natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The precise nature of the housing adopted should be suitable to yield information of relevance to the experimental question and appropriate for the procedures involved.
Natančna narava sprejete namestitve mora biti primerna za zagotavljanje informacij, ki so pomembne za poskusno vprašanje in primerne za vključene postopke.
Management systems for all farm animals should accommodate their natural behaviour, in particular the need to graze or forage, exercise and socialise.
Sistemi upravljanja za vse domače živali morajo omogočati njihovo naravno vedenje, zlasti potrebo po paši ali iskanju hrane, gibanju in druženju.
Farm animals are held in a number of different types of enclosures, often dependent on experimental requirements.
Domače živali so nameščene v različnih vrstah ograjenih prostorov, kar je pogosto odvisno od zahtev poskusa.
For example, farm animals may be held on pasture, in open-sided buildings with access to open yards, in enclosed buildings with natural ventilation or in specialised buildings for quarantine and biocontainment with natural or forced ventilation.
Na primer, domače živali so lahko nameščene na pašniku, v zgradbah z odprtimi stranicami z dostopom do odprtih dvorišč, v zaprtih zgradbah z naravnim prezračevanjem ali v specializiranih zgradbah za karanteno in biološko shranjevanje z naravnim ali umetnim prezračevanjem.
During agricultural research, when the aim of the research requires that the animals are kept under similar conditions to those under which commercial farm animals are kept, the keeping of the animals should at least follow the standards laid down in Council Directive 98/58/EC and in the specific Directives for the protection of calves and pigs (Council Directives 91/629/EEC and 91/630/EEC as well as in the Recommendations adopted under the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes (ETS No 87).2.
Med raziskavami v kmetijstvu je treba, kadar morajo biti zaradi cilja raziskav živali nameščene v podobnih razmerah kot živali na tržno usmerjenih kmetijah, pri namestitvi živali upoštevati vsaj standarde iz Direktive Sveta 98/58/ES in posebnih direktiv za zaščito telet in prašičev (direktivi Sveta 91/629/EGS in 91/630/EGS ter iz priporočil, sprejetih v skladu s Konvencijo Sveta Evrope o zaščiti rejnih živali (ETS št. 87).2.
Under natural conditions farm animals are exposed to, and will tolerate, a wide range of temperatures, although there is some variation in the degree of tolerance between species and breeds.
V naravnih razmerah so domače živali izpostavljene širokemu razponu temperature in jo dobro prenašajo, čeprav med različnimi vrstami in pasmami obstaja nekaj razlik v stopnji prenašanja.
They will seek shelter against driving rain and strong wind, and protection from intense sun. Where they are kept in enclosures exposed to outdoor conditions, shelter and shade and a reasonably dry lying area should be provided.
Poiščejo si zavetje pred močnim dežjem in vetrom ter zaščito pred močnim soncem. Kadar so nameščene v ograjenih prostorih, izpostavljenih zunanjim razmeram, je treba zagotoviti zavetje in senco ter razmeroma suho ležišče.
Shelters should be carefully positioned taking these factors into consideration.
Položaj zavetja mora biti skrbno izbran ob upoštevanju teh dejavnikov.
Sufficient shelter should be provided to protect all animals from adverse climatic conditions.
Zagotoviti je treba dovolj zavetja, da so vse živali zaščitene pred neugodnimi podnebnimi razmerami.
Animals held outdoors or in buildings with natural ventilation will be exposed to ambient environmental conditions.
Živali, nameščene zunaj ali v zgradbah z naravnim prezračevanjem, so izpostavljene okoljskim razmeram v okolju.
Animals should not be restricted to such areas under climatic conditions which may cause the animals distress.
Živali ne smejo biti zaprte v prostore s klimatskimi pogoji, ki so zanje lahko nevarni.
Environmental parameters, in particular temperature and humidity, are strictly interrelated and should not be considered in isolation.
Okoljski parametri, zlasti temperatura in vlažnost, so med seboj nedvomno povezani in se ne smejo obravnavati ločeno.
All farm animals are sensitive to respiratory problems.
Vse domače živali so dovzetne za težave pri dihanju.
In the absence of mechanical ventilation, as is the case in a significant number of farm animal buildings, it is important to ensure that suitable air quality is provided by natural ventilation (see paragraph 2.1.1. of the General section).
Če ni mehanskega prezračevanja, kot v primeru veliko zgradb za domače živali, je pomembno poskrbeti, da se ustrezna kakovost zraka zagotovi z naravnim prezračevanjem (glej odstavek 2.1.1 oddelka Splošno).
Dust levels in the air from feed and bedding should be minimised.
Čim bolj je treba zmanjšati raven prahu v zraku iz krme in stelje.
The thermoneutral zones of farm species vary considerably, depending on the conditions to which the animals are acclimatised.
Temperaturno nevtralna območja domačih živali se močno razlikujejo, kar je odvisno od razmer, na katere so živali prilagojene.
Farm animals living outdoors develop a thick layer of hair/wool during the winter months to help them to tolerate low temperatures.
Domače živali, ki živijo zunaj, v zimskih mesecih dobijo debelo plast dlake, kar jim pomaga, da prenašajo nizko temperaturo.
They may acclimatise to lower temperatures indoors even without the growth of winter coats, provided the relative humidity is low, draughts are avoided and they have a lying area with sufficient bedding material.
Na nižjo notranjo temperaturo se lahko prilagodijo tudi, če jim ne zraste zimska dlaka, če je relativna vlažnost nizka, če se prepreči prepih in če imajo ležišča z dovolj podlage.
In indoor enclosures it is therefore important to avoid wide fluctuations and sudden changes in temperature, particularly when moving animals between indoor and outdoor accommodation.
V notranjih ograjenih prostorih je zato pomembno, da se preprečijo velika nihanja in nenadne spremembe temperature, zlasti pri premikih živali med notranjimi in zunanjimi bivališči.
As farm animals may suffer from heat stress, during periods of high temperature it is important to ensure that appropriate measures, for example the shearing of sheep and provision of shaded lying areas, are in place to avoid welfare problems.
Ker lahko domače živali v obdobjih visoke temperature trpijo zaradi vročine, je pomembno zagotoviti, da so sprejeti ustrezni ukrepi, na primer striženje ovc in zagotavljanje senčnih ležišč, da se preprečijo težave v zvezi z dobrim počutjem.
Appropriate temperature ranges are dependent on a number of factors including, for example, breed, age, caloric intake, weight, stage of lactation and type of environment.
Ustrezni temperaturni razponi so odvisni od številnih dejavnikov, na primer od pasme, starosti, vnosa kalorij, teže, stopnje laktacije in vrste okolja.
Under natural conditions, farm animals are exposed to, and tolerate well, a wide range of relative humidities.
V naravnih razmerah so domače živali izpostavljene širokemu razponu relativne vlažnosti in jo dobro prenašajo.
In controlled environments extremes and sudden wide fluctuations of humidity should be avoided, as both high and low humidity can predispose animals to disease.
V nadzorovanem okolju se je treba izogibati skrajnostim in nenadnim velikim nihanjem vlažnosti, ker lahko visoka in nizka vlažnost povzročita bolezni pri živalih.
In indoor enclosures, buildings should be designed with sufficient ventilation to prevent prolonged periods of high humidity, as this may cause excessive dampness in the animal enclosures, predisposing the animals to respiratory disease, foot-rot and other infectious conditions.
V notranjih ograjenih prostorih morajo imeti zgradbe zasnovano zadostno prezračevanje, da se preprečijo dolgotrajna obdobja visoke vlažnosti, ker lahko to povzroči čezmerno vlago v ograjenih prostorih za živali, zaradi česar se lahko razvijejo bolezni dihal, gnitje nog in druga nalezljiva stanja.
Farm species have evolved to live in different conditions; for example ruminants graze and rest during daylight in open grassland, whereas pigs show crepuscular activity in woodland areas.
Domače živali so se prilagodile na življenje v različnih razmerah; na primer prežvekovalci se pasejo in počivajo podnevi na odprtih pašnikih, medtem ko so prašiči dejavni ob večerih na gozdnih območjih.
Provision of adequate light is important for all farm animal species, and natural light is preferred where possible.
Zagotavljanje dovolj svetlobe je pomembno za vse vrste domačih živali, priporočljivejša je naravna svetloba, če je le mogoča.
Where this is not provided, the light part of the photoperiod should be within a range of eight to twelve hours daily, or should reproduce natural light cycles.
Kadar ta ni na voljo, mora obdobje osvetljenosti trajati od osem do dvanajst ur na dan ali mora posnemati naravne cikle svetlobe.
A controlled photoperiod may be needed for breeding and for some experimental procedures.
Nadzorovano obdobje osvetljenosti je morda potrebno za vzrejo in nekatere poskusne postopke.
Sufficient natural or artificial light should also be available for inspection of groups and individuals.
Dovolj naravne ali umetne svetlobe mora biti na voljo tudi za pregled skupin ali posameznikov.
Where windows are provided, breakable glass should be screened using a protective physical barrier or be situated out of reach of the animals.
Kjer so na voljo okna, je treba steklo, ki se lahko razbije, zastreti z zaščitno fizično oviro ali jih namestiti zunaj dosega živali.
Unavoidable background noise from, for example, ventilation equipment, should be minimised, and sudden noises should be avoided.
Zmanjšati je treba neizogiben hrup ozadja, na primer iz naprav za prezračevanje, in se izogniti nenadnim zvokom.
Handling and restraint facilities should be designed and operated to minimise noise during use.
Prostori za ravnanje z živalmi in njihovo obvladovanje morajo biti oblikovani in delovati tako, da med uporabo povzročajo čim manj hrupa.
Disease control
Nadziranje bolezni
As farm animals are often sourced from commercial farms, it is important that measures are taken to ensure that animals of a suitable health status are obtained.
Ker domače živali pogosto izhajajo s tržno usmerjenih kmetij, je pomembno, da se sprejmejo ukrepi za zagotovitev, da se pridobijo živali z ustreznim zdravstvenim stanjem.
Mixing animals from different sources is a particular risk.
Posebno tveganje predstavlja mešanje živali iz različnih virov.
Preventive medicine programmes should be developed on the basis of veterinary advice for all farm species, and appropriate vaccination regimes adopted as necessary.
Razviti je treba preventivne medicinske programe na podlagi veterinarskega nasveta za vse domače vrste in po potrebi ustrezne sheme cepljenja.
Foot care management, parasite control measures and nutritional management are essential parts of all farm-animal health programmes.
Upravljanje nege nog, ukrepi nadzora nad zajedavci in nadzorovana prehrana so bistveni deli vseh zdravstvenih programov za domače živali.
Regular dental examinations and respiratory disease preventive measures are of particular importance in equine programmes.
Redni pregledi zob in preventivni ukrepi za bolezni dihal so zlasti pomembni pri programih za kopitarje.
Regular review of production indices and condition scoring should also be included.
Vključiti je treba tudi redne preglede indeksov proizvodnje in zapisovanja razmer.
Care is needed to ensure that any substrate provided does not introduce or promote growth of infectious agents or parasites.
Skrbeti je treba, da zagotovljena podlaga ne vnaša ali spodbuja nastanka povzročiteljev okužb ali zajedavcev.
Behavioural abnormalities
Vedenjske anomalije
Behavioural abnormalities such as tail, ear or flank chewing or biting, wool pulling, navel sucking, weaving and crib biting can occur as a consequence of poor husbandry or environmental conditions, social isolation, or from boredom due to long periods of inactivity.
Vedenjske anomalije, kot so žvečenje ali grizenje repa, ušes ali boka, trganje dlake, sesanje popka, zvijanje in grizenje jasli, se lahko pojavijo zaradi slabe vzreje ali okoljskih razmer, družbene izolacije ali dolgočasenja zaradi dolgih obdobij nedejavnosti.
If such abnormalities occur, measures should be taken immediately to rectify these deficiencies including, for example, a review of environmental factors and management practices.
Če se takšne anomalije pojavijo, je treba sprejeti ukrepe za odpravljanje teh nepravilnosti, vključno na primer s pregledom okoljskih dejavnikov in načinov upravljanja.
Husbandry
Vzreja
Disbudding, dehorning of adult animals, castration and tail docking should not be done unless justified on welfare or veterinary grounds.
Odstranjevanje izrastkov, odstranjevanje rogov pri odraslih živalih, kastracija in prirezovanje repa se ne smejo uporabljati, razen če je to upravičeno zaradi dobrega počutja ali veterinarskih razlogov.
When those techniques are carried out, appropriate anaesthesia and analgesia should be provided.
Kadar se te tehnike opravijo, je treba zagotoviti ustrezno anestezijo in analgezijo.
Neonatal care
Nega po kotitvi
High standards of stockmanship and care are necessary for successful rearing of farm animals during the neonatal period.
Visoki standardi upravljanja čred in nege so potrebni za uspešno vzrejo domačih živali v obdobju po kotitvi.
Suitable accommodation, with a dry clean area, should be provided for peri-parturient and neonatal animals.
Živalim pred kotitvijo in po njej je treba zagotoviti ustrezno bivališče s suhim čistim območjem.
Facilities should be designed to facilitate observation and be maintained to high hygiene standards, as young animals are particularly susceptible to infections.
Objekti morajo biti oblikovani tako, da se olajša opazovanje in omogoči vzdrževanje v skladu z visokimi higienskimi standardi, ker so mlade živali zlasti dovzetne za okužbe.
All neonates should receive adequate amounts of colostrum as soon as possible after birth, and preferably within four hours.
Vsi na novo skoteni mladiči morajo čim prej po skotitvi dobiti ustrezno količino mleziva, po možnosti v štirih urah.
Adequate supplies of colostrum should be available for use in emergencies.
Na zalogi mora biti dovolj mleziva za uporabo v nujnih primerih.
Suitable feeding practices should be in place to allow normal growth and development, with access to roughage provided to ruminants from two weeks of age.
Zagotoviti je treba ustrezne prehranjevalne metode, da se omogočita normalna rast in razvoj, z dostopom do vlaknin, ki se zagotovijo prežvekovalcem od dveh tednov starosti.
As neonatal animals have poor thermo-regulatory control, particular care is needed to ensure that suitable temperatures are provided and maintained.
Ker na novo skoteni mladiči slabo uravnavajo toploto, je treba paziti, da se zagotovi in ohranja ustrezna temperatura.
A supplementary local heat source may be required, although care is needed to avoid the risk of injury, such as burns, and accidental fires.
Lahko je potreben dodaten lokalni vir toplote, čeprav je treba paziti, da se prepreči tveganje za nastanek poškodb, kot so opekline, in naključnih požarov.
To reduce the risk of mis-mothering or rejection, it is important that a strong maternal bond is allowed to develop during the first few days of life.
Za zmanjšanje tveganja za nepravilno skrb za mladiče ali njihovo zavračanje je pomembno, da se omogoči razvoj močne materinske vezi v prvih dneh življenja.
During this period it is important to minimise handling or management procedures, such as transport, castration or tagging, that may disrupt this relationship or prevent the young animals accessing sufficient amounts of colostrum or milk.
V tem obdobju je pomembno, da se čim bolj zmanjšajo postopki za ravnanje ali upravljanje, kot so prevoz, kastracija ali označevanje, ki lahko pretrgajo to vez ali preprečijo, da imajo mladiči dostop do zadostnih količin mleziva ali mleka.
Weaning strategies should be given due consideration to minimise stress in the mother and offspring.
Ustrezno je treba upoštevati strategije za odstavitev, da se zmanjša stres pri materi in mladiču.
Weaning into groups of animals of similar ages facilitates the development of compatible and stable social structures.
Odstavitev v skupine živali podobne starosti olajša razvoj združljivih in stabilnih družbenih struktur.
Naturally reared pigs and mini-pigs should not be weaned before four weeks of age, lambs, kids and beef calves before six weeks of age and equines before twenty weeks of age, unless there is justification on veterinary or welfare grounds.
Naravno vzrejeni prašiči in pritlikave svinje ne smejo biti odstavljeni pred starostjo štirih tednov, jagnjeta, kozlički in teleta pred starostjo šestih tednov in kopitarji pred starostjo dvajsetih tednov, razen če to ni upravičeno zaradi veterinarskega stališča ali zaradi dobrega počutja.
For animals which are artificially reared, commonly dairy calves, appropriate feeding regimes should be provided to satisfy nutritional requirements, and in the case of ruminants, to promote normal rumen development.
Za živali, ki so umetno vzrejene, najpogosteje za teleta krav molznic, je treba zagotoviti ustrezen način hranjenja, da se zadovoljijo prehranske potrebe, in v primeru prežvekovalcev, da se spodbuja normalen razvoj vampa.
Early weaning from the dam on experimental or veterinary grounds should be determined in consultation with the animal technician and with the competent person charged with advisory duties in relation to the well-being of the animals.
Zgodnja odstavitev od matere zaradi poskusa ali zaradi veterinarskih razlogov mora biti opravljena po posvetovanju z zootehniki in pristojno osebo, odgovorno za svetovanje v zvezi z dobrim počutjem živali.
In such circumstances, additional attention and means should be targeted to the welfare and care of these animals.
V takih okoliščinah mora biti dodatna pozornost namenjena dobremu počutju in oskrbi teh živali.
Farm animals should be housed in socially harmonious groups within the animal enclosure, and husbandry practices designed to minimise social disruption, unless the scientific procedures or welfare requirements make this impossible.
Domače živali je treba v ograjenih prostorih za živali namestiti v skupinah, v katerih se živali med seboj dobro razumejo, postopki vzreje pa morajo biti oblikovani tako, da se zmanjšajo socialne motnje, razen če znanstveni postopki ali zahteve za dobro počutje to preprečujejo.
When kept in groups, a defined hierarchy is quickly established.
Kadar so nameščene v skupinah, se hitro vzpostavi določena hierarhija.
Some aggressive interaction may be encountered during initial grouping while relative rankings in the social hierarchy are established.
Do napadalnega vedenja lahko pride na začetku oblikovanja skupin, ko se vzpostavi sorazmerna razvrstitev v socialni hierarhiji.
Special care is needed to minimise aggression and potential injury when grouping, regrouping, or introducing an unfamiliar animal to a group.
Posebno pozornost je treba nameniti zmanjšanju napadalnosti in morebitnih poškodb pri oblikovanju skupin, prerazvrstitvah ali uvajanju nove živali v skupino.
In all cases, animals should be grouped according to size and age and monitored for social compatibility on an ongoing basis.
V vseh primerih je treba živali razvrstiti v skupine v skladu z velikostjo in starostjo ter redno spremljati družbeno združljivost.
Separation from a group, and the single-housing of farm animals for even short periods can be a significant stress factor.
Ločitev od skupine in posamezna namestitev domačih živali, tudi če gre za kratek čas, je lahko precejšen stresni dejavnik.
Therefore, farm animals should not be single-housed unless justified on welfare or veterinary grounds.
Zato domače živali ne smejo biti nameščene posamezno, razen če to ni upravičeno v veterinarskem smislu ali v smislu dobrega počutja.
The exceptions, where animals may prefer to be housed singly include females about to give birth, and adult boars, which can be solitary under natural conditions.
Izjeme, v katerih so živali raje nameščene posamezno, vključujejo samice tik pred kotitvijo in odrasle prašiče, ki lahko živijo posamezno v naravnih razmerah.
Single-housing on experimental grounds should be determined in consultation with the animal technician and with the competent person charged with advisory duties in relation to the well-being of the animals.
Posamezno nameščanje zaradi poskusov se mora izvesti po posvetovanju z zootehniki in pristojno osebo, odgovorno za svetovanje v zvezi z dobrim počutjem živali.
Factors to be taken into consideration should include the nature of the individual animals, their likely reaction to separation from the group and the need for and duration of an habituation period.
Dejavniki, ki jih je treba upoštevati, morajo vključevati naravo posameznih živali, njihov verjeten odziv na ločitev od skupine ter potrebo po obdobju navajanja in njegovem trajanju.
Where individual housing is necessary, animals should have visual, auditory and olfactory contact with conspecifics.
Kadar je potrebna posamezna namestitev, morajo živali videti, slišati in vohati živali svoje vrste.
As a stimulating environment is an important contributing factor to farm animal welfare, environmental enrichment should be provided to prevent boredom and stereotypic behaviour.
Ker je spodbudno okolje pomemben dejavnik, ki prispeva k dobremu počutju domačih živali, je treba zagotoviti okoljsko obogatitev za preprečevanje dolgočasenja in stereotipnega vedenja.
All farm animal species naturally spend a large amount of time each day grazing, browsing or rooting for food, and in social interaction.
Vse domače živali običajno vsak dan porabijo velik del časa za pašo, brskanje za hrano ali ritje in družabne stike.
Suitable opportunities should be provided to meet these behaviours, by for example access to pasture, the provision of hay or straw or manipulable objects such as chains or balls.
Zagotoviti je treba ustrezne priložnosti, da se omogoči takšno vedenje, na primer z dostopom do pašnikov, zagotavljanjem sena ali slame ali predmetov, s katerimi se lahko ukvarjajo, kot so verige ali žoge.
Enrichment materials and devices should be changed at regular intervals since animals, in particular pigs, tend to lose interest in materials to which they have become accustomed.
Materiale in naprave za obogatitev je treba redno menjati, ker živali, zlasti prašiči, radi izgubijo zanimanje za materiale, na katere so se že navadili.
Sufficient enrichment devices should be provided to minimise aggressive behaviour
Zagotoviti je treba dovolj naprav za obogatitev, da se zmanjša napadalno vedenje.
Appropriate design of farm-animal enclosures is essential to ensure that suitable space is available within the enclosure to allow the animals to carry out a range of normal behaviour.
Ustrezna oblika ograjenih prostorov za domače živali je bistvena za zagotavljanje, da je v ograjenem prostoru na voljo ustrezen prostor, ki živalim omogoča različne običajne vedenjske vzorce.
Floor type, drainage, provision of bedding (and hence ease of maintaining hygiene) and the social circumstances (group size and stability) will all impact on the space requirements for the animals.
Vrsta tal, osuševanje, zagotavljanje stelje (in s tem olajšanje vzdrževanja higiene) in družbene okoliščine (velikost in stabilnost skupine) vse vplivajo na prostorske zahteve za živali.
All enclosures should be designed and maintained to ensure that animals cannot be trapped or injured, for example in partitions or under feeding troughs.
Vsi ograjeni prostori morajo biti oblikovani in vzdrževani tako, da se prepreči, da se živali zagozdijo ali poškodujejo, na primer v pregradah ali pod koriti s krmo.
Animals should not be tethered, unless justified on scientific or veterinary grounds, in which case this should be for the minimum time period necessary.
Živali ne smejo biti privezane, razen če ni to utemeljeno iz znanstvenih ali veterinarskih razlogov, pri čemer mora to trajati najkrajše potrebno obdobje.