natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Carry out rapid detection based on M gene RT-PCR.
Izvesti je treba hitro odkrivanje na podlagi metode M-gene RT-PCR.
Differential diagnosis as required
Po potrebi diferencialna diagnoza.
Primary suspected outbreak
Prvi sum izbruha
Carry out full diagnostic testing, virus isolation and characterisation
V celoti je treba izvesti diagnostično testiranje, izolacijo in karakterizacijo virusa.
Holding in densely populated poultry area
Gospodarstvo na območju, gosto naseljenem s perutnino
Carry out full diagnostic testing, virus isolation and characterisation, but concentrate on rapid detection and characterisation methods especially those based on RT-PCR and sequencing [1].
V celoti je treba izvesti diagnostično testiranje, izolacijo in karakterizacijo virusa, vseeno se je treba osredotočiti na metode hitrega odkrivanja in karakterizacije, zlasti tiste na podlagi metode RT-PCR in sekvenciranja [1].
Second and subsequent suspected outbreaks
Drugi in nadaljnji sumi izbruha
Isolated holdings, epidemiologically linked to primary suspected outbreak
Izolirana gospodarstva, epidemiološko povezana s prvimi sumi izbruha
Concentrate on rapid detection and characterisation methods especially those based on RT-PCR and sequencing [1].
Osredotočiti se je treba na metode hitrega odkrivanja in karakterizacije, zlasti tiste na podlagi metode RT-PCR in sekvenciranja [1].
Holdings in densely populated poultry area or with many epidemiological links
Gospodarstva na območju, gosto poseljenem s perutnino ali z več epidemiološkimi povezavami
Rely on rapid detection methods that give the earliest evidence of the presence of any AI virus [1].
Uporabiti je treba metode hitrega odkrivanja, ki zagotavljajo zgodnji dokaz prisotnosti virusa aviarne influence [1].
Multiple suspected outbreaks or disease spreading rapidly including surveillance
Več sumov izbruha ali hitro širjenje bolezni kljub sistematičnemu nadzoru
Spread will become uncontrollable without rapid intervention
Širjenja brez hitrega posredovanja ne bo mogoče obvladovati
Rely on rapid detection methods that give the earliest evidence of the presence of any AI virus or rely on clinical signs [1].
Uporabiti je treba metode hitrega odkrivanja, ki zagotavljajo zgodnji dokaz prisotnosti virusa aviarne influence, ali upoštevati klinične znake [1].
Diagnosis of infection with AI viruses in pigs and other mammals
Diagnoza okužbe z virusi aviarne influence pri prašičih in drugih sesalcih
AI in pigs
Aviarna influenca pri prašičih
AI viruses readily infect pigs and although replication is in most cases relatively restricted, there is a potential that infected pigs could transmit the disease to poultry and other susceptible animals.
Virusi aviarne influence se hitro prenašajo na prašiče in kljub sorazmerno omejeni replikaciji virusa obstaja možnost prenosa bolezni z okuženih prašičev na perutnino in druge dovzetne živali.
To date, there is no evidence from the field that infected pigs transmit AI viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes.
Doslej ni dokazov s terena, da okuženi prašiči prenašajo viruse aviarne influence podtipov H5 in H7.
Experience gained during the outbreak in the Netherlands in 2003 indicated that H7N7 infected pigs did not show clinical signs that could be attributed to the H7N7-infection.
Izkušnje, pridobljene ob izbruhu na Nizozemskem leta 2003, so pokazale, da prašiči, okuženi s H7N7, niso kazali kliničnih znakov, ki bi jih lahko pripisali okužbi s H7N7.
Moreover, apparently no diseased pigs have been reported to date during the H5N1 outbreak in Asia and elsewhere.
Razen tega doslej ni bilo poročil o bolnih prašičih med izbruhom H5N1 v Aziji in drugod.
Therefore, clinical signs may not be relied upon to indicate whether pigs are infected although clinical presentation due to infection of pigs with other influenza viruses of avian origin, can occur once a virus has become adapted to the host.
Zato se za ugotovitev, ali so prašiči okuženi, ni mogoče zanašati na klinične znake, čeprav se lahko klinični znaki okužbe prašičev z drugimi virusi influence aviarnega izvora pojavijo, ko se virus prilagodi gostitelju.
The diagnosis of AI virus infections of pigs is essentially similar to diagnosis for avian species, relying on virus isolation, molecular techniques and detection of specific antibodies using haemagglutination inhibition tests.
Diagnoza okužb z virusom aviarne influence pri prašičih je bistveno podobna diagnozi pri pticah in temelji na izolaciji virusa, molekularnih tehnikah in odkrivanju specifičnih protiteles z uporabo testov inhibicije hemaglutinacije.
There are, however, certain differences and none of the tests are fully validated for the use in pigs to confirm infection with AI viruses.
Vendar obstajajo nekatere razlike in nobeden od testov ni v celoti veljaven za potrditev okužbe z virusi aviarne influence pri prašičih.
Samples for virus isolation
Vzorci za izolacijo virusa
AI virus infections in pigs are usually restricted to the respiratory tract and samples must be respiratory tract tissues and, if appropriate, oropharyngeal or nasal swabs, preferably taken from pigs showing signs of that disease.
Okužbe z virusom aviarne influence se običajno pojavljajo le v dihalnem sistemu in vzorci morajo biti tkiva iz tega sistema ter, če je to ustrezno, brisi žrela ali nosu, po možnosti odvzeti prašičem, ki kažejo znake te bolezni.
These samples and swabs may be processed for virus isolation or molecular detection of virus, using the same techniques described above for samples from birds.
Ti vzorci in brisi se lahko obdelajo za izolacijo virusa ali molekularno detekcijo virusa z uporabo enakih tehnik, kot so opisane zgoraj za vzorce ptic.
However, when using PCR techniques, proper controls must be used to ensure that the amplification is not inhibited by substances in the samples from pigs.
Vseeno je treba pri uporabi tehnik PCR z ustreznim nadzorom zagotoviti, da snovi v vzorcih prašičev ne ovirajo amplifikacije.
Inoculation and incubation of eggs
Inokulacija in inkubacija jajc
To isolate mammalian influenza viruses in 9- to 11-day-old embryonated fowls' eggs it is usual practice to inoculate each egg via the allantoic cavity and into the amniotic cavity.
Za izolacijo virusov influence pri sesalcih v 9 do 11 dni starih oplojenih kokošjih jajcih je običajna praksa inokulacija posameznih jajc prek alantoične votline in v amniotsko votlino.
However, when testing pigs in contact with AI viruses, when virus has had little opportunity to adapt, allantoic cavity inoculation is probably sufficient.
Vseeno je pri testiranju prašičev, ki so bili v stiku z virusi aviarne influence, ko je imel virus malo priložnosti za prilagoditev, inokulacija alantoične votline verjetno dovolj.
Similarly, 35 oC is usually recommended for the incubation temperature for isolation of mammalian influenza A viruses, but again for viruses poorly adapted to pigs, 37 oC is not be detrimental to virus isolation.
Podobno je za izolacijo virusov influence A pri sesalcih priporočena inkubacijska temperatura 35 °C, vendar tudi v tem primeru za viruse, ki so slabo prilagojeni prašičem, 37 °C ne škoduje izolaciji virusa.
Test for specific antibodies in HI tests
Test na specifična protitelesa v testih inhibicije hemaglutinacije (HI)
Virus isolation or molecular detection are likely to be the most sensitive for determining AI virus infections of pigs.
Izolacija virusa ali molekularna detekcija je verjetno najbolj ustrezna za ugotavljanje okužb z virusom aviarne influence pri prašičih.
However, serological responses in pigs have been detected in the absence of virus isolation or detection.
Vendar so bile serološke reakcije pri prašičih opažene tudi brez izolacije ali detekcije virusa.
HI tests, using pig sera, require some modifications to the test used for avian sera referred to in Chapter VIII.
Testi HI, ki uporabljajo serume, pridobljene pri prašičih, zahtevajo nekaj sprememb testa za serume, pridobljene pri pticah, kot je opisano v poglavju VIII.
Pig sera are notorious for their property of non-specific inhibition in HI tests and therefore each serum sample must be treated with a receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) to prevent this from occurring.
Značilnost serumov, pridobljenih pri prašičih, je njihova nespecifična inhibicija v testih HI, zato je treba vsakemu primerku seruma dodati receptor, ki uničuje encime (RDE), da bi to preprečili.
The following method must be used:
Uporabiti je treba naslednjo metodo:
To 100 μl of pig antiserum add 400 μl RDE (predetermined working dilution) and mix thoroughly.
V 100 μl prašičjega seruma dodajte 400 μl RDE (delovna koncentracija) in temeljito premešajte.
Incubate at 37 oC for one hour.
Inkubirajte eno uro pri 37 °C.
Then incubate for 30 minutes at 56 oC.
Potem inkubirajte 30 minut pri 56 °C.
Cool samples at 4 oC for a minimum of 15 minutes.
Vzorce hladite vsaj 15 minut pri 4 °C.
Add 10 μl of 30 % (v/v packed cells) chick red blood cells and mix vigorously.
Dodajte 10 μl 30-odstotnih (hematokriti v/v) rdečih krvnih celic piščancev in močno premešajte.
The treated serum is then used in HI tests as described for avian sera in paragraph [..], the initial dilution is 1:10.
Obdelani serum se potem uporabi pri testih HI, kot je opisano za ptičje serume v odstavku […], začetna razredčitev je 1: 10.
A set of sera of pigs with a known sero-negative status regarding AI must be used to assess the specificity of the HI test for the virus strain to be used (see use of virus strain for serology derived from the outbreak; Chapter VIII).
Uporabiti je treba serijo prašičjih serumov z ugotovljenim serološko negativnim statusom v zvezi z aviarno influenco, da bi ocenili specifičnost testa HI za sev virusa, ki se uporabi (glej uporabo seva virusa za serologijo, pridobljenega ob izbruhu; poglavje VIII).
During the outbreak in the Netherlands in 2003 up to 2,6 % non-specific reactors were detected in the HI test using pig sera that were collected independently of the outbreak
Ob izbruhu na Nizozemskem leta 2003 je bilo v testu HI, izvedenim s prašičjimi serumi, zbranimi neodvisno od izbruha, ugotovljenih do 2,6 % nespecifičnih reaktorjev.
Sampling of pigs
Vzorčenje prašičev
Particularly on farms that keep both pigs and poultry, either mixed or in separate houses, pigs are at risk of becoming infected with AI directly or indirectly via contact with poultry or poultry products.
Zlasti na kmetijah, kjer so prisotni prašiči in perutnina v skupnih ali ločenih prostorih, so prašiči ogroženi zaradi možnosti okužbe z aviarno influenco neposredno ali posredno prek stika s perutnino ali perutninskimi proizvodi.
To exclude such infection, oropharyngeal or nasal swabs and blood samples must be collected according to the procedures described in point 8.21 of Chapter IV.
Da bi izključili takšno okužbo, je treba v skladu s postopki iz točke 8.21 poglavja IV zbrati brise žrela ali nosa in krvne vzorce.
Samples must be obtained from pigs that show clinical signs of the disease.
Vzorce je treba odvzeti prašičem, ki kažejo klinične znake bolezni.
However, when they do not show any clinical signs, samples may be collected at random over all sections of the house.
Vseeno se lahko ob odsotnosti kakršnih koli kliničnih znakov vzorci zberejo naključno na različnih delih kmetije.
If available in the laboratory, swabs must be tested in rapid molecular tests and/or virus isolation.
Če so na voljo v laboratoriju, je treba brise testirati s hitrimi molekularnimi testi in/ali izolacijo virusa.
The RT-PCR must have been appropriately validated and have a sensitivity at least equivalent to virus isolation in eggs for influenza A viruses.
Metode RT-PCR je treba ustrezno potrditi in njihova občutljivost mora biti vsaj enaka tisti pri izolaciji virusa v jajcih za viruse influence A.
Two to four weeks after culling of the AI infected poultry, at least 60 blood samples must be collected from pigs in such a way that at least some samples are obtained from groups of pigs that are in direct contact with each other.
Dva do štiri tedne po izločitvi perutnine, okužene z aviarno influenco, je treba odvzeti vsaj 60 krvnih vzorcev prašičev tako, da se zbere vsaj nekaj vzorcev iz skupin prašičev, ki so v neposrednem stiku.
Samples must be tested in the HI test using virus derived from the poultry outbreak.
Vzorce je treba testirati s testom HI z uporabo virusa, pridobljenega pri perutnini ob izbruhu.
Samples from both the acute and convalescent phases must be tested in the same test.
Vzorce iz akutne faze in faze okrevanja je treba testirati z istim testom.
Positive samples can be confirmed using virus neutralisation and/or Western blot analyses.
Pozitivni vzorci se lahko potrdijo z nevtralizacijo virusa in/ali analizami Western blot.
When any of those samples test positive, an epidemiological investigation on all pig farms located within the protection zone must be carried out, irrespective whether they are of mixed type or not.
Če je rezultat testa katerega koli od teh vzorcev pozitiven, je treba izvesti epidemiološko preiskavo vseh prašičjih farm na okuženem območju, ne glede na to, ali so skupne ali ne.
AI viruses in other mammals other than pigs
Virusi aviarne influence pri drugih sesalcih, razen prašičev
Investigations in other mammals other than pigs which are susceptible to AI including cats must be undertaken.
Izvajati je treba preiskave drugih sesalcev, razen prašičev, ki so dovzetni za aviarno influenco, vključno z mačkami.
With specific reference to HPAI H5N1, the following must be carried out for testing cats:
Zlasti v zvezi s HPAI H5N1 je treba pri testiranju mačk izvesti naslednje ukrepe:
Gross pathological lesions, associated with viral replication, concentrate on the lungs and liver, therefore samples for virological investigations must preferably be taken from these organs of dead animals.
Očitne patoanatomske spremembe, povezane z razmnoževanjem virusa, se pojavljajo zlasti v pljučih in jetrih, zato je treba vzorce za virološke preiskave po možnosti odvzeti iz teh organov mrtvih živali.
In living animals, preferably tracheal/oropharyngeal swabs must be taken for virus detection.
Pri živih živalih je treba za detekcijo virusa po možnosti odvzeti brise sapnika/žrela.
In addition, faecal swabs can be taken separately.
Razen tega se lahko ločeno odvzamejo brisi iztrebkov.
Blood samples to be examined in HI assays require heat treatment for 56 oC for 30 minutes and RDE treatment can be omitted.
Krvne vzorce, ki se pregledujejo z analizami HI, je treba toplotno obdelati, in sicer 30 minut pri 56 °C, dodajanje RDE pa ni potrebno.
Minimum safety requirements for the transport of samples
Minimalne varnostne zahteve za prevoz vzorcev
The transport of samples in which pathogens are known to be present or suspected of being present are the subject of strict national and international regulations that must be adhered to at all times.
Za prevoz vzorcev, v katerih je potrjena prisotnost patogenov ali obstaja njen sum, veljajo strogi nacionalni in mednarodni predpisi, ki jih je treba vedno upoštevati.
Virus isolates are not classified as diagnostic samples but must be packaged in accordance with international standards.
Izolati virusa se ne uvrščajo med diagnostične vzorce, ampak jih je treba zapakirati v skladu z mednarodnimi standardi.
The instructions set out in this chapter are for air transport, but similar packaging must be used for land or sea transport of samples.
Navodila iz tega poglavja veljajo za zračni prevoz, vendar se mora podobna oblika pakiranja uporabljati tudi za kopenski in pomorski prevoz vzorcev.
Packing diagnostic specimens for transport
Pakiranje diagnostičnih vzorcev za prevoz
Diagnostic specimens transported under the IATA Regulations are assigned to UN identification number 2814, 2900, or 3373, as relevant.
Diagnostičnim vzorcem, ki se prevažajo v skladu s predpisi IATA, je dodeljena identifikacijska številka UN 2184, 2900 ali 3373, kot je ustrezno.
The shipper and not the transport company is responsible for the shipment until the package reaches the consignee.
Dokler prejemnik ne prejme pošiljke, je zanjo odgovoren pošiljatelj in ne prevozno podjetje.
Primary packaging
Prvi sloj embalaže
Primary receptacle(s) must be water tight, for example, screw caps must be sealed with parafilm or adhesive tape or similar protections taken.
Primarna posoda (posode) mora (morajo) biti vodotesna (vodotesne), na primer, pokrovčki morajo biti dodatno pritrjeni s parafilmom ali lepilnim trakom ali pa se izvedejo podobni zaščitni ukrepi.
Multiple primary receptacles must be wrapped individually to prevent breakage.
Če je primarnih posod več, morajo biti zavite ločeno, da se prepreči razbitje.
When determining the volume of diagnostic specimens being shipped, the viral transport media must be taken into account.
Pri določanju obsega diagnostičnih vzorcev, ki se pošiljajo, je treba upoštevati transportno gojišče za virus.
Primary receptacle(s) must not contain more than 500 ml or 500 g.
Primarna posoda (posode) ne sme (smejo) vsebovati več kot 500 ml ali 500 g.
The entire contents of the primary receptacle is the diagnostic specimen.
Celotna vsebina primarne posode je diagnostični vzorec.
Secondary packaging
Drugi sloj embalaže
Enough absorbent material in the secondary container to absorb the entire contents of all primary receptacles in case of leakage or damage must be used.
Za drugi sloj embalaže je treba uporabiti dovolj vpojnega materiala, ki lahko vsrka celotno vsebino iz primarnih posod v primeru razlitja ali poškodbe.
Secondary packaging must meet the IATA packaging requirements for diagnostic specimens including 1,2 metres (3,9 feet) drop test procedure.
Drugi sloj embalaže mora biti v skladu z zahtevami IATA glede pakiranja diagnostičnih vzorcev, vključno s postopkom preskusa s padcem z višine 1,2 m (3,9 čevlja).
Since infectious substance packaging surpasses the requirements for diagnostic specimen packaging, in the IATA Packing Instruction 602, it may be used.
Ker embalaža za snovi, ki povzročajo infekcije, presega zahteve za pakiranje diagnostičnih vzorcev iz navodila za pakiranje 602 IATA, se lahko uporablja.
Infectious substance packaging must have the required specification markings on packaging (UN will be in a circle), for example:
Embalaža za snovi, ki povzročajo infekcije, mora imeti na zunanji strani zahtevane specifikacijske oznake („UN“ bo v krogu): na primer:
Secondary packaging must be watertight.
Drugi sloj embalaže mora biti vodotesen.
The packaging manufacturer or other authorised party's packing instructions, included with the secondary packaging, must be followed.
Upoštevati je treba priložena navodila za pakiranje, ki jih določi proizvajalec embalaže ali druga pooblaščena stran.
Secondary packaging must be at least 100 mm (four inches) in the smallest overall external dimension.
Najmanjše zunanje dimenzije drugega sloja embalaže morajo meriti vsaj 100 mm (štiri palce).
Secondary packaging must be large enough for shipping documents, such as an air waybill.
Drugi sloj embalaže mora biti dovolj velik za pošiljanje dokumentov, kot je letalski tovorni list.
Outer packaging
Zunanji sloj embalaže
The outer packaging must not contain more than 4 l or 4 kg.
Zunanji sloj embalaže ne sme vsebovati več kot 4 l ali 4 kg.
If required, either dry ice or wet ice must be placed outside the secondary packaging.
Če je potrebno, se zunaj drugega sloja embalaže namesti suhi ali mokri led.
If using dry ice the packaging must permit the release of carbon dioxide gas and not allow a build-up of pressure that could rupture the packaging.
Ob uporabi suhega ledu mora embalaža zagotavljati sproščanje ogljikovega dioksida in preprečiti nastajanje pritiska, ki bi lahko poškodoval embalažo.
If using wet ice, the packaging must be leak-proof.
Ob uporabi mokrega ledu mora biti embalaža vodotesna.
Each package and the air waybill must be marked with the following exact wording:
Vsaka embalaža in letalski tovorni list morata biti označena z naslednjim besedilom:
IATA PACKING INSTRUCTION 650’
IATA PACKING INSTRUCTION 650“
An itemised list of contents must be enclosed between the secondary packaging and the outer packaging.
Med drugi in zunanji sloj embalaže je treba vložiti podroben seznam vsebine.
The outer packaging must be placed in a sealed plastic bag to protect from moisture.
Zunanji sloj embalaže je treba položiti v nepredušno zaprto plastično vrečo, da se zaščiti pred vlago.
A Shipper's Declaration for Dangerous Goods is not required.
Deklaracija prevoznika o nevarnem tovoru ni potrebna.
Dispatch of viruses and samples to the Community reference laboratory
Pošiljanje virusov in vzorcev v referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti
The samples to be sent to the Community reference laboratory need to comply with the recommendations for the transport of dangerous pathogens within the Community and also regulations and legislation in force in the United Kingdom.
Vzorci, ki se pošiljajo v referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti, morajo biti v skladu s priporočili za prevoz nevarnih patogenov v Skupnosti ter predpisi in zakonodajo, ki velja v Združenem kraljestvu.
The instructions set out in this chapter must be followed.
Upoštevati je treba navodila iz tega poglavja.
Dispatch of viruses or other materials to the Community reference laboratory
Pošiljanje virusov in drugih materialov v referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti
All materials must be packed in accordance with the instructions set out in this Chapter.
Vse materiale je treba zapakirati v skladu z navodili iz tega poglavja.
The outer packaging must be marked as follows:
Zunanji sloj embalaže mora biti označen z napisom:
IMPORTATION AUTHORISED BY LICENCE NUMBER …*… ISSUED UNDER THE IMPORTATION OF ANIMAL PATHOGENS ORDER.’
IMPORTATION AUTHORISED BY LICENCE NUMBER…*…ISSUED UNDER THE IMPORTATION OF ANIMAL PATHOGENS ORDER.“
One of the following licence numbers must be inserted:
Vključiti je treba eno od naslednjih številk dovoljenj:
for AI viruses:
za viruse aviarne influence:
for tissues and other materials:
za tkiva in druge materiale:
As those licence numbers are changed from time to time laboratories sending samples must ensure that they use the current licence numbers before sending packages.
Ker se te številke dovoljenj občasno spreminjajo, morajo laboratoriji pred pošiljanjem vzorcev zagotoviti, da uporabljajo trenutne številke dovoljenj.
The package must be addressed to:
Embalažo je treba poslati na naslov:
A letter must accompany the parcel with as much history about the isolates as possible, such as the species and age, area/country of isolation, any clinical history.
Pošiljki mora biti priloženo pismo s čim bolj natančnim opisom izolatov, npr. vrsta in starost, območje/država izolacije, preteklo zdravstveno stanje.
Packages must be sent by air mail or air freight.
Paketi se pošljejo z zračnim prevozom pošte ali tovora.
If packages are sent by air freight, the airway bill number must be given to the Community reference laboratory by fax, telephone, or e-mail before arrival of the materials.
Če se paketi pošiljajo z zračnim prevozom tovora, je treba referenčnemu laboratoriju Skupnosti po telefaksu, telefonu ali elektronski pošti pred prihodom materialov posredovati številko letalskega tovornega lista.
Packages sent by air freight, must be clearly marked as follows:
Paketi, ki se pošiljajo z zračnim prevozom tovora, morajo biti jasno označeni z naslednjim besedilom:
‘CARE OF TRANSGLOBAL’ to ensure rapid processing at the airport.
„CARE OF TRANSGLOBAL“, da se zagotovi hiter postopek na letališču.
Community reference laboratory contacts
Kontaktne osebe v referenčnem laboratoriju Skupnosti
Ian H. Brown, Director of the Reference Laboratory
Ian H. Brown, direktor referenčnega laboratorija
Direct tel. (44-1932) 35 73 39;
Neposredna telefonska številka: (44-1932) 35 73 39;
Direct fax (44-1932) 35 72 39;
Neposredni telefaks: (44-1932) 35 72 39;
Ruth Manvell, Reference Laboratory Manager
Ruth Manvell, vodja referenčnega laboratorija
Direct tel. (44-1932) 35 77 36 or (44-1932) 35 77 08
Neposredna telefonska številka: (44-1932) 35 77 36 ali : (44-1932) 35 77 08
Direct fax (44-1932) 35 78 56
Neposredni telefaks: (44-1932) 35 78 56
E-mail: r.manvell@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk
Elektronski naslov: r.manvell@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk
Minimum safety requirements for an AI diagnostic laboratory
Minimalne varnostne zahteve v diagnostičnih laboratorijih za aviarno influenco