natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The draft general risk assessment calls for caution as risk to human health can not be excluded for local and regional situations, and that even risk factors that are below 1.0 may not be protective enough for all sections of the general population because of the large variability in food cadmium concentrations, dietary habits and nutritional status.
V osnutku splošne ocene tveganja se poziva k previdnosti, saj tveganja za zdravje ljudi ni mogoče izključiti v vseh lokalnih in regionalnih okoliščinah in tudi dejavniki tveganja, ki so nižji od 1,0, ne ščitijo dovolj vsega prebivalstva zaradi velike raznovrstnosti koncentracij kadmija v hrani, prehranjevalnih navad in stanja prehranjenosti.
Cadmium in fertilisers
Kadmij v gnojilih
Cadmium is present in the natural state in the phosphate mineral rocks which are mined for use as raw material to manufacture phosphatic mineral fertilisers.
V naravnem stanju je kadmij prisoten v fosfatnih mineralnih kamninah, ki se jih izkopava in uporablja kot surovine za proizvodnjo fosfatnih mineralnih gnojil.
In the finished state, these fertilisers always contain certain amounts of cadmium, depending on the original content of the phosphate rocks.
Ta gnojila v končni obliki vedno vsebujejo določeno količino kadmija, odvisno od prvotne vsebnosti v fosfatnih kamninah.
Cadmium is regarded as harmful both to the environment and to human health.
Kadmij velja za škodljivega tako za okolje kot tudi za zdravje ljudi.
Phosphate fertilisers have been identified as a major source of cadmium on arable land, where it tends to accumulate over time.
Za fosfatna gnojila je bilo ugotovljeno, da so glavni vir kadmija na obdelovalnih zemljiščih, kjer se kadmij sčasoma nakopiči.
Crops tend to absorb cadmium from the soil, and the cadmium content of food, which is the main source of human intake of cadmium, has become an issue of concern for human health.
Poljščine absorbirajo kadmij iz tal, zato je vsebnost kadmija v hrani, ki je tudi glavni vir vnosa kadmija v človeško telo, vprašanje, ki zadeva zdravje ljudi.
When ingested in food, cadmium tends to accumulate in the kidneys and may eventually lead to kidney dysfunction in vulnerable groups.
Ob zaužitju kadmija v hrani se kadmij kopiči v ledvicah, kar lahko pri občutljivih skupinah privede do okvare ledvic.
The environmental concerns raised by cadmium in fertilisers were first raised at Community level during the negotiations for the Accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union.
Okoljska tveganja zaradi kadmija v gnojilih so bila na ravni Skupnosti prvič omenjena med pogajanji za pristop Avstrije, Finske in Švedske k Evropski uniji.
As indicated above, those three Member States were granted temporary derogations from Community legislation on fertilisers in order to allow a careful evaluation of the risks from cadmium in fertilisers at Community level.
Kot je navedeno zgoraj, so bila tem trem državam odobrena začasna odstopanja od zakonodaje Skupnosti v zvezi z gnojili, da se je na ravni Skupnosti omogočila natančna ocena tveganja, ki ga predstavlja kadmij v gnojilih.
In this context, the Commission first gathered all available data and information on the exposure situation in the European Community from cadmium in fertilisers.
Komisija je v zvezi s tem najprej zbrala vse razpoložljive podatke in informacije o izpostavljenosti kadmiju v gnojilih v Evropski skupnosti.
As not enough data were available in all Member States, the Commission mandated two studies to elaborate a methodology and procedures with a view to assessing the risks to health and the environment from cadmium in fertilisers [16].
Ker v vseh državah članicah ni bilo dovolj razpoložljivih podatkov, je Komisija naročila dve študiji za pripravo metodologije in postopkov za oceno tveganja, ki ga kadmij v gnojilih predstavlja za zdravje in okolje [16].
Member States were subsequently invited to carry out nation-wide risk assessments by making use of the above methodology and procedures.
Države članice so bile nato pozvane, da z uporabo zgornje metodologije in postopkov izvedejo nacionalne ocene tveganja.
Nine Member States have completed risk assessments concerning cadmium in fertilisers.
Devet držav članic je zaključilo ocene tveganja v zvezi s kadmijem v gnojilih.
These risk assessments have been made available to the public since September 2001 on the Commission's web-site [17].
Te ocene tveganja so od septembra 2001 na voljo tudi javnosti, objavljene so na spletni strani Komisije [17].
In addition, a separate study which analyses these risk assessments has been published and various options for risk management of cadmium in fertilisers at a Community wide scale have been developed [18].
Poleg tega je objavljena tudi ločena študija, ki analizira te ocene tveganja, razvite pa so bile različne možnosti za obvladovanje tveganja, ki ga predstavlja kadmij v gnojilih na območju Skupnosti [18].
The above national risk assessments were submitted to the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) [19] for evaluation.
Zgoraj omenjene nacionalne ocene tveganja so bile predložene v presojo Znanstvenemu odboru za strupenost, strupenost za ekosisteme in okolje (CSTEE) [19].
In particular, the CSTEE was asked to indicate what is the highest cadmium concentration in fertilisers that can be tolerated in order to avoid a significant increase in the cadmium content of cultivated soil.
Naloga CSTEE je bila predvsem določiti najvišjo dopustno koncentracijo kadmija v gnojilih, da bi se preprečilo znatno povečanje vsebnosti kadmija v obdelanih tleh.
The CSTEE concluded that the content of cadmium in fertilisers does need to be limited to prevent accumulation of cadmium in the soil.
CSTEE je ugotovil, da za preprečevanje kopičenja kadmija v zemlji.ni treba omejevati vsebnosti kadmija v gnojilih.
Accumulation can occur in some soils even when fertilisers containing very low cadmium concentrations and will not be observed in some soils even when using fertilisers with high cadmium levels.
Kadmij se lahko kopiči tudi v zemlji, kjer se uporabljajo gnojila z zelo nizko koncentracijo kadmija, v zemlji, kjer se uporabljajo gnojila z zelo visoko vsebnostjo kadmija, pa se mogoče kopičenja kadmija sploh ne opazi.
However, fertilisers containing less than 20 mg Cd/kg P2O5 would, in most soils, not expect to result in long-term soil accumulation, if other Cd inputs are not considered, while fertilisers containing more than 60 mg Cd/kg P2O5 would, in most soils, expect to result in long-term soil accumulation.
Vendar se pri gnojilih, ki vsebujejo manj kot 20 mg Cd/kg P2O5 v večini vrst zemlje ne pričakuje dolgotrajnega kopičena v zemlji, če se pri tem ne upoštevajo drugi vnosi Cd, medtem ko se pri gnojilih, ki vsebujejo več kot 60 mg Cd/kg P2O5, pričakuje dolgotrajno kopičenje v zemlji.
Therefore, a limit for cadmium in phosphate fertilisers should be derived based on a risk assessment approach and taking all cadmium sources into account [20].
Zato bi se morala meja vsebnosti kadmija v fosfatnih gnojilih določiti na podlagi ocene tveganja ter ob upoštevanju vseh virov kadmija [20].
The completion of the general risk assessment on cadmium and cadmium oxide has taken a relatively long time, and there is at present no final EU-wide assessment of risks from cadmium.
Kar veliko časa je trajalo, da je bila oblikovana splošna ocena tveganja zaradi kadmija in kadmijevega oksida, na ravni celotne EU pa trenutno ni nobene končne ocene tveganja zaradi kadmija.
The final draft of the general risk assessment, dated March 2005, endorses the opinion of the CSTEE concerning the accumulation of cadmium in soil.
Končni osnutek splošne ocene tveganja iz marca 2005 potrjuje mnenje CSTEE glede kopičenja kadmija v zemlji.
Although it states that the contribution from cadmium in fertilisers may not by itself be sufficient to cause a severe and immediate risk to human health or to the environment, caution is needed, as the risk to human health cannot be excluded for all local and regional situations because of the large variability in food cadmium concentrations, dietary habits and nutritional status.
Čeprav navaja, da prispevek kadmija v gnojilih sam po sebi ne more zadostovati za to, da bi se preprečila huda in takojšnja tveganja za zdravje ljudi ali za okolje, je potrebna previdnost, saj tveganja za zdravje ljudi ni mogoče izključiti v vseh lokalnih in regionalnih okoliščinah zaradi velike raznovrstnosti koncentracij kadmija v hrani, prehranjevalnih navad in stanja prehranjenosti.
Pending finalisation of the general risk assessment on cadmium and cadmium oxide as well as the potential follow-up work on risk reduction measures, the Commission proposal on cadmium in fertilisers has been subject to some delays.
Predlog Komisije o kadmiju v gnojilih je bil pred sprejetjem končne različice splošne ocene tveganja o kadmiju in kadmijevem oksidu ter morebitnim nadaljevanjem dela na podlagi ukrepov za zmanjšanje tveganja, nekajkrat odložen.
The risk assessment carried out by the Czech Republic
Ocena tveganja, ki jo je izvedla Češka republika
In support of the request for a limit on cadmium in phosphate fertilisers the Czech authorities have submitted a national risk assessment.
Češki organi so v podporo zahtevku za omejitev kadmija v fosfatnih gnojilih predložili nacionalno oceno tveganja.
The framework used for conducting its risk assessment is built around three modules:
Okvir, uporabljen za izvedbo te ocene tveganja, temelji na treh modulih:
The accumulation module
Modul kopičenja
According to this module, the net accumulation of cadmium in soil and soil solution (or pore water) [21], resulting from the application of fertilisers, is computed over time at steady state.
V skladu s tem modulom se neto kopičenje kadmija v zemlji in talni raztopini (ali porni vodi) [21], ki ga je povzročila uporaba gnojil, izračuna, ko je stanje nekaj časa ustaljeno.
The accumulation module allows for a range of inputs, for example average and extreme rates of application.
Modul kopičenja omogoča različne vrste vnosov, na primer povprečne in skrajne stopnje uporabe.
The Czech risk assessment shows that with this module the following parameters have been considered:
Češka ocena tveganja kaže, da so se pri tem modulu upoštevali naslednji parametri:
the present day cadmium concentration in soil,
trenutna koncentracija kadmija v zemlji;
the cadmium input rate (due to mineral fertilisers but also to atmospheric deposition, soil conditioning preparations, sewage sludge and weathering of parent rock),
stopnja vnosa kadmija (zaradi mineralnih gnojil ter atmosferske depozicije, pripravkov za izboljšanje zemlje, blata iz čistilnih naprav in preperevanja matične kamnine);
the cadmium up-take rate concerning plants,
stopnja vnosa kadmija v zvezi z rastlinami;
the cadmium leaching rate, depending on the annual precipitation excess and the concentration of cadmium in the pore water leachate,
stopnja izpiranja kadmija, odvisna od letnega presežka padavin in koncentracije kadmija v izcedni porni vodi;
the concentration of cadmium in the soil and leaching rates at present and after one hundred years for three scenarios: current conditions, conditions of increased fertiliser application rates and conditions of increased fertiliser cadmium content.
koncentracija kadmija v zemlji in stopnje izpiranja zdaj in čez sto let ob upoštevanju treh scenarijev: v trenutnih razmerah, pri povečani stopnji uporabe gnojil in pri povečani vsebnosti kadmija v gnojilih.
The exposure module
Modul izpostavljenosti
According to this module, the uptake of cadmium from soil into cultivated plants and the subsequent intake of cadmium by humans are computed, using exposure parameters characterising both current and extreme exposure scenarios.
V skladu s tem modulom se izračuna vnos kadmija iz zemlje v kmetijske rastline in nadaljnji vnos kadmija pri ljudeh, pri čemer se uporabijo parametri izpostavljenosti, s katerimi so opredeljene trenutne razmere in primeri skrajne izpostavljenosti.
The risk characterisation module
Modul opredelitve tveganja
This module allows the Czech Republic to estimate the incidence and severity of the adverse effects likely to occur due to actual or predicted exposure to cadmium.
Ta modul Češki republiki omogoča, da oceni pogostost in resnost škodljivih učinkov, ki bi se lahko pojavili zaradi dejanske ali predvidene izpostavljenosti kadmiju.
Calculations are performed for three scenarios and four PNEC [22] values.
Izračuni se izvedejo za tri scenarije in štiri vrednosti PKBU [22].
The results of the risk assessment
Rezultati ocene tveganja
The application of the modules has produced hazard indices (PEC/PNEC ratios) [23] in the range of 0,1-1,19, with a realistic worse-case value of 0,93 highlighted as justification for national restrictions, provided that the cadmium content in phosphorous mineral fertilisers does not exceed 50 mg/kg P2O5.
Z uporabo modulov so ugotovljeni kazalniki tveganja (razmerja PKO/PKBU) [23] v obsegu 0,1–1,19 z realno najslabšo vrednostjo 0,93, s čimer se potrdi utemeljitev za nacionalne omejitve, pod pogojem, da vsebnost kadmija v fosfatnih mineralnih gnojilih ne presega 50 mg/kg P2O5.
Evaluation of the position of the Czech Republic
Ocena položaja Češke republike
The risk-assessment submitted by the Czech authorities has been carried out according to the procedures and the methodology established at Community level, which are considered to ensure a high degree of reliability of the information obtained.
Ocena tveganja, ki so jo predložili češki organi, je bila izvedena v skladu s postopki in metodologijo, določenimi na ravni Skupnosti, kar zagotavlja visoko raven zanesljivosti pridobljenih informacij.
Given that the value proposed by the Czech Republic to justify the maintenance of national measures is to a PEC/PNEC ratio close to 1, it was deemed appropriate to submit the risk-assessment to the Commission's Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) for a careful evaluation.
Ker je vrednost razmerja PKO/PKBU, ki jo je predlagala Češka republika za utemeljitev ohranitve nacionalnih ukrepov blizu 1, je bilo primerno, da se ocena tveganja predloži v temeljito presojo Znanstvenemu odboru Komisije za zdravstvena in okoljska tveganja (SCHER).
In particular, the SCHER has been requested to:
SCHER je bil naprošen, da zlasti:
Assess the overall scientific quality of the Czech report and identify any major deficiencies.
oceni splošno znanstveno kakovost češkega poročila in opredeli glavne pomanjkljivosti;
Comment on the appropriateness of the scenarios studied and on the conclusions concerning the accumulation of cadmium in the soil.
poda pripombe o primernosti preučenih scenarijev in o ugotovitvah glede kopičenja kadmija v zemlji;
Comment on whether the reported PEC/PNEC ratio of 0,93 is the most appropriate value to describe the risk to human health and the environment.
poda pripombe o tem, ali je vrednost navedenega razmerja PKO/PKBU, tj. 0,93, ustrezna vrednost za opis tveganja za zdravje ljudi in okolje.
The evaluation of the position of the Czech Republic is therefore deferred until the Commission receives the opinion of the scientific committee.
Ocena položaja Češke republike se zato odloži, dokler Komisija ne prejme mnenja znanstvenega odbora.
RECOURSE TO ARTICLE 95(6), THIRD SUBPARAGRAPH, OF THE TREATY
UPORABA TRETJEGA PODODSTAVKA ČLENA 95(6) POGODBE
After a careful examination of these data, the Commission considers that the conditions laid down in Article 95(6), third subparagraph, are met in order for it to have recourse to the possibility of extending the six-month period within which it has to approve or reject the national provisions provided for by that Article.
Komisija po temeljiti preučitvi teh podatkov meni, da so pogoji iz tretjega pododstavka člena 95(6) izpolnjeni in se lahko uporabi možnost podaljšanja šestmesečnega roka, v katerem mora Komisija odobriti ali zavrniti nacionalne določbe iz omenjenega člena.
Justification based on the complexity of the matter
Utemeljitev na podlagi zahtevnosti zadeve
In view of the study submitted by the Czech authorities, which concludes that the PEC/PNEC ratio is very close to 1, an examination by the SCHER is necessary in order to clarify whether there is indeed a risk to the environment and human health.
Ob upoštevanju študije, ki so jo predložili češki organi in v kateri je ugotovljeno, da je razmerje PKO/PKBU zelo blizu 1, mora SCHER izvesti preiskavo za pojasnitev, ali obstaja tveganje za okolje in zdravje ljudi.
The Commission's scientific committee was consulted in the past when Austria, Finland and Sweden submitted similar studies in support of their request for a national derogation.
Z znanstvenim odborom Komisije je bil opravljen posvet že, ko so Avstrija, Finska in Švedska predložile podobne študije v podporo svojemu zahtevku za nacionalno odstopanje.
The Commission Decision under Article 95(6), first subparagraph, should therefore await the outcome of this review.
Zato se lahko na podlagi prvega odstavka člena 95(6) Odločba Komisije sprejme šele, ko bo znan izid te preiskave.
In these circumstances, the Commission considers that it is justified to extend the six-month period within which it has to approve or reject the national provisions for a further period in order to allow for a careful evaluation and opinion by the scientific committee and for corresponding conclusions to be drawn as regards the national provisions.
V teh okoliščinah Komisija meni, da je nadaljnje podaljšanje šestmesečnega roka, v katerem mora Komisija odobriti ali zavrniti nacionalne določbe, utemeljeno, saj se znanstvenemu odboru tako omogoči, da izvede temeljito presojo in poda svoje mnenje, glede nacionalnih določb pa se tako lahko sprejmejo ustrezni sklepi.
To this end, a period expiring on 6 December 2006 is necessary.
Zato je treba rok podaljšati do 6. decembra 2006.
Absence of danger to human health
Odsotnost nevarnosti za zdravje ljudi
On the basis of the assumptions and scenarios used, the Czech report concludes that there is currently no risk to human health resulting from the use of cadmium in fertilisers.
V češkem poročilu je na podlagi uporabljenih predpostavk in scenarijev ugotovljeno, da trenutno ni tveganja za zdravje ljudi zaradi uporabe kadmija v gnojilih.
The permitted tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of cadmium set by the WHO (World Health Organisation) is of 7 μg/kg/week.
Sprejemljivi tedenski vnos (PTWI) kadmija, ki ga je določila SZO (Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija), je 7 μg/kg/teden.
This limit is equivalent to 60 μg/day for an individual with an average weight of 60 kg.
Ta omejitev ustreza 60 μg/dan za posameznika s povprečno težo 60 kg.
In the Czech Republic, the average daily cadmium intake by an adult was estimated at 12-27 μg/day in 2000, depending on the scenario envisaged, which amounts to approximately 19 %-45 % of the WHO limit.
V Češki republiki je bil v letu 2000 povprečni dnevni vnos kadmija odraslega človeka ocenjen na 12–27 μg/dan, odvisno od predvidenega scenarija, kar znaša približno 19 %–45 % omejitve SZO.
In the human risk characterisation module provided by the Czech authorities, the intakes of cadmium identified in different scenarios were compared with the limit values recommended by the WHO.
V modulu opredelitve tveganja za ljudi, ki so ga predložili češki organi, so se vnosi kadmija, opredeljenega v različnih scenarijih, primerjali z mejnimi vrednostmi, ki jih priporoča SZO.
The result is the so-called margin of safety (MOS).
Rezultat je tako imenovana meja varnosti (margin of safety – MOS).
When the margin of safety exceeds 1, the examined situation can be considered as a source of potential health risk for an exposed person.
Če meja varnosti presega 1, se lahko takšen položaj šteje za vir morebitnega tveganja za zdravje osebe, ki je bila temu izpostavljena.
Under the assumptions and with the methodology used in the Czech report, which is being scrutinised by the Scientific Committee, the limit MOS ratio of 1 was not exceeded in any of the exposure scenarios, including the upper-bound scenario studied, i.e. assuming that 100 % of supplied food originates from fertiliser-applied areas and that the cadmium content is at the level of 90 mg/kg P2O5.
Pri predpostavkah in metodologiji, uporabljenimi v češkem poročilu, ki ga pregleduje Znanstveni odbor, meja razmerja MOS 1 ni bila presežena v nobenem od scenarijev izpostavljenosti, vključno s preučenim najslabšim scenarijem, tj. ob predpostavki, da 100 % dobavljene hrane izvira iz območij, kjer se uporabljajo gnojila in da je vsebnost kadmija na ravni 90 mg/kg P2O5.
In the light of the foregoing, the Commission concludes that the application that the Czech Republic notified to it on 1 December 2005 with a view to obtaining approval of its national provisions on the limit of the cadmium content in fertilisers is admissible.
Glede na zgoraj navedeno Komisija ugotavlja, da je zahtevek, o katerem je Češka republika uradno obvestila Komisijo 1. decembra 2005, z namenom, da pridobi odobritev svojih nacionalnih določb glede meje vsebnosti kadmija v gnojilih, sprejemljiv.
However, in view of the complexity of the matter and of the absence of evidence highlighting a danger for human health, the Commission considers it justified to extend the period referred to in Article 95(6), first subparagraph, for a further period expiring on 6 December 2006,
Vendar Komisija zaradi zahtevnosti zadeve in odsotnosti dokazov o nevarnosti za zdravje ljudi meni, da je nadaljnje podaljšanje roka iz prvega odstavka člena 95(6), in sicer do 6. decembra 2006, utemeljeno –
Pursuant Article 95(6), third subparagraph, of the Treaty, the period referred to in the first subparagraph of the said Article to approve or reject the national provisions on cadmium in fertilisers notified by the Czech Republic on 1 December 2005 pursuant to Article 95(4) is extended until 6 December 2006.
V skladu s tretjim pododstavkom člena 95(6) Pogodbe se rok iz prvega pododstavka omenjenega člena za odobritev ali zavrnitev nacionalnih določb o kadmiju v gnojilih, o katerih je Češka republika v skladu s členom 95(4) 1. decembra 2005 poslala uradno obvestilo, podaljša do 6. decembra 2006.
Done at Brussels, 24 May 2006.
V Bruslju, 24. maja 2006
Commission Decision 2002/366/EC of 15 May 2002 on the national provisions notified by the Republic of Austria under Article 95(4) of the EC Treaty concerning the maximum admissible content of cadmium in fertilisers (OJ L 132, 17.5.2002, p. 65).
Odločba Komisije 2002/366/ES z dne 15. maja 2002 o nacionalnih določbah, o katerih je Republika Avstrija na podlagi člena 95(4) Pogodbe ES poslala uradno obvestilo v zvezi z največjo sprejemljivo vsebnostjo kadmija v gnojilih (UL L 132, 17.5.2002, str. 65).
Commission Decision 2002/398/EC of 24 May 2002 on the national provisions notified by the Republic of Finland under Article 95(4) of the EC Treaty concerning the maximum admissible content of cadmium in fertilisers (OJ L 138, 28.5.2002, p. 15).
Odločba Komisije 2002/398/ES z dne 24. maja 2002 o nacionalnih določbah, o katerih je Republika Finska na podlagi člena 95(4) Pogodbe ES poslala uradno obvestilo v zvezi z največjo sprejemljivo vsebnostjo kadmija v gnojilih (UL L 138, 28.5.2002, str. 15).
Commission Decision 2002/399/EC of 24 May 2002 on the national provisions notified by the Kingdom of Sweden under Article 95(4) o the EC Treaty concerning the maximum admissible content of cadmium in fertilisers (OJ L 138, 28.5.2002, p. 24).
Odločba Komisije 2002/399/ES z dne 24. maja 2002 o nacionalnih določbah, o katerih je Kraljevina Švedska na podlagi člena 95(4) Pogodbe ES poslala uradno obvestilo v zvezi z največjo sprejemljivo vsebnostjo kadmija v gnojilih (UL L 138, 28.5.2002, str. 24).
Act 156/1998 of 12 June 1998 on fertilisers, supplementary soil substances, supplementary plant preparations and substrates and on agrochemical testing of agricultural land (Sbírka zákonů České Republiky No 54, 13.7.1998, p. 6709).
Zakon 156/1998 z dne 12. junija 1998 o gnojilih, dopolnilnih snoveh za prst, dopolnilnih rastlinskih pripravkih in substratih ter agrokemičnem testiranju kmetijskega zemljišča (Sbírka zákonů České Republiky št. 54, 13.7.1998, str. 6709).
Sbírka zákonů České Republiky No 137, 20.12.2000, p. 7404.
Sbírka zákonů České Republiky št. 137, 20.12.2000, str. 7404.