natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Second, Componenta is not an SME according to the criteria laid down in Annex I of Commission Regulation (EC) No 70/2001 of 12 January 2001 on the application of Article 87 and 88 of the EC Treaty to state aid for SMEs.
Drugiè, Componenta ni MSP v skladu z merili, doloèenimi v Prilogi I k Uredbi Komisije (ES) št. 70/2001 z dne 12. januarja 2001 o uporabi èlenov 87 in 88 Pogodbe ES za državno pomoè za MSP.
Componenta had sales in 2003 of EUR 178 million, whereas the definition of an SME stipulates sales of no more than EUR 40 million. Furthermore, the company’s average number of employees in 2003 was 1595, as against a maximum of 250 employees under the SME criteria.
Prodaja Componente v letu 2003 je znašala 178 milijonov EUR, opredelitev MSP pa doloèa, da prodaja ne sme preseèi 40 milijonov EUR. Nadalje, povpreèno število zaposlenih v družbi v letu 2003 je bilo 1595, medtem ko je najveèje število zaposlenih v okviru meril za MSP 250.
The Commission furthermore concludes that the aid cannot be approved on the basis of any of the other derogations provided for in the Treaty, and in particular Article 87.
Komisija nadalje sklepa, da pomoèi ni mogoèe odobriti na podlagi nobenega od preostalih odstopanj, doloèenih v Pogodbi in zlasti v èlenu 87.
Therefore the illegal aid is incompatible with the common market and should be recovered with interest.
Nezakonita pomoè je torej nezdružljiva s skupnim trgom in jo je treba povrniti skupaj z obrestmi.
V. CONCLUSION
V. SKLEPNA UGOTOVITEV
The Commission finds that Finland has unlawfully implemented aid for a total sum of EUR 2383276,5 in breach of Article 88(3) of the Treaty.
Komisija ugotavlja, da je Finska nezakonito izvedla pomoè v skupni vrednosti 2383276,5 EUR s kršitvijo èlena 88(3) Pogodbe.
The aid has been illegally granted by the City of Karkkila, Finland to Componenta Oyj, Finland, in two parts.
Pomoè je v dveh delih nezakonito odobrilo mesto Karkkila, Finska, Componenti Oyj, Finska.
The second part totals EUR 1670184,0, provided to Componenta Oyj through an interest-free loan granted to Karkkilan Keskustakiinteistöt Oy, which was used to repay a loan of the same amount to Componenta Oyj.
Vrednost drugega dela, zagotovljenega Componenti Oyj z brezobrestnim posojilom, odobrenim Keskustakiinteistöt Oy v Karkkili, ki je bilo uporabljeno za povraèilo enakega zneska posojila Componenti Oyj, je 1670184,0 EUR.
The aid is not compatible with the common market and must, therefore, be recovered, with interest, from the beneficiary, Componenta Oyj,
Pomoè ni združljiva s skupnim trgom, zato jo mora upravièenka, Componenta Oyj, vrniti z obrestmi –
HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
SPREJELA NASLEDNJO ODLOÈBO:
Article 1
Èlen 1
The state aid which Finland has implemented for Componenta Oyj, amounting to EUR 2383276,5 in the form of a payment from Karkkila City for shares in Karkkilan Keskustakiinteistöt Oy of EUR 713092,5 and an interest-free loan of EUR 1670184,0 granted from Karkkila City to Karkkilan Keskustakiinteistöt Oy, which was used by Karkkilan Keskustakiinteistöt Oy to repay Componenta Oyj for its outstanding loan of the same amount, is incompatible with the common market.
Državna pomoè, ki jo je Finska izvedla za Componento Oyj, v skupni vrednosti 2383276,5 EUR, ki sta jo sestavljala plaèilo mesta Karkkila za delnice v Keskustakiinteistöt Oy v Karkkili v vrednosti 713092,5 EUR in brezobrestno posojilo v višini 1670184,0 EUR, ki ga je mesto Karkkila odobrilo Keskustakiinteistöt Oy v Karkkili, Keskustakiinteistöt Oy v Karkkili pa ga je uporabila za povraèilo preostalega dolga Componenti Oyj v enakem znesku, je nezdružljiva s skupnim trgom.
This aid amount of EUR 713092,5 can be reduced if Finland provides evidence that the overvaluation of the land, as described above, is less than EUR 619760. The aid amount would then be reduced by the corresponding proven value of the shares in Karkkilan Keskustakiinteistöt Oy sold to Karkkila City.
Znesek pomoèi v višini 713092,5 EUR je mogoèe znižati, èe Finska predloži dokaze, da precenitev zemljišè, kakor je opisano zgoraj, znaša manj kot 619760 EUR. Znesek pomoèi bi se na podlagi tega znižal za ustrezno dokazano vrednost delnic v Keskustakiinteistöt Oy v Karkkili, ki so bile prodane mestu Karkkila.
Article 2
Èlen 2
Finland shall take all necessary measures to recover from the beneficiary, Componenta Oyj, the aid referred to in Article 1 and unlawfully made available to the beneficiary.
Finska sprejme vse potrebne ukrepe, da od upravièenke Componenta Oyj izterja pomoè, ki je navedena v èlenu 1 in je bila upravièenki nezakonito na razpolago.
Recovery shall be effected without delay and in accordance with the procedures under national law, provided that they allow the immediate and effective execution of this Decision.
Vraèilo se izvede nemudoma in v skladu s postopki po nacionalnem pravu, èe ti omogoèajo takojšnjo in uèinkovito izvedbo te odloèbe.
The aid to be recovered shall include interest from the date on which it was at the disposal of the beneficiary until the date of its recovery.
Pomoè, ki se izterja, vkljuèuje obresti od datuma, ko je bila upravièenki na razpolago, do datuma vraèila.
Interest shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions laid down in Chapter V of Commission Regulation (EC) No 794/2004 of 21 April 2004 implementing Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article 93 of the EC Treaty.
Obresti se zaraèunajo v skladu z doloèbami iz poglavja V Uredbe Komisije (ES) št. 794/2004 z dne 21. aprila 2004 o izvajanju Uredbe Sveta (ES) št. 659/1999 o podrobnih pravilih za uporabo èlena 93 Pogodbe ES.
Article 3
Èlen 3
Finland shall inform the Commission, within two months of notification of this Decision, of the measures already taken and planned to recover the aid referred to in Article 1.
Finska v dveh mesecih od uradnega obvestila o tej odloèbi Komisijo obvesti o ukrepih, ki jih je že sprejela in ki jih naèrtuje za izterjavo pomoèi, navedene v èlenu 1.
It will provide this information using the questionnaire attached in the Annex of this Decision.
Te podatke predloži s pomoèjo vprašalnika, priloženega v Prilogi I k tej odloèbi.
Finland shall also submit, within two months of notification of this Decision, documents giving evidence that recovery proceedings have been initiated against the beneficiary Componenta Oyj.
Finska v dveh mesecih od uradnega obvestila o tej odloèbi predloži tudi dokazno dokumentacijo, da je proti upravièenki, Componenti Oyj, sprožila postopek za izterjavo plaèila.
Article 4
Èlen 4
This Decision is addressed to the Republic of Finland.
Ta odloèba je naslovljena na Republiko Finsko.
Done at Brussels, 20 October 2005
V Bruslju, 20. oktober 2005.
Member of the Commission
Èlanica Komisije
OJ C 49, 25.2.2005, p. 11.
UL C 49, 25.2.2005, str. 11.
Elsewhere in the text these amounts have been rounded for convenience.
Drugje v besedilu so ti zneski zaradi enostavnosti zaokroženi.
Case 248/84, Germany v Commission [1987] ECR 4013, paragraph 17.
Zadeva 248/84, Nemčija proti Komisiji, [1987] ECR 4013, odstavek 17.
OJ L 10, 13.1.2001, p. 33.; see the regulation as amended by Regulation (EC) No 364/2005 (OJ L 63, 28.2.2004, p. 22).
UL L 10, 13.1.2001, str. 33.
Information regarding the implementation of the Commission decision (2006//EC)
Informacije v zvezi z izvajanjem odloèbe Komisije 2006//ES
Calculation of the amount to be recovered
Izraèun zneska, ki ga je treba izterjati
Please provide the following details on the amount of unlawful state aid that has been put at the disposal of the recipient:
Prosim, navedite naslednje podatke v zvezi z zneskom nezakonite državne pomoèi, ki je bila dana na voljo prejemniku:
Date(s) of payment [1]
Datum(i) povraèil(a) [1]
Amount of aid [2]
Znesek pomoèi [2]
Identity of recipient
Prejemnik
Please explain in detail how the interest payable on the amount to be recovered will be calculated.
Prosim, podrobno razložite, kako bodo izraèunane obrestne obveznosti za znesek, ki ga je treba izterjati.
Recovery measures planned or already taken
Naèrtovani ali že izvedeni ukrepi za izterjavo
Please describe in detail what measures have been taken and what measures are planned to bring about the immediate and effective recovery of the aid.
Prosim, natanèno opišite, kateri ukrepi so že bili sprejeti in kateri ukrepi so naèrtovani za takojšnjo in uèinkovito izterjavo pomoèi.
Please also explain what alternative measures are available under national law to effect recovery.
Prosim, razložite tudi, kateri alternativni ukrepi so na razpolago v okviru nacionalnega zakona za izvedbo izterjave.
Where relevant, please also indicate the legal basis for the measures taken or planned.
Kjer je to ustrezno, prosim navedite tudi pravno podlago za sprejete ali naèrtovane ukrepe.
By what date will the recovery of the aid be completed?
Kdaj bo izterjava pomoèi zakljuèena?
Please provide the following details of aid that has been recovered from the recipient:
Prosim, navedite naslednje podatke o pomoèi, ki je bila izterjana od prejemnika:
Amount of aid repaid
Znesek povrnjene pomoèi
Please attach supporting documents for the repayments shown in the table at point 3.1.
Prosim, priložite dokazno dokumentacijo za povraèila, prikazana v tabeli pod toèko 3.1.
(°) Date(s) on which (individual instalments of) the aid has been put at the disposal of the recipient (if the measure consists of several instalments and reimbursements, use separate rows).
(°) Datum(i), ko je bila pomoè (ali posamezni obroki pomoèi) dana na voljo prejemniku (èe ukrep vkljuèuje veè obrokov in povraèil, uporabite loèene vrstice).
Amount of aid put at the disposal of the recipient, in gross grant equivalents.
Znesek pomoèi, ki je bil dan na voljo prejemniku, v bruto ekvivalentih dotacije.
(°) Date or dates on which the aid was repaid.
(°) Datum ali datumi povraèila pomoèi.
If KK had not been financed by interest-free loans, but had, instead, had to pay the market interest rate on its loans of EUR 3,34 million, its annual interest payments would have been at least EUR 265000 per year.
Èe se KK ne bi financirala z dvema brezobrestnima posojiloma, ampak bi morala namesto tega za svoji posojili v višini 3,34 milijona EUR plaèevati tržno obrestno mero, bi plaèila letnih obresti znašala vsaj 265000 EUR na leto.
This calculation is based on a Commission reference rate for 2003, plus 4 % points, which the Commission normally add for a company in difficulty (3,95 % + 4 % =7,59 % multiplied by 3,4 million).
Ta izraèun temelji na referenènem teèaju Komisije za leto 2003, plus 4 % toèke, ki jih Komisija obièajno doda za družbe v težavah (3,95 % + 4 % = 7,95 % pomnoženo s 3,4 mio).
The Commission notes that the valuation provided by the real estate expert is EUR 70-80 per square metre floor area for terraced houses and EUR 60-75 for apartments. The value used by Finland was EUR 74,02 per square metre of floor area for terraced houses and EUR 79,56 for apartment blocks.
Komisija ugotavlja, da je nepremièninski izvedenec kvadratni meter talnih površin za vrstne hiše ocenil med 70 in 80 EUR, kvadratni meter za stanovanja pa med 60 in 75 EUR. Vrednosti, ki jih je uporabila Finska, so bile 74,02 EUR za kvadratni meter talnih površin za vrstne hiše in 79,56 EUR za stanovanjske bloke.
However, if Finland can provide evidence that the overvaluation of the land, as described above, is less than EUR 619760, the aid element in the shares transaction could be reduced accordingly. Such a proof should be based on a precise evaluation, by an independent asset valuer, who should be a person with a good reputation who has obtained an appropriate degree or academic qualification, or equivalent, and has suitable experience and is competent in valuing land and buildings in the location and of the category at issue.
Vendar pa je mogoèe element pomoèi v transakciji delnic ustrezno znižati, èe lahko Finska predloži dokaz, da je precenitev zemljišè, kakor je opisano zgoraj, nižja od 619760 EUR. Tak dokaz mora temeljiti na natanèni oceni neodvisnega cenilca, ki ima dober ugled, si je pridobil ustrezen naziv oziroma akademsko kvalifikacijo ali enakovreden dokument, ima ustrezne izkušnje in je pristojen za vrednotenje zemljišè in objektov na zadevni lokaciji in za zadevne kategorije zemljišè.
The first part totals EUR 713 092.5 in the form of a price above market price paid to Componenta Oyj for its shares in Karkkilan Keskustakiinteistöt Oy. This amount may be reduced by the estimated theoretical value of KK, if Finland provides evidence that the overvaluation of the land, as described above, is less than EUR 619760.
Vrednost prvega dela, ki je bil izplaèan v obliki cene nad tržno ceno, plaèane Componenti Oyj za njene delnice v Keskustakiinteistöt Oy v Karkkili, je 713092,5 EUR. Ta znesek je mogoèe znižati z ocenjeno teoretièno vrednostjo KK, èe Finska predloži dokaze, da precenitev zemljišè, kakor je opisano zgoraj, znaša manj kot 619760 EUR.
relating to a proceeding under Article 81(1) of the EC Treaty
v zvezi s postopkom na podlagi člena 81(1) Pogodbe ES
(Case COMP/C.38.281/B.2 — Raw tobacco Italy)
(Zadeva št. COMP/C.38.281/B.2 – surovi tobak, Italija)
(notified under document number C(2005) 4012)
(notificirano pod dokumentarno številko C(2005) 4012)
(Only the English and Italian texts are authentic)
(Besedili v angleškem in italijanskem jeziku sta edini verodostojni)
SUMMARY OF THE DECISION
POVZETEK ODLOČBE
On 20 October 2005, the Commission adopted a decision relating to a proceeding under article 81 of the EC Treaty (the ‘Decision’).
Komisija je dne 20. oktobra 2005 sprejela odločbo v zvezi s postopkom po členu 81 Pogodbe ES („Odločba“).
In accordance with the provisions of Article 30 of Regulation 1/2003, the Commission herewith publishes the names of the parties and the main content of the Decision, including any penalties imposed, having regard to the legitimate interest of undertakings in the protection of their business secrets.
Komisija v skladu z določbami člena 30 Uredbe 1/2003 objavlja imena strank in glavno vsebino Odločbe, vključno z vsemi naloženimi sankcijami, ob upoštevanju pravnega interesa podjetij do varovanja njihovih poslovnih skrivnosti.
A non-confidential version of the full text of the Decision can be found in the authentic languages of the case and in the Commission's working languages at DG COMP web-site at http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/index_en.html.
Različica celotnega besedila Odločbe, ki ni zaupna, je na voljo v verodostojnem jeziku zadeve in v delovnih jezikih Komisije na spletni strani GD COMP: http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/index_en.html.
From 1995 until the beginning of 2002 four major Italian processors of raw tobacco, namely Deltafina, Dimon (now renamed Mindo), Transcatab and Romana Tabacchi hereinafter collectively referred to as ‘the processors’) entered into agreements and/or participated into concerted practices aimed at fixing the trading conditions for the purchase of raw tobacco in Italy (in respect of both direct purchases from producers and purchases from third packers), including price fixing and market sharing.
Štirje vodilni italijanski predelovalci surovega tobaka, in sicer Deltafina, Dimon (zdaj preimenovan v Mindo), Transcatab in Romana Tabacchi (v nadaljnjem besedilu skupaj imenovani „predelovalci“), so od leta 1995 do začetka leta 2002 sklepali sporazume in/ali sodelovali v usklajenih ravnanjih, katerih namen je bil določiti pogoje trgovanja za nakup surovega tobaka v Italiji (v zvezi z neposredno nabavo pri proizvajalcih ali nabavo pri tretjih podjetjih za pakiranje), vključno z določanjem cen in razdelitvijo trga.
The Decision also considers two separate infringements, which took place at least between the beginning of 1999 and the end of 2001, consisting of the fixing by the professional association of Italian tobacco processors (Associazione Professionale Trasformatori Tabacchi Italiani, hereinafter ‘APTI’) of contract prices which it would negotiate, on behalf of its members, for the conclusion of Interprofessional Agreements with the Italian confederation of associations of raw tobacco producers, Unione Italiana Tabacco, (‘UNITAB’), and the fixing by UNITAB, of the prices which it would negotiate, on behalf of its members, with APTI for the conclusion of the same agreements.
Odločba prav tako obravnava dve ločeni kršitvi, ki sta potekali vsaj med začetkom leta 1999 in koncem leta 2001, vključno s tem, da je poklicno združenje italijanskih predelovalcev tobaka (Associazione Professionale Trasformatori Tabacchi Italiani, v nadaljnjem besedilu „APTI“) določalo pogodbene cene, o katerih se je v imenu svojih članov pogajalo pri sklepanju panožnih sporazumov z italijansko konfederacijo združenj predelovalcev surovega tobaka – Unione Italiana Tabacco („UNITAB“), ter da je UNITAB določal cene, o katerih se je v imenu svojih članov pogajal z združenjem APTI pri sklepanju istih sporazumov.
Origin of the case and procedure
Ozadje zadeve in postopkovni koraki
Having received certain information on the existence of sector-wide agreements setting price ranges for distinct qualities of one or more varieties of raw tobacco, on 15 January 2002 the Commission addressed requests for information to the processors’ and the producers’ trade associations (APTI and UNITAB respectively) which replied on 12 February 2002.
Ker je Komisija prejela določene informacije o obstoju sektorskih sporazumov, ki so določali cenovni razpon za različne kakovosti ene ali več sort surovega tobaka, je 15. januarja 2002 naslovila zahteve za informacije na trgovinski združenji predelovalcev in proizvajalcev (APTI oziroma UNITAB), ki sta odgovorili 12. februarja 2002.
On 6 March 2002 the Commission granted Deltafina conditional immunity status in pursuance of point 15 of the Leniency Notice.
Komisija je 6. marca 2002 Deltafini odobrila status pogojne imunitete v skladu s točko 15 Obvestila o ugodni obravnavi.
On 4 and 10 April 2002 the Commission received other two Leniency applications from Dimon S.r.l.
Komisija je 4. in 10. aprila 2002 prejela še dva druga zahtevka za ugodno obravnavo od družb Dimon S.r.l.
(‘Dimon’) and Transcatab S.p.A.
(„Dimon“) oziroma Transcatab S.p.A.
The Commission informed Dimon and Transcatab of its intention to apply reductions to them at the end of the procedure (within bands of 30 %-50 % and 20-30 % respectively) on 8 October 2002.
Komisija je 8. oktobra 2002 družbi Dimon in Transcatab obvestila o svojem namenu, da bo zanju na koncu postopka uporabila zmanjšanji (znotraj razredov 30–50 % oziroma 20–30 %).
On 25 February 2004, the Commission initiated proceedings in this case and adopted a Statement of Objections (hereinafter ‘SO’) to which the addressees were given the opportunity to reply in writing and at the oral hearing which was held on 22 June 2004.
Komisija je 25. februarja 2004 sprožila postopke v tej zadevi in prejela obvestilo o nasprotovanju (v nadaljnjem besedilu „obvestilo“), naslovnikom je bila dana priložnost, da nanj pisno odgovorijo in imajo ustno zaslišanje, ki je potekalo 22. junija 2004.
An Addendum to the SO of 25 February 2004 (hereinafter also referred to as ‘Addendum’) was adopted on 21 December 2004.
Dodatek k obvestilu z dne 25. februarja 2004 (v nadaljnjem besedilu imenovan „dodatek“) je bil sprejet dne 21. decembra 2004.
A second oral hearing was thus held on 1 March 2005.
Drugo ustno zaslišanje je tako potekalo 1. marca 2005.
Parties
Pogodbenice
Processors’ side
Stran predelovalcev
Deltafina is the Italian wholly owned subsidiary of Universal Corporation (‘Universal’), the world biggest tobacco merchant.
Deltafina je italijanska hčerinska družba, ki je v popolni lasti Universal Corporation („Universal“), največjega svetovnega trgovca s tobakom.
In 2001 (the last full year of the processors’ infringement), Deltafina bought some 25 % of Italian raw tobacco.
Deltafina je leta 2001 (zadnje polno leto kršitve predelovalcev) kupila približno 25 % italijanskega surovega tobaka.
Both Deltafina and Universal are addressees of the Decision
Deltafina in Universal sta naslovnika te odločbe.
Dimon and Transcatab were, at the time of the infringement, the Italian wholly owned subsidiaries of, respectively, Dimon Incorporated (‘Dimon Inc’) and Standard Commercial Corporation (‘SCC’), i.e. the second and third biggest tobacco merchants.
Dimon in Transcatab sta bili v času kršitve italijanski hčerinski družbi v popolni lasti Dimon Incorporated („Dimon Inc“) oziroma Standard Commercial Corporation („SCC“), tj. drugega in tretjega največjega trgovca s tobakom.
In 2001, Dimon bought some 11,28 % and Transcatab 10,8 % of raw tobacco produced in Italy.
Leta 2001 je družba Dimon kupila 11,28 % in družba Transcatab 10,8 % surovega tobaka, proizvedenega v Italiji.
Mindo, Transcatab and Alliance are addressees of the Decision.
Družbe Mindo, Transcatab in Alliance so naslovniki Odločbe.
Romana Tabacchi is a family owned company.
Romana Tabacchi je gospodarska družba v družinski lasti.
Until 1997, it acted as the agent of an international dealer (which was then acquired by Dimon Inc.).
Do leta 1997 je delovala kot zastopnik mednarodnega trgovca (ki ga je nato pridobila družba Dimon Inc.).
Since 1997, it operates as an independent dealer.
Kot neodvisni trgovec deluje od leta 1997.
In 2001, Romana Tabacchi bought 9,5 % of raw tobacco produced in Italy.
Družba Romana Tabacchi je leta 2001 kupila 9,5 % surovega tobaka, proizvedenega v Italiji.
APTI is the Italian association of processors of raw tobacco.
APTI je italijansko združenje predelovalcev surovega tobaka.
APTI’s members are 17, out of a total of 59 processors in Italy.
Združenje APTI ima 17 članov med skupno 59 predelovalci v Italiji.
Producers’ side
Stran proizvajalcev
UNITAB Italia is the Italian confederation of tobacco producers’ associations, representing some 80 % of all producers.
UNITAB Italia je italijanska konfederacija združenj predelovalcev tobaka, ki zastopa okoli 80 % vseh proizvajalcev.
The sector concerned: Italian raw tobacco
Zadevni sektor: italijanski surovi tobak
The production of raw tobacco in the EU represents approximately 5 % of raw tobacco production worldwide.
Proizvodnja surovega tobaka v EU obsega približno 5 % svetovne proizvodnje surovega tobaka.
Greece, Italy and Spain are the leading Member States in terms of tobacco produced, covering 38 %, 37,5 % and 12 % of the production in the EU respectively.
Grčija, Italija in Španija so vodilne države članice glede na proizvedeni tobak, pokrivajo 38 % oziroma 37,5 % oziroma 12 % proizvodnje v EU.
Raw tobacco is not a homogeneous product.
Surovi tobak ni homogeni proizvod.
In Italy, Burley and Bright are the most common varieties.
V Italiji sta najbolj razširjeni sorti burley in bright.
Within each category, different quality grades can be distinguished.
V vsaki kategoriji je več različnih kakovostnih razredov.
After drying, producers sell the tobacco to processors in batches whose price differs depending on the quality of the tobacco they contain.
Potem ko se tobak posuši, ga proizvajalci prodajajo predelovalcem v svežnjih, katerih cene se razlikujejo glede na kakovost tobaka, ki ga vsebujejo.
Italian processors of raw tobacco buy raw tobacco from producers and producers’ associations in Italy (as well as conditioned tobacco from other intermediaries), and process (or re-process) it, and resell it in suitable form to the tobacco manufacturing industry in Italy and worldwide.
Italijanski predelovalci surovega tobaka kupujejo surovi tobak od proizvajalcev in združenj proizvajalcev v Italiji (ter obdelan tobak od drugih posrednikov) ter ga predelajo (ali ponovno predelajo) in v ustrezni obliki preprodajo tobačni predelovalni industriji v Italiji in po svetu.
They are known also as ‘first processors’ for their being first at processing tobacco (as opposed to the second processing done by the cigarettes manufacturers) or ‘tobacco leaf merchants’ for their role of intermediaries between the producers and the final product manufacturer.
Znani so tudi kot „podjetje za prvo predelavo“, ker so prvi pri predelavi tobaka (v nasprotju z drugo predelavo, ki jo opravijo proizvajalci cigaret), ali „trgovci s tobačnimi listi“, ker imajo vlogo posrednika med proizvajalci in končnim proizvajalcem izdelkov.