natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
An analysis of individual (separate) dimensions of activities and three indicators of less adjusted development
Analiza posameznih (ločenih) razsežnosti dejavnosti in treh kazalnikov manj prilagojenega razvoja pa je pokazala, da povezave niso statistično značilne.
78 Although as we have said, passive spending of free time has (in addition to certain less desired) numerous positive effects, and such spending of free time does not after all require any complex infrastructural and organisational capacities.
Preobremenjenost je lahko torej posledica prevelikega skupnega števila in prevelike pogostosti vseh strukturiranih dejavnosti (tudi plačanega dela) in tako v tem smislu o posledicah prostočasne preobremenjenosti ni mogoče govoriti.
showed that the associations are not statistically significant.
Večina
Being excessively burdened can therefore be the consequence of an excessive total number and excessive frequency of all structured activities (including paid work), and in this sense, therefore, we cannot speak of the consequences of an excessive leisure burden.
79 Čeprav ima, kot smo rekli, pasivno preživljanje prostega časa (poleg nekaterih manj zaželenih) tudi številne pozitivne učinke, pa za tovrstno preživljanje prostega časa vendarle niso potrebne zahtevnejše infrastrukturne in organizacijskemožnosti.
The majority of authors also agree that the proportion of “leisure-overloaded” young people is extremely small79 and that attention should be focused primarily on those that are not involved in leisure pursuits at all (Mahoney et al., 2006), since as we have seen, structured activities are generally associated with numerous indicators of more adjusted development in young people.
avtorjev pa se tudi strinja, da je delež prostočasno »preobremenjenih« mladih izjemno majhen80 in da je treba pozornost nameniti predvsem tistim, ki vanje sploh niso vključeni (Mahoney et al., 2006), saj so, kot smo videli, strukturirane dejavnosti praviloma povezane s številnimi kazalniki bolj prilagojenega razvoja mladih.
Secondly, it is important to stress that causes cannot be identified on the basis of our research (whether for instance more deviant youths opt more frequently to spend time with peers - because, for example, such socialising is more conducive to deviant behaviour - or do young people become deviant only after frequently getting together with (deviant) peers).
In drugič, pomembno je poudariti, da vzročnosti na podlagi naše raziskave ni mogoče ugotavljati (ali se na primer bolj deviantni mladostniki pogosteje odločijo za druženje z vrstniki - ker jim na primer tako druženje bolj omogoča deviantno vedenje - ali pa postanejo mladostniki deviantni šele potem, ko se pogosteje družijo z (deviantnimi) vrstniki).
It is also clear that spending time with peers does not in itself signify any threat to the psychosocial development of the young person, since it has numerous positive effects.
Jasno je tudi, da druženje z vrstniki samo po sebi ne pomeni nevarnosti za psihosocialni razvoj mladostnika, saj ima številne pozitivne učinke.
6.8 Key ﬁ ndings
6.8 Ključne ugotovitve
1. Over the past decade, in everyday activities there has been a marked increase in the time young people devote to computer use, while the time devoted to watching television and doing household chores has declined.
1. V zadnjem desetletju se je v vsakodnevnih dejavnostih izrazito povečal čas, ki ga mladi namenjajo ukvarjanju z računalnikom, zmanjšal pa se je čas, namenjen gledanju televizije in gospodinjskim opravilom.
2. Compared to 2000, in 2010 young people were devoting less time to keeping up with cultural and artistic content, but significantly more time to cultural and artistic creativity.
2. V primerjavi z letom 2000 v letu 2010 mladi manj časa namenjajo spremljanju kulturo-umetniških vsebin, bistveno več pa kulturnoumetniškemu ustvarjanju.
(alongside being at the computer and socialising with peers and partners) this was the most frequent leisure activity, while there has been a pronounced decline in free-time involvement in politics, which is the least frequent leisure activity.
4. Višje stopnje receptivne, še posebej pa aktivne kulturne participacije so tesno povezane z višjimi stopnjami političnega in civilnodružbenega delovanja.
5. Boys are more active only in sports, with girls more active in all other areas.
5. Fantje so dejavnejši le v športu, v vseh drugih dejavnostih pa dekleta.
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7 The virtualisation of everyday life
7 Virtualizacija vsakodnevnega življenja
Introduction
7.1 Uvod
The mass media80 (and more broadly, information and communication technology, or ICT), one of the main components of the modern “information society” (Webster, 2006), have a major influence on politics, the economy, culture and everyday life (McQuail, 2005).
Množični mediji81 (in širše, informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologijaIKT), eden osrednjih delo v sodobne »informacijske družbe« (Webster, 2006), pomembno vplivajo na politiko, ekonomijo, kulturo, pa tudi na vsakdanje življenje (McQuail, 2005).
This shows how
i. spletna generacija (angl.
According to data from the publication Youth in Europe (Domžalska, 2009: 138) regarding the access of households to the internet and computers for 2008, Slovenia was in the upper half of countries in terms of web access (with 59 percent of households having access) and access to computers (65 percent of households), with the web being most accessible in the economically most advanced (mainly Scandinavian) EU countries.
Po podatkih publikacije Youth in Europe (Domžalska, 2009: 138) o dostopnosti gospodinjstev do spleta in računalnika za leto 2008 je bila Slovenija v zgornji polovici držav po dostopnosti do spleta (dostop je imelo 59 odstotkov gospodinjstev) in po dostopnosti do računalnika (65 odstotkov gospodinjstev), splet pa je sicer najdostopnejši v gospodarsko najrazvitejših (predvsem skandinavskih) državah EU.
In Slovenia the proportion of households with access to the web in 2009 increased to 64 percent, and in the first quarter of 2010 to 68 percent (SORS).
V Sloveniji se je delež gospodinjstev z dostopom do spleta v 2009 povečal na 64 odstotkov, v prvem četrtletju 2010 pa že na 68 odstotkov (SURS).
The media and ICT are considered by many to be especially important, since they perform numerous functions for the individual: they offer opportunities for being informed, for entertainment and also for getting to grips with everyday problems or for (temporary) withdrawal from them (Rubin, 1994; Lohaus et al., 2005; Kirsh, 2010), which can of course have positive effects.
Medije in IKT mnogi štejejo za posebej pomembne, ker za posameznika opravljajo številne funkcije: ponujajo priložnost za obveščanje, zabavo, pa tudi za spoprijemanje z vsakdanjimi težavami ali pa (začasen) odmik od njih (Rubin, 1994; Lohaus et al., 2005; Kirsh, 2010), kar ima lahko seveda tudi pozitivne učinke.
Several studies show, for instance, that web users score higher average marks in indicators of positive psychosocial development (Chen and Persson, 2002; Jackson, 2009), while research by Johnson (2010) has shown that a child's cognitive development is positively associated with internet use.
Nekatere študije na primer kažejo, da spletni uporabniki dosegajo višje povprečne vrednosti pri kazalnikih pozitivnega psihosocialnega razvoja (Chen in Persson, 2002; Jackson, 2009), raziskava Johnsonove (2010) pa je pokazala, da je z uporabo spleta pozitivno povezan kognitivni razvoj otroka.
A study of the media habits of Slovenian youth also established that the web is more frequently used by young people who on average enjoy greater academic success (see Dolničar and Nadoh, 2004).
Tudi iz raziskave medijskih navad slovenskih mladostnikov je znano, da splet pogosteje uporabljajo mladostniki, ki imajo v povprečju višji šolskih uspeh (gl.
Ohannessian (2009) reports that use of the media can also be a safety mechanism
Dolničar in Nadoh, 2004).
83 We are also seeing the emergence of numerous other labels for the new generation of young people, which grew up with the internet and other forms of information technology: these include Generation Y (Lipkin and Perrymore, 2009), Generation Next; see Pew, 2007) and the millennium generation (Howe and Strauss, 2000).
Ohannessianova (2009) poroča, da je uporaba medijev lahko tudi varovalni mehanizem v problematičnih družinah - v omenjeni raziskavi so fantje, ki so izhajali iz takih družin in so pogosteje spremljali medije, izkazovali nižje stopnje anksioznosti (čeprav je hkrati obstajala obratna povezanost pri dekletih).
in problematic families - in her study, boys from such families who kept up with the media more frequently showed lower levels of anxiety (although at the same time there was a reverse association among girls).
Nekatere druge raziskave sicer ne kažejo na pozitivno povezanost medijev in kazalnikov psihosocialnega razvoj, kažejo pa, da med uporabniki in neuporabniki IKT (npr. spleta) v psihosocialnem razvoju ni bistvenih razlik (npr.
In view of the above, by analysing the use of media and ICT in Slovenian youth we should attempt to answer the following questions: 1) does longitudinal analysis show more frequent use of virtual activities in 2010 compared to 2000, 2) has the frequency of direct or face-to-face forms of socialising declined in 2010 (compared to 2000), 3) are the two types of activity negatively associated on the level of the individual (in other words do individuals who more frequently use ICT socialise less frequently in a personal (face-to-face) way with friends/peers and partners) and 4) how are virtual activities associated with the individual's psychosocial development?
Glede na povedano bi bilo treba z analizo uporabe medijev in IKT pri slovenski mladini poskušati odgovoriti na ta vprašanja: 1) ali longitudinalna analiza pokaže pogostejšo uporabo virtualnih dejavnosti v letu 2010 v primerjavi z letom 2000, 2) ali se je pogostost neposrednih oz. osebnih (angl. face-to-face) oblik druženja v letu 2010 (v primerjavi z 2000) zmanjšala, 3) ali sta na ravni posameznika obe vrsti dejavnosti negativno povezani (ali se torej posamezniki, ki pogosteje uporabljajo IKT, manj pogosto osebno (neposredno) družijo s prijatelji/vrstniki in partnerji) in 4) kako so virtualne dejavnosti povezane s psihosocialnim razvojem posameznika.
It is especially important to find a response to the third question, since between direct communication and communication using ICT there are differences in four basic dimensions.
Na tretje zastavljeno vprašanje je še posebej pomembno odgovoriti, ker med neposrednim komuniciranjem in komuniciranjem z uporabo IKT obstajajo razlike v štirih temeljnih razsežnostih.
Indeed using ICT for communication: a) enables greater anonymity, b) reduces the importance of physical appearance; c) increases control over the time, place and speed of communication and 4) enables an easier determination of people who are “the same as me”/establishing contact with them (Amichai-Hamburger and Barak, 2009).
Pri komuniciranju z uporabo IKT je namreč: a) mogoča večja anonimnost, b) zmanjšan je pomen telesnega/fizičnega videza; c) povečan je nadzor nad časom, krajem in hitrostjo komuniciranja ter 4) mogoče je lažje določiti »sebi enake«/vzpostaviti stike z njimi (Amichai-Hamburger in Barak, 2009).
Each of these differences can have both positive and negative consequences, so it is first important to know whether and how patterns of communication are changing in time among young people.
Vsaka od omenjenih razlik ima lahko pozitivne in negativne posledice, zato je najprej pomembno vedeti, ali in kako se s časom spreminjajo vzorci komuniciranja med mladimi.
7.2 Direct/personal forms of socialising and use of ICT
7.2 Neposredne/osebne oblike druženja in uporaba IKT
We have already responded to the first two questions in the chapter Creativity, culture and leisure, where we found that compared to 2000, “computer activity” had climbed into second place in 2010 in terms of frequency (in those activities that have advanced most in terms of frequency, the index of frequency rose by a value of +52.4, from 82.3 to 134.7).
Na prvi dve od zastavljenih vprašanj smo odgovorili že v poglavju Ustvarjalnost, kultura, prosti čas, v katerem smo ugotavljali, da so se »računalniške dejavnosti« v primerjavi z letom 2000 po pogostosti v 2010 povzpele na drugo mesto (pri teh dejavnostih, ki so po pogostosti najbolj napredovale,se je indeks pogostosti zvišal za vrednost +52,4, in sicer z 82,3 na 134,7).
Equally, we found that the majority of direct forms of socialising had been reduced slightly, compared to 2000 (spending time with partner, with friends, and to a slightly greater extent the frequency of being involved with one's own children/brothers/sisters).
Prav tako smo ugotovili, da se je večina neposrednih oblik druženja v primerjavi z letom 2000 le malenkostno zmanjšala (druženje s partnerjem, druženje s prijatelji, nekoliko bolj pa se je zmanjšala pogostost ukvarjanja z lastnimi otroki/brati/sestrami).
In the graph below we show comparative data on internet use in the EU-27 countries, specifically the proportion of young people (16-24 years) that use the internet frequently (those that have used it on average every day or almost every day over the past three months).
V spodnjem grafikonu prikazujemo primerjalne podatke o uporabi spleta v državah EU-27, in sicer delež mladih (16-24 let), ki splet uporablja pogosto (tisti, ki so ga v zadnji treh mesecih v povprečju uporabljali vsak ali skoraj vsak dan).
The data show not just that young people in Slovenia are frequent internet users, but also that in terms of frequency, Slovenian youth are above the EU-27 average and even above the average for the more socio-economically advanced EU-15 countries.
Podatki kažejo ne le, da so mladi v Sloveniji pogosti uporabniki spleta, ampak tudi, da je slovenska mladina po pogostosti nad povprečjem držav EU-27 in celo nad povprečjem socialnoekonomsko razvitejših držav EU-15.
Graph 79: Proportion of young people (16-24 years) that use the internet every day or almost every day, Slovenia, EU-15 and EU-27
Grafikon 79: Delež mladih (16-24 let), ki splet uporablja vsak ali skoraj vsak dan, Slovenija, EU-15 in EU-27
SOURCE: Eurostat
Slovenija
A total of 82 percent of young people use the internet (almost) every day.
82 odstotkov mladih (skoraj) vsak dan uporablja splet.
The proportion of such internet users in Slovenia is above the average for the EU-15 and EU-27 countries.
Delež takih uporabnikov spleta je v Sloveniji nad povprečjem držav EU-15 in EU-27.
Analysis of the Youth 2010 data has shown that just 1.9 percent of young people in Slovenia “never” use the internet.
Analiza podatkov Mladina 2010 je pokazala, da le 1,9 odstotka mladih v Sloveniji »nikoli« ne uporablja spleta.
If we know that 68 percent of households had access to the web in 2010, we may conclude that young people also had frequent access to the web outside their homes, especially in educational institutions, as well as in libraries and other institutions, and employees had access at work.
Če vemo, da je imelo v letu 2010 dostop do spleta 68 odstotkov gospodinjstev, lahko sklepamo, da imajo mladi do spleta pogosto dostop tudi zunaj doma, še posebej v izobraževalnih ustanovah, pa tudi v knjižnicah in drugih ustanovah, zaposleni pa tudi na delovnem mestu.
Below we analyse the nature of the link today between the two types of activity on the level of the individual.
V nadaljevanju analiziramo, kakšna je danes povezanost med obema vrstama dejavnosti na ravni posameznika.
So do those that spend more “total time online”, on “social networking sites”, and those that more frequently “use a computer” also spend less time directly socialising with peers, friends, partners etc?
Ali se torej tisti, ki preživijo več »skupnega časa na spletu«, na »spletnih straneh za socialno mreženje«, in tisti, ki pogosteje »uporabljajo računalnik«, tudi manj neposredno družijo z vrstniki, prijatelji, partnerji itd.
We analysed several indicators of the frequency of use of media, IT and virtual communication, specifically: 1) the cumulative measure of media entertainment content84, 2) the cumulative measure of media information and political content85, 3) being at the computer, 4) using the internet, 5) using social networking websites and 6) talking on the telephone.
Analizirali smo več kazalnikov pogostosti uporabe medijev, informacijske tehnologije oz. virtualne komunikacije, in sicer: 1) kumulativno mero zabavno-razvedrilnih medijskih vsebin85, 2) kumulativno mero informativno-političnih medijskih vsebin86, 3) ukvarjanje z računalnikom, 4) uporabo spleta, 5) uporabo spletnih strani za socialno mreženje ter 6) pogovarjanje po telefonu.