natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The present principles for the prevention and reduction of Fusarium toxins aim to provide uniform guidance for all Member States to consider when attempting to control and manage contamination by these mycotoxins.
Namen sedanjih načel za preprečevanje in zmanjševanje prisotnosti toksinov iz rodu Fusarium je zagotoviti enotne smernice, ki jih morajo vse države članice upoštevati pri nadzoru in upravljanju onesnaženja s temi mikotoksini.
In order for these principles to be effective, producers in each Member State need to consider these general principles in the light of their local crops, climate, and agronomic practices before attempting to apply them.
Proizvajalci v vsaki državi članici morajo ta načela pred njihovo uporabo preučiti z vidika svojih lokalnih pridelkov, podnebja in kmetijske prakse, da se zagotovi njihova učinkovitost.
It is important for producers to realise that good agricultural practices (GAP) represent the primary line of defence in controlling the contamination of cereals by Fusarium toxins, followed by the implementation of good manufacturing practices (GMP) during the handling, storage, processing, and distribution of cereals for human food and animal feed.
Proizvajalci se morajo zavedati, da so dobre kmetijske prakse osnovno vodilo pri nadzoru onesnaženja žit s toksini iz rodu Fusarium, ki jim sledi izvajanje dobre proizvodne prakse med prevozom, skladiščenjem, predelavo in dostavo žit za človeško prehrano in živalsko krmo.
In drawing up national codes of practice based on the general principles and producing specific codes of practice for individual cereal species will improve applicability, particularly for crops such as maize.
Ob nacionalnih kodeksih dobre prakse, ki temeljijo na splošnih načelih, se bo s posebnimi kodeksi o postopkih za posamezne vrste žit izboljšala uporabnost, zlasti za pridelke, kot je koruza.
These principles describe factors that can lead to fungal infection, growth and toxin production in cereal crops at farm level and the methods for their control.
Ta načela opisujejo dejavnike, ki spodbujajo okužbo s toksini, njihovo rast in tvorjenje v žitnih pridelkih na ravni kmetije, ter metode za njihov nadzor.
It must be emphasised that the planting, pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies for a particular crop will depend on the prevailing climatic conditions, taking into account the local crops and current production practices for that particular country or region.
Poudariti je treba, da bodo strategije sajenja ter strategije pred žetvijo in po njej za določen pridelek odvisne od prevladujočih podnebnih razmer, ob upoštevanju lokalnih pridelkov in trenutnih proizvodnih praks v določeni državi ali regiji.
Therefore, all those involved in the supply chain should regularly carry out their own risk assessment to decide the extent of the measures to be taken to prevent or minimise contamination by Fusarium toxins.
Zato morajo vsi, ki so vključeni v dobavno verigo, redno izvajati lastne ocene tveganja za določitev obsega ukrepov, ki jih je treba sprejeti za preprečevanje ali zmanjševanje onesnaženja s toksini iz rodu Fusarium.
Such assessments are particularly appropriate in relation to the type of crop to be grown, such as wheat or maize.
Takšne ocene so zlasti primerne, kadar so prilagojene posamezni vrsti kulture, ki naj bi se pridelala, kot npr. pšenici ali koruzi.
The routes of infection and dynamics of toxin formation differ from crop to crop and are affected by agronomic factors.
Načini okužbe in dinamika tvorjenja toksina se razlikujejo od pridelka do pridelka in so pod vplivom kmetijskih dejavnikov.
Cropping systems in which maize forms part of the rotation carry a high risk.
Sistemi poljedelstva, pri katerih je koruza del kolobarjenja, predstavljajo veliko tveganje.
Wheat and other cereals grown in these rotations or in close proximity to crops such as maize also need careful management and inspection.
Pšenica in druga žita, ki se pridelujejo s takšnim kolobarjenjem ali v bližini takšnih pridelkov, prav tako zahtevajo skrbno upravljanje in nadzor.
The contamination of cereals by Fusarium toxins can be due to multiple factors.
Onesnaženje žit s toksini iz rodu Fusarium je lahko posledica več dejavnikov.
Good practices cannot control all such factors, for example weather conditions.
Dobre prakse ne morejo nadzirati vseh dejavnikov, kot na primer vremenskih razmer.
Moreover, not all factors are of equal importance, and there may also be interactions among these different factors resulting in Fusarium toxin contamination.
Poleg tega vsi dejavniki niso enako pomembni, med njimi pa lahko prihaja tudi do medsebojnega vplivanja, kar povzroča onesnaženje s toksini iz rodu Fusarium.
It is therefore important to adopt an integrated approach addressing all possible risk factors in a reasoned way.
Zato je treba na podlagi celovitega pristopa na razumen način obravnavati vse možne dejavnike tveganja.
In particular, the accumulation of various risk factors has to be avoided, given the possible interactions amongst them.
Zaradi medsebojnega vplivanja se je treba zlasti izogniti kopičenju različnih dejavnikov tveganja.
It is also of major importance that experiences gained from previous years with the prevention and formation of Fusarium fungi and toxins are reported so that they can be used in determining the measures to be taken to prevent Fusarium formation in the following years.
Poleg tega je pomembno poročanje o preteklih izkušnjah s preprečevanjem in tvorjenjem gliv in toksinov iz rodu Fusarium, ki se lahko uporabijo pri določanju prihodnjih ukrepov za preprečevanje tvorjenja toksinov iz rodu Fusarium.
Procedures should be in place to properly handle, through segregation, reconditioning, recall or redirection of use, cereal crops that may pose a threat to human and/or animal health.
Uvesti je treba postopke za ustrezno ravnanje z žitnimi pridelki, ki so lahko nevarni za zdravje ljudi in/ali živali, in sicer z ločevanjem, sanacijo, odpoklicem ali spremembo uporabe.
The principles set out below address the key factors for the control of Fusarium toxin contamination in the field.
Spodaj navedena načela obravnavajo ključne dejavnike pri nadzoru onesnaženja s toksini iz rodu Fusarium v poljedelstvu.
The most important are: crop rotation, soil management, choice of variety or hybrid and correct fungicide use.
Najpomembnejša načela so: kolobarjenje, upravljanje tal, izbira sorte ali hibrida in pravilna uporaba fungicidov.
RISK FACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (GAP)
DEJAVNIKI TVEGANJA, KI JIH JE TREBA UPOŠTEVATI PRI DOBRIH KMETIJSKIH PRAKSAH
CROP ROTATION
KOLOBARJENJE
Crop rotation is generally an effective way of reducing the risk of contamination depending on the fungal strain and crop variety.
Kolobarjenje je na splošno učinkovit način zmanjševanja tveganja onesnaženja glede na glivični sev in sorto pridelka.
It is very effective in reducing contamination for winter cereals in particular.
Zelo je učinkovito zlasti pri zmanjševanju onesnaženja zimskih žit.
Crops other than grass which are not hosts to Fusarium species that affect cereals, such as potatoes, sugar beet, clover, alfalfa or vegetables, should be used in rotation to reduce the inoculum in the field.
Pri kolobarjenju bi se morali uporabljati pridelki, ki niso trave in niso gostiteljice vrst iz rodu Fusarium, ki prizadenejo žita, kot so krompir, sladkorna pesa, detelja, lucerna ali vrtnine, s čimer bi se zmanjšal inokulum na polju.
The planting of consecutive crops of small grain cereals, such as wheat, should only be considered after an assessment of the risks of Fusarium infection has been undertaken.
Zaporedno sajenje kultur drobnozrnatih žit, kot je pšenica, se mora izvajati šele po oceni tveganja okužbe s toksini iz rodu Fusarium.
The significant interaction found between the previous crop and soil management has indicated the importance of host crop debris in the life-cycle of Fusarium head blight pathogens.
Pomembno medsebojno vplivanje, ki je bilo ugotovljeno med prejšnjim pridelkom in upravljanjem tal, kaže na pomembnost odpadkov gostiteljskih kultur v življenjskem krogu povzročiteljev žitne fuzarioze.
When wheat crops were grown following a crop, which is susceptible to Fusarium spp. such as maize or cereals, levels of DON were higher.
Pšenica, ki je bila pridelana po gostitelju Fusariuma spp., kot so koruza ali žita, je pokazala višje vrednosti DON.
Particularly high DON concentrations were found where maize was the previous crop, since it is an alternative host for Fusarium graminearum, which is known to be a potent DON producer.
Posebno visoke koncentracije DON so bile ugotovljene tam, kjer je bila prejšnji pridelek koruza, saj je ta alternativni gostitelj Fusariuma graminearuma, ki je znan učinkovit povzročitelj DON.
However, DON levels were significantly lower in wheat crops following a Fusarium susceptible crop where ploughing was practised, in comparison to wheat crops following a susceptible crop but with minimum cultivation.
Vendar so bile vrednosti DON v pridelku pšenice, pridelane po gostitelju Fusariuma, bistveno nižje, kadar se je izvajalo rigolanje, kot pri pšenici, pridelani po gostitelju Fusariuma z minimalno obdelavo.
CHOICE OF VARIETY/HYBRID
IZBIRA SORTE/HIBRIDA
Choose the hybrids or varieties most suitable for the soil and climatic conditions and the agronomic practices normally used.
Izberite hibride ali sorte, ki so najprimernejše za tla, podnebne razmere in kmetijske prakse, ki se običajno uporabljajo.
This will reduce plant stress, making the crop less susceptible to fungal infection.
To bo zmanjšalo stres pri rastlinah, pridelek pa bo tako manj dovzeten za glivično okužbo.
Only varieties recommended for use in a Member State or particular area within a Member State should be planted in that particular area.
V državi članici ali na določenem območju znotraj države članice je treba sejati samo sorte, priporočene za uporabo na navedenem območju.
Where they are available, grow seed varieties developed for resistance to seed-infecting fungi and insect pests.
Po možnosti pridelujte sorte semen, ki so odporne na glivično okužbo in škodljive insekte.
The choice of variety for its tolerance to Fusarium infection should also be based on the infection risk.
Izbira sorte zaradi njene tolerance na okužbo s toksini iz rodu Fusarium mora temeljiti tudi na tveganju okužbe.
CROP PLANNING
NAČRTOVANJE PRIDELKA
As far as practical, cropping should be planned to avoid climatic conditions that extend ripening in the field before harvest.
Če je izvedljivo, je treba pridelek načrtovati, da bi se tako izognili podnebnim razmeram, ki podaljšujejo zorenje na polju pred žetvijo.
Drought stress also has to be considered as a risk factor for Fusarium infection.
Kot dejavnik tveganja za okužbo s toksini iz rodu Fusarium je treba obravnavati tudi stres zaradi suše.
Avoid overcrowding of plants by maintaining the recommended row and intra-plant spacing for the species/varieties grown.
Izogibajte se pregosti posaditvi rastlin ter ohranite priporočeno medvrstno razdaljo in razdaljo med posameznimi rastlinami za vrste/sorte, ki jih pridelujete.
Information on plant spacing may be provided by seed companies.
Informacije o razdalji med rastlinami lahko zagotovijo semenarska podjetja.
SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT
UPRAVLJANJE TAL IN PRIDELKA
Cultivation must pay due regard to the risks of erosion and to good land management.
Pri obdelavi pridelovalnih površin je treba upoštevati tveganje erozije in načela dobrega upravljanja zemljišč.
Any practice resulting in the removal, destruction or burial of infected crop residues, such as ploughing, is likely to reduce the Fusarium inoculum for the following crop.
Vsaka praksa, s katero se odstrani, uniči ali zakoplje okužene ostanke pridelka, kot je rigolanje, lahko zmanjša inokulum Fusariuma pri naslednjem prideleku.
The soil should be cultivated to leave a rough surface or coarse seed bed to encourage the infiltration of water and minimise the risk of erosion of soil and associated nutrients.
Tla je treba obdelati tako, da ostane groba površina ali groba semenska greda, ki spodbuja vpijanje vode ter zmanjša tveganje erozije tal in s tem hranilnih snovi.
If ploughing is being considered, the optimum time for it in the rotation would be between two Fusarium susceptible crops.
Če načrtujete rigolanje, je zanj pri kolobarjenju optimalni čas med pridelovanjem dveh vrst, dovzetnih za toksine iz rodu Fusarium.
Please also refer to point 7.
Glejte tudi točko 7.
Whenever possible and practical, prepare the seed bed for each new crop by ploughing under or removing old seed heads, stalks, and other harvest residues that may have served, or may potentially serve, as substrates for the growth of mycotoxin-producing fungi.
Po možnosti in če je izvedljivo, pripravite semensko gredo za vsak nov pridelek, tako da izvedete rigolanje pod gredo ali odstranite stare semenske glave, stebelca in druge ostanke po žetvi, ki so ali bi lahko delovali kot substrati za rast gliv, ki tvorijo mikotoksine.
In areas that are vulnerable to erosion, conservation tillage practices may be required in the interest of soil conservation.
Na območjih, ki jih ogroža erozija, je treba za ohranjanje tal izvajati rahljanje.
In the latter case, particular attention needs to be paid to the management of harvest residues that could be the source of possible contamination of the following crop by Fusarium fungi: these harvest residues should be ground as finely as possible during or following the harvest of the preceding crop and incorporated into the soil so as to facilitate their decomposition (mulching).
V tem primeru je treba posebno pozornost nameniti upravljanju ostankov žetve, ki bi lahko bili vir možnega onesnaženja naslednjega pridelka z glivami iz rodu Fusarium: te ostanke žetve je treba med žetvijo prejšnjega pridelka ali po njej zmleti čim bolj fino in jih zmešati v tla, da bi tako pospešili njihovo razgradnjo (stelja).
Plant stress should be avoided where possible.
Po možnosti se je treba izogibati stresu pri rastlinah.
Stress can be caused by many factors, including drought, cold, nutrient deficiencies and adverse reaction to materials applied to the crop.
Stres je lahko posledica številnih dejavnikov, vključno suše, mraza, pomanjkanja hranilnih snovi in škodljivih reakcij na materiale, ki se uporabljajo za pridelek.
In taking steps to avoid plant stress, for example the use of irrigation, steps should be taken to minimise the subsequent risk of fungal infection, e.g. by avoiding spray irrigation during anthesis.
Pri sprejemanju ukrepov za preprečevanje stresa pri rastlinah, kot je na primer namakanje, je treba čim bolj zmanjšati posledično tveganje glivične okužbe, tj. med cvetenjem ne uporabljamo namakanja z razprševanjem.
Irrigation is a valuable method of reducing plant stress in some growing situations.
Namakanje je dragocena metoda zmanjševanja stresa pri rastlinah v nekaterih pogojih rasti.
An optimised nutrient supply is essential to avoid weakness, which can promote Fusarium infection, but also to decrease lodging.
Optimizirana preskrba s hranilnimi snovmi je bistvena za preprečevanje šibke rasti, ki lahko spodbudi okužbo s toksini iz rodu Fusarium, in tudi za zmanjšanje polege.
An area- and plant-specific nutrient supply must be maintained.
Zagotoviti je treba preskrbo s hranilnimi snovmi, ki bo prilagojena območju in vrsti rastlin.
There is no evidence that insect control has any effect on Fusarium head blight of cereals in general.
Na splošno ni dokazov o morebitnem učinku zatiranja insektov na žitno fuzariozo.
However, the control of insects on maize can reduce the incidence of Fusarium ear rot and the resulting fumonisin content of maize.
Vendar lahko z zatiranjem insektov pri koruzi zmanjša pojavnost fuzarijske gnilobe klasov in posledične vsebnosti fumonizina v koruzi.
Fungicide seed treatments are effective against many seed-borne and soil-borne seedling blights and seed rots.
Fungicidna obdelava semen je učinkovito sredstvo proti številnim semenskim in talnim plesnim sadik in gnilobi semen.
Preventive measures should be used as far as possible to minimise fungal infection and insect damage to the crop and, if necessary, approved and registered insecticides and fungicides to control toxigenic Fusarium fungi can be used as recommended by the manufacturers.
V kar največji meri je treba uporabiti preventivne ukrepe za zmanjšanje glivične okužbe in škode, ki jo pridelku povzročajo insekti, po potrebi pa je mogoče na priporočilo proizvajalcev uporabiti tudi odobrene in registrirane insekticide in fungicide za nadzor toksikoloških gliv iz rodu Fusarium.
Where the use of pesticides is inappropriate, other appropriate practices should be used within an integrated or organic pest management programme.
Kjer je uporaba pesticidov neustrezna, je treba uporabiti ustrezne prakse v okviru celovitega programa upravljanja ali programa upravljanja organskih pesticidov.
It should be stressed that the timely application of fungicide is crucial to control fungal infestation and should be based on meteorological information and/or crop surveys.
Treba je poudariti, da je pravočasna uporaba fungicidov ključna za zatiranje glivičnih okužb in mora temeljiti na meteoroloških podatkih in/ali analizah pridelka.
Infection commonly occurs at flowering, which means that mycotoxins can be produced.
Okužba se običajno pojavi pri cvetenju, kar pomeni, da lahko pride do tvorjenja mikotoksinov.
If fungal infection and mycotoxins are subsequently found in the crop, then handling, mixing and use of the grain needs to reflect this.
Če se pozneje v pridelku ugotovijo glivična okužba in mikotoksini, je treba to upoštevati pri ravnanju z zrni ter mešanju in uporabi teh zrn.
Fusarium species have been isolated from a wide range of grasses and broad-leaved weed species and a high weed density has been shown to result in increased infection by Fusarium.
Različne vrste iz rodu Fusarium so bile ločene iz cele vrste trav in širokolistnih vrst plevela in pokazalo se je, da visoka gostota plevela povzroča povečano okužbo s toksini iz rodu Fusarium.
Weeds in the crop should be controlled by mechanical methods or by the use of registered herbicides or other safe and suitable weed eradication practices.
Plevel v pridelkih je treba zatirati z mehanskimi metodami ali z uporabo registriranih herbicidov ali drugih varnih in ustreznih praks izkoreninjenja plevela.
There are data to indicate that lodging has a significant effect on Fusarium toxin levels in the grain.
Obstajajo podatki o tem, da ima polega pomemben učinek na raven toksinov iz rodu Fusarium v zrnih.
Therefore, lodged grain should be avoided at harvest, especially if it is wet and the first signs of sprouting are visible.
Zato se je treba pri žetvi izogibati poleglemu žitu, zlasti če je to mokro in so vidni prvi znaki klitja.
Avoid the lodging of crops by adjusting seed rates, the rational use of fertilizers and the application of plant growth regulators where appropriate.
Poleganju pridelkov se izogibajte s prilagajanjem količine semen, racionalno uporabo gnojil in uporabo regulatorjev za rast rastlin, kadar je to primerno.
Excessive stem shortening is to be avoided.
Izogibati se je treba čezmernemu skrajšanju stebelc.
HARVESTING
ŽETEV
If possible, identify high risk situations using weather and disease monitoring services.
Po možnosti določite situacije visokega tveganja na podlagi informacij služb za spremljanje vremena in nadzor bolezni.
Assess the quality of the grain before harvest, taking into account the limitations of representative sampling and quick analysis on site.
Pred žetvijo ocenite kakovost zrn ob upoštevanju omejitev reprezentativnih vzorcev in hitre analize na kraju samem.
Where possible, segregate parcels of grain, such as lodged grain, that are known or suspected to have high levels of Fusarium infection.
Kadar je mogoče, ločite območja žetve, kot je poleglo žito, za katere se ve ali sumi, da imajo visoko raven okužbe s toksini iz rodu Fusarium.
If practicable, segregate grain on the basis of both market quality requirements, such as for bread making or for animal feed, and ex-field quality such as lodged, damp, clean or dry.
Če je izvedljivo, ločite zrna na podlagi tržnih zahtev glede kakovosti, kot je peka kruha ali živalska krma, in kakovosti predhodnega pridelka, kot je poleglost, vlažnost, čistost ali suhost.
Whenever possible, harvest grain at the appropriate moisture content.
Po možnosti požanjite žito pri ustrezni vsebnosti vlage.
Delayed harvesting of grain already infected by Fusarium species may cause a significant increase in the mycotoxin content of the crop.
Zapoznela žetev žita, ki je že okuženo z vrstami iz rodu Fusarium, lahko povzroči bistveno povečanje vsebnosti mikotoksinov v pridelku.
Ensure that procedures such as the timely availability of crop-drying resources are in place in case the crop cannot be harvested at the ideal moisture content.
Če pridelka ni mogoče žeti pri idealni vsebnosti vlage, zagotovite izvedbo postopkov, kot je pravočasna razpoložljivost sredstev za sušenje pridelka.
Before harvest time, make sure that all equipment and facilities to be used for the harvesting and storage of crops are functional.
Pred časom žetve zagotovite, da bo vsa oprema za žetev in skladiščenje pridelka delujoča.
A breakdown during this critical period may cause grain quality losses and enhance mycotoxin formation.
Okvara v času tega kritičnega obdobja lahko povzroči izgubo kakovosti zrn in spodbudi tvorjenje mikotoksinov.
Keep important spare parts available on the farm to minimise time lost due to repairs.
Na kmetiji hranite pomembne rezervne dele, da se tako čim bolj zmanjša izgubljeni čas zaradi popravil.
Make sure that the equipment needed for moisture content measurements is available and calibrated.
Zagotovite, da bo oprema za merjenje vsebnosti vlage na voljo in umerjena.
As far as possible, avoid mechanical damage to the grain and avoid contact with soil during harvesting.
Kolikor je mogoče, se izogibajte mehanskim okvaram zrn in stiku s tlemi med žetvijo.
Small, shrivelled grain may contain higher amounts of mycotoxins than healthy normal grain.
Majhna in zmečkana zrna lahko vsebujejo več mikotoksinov kot zdrava in normalna zrna.
Removal of shrivelled grain by correct setting of the combine or cleaning after harvest to remove damaged kernels and other foreign matter may help reduce mycotoxin levels.
Odstranitev zmečkanih zrn s pravilno nastavitvijo kombajna ali čiščenje po žetvi za odstranitev poškodovanih jedrc in drugih tujkov lahko pomaga znižati raven mikotoksinov.
While some seed cleaning procedures, such as gravity tables, may remove some infected kernels, kernels with symptomless infections cannot be removed by standard cleaning methods.
Nekateri postopki čiščenja semen, kot so tehtalne mize, sicer lahko odstranijo nekatera okužena jedrca, vendar s standardno metodo čiščenja jedrc brez simptomov okužbe ni mogoče odstraniti.
Either at harvest or immediately afterwards, determine the moisture levels of the crop.
Pri žetvi ali takoj po njej določite vsebnost vlage pridelka.
Samples taken for moisture measurements should be as representative as possible.
Vzorci, vzeti iz meritev vlažnosti, morajo biti čim bolj reprezentativni.
If necessary, dry the crop as soon as possible to the moisture content recommended for the storage of that crop.
Po potrebi pridelek čim prej posušite do vsebnosti vlage, ki se priporoča za skladiščenje tega pridelka.
When harvesting wet grains that have to be dried, as is the case with maize in particular, the period between harvesting and drying should be minimised.
Pri žetvi mokrega žita, ki ga je treba posušiti, kar je značilno zlasti za koruzo, mora biti obdobje med žetvijo in sušenjem čim krajše.
In such cases, therefore, the harvest has to be planned according to the capacity of the dryers.
V teh primerih je zato treba žetev načrtovati v skladu z zmogljivostjo sušilnikov.
Cereals should be dried in such a manner that moisture levels are lower than those required to support mould growth during storage.
Žito je treba sušiti tako, da je vsebnost vlage nižja od ravni, ki spodbuja rast plesni med skladiščenjem.
A water activity of less than 0,65 corresponds generally to a moisture content of less than 15 %.
Aktivnost vode pod 0,65 na splošno ustreza vsebnosti vlage pod 15 %.