natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
It is especially interesting to note here that the proportion of young people without steady employment in this group rose from 12.1 to 25.7 percent.
Pri tem je posebej zanimiv podatek, da se je delež mladih, ki so brez rednega dela, v tej skupini povečal z 12,1 na 25,7 odstotka.
In terms of employment marking a successful transition, the most interesting analysis relates to the oldest group of interviewees.
Z vidika uspešnosti prehoda vredno zaposlitev je še najzanimivejša analiza najstarejše skupine anketirancev.
Graph 34: Basic employment status of people aged 29 years, Youth 2000, Youth 2010
Grafikon 34: Osnovni zaposlitveni status med starimi 29 let, Mladina 2000 in Mladina 2010
I have no steady work (pupils, students and others working occasionally or not working) I have regular contract work (pupils, students and others with steady work) Self-employed (incl. farmers) Fully employed permanently Fully employed for ﬁ xed term
Nimam rednega dela (dijaki, študenti in ostali, ki delajo občasno ali ne delajo) Imam redno honorarno delo (dijaki, študenti in ostali, ki redno delajo) Sem samozaposlen/a (tudi kmetovalci) Redno zaposlen/a za nedoločen čas Redno zaposlen/a za določen čas
In 2000 the share of those aged 29 in fulltime permanent employment was around 60 percent, but in 2010 it was only 48 percent.
V 29. letu starosti je leta 2000 redno zaposlitev za nedoločen čas imelo približno 60 odstotkov, leta 2010 pa le še 48 odstotkov mladih.
On the other hand there was a slight increase in the proportion of those working on single contracts or for fixed terms, and above all there was a major increase in the proportion of those not working (from 6.6 to 14.5 percent).
Na drugi strani se je nekoliko povečal delež zaposlenih honorarno ali za določen čas, predvsem pa se je bistveno povečal delež tistih, ki ne delajo (s 6,6 na 14,5 odstotka).
Of those, in 2010 unemployed persons clearly predominated (at 65 percent).
Med njimi v letu 2010 izrazito (s 65 odstotki) prevladujejo brezposelni.
The remainder are (still) enrolled in education.
Preostali so (še vedno) vključeni v izobraževanje.
A look at the predominant activities among 29-year-olds yields another important aspect: the proportion of unemployed persons in this group rose from 3.5 to 9.8 percent.
Pogled na prevladujočo aktivnost med 29-letniki razkrije še en pomemben vidik: delež brezposelnih se je v tej skupini povečal s 3,5 na 9,8 odstotka.
But more valid conclusions require a closer analysis of youth unemployment.
Toda za veljavnejše sklepe je potrebna podrobnejša analiza brezposelnosti mladih.
4.2 Youth unemployment
4.2 Brezposelnost mladih
The relatively unfavourable position of young people in terms of unemployment started to appear as a systematic pattern in Western societies following the recession of the early 80s in the USA and Western Europe, specifically as a reflection of the general lack of jobs, which was quite logically apparent mainly among young people, who were new job seekers.
Sorazmerno slabši položaj mladih glede brezposelnosti se je kot sistematičen vzorec v zahodnih družbah začel pojavljati po recesiji v zgodnjih osemdesetih let v ZDA in zahodni Evropi, in sicer kot izraz splošnega pomanjkanja delovnih mest, ki se je povsem logično najbolj kazalo med mladimi kot novimi iskalci dela.
Young people thus took on their shoulders a relatively high share of the burden of general unemployment (Furlong and Cartmel, 2007: 36-37).
Mladi so tako postali nosilci sorazmerno največjega dela bremena splošne brezposelnosti (Furlong in Cartmel, 2007: 36-37).
Graph 35: Unemployment rate of the age groups 15-24 years and 15+, EU-27 and Slovenia, 2000-2010
Grafikon 35: Stopnje brezposelnosti starostnih skupin 15-24 let in 15+, EU-27 in Slovenija, 2000-2010
EU 15 (15-74) Slovenia (15-74) EU 15 (15-24) Slovenia (15-24)
EU 15 (15-74) Slovenija (15-74) EU 15 (15-24) Slovenija (15-24)
The above graph offers at least four key findings for the current situation in Slovenia:
Zgornji grafikon za sedanje slovenske razmere ponuja vsaj štiri ključne ugotovitve:
Slovenia, too, is characterised therefore by the aforementioned wider pattern of the relatively unfavourable status of young people in the labour market.
Tudi za Slovenijo je torej značilen že omenjeni širši vzorec sorazmerno slabšega položaja mladih na trgu delovne sile.
Where youth unemployment in Slovenia was even slightly above the EU-27 average in 2001, since then it has tended to fall and in the second quarter of 2010 (after a marked increase during the recession of 2009) it stood at 13.4 percent.
Če je bila leta 2001 brezposelnost mladih v Sloveniji celo nekoliko nad povprečjem EU-27, se je od takrat tendenčno zniževala in je bila v drugem četrtletju leta 2010 (po občutnem povečanju v recesiji leta 2009) 13,4-odstotna.
Meanwhile the EU-27 average rose to a high 20.5 percent.
Povprečje za EU-27 se je medtem dvignilo na visokih 20,5 odstotka.
This is in line with the findings of researchers that youth unemployment is generally much more sensitive to economic fluctuations.
To je skladno z ugotovitvami raziskovalcev, da je brezposelnost mladih praviloma bistveno občutljivejša za gospodarska nihanja.
In a recession, compared to the general rate of unemployment it rises with markedly greater speed, while during recovery it falls much more quickly (Makeham, 1980; O'Higgins, 2001).
Med recesijo se v primerjavi s splošno brezposelnostjo povečuje občutno hitreje, med okrevanjem pa se bistveno hitreje zmanjšuje (Makeham, 1980; O'Higgins, 2001).
It is important to point out here the effect of how unemployment is defined.
Pri tem je pomembno opozoriti na vpliv načina opredelitve brezposelnih.
The Labour Force Survey, on which the given data are based, defines an unemployed person as someone who “in the last week (from Monday to Sunday) prior to the survey did not work even one hour for payment (in money or in kind), profit or family prosperity, but who in the past four weeks was actively seeking work and is willing to take work within two weeks.
Anketa o delovni sili, na kateri temeljijo navedeni podatki, kot brezposelno opredeljuje »osebo, ki v zadnjem tednu (od ponedeljka do nedelje) pred anketiranjem ni niti eno uro delala za plačilo (denarno ali nedenarno), dobiček ali družinsko blaginjo, vendar v zadnjih štirih tednih aktivno išče delo in ga je v dveh tednih tudi pripravljena sprejeti.
Unemployed persons also include those that have already found work and will begin that work after the survey.”
Med brezposelne osebe spadajo tudi tiste osebe, ki so že našle delo in ga bodo začele opravljati po anketiranju.
Our survey data enable us to present the youth unemployment rate as it derives from the self-perception of the individual.
Naši anketni podatki nam omogočajo, da stopnje brezposelnosti mladih prikažemo tako, kot to izhaja iz samozaznave posameznika.
Graph 36: Employment and unemployment of economically active young people (15-29 years), Youth 2000 and Youth 2010
Grafikon 36: Zaposlenost in brezposelnost ekonomsko aktivnih mladih (15-29 let), Mladina 2000 in Mladina 2010
Employed part-time
Zaposlen/a za skrajšan delovni čas
Employed full-time
Zaposlen/a za polni delovni čas
The unemployment rate defined in this way paints a significantly different picture, since in comparison with the Eurostat data it indicates precisely the opposite trend: the unemployment rate of (economically active) young people has noticeably increased in the past decade.
Tako opredeljena stopnja brezposelnosti kaže bistveno drugačno sliko, saj se v primerjavi s podatki Eurostata kaže ravno nasproten trend: brezposelnost (ekonomsko aktivnih) mladih se je v zadnjem desetletju občutno povečala.
If we limit ourselves to the 15-24 age group, the differences are even greater, since according to our methodology, in 2000 as much as 17.8 percent of young people were in this group, and in 2010 a full 25 percent.
Če se omejimo samo na starostno skupino 15-24 let, so razlike še bistveno večje, saj je bilo po naši metodologiji v letu 2000 v tej skupini kar 17,8 odstotka mladih, leta 2010 pa celo 25 odstotkov.
So why is there this difference?
Od kod ta razlika?
These are young people who are not involved in full-time or part-time education (they are not even students on hiatus), while at the same time they are not in any steady employment.
To so tisti mladi, ki niso vključeni v redno ali izredno izobraževanje (niti niso študenti, ki pavzirajo), hkrati pa niso v rednem delovnem razmerju.
Here it should be pointed out that in 2010, none of those respondents in the 15-24 age group who were doing regular contract work defined themselves as unemployed.
Pri tem je treba poudariti, da se v letu 2010 v starostni skupini 15-24 let nihče od vprašanih, ki so opravljali redno honorarno delo, ni opredelil za brezposelnega.
20 In short these are young people who are in no way involved either in the education system or in any form of steady job.
20 Gre skratka za mlade, ki niso nikakor vključeni niti v izobraževalni sistem niti v kakršnokoli obliko rednega dela.
It is clear that an increasing proportion of such young people does not match the definition of unemployed person according to the Labour Force Survey standards, but the reason can be sought primarily in the fact that an increasing number of young people are performing occasional work (at least one hour a week).
Očitno je, da vse večji del takih mladih ne ustreza opredelitvi brezposelne osebe po standardih ankete o delovni sili, razlog pa je mogoče iskati predvsem v tem, da vse več mladih opravlja priložnostna dela (vsaj eno uro tedensko).
20 In the entire sample there were only two such respondents.
Vprašanje je tudi, kakšno je razmerje med številom registriranih brezposelnih mladih in številom mladih, ki se počutijo kot brezposelni.
Another question is what is the relationship between the number of registered unemployed young persons and the number of young persons who feel unemployed.
Po podatkih ZRSZ (2010)je bilo septembra 2010 v Sloveniji registriranih 24.452 oseb, starih do 30 let.
According to Employment Service of Slovenia (ESS) data (2010), in September 2010 there were 24,452 registered persons in Slovenia under 30 years old.
Po naših podatkih se v starostni skupini 15-29 let kot brezposelne opredeljuje 7,1 odstotka vprašanih.
Taking account of Eurostat data, that in 2010 Slovenia had 387,493 inhabitants aged between 15 and 29 years old, we can estimate that around 27,512 of them feel unemployed.
vanju podatkov Eurostata, da imamo leta 2010 v Sloveniji 387.493 prebivalcev, starih med 15 in 29 let, lahko ocenimo, da je med njimi približno 27.512 takih, ki se počutijo brezposelne.
Given the incomplete matching of age groups and the projectional nature of data, this estimate should be regarded as an approximation.
Glede na nepopolno ujemanje starostnih razredov in projektivno naravo podatkov je sicer to oceno treba razumeti kot približno.
On the other hand we can assert with some certainty that the number of young people who feel unemployed is 10 to 15 percent higher than the number of registered unemployed young persons.
S precejšnjo gotovostjo pa lahko trdimo, da je število mladih, ki se počutijo brezposelne, za 10 do 15 odstotkov višje v primerjavi s številom registriranih brezposelnih mladih.
This excess can be ascribed to individuals seeking work through other agencies, not meeting the requirements for registration as unemployed persons or simply not wanting to register at the ESS.
Presežek lahko pripišemo posameznikom, ki iščejo delo prek drugih posrednikov, ne izpolnjujejo pogojev za vpis v evidenco brezposelnih oseb ali pa se preprosto ne želijo prijaviti na Zavod RS za zaposlovanje.
In this context there is a telling opinion from one of our interviewees:
V tem smislu je zgovorno mnenje ene naših sogovornic:
(Maja, 30, unemployed graduate)
(Maja, 30 let, brezposelna diplomantka)
But even Maja sees problems with being registered as unemployed:
Toda tudi Maja v prijavljenosti v evidenci brezposelnih oseb vidi težavo:
“I'm tied to the ESS, and I can't take any unregulated work.”
»Vezana sem na zavod, delati na črno pa ne smem.
“I signed up for social and got it.
Naslednji sogovornik zgovorno priča o učinkovitosti ukrepov za zaposljivost mladih:
These analyses lead us to the following finding:
Iz navedenih analiz lahko izpeljemo ugotovitev:
Official statistical data for the past decade point to a trend of falling youth unemployment, but in this period the proportion of young people who see themselves as unemployed has grown signiﬁ cantly.
Uradni statistični podatki za zadnje desetletje sicer kažejo trend zmanjševanja brezposelnosti mladih, vendar pa se je v tem obdobju delež mladih, ki sebe dojemajo kot brezposelne, občutno povečal.
Taking account of such a deﬁ nition of unemployment, the unemployment rate in the 15-24 age group in 2000 was around 18 percent, and in 2010 it was a full 25 percent.
Ob upoštevanju take opredelitve brezposelne osebe je bila stopnja brezposelnosti v starostni skupini 15-24 let v letu 2000 približno 18-odstotna, v letu 2010 pa kar 25-odstotna.
To this finding we should add that even higher rates of youth unemployment are prevented by the significantly high rates of involvement of young people in the education system.
Tej ugotovitvi je treba dodati, da še višje stopnje brezposelnosti med mladimi preprečujejo izrazito visoke stopnje vključenosti mladih v izobraževalni sistem.
According to Eurostat data, in 2008 a full 71 percent of young people in Slovenia (15-24 years old) were involved in formal forms of full-time education at the secondary and tertiary level,21 while the average for EU-27 was under 60 percent.
V Sloveniji je bilo po podatkih Eurostata v letu 2008 kar 71 odstotkov mladih (15-24 let) vključenih v formalne oblike rednega izobraževanja na sekundarni in terciarni ravni,21 pri čemer je povprečje EU-27 slabih 60 odstotkov.
22 According to Eurostat data, the level of activity (proportion of work-active and unemployed) of young people in the period 2003-2009 actually grew from 35.5 to 40.9 percent.
Zavod RS za zaposlovanje je na primer sporočil, da je aprila 2010 povprečna čakalna doba prijavljenih na zavodu pri mladih do 26 let znašala 8,1 meseca, pri vseh drugih pa 19,5 meseca (ZRSZ, 2010).
While youth unemployment is relatively high, it is important to stress that it is relatively short-lived.
Tako se stopnja aktivnosti mladih povečuje tudi s povečevanjem deleža študentov, ki opravljajo študentsko delo.
Graph 37: Share of unemployed youth (15-24 years) unemployed for 12 months or more
Grafikon 37: Delež brezposelnih mladih (15-24 let), ki so brezposelni 12 mesecev ali več
EU 27 Slovenia
EU 27 Slovenija
The above graph confirms the trend of increasing flexibility in the youth labour market.
Zgornji grafikon potrjuje trend povečanja prožnosti trga dela mladih.
According to our data, therefore, young people are increasingly finding themselves unemployed, while on the other hand the share of long-term unemployed has considerably declined over the past decade.
Mladi se torej po naših podatkih vse pogosteje znajdejo v položaju brezposelnih, po drugi strani pa se je delež dolgoročno brezposelnih v zadnjem desetletju močno zmanjšal.
According to the latest Eurostat data for the second quarter of 2010, that share has actually grown slightly, and amounts to 25.2 percent (EU average is 24.2 percent).
Po zadnjih podatkih Eurostata za drugo četrtletje leta 2010 je ta delež sicer nekoliko narasel in znaša 25,2 odstotka (povprečje EU je 24,2 odstotka).
4.2.2 Anticipated trends relating to youth unemployment
4.2.2 Pričakovani trendi v zvezi z brezposelnostjo mladih
According to Eurostat data, in the period 2000-2009 the proportion of young people (15-29 years) in the entire active population in Slovenia fell from 24.6 to 21.8 percent.
V Sloveniji je v obdobju 2000-2009 delež mladih (15-29 let) med vsemi aktivnimi prebivalci po podatkih Eurostata upadel s 24,6 na 21,8 odstotka.
Young people are therefore an increasingly rare human resource, and given the predicted demographic trend (a reduction in the number of young people of around 20 percent over the next decade) we can expect this effect to intensify in the near future.
Mladi so torej vse redkejši človeški vir, glede na napovedana demografska gibanja (zmanjšanje števila mladih za približno 20 odstotkov v naslednjem desetletju) pa lahko pričakujemo, da se bo ta učinek v bližnji prihodnosti še stopnjeval.
According to some forecasts, we can expect a pronounced shortfall of labour in Slovenia as soon as around 2015 (Kraigher, 1995: 53-57).
Po nekaterih ocenah lahko izrazit primanjkljaj delovne sile v Sloveniji pričakujemo že okoli leta 2015 (Kraigher, 1995: 53-57).
Indeed despite the general shortage of labour, we can expect unemployment to remain relatively high for certain groups of young people (Trbanc, 2005).
lahko, da bo kljub splošnemu pomanjkanju delovne sile ostala brezposelnost nekaterih skupin mladih še vedno sorazmerno visoka (Trbanc, 2005).
In view of demographic trends, in the future we may expect a declining trend for youth unemployment, wherein certain groups of young job seekers will still be in a distinctly unfavourable position.
Glede na demografska gibanja v prihodnosti lahko pričakujemo tendenčno upadanje stopenj brezposelnosti mladih, pri čemer bodo nekatere skupine mladih iskalcev zaposlitve še vedno v izrazito neugodnem položaju.
4.2.3 Unemployment among graduates (especially women)
4.2.3 Brezposelnost diplomantov in (še posebej) diplomantk
The unemployment rate of tertiary level graduates is becoming an increasingly salient issue.
Vse bolj pereče postaja vprašanje brezposelnosti diplomantov na terciarni ravni.
Although it is still true for the majority of European countries that the risk of unemployment falls the higher the education attained, the value of a degree as a guarantee of safe entry into the labour market is rapidly diminishing (EU Youth Report, 2009: 30).
Čeprav za večino evropskih držav še vedno velja, da tveganje brezposelnosti upada z doseženo ravnjo izobrazbe, se vrednost diplome kot zagotovila za varen vstop na trg dela hitro zmanjšuje (EU Youth Report, 2009: 30).
This is also confirmed by data for Slovenia.
To potrjujejo tudi podatki za Slovenijo.
Graph 38: Unemployed graduates as a proportion of all unemployed persons in the 25-30 age group, Slovenia, 2000-2009
Grafikon 38: Delež brezposelnih diplomantov* med vsemi brezposelnimi v starostni skupini 25-30 let, Slovenija, 2000-2009
All Women
Vsi Ženske
NOTE: * This group includes those that have successfully completed higher professional education, university undergraduate education or university postgraduate education (master's).
OPOMBA: * V to skupino so vključeni tisti, ki so uspešno končali visoko strokovno izobraževanje, univerzitetno dodiplomsko izobraževanje ali univerzitetno podiplomsko izobraževanje (magisterij).
SOURCE: ESS, annual report, 2000-2009
VIR: ZRSZ, letna poročila, 2000-2009
Among unemployed young people in the age group between 25 and 30 years old, a marked increase in the proportion of unemployed persons that have completed the 7th level of education was observed from 2000 to 2009.
Med brezposelnimi mladimi v starostni skupini med 25 in 30 let v obdobju 2000-2009 izrazito narašča delež brezposelnih s končano VII. stopnjo izobrazbe.
A look at the absolute figures shows that the number of unemployed graduates in the period 2000-2009 increased by a dizzying 240 percent, with the increase especially pronounced among women (278 percent).
Pogled na absolutne številke razkrije, da se je število brezposelnih diplomantov v obdobju 2000-2009 povečalo za vrtoglavih 240 odstotkov, pri čemer je bilo povečanje še posebej izrazito pri ženskah (278 odstotkov).
A similar picture is offered by data from the last two youth surveys.
Podobno sliko ponujajo podatki iz zadnjih dveh raziskav mladine.
To begin with, we limited ourselves to the 25-29 age group, and calculated the unemployment rate relative to the attained level of education.
Za začetek smo se omejili na starostno skupino 25-29 let in izračunali stopnje brezposelnosti glede na doseženo stopnjo izobrazbe.
Here, for the purpose of transparency, we combined the education levels into two classes (secondary or lower and higher education and above), and we defined unemployed persons as those who see themselves as unemployed.
Pri tem smo zaradi preglednosti združili stopnje izobrazbe v dva razreda (srednja šola ali manj ter višja šola ali več), brezposelno osebo pa opredelili kot osebo, ki sebe doživlja kot brezposelno.
The graph below shows the proportions of such persons among all categories of young people that we can place in the category of the active population.
V naslednjem grafikonu so predstavljeni deleži takih oseb med vsemi kategorijami mladih, ki jih lahko uvrstimo v kategorijo aktivnega prebivalstva.
Graph 39: Unemployment rate of economically active young people (25-29 years) relative to the highest level of education a ained, Youth 2000 and Youth 2010
Grafikon 39: Stopnje brezposelnosti ekonomsko aktivnih mladih (25-29 let) glede na najvišjo doseženo izobrazbo, Mladina 2000 in Mladina 2010
University or higher Secondary school or lower
Višja šola ali več Srednja šola ali manj
Unemployment rate, 2010 Unemployment rate, 2000
Stopnja brezposelnosti, 2010 Stopnja brezposelnosti, 2000
The graph clearly shows that in a period of ten years the unemployment rate increased significantly in both categories of respondent, but the increase in the group with tertiary-level education was significantly higher.
Iz grafikona je jasno razvidno, da se je v desetletnem obdobju stopnja brezposelnosti občutno povečala v obeh kategorijah vprašanih, vendar pa je bilo povečanje v skupini z doseženo terciarno stopnjo izobrazbe bistveno večje.
Where in 2000 the a ainment of tertiary edu cation reduced by a factor of more than two the likelihood of a young person ﬁ nding them-selves unemployed, that advantage has almost entirely evaporated in the period up to 2010.
Če se je leta 2000 z doseženo terciarno stopnjo izobrazbe za več kot dvakrat zmanjšala verjetnost, da se mladostnik znajde v položaju brezposelnosti, je ta prednost do leta 2010 skoraj v celoti skopnela.
The reason for this is the exceptional increase in the unemployment rate among respondents with tertiary education, which grew from 3.8 to 13.9 percent.
Razlog za to je izjemno povečanje stopnje brezposelnosti anketirancev z doseženo terciarno stopnjo izobrazbe, ki je zrasla s 3,8 na 13,9 odstotka.
Our data (as well as the aforementioned ESS data) confirm that the situation in this regard is especially critical for women.
Tudi naši podatki (poleg že navedenih podatkov ZRSZ) potrjujejo, da je položaj v zvezi s tem še posebej kritičen za ženske.
According to our calculations, over the last decade the unemployment rate for female graduates has risen from 4.3 to 17.8 percent (for males it rose (just) from 2.8 to 7.5 percent).
Stopnja brezposelnosti diplomantk se je po naših izračunih v zadnjem desetletju povečala s 4,3 na 17,8 odstotka (moških pa (le) z 2,8 na 7,5 odstotka).
One of our respondents, who graduated in two university courses, had the following to say after a long period of fruitless employment applications:
Ena od naših sogovornic, ki je diplomirala na dveh visokošolskih študijskih programih, po dolgotrajnem neuspešnem pošiljanju vlog za zaposlitev razmišlja takole:
“Mum always told me, study, so you won't end up a cleaner.
»Mama mi je vedno govorila, uči se, da ne boš čistilka.
Now I see it might be better if I was a cleaner.”
Zdaj pa vidim, da bi bilo mogoče boljše, če bi bila čistilka.
There are at least three weighty reasons for it:
Zanj obstajajo vsaj trije tehtni razlogi:
According to Eurostat data, in 2009 the proportion of at least graduate-level women in the 25-34 age group stood as high as 39.5 percent, which is almost twice that of males in that group (21.9 percent) and also much higher compared to the EU (36 percent of women with tertiary-level education).
Po podatkih Eurostat je v letu 2009 delež vsaj visokošolsko izobraženih žensk v starostni skupini 25-34 let kar 39,5-odstoten, kar je skoraj dvakratnik deleža takih moških (21,9 odstotka) in tudi bistveno več v primerjavi z EU (36 odstotkov žensk s terciarno stopnjo izobrazbe).