natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The possibility of shortage of CO2 should be considered when calculating the head-space of the closed flasks.
Pri izračunavanju volumna prostega prostora v zaprtih bučkah je treba upoštevati možnost pomanjkanja CO2.
Variations to this method have been proposed (see reference (4)).
Predlagane so bile različice te metode (glej vir (4)).
Attempts should be made to determine the amount of the substance which remains in solution, and extreme caution is advised when interpreting results of tests with volatile chemicals using closed systems.
Pri preskusih s hlapnimi snovmi v zaprtih sistemih je treba s poskušanjem določiti količino snovi, ki ostane v raztopini, in rezultate razlagati posebej previdno.
Using the procedures described in this method, a limit test may be performed at 100 mg per litre in order to demonstrate that the EC50 is greater than this concentration.
Z uporabo postopkov, opisanih v tej metodi, se lahko izvede mejni preskus s 100 mg na liter, v dokaz, da je EC50 večji od te koncentracije.
The limit test should be performed at least in triplicate, with the same number of controls.
Mejni preskus je treba izvesti v najmanj v treh ponovitvah in z enakim številom kontrolnih vzorcev.
The two measures of growth (biomass and growth rate) should be used for the limit test.
Pri mejnem preskusu je treba uporabiti oba parametra rasti (biomaso in hitrost rasti).
If, in a limit test, a mean decrease of 25 % or more is found in either biomass or growth rate between the limit test and the control, a full test should be carried out.
Če se pri mejnem preskusu ugotovi srednje povečanje za 25 % ali več bodisi biomase bodisi hitrosti rasti glede na kontrolni vzorec, je treba izvesti popolni preskus.
The measured cell density in the test cultures and controls are tabulated together with the concentrations of the test substance and the times of measurements.
Izmerjena gostota celic v preskusnih in kontrolnih kulturah se predstavi v tabeli, skupaj s koncentracijami preskusne snovi in časi meritev.
The mean value of the cell density for each test substance concentration and for the controls is plotted against time (0-72 h) to produce growth curves.
Izdela se graf srednje vrednosti gostote celic za vsako koncentracijo preskusne snovi in za kontrolne vzorce v odvisnosti od časa (0–72 h), ki predstavlja rastno krivuljo.
To determine the concentration/effect relationship, the two following approaches should be used.
Za določanje razmerja koncentracija/učinek je treba uporabiti naslednji metodi.
Some substances can stimulate the growth at low concentrations.
Nekatere snovi lahko pri majhnih koncentracijah vzpodbujajo rast.
Only data points indicating inhibition between 0 and 100 % should be considered.
Upoštevati je treba le podatke točk, ki kažejo na zaviranje od 0 do 100 %.
COMPARISON OF AREAS UNDER THE GROWTH CURVES
PRIMERJAVA POVRŠIN POD RASTNO KULTURO
The area between the growth curves and the horizontal line N = N0 may be calculated according to the formula:
Površina med rastno krivuljo in vodoravno premico N = N0 se lahko izračuna po naslednji enačbi:
A area
A površina,
number of cells/ml at time t0 (beginning of the test),o,
število celic/ml ob času t0 (začetek preskusa),0,
measured number of cells/ml at t1
izmerjeno število celic/ml ob t1,
measured number of cells/ml at time
izmerjeno število celic/ml ob tn,
time of first measurement after beginning of test
čas prve meritve po začetku preskusa,
time of nth measurement after beginning of test.
čas n-te meritve po začetku preskusa,
n number of measurements taken after the beginning of the test.
n število meritev, opravljenih po začetku preskusa.
The percentage inhibition of the cell growth at each test substance concentration (IA) is calculated according to the formula:
Odstotek zaviranja rasti celic za vsako koncentracijo preskusne snovi (IA) se izračuna po naslednji enačbi:
area between the control growth curve and the horizontal line N = No.
površina med rastno krivuljo kontrolne kulture in vodoravno premico N = N0.
area between the growth curve at the concentration t and the horizontal line N = No.
površina med rastno krivuljo pri koncentraciji t in vodoravno premico N = N0.
It is essential that the EbC50 is quoted with the appropriate exposure period, e.g. EbC50 (0-72h).
je treba nujno navesti skupaj z ustreznim obdobjem izpostavljanja, npr. EbC50 (0–72h).
COMPARISON OF GROWTH RATES
PRIMERJAVA HITROSTI RASTI
The average specific growth rate (μ) for exponentially growing cultures can be calculated as
Povprečna specifična hitrost rasti (μ) za eksponentno rastoče kulture se lahko izračuna po
where to is the time at the beginning of the test.
pri čemer je t0 čas začetka preskusa.
Alternatively, the average specific growth rate may be derived from the slope of the regression line in a plot of ln N versus time.
Povprečna specifična hitrost rasti se lahko tudi izpelje iz naklona regresijske premice grafičnega prikaza 1n N v odvisnosti od časa.
The percentage inhibition of specific growth rate at each test substance concentration (Iμt) is calculated according to the formula:
Odstotek zaviranja specifične hitrosti rasti za vsako koncentracijo preskusne snovi (Iμt) se izračuna po naslednji enačbi:
mean control specific growth rate
srednja specifična hitrost rasti kontrolne kulture
mean specific growth rate for the test concentration t
srednja specifična hitrost rasti pri preskusni koncentraciji t
The percentage reduction in average specific growth rate at each test substance concentration compared to the control value is plotted against the logarithm of the concentration.
Izdela se graf odstotka zmanjšanja povprečne specifične hitrosti rasti pri vsaki koncentraciji preskusne snovi glede na kontrolno vrednost v odvisnosti od logaritma koncentracije.
The EC5o may be read from the resulting graph.
Iz tega grafa se lahko odčita EC50.
To denote unambiguously the EC50 derived by this method it is proposed to use the symbol ErC50.
Da se vrednost nedvoumno označi kot EC50, dobljen s to metodo, se predlaga uporaba simbola ErC50.
The times of measurement must be indicated, e.g. if the value relates to times 0 and 72 hours, the symbol becomes ErC50 (0-72h).
Treba je navesti čase meritev, npr. če se vrednost nanaša na časa 0 in 72 ur, se uporabi simbol ErC50 (0–72h).
Note: specific growth rate is a logarithmic term, and small changes in growth rate may lead to great changes in biomass.
Opomba: specifična hitrost rasti je logaritemski izraz in majhne spremembe v hitrosti rasti lahko povzročijo velike spremembe v biomasi.
EbC and ErC values are therefore not numerically comparable.
Vrednosti EbC in ErC zato nista številčno primerljivi.
CALCULATION OF THE NOEC
IZRAČUN NOEC
The No Observed Effect Concentration is determined by a suitable statistical procedure for multisample comparison (e.g. analysis of variance and Dunnett's test), using the individual replicates values of the areas under the growth curves A (see point 2.1) or the specific growth rates μ (see point 2.2).
Koncentracija brez opaznega učinka se izračuna po ustreznem statističnem postopku za večvzorčno primerjavo (npr. analiza variance in Dunnettov test) iz vrednosti površine pod rastno krivuljo A za (glej točko 2.1) ali specifične hitrosti rasti μ (glej točko 2.2) za posamezne ponovitve.
test substance: chemical identification data,
preskusna snov: kemijski identifikacijski podatki,
test organisms: origin, laboratory culture, strain number, method of cultivation,
preskusni organizmi: izvor, laboratorijska kultura, številka seva, metoda kultivacije,
date of the start and the end of the test and its duration,
datuma začetka in konca preskusa ter njegovo trajanje,
temperature,
temperatura,
composition of medium,
sestava medija,
culturing apparatus,
inkubator za kultiviranje,
pH of solutions at the start and end of the test (an explanation should be provided if pH deviations of more than 1,5 unit are observed),
pH raztopin na začetku in na koncu preskusa (če se pH spreminja za več kot 1,5 enote, je treba to obrazložiti),
vehicle and method used for solubilising the test substance and concentration of the vehicle in the test solutions,
uporabljena nosilec in metoda za pripravo raztopine preskusne snovi ter koncentracija nosilca v preskusnih raztopinah,
light intensity and quality,
jakost in kakovost svetlobe,
concentrations tested (measured or nominal).
preskušene koncentracije (izmerjene ali nazivne).
results:
rezultati:
cell density for each flask at each measuring point and method for measuring cell density,
gostota celic za vsako bučko ob vsaki točki merjenja in metoda merjenja gostote celic,
mean values of cell density,
srednje vrednosti gostote celic,
growth curves,
rastne krivulje,
graphical presentation of the concentration effect relationship,
grafična predstavitev razmerj a med koncentracij o in učinkom,
EC values and method of calculation,
vrednosti EC in metode izračunavanja,
other observed effects.
drugi opaženi učinki.
Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, 1984, Verfahrensvorschlag ‘Hemmung der Zellvermehrung bei der Grünalge Scenedesmus subspicatus’, in: Rudolph/Boje: bkotoxikologie, ecomed, Landsberg, 1986.
Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, 1984, Verfahrensvorschlag ’Hemmung der Zellvermehrung bei der Griinalge Scenedesmus subspicatus’, in: Rudolph/Boje: bkotoxikologie, ecomed, Landsberg, 1986.
and M.Vighi — Chemosphere, 1981, vol.10, 1123-1126.
and M. Vighi – Chemosphere, 1981, vol.10, 1123–1126.
Example of a procedure for the culturing of algae
Primer postopka kultiviranja alg
The purpose of culturing on the basis of the following procedure is to obtain algal cultures for toxicity tests.
Namen kultiviranja po naslednjem postopku je pridobiti kulture alg za preskuse strupenosti.
Suitable methods should be used to ensure that the algal cultures are not infected with bacteria (ISO 4833).
Uporabiti je treba primerne metode, s katerimi se zagotovi, da se kulture alg ne okužijo z bakterijami (ISO 4833).
Axenic cultures may be desirable but unialgal cultures are essential.
Lahko so zaželene aksenične kulture, vsekakor pa so nujne kulture z eno samo vrsto alg.
All operations should be carried out under sterile conditions in order to avoid contamination with bacteria and, other algae.
Vse postopke je treba izvesti v sterilnih pogojih, da se prepreči okužba z bakterijami in drugimi algami.
Contaminated cultures should be rejected.
Okužene kulture je treba zavreči.
Procedures for obtaining algal cultures
Postopki za pridobivanje kultur alg
Preparation of nutrient solutions (media):
Priprava hranilnih raztopin (gojišče):
the medium can be prepared by diluting concentrated stock solutions of nutrients.
Gojišče se lahko pripravi razredčitvijo koncentriranih osnovnih raztopin hranil.
For solid medium, 0,8 % of agar is added.
Za trdno gojišče se doda 0,8 % agarja.
The medium used should be sterile.
Uporabljena gojišča morajo biti sterilna.
Sterilisation by autoclaving may lead to a loss of NH3.
Sterilizacija z avtoklaviranjem lahko povzroči izgube NH3.
Stock culture:
Založna kultura:
the stock cultures are small algal cultures that are regularly transferred to fresh medium to act as initial test material.
Založne kulture so majhne kulture alg, ki se redno prenašajo v sveža gojišča in se uporabljajo kot začetni preskusni material.
If the cultures are not used regularly they are streaked out on sloped agar tubes.
Če se kulture ne uporabljajo redno, se nanesejo na poševna agarska gojišča v epruvetah.
These are transferred to fresh medium at least once every two months.
Nato se najmanj enkrat na dva meseca prenesejo na sveže gojišče.
the stock cultures are grown in conical flasks containing the appropriate medium (volume about 100 ml).
Založne kulture se gojijo v erlenmajericah z ustreznim gojiščem (volumen približno 100 ml).
When the algae are incubated at 20 oC with continuous illumination, a weekly transfer is required.
Kadar se alge inkubirajo pri 20 oC ob stalni osvetlitvi, jih je treba na sveže gojišče prenesti enkrat na teden.
During transfer an amount of ‘old’ culture is transferred with sterile pipettes into a flask of fresh medium, so that with the fast-growing species the initial concentration is about 100 times smaller than in the old culture.
Med prenosom se del „stare“ kulture s sterilno pipeto prenese v erlenmajerico s svežim gojiščem, tako da je pri hitro rastoči vrsti začetna koncentracija približno 100-krat manjša, kakor v stari kulturi.
the growth rate of a species can be determined from the growth curve.
Hitrost rasti vrste se lahko določi iz rastne krivulje.
If this is known, it is possible to estimate the density at which the culture should be transferred to new medium.
Če je ta znana, se lahko oceni gostota, pri kateri je treba kulturo prenesti v novo gojišče.
This must be done before the culture reaches the death phase.
To je treba storiti, preden kultura doseže fazo odmiranja.
Pre-culture:
Predkultura:
the pre-culture is intended to give an amount of algae suitable for the inoculation of test cultures.
Predkultura je namenjena pridobivanju količine alg, primerne za inokulacijo preskusnih kultur.
The pre-culture is incubated under the conditions of the test and used when still exponentially growing, normally after an incubation period of about three days.
Predkultura se inkubira v pogojih preskusa in uporabi, ko je še v eksponentni fazi rasti, običajno po treh dneh inkubacije.
When the algal cultures contain deformed or abnormal cells, they must be discarded.
Kulture alg, ki vsebujejo deformirane ali nenormalne celice, je treba zavreči.
The ISO 8692 — Water quality — Fresh water algal growth inhibition test with Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum reports the following results for an inter-laboratory test among 16 laboratories, testing potassium dichromate:
ISO 8692 – Water quality – Fresh water algal growth inhibition test with Scenedesmus subspicatus and Selenastrum capricornutum (Kakovost vode – Preskus zaviranja rasti sladkovodnih alg pri vrstah Scenedesmus subspicatus in Selenastrum capricornutum) navaja naslednje rezultate medlaboratorijske primerjave med 16 laboratoriji pri preskušanju kalijevega dikromata:
Means (mg/l)
Srednje vrednosti (mg/l)
Range (mg/l)
Območje (mg/1)
Six test methods are described that permit the screening of chemicals for ready biodegradability in an aerobic aqueous medium:
Opisanih je šest preskusnih metod, ki omogočajo presejalno preskušanje snovi glede lahke biorazgradljivosti v aerobnem vodnem mediju:
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) Die-Away (Method C.4-A)
Upadanje raztopljenega organskega ogljika (DOC) (Metoda C.4-A)
Modified OECD Screening — DOC Die-Away (Method C.4-B)
Prilagojeno presejanje OECD – upadanje DOC (Metoda C.4-B)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Evolution (Modified Sturm Test) (Method C.4-C)
Razvijanje ogljikovega dioksida (CO2) (prilagojeni Sturmov preskus) (Metoda C.4-C)
Manometric Respirometry (Method C.4-D)
Manometrična respirometrija (Metoda C.4-D)
Closed Bottle (Method C.4-E)
Zaprta steklenica (Metoda C.4-E)
MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry — Japan) (Method C.4-F)
MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry – Japonska) (Metoda C.4-F)
General and common considerations to all six tests are given in Part I of the method.
Splošne in skupne opombe za vseh šest preskusov so navedene v delu I metode.
Items specific for individual methods are given in Parts II to VII.
Posebnosti za posamezne metode so navedene v delih II do VII.
The appendices contain definitions, formulas and guidance material.
Dodatki vsebujejo opredelitve, enačbe in navodila.
An OECD inter-laboratory comparison exercise, done in 1988, has shown that the methods give consistent results.
Medlaboratorijska primerjava, ki jo je OECD izvedel leta 1988, je pokazala, da metode dajejo dosledne rezultate.
However, depending on the physical characteristics of the substance to be tested, one or other of the methods may be preferred.
Vendar je glede na fizikalne lastnosti preskusne snovi lahko bolj primerna ena ali druga od metod.
SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE METHOD
IZBIRA USTREZNE METODE
In order to select the most appropriate method, information on the chemical's solubility, vapour pressure and adsorption characteristics is essential.
Za izbiro najprimernejše metode so potrebne informacije o topnosti, parnem tlaku in adsorpcijskih lastnostih snovi.
The chemical structure or formula should be known in order to calculate theoretical values and/or check measured values of parameters, e.g. ThOD, ThCO2, DOC, TOC, COD (see Appendices 1 and 2).
Za izračun teoretičnih vrednosti in/ali preverjanje izmerjenih vrednosti parametrov, npr. TPK, TCO2, DOC, TOC, KPK (glej dodatka 1 in 2) je treba poznati kemično strukturo ali formulo.
Test chemicals which are soluble in water to at least 100 mg/l may be assessed by all methods, provided they are non-volatile and non-adsorbing.
Preskusne snovi, topne v vodi do najmanj 100 mg/l, se lahko preskusijo z vsemi metodami, pod pogojem da so nehlapne in neadsorptivne.
For those chemicals which are poorly soluble in water, volatile or adsorbing, suitable methods are indicated in Table 1.
Za tiste snovi, ki so slabo topne v vodi, hlapne ali adsorptivne, so primerne metode navedene v tabeli 1.
The manner in which poorly water-soluble chemicals and volatile chemicals can be dealt with is described in Appendix 3.
Načini ravnanja s snovmi, ki so slabo topne v vodi, in hlapnimi snovmi so opisani v Dodatku 3.
Moderately volatile chemicals may be tested by the DOC Die-Away method if there is sufficient gas space in the test vessels (which should be suitably stoppered).
Zmerno hlapne snovi se lahko preskušajo po metodi upadanja DOC, če je v preskusnih posodah (ki morajo biti ustrezno zaprte) dovolj prostora za plin.
In this case, an abiotic control must be set up to allow for any physical loss.
V tem primeru je treba izvesti abiotsko kontrolo, da se upoštevajo vse fizikalne izgube.
Applicability of test methods
Uporabnost preskusnih metod
Analytical Method
Analitska metoda
Suitability for substances which are:
Primernost za snovi, ki so:
poorly soluble
slabo topne
volatile
hlapne
adsorbing
adsorptivne
DOC Die-Away
Upadanje DOC
Dissolved organic carbon
Raztopljeni organski ogljik
Mod. OECD Die-Away
Prilagoj. metoda OECD upadanja DOC
Evolution
Razvijanje CO2
Respirometry: CO2 evolution
Respirometrija: razvijanje CO2
Manometric Respirometry
Manometrična respirometrija
Manometric respirometry: oxygen consumption
Manometrična respirometrija: poraba kisika
Closed Bottle
Zaprta steklenica
Respirometry: dissolved oxygen
Respirometrija: raztopljeni kisik
Respirometry: oxygen consumption
Respirometrija: poraba kisika
Information on the purity or the relative proportions of major components of the test material is required to interpret the results obtained, especially when the results are low or marginal.
Za razlago dobljenih rezultatov so potrebne informacije o čistoti ali relativnih deležih glavnih sestavin preskusne snovi, zlasti kadar so rezultati nizki ali mejni.
Information on the toxicity of the test chemical to bacteria (Appendix 4) may be very useful for selecting appropriate test concentrations and may be essential for the correct interpretation of low biodegradation values.
Informacije o strupenosti preskusne snovi za bakterije (Dodatek 5) so lahko uporabne za izbiro primernih preskusnih koncentracij in so lahko bistvene za pravilno razlago nizkih vrednosti biorazgradljivosti.
In order to check the procedure, reference chemicals which meet the criteria for ready biodegradability are tested by setting up an appropriate flask in parallel to the normal test runs.
Za preverjanje postopka se preskusijo referenčne snovi, ki izpolnjujejo merila za dobro biorazgradljivost, s postavitvijo primerne steklenice vzporedno z navadnimi preskusnimi vzorci.
Suitable chemicals are aniline (freshly distilled), sodium acetate and sodium benzoate.
Primerne snovi so anilin (sveže destiliran), natrijev acetat in natrijev benzoat.
These reference chemicals all degrade in these methods even when no inoculum is deliberately added.
Te referenčne snovi se pri teh metodah vse razgradijo, tudi kadar se namerno ne doda noben inokulum.
It was suggested that a reference chemical should be sought which was readily biodegradable but required the addition of an inoculum.
Predlagano je bilo, da se poišče taka referenčna snov, ki je dobro biorazgradljiva, vendar potrebuje dodan inokulum.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate has been proposed but more evidence needs to be obtained with this substance before it can be accepted as a reference substance.
Predlagan je bil kalijev hidorgen fosfat, vendar je treba pridobiti več podatkov za to snov, preden se lahko sprejme kot referenčna snov.
In the respirometric tests, nitrogen-containing compounds may affect the oxygen uptake because of nitrification (see Appendices 2 and 5).
Pri respirometričnih preskusih lahko snovi, ki vsebujejo dušik, vplivajo na sprejem kisika zaradi nitrifikacije (glej dodatka 2 in 5).
A solution, or suspension, of the test substance in a mineral medium is inoculated and incubated under aerobic conditions in the dark or in diffuse light.
Raztopina ali suspenzija preskusne snovi v mineralnem mediju se inokulira in inkubira v aerobnih pogojih v temi ali razpršeni svetlobi.
The amount of DOC in the test solution due to the inoculum should be kept as low as possible compared to the amount of DOC due to the test substance.
Količina DOC v preskusni raztopini, ki izvira iz inokuluma, mora biti čim manjša glede na količino DOC, ki izvira iz preskusne snovi.
Allowance is made for the endogenous activity of the inoculum by running parallel blank tests with inoculum but without test substance, although the endogenous activity of cells in the presence of the substance will not exactly match that in the endogenous control.
Endogena aktivnost inokuluma se preverja z vzporednim slepim preskusom z inokulumom in brez preskusne snovi, čeprav se endogena aktivnost celic v prisotnosti snovi ne bo povsem skladala s tisto v kontrolnem vzorcu.
A reference substance is run in parallel to check the operation of the procedures.
Za preverjanje postopkov pa se vzporedno izvede preskus samo z referenčno snovjo.
In general, degradation is followed by the determination of parameters, such as DOC, CO2 production and oxygen uptake, and measurements are taken at sufficiently frequent intervals to allow the identification of the beginning and end of biodegradation.
Na splošno se razgradnja spremlja z določanjem parametrov, kot so DOC, CO2, proizvodnja in sprejem kisika, meritve pa se izvajajo dovolj pogosto, da je omogočena določitev začetka in konca biorazgradnje.
With automatic respirometers the measurement is continuous.
Pri avtomatskih respirometrih je merjenje neprekinjeno.
DOC is sometimes measured in addition to another parameter but this is usually done only at the beginning and the end of the test.
DOC se včasih meri poleg še enega parametra, vendar navadno le na začetku in na koncu preskusa.
Specific chemical analysis can also be used to assess primary degradation of the test substance, and to determine the concentration of any intermediate substances formed (obligatory in the MITI test).
Specifične kemijske analize se lahko uporabijo za določanje primarne razgradnje preskusne snovi in koncentracije kakršnega koli vmesnega proizvoda (obvezno pri preskusu MITI).
Normally, the test lasts for 28 days.
Navadno preskus traja 28 dni.
Tests however may be ended before 28 days, i.e. as soon as the biodegradation curve has reached a plateau for at least three determinations.
Lahko pa se zaključi pred 28. dnem, t.j. takoj, ko krivulja biorazgradnje doseže konstantno vrednost pri najmanj treh določitvah.
Tests may also be prolonged beyond 28 days when the curve shows that biodegradation has started but that the plateau has not been reached day 28.
Preskus se lahko tudi podaljša preko 28 dni, kadar krivulja kaže, da se je biorazgradnja začela, vendar 28. dan še ni dosegla konstantne vrednosti.
Because of the nature of biodegradation and of the mixed bacterial populations used as inocula, determinations should be carried out at least in duplicate.
Zaradi narave biorazgradnje in mešanih populacij bakterij, ki se uporabijo kot inokulum, je treba izvesti najmanj dve vzporedni določitvi.