natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Although the Community reference laboratory will conduct pathogenicity determination as a high priority, as part of the duties referred to in Annex VII, point 2(b) to Directive 2005/94/EC, such virus characterisation at the national level will greatly decrease the time taken for diagnosis and, when positive, for the full implementation of control measures for HPAI.
Čeprav bo referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti opravil določanje patogenosti kot pomembno prednostno nalogo v okviru nalog iz Priloge VII 2(b) k Direktivi 2005/94/ES, bo takšna karakterizacija virusa na nacionalni ravni zelo skrajšala čas za diagnozo in, kadar bo ta pozitivna, za popolno izvajanje nadzornih ukrepov za HPAI.
Further typing and characterisation of isolates
Nadaljnje tipiziranje in karakterizacija izolatov
The Community reference laboratory must receive all haemagglutinating viruses from the National reference laboratories for further antigenic and genetic studies to enable a greater understanding of the epizootiology of the disease(s) within the Community in accordance with the functions and duties of the Community reference laboratory as set out in Annex VII to Directive 2005/94/EC.
Referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti mora od nacionalnih laboratorijev dobiti vse hemaglutinirajoče viruse za nadaljnje antigenske in genetske študije, da se v skladu z nalogami in dolžnostmi referenčnega laboratorija Skupnosti, ki so določene v Prilogi VII k Direktivi 2005/94/ES, omogoči boljše razumevanje epizootiologije bolezni v Evropski skupnosti.
In addition to those functions and duties, the Community reference laboratory must carry out full antigenic typing for all influenza viruses received.
Razen teh nalog in dolžnosti mora referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti opraviti tudi popolno antigensko tipizacijo vseh virusov influence, ki jih prejme.
For H5 and H7 viruses that do not have intravenous pathogenicity indices greater than 1,2, nucleotide sequencing of the haemagglutinin gene to determine whether or not there are multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin precursor protein must also be carried out immediately and the national reference laboratory and the competent authority in the country of origin must be informed as soon as the results are available so that control measures for HPAI can be fully implemented.
Pri virusih H5 in H7, ki nimajo intravenoznih indeksov patogenosti višjih od 1,2, je treba takoj izvesti nukleotidno sekvenciranje gena za hemaglutinin, da se ugotovi, ali so na cepitvenem mestu beljakovine hemaglutinina razne esencialne aminokisline, nacionalne referenčne laboratorije in pristojne organe v državi izvora pa je treba obvestiti takoj, ko so na voljo rezultati, da lahko v celoti izvedejo nadzorne ukrepe za HPAI.
Given the changing epidemiological situation in relation to HPAI/LPAI, it may be possible by agreement with both the Commission and the Community reference laboratory for a derogation to be given to laboratories with full capabilities for rapid virus characterisation, to submit a subset of these viruses following inspection of data and for the Community reference laboratory to make a relevant selection.
Glede na spremenljivo epidemiološko stanje v zvezi s HPAI/LPAI je s sporazumom s Komisijo in referenčnim laboratorijem Skupnosti mogoče laboratorijem z vsemi zmogljivostmi za hitro karakterizacijo virusov odobriti odstopanje, da predložijo podskupino teh virusov po pregledu podatkov ter da referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti opravi ustrezen izbor.
This derogation must only be permitted where data can be rapidly generated by the national reference laboratory and shared with the Community reference laboratory.
To odstopanje mora biti dovoljeno le, kadar lahko nacionalni referenčni laboratorij hitro ustvarja podatke in jih posreduje referenčnemu laboratoriju Skupnosti.
Molecular tests and evaluation of results
Molekularni testi in vrednotenje rezultatov
The current definition of HPAI, allows the molecular identification of virulence factors and confirms the use of molecular techniques in the diagnosis of AI.
Sedanja opredelitev HPAI dovoljuje molekularno identifikacijo dejavnikov virulence in potrjuje uporabo molekularnih tehnik pri diagnozi aviarne influence.
Recently there have been developments in their application for detection and characterisation of AI virus directly from clinical specimens from infected birds.
Nedavno je prišlo do razvoja na področju njihove uporabe za odkrivanje in karakterizacijo virusa AI neposredno iz kliničnih vzorcev okuženih ptic.
Conventional RT-PCR techniques on clinical specimens could, with the correctly defined primers, result in rapid detection and subtype (at least of H5 and H7) identification, plus a PCR amplicon product that could be used for nucleotide sequencing and have been demonstrated to have an important application by rapidly identifying subsequent outbreaks once the primary infected premises has been detected and the virus characterised.
Konvencionalne tehnike RT-PCR, uporabljene na kliničnih vzorcih, lahko s pravilno opredeljenimi primerji omogočijo hitro odkritje in identifikacijo podtipa (vsaj H5 in H7) ter produkt reakcije PCR – amplikon, ki se lahko uporabi za nukleotidno sekvenciranje in za katerega je dokazano, da je zelo uporaben, ker hitro prepoznava poznejše izbruhe, potem ko so prvotno okužena območja odkrita in je virus karakteriziran.
‘Real time’ single-step RT-PCR using primer/fluorogenic probe systems (rRT-PCR) allow even more rapid and sensitive diagnosis with detection of AI viruses and determination of subtype H5 or H7 in clinical samples.
Enostopenjska metoda RT-PCR „v dejanskem času“ z uporabo sistemov fluorescenčnih sond na primerjih (rRT-PCR) omogoča še hitrejšo in občutljivejšo diagnozo z odkrivanjem virusov aviarne influence in določanjem podtipa H5 ali H7 v kliničnih vzorcih.
An important problem with RT-PCR and rRT-PCR systems is that, to date, different laboratories have developed different systems, which, although perfectly legitimate, have not been validated or subjected to tests with large numbers of samples in different laboratories.
Pomembna težava pri sistemih RT-PCR in rRT-PCR je, da so do danes različni laboratoriji razvili različne sisteme, ki, čeprav so povsem zakoniti, niso bili potrjeni ali testirani z večjim številom vzorcev v različnih laboratorijih.
The Community reference laboratory and specified national reference laboratories have been addressing this problem as part of an Community-funded project (EU AVIFLU) to produce ratified protocols for conventional RT-PCR and rRT-PCR that could be adopted by other national reference laboratories.
Referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti in določeni nacionalni referenčni laboratoriji so to težavo obravnavali znotraj projekta [EU AVIFLU], ki ga je financirala Skupnost, da bi pripravili ratificirane protokole za konvencionalne RT-PCR in rRT-PCR, ki jih lahko sprejmejo drugi nacionalni referenčni laboratoriji.
If test parameters, such as cycling and ramp times, are varied from those recommended in the specified protocols they must be demonstrated as fit for purpose prior to use in accordance with point 6 of Chapter I of this diagnostic manual.
Če se testni parametri, kot sta trajanje posameznih ciklov in čas prehoda med cikli, razlikujejo od priporočenih v omenjenih protokolih, je treba dokazati njihovo ustreznost za ta namen še pred uporabo v skladu z odstavkom 6 poglavja I tega diagnostičnega priročnika.
The standard protocols for those molecular tests and their evaluation as applied by the Community reference laboratory can be found on the following website:
Standardni protokoli za te molekularne teste in njihovo vrednotenje, kot jih uporablja referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti, so na voljo na spodnji spletni strani:
In vivo pathogenicity test and the evaluation of results
Testi patogenosti in vivo in vrednotenje rezultatov
The virulence for chickens of influenza A viruses isolated from birds must be estimated using the intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) test which must be carried out as follows:
Virulenco virusov influence A, izoliranih iz ptic, za piščance je treba oceniti s testom, pri katerem se določi indeks intravenozne patogenosti (IVPI), ki ga je treba izvesti, kot sledi:
Fresh infective allantoic fluid with a HA titre >1/16 (>24 or >log2 4 when expressed as the reciprocal) from the lowest passage level available, preferably from the initial isolation without any selection is diluted 1/10 in sterile isotonic saline.
Sveža infektivna alantoisna tekočina s titrom HA > 1/16 (> 24 ali > log2 4, če je izražen kot obratna vrednost) iz najnižje razpoložljive pasaže, po možnosti iz prve izolacije brez kakršne koli selekcije, se razredči na 1/10 s sterilno fiziološko raztopino.
0,1 ml of the diluted virus is injected intravenously into each of ten six-week-old SPF or SAN chickens.
0,1 ml raztopljenega virusa se intravenozno injicira v vsakega od desetih šesttedenskih piščancev SPF ali SAN.
The judgement of sick and severely sick birds is a subjective clinical assessment.
Presoja, ali je žival obolela ali resno obolela, je subjektivna klinična ocena.
Normally, ‘sick’ birds show one of the following signs and ‘severely sick’ more than one of the following signs: respiratory involvement, depression, diarrhoea, cyanosis of the exposed skin or wattles, oedema of the face and/or head, nervous signs.
Običajno „obolele“ ptice kažejo enega od naslednjih znakov, „resno obolele“ pa več kot enega: težave z dihanjem, izčrpanost, driska, cianoza izpostavljene kože ali podbradkov, edem prednjega dela glave in/ali glave, znake nervoze.
Dead birds must be scored as 3 at each of the remaining daily observations after death.
Mrtve ptice je treba oceniti s 3 ob vseh preostalih dnevnih opazovanjih po smrti.
On welfare grounds when birds are too sick to eat or drink, they must be killed humanely and scored as dead at the next observation since they will die within 24 hours without intervention.
V zvezi z dobrim počutjem živali je treba ptice, kadar so preveč bolne, da bi jedle ali pile, humano ubiti in jih šteti kot mrtve ob naslednjem opazovanju, ker bodo brez posega v 24 urah umrle.
This approach is acceptable to accreditation authorities.
Ta pristop je sprejemljiv za akreditacijske organe.
The IVPI is the mean score per bird per observation over the 10-day period.
IVPI je povprečen rezultat na ptico na opazovanje v 10-dnevnem obdobju.
An index of 3,00 means that all birds died within 24 hours, and an index of 0,00 means that no bird showed any clinical sign during the 10-day observation period.
Indeks 3,00 pomeni, da so vse ptice umrle v 24 urah, indeks 0,00 pomeni, da nobena ptica ni kazala kliničnih znakov med 10-dnevnim opazovanjem.
A simple method for recording results and calculating indices is shown in the following example:
Preprosta metoda za beleženje rezultatov in izračun indeksov je prikazana v naslednjem primeru:
Clinical signs
Klinični znaki
Day after inoculation
Dan po inokulaciji
Total score
Skupni rezultat
Normal
Običajna
Sick
Obolela
Severely sick
Resno obolela
Dead
Mrtva
Total = 246
Skupaj = 246
Notes:
Opomba:
10 birds observed for 10 days = 100 observations
10 ptic, opazovanih 10 dni = 100 opazovanj
Index = mean score per bird per observation = 246/100 = 2,46
Indeks = povprečen rezultat na ptico na opazovanje = 246/100 = 2,46
Any influenza A virus, regardless of subtype, giving a value of greater than 1,2 in an IVPI test is considered to be a HPAI virus.
Vsak virus influence A ne glede na podtip, ki pri testu IVPI pokaže vrednost, višjo od 1,2, se šteje za virus HPAI.
Serological tests and evaluation of results
Serološki testi in vrednotenje rezultatov
The preferred method used to show the presence of influenza A virus is to demonstrate the possession of the nucleoprotein or matrix antigens which are shared by all influenza A viruses.
Priporočena metoda za dokaz prisotnosti virusa influence A je dokaz nukleoproteinskih antigenov ali antigenov v matriksu, ki jih imajo vsi virusi influence A.
It may be done in immunodoublediffusion tests involving either concentrated virus preparations or extracts from infected chorioallantoic membranes.
To se običajno naredi z dvodimenzionalnim imunodifuzijskim testom, ki vključuje koncentrirane preparate virusa ali ekstrakte iz okuženih horioalantoidnih membran.
The preferred methods used for serological tests for AI virus antibodies are haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (Hl) tests.
Priporočeni metodi, ki se uporabljata za serološke teste za odkrivanje protiteles proti virusu aviarne influence, sta testa hemaglutinacije (HA) in inhibicije hemaglutinacije (Hl).
Chapter 2.7.12 of the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) contains detailed information on the laboratory techniques and the evaluation of the results.
Poglavje 2.7.12 Priročnika diagnostičnih testov in cepiv za kopenske živali Svetovne organizacije za zdravje živali (OIE) vsebuje podrobne informacije o laboratorijskih tehnikah in vrednotenju rezultatov.
The standard protocols for serological tests and the evaluation of their results as applied by the Community reference laboratory can be found on the following website:
Standardni protokoli za serološke teste in vrednotenje njihovih rezultatov, ki jih uporablja referenčni laboratorij Skupnosti, so na voljo na spodnji spletni strani:
Monitoring systems associated with vaccination
Sistemi spremljanja v zvezi s cepljenjem
Sections 2 and 3 of Chapter IX, of Directive 2005/94/EC allow the use of emergency and preventive vaccination under certain conditions.
Direktiva 2005/94/ES ter dela 2 in 3 poglavja IX diagnostičnega priročnika Direktive 2005/94/ES dovoljujejo uporabo cepljenja v nujnih primerih in preventivnega cepljenja pod nekaterimi pogoji.
One of those conditions is that a ‘DIVA’ (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy is employed.
Eden od teh pogojev je uporaba strategije „DIVA“ (razlikovanje med okuženimi in cepljenimi živalmi).
Vaccination must be aimed at preventing the infection and subsequent spreading of virus between flocks.
Cepljenje mora biti namenjeno preprečevanju okužbe in nadaljnjega širjenja virusa med jatami.
There is indisputable evidence to show vaccination increases the amount of virus needed to infect birds and decreases the amount of virus excreted.
Obstaja nesporen dokaz, da cepljenje povečuje količino virusa, potrebnega za okužbo ptic, in zmanjšuje količino izločenega virusa.
However, although vaccinated birds do no longer develop clinical signs they can still spread virus when challenged.
Cepljene ptice lahko vseeno, čeprav ne razvijejo več kliničnih znakov, še vedno širijo virus, kadar so mu izpostavljene.
Thus HPAI viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes could circulate unnoticed for some time in a flock with suboptimal levels of immunity in the same way that LPAI viruses could do in an unvaccinated flock.
Zato lahko podtipa virusa HPAI H5 in H7 nekaj časa neopaženo krožita znotraj jate z ne najboljšo ravnjo odpornosti na enak način, kot lahko krožijo virusi LPAI znotraj necepljene jate.
There is therefore a need to be able to identify virus positive vaccinated flocks that have become infected with field virus so that other control measures, such as stamping out, can be implemented.
Zato je treba prepoznati na virus pozitivne cepljene jate, ki so se okužile z divjim virusom, da se lahko izvedejo drugi nadzorni ukrepi, kot je izločitev.
Use of sentinels for monitoring infection
Uporaba kontrolnih ptic za spremljanje okužbe
At the flock level, a simple method is to regularly monitor sentinel birds left unvaccinated in each vaccinated flock, but this approach does have some management problems, particularly in identifying the sentinels especially in large flocks.
Preprosta metoda na ravni jate je redno spremljanje kontrolnih ptic, ki niso bile cepljene, v vsaki cepljeni jati, vendar ta pristop povzroča težave z upravljanjem, zlasti pri prepoznavanju kontrolnih ptic, posebno v velikih jatah.
The contact between the sentinels and the vaccinated birds must be ensured.
Zagotoviti je treba stik med kontrolnimi pticami in cepljenimi pticami.
DIVA laboratory test for monitoring infection
Laboratorijski testi DIVA za spremljanje okužbe
As an alternative or in addition, testing for field exposure may be performed on the vaccinated birds itself by using DIVA laboratory tests.
Kot nadomestna možnost ali dopolnilo se lahko na cepljenih pticah opravi testiranje na izpostavljenost na terenu z uporabo laboratorijskih testov DIVA.
Several test systems have been developed in recent years that also allow the detection of field challenge of vaccinated birds.
V zadnjih letih je bilo razvitih več testnih sistemov, ki omogočajo odkrivanje izpostavljenosti cepljenih ptic na terenu.
One method that has proved workable is the use of a vaccine containing a virus of the same haemagglutinin (H) subtype but a different neuraminidase (N) from the prevailing field virus.
Ena metoda, ki se je izkazala kot učinkovita, je uporaba cepiva, ki vsebuje virus istega podtipa hemaglutinina (H), vendar z različno nevraminidazo (N) od prevladujočega divjega virusa.
Antibodies to the N of the field virus act as natural markers of infection.
Protitelesa na N divjega virusa delujejo kot naravni označevalci okužbe.
That system was used in Italy following the re-emergence of a LPAI H7N1 virus in 2000.
Ta sistem se je uporabil v Italiji po ponovnem pojavu virusa LPAI H7N1 leta 2000.
In order to supplement direct control measures, a DIVA strategy was implemented using a vaccine containing H7N3 to combat an H7N1 field infection.
Za dopolnitev neposrednih nadzornih ukrepov se je izvajala strategija DIVA z uporabo cepiva, ki je vsebovalo H7N3, za boj proti terenski okužbi s H7N1.
Vaccinated and field exposed birds were differentiated using a serological test to detect specific anti-N1 antibodies.
Cepljene in na terenu izpostavljene ptice so bile diferencirane z uporabo serološkega testa za odkritje posebnih protiteles anti-N1.
The same strategy was used to control LPAI caused by H7N3 in Italy in 2002 to 2003, in this case with an H7N1 vaccine and a serological test detecting antibodies against N3 specifically.
Ista strategija je bila uporabljena za nadzor LPAI, ki jo je povzročil virus H7N3 v Italiji v letih 2002 in 2003, v tem primeru s cepivom H7N1 in serološkim testom za odkrivanje protiteles posebej proti N3.
In both cases vaccination with stamping out using this DIVA strategy resulted in eradication of the field virus.
V obeh primerih sta cepljenje in izločitev z uporabo strategije DIVA povzročila izkoreninjenje divjega virusa.
Problems with that system arise if a field virus emerges that has the same N antigen as the existing field virus but are of another H subtype than H5 or H7 or if subtypes with the same N antigens are already circulating in the field.
Težave pri tem sistemu nastanejo, če se pojavi divji virus, ki vsebuje isti antigen N kot obstoječi divji virus, vendar ima drug podtip H, ki ni H5 ali H7, ali če podtipi z istimi antigeni N že krožijo po terenu.
Particularly ducks are known to be carriers of more than one subtype.
Zlasti race so znane kot prenašalke več kot enega podtipa.
There was also a need to develop a suitable test that would allow the routine monitoring of flocks for anti-neuraminidase antibodies.
Prav tako je obstajala potreba po razvoju ustreznega testa, ki bi dovoljeval rutinsko spremljanje jate za protitelesa proti nevraminidazi.
In Italy an ‘ad hoc’ serological test based on an indirect fluorescent antibody assay, using as an antigen N proteins expressed by baculovirus recombinants was developed and used.
V Italiji so razvili in uporabljali „začasni“ test, ki temelji na posredni analizi fluorescenčnih protiteles, z uporabo proteinov antigena N, izraženih z bakulovirusnimi rekombinanti.
That may have wider and easier application when an ELISA test is developed.
Uporaba tega bo lahko bolj razširjena in lažja, ko bo razvit test ELISA.
The use of vaccines containing only HA, such as recombinant vector vaccines, allows classical AGID tests or ELISA tests based on nucleoprotein, non-structural protein or matrix proteins to be used to detect infection in vaccinated birds.
Uporaba cepiv, ki vsebujejo le HA, kot so cepiva z rekombinantnim vektorjem, dopušča uporabo klasičnih testov AGID ali testov ELISA, ki temeljijo na nukleoproteinu, nestrukturiranem proteinu ali proteinih matriksa, za odkrivanje okužb pri cepljenih pticah.
For inactivated vaccines, a test that detects antibodies to the non-structural virus protein that are only produced during natural infection has been described.
Za inaktivirana cepiva je opisan test, ki odkriva protitelesa proti nestrukturiranim virusnim proteinom, ki nastajajo le med naravno okužbo.
Such a system is yet to be validated in the field, but has the limitation that natural infection of a flock with any influenza virus, irrespective of subtype results in the production of antibodies directed against the non-structural protein.
Takšen sistem je treba šele potrditi na terenu, vendar ima omejitev, ker pri naravni okužbi jate z virusom influence, ne glede na podtip, nastajajo protitelesa, ki so usmerjena proti nestrukturiranim proteinom.
The development of rapid and sensitive virus-detection methods, especially those that can be automated, such as real time RT-PCR, means that these could be used for simple widespread and regular testing of vaccinated birds for the presence of field virus.
Razvoj hitrih in občutljivih metod za odkrivanje virusov, zlasti tistih, ki se lahko avtomatizirajo, kot je metoda RT-PCR v dejanskem času, pomeni, da jih je mogoče uporabljati za preprosto in razširjeno testiranje cepljenih ptic na prisotnost divjega virusa.
Agent detection, however, will be limited to a short window in the acute phase of the infection and cannot be used to conclude that a flock was not exposed to the virus in the past.
Odkrivanje povzročitelja bo vseeno omejeno na kratko obdobje v akutni fazi okužbe in ga ne bo mogoče uporabiti za sklepanje, da jata v preteklosti ni bila izpostavljena virusu.
This approach is most appropriate to the testing of vaccinated birds prior to movement to demonstrate freedom from active infection.
Ta pristop je najprimernejši za testiranje cepljenih ptic pred premikom za dokaz, da nimajo aktivne okužbe.
The number of samples to be tested by the systems of choice must enable the exclusion of a prevalence of AI virus infection in a flock of more than 15 % with confidence level of 95 %.
Število vzorcev, ki se testirajo s sistemi po izbiri, mora omogočati izključitev več kot 15-odstotne razširjenosti okužbe z virusom aviarne influence v jati, pri čemer je stopnja zaupanja 95-odstotna.
Strategies in the diagnosis of AI
Strategije za ugotavljanje aviarne influence
As set out in Annex IV to Directive 2005/94/EC, decisions to apply measures in specific areas or contact holdings and the severity of those measures may vary greatly with the magnitude of the risk.
Kot je navedeno v Prilogi IV k Direktivi 2005/94/ES, se odločitve o izvajanju ukrepov na posebnih območjih ali kontaktnih gospodarstvih in strogost teh ukrepov lahko zelo razlikujejo glede na obseg tveganja.
Similarly, the required diagnostic confirmation of disease is likely to be balanced against the prevailing situation, the magnitude of the hazard and the degree of risk.
Podobno se zahtevana diagnostična potrditev bolezni verjetno obravnava glede na prevladujoče stanje, obseg nevarnosti in stopnjo tveganja.
Veterinary authorities need to make decisions on diagnostic evidence that balance the rapid control and eradication of disease against the potential impact of misdiagnosis.
Veterinarski organi se morajo odločati o diagnostičnih dokazih, ki upoštevajo hitro obvladovanje in izkoreninjenje bolezni ter možen vpliv napačne diagnoze.
Such judgements have to be made against the background of many factors at the time, but certain situations can be predicted.
Pri takšnih presojah je treba upoštevati več dejavnikov hkrati, vendar je nekatere situacije mogoče predvideti.
Disease situation
Stanje bolezni
Potential problem
Možna težava
Diagnostic criteria
Diagnostična merila
Non specific signs, no official suspicion
Ni posebnih znakov ali uradnega suma.
Isolated holding
Izolirano gospodarstvo