natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
State of health is analysed in greater detail and in terms of several indicators in the proceedings of expert discussions for the national report Mladina v devetdesetih/Youth in the Nineties: Analiza stanja v Sloveniji/ The situation in Slovenia (1996).
Podrobneje je po številnih kazalnikih zdravstveno stanje analizirano v zborniku strokovnih razprav za nacionalno poročilo Mladina v devetdesetih: Analiza stanja v Sloveniji (1996).
The main findings of analyses may be condensed into these conclusions: 1) subjective assessments of young people's health are higher than the assessments of those of people over 30, with young men assessing their health better than young women; 2) young people use health services more frequently than older people, which is mainly a reflection of the extensive medical supervision of youth; 3) young people report a lower number of health issues than those over 30; 4) in 1994 young people were more frequently hospitalised owing to injury and poisoning, with the level of general hospitalisation being higher among women, while the specific rate of hospitalisation owing to injury and poisoning is much higher among young males; 5) at the beginning of the nineties the state of health of the great majority of secondary and university students was assessed as good; 6) mortality among young people (aged 15 to 29) is much lower than in the general population, with male mortality being three times that of females, the most common cause of death among young people being injury and poisoning, where injury is most commonly a consequence of traffic accidents; 7) the number of smokers among young people is declining, and the most common drug is alcohol; 8) in 1994/95 around 81 percent of young people aged 15 to 29 had sexual relations, with a pronounced growth in the use of contraceptive methods in first sexual relations from the sixties to the nineties (Tivadar, 1996: 194-198).
Poglavitne ugotovitve analiz lahko strnemo v te sklepe: 1) subjektivne ocene zdravja mladih so višje od ocen starejših od trideset let, pri čemer mladi moški ocenjujejo svoje zdravje bolje kot mlade ženske; 2) mladi pogosteje kot starejši uporabljajo zdravstvene storitve, kar je predvsem izraz ekstenzivnega medicinskega nadzora nad mladimi; 3) mladi poročajo o manjšem številu zdravstvenih težav kot starejši od 30 let; 4) v letu 1994 so bili mladi najpogosteje hospitalizirani zaradi poškodb in zastrupitev, pri čemer je bila stopnja splošne hospitalizacije višja pri ženskah, specifična stopnja hospitalizacije zaradi poškodb in zastrupitev pa je bila precej višja v skupini mladih moških; 5) v začetku devetdesetih je bilo zdravstveno stanje velike večine srednješolcev in študentov dobro ocenjeno; 6) umrljivost skupine mladih (med 15. in 29. letom) je precej nižja od splošnega prebivalstva, pri čemer je umrljivost moških trikrat višja od žensk, najpogostejši vzroki smrti mladih pa so poškodbe in zastrupitve, pri čemer so poškodbe najpogosteje posledica prometnih nesreč; 7) število kadilcev med mladimi se zmanjšuje, najpogostejša droga pa je alkohol; 8) v letu 1994/95 je imelo okoli 81 odstotkov mladih od 15. do 29. leta spolne odnose, pri čemer je od šestdesetih do devetdesetih izrazito narasla uporaba kontracepcijskih metod pri prvem spolnem odnosu (Tivadar, 1996: 194-198).
An analysis of the state of health of Slovenian youth is of course interesting in comparison with European Union countries.
Analiza zdravstvenega stanja slovenske mladine je vsekakor zanimiva primerjalno z državami Evropske unije.
Slovenian youth aged 15 to 24 take 17th place out of 26 analysed European countries in the proportion of individuals with excessive weight or obesity (15.7 percent), and in the age group between 25 and 34 together with Latvia they occupied 21st and 22nd place (32 percent); as for the share of young people with low body weight, young Slovenians aged 19 to 24 were in 23rd place (5 percent), but in the age group 25 to 34 they were in second place (6.9 percent).
Nadalje slovenski mladi med 15. in 24. letom zasedajo 17. mesto med 26 analiziranimi evropskimi državami po deležu posameznikov s previsoko težo ali po debelost (15,7 odstotka), v starostni skupini med 25. in 34. letom pa so skupaj z Latvijo na 21. do 22. mestu (32 odstotkov); glede na delež mladih s prenizko telesno težo pa so slovenski mladi med 19. do 24. letom na 23. mestu (5 odstotkov), v starostni skupini med 25. in 34. letom pa na 2. mestu (6,9 odstotka).
The most common cause of death among young Europeans is injuries from traffic accidents, where Slovenia together with Greece, Lithuania, Estonia, Cyprus, Bulgaria and Luxembourg are among the EU countries where the mortality rate from traffic accidents is considerably above the European average.
Najpogostejši vzrok smrti evropskih mladih so poškodbe zaradi prometnih nesreč, pri čemer je Slovenija skupaj z Grčijo, Litvo, Estonijo, Ciprom, Bolgarijo in Luksemburgom med državami EU, v katerih so stopnje smrtnosti zaradi prometnih nesreč precej nad evropskim povprečjem.
In the mortality rate from deliberate selfinjury (including suicide), Slovenia is also above the average of European countries for men and women.
Tudi glede stopenj smrtnosti zaradi namernih samopoškodb (kamor je vključen tudi samomor) je Slovenija pri moških in ženskah nad povprečjem evropskih držav.
Young Slovenians aged 15 to 29 are below the European average for the percentage of newly diagnosed HIV cases, with the great majority of them being associated with infection through homosexual sexual relations.
Slovenski mladi med 15. in 29. letom so pod evropskim povprečjem glede odstotka na novo ugotovljenih obolelih s HIV, pri čemer je velika večina teh povezana s prenosom zaradi homoseksualnega spolnega odnosa.
With regard to the share of individuals that regularly use tobacco, in the 15 to 24 age group young Slovenians are in 11th place out of 26 European countries (28.8 percent), and in the 25 to 34 age group they are in 9th place (36.7 percent).
Glede deleža posameznikov, ki redno uživajo tobak, so slovenski mladi v starostni skupini med 15. in 24. letom na 11. mestu med 26 evropskimi državami (28,8 odstotka), v starostni skupini med 25. in 34. letom pa na 9. mestu (36,7 odstotka).
The average age of first drunkenness is somewhat higher for Slovenian girls and boys than for 24 European countries (between 13 and 14), and by share of young people (between 15 and 16) who had in the past 12 months used alcohol or were drunk in the same period, Slovenia is a little above the average of 26 European countries.
Povprečna starost prve pijanosti je za slovenska dekleta infante v primerjavi s 24 evropskimi državami nekoliko višja (med 13. in 14. letom), po deležu mladih (med 15. in 16. letom), ki so v zadnjih 12 mesecih uživali alkohol ali pa bili v enakem obdobju pijani, pa je Slovenija nekoliko nad povprečjem 26 evropskih držav.
In order to assess the state of health and wellbeing of young Slovenians within the Youth 2010 survey we used a combination of general indicators accessible in official records (SORS, Eurostat), such as life expectancy at birth and mortality rate with causes of death, and special indicators relating to the self-reporting of young people, such as an assessment of satisfaction with life and assessment of one's own state of health, satisfaction with physical image, frequency of experiencing stress, healthy diet, frequency of pursuing sports, use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs, and an indirect indicator based on self-assessment - index of body mass.
Za ocenjevanje zdravstvenega stanja in dobrega počutja slovenskih mladih v okviru raziskave Mladina 2010 smo uporabili kombinacijo splošnih kazalnikov, dostopnih iz uradnih evidenc (SURS, Eurostat), kot sta pričakovana življenjska doba ob rojstvu in stopnja umrljivosti z vzroki smrti, ter posebnih kazalnikov, ki se nanašajo na samoporočanje mladih, kot so ocena zadovoljstva z življenjem in ocena lastnega zdravstvenega stanja, zadovoljstvo s telesno podobo, pogostost doživljanje stresa, zdrava prehrana, pogostost ukvarjanja s športom, uživanje alkohola, tobaka in drugih drog, ter posredni kazalnik na podlagi samoocenjevanja - indeks telesne mase.
We subjected these indicators to a comparative analysis with data from major domestic and international studies (Youth 1985, Youth 2000, SJM, EHIS, WVS, EVS).
Omenjene kazalnike smo primerjalno analizirali s podatki večjih domačih in mednarodnih raziskav (Mladina 1985, Mladina 2000, SJM, EHIS, WVS, EVS).
8.2 Life expectancy, mortality and most common cause of death of young people
8.2 Pričakovana življenjska doba, umrljivost in najpogostejši vzroki smrti mladih
Social changes through economic development, improved living conditions and healthy lifestyles, as well as changes in healthcare systems throughout Europe, are having the consequence of raising life expectancy at birth.
Družbene spremembe z gospodarskim razvojem, izboljšanimi življenjskimi razmerami in zdravimi življenjskimi slogi, pa tudi s spremembami v zdravstvenih sistemih povsod po Evropi imajo za posledico zviševanje pričakovane življenjske dobe ob rojstvu.
Viewed from another angle, according to Eurostat data the level of mortality in all European Union countries has declined (on average by 30 percent), and Slovenia with a 47-percent reduction in mortality is actually in third place among European Union countries (behind Estonia and Italy) (OECD, 2010).
Če pogledamo z drugega vidika, se je po Eurostatovih podatkih stopnja umrljivosti v vseh državah Evropske unije zmanjšala (povprečno za 30 odstotkov), Slovenija pa je s 47-odstotnim zmanjšanjem umrljivosti celo na tretjem mestu med državami Evropske unije (za Estonijo in Italijo) (OECD, 2010).
In the European Union countries, between 2002 and 2007 life expectancy among women rose from 80.9 to 82.2 years, and among men from 74.5 to 76.1 years.
V državah Evropske unije se je od leta 2002 do 2007 pričakovana življenjska doba pri ženskah zvišala z 80,9 na 82,2 leta, pri moških pa s 74,5 na 76,1 leta.
In Slovenia during the same period life expectancy among women rose from 80.5 to 82 years, and among men from 72.6 to 74.6 years.
V Sloveniji je v tem obdobju pričakovana življenjska doba žensk narasla z 80,5 leta na 82 let, pri moških pa z 72,6 na 74,6 leta.
In comparative terms, Slovenian men have closed the gap somewhat to the European average, and in the comparative period women are much closer to the European average.
S primerjalnega vidika slovenski moški nekoliko zmanjšujejo razliko do evropskega povprečja, ženske pa so v primerjalnem obdobju precej bližje evropskemu povprečju.
Among the possible causes of the greater variance of Slovenian men from the European average and the life expectancy of Slovenian women, Rok Simon and Mihevc Ponikvar emphasise (2009: 96) high mortality owing to traffic accidents and suicide.
Med mogočimi vzroki večjih odstopanj slovenskih moških od evropskega povprečja in pričakovane življenjske dobe slovenskih žensk Rok Simonova in Mihevc Ponikvarjeva poudarjata (2009: 96) visoko umrljivost zaradi prometnih nesreč in samomorov.
Graph 83: Trend of life expectancy at birth for women and men in Slovenia and EU-27, selected years
Grafikon 83: Gibanje pričakovane življenjske dobe ob rojstvu za ženske in moške v Sloveniji in EU-27, izbrana leta
EU-27: Men
Slovenija: Ženske
Slovenia: Men
EU-27: Moški
SOURCE: Eurostat
Slovenija: Moški
In the age group of young people the most common causes of death are external, with the highest proportion accounted for by traffic accidents and suicide.
Prav pri starostni skupini mladih so najpogostejši vzroki smrti zunanji, med njimi pa največji delež zajemajo prometne nesreče in samomori.
In the general population, in 2008 Slovenia was in 10th place compared to other European countries in the mortality rate from traffic accidents, and in 4th place in the mortality rate from suicide (OECD, 2010).
V splošnem prebivalstvu je bila Slovenija leta 2008 primerjalno z drugimi evropskimi državami na 10. mestu po stopnji umrljivosti zaradi prometnih nesreč in na 4. mestu po stopnji umrljivosti zaradi samomorov (OECD, 2010).
Below we present the trend of mortality by external causes of death in five-year periods from 1995 to 2009, where given the possibility of comparison we expressed the number of deaths using population data in the years covered and the number of inhabitants in an individual age group, and to provide a better illustration, multiplied this by 100,000.
V nadaljevanju je prikazano gibanje umrljivosti po zunanjih vzrokih smrti v petletnih razdobjih od 1995 do 2009, pri čemer smo zaradi možnosti primerjave število smrti izrazili s pomočjo podatkov o prebivalstvu v zajetih letih in številom prebivalcev v posamezni starostni skupini ter zaradi večje nazornosti pomnožili s 100.000.
Thus we obtained population and age-specific mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants.
Tako smo dobili populacijsko oz. starostnospecifične stopnje umrljivosti na 100.000 prebivalcev.
All age groups
Vse starostne skupine
1995 Dead 2000 Dead 2005 Dead 2009 Dead
1995 Umrli 2000 Umrli 2005 Umrli 2009 Umrli
Men
Moški
Women
Ženske
Given the figures by gender, this is associated primarily with the mortality trend in women, which involved a considerable increase from 45.3 cases in 2005 to 55 cases in 2009.
To je glede na prikaze po spolu povezano predvsem z gibanjem umrljivosti pri ženskah, pri katerem je opazno precejšnje povečanje s 45,3 primera v letu 2005 na 55 primerov v letu 2009.
Below we analyse in detail two groups of the most common external causes of death in young people, traffic accidents and suicide.
V nadaljevanju smo podrobneje analizirali dve skupini najpogostejših zunanjih vzrokov smrti mladih, prometne nesreče in samomore.
In traffic accidents the mortality of young people between 20 and 24 years old is generally higher than the population rate, with males standing out particularly.
Pri prometnih nesrečah je umrljivost mladih med 20. in 24. letom na splošno višja od populacijske stopnje, pri čemer še posebej izstopajo moški.
A comparison between 1995 and 2009 shows that the mortality rates fell in all age groups.
Primerjava med letoma 1995 in 2009 kaže, da so se stopnje umrljivosti v vseh starostnih skupinah znižale.
1995 Traffic accidents 2000 Traffic accidents 2005 Traffic accidents 2009 Traffic accidents
1995 Prometne nezgode 2000 Prometne nezgode 2005 Prometne nezgode 2009 Prometne nezgode
Analysis of the other major group of external causes of death in young people, suicide, also shows a generally visible trend of declining mortality in all the analysed age groups, with the decline being smallest and in the comparative period non-linear in the age group between 25 and 29 among men, while among women aged 20 to 24 a slight growth was observed in what was otherwise a very low base rate of mortality owing to suicide.
Tudi pri analizi druge večje skupine zunanjih vzrokov smrti mladih, samomorih, je na splošno opazen trend upadanja umrljivosti v vseh analiziranih starostnih skupinah, pri čemer je upad najmanjši in v primerjalnem obdobju nelinearen v starostni skupini med 25. in 29. letom pri moških, pri ženskah pa je med 20. in 24. letom opazen manjši porast sicer že v osnovi zelo nizke stopnje umrljivosti zaradi samomora.
As with traffic accidents, the mortality rate from suicide is much higher among men.
Podobno kot pri prometnih nesrečah je stopnja umrljivosti zaradi samomora precej višja med moškimi.
Graph 86: Trend of age-speciﬁ c mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) by external causes - suicides in selected age groups for women and men in Slovenia, selected years
Grafikon 86: Gibanje starostnospecifičnih stopenj umrljivosti (na 100.000 prebivalcev) po zunanjem vzroku - samomorih v izbranih starostnih skupinah za ženske in moške v Sloveniji, izbrana leta
1995 Suicides 2000 Suicides 2005 Suicides 2009 Suicides
1995 Samomori 2000 Samomori 2005 Samomori 2009 Samomori
These changes in mortality from traffic accidents and suicides among Slovenian youth may indicate the effectiveness of policies in the area of transport and traffic safety, and also in strengthening mental health.
Te spremembe v umrljivosti zaradi prometnih nesreč in samomorov med slovenskimi mladimi lahko kažejo na učinkovitost politik na področju prometa in prometne varnosti ter krepitve duševnega zdravja.
Indeed suicide is closely linked to depression and the use of alcohol and other psychoactive drugs, and early detection of these psychosocial difficulties and of high risk groups is part of preventive actions, effective measures and help (OECD, 2010; Rok Simon and Mihevc Ponikvar, 2009).
Samomori so namreč tesno povezani z depresijo ter uživanjem alkohola in drugih psihoaktivnih snovi, zgodnje odkrivanje teh psihosocialnih težav in visoko rizičnih skupin pa je del preventivnih akcij, učinkovitega ukrepanja in pomoči (OECD, 2010; Rok Simon in Mihevc Ponikvar, 2009).
Based on the analyses in this chapter we may therefore conclude:
Na podlagi analiz v tem poglavju lahko tako sklenemo:
In the last ﬁ fteen years the young person age group has shown a decline in mortality from traffic accidents and suicides, the two most common causes of mortality in that period of life.
V zadnjih petnajstih letih se v starostni skupini mladih zmanjšuje umrljivost zaradi prometnih nesreč in samomorov kot dveh najpogostejših vzrokov umrljivosti v tem življenjskem obdobju.
8.3 Satisfaction with life, body image and assessment of state of health
8.3 Zadovoljstvo z življenjem, telesna podoba in ocena zdravstvenega stanja
Among the most important indicators of experiencing health and wellbeing are satisfaction with life, a subjective assessment of one's state of health and satisfaction with one's body image.
Med pomembnimi kazalniki doživljanja zdravja in dobrega počutja so zadovoljstvo z življenjem, subjektivna ocena zdravstvenega stanja in zadovoljstvo s telesno podobo.
The first of these is an important indicator of a positive orientation or sense of wellbeing, and is associated with mental health, while the assessment of one's state of health includes mental and physical aspects, and satisfaction with body image is associated with the aspect of the physical scheme that has an important effect on the individual's experience.
Prvi je pomemben kazalnik pozitivne naravnanosti oz. dobrega počutja in se povezuje z duševnim zdravjem, ocena zdravstvenega stanja vključuje duševni in telesni vidik, zadovoljstvo s telesno podobo pa se povezuje z vidikom telesne sheme, ki pomembno vpliva na doživljanje posameznika.
The table below shows assessments of these indicators that we obtained in the Youth 2010 survey, in the sample of all participating young people and separated up by gender, age and size of settlement in which they live.
V spodnji preglednici so prikazane ocene navedenih kazalnikov, ki smo jih pridobili v raziskavi Mladina 2010, in sicer v vzorcu vseh sodelujočih mladih ter ločeno po spolu, starosti in velikosti naselja, v katerem bivajo.
Table 16: Satisfaction with life, health and build for the entire sample and separated by gender, age and size of se lement
Preglednica 16: Zadovoljstvo z življenjem, zdravjem in postavo za celoten vzorec in ločeno po spolu, starosti in velikosti naselja
By gender
Po spolu
By age
Po starosti
By size of settlement
ženske moški 15-18 19-24 25-29 vas
Satisfaction with life
večje mesto
Satisfaction with health
Zadovoljstvo z zdravjem 4,17
Satisfaction with body image 3.55 3.41
Zadovoljstvo s telesno podobo 3,55 3,41
A total of 71 percent of all young people in the survey indicated that they were satisfied with their own lives (marks between 7 and 10), 80.5 percent of young people were satisfied or very satisfied with their health (marks 4 and 5), while 53.6 percent were satisfied or very satisfied with their body image (marks 4 and 5).
71 odstotkov vseh mladih v raziskavi je ocenilo, da so zadovoljni z lastnim življenjem (ocene med 7 in 10), 80,5 odstotka mladih je zadovoljnih ali zelo zadovoljnih s svojim zdravjem (oceni 4 in 5), s telesno podobo pa jih je zadovoljnih ali zelo zadovoljnih 53,6 odstotka (oceni 4 in 5).
A “more critical attitude” to one's own physical build may be a consequence of greater media emphasis on the body, which through mechanisms of social influence and social comparison sets up a reference point outside the individual.
»Večja kritičnost« do postave je lahko posledica večje medijske poudarjenosti telesa, ki z mehanizmi socialnega vplivanja in socialne primerjave postavlja referenčno točko zunaj posameznika.
Satisfaction with life is statistically significantly associated with assessment of health and body image (r = 0.341 and r = 0.214; p < 0.01), as is satisfaction with health (r = 0.190; p < 0.01).
Zadovoljstvo z življenjem je statistično pomembno povezano z oceno zdravja in oceno telesne podobe (r = 0,341 in r = 0,214; p < 0,01), zadovoljstvo z zdravjem pa prav tako (r = 0,190; p < 0,01).
Higher marks for the first indicator are associated with higher marks for the other two.
Višje ocene prvega kazalnika so povezane z višjimi ocenami drugih dveh.
Equally, there is evidence of satisfaction with health and wellbeing in the qualitative interviews.
»Če se malo poslušaš, te nima bit kaj strah.
Of course I'd like to be healthy, but I'm not afraid of illness.
Glej, na primer, že deset let si ne merim vročine in je nimam že deset let.
“I'm healthy and I feel good.”
»Zdrav sem in dobro se počutim.
In satisfaction with life, there are statistically important differences between age groups, with the age group between 25 and 29 standing out as less satisfied, and in the comparison of settlement size, with young people from large towns being less satisfied.
Pri zadovoljstvu z življenjem so statistično pomembne razlike med starostnimi skupinami, pri katerih izstopa kot manj zadovoljna starostna skupina med 25. do 29. letom, in v primerjavi po velikosti naselja, kjer je zadovoljstvo manjše pri mladih iz večjih mest.
Males are more satisfied with their health and body image, as is the age group between 19 and 24.
Z zdravjem in telesno podobo so zadovoljnejši moški, pa tudi starostna skupina med 19. in 24. letom.
Among the other statistically significant associations, we can point out the positive association of satisfaction with a life orientation to the future (r = 0.232; p < 0.01) and with authoritative (democratic) socialisation (r = 0.188; p < 0.01) and a negative association with alienation (r = -0.340; p < 0.01) and authoritarian socialisation (r = -0.203; p < 0.01).
Med drugimi statistično pomembnimi povezavami lahko poudarimo pozitivno povezanost zadovoljstva z usmerjenostjo življenja v prihodnost (r = 0,232; p < 0,01) in z avtoritativno (demokratično) socializacijo (r = 0,188; p < 0,01) ter negativno povezanost z odtujenostjo (r = -0,340; p < 0,01) in avtoritarno socializacijo (r = -0,203; p < 0,01).
The correlations with subjective assessment of material standing and education of father and mother were low (r < 0.150).
Korelacije s subjektivno oceno gmotnega položaja, izobrazbo očeta in matere so bile nizke (r < 0,150).
All these indicators of satisfaction are also negatively associated with the frequency of stress felt by the individual.
Vsi ti kazalniki zadovoljstva so tudi negativno povezani s pogostostjo stresa, ki ga občuti posameznik.
The graph below shows that the highest number of respondents experience stress every month, with a difference apparent between the sexes, since stress is experienced at least once a week by 47.9 of women but by 34.9 percent of men.
Iz grafikona spodaj je razvidno, da največ anketirancev doživlja stres vsak mesec, pri čemer pa se kaže razlika med spoloma, saj ga 47,9 odstotka žensk doživlja vsaj enkrat na teden, pri moških pa je takih 34,9 odstotka.
There are also differences in terms of size of residential settlement, with stress being experienced at least once a week in large towns by 48.8 percent of young people, in small towns by 40 percent and in the countryside by 37.3 percent.
Razlike so tudi glede na velikost naselja bivanja, saj v večjih mestih stres doživlja vsaj enkrat na teden 48,8 odstotka mladih, v manjših mestih 40 odstotkov, na podeželju pa 37,3 odstotka.
Graph 87: Frequency of experiencing stress among young people, Youth 2010
Grafikon 87: Pogostost doživljanja stresa pri mladih, Mladina 2010