natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Given the data on the involvement of women in tertiary education23 we may anticipate with some certainty that this state of affairs will continue in the coming years.
Glede na podatke o vključenosti žensk v terciarno izobraževanje23 lahko z gotovostjo pričakujemo, da se bo v naslednjih letih tako stanje nadaljevalo.
According to data cited in its research by researchers from the Federation of Free Unions of Slovenia (ZSSS), between 2007 and 2009 more than 52,000 people graduated with degrees, while each year, according to the researchers, there are around 8,000 jobs available to graduates (ZSSS, 2010: 16).
24 Po podatkih Eurostata je bil leta 2008 delež žensk med diplomanti na področju družboslovja, poslovnih ved in prava 71,1-odstoten, na področju humanistike in umetnosti 69,3-odstoten, na področju izobraževanja za pedagoško delo pa 85,7-odstoten
Here we need to realise that the annual surplus of (over)educated labour is mounting up, for which reason we may also expect in the future a pronounced intensification of the problem of unemployment among graduates in Slovenia.
Pri tem se je treba zavedati, da se letni presežki (nad)izobražene delovne sile kopičijo, zaradi česar lahko tudi v prihodnje pričakujemo izrazito stopnjevanje problema brezposelnosti diplomantov v Sloveniji.
Something else that speaks in support of this is that a significant proportion of young people have dealt with the problem of unemployment by continuing to study,25 meaning that in the future these young people will also be returning to the labour market.
Temu v prid govori tudi to, da je pomemben delež mladih težavo brezposelnosti reševal z nadaljnjim izobraževanjem,26 kar pomeni, da se bodo v prihodnje tudi ti mladi vračali na trg dela.
Without any major risk we may therefore conclude:
Brez večjega tveganja lahko torej sklenemo:
In the future, youth policy will certainly encounter a relatively high and growing number of graduates (especially female) who will not be able to ﬁ nd employment suited to their education.
Mladinska politika se bo v prihodnje zagotovo srečevala s sorazmerno velikim in rastočim številom diplomantov in (predvsem) diplomantk, ki ne bodo našli svoji izobrazbi ustrezne zaposlitve.
4.2.4 Unemployment a much greater threat to young women Here the unfavourable position of women regarding employment is not limited just to the most educated.
25 Po podatkih Eurostata se je v Sloveniji delež diplomantov med osebami, starimi 20-29 let, v obdobju 2000-2008 povečal s 25,2 odstotka na 36 odstotkov.
25 According to SORS data and our own calculations, the number of postgraduate students in Slovenia increased from 2000 to 2009 by a staggering 305 percent, and in 2009 reached almost 16,000 students.
26 Po podatkih SURS-a in lastnih izračunih se je število podiplomskih študentov v Sloveniji v obdobju 2000-2009 povečalo za vrtoglavih 305 odstotkov in v letu 2009 znašalo že skoraj 16.000 študentov.
Graph 40: Unemployment rate of economically active young people (15-29 years) by gender, Youth 2000 and Youth 2010
Grafikon 40: Stopnje brezposelnosti ekonomsko aktivnih mladih (15-29 let) glede na spol, Mladina 2000 in Mladina 2010
Men Women
Moški Ženske
The graph clearly shows that (1) in comparison with young men, unemployment is significantly more common among young women, and that in the past decade it has increased much more precisely among the female population of young people, for which reason the differences between the sexes in their status in the labour market have grown considerably.
Iz grafikona jasno izhaja, da je (1) brezposelnost v primerjavi z mladimi moškimi bistveno bolj pogosta med mladimi ženskami ter da se je v zadnjem desetletju bistveno bolj povečala prav med žensko populacijo mladih, zaradi česar so se razlike v položaju na trgu dela med spoloma močno povečale.
In the age group from 25 to 29 years, according to Youth 2010 survey data the female unemployment rate was more than double the rate among men of the same age.
V starostni skupini med 25 in 29 let je po anketnih podatkih raziskave Mladina 2010 stopnja brezposelnosti žensk za več kot dvakrat presegala stopnjo brezposelnosti med enako starimi moškimi.
It should be stressed that official data do not show such stark differences between the sexes.
Treba je poudariti, da uradni podatki tako ostrih razlik med spoloma ne kažejo.
According to ESS data, in the 25-30 age group the proportion of women among all unemployed was around the same in 2010 as it was in 2000 (around 55 percent).
Po podatkih ZRSZ je bil v starostni skupini 25-30 let delež žensk med vsemi brezposelnimi v letu 2010 približno enak deležu iz leta 2000 (okoli 55 odstotkov).
According to Eurostat data the unemployment rate for females in the 15-24 age group in Slovenia was even slightly lower (13.4 percent) than for males (13.8 percent).
Po podatkih Eurostata je bila stopnja brezposelnosti žensk v starostni skupini 15-24 let v Sloveniji celo nekoliko nižja (13,4 odstotka) kot pri moških (13,8 odstotka).
The ascertained differences therefore arise precisely among individuals who perceive themselves to be unemployed, although they are denied that status by official statistics.
Ugotovljene razlike torej nastajajo prav pri posameznikih, ki sebe doživljajo kot brezposelne, čeprav jim uradna statistika ta status odreka.
Among these people there are significantly more women, and their share has grown markedly in this past decade.
Med njimi je očitno bistveno več žensk, njihov delež pa je izrazito narasel prav v zadnjem desetletju.
The labour market offers young women various occasional and periodical and even relatively steady forms of work, especially in catering (mainly waitressing) and in promotional and similar activities.
Trg dela mladim ženskam ponuja različna priložnostne, občasne, pa tudi sorazmerno redne oblike dela, zlasti v gostinstvu (predvsem strežbi) ter promocijskih in podobnih dejavnostih.
Although we have no tangible data, a fairly likely explanation for these discrepancies would appear to be the theory that many young women probably perform this and similar work mainly within what is termed the “grey” or unregulated economy.
Čeprav nimamo konkretnih podatkov, se zdi za razlago ugotovljenih odstopanj dokaj verjetna teza, da mnoge mlade ženske opravljajo taka in podobna dela verjetno predvsem tudi v okviru t.i. sive ekonomije.
The performance of such work by young women is beyond the criteria set for unemployed persons by official statistics (ESS survey or record of unemployed persons).
Opravljanje takih del mlade ženske postavlja onkraj meril, ki jih uradna statistika (anketna ali evidenca brezposelnih oseb ZRSZ) postavlja za brezposelne osebe.
Given the considerable discrepancy between our findings and the official statistics, a further test of their reliability is needed, and this can be provided by data from the latest accessible Slovenian Public Opinion survey of 2009 (SJM 2009).
Glede na precejšnja odstopanja naših ugotovitev od uradnih statistik je treba opraviti še dodaten preizkus njihove zanesljivosti, ki ga omogočajo podatki zadnje dostopne raziskave Slovenskega javnega mnenje iz leta 2009.
Graph 41: Proportions of unemployed among all young people (15-29 years) by gender, SJM 2009/2 and Youth 2010
Grafikon 41: Deleži brezposelnih med vsemi mladimi (15-29 let) glede na spol, SJM 2009/2 in Mladina 2010
Women Men
Ženske Moški
Youth 2010 SJM 2009/2
Mladina 2010 SJM 2009/2
In both surveys the ratios of unemployed males to females are almost the same.
Razmerja med deležem brezposelnih moških in žensk so v obeh raziskavah skoraj enaka.
According to data from our survey, the proportions of unemployed persons among all respondents26 were slightly lower, which we can ascribe to the modest decline in youth unemployment from 2009 to 2010.
Po podatkih iz naše raziskave so deleži brezposelnih med vsemi vprašanimi27 sicer nekoliko nižji, kar lahko pripišemo rahlemu upadu brezposelnosti mladih v obdobju 2009-2010.
We may therefore conclude that the levels of unemployment determined in this chapter, and based on the individual's self-perception, are quite reliable.
Lahko torej sklenemo, da so v tem poglavju ugotovljene stopnje brezposelnosti, utemeljene na samozaznavi posameznikov, dokaj zanesljive.
26 It should be pointed out that in this case we are not talking about the unemployment rate that is calculated as the proportion of unemployed persons only in the context of economically active persons.
27 Treba je opozoriti, da v tem primeru ne govorimo o stopnji brezposelnosti, ki se izračuna kot delež brezposelnih samo v okviru ekonomsko aktivnih prebivalcev.
Graph 42: Young people and the a itude to the future (employment, loss of job, fear of failure), Youth 2000 and Youth 2010 (15-29 years)
Grafikon 42: Mladi in odnos do prihodnosti (zaposlitev, izguba zaposlitve), Mladina 2000 in Mladina 2010 (15-29 let)
Youth 2000 Youth 2010 Youth 2000 Youth 2010 I'm afraid of not being able to ﬁ nd a job.
Mladina 2000 Mladina 2010 Mladina 2000 Mladina 2010 Bojim se, da se ne bom mogel/la zaposliti.
Not true at all or not true True or very true
Sploh ne velja oz. ne velja Velja oz. zelo velja
Given the marked increase in the risk of unemployment, this trend is of course no surprise, but what is perhaps slightly surprising is that the identification of fear of losing one's job (if one is employed or when/if one will be employed) was made in both 2000 and 2010 by around the same number of respondents (around 27 percent28).
Glede na občutno povečanje tveganja brezposelnosti tak trend seveda ni nobeno presenečenje, nekoliko presenetljivo je morda to, da je sebi pripisalo strah pred izgubo službe (če jo imajo oz. ko/če jo bodo imeli) v letih 2000 in 2010 približno enako število vprašanih (okoli 27 odstotkov29).
In view of the described situation in the labour market, it is no surprise that the fear with regard to securing employment is a significantly greater characteristic of women (33.5 percent) than of men (20.8 percent), while a similar story applies to the fear of losing one's job, which is present among 30.2 percent of women and 23.5 percent of men.
Glede na opisano stanje na trgu dela ni presenetljivo, da je strah glede pridobitve zaposlitve bistveno značilnejši za ženske (33,5 odstotka) kot za moške (20,8 odstotka), podobno pa velja tudi za strah pred izgubo službe, ki je prisoten pri 30,2 odstotka žensk in 23,5 odstotka moških.
Young people don't have a chance.”
Mladi nimajo možnosti.
Every Pahor [Tom, Dick or Harry] needs a panel beater when they have a crash.
Vsak Pahor rabi kleparja, kose zaleti.
Some people like these jobs, though they're seen as inferior in society… Maybe some excellent student would like to work with wood, but they don't let him and push him into grammar school… I'd almost have preferred to go to a vocational school, become a cook… but my parents made me go to grammar school - our kid won't do menial work…”
Enim je to v veselje, pa se v družbi tretira kot manjvredno… mogoče pa bi kak odličnjak rad delal z lesom, pa mu tega ne omogočijo in ga stlačijo med gimnazijce… Sam bi skoraj rajši šel na poklicno, bil bi kuhar… Pa so me stari stlačli na gimnazijo, naš pa že ne bo delal…«
“Employment is pretty bad for young people, there aren't enough jobs, and we young people will have to struggle harder for jobs than our parents.
»Zaposlovanje med mladimi je slabo, služb je premalo, mladi se bomo morali bolj boriti za službe kot pa naši starši.
There's also a lot of uncertainty about education, since you don't know where you'll work.
Velika je tudi negotovost glede izobraževanja, saj ne veš, kje boš delal.
The work is also unreliable and we'll need greater flexibility, plus more education and aggressiveness.
Delo je tudi nezanesljivo in potrebno bo več fleksibilnosti, dodatnega izobraževanja in agresivnosti.
“On the one hand we're all responsible, on the other hand the state, then again the EU… It's hard to define, but still it's the same all over the world, although no one knows why this has happened.”
»Po eni strani smo vsi odgovorni, po drugi država, po tretji strani EU… Težko je opredelit, sicer pa je po celem svetu tak, zakaj pa je do tega prišlo, pa noben ne ve.
And the state should abolish the employment agencies, for instance ADECCO, since they help find you a job, but then they take commission off your wages.”
Država pa bi morala ukiniti agencije za zaposlovanje, na primer ADECCO, ker te ti sicer iščejo službo, ti pa potem odtegnejo od plače.
It seems normal to me that there are fewer jobs, since our parents were spending excessively.
To se mi zdi normalno, da je malo služb, saj so naši starši preveč trošili.
Resources ran out and a period of deprivation followed, but this too will end one day and young people will see better days.”
Resursov je zmanjkalo in prišlo je obdobje pomanjkanja, ki pa se bo enkrat končalo in tudi za mlade pridejo boljši časi.
Those young adults who are already employed see the situation slightly differently.
Mladi, ki pa so že zaposleni, pa vidijo stvar nekoliko drugače.
“Taxes are the problem… reduce taxes, this will stimulate everything else.”
»Problem so davki… Znižat davke, ker bo to stimuliralo vse ostalo.
In their view, the social network has a greater role in applying for a job than the level of education attained.
Sami bolj kot stopnjo izobrazbe vidijo socialno mrežo kot tisto, ki ima pomembnejšo vlogo pri kandidiranju za delovno mesto.
At this time, therefore, they are being quite realistic, since various studies point to the major importance of social networks in the labour market (Rees, 1966; Granovetter, 1973, 1995).
V tem trenutku so torej dokaj realni, saj različne študije kažejo na velik pomen socialnih mrež na trgu dela (Rees, 1966; Granovetter, 1973, 1995).
At the same time they do not show any great anxiety, since they believe that some source of income will turn up for them.
Hkrati s tem pa ne izražajo prevelike zaskrbljenosti, saj menijo, da se bo neki vir dohodka zanje že našel.
Here we were interested in what young people would be willing to do, to avoid the risk of unemployment.
Tu nas je zanimalo, kaj bi bili mladi pripravljeni storiti, da se izognejo tveganju brezposelnosti.
To this end we used an instrument of agreement with four statements that were used in the international survey Stališča o delu - SJM (Views of Work - Slovenian Public Opinion 2005/1)(Malnar et al., 2005).
V ta namen smo uporabili instrument strinjanja s štirimi trditvami, ki so ga uporabili v mednarodni raziskavi Stališča o delu - SJM (Slovensko javno mnenje 2005/1)(Malnar et al., 2005).
The next graph shows the proportions of those that agreed (mainly or entirely) that they were willing to make the decision listed.
V naslednjem grafikonu predstavljamo deleže tistih, ki so se (pretežno ali popolnoma) strinjali, da so pripravljeni na posamezno navedeno odločitev.
Graph 43: Willingness of young people (15-29 years) to take action to reduce the risk of unemployment, SJM 2005/1 and Youth 2010
Grafikon 43: Pripravljenost mladih (15-29 let) na dejanja, ki bi lahko zmanjšala tveganje brezposelnosti, SJM 2005/1 in Mladina
To avoid unemployment, I would be prepared to accept:
Da bi se izognil/a nezaposlenosti, bi bil/a pripravljen/a sprejeti:
Work far away
Delo v oddaljenem kraju
Temporary employment
Začasno zaposlitev
Lower position for lower pay
Nižji položaj za nižje plačilo
Work requiring new skills and knowledge
Delo, ki zahteva nove veščine in znanja
Youth 2010 SJM 2005/1
Mladina 2010 SJM 2005/1
While the proportion of those willing to accept a lower position and work that requires new skills has fallen slightly, the other two indicators show a considerable increase.
Medtem ko se je delež pripravljenih na sprejemanje nižjega položaja in dela, ki zahteva novo znanje, nekoliko znižal, pri drugih dveh kazalnikih ugotavljamo precejšnje povišanje.
Compared to 2005, in order to increase their employment options young people in 2010 were signiﬁ cantly more prepared for geographical mobility and notably more willing to accept temporary employment.
Mladi so v primerjavi z letom 2005 za povečanje zaposlitvenih možnosti v letu 2010 bistveno bolj pripravljeni na geografsko mobilnost in občutno bolj pripravljeni sprejeti začasno zaposlitev.
This trend clearly shows that young people are rapidly adapting to the flexible labour market.
Ta trend jasno kaže, da se mladi hitro prilagajajo prožnemu trgu dela.
Here we should point out that among the concepts that correlate with any statistical significance to “sacrifices for employment”,29 the most interesting is educational qualifications (r = 0.21; p < 0.01).
Pri tem je treba omeniti, da je med koncepti, ki statistično značilno korelirajo s »požrtvovalnostjo za zaposlitev«,30 najzanimivejša izobrazba (r = 0,21; p < 0,01).
More educated young people are therefore more willing to make various adjustments in order to improve their employment prospects.
Bolj izobraženi mladi so torej bolj pripravljeni na različne prilagoditve, da bi si izboljšali zaposlitvene možnosti.
This willingness is also affected by certain personality traits such as social intolerance (r = -0.21; p < 0.01), an orientation to the future (r = 0.13; p < 0.01), deviance (r = -0.20; p < 0.01) and permissive socialisation (r = -0.17; p < 0.01), plus several others.
Na to pripravljenost pomembno vplivajo tudi nekatere osebnostne značilnosti, kot so socialna nestrpnost (r = -0,21; p < 0,01), usmerjenost v prihodnost (r = 0,13; p < 0,01), deviantnost (r = -0,20; p < 0,01) in permisivna socializacija (r = -0,17; p < 0,01) in še nekatere druge.
In short, more sacrifices for employment will be made by young people who are socially more tolerant, more conformist, orientated to the future and who were not brought up in a permissive (or authoritarian) way.
Na kratko, požrtvovalnejši glede zaposlitve so mladi, ki so socialno strpnejši, bolj konformni, usmerjeni v prihodnost in ki niso bili permisivno (ali avtoritarno) vzgojeni.
Along with education, these are clearly characteristics that in themselves increase the probability of success in the labour market.
Skupaj z izobrazbo so to očitno lastnosti, ki že same po sebi povečujejo verjetnost uspeha na trgu dela.
4.3 Student work
4.3 Študentsko delo
The structural imbalances in the labour market are being dealt with increasingly - especially with regard to young people - by increasing the flexibility of the labour force.
Strukturna neravnotežja na trgu delovne sile se vse bolj - še posebej glede mladih - rešujejo s povečanjem prožnosti delovne sile.
The new economic doctrine was geared primarily towards reducing the costs of labour, while increasing its skills and especially its flexibility.
30 Spremenljivka »požrtvovalnost za zaposlitev« je bila oblikovana na podlagi povzemanja v grafikonu prikazanih štirih kazalnikov (Cronbachov koeficient interne konsistentnosti lestvice = 0,68).
In Slovenia this trend has perhaps become most prominently apparent in student work.
V Sloveniji se je ta težnja morda najizraziteje pojavila pri študentskem delu.
From the employer's viewpoint, student work is a reasonably favourable solution.
Z vidika delodajalcev je študentsko delo razumljivo ugodna rešitev.
It provides cheap and flexible labour, which is also above average in terms of energy, and also relatively well educated.
Zagotavlja namreč poceni in izrazito prožno delovno silo, ki je poleg tega nadpovprečno energična in tudi sorazmerno dobro izobražena.
On the other hand it offers students the prospect of additional earnings, and in some cases it also provides work experience and the creation of social networks that are important for the continued career path.
Po drugi strani študentom ponuja možnost dodatnega zaslužka ter v nekaterih primerih tudi pridobivanja delovnih izkušenj in ustvarjanje socialnih mrež, ki so pomembne za nadaljnjo poklicno pot.
According to the Eurostudent SI 2007 survey, in 2007 student work was performed by 65 percent of students in Slovenia, with 57 percent of them performing on average more than five hours of such work each week.
Po podatkih raziskave Evroštudent SI 2007 je leta 2007 v Sloveniji študentsko delo opravljalo 65 odstotkov študentov, pri čemer jih je 57 odstotkov opravljalo v povprečju več kot 5 ur takega dela na teden.
The share of income from work as a proportion of the overall earnings of students that work amounted to 43 percent in 2007, according to the researchers.
Delež dohodka iz dela v celotnem dohodku študentov, ki delajo, je v letu 2007 po oceni raziskovalcev znašal 43 odstotkov.
According to analyses by Šušteršič et al. (2010), the total income from student work reached its peak in 2004.
Po analizah Šušteršiča in sodelavcev (2010) so skupni prihodki iz študentskega dela dosegli vrh leta 2004.
In 2008 it was 12 percent lower than in 2004, while in 2009 it fell a further 8 percent and amounted in total to around 314 million euros.
Leta 2008 so bili v primerjavi z letom 2004 za 12 odstotkov nižji, v letu 2009 pa so upadli še za nadaljnjih 8 odstotkov in skupaj znašali okoli 314 milijonov evrov.
In our research we repeated the question from the Youth 2000 survey, which asked respondents whether they were supplementing their income through earnings from occasional work, working via the student employment service, earnings from private lessons and so on.
V naši raziskavi smo ponovili vprašanje iz raziskave Mladina 2000, ki anketiranca sprašuje, ali se preživlja tudi z dohodki iz občasnega dela, dela prek študentskega servisa, dohodki od inštrukcij itd.
Among full-time students, 78.3 percent answered in the affirmative in 2000, while 84.1 percent did so in 2010.
Med rednimi študenti je leta 2000 pritrdilno odgovorilo 78,3 odstotka, leta 2010 pa kar 84,1 odstotka vprašanih.
In addition to student work, these proportions also include other forms of occasional work, so they are a little higher compared to data in the Eurostudent survey (2007).
V teh deležih so sicer poleg študentskega dela vključene tudi druge oblike občasnega dela, zato so ti nekoliko višji v primerjavi s podatki raziskave Evroštudent (2007).
Nevertheless the data indicate fairly reliably that the proportion of students doing student work has increased markedly over the past decade.
Ne glede na to pa ti podatki dokaj zanesljivo kažejo, da se je delež študentov, ki opravljajo študentsko delo, v zadnjem desetletju občutno povečal.
To begin with, let us look at how their structure has changed in terms of basic employment status.
Za začetek poglejmo, kako se je spremenila njihova struktura glede na osnovni zaposlitveni status.
Graph 44: Basic employment status of young people (15-29 years) performing steady work, Youth 2000 and Youth 2010
Grafikon 44: Osnovni zaposlitveni status mladih (15-29 let), ki opravljajo redno delo, Mladina 2000 in Mladina 2010
Steady ﬁ xed-term employment
Redno zaposlen/a za določen čas
Youth 2010 Youth 2000
Mladina 2010 Mladina 2010
Over the past decade there have been considerable shifts in the structure shown, and these reiterate the pronounced trend of increasing flexibility in the labour market for young people.
V zadnjem desetletju je v prikazani strukturi prišlo do precejšnjih premikov, ki ponovno potrjujejo izrazit trend povečevanja prožnosti trga dela za mlade.
The proportion of young people performing contract work has almost doubled in the past decade, and in 2010 accounted for more than a quarter of those doing steady work.
Delež mladih, ki delajo honorarno, se je v zadnjem desetletju skoraj podvojil in v letu 2010 znaša dobro četrtino vseh, ki redno delajo.
Meanwhile there has been a marked reduction in the proportion of those with full-time permanent employment.
Pri tem se je občutno zmanjšal delež redno zaposlenih za nedoločen čas.
We then asked all those with steady work, how satisfied were they with their jobs.
V nadaljevanju smo vse, ki redno delajo, povprašali, kako so s svojim delom zadovoljni.
Graph 45: Average value of agreement with statements regarding satisfaction with steady work, Youth 2000 and Youth 2010
Grafikon 45: Povprečne vrednosti strinjanja s trditvami glede zadovoljstva z opravljanim rednim delom, Mladina 2000 in Mladina 2010
My rights in the workplace are often violated.
Moje pravice na delovnem mestu so pogosto kršene.
The work I do is appreciated.
Delo, ki ga opravljam, je cenjeno.
The work is too demanding and hard.
Delo je preveč zahtevno in naporno.