natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The percentage of mobile students is slightly higher if all mobility programmes are taken into consideration, but on the other hand these data indicate that total student mobility in Slovenia is not increasing, hovering around 2 per cent from 1998 to 2008, owing to which Slovenian student mobility is falling increasingly behind the European average.
Delež mobilnih študentov je nekoliko višji, če se gledajo vsi programi mobilnosti, toda iz teh podatkov je po drugi strani mogoče razbrati, da se celotna mobilnost študentov v Sloveniji ne povečuje, saj se vse od leta 1998 do 2008 giblje okoli 2 odstotkov, zaradi česar slovenska študentska mobilnost vse bolj zaostaja za evropskim povprečjem.
Graph 116: Percentage of students (ISCED 5-6) of the entire population of students that study in other EU-27 Member States, EFTA or candidate states, 1998/99 - 2007/08
Grafikon 116: Delež študentov (ISCED 5-6) v celotni populaciji študentov, ki študira v drugi državi članici EU-27, EFTE ali državi kandidatki, 1998/99-2007/08
SOURCE: Eurostat-Population and social conditions/Employement and unemployement (Labour Force Survey)
VIR: Eurostat-Population and social conditions/Employement and unemployement (Labour Force Survey)
The percentage of internationally mobile students in Slovenia is below the European average and demonstrates relative longitudinal stability.
Delež mednarodno mobilnih študentov v Sloveniji je pod evropskim povprečjem in v longitudinalnem pogledu izkazuje relativno stabilnost.
The only evident growth trend is in the Erasmus programme, enrolment in which continued to be below one per cent of students in 2008.
Trend naraščanja je mogoče zaznati le pri programu Erasmus, v katerega pa je bil leta 2008 še vedno vključen manj kot odstotek študentov.
The scope of mobility presented here is also undoubtedly interesting given the fact that in a study entitled Social Profiles of Slovenian Students (Flere at al. 2005), 12 per cent of the students surveyed (N=3.378) stated that they definitely intended to carry out part of their studies abroad.
Prikazan obseg mobilnosti je vsekakor zanimiv tudi z vidika, da je v raziskavi Družbeni profil študentov Slovenije (Flere et al., 2005) 12 odstotkov vprašanih študentov (N = 3.378) izjavilo, da zagotovo namerava del študija opravljati v tujini.
A similarly high level of intent among students, especially Bologna students, can be seen in the Evroštudent survey (2007).
Podobno visoko namero študentov, še posebej med bolonjskimi študenti, je mogoče zaznati tudi v študiji Evroštudent (2007).
The results indicated that 86.3 per cent of young people did not spend part of their study time abroad (this percentage is lower than that of the student population, but also includes short-term116 mobility, which is not included in the graph below), although only 24.6 per cent of young people indicated that they definitely did not intend to spend a part of their education abroad (see graph below).
Izsledki so namreč pokazali, da 86,3 odstotka mladih ni opravljalo dela svojega izobraževanja v tujini (ta delež je sicer nižji kot pri študentski populaciji, vendar je vanj vključena tudi kratkotrajna121 mobilnost, ki pri podatkih, prikazanih v grafikonu spodaj, ni upoštevana), čeprav je ob tem le 24,6 odstotka mladih nakazalo, da dela svojega izobraževanja zagotovo ne nameravajo opravljati v tujini (grafikon spodaj).
In other words, the results of this study indicate that young people display a considerable discrepancy between planned and actual study mobility.
Ali drugače, izsledki te študije kažejo, da se pri študijski mobilnosti mladih kaže precejšnje neskladje med načrtovano in uresničeno študijsko mobilnostjo.
116 All young people who carried out part of their education abroad and were there for one day or more were counted as “mobile”.
Izsledki kažejo, da pri študijski mobilnosti mladih obstaja sorazmerno veliko neskladje med načrtovano in uresničeno mobilnostjo.
Results indicate that there is a relatively large discrepancy between young people's planned and actual study mobility.
Grafikon 117: Delež mladih, ki namerava del svojega izobraževanja opravljati v tujini, Mladina 2010
Do you intend to spend part of your education abroad?
Verjetno ne Mogoče Verjetno da Zagotovo da
Deﬁ nitely not
Ne vem, b.o.
Here it is of course reasonable to ask what are the causes of this discrepancy?
Eden od mogočih odgovorov je dejstvo, ki ga je razkrila že omenjena raziskava Flereta in sodelavcev (Flere et al., 2005).
One of the possible answers is a fact that was discovered by the aforementioned research by Flere et al. (2005).
Izsledki te študije so namreč pokazali, da je zgolj 3 odstotke vprašanih menilo, da so štipendije za
The fact that the family's material standing is important to study mobility can also be concluded from this research (see graph below).
Da je pri študijski mobilnosti materialno ozadje družine pomembno, je mogoče sklepati tudi iz te raziskave (grafikon spodaj).
Graph 118: Average youth mobility with regard to the material standing of the respondents' families and with regard to sex, Youth 2010
Grafikon 118: Povprečna mobilnost mladih glede na gmotni položaj anketirančeve družine in glede na spol, Mladina 2010
Below Average
Ženske Moški
Avg. Value (m) “Have you spent any of your education abroad?”
Povp. vrednost (m) »Ali si do sedaj morda del svojega izobraževanja že opravljal/a v tujini?«
1 = No
1 = Ne
The results indicate that the perceived material standing of the family correlates positively with study mobility, and applies slightly more to girls than boys (girls: r = 0.14; p < 0.001; boys: r = 0.09; p < 0.05), which also indicates a higher level of study mobility (while 16 per cent of girls have exercised at least one form of study mobility, this applies to only slightly over 11 per cent of boys).
Izsledki pokažejo, da zaznani gmotni položaj družine pozitivno korelira s študijsko mobilnostjo, pri čemer to velja nekoliko bolj za dekleta kot za fante (dekleta: r = 0,14; p < 0,001; fantje: r = 0,09; p < 0,05), ki tudi sicer izkazujejo višjo raven študijske mobilnosti (med tem ko ima 16 odstotkov deklet za seboj vsaj eno obliko študijske mobilnosti, je med fanti takih le dobrih 11 odstotkov).
Therefore we could establish a parallel with Zempel-Gino's (2002) results, i.e. that girls from higher classes are prevalent with respect to study mobility.
Torej je mogoče ugotoviti skladnost naših izsledkov z izsledki Zempel-Ginotejeve (2002), tj., da v okviru študijske mobilnosti prevladujejo dekleta iz višjih slojev.
The majority of young people who have spent at least part of their study time abroad are girls and those who come from wealthier families.
Med mladimi, ki so vsaj del študijskih obveznosti opravili v tujini, prevladujejo dekleta in tisti, ki izhajajo iz premožnejših družin.
The main obstacle to student mobility in their opinion can be found in the low level of support for mobility in their homeland, which relates to the accessibility of information, recognition of coursework, expected delay in studies, poor assessment of education gained abroad and limited access to mobility programmes.
Glavno oviro mobilnosti študentov gre po njihovem mnenju iskati v nizki podpori mobilnosti v domači državi, ki se nanaša na dostopnost informacij, priznavanje obveznosti, pričakovan zastoj pri študiju, slabo vrednotenje tako pridobljene izobrazbe in na omejen dostop do programov mobilnosti.
Knowledge of foreign languages and personal motivation were lesser factors (Evroštudent 2007: 62).
Znanje jezikov in osebna motivacija sta imela manjšo težo (Evroštudent, 2007: 62).
From these data it is therefore possible to make the connection that obstacles to student mobility in Slovenia can be found primarily in objective factors (insufficient financial incentives, poor institutional support etc.).
Iz teh podatkov je torej mogoče povzeti, da gre ovire za mobilnost študentov v Sloveniji iskati predvsem v objektivnih dejavnikih (nezadostne finančne spodbude, slaba institucionalna podpora ipd.).
This conclusion can also be drawn from the conversations with young people (insufficient presentation of potential benefits, difficulties with recognition of coursework performed abroad), although the most frequently cited reasons for non-mobility in the interviews with young people were obligations associated with the domestic environment.
Na to je mogoče sklepati tudi iz razgovorov z mladimi (nezadostna predstavitev mogočih koristi, težave pri priznavanju v tujini opravljenih vsebin), čeprav so v intervjujih kot najpogostejši razlog za nemobilnost mladi navajali obveznosti, povezane z domačim okoljem.
They most often mentioned work, e.g. in connection with school, the Student Employment Service or home, but many young people do not completely rule out study abroad:
Med njimi so največkrat omenjeni delo na primer v zvezi s šolo, študentski servis ali pa dom, vseeno pa številni mladi možnosti za študij v tujini ne izključujejo popolnoma:
“I'm interested in going abroad, but not just yet… too much work here at home.
»Tujina me sicer zanima, ampak ne še zdaj… imam doma preveč dela.
Maybe for postgraduate studies or specialisation.”
Mogoče na podiplomcu ali pa na specializaciji.
The results also indicated that the intention to “study abroad” shows a statistically significant correlation with previous experience of mobility (related to education: r = 0.28; p < 0.001; to frequency of travel abroad: r = 0.15; p < 0.001; to duration of living abroad: r = 0.20; p < 0.001), material standing of young person's family (r = 0.15; p < 0.001), knowledge of one major foreign language (r = 0.29; p < 0.001) and social tolerance (r = 0.16; p < 0.001).
Izsledki so pokazali tudi, da je namera »izobraževati se v tujini« statistično značilno povezana s predhodno izkušnjo mobilnosti (v okviru izobraževanja: r = 0,28; p < 0,001; s pogostostjo potovanja v tujino: r = 0,15; p < 0,001; trajanjem bivanja v tujini: r = 0,20; p < 0,001), gmotnim položajem mladostnikove družine (r = 0,15; p < 0,001), znanjem enega od svetovnih jezikov (r = 0,29; p < 0,001) in socialno strpnostjo (r = 0,16; p < 0,001).
It is therefore perhaps possible to conclude that any form of previous mobility operates in a stimulative manner with regard to attitude towards study mobility (more so if the duration of such previous mobility was long).
Mogoče je torej skleniti, da kakršna koli oblika pretekle mobilnosti deluje spodbujevalno na odnos do izobraževalne mobilnosti (bolj, če je bilo trajanje te predhodne mobilnosti daljše).
As expected, the frequency of travelling abroad and the duration of the travel shows a statistically significant correlation with the young person's material standing (r = 0.13; p < 0.001) or the material standing of the young person's family (r = 0.12; p < 0.001).
Skladno s pričakovanji pa sta pogostost potovanja v tujino in trajanje samega potovanja statistično značilno povezana z gmotnim položajem mladostnika (r = 0,13; p < 0,001) oziroma gmotnim položajem mladostnikove družine (r = 0,12; p < 0,001).
Here we should also mention the encouraging finding that willingness to study abroad does not vary with regard to sex (p > 0.05), while the fact that the average willingness to study abroad decreases with the age of the respondents (p < 0.001) is probably less encouraging.
Tu je treba omeniti še spodbudno ugotovitev, da se pripravljenost za izobraževanje v tujini ne razlikuje glede na spol (p > 0,05), verjetno manj spodbudno pa je, da se povprečna pripravljenost za izobraževanje v tujini zmanjšuje s starostjo anketirancev (p < 0,001).
This also holds when the relationship between the variables is controlled by sex, employment status and primary activity (p < 0.05).
To velja tudi, ko se odnos med spremenljivkama kontrolira s spolom, zaposlitvenim statusom in prevladujočo aktivnostjo (p < 0,05).
The results of this study indicate that willingness to live in a foreign country is also relatively high.
Izsledki te študije še kažejo, da je tudi pripravljenost na selitev v tujino razmeroma visoka.
Specifically, the percentage of young people prepared to move to a foreign country in order to improve their creative and life opportunities fluctuates between 56 (willingness to move to another country in Europe) and 35 per cent (move to another continent, see graph below).
Natančneje, delež mladih, ki bi se bil zaradi izboljšanja ustvarjalnih in življenjskih možnosti pripravljen preseliti v tujino, se giblje med 56 (pripravljenost preseliti se v drugo državo Evrope) in 35 odstotki (preseliti se na drugo celino; grafikon spodaj).
Graph 119: Willingness of young people to move abroad, Youth 2010 and Youth 2000
Grafikon 119: Pripravljenost mladih za preselitev, Mladina 2010 in Mladina 2000
Yes No Don't know
Mladina 2000 Mladina 2010
A full 63.8 per cent of respondents stated that they would be prepared to live abroad after completing their studies (not permanently, but for a longer period of time: 41 per cent; permanently if they had the opportunity: 20.7 per cent; permanently regardless of everything: 2.1 per cent; see Flere et al. 2005).
Kar 63,8 odstotka vprašanih je namreč nakazalo, da bi bili po končanem študiju pripravljeni oditi v tujino (ne za vedno, ampak za daljši čas: 41 odstotkov; za vedno, če bi imel/-a priložnost: 20,7 odstotka; za vedno ne glede na vse: 2,1 odstotka; gl.
Young people's willingness to move to another continent in order to improve their station remained at practically the same level as in 2000 (Miheljak et al. 2000).
Pripravljenost mladih, da bi se zaradi izboljšanja svojega položaja preselili na drugo celino, je praktično ostala na ravni iz leta 2000 (Miheljak et al., 2000).
The qualitative part of the research also indicates that moving abroad is an attractive concept for young people.
Tudi kvalitativni del raziskave nakazuje, da je tujina za mlade privlačna.
Most of them believe it is easier to get a job abroad, and that pay and working conditions are much better than in Slovenia:
Mladi so po večini mnenja, da je v tujini veliko laže dobiti službo ter da so plače in delovne razmere veliko boljše kot v Sloveniji:
“In Austria, for instance, you can't afford to exploit people, politics won't allow it.
»V Avstriji si na primer ne moreš privoščiti, da bi izkoriščal ljudi, ker politika tega ne dovoli.
But here many companies survive by taking advantage of the little people.”
Pri nas pa veliko podjetij preživi ravno na račun teh malih ljudi.
“I ain't sayin' it's bad here.
(Maja, 30 let, brezposelna diplomantka)
But it could be be'er.
»Sej ne rječem, d je pr ns slabu.
“I'd like to work abroad, anything, just to go abroad.
»Rada bi dela v tujini, vseeno mi je, kaj bi delala, samo da grem ven...«
I'd love to live in Barcelona.
»Živel bi pa najrajši v Barceloni.
A beautiful city, the sea and a lot of people with great potential.
Lepo mesto, morje in veliko ljudi z veliko potenciali…«
(Stane, 26, young entrepreneur)
(Stane, 26 let, mladi podjetnik)
Otherwise it follows from the empirical evidence that those who are inclined towards such mobility in Slovenia are more favourably inclined towards European and also global mobility (p < 0.001) and that such inclination is slightly higher among people who are employed full-time (young men when speaking about total mobility; when speaking about European or global mobility there is no statistically significant difference between the sexes) who have spent the majority of their life in the countryside in families whose material standing they currently assess as above average.
Sicer iz izsledkov empirične analize izhaja, da so tisti, ki so pripravljeni na tovrstno mobilnost po Sloveniji, bolj naklonjeni evropski, pa tudi globalni mobilnosti (p < 0,001) in da je ta naklonjenost nekoliko višja med redno zaposlenimi (mladimi moškimi, ko gre za lokalno mobilnost; ko gre za evropsko ali globalno mobilnost med spoloma ni statistično značilnih razlik), ki so večino svojega življenja preživeli na podeželju v družinah, katerih gmotni položaj sami danes ocenjujejo kot podpovprečen.
In other words, the people least inclined towards local, European and global mobility are those who do freelance work (including students) in larger towns and who as a rule come from families of above-average prosperity.
Ali drugače, najmanj so lokalni, evropski in globalni mobilnosti v povprečju naklonjeni tisti, ki opravljajo honorarno delo (vključno s študenti) v večjem mestu in praviloma izhajajo iz nadpovprečno premožnih družin.
On the basis of the above it is therefore possible to conclude that Slovenian youth have a relatively positive attitude towards study and general mobility, but it seems that in-depth research of the causes for the relatively low level of realisation is clearly called for.
Na podlagi prikazanega je torej mogoče sklepati, da mladi v Sloveniji izkazujejo razmeroma pozitiven odnos do študijske in splošne mobilnosti, vsekakor pa se zdi, da so potrebne poglobljene raziskave vzrokov za razmeroma nizko uresničitev.
11.5 Key ﬁ ndings
11.5 Ključne ugotovitve
The key findings from this chapter, together with recommendations for the implementation of youth policy, may be condensed into the following points:
Ključne ugotovitve tega poglavja lahko strnemo v te točke:
1. Slovenian youth have an ambivalent attitude towards globalisation.
1. Mladi v Sloveniji imajo do globalizacije protisloven odnos.
They associate it with “civilising” (democratisation, freedom to work, travel and study) as well as “destructive” processes (cultural colonialism, pollution, poverty, crime).
Povezujejo jo s »civilizacijskimi« (demokratizacija, svoboda pri delu, potovanjih in študiju), pa tudi »destruktivnimi procesi« (kulturni kolonializem, onesnaževanje okolja, revščina, kriminal).
2. The experience of foreign countries among young Slovenes is a mass phenomenon regardless of their age or sex, but that experience is usually of short duration.
2. Izkušnja tujine je med mladimi v Sloveniji večinski pojav, in to ne glede na starost ali spol, vendar je ta izkušnja povečini kratkotrajna.
4. The percentage of internationally mobile students in Slovenia is below the European average and demonstrates relative longitudinal stability.
4. Delež mednarodno mobilnih študentov v Sloveniji je pod evropskim povprečjem in v longitudinalnem pogledu izkazuje relativno stabilnost.
The only evident growth trend is in the Erasmus programme, enrolment in which continued to be below one per cent of students in 2008.
Trend naraščanja je mogoče zaznati le pri programu Erasmus, v katerega pa je bil leta 2008 še vedno vključen manj kot odstotek študentske populacije.
5. The majority of young people who have spent at least part of their study time abroad are girls and those who come from wealthier families.
5. Med mladimi, ki so vsaj del študijskih obveznosti opravili v tujini, prevladujejo dekleta in tisti, ki izhajajo iz premožnejših družin.
6. Results indicate that there is a relatively large discrepancy between young people's planned and actual study mobility.
6. Izsledki kažejo, da pri študijski mobilnosti mladih obstaja sorazmerno veliko neskladje med načrtovano in uresničeno mobilnostjo.
7. Obstacles to student mobility include a combination of objective and subjective factors, of which the former are most prevalent (insufficient financial incentives, insufficient presentation of potential benefits, non-recognition of coursework performed abroad, responsibility for obligations associated with the domestic environment).
7. Pri ovirah študijske mobilnosti mladih gre za mešanico objektivnih in subjektivnih dejavnikov, pri čemer velja, da prevladujejo prvi (prenizke finančne spodbude, nezadostna predstavitev mogočih koristi, nepriznavanje v tujini opravljenih obveznosti, odgovornost do obveznosti, ki so povezane z domačim okoljem).
11.6 Sources used Beck, U. (2004).
11.6 Uporabljeni viri Beck, U. (2004).
Barbier-Gauchard, A., Chopin, T., and Lemoine, K. (2008).
Barbier-Gauchard, A., Chopin, T., in Lemoine, K. (2008).
Boyle, P., Halfacre, K., and Robinson, V. (1998).
Boyle, P., Halfacree, K., in Robinson, V. (1998).
European Commission (2010).
Evropska komisija/European Commission (2010).
Luxembourg: Publications
Luxembourg:
Office of the European Union.
Publications Office of the European Union.
Euro-Clash: The EU, European Identity,
Euro-Clash: The EU, European Identity, and the
and the Future of Europe.
Future of Europe.
Hurrelman, K. et al. (2010).
Hurrelman, K., in drugi (2010).
Shell-Jugendstudie 2010. [data file].
Shell-Jugendstudie 2010. [datoteka podatkov].
King, R., and Ruiz-Gelices, E. (2003).
King, R., inRuiz-Gelices, E. (2003).
Miheljak, V., et al (2000).
Miheljak, V., in drugi (2000).
Arhiv družboslovnih podatkov [distribucija], February 2001.
Arhiv družboslovnih podatkov [distribucija], februar 2001.
Schnitzer, K. and Zempel-Gino, M. (2002).
Schnitzer, K., in Zempel-Gino, M. (2002).
Schnurr, J. and Holtz, S. (1998).
Schnurr, J., in Holtz, S. (1998).
Boca Raton:
Boca Raton: Lewis
Lewis Publishers.
publishers.
Bojan Musil and Miran Lavrič
Bojan Musil in Miran Lavrič
12 Values, sustainable social functioning and visions of the future
12 Vrednote, trajnostni način družbenega delovanja in vizije prihodnosti
12.1 Trends in youth values and value orientations
12.1 Trendi na področju vrednot in vrednotnih usmeritev mladih
Values as beliefs about the desired are reflected socially in the psychological makeup of the individual.
Vrednote kot prepričanja o zaželenem odslikavajo družbeno v psihološkem ustroju posameznika.
As ideals, goals or standards they create points of effort in individuals and guide their lives.
Kot ideali, cilji ali standardi oblikujejo točke prizadevanja posameznikov in usmerjajo njihovo življenje.
To summarise the most significant findings of studies of Slovenian youth, the general characteristic of the youth population in the nineties was an orientation away from engagement with society and towards engagement with the self (Ule 1996b: 23).
Če povzamemo najpomembnejšo ugotovitev slovenskih mladinskih študij, je splošna značilnost populacije mladih v devetdesetih preusmeritev iz ukvarjanja z družbo v ukvarjanje s samim seboj (Ule, 1996b: 23).
At the level of individuals' values this is supposed to have manifested in a shift away from global, ideologically and comprehensively constructed value systems to individual, apparently fragmentary and concrete values, among which the prevailing ones were heightened sensitivity to interpersonal relations and the quality of everyday life (Ule 1996c: 241).
Na vrednotni ravni posameznikov naj bi se to kazalo v premiku od globalnih, ideološko in celostno zgrajenih vrednotnih sistemov k posameznim, navidezno fragmentarnim in konkretnim vrednotam, med katerimi prevladuje povečana občutljivost za medosebne odnose in kakovost vsakdanjega življenja (Ule, 1996c: 241).
The most important values of Slovenian youth are thus individual values such as health, true friendship, and family life, as well as global values such as peace on earth, environmental protection, securing the nation against enemies and careerist (success in school) and liberal values (free thought and action) (ibid: 243; Ule, Kuhar 2002).
Kot najpomembnejše vrednote slovenske mladine se tako kažejo posamezne vrednote, kot so zdravje, resnično prijateljstvo, družinsko življenje, pa tudi globalne vrednote, kot so mir na svetu, varovanje narave, varnost naroda pred sovražniki ter karieristične (uspeh v šoli) in liberalne vrednote (svoboda mišljenja in delovanja) (Ule, 1996c: 243; Ule, Kuhar: 2002).
At the same time the research depicts a disinclination among young people towards interest in politics and political events, religion and religious life and the army and military matters (Ule 1996c: 257; Miheljak 2002: 243).
Hkrati se v raziskavah kaže odklon mladih od zanimanja za politiko in politične dogodke, vero in versko življenje ter vojsko in vojaške zadeve (Ule, 1996c: 257; Miheljak, 2002: 243).
Young people in particular reflected a pronounced drop in the importance of politics and religion in their lives.
Posebej pri mladih izstopa izrazit upad pomembnosti politike in vere v njihovem življenju.
SOURCES: SJM 1992 and SJM 2008
VIRA: SJM 1992 in SJM 2008