natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In the differential diagnosis of HPAI, the following diseases, in particular, must be considered:
Pri diferencialni diagnozi HPAI je treba upoštevati zlasti naslednje bolezni:
other diseases causing sudden high mortality, such as:
druge bolezni, ki povzročajo nenadno visoko umrljivost, kot so:
Newcastle disease;
atipična kokošja kuga;
infectious laryngotracheitis;
infekciozni laringotraheitis;
duck plague;
račja kuga;
acute poisonings;
akutne zastrupitve;
other diseases causing swelling of the combs and wattles, such as:
druge bolezni, ki povzročajo zatekanje rož in podbradkov, kot so:
acute fowl cholera and other septicaemic diseases;
akutna kolera perutnine in druge septikemične bolezni;
bacterial cellulitis of the comb and wattles.
bakterijski celulitis rože in podbradka.
Clinical signs in birds infected with LPAI viruses
Klinični znaki pri pticah, okuženih z virusom LPAI
The severity of the disease produced by LPAI viruses is greatly influenced by:
Na resnost bolezni, ki jo povzročajo virusi LPAI, znatno vplivajo:
the strain of the virus;
sev virusa;
the species and age of the host;
vrsta in starost gostitelja;
the immune status of the host against the virus and particularly the presence of other infectious agents, such as:
imunski status gostitelja proti virusu in zlasti prisotnost drugih povzročiteljev okužb, kot so:
Pasteurella spp.;
pasterela;
Newcastle disease viruses (including vaccine strains);
virus atipične kokošje kuge (vključno s sevi cepiva);
avian pneumovirus, infectious bronchitis virus;
aviarni pneumovirus, virus infekcioznega bronhitisa;
Mycoplasma spp.;
mikoplazma;
immunodeficiency conditions;
stanja imunske pomanjkljivosti;
environmental factors (such as excess ammonia, dust, hot or cold temperatures).
okoljski dejavniki (kot je presežek amoniaka, prah, vročina ali mraz).
LPAI may be confused with, or complicated by, many of the diseases with respiratory or enteric signs.
LPAI se lahko zamenja, ali zaostri, z mnogimi boleznimi z znaki okužbe dihal ali črevesja.
AI must be suspected in any disease outbreak in poultry that persists despite the application of preventive and therapeutic measures for other diseases.
Sum aviarne influence mora obstajati ob vsakem izbruhu bolezni pri perutnini, ki traja kljub izvajanju preventivnih in terapevtskih ukrepov za druge bolezni.
Clinical signs in captive birds
Klinični znaki pri pticah v ujetništvu
The spectrum of clinical signs can be very broad and, as with poultry, can range from inapparent to severe signs of the disease resulting in high mortality.
Razpon kliničnih znakov je lahko zelo širok in, kot pri perutnini, vključuje neočitne in tudi resne znake bolezni, ki povzročajo visoko stopnjo umrljivosti.
Generally, infection spreads more slowly in a collection of captive birds due to the variety of different species kept, with different susceptibilities, inconsistent levels of virus shedding and often relatively slow transmission due to a low contact rate and relatively low stocking densities.
Na splošno se okužba počasneje razširja v skupini ptic v ujetništvu zaradi več različnih vrst ptic, ki so različno dovzetne, nedoslednih stopenj razmnoževanja virusa ter pogosto sorazmerno počasnega prenašanja, ki ga povzroča nizka stopnja stikov med pticami in sorazmerno nizka stopnja gostote naselitve.
Guidelines to be considered in the case of suspicion of AI on a holding
Smernice, ki jih je treba upoštevati v primeru suma aviarne influence na gospodarstvu
The variability of clinical signs for both HPAI and LPAI means that clear-cut guidance for a suspected outbreak is not possible.
Raznolikost kliničnih znakov HPAI in LPAI pomeni, da ni mogoče oblikovati vseobsegajočih navodil za ravnanje ob suma izbruha.
A sudden, high mortality in poultry with or without any of the associated clinical signs described in Chapter II must be investigated by the submission of samples for laboratory investigation, but in the absence of high mortality, it is more difficult to suspect or exclude the presence of AI.
Nenadno visoko stopnjo umrljivosti pri perutnini ob prisotnosti povezanih kliničnih znakov iz poglavja 2 ali brez njih je treba raziskati s predložitvijo vzorcev za laboratorijske preiskave, v odsotnosti visoke stopnje umrljivosti pa je sum ali izključitev prisotnosti aviarne influence težje potrditi.
Since rapid diagnosis of HPAI or LPAI caused by H5 and H7 subtypes is of paramount importance in their early control and eradication, AI must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory problems, egg production problems and elevated mortality in poultry and the appropriate samples submitted for laboratory investigation.
Ker je hitro ugotavljanje HPAI ali LPAI, ki ju povzročata podtipa H5 in H7, zelo pomembno za zgodnje obvladovanje in izkoreninjenje, je treba aviarno influenco vedno obravnavati glede na diferencialno diagnozo dihalnih težav, težav pri nesenju jajc in povečane stopnje umrljivosti pri perutnini ter predložiti ustrezne vzorce za laboratorijske preiskave.
Schematic overview of diagnostic steps for confirmation of AI
Shematski prikaz diagnostičnih korakov za potrditev aviarne influence
Detection of influenza A virus
Odkritje virusa influence A
Specific identification of avian influenza virus
Posebna identifikacija virusa aviarne influence
Pathotyping
Patološka tipizacija
Classical pathway
Klasična pot
Virus isolation
Izolacija virusa
(embryonated fowl eggs)
(oplojena kokošja jajca)
Serological characterisation
Serološka karakterizacija
Animal experiment (IVPI)
Poskus na živalih (indeks intravenozne patogenosti)
Molecular pathway
Molekularna pot
M-gene PCR
Metoda M-gene PCR
HA-gene PCR (H5, H7)
Metoda HA-gene PCR (H5, H7)
Sequencing of HA-cleavage site
Sekvenciranje na cepitvenem mestu HA
General procedures for the collection and transport of samples
Splošni postopki za odvzem in prevoz vzorcev
Directive 2005/94/EC and the diagnostic manual
Direktiva 2005/94/ES in diagnostični priročnik
Where references are made in Directive 2005/94/EC to the diagnostic manual, the investigations, sampling and surveillance procedures set out in this Chapter of the diagnostic manual must be performed.
Kadar se Direktiva 2005/94/ES sklicuje na diagnostični priročnik, je treba izvajati preiskave ter postopke vzorčenja in nadzorovanja, določene v tem poglavju diagnostičnega priročnika:
Procedures to be followed where outbreaks of AI are suspected
Postopki, ki jih je treba upoštevati pri sumu izbruha aviarne influence
Where the official veterinarian has a clinical suspicion of an outbreak of AI or where the results of any laboratory test for that disease are not negative, the competent authority must ensure that an investigation, as set out in this Chapter of the diagnostic manual, is performed, in accordance with Article 7 of Directive 2005/94/EC, and satisfactorily completed before the presence of the disease is excluded.
Če uradni veterinar izrazi klinični sum izbruha aviarne influence ali če rezultati laboratorijskega testa za to bolezen niso negativni, mora pristojni organ zagotoviti, da se izvede preiskava, kot je določeno v tem poglavju diagnostičnega priročnika in v skladu s členom 7 Direktive 2005/94/ES, ter se uspešno zaključi, preden se izključi prisotnost bolezni.
Interpretation of virological testing
Razlaga virološkega testiranja
The competent authority may consider that the presence of the AI virus may be excluded when an appropriate number of the sick or dead birds and tracheal/oro-pharyngeal or cloacal swabs have been submitted, in accordance with this Chapter, for the detection of that virus or its genome and have given negative results when tested using one of the specified virus detection methods referred to in Chapter V or VI or authorised by the competent authority in accordance with point 6(b) of Chapter I.
Pristojni organ lahko izključitev prisotnosti virusa aviarne influence potrdi, če je bilo v skladu s tem poglavjem predloženo primerno število bolnih ali mrtvih ptic in brisov sapnika/žrela ali kloakalnih brisov za odkritje tega virusa ali njegovega genoma, pri katerih je bil rezultat testov z uporabo ene od specifičnih metod za odkrivanje virusov iz poglavja V ali VI negativen ali jih je odobril pristojni organ v skladu s točko 6(b) poglavja I.
Standard set of samples for virological or serological laboratory testing
Standardna serija vzorcev za virološko ali serološko laboratorijsko testiranje
For the investigation of a holding suspected of being infected with the AI virus the standard set of samples for virological or serological testing, as referred to in points (a) and (b) (the standard samples), must be taken and submitted directly for virological and serological laboratory tests.
Za preiskavo na gospodarstvu, kjer obstaja sum okužbe z virusom aviarne influence, je treba odvzeti standardno serijo vzorcev za virološko ali serološko testiranje, kot je navedeno v točkah (a) in (b) („standardni vzorci“), ter jih neposredno predložiti za virološko in serološko laboratorijsko testiranje.
The standard set of samples for virological testing is:
Standardna serija vzorcev za virološko testiranje pomeni:
at least five sick/dead birds, if present; and/or
vsaj pet bolnih/mrtvih ptic, če so prisotne; in/ali
at least 20 tracheal/oropharyngeal and 20 cloacal swabs.
vsaj 20 brisov sapnika/žrela in 20 kloakalnih brisov.
Carcases must be taken of birds that have died recently or that are severely sick or moribund and have been killed humanely.
Preiskati je treba trupla ptic, ki so umrle pred kratkim ali so bile resno bolne ali so umirale in so bile pokončane na human način.
Swabs must be taken from the number of birds referred to in point (a) or from all birds on the suspected holding where a smaller number of birds are present.
Brise je treba vzeti pri številu ptic, določenem v točki (a), ali vseh pticah na sumljivem gospodarstvu, kjer je manj ptic.
Birds showing clinical disease signs must be targeted for sampling.
Vzorce je treba jemati predvsem pri pticah, ki kažejo klinične bolezenske znake.
The cloacal swabs must be coated in faeces (optimum 1 g).
Kloakalni brisi morajo biti prekriti z iztrebki (optimalno 1 g).
If for any reason it is impracticable to take cloacal swabs from live birds, carefully collected fresh faeces samples may serve as an alternative.
Če je zaradi kakršnega koli razloga jemanje kloakalnih brisov pri previdno izbranih živih pticah nepraktično, so lahko vzorci svežih iztrebkov nadomestna možnost.
Frequently, it is most practical to collect tracheal/oropharyngeal swabs from the buccal cavity.
Pogosto je brise sapnika/žrela najbolj praktično jemati iz ustne votline.
As soon as the growth characteristics of the virus are known, the competent authority may decide to choose either tracheal/oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs rather than to collect both depending on whether the virus replicates better in the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract and also taking into account the species concerned.
Takoj, ko so znane značilnosti rasti virusa, se lahko pristojni organ odloči, da bo izbral brise sapnika/žrela ali kloakalne brise, in ne obeh vrst, odvisno od tega, ali se virus bolje razmnožuje v dihalnem ali prebavnem sistemu, in ob upoštevanju zadevne vrste.
The standard set of samples for serological testing is a minimum of 20 blood samples.
Standardna serija vzorcev za serološko testiranje vključuje vsaj 20 vzorcev krvi.
Samples must be taken from the number of birds referred to in point (b) or from all birds on the holding where a smaller number of birds are present.
Brise je treba vzeti pri številu ptic, določenem v točki (b), ali vseh pticah na gospodarstvu, kjer je manj ptic.
Birds appearing sick or that have apparently recovered must be targeted for sampling.
Vzorce je treba jemati predvsem pri pticah, za katere se zdi, da so bolne ali ozdravele.
The competent authority may decide that the full range of standard samples need not be taken, but that a subset of the standard samples may be taken instead.
Pristojni organ lahko odloči, da ni treba odvzeti celotne serije standardnih vzorcev, ampak lahko namesto tega preveri podserijo standardnih vzorcev.
Transport of samples
Prevoz vzorcev
Specific care must be taken for the storage and transport of samples to the laboratory for testing.
Posebno skrb je treba nameniti skladiščenju in prevozu vzorcev v laboratorij za testiranje.
The swabs must be chilled immediately on ice or with frozen gel packs and submitted to the laboratory as quickly as possible.
Brise je treba takoj ohladiti z ledom ali zmrznjenimi hladilnimi vložki ter jih čim prej predložiti laboratoriju.
The samples must not be frozen unless absolutely necessary.
Vzorci se ne smejo zamrzniti, razen če je to nujno potrebno.
If rapid transport within 24 hours to the laboratory is not guaranteed, the samples must be immediately frozen, stored and then transported on dry ice.
Če v 24 urah ni zagotovljen hiter prevoz v laboratorij, je treba vzorce takoj zamrzniti, shraniti in potem prenesti na suhem ledu.
In addition and not as an alternative to chilling, the swabs must be placed in an antibiotic or specific virus transport medium at 4 oC so that they are fully immersed.
Razen tega in ne kot nadomestna možnost za hlajenje je treba brise namestiti v transportno gojišče z antibiotiki ali posebno transportno gojišče za viruse pri 4 °C tako, da so vanj v celoti potopljeni.
In the absence of such medium, swabs must be returned to their casing and submitted dry to the laboratory for testing.
Če takšno gojišče ni na voljo, je treba brise ponovno vložiti v epruvete in suhe predložiti v laboratorij za testiranje.
The storage and transport of samples may be affected by a variety of factors so the method selected for transport must be fit for that purpose.
Na shranjevanje in prevoz vzorcev lahko vplivajo različni dejavniki, zato mora biti izbrani način prevoza ustrezen.
Antibiotic medium
Gojišče z antibiotiki
The antibiotic medium referred to in point 5 must be based on phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7,0 to 7,4 (checked after the addition of antibiotics).
Gojišče z antibiotiki iz točke 5 je treba pripraviti na osnovi fosfatnega pufra s soljo s pH 7,0–7,4 (preverjeno po dodatku antibiotikov).
Protein-based media, such as brain-heart-infusion or tris-buffered tryptose broth may give added stability to the virus, especially during transport.
Gojišča na osnovi beljakovin, kot sta bujon BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) ali bujon triptoze s tris pufrom, lahko virusom zagotovijo dodatno stabilnost, zlasti med prevozom.
The antibiotics used and their concentrations may be varied to suit local conditions and availability.
Uporabljeni antibiotiki in njihove koncentracije se lahko razlikujejo glede na lokalne razmere in razpoložljivost.
Very high levels of antibiotics may be necessary for faecal samples and appropriate levels are: 10000 IU/ml penicillin, 10 mg/ml streptomycin, 0,25 mg/ml gentamycin, and 5000 IU/ml nystatin.
Za fekalne vzorce so lahko nujne zelo visoke ravni antibiotikov in ustrezne ravni so: 10000 IE/ml penicilina, 10 mg/ml streptomicina, 0,25 mg/ml gentamicina in 5000 IE/ml nistatina.
Those levels may be reduced by up to five-fold for tissues and tracheal swabs.
Te ravni so lahko pri tkivih in brisih sapnika do petkrat nižje.
If the control of Chlamydophila is desired, 0,05 to 0,1 mg/ml oxytetracycline must be included.
Če se želi nadzorovati Chlamydophila, je treba vključiti 0,05–0,1 mg/ml oksitetraciklina.
Brain-heart-infusion medium
Gojišče na osnovi BHI
The solution must be prepared in water and contain 15 % w/v brain-heart-infusion broth powder, prior to sterilisation (by autoclaving at 121 oC/15 minutes).
Raztopino je treba pripraviti z vodo in vsebovati mora 15 % m/v bujona BHI v prahu pred sterilizacijo (z avtoklaviranjem pri 121 °C/15 minut).
Following sterilisation antibiotics must be added as follows: 10000 IU/ml penicillin G, 20 μg amphotericin B and 1000 μg/ml gentamycin.
Po sterilizaciji je treba dodati naslednje antibiotike: 10000 IE/ml penicilina G, 20 μg amfotericina B in 1000 μg/ml gentamicina.
Media may be stored at 4 oC for a maximum of two months.
Gojišča se lahko pri 4 °C shranijo za največ dva meseca.
Procedures to be performed, as regards the relevant provisions of Directive 2005/94/EC
V zvezi z ustreznimi določbami Direktive 2005/94/ES je treba izvajati naslednje postopke
Suspected outbreaks
Sum izbruhov
Article 7(1) — Measures to be applied on holdings where outbreaks are suspected
Člen 7(1) – Ukrepi, ki se izvajajo na gospodarstvih, kadar obstaja sum izbruha
When an official veterinarian inspects a holding where an outbreak is suspected, the following measures must be carried out:
Ko uradni veterinar pregleduje gospodarstvo, kjer obstaja sum izbruha, je treba izvesti naslednje ukrepe:
A check of the production and health records of the holding, if such records exist.
Preverjanje evidenc proizvodnje in zdravstvenih evidenc gospodarstva, če obstajajo.
The daily mortality data and daily data on egg-production, and feed-and/or water intake for the period beginning one week before the date of commencement of clinical signs of AI until the date of the inspection of the holding by the official veterinarian must be documented in the inspection-report by the official veterinarian.
Dnevne podatke o umrljivosti, proizvodnji jajc ter porabi krme in/ali vode za obdobje, ki se začne en teden pred datumom pojava kliničnih znakov aviarne influence in konča z datumom, ko gospodarstvo pregleda uradni veterinar, mora uradni veterinar navesti v svojem poročilu o pregledu.
A clinical inspection in each production unit, including an evaluation of its clinical history and clinical examinations of poultry or other captive birds in particular those that appear sick.
Klinični pregled v vsaki proizvodni enoti, vključno z vrednotenjem njenega preteklega zdravstvenega stanja, in klinične preiskave perutnine ali drugih ptic v ujetništvu, zlasti tistih, ki so videti bolne.
Unless the competent authority is satisfied that a suspected outbreak may be excluded on the basis of the clinical inspection in accordance with points (a) and (b), the standard samples must be taken from each production unit.
Razen če je pristojni organ prepričan, da je sum izbruha mogoče izključiti na podlagi kliničnega pregleda v skladu s točkama (a) in (b), je treba v vsaki proizvodni enoti odvzeti standardne vzorce.
Independently of negative results to testing of standard samples and subject to local factors a clinical inspection of the poultry in each production unit must be carried out before the official surveillance may be lifted.
Ne glede na negativne rezultate testiranja standardnih vzorcev in odvisno od lokalnih dejavnikov je treba klinični pregled perutnine v vsaki proizvodni enoti izvesti, preden bi se uradni sistematični nadzor odpravil.
Article 10(3) — Additional measures based on the epidemiological inquiry
Člen 10(3) – Dodatni ukrepi na podlagi epidemiološke poizvedbe
Standard samples must be taken from poultry or other captive birds which are killed, in each production unit.
V vsaki proizvodni enoti je treba odvzeti vzorce pri perutnini ali drugih pticah v ujetništvu, ki so pokončane.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
Visoko patogena aviarna influenca (HPAI)
Article 11(4) — Measures to be applied in cases of poultry hatched from eggs collected from holdings where outbreaks have been confirmed
Člen 11(4) – Ukrepi, ki se izvajajo v primeru perutnine, že izvaljene iz jajc, ki so bila zbrana na gospodarstvih, kjer so bili potrjeni izbruhi
When an official veterinarian inspects a holding where poultry are present that have already hatched from eggs collected during the incubation period on a holding where HPAI has been confirmed, the following measures must be carried out:
Kadar uradni veterinar pregleduje gospodarstvo, kjer je prisotna perutnina, že izvaljena iz jajc, ki so bila zbrana v obdobju inkubacije na gospodarstvu, kjer je bila potrjena HPAI, je treba izvesti naslednje ukrepe:
A check of the production and health records of the holding.
Preverjanje evidenc proizvodnje in zdravstvenih evidenc gospodarstva.
The daily mortality data and daily data on feed- and/or water intake, if available, for the period beginning one week before the date of commencement of clinical signs of HPAI until the date of the farm inspectionby the official veterinarian must be documented in the farm inspection-report by the official veterinarian.
Dnevne podatke o umrljivosti ter porabi krme in/ali vode za obdobje, ki se začne en teden pred datumom pojava kliničnih znakov HPAI in konča z datumom, ko kmetijo pregleda uradni veterinar, mora uradni veterinar navesti v svojem poročilu o pregledu kmetije.
A clinical inspection in each production unit and a clinical examination of poultry, in particular those that appear sick or that are not growing as expected.
Klinični pregled v vsaki proizvodni enoti in klinična preiskava perutnine, zlasti tistih ptic, ki so videti bolne ali se ne razvijajo po pričakovanjih.
The standard samples must be taken from the poultry between two and three weeks of age.
Standardne vzorce je treba odvzeti perutnini, stari med dvema in tremi tedni.
The official surveillance of the holding may be lifted following a clinical examination of poultry more than 21 days old and negative results to testing of standard samples.
Uradni sistematični nadzor gospodarstva se lahko odpravi po klinični preiskavi perutnine, stare več kot 21 dni, in negativnih rezultatih testiranja standardnih vzorcev.
Article 13(2)(b) — Derogations concerning certain holdings
Člen 13(2)(b) – Odstopanja za določena gospodarstva
When an official veterinarian inspects a holding that has been granted a derogation from the first subparagraph of Article 11(2) of Directive 2005/94/EC, the following measures must be carried out:
Kadar uradni veterinar pregleda gospodarstvo, ki mu je bilo odobreno odstopanje od prvega pododstavka člena 11(2) Direktive 2005/94/ES, je treba izvesti naslednje ukrepe:
A clinical inspection in each production unit, including an evaluation of its clinical history and clinical examinations of poultry or other captive birds, in particular those that appear sick.
Klinični pregled v vsaki proizvodni enoti, vključno z vrednotenjem njenega preteklega zdravstvenega stanja in kliničnimi preiskavami perutnine ali drugih ptic v ujetništvu, zlasti tistih, ki so videti bolne.
Instead of the standard samples, the following samples must be taken for laboratory testing, 21 days following the date of the last positive finding of HPAI from each production unit and at 21 days intervals:
Namesto standardnih vzorcev je treba 21 dni po datumu zadnje pozitivne ugotovitve HPAI za laboratorijsko testiranje iz vsake proizvodne enote in v presledkih 21 dni odvzeti naslednje vzorce:
samples of any dead poultry or other captive birds present at the time of sampling;
vzorce kakršne koli mrtve perutnine ali drugih ptic v ujetništvu, ki so prisotne v času vzorčenja;
where practical, tracheal/oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from at least 60 poultry or other captive birds or from all such poultry or other captive birds where less than 60 are present on the holding; or if the birds are small, exotic and not used to being handled or handling them would be dangerous for people, samples of fresh faeces must be collected.
kadar je to praktično, brise sapnika/žrela in kloakalne brise vsaj 60 primerkov perutnine ali drugih ptic v ujetništvu ali vse perutnine ali drugih ptic v ujetništvu, če je na gospodarstvu prisotnih manj kot 60; ali, če so ptice majhne, eksotične ali niso vajene rokovanja ali je rokovanje z njimi nevarno za ljudi, je treba odvzeti vzorce svežih iztrebkov.
However, the competent authority may grant derogations from the sample size referred to in (i) and (ii), based on the outcome of a risk assessment.
Vendar lahko pristojni organ na podlagi rezultatov ocene tveganja odobri odstopanja od velikosti vzorca, določenega v (i) in (ii).
The sampling referred to in point (c) and laboratory testing of such samples must continue until two consecutive negative laboratory results are obtained which must be at least 21 days apart.
Vzorčenje iz točke (c) in laboratorijsko testiranje takšnih vzorcev se morata nadaljevati, dokler se ne dosežeta dva negativna laboratorijska rezultata, ki morata biti vsaj 21 dni narazen.