa.
If a suitable set of reference substances is available and standard experimental conditions can be used, the method provides a fast and efficient way to estimate the adsorption coefficient Koc.
Če je na voljo primerna skupina referenčnih snovi in se lahko uporabijo standardni eksperimentalni pogoji, ta metoda predstavlja hiter in učinkovit način ocenjevanja adsorpcijskega koeficienta Koc.
The HPLC method is applicable to chemical substances (unlabelled or labelled) for which an appropriate detection system (e.g. spectrophotometer, radioactivity detector) is available and which are sufficiently stable during the duration of the experiment.
Metoda HPLC je uporabna za kemične snovi (označene ali neoznačene), za katere je na razpolago ustrezen sistem za detekcijo (npr. spektrofotometer, detektor radioaktivnosti) in ki so v času trajanja poskusa dovolj stabilne.
It may be particularly useful for chemicals which are difficult to study in other experimental systems (i.e. volatile substances; substances which are not soluble in water at a concentration which can be measured analytically; substances with a high affinity to the surface of incubation systems).
Zlasti koristna je lahko za kemikalije, ki jih je z drugimi eksperimentalnimi sistemi težko proučevati (t.j. hlapne snovi; snovi, ki v vodi niso topne pri koncentraciji, ki jo je mogoče analitsko izmeriti; snovi z visoko afiniteto do površine inkubacijskih sistemov).
Impurities may sometimes cause problems for interpretation of HPLC results, but they are of minor importance as long as the test substance can analytically be clearly identified and separated from the impurities.
Nečistote lahko včasih povzročijo težave pri razlagi rezultatov HPLC, vendar so majhnega pomena, če je mogoče preskusno snov analitsko jasno določiti in ločiti od nečistot.
The method is validated for the substances listed in Table 1 in the Appendix and was also applied to a variety of other chemicals belonging to the following chemical classes:
Metoda je validirana za snovi iz tabele 1 v Dodatku in je bila uporabljena tudi za razne druge kemikalije iz naslednjih razredov:
aromatic amines (e.g. trifluralin, 4-chloroaniline, 3,5-dinitroaniline, 4-methylaniline, N-methylaniline, 1-naphthylamine),
aromatski amini (npr. trifluralin, 4-kloroanilin, 3,5-dinitroanilin, 4-metilanilin, N-metilanilin, 1-naftilamin),
aromatic carboxilic acid esters (e.g. benzoic acid methylester, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid ethylester),
aromatski estri karboksilne kisline (npr. metilester benzojske kisline, etilester 3,5-dinitrobenzojske kisline),
aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, nitrobenzene),
aromatski ogljikovodiki (npr. toluen, ksilen, etilbenzen, nitrobenzen),
aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid esters (e.g. diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl),
estri ariloksifenoksipropionske kisline (npr. diklofop-metil, fenoksaprop-etil, fenoksaprop-P-etil),
benzimidazole and imidazole fungicides (e.g. carbendazim, fuberidazole, triazoxide),
benzimidazolijevi in imidazolijevi fungi cidi (npr. karbendazim, fuberidazol, triazokside),
carboxilic acid amides (e.g. 2-chlorobenzamide, N,N-dimethylbenzamide, 3,5-dinitrobenzamide, N-methylbenzamide, 2-nitrobenzamide, 3-nitrobenzamide),
amidi karboksilne kisline (npr. 2-klorobenzamid, N,N-dimetilbenzamid, 3,5-dinitrobenzamid, N-metilbenzamid, 2-nitrobenzamid, 3-nitrobenzamid),
chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g. endosulfan, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, quintozene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene),
klorirani ogljikovodiki (npr. endosulfan, DDT, heksaklorobenzen, kvintozen, 1,2,3-triklorobenzen),
organophosphorus insecticides (e.g. azinphos-methyl, disulfoton, fenamiphos, isofenphos, pyrazophos, sulprofos, triazophos),
organofosforjevi insekticidi (npr. azinfos-metil, disulfoton, fenamifos, izofenfos, pirazofos, sulprofos, triazofos),
phenols (e.g. phenol, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 1-naphthol),
fenoli (npr. fenol, 2-nitrofenol, 4-nitrofenol, pentaklorofenol, 2,4,6-triklorofenol, 1-naftol),
phenylurea derivatives (e.g. isoproturon, monolinuron, pencycuron),
derivati feniluree (npr. izoproturon, monolinuron, pencikuron),
pigment dyestuffs (e.g. Acid Yellow 219, Basic Blue 41, Direct Red 81),
pigmentna barvila (npr. Acid Yellow 219, Basic Blue 41, Direct Red 81),
polyaromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. acenaphthene, naphthalene),
poliaromatski ogljikovodiki (npr. acenaften, naftalen),
1,3,5-triazine herbicides (e.g. prometryn, propazine, simazine, terbutryn),
1,3,5-triazin herbicidi (npr. prometrin, propazin, simazin, terbutrin),
triazole derivatives (e.g. tebuconazole, triadimefon, tradimenol, triapenthenol).
derivati triazola (npr. tebukonazol, triadimefon, tradimenol, triapentenol).
The method is not applicable for substances which react either with the eluent or the stationary phase.
Metoda ni uporabna za snovi, ki reagirajo bodisi z eluentom ali stacionarno fazo.
It is also not applicable for substances that interact in a specific way with inorganic components (e.g. formation of cluster complexes with clay minerals).
Prav tako ni uporabna za snovi, ki na specifičen način interagirajo z anorganskimi komponentami (npr. tvorba gručastih kompleksov z minerali gline).
The method may not work for surface active substances, inorganic compounds and moderate or strong organic acids and bases.
Metoda morda ne bo delovala pri površinsko aktivnih snoveh, anorganskih spojinah in zmernih ali močnih organskih kislinah ali bazah.
Log Koc values ranging from 1,5 to 5,0 can be determined.
Določiti je mogoče vrednosti log Koc v razponu od 1,5 to 5,0.
Ionisable substances must be measured using a buffered mobile phase, but care has to be taken to avoid precipitation of buffer components or test substance.
Snovi, ki lahko ionizirajo, je treba meriti s pomočjo pufrske mobilne faze, vendar je treba paziti, da se prepreči obarjanje pufrskih komponent ali preskusne snovi.
Normally, the adsorption coefficient of a test substance can be estimated to within +/- 0,5 log unit of the value determined by the batch equilibrium method (see Table 1 in the Appendix).
Navadno je adsorpcijski koeficient preskusne snovi mogoče oceniti do ±0,5 logaritemske enote vrednosti, določene z metodo šaržnih preskusov ravnotežja (glej tabelo 1 v Dodatku).
Higher accuracy may be achieved if the reference substances used are structurally related to the test substance.
Boljša točnost se lahko doseže, če so referenčne snovi strukturno sorodne preskusni snovi.
Determinations should be run at least in duplicate.
Določanje je treba izvesti vsaj v dveh ponovitvah.
The values of log Koc derived from individual measurements should be within a range of 0,25 log unit.
Vrednosti log Koc dobljene pri posameznih merjenjih naj bodo znotraj obsega 0,25 logaritemske enote.
Experience gained so far in the application of the method is supportive of its validity.
Dosedanje izkušnje z uporabo te metode potrjujejo njeno veljavnost.
An investigation of the HPLC method, using 48 substances (mostly pesticides) for which reliable data on Koc on soils were available gave a correlation coefficient of R = 0,95 (10) (11).
Pri preiskavi metode HPLC s pomočjo 48 snovi (večinoma pesticidov), za katere so bili na razpolago zanesljivi podatki o Koc tal, je bil ugotovljen korekcijski koeficient R = 0,95 (10) (11).
An inter-laboratory comparison test with 11 participating laboratories was performed to improve and validate the method (12).
Za izboljšanje in validacijo metode je bil izveden preskus s primerjavo med laboratoriji, v katerem je sodelovalo 11 laboratorijev (12).
Results are given in Table 2 of the Appendix.
Izsledki so navedeni v tabeli 2 v Dodatku.
Preliminary Estimation of the Adsorption Coefficient
Predhodna ocenitev adsorpcijskega koeficienta
The octanol-water partition coefficient Pow (= Kow) and, to some extent, the water solubility can be used as indicators for the extent of adsorption, particularly for non-ionised substances, and thus may be used for preliminary range finding.
Porazdelitveni koeficient oktanol/voda Pow (= Kow) in, do neke mere, topnost v vodi se lahko uporabita kot pokazatelja obsega adsorpcije, zlasti za neionizirane snovi, in se tako lahko uporabita za predhodno določanje območja.
A variety of useful correlations have been published for several groups of chemicals (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7).
Objavljena je bila že vrsta koristnih korelacij za več skupin kemikalij (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7).
A liquid chromatograph, fitted with a pulse-free pump and a suitable detection device is required.
Potreben je tekočinski kromatograf, opremljen s črpalko brez pulzov in primernim detektorjem.
The use of an injection valve with an injection loop is recommended.
Priporočljiva je uporaba injekcijskega ventila z injekcijsko zanko.
Commercial cyanopropyl chemically bound resins on a silica base shall be used (e.g. Hypersil and Zorbax CN).
Uporabi se komercialni cianopropil vezan na silikagel (npr. Hypersil in Zorbax CN).
A guard column of the same material may be positioned between the injection system and the analytical column.
Med injekcijski sistem in analizno kolono se lahko namesti varovalna kolona iz enakega materiala.
Columns from different suppliers may vary considerably in their separation efficiency.
Kolone različnih dobaviteljev se lahko znatno razlikujejo glede na učinkovitost ločevanja.
As a guidance, the following capacity factors k' should be reached: log k'> 0,0 for log Koc = 3,0 and log k' > — 0,4 for log Koc = 2,0 when using methanol/water 55/45 % as mobile phase.
Kot vodilo je treba doseči naslednje faktorje zmogljivosti k': log k' > 0,0 za log Koc = 3,0 in log k' > – 0,4 za log Koc = 2,0 pri uporabi mobilne faze metanol/voda 55/45 %.
Mobile phases
Mobilne faze
Several mobile phases have been tested and the following two are recommended:
Preskušenih je bilo več mobilnih faz, priporočljivi pa sta naslednji dve:
methanol/water (55/45 % v/v)
metanol/voda (55/45 % v/v)
methanol/0,01M citrate-buffer pH 6,0 (55/45 % v/v)
metanol/0,01 M citratni pufer pH 6,0 (55/45 % V/V)
HPLC grade methanol and distilled water or citrate-buffer are used to prepare the eluting solvent.
Metanol čistosti za HPLC in destilirana voda ali citratni pufer se uporabita za pripravo elucijskega topila.
The mixture is degassed before use.
Zmes se pred uporabo razplini.
If methanol/water mixtures are not appropriate, other organic solvent/water mixtures may be tried, e.g. ethanol/water or acetonitrile/water mixtures.
Če zmes metanol/voda ni ustrezna, se lahko poskusi z drugimi zmesmi organskih topil in vode, npr. etanol/voda ali acetonitril/voda.
For ionisable compounds the use of buffer solution is recommended to stabilise pH.
Pri spojinah, ki lahko ionizirajo, je priporočljiva uporaba pufra za stabilizacijo pH.
Care must be taken to avoid salt precipitation and column deterioration, which may occur with some organic phase/buffer mixtures.
Poskrbeti je treba, da ne pride do obarjanja soli in uničenja kolone, kar se lahko zgodi pri nekaterih zmeseh: organska faza/pufer.
No additives such as ion pair reagents may be used because they can affect the sorption properties of the stationary phase.
Ne smejo se uporabljati dodatki, kot so reagenti z ionskim parom, ker lahko vplivajo na sorptivne lastnosti stacionarne faze.
Such changes of the stationary phase may be irreversible.
Take spremembe stacionarne faze so lahko ireverzibilne.
For this reason, it is mandatory that experiments using additives are carried out on separate columns.
Zaradi tega je treba poskuse z dodatki obvezno izvajati na ločenih kolonah.
Test and reference substances should be dissolved in the mobile phase.
Preskusne in referenčne snovi je treba raztopiti v mobilni fazi.
Test condition
Preskusni pogoji
The temperature during the measurements should be recorded.
Treba je beležiti temperaturo med meritvami.
The use of a temperature controlled column compartment is highly recommended to guarantee constant conditions during calibration and estimation runs and measurement of the test substance.
Uporaba termostatirane peči s kromatografsko kolono je zelo priporočljiva za zagotavljanje konstantnih pogojev med umerjanjem in ocenjevanjem ter merjenjem preskusne snovi.
Determination of dead time to
Določanje mrtvega časa t0
For the determination of the dead time to two different methods may be used (see also Section 1.2).
Za določanje mrtvega časa t0 se lahko uporabita dve različni metodi (glej tudi poglavje 1.2).
Determination of the dead time to by means of a homologous series
Določanje mrtvega časa to s pomočjo homologne serije
This procedure has proven to yield reliable and standardised to values.
Ta postopek dokazano daje zanesljive in standardizirane vrednosti t0.
For details see Testing Method A.8: Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water), HPLC method.
Za podrobnosti glej preskusno metodo A.8: porazdelitveni koeficient (n-oktanol/voda), metoda HPLC.
Determination of the dead time to by inert substances which are not retained by the column
Določanje mrtvega časa to s pomočjo inertnih snovi, ki jih kolona ne zadrži
This technique is based on the injection of solutions of formamide, urea or sodium nitrate.
Ta tehnika temelji na injiciranju raztopin formamida, sečnine ali natrijevega nitrata.
Measurements should be performed at least in duplicate.
Meritve je treba opraviti vsaj v dveh ponovitvah.
Determination of the retention times tR
Določanje retencijskega časa tR
Reference substances should be selected as described in Section 1.3.
Referenčne snovi se izberejo kakor je opisano v poglavju 1.3.
They may be injected as a mixed standard to determine their retention times, provided it has been confirmed that the retention time of each reference standard is unaffected by the presence of the other reference standards.
Lahko se injicirajo kot mešani standard za določitev njihovih retencijskih časov, pod pogojem da je bilo potrjeno, da prisotnost drugih referenčnih standardov ne vpliva na retencijski čas posameznega referenčnega standarda.