natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Science Data Archive [production and distribution], 2000.
Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za družbene vede, Arhiv družboslovnih podatkov [izdelava in izdelava], 2000.
Official Journal of the European Union (2009).
Uradni list Evropske unije (2009).
COUNCIL RESOLUTION of 27 November 2009 on a renewed framework for European cooperation in the youth field (2010-2018) (2009/C 311/01).
RESOLUCIJA SVETA z dne 27. novembra 2009 o prenovljenem okviru za evropsko sodelovanje na področju mladine (2010-2018) (2009/C 311/01).
9 The economic status of young people
9 Gmotni položaj mladih
Where discussion turns to the economic status of young people, the focus is usually first on their disposable income and its primary sources, and then on the factors that determine the level of that income and their correlates.
Ko se govori o gmotnem položaju mladih, se običajno najprej govori o njihovem razpoložljivem dohodku in njegovih glavnih virih, nato pa še o dejavnikih, ki določajo višino tega dohodka, in o njihovih korelatih.
Here the emphasis is most frequently on categories such as employment status and level of educational qualifications, although it is not possible to get around issues associated with access to the labour market and education, mobility, housing and social policies, social protection and so forth.
Pri tem se najpogosteje poudarjajo kategorije, kot so zaposlitveni status in raven dosežene izobrazbe, ni pa se mogoče izogniti vprašanjem, ki se nanašajo na dostop do trga dela in izobraževanja, mobilnost, stanovanjsko in socialno politiko, socialno varstvo itd.
In this light, the economic and social status of young people is therefore associated closely with policies relating to the labour market, welfare state measures, education, family, social and other policies.
Iz povedanega izhaja, da je ekonomski in socialni položaj mladih tesno povezan s politikami, ki se nanašajo na trg dela, ukrepe države blaginje, izobraževalno, družinsko, socialno in še katero politiko.
9.1 Poverty among young Slovenians below the European average
9.1 Revščina mladih v Sloveniji pod evropskim povprečjem
The difficulties arising in this regard impact the level of employment among young people, the time they leave home, the conditions in which they live, the time they decide to start a family and so on, and indirectly and directly also the level of poverty among young people.
Težave, ki se pojavljajo v zvezi s tem, vplivajo na stopnjo zaposlenosti med mladimi, na to, kdaj odidejo od doma, v kakšnih razmerah živijo, kdaj se odločajo za družino ipd., posredno in neposredno pa tudi na raven revščine med mladimi.
Nagode, Smole and Boljka (2009) point out that in terms of their exposure to the risk of poverty, young Slovenians are in a relatively good position compared to their European peers, but here they also point out that this “cannot be attributed to the labour market, which is hard for young people to get into, but primarily to the functioning of an informal support network evident in young adults extending the time they live in their original family, and the relatively successful functioning of the social protection system« (ibid.: 57).
Nagodetova, Smolejeva in Boljka (2009) nakažejo, da so slovenski mladi, ko gre za njihovo izpostavljenost tveganju revščine, v sorazmerno boljšem položaju kot njihovi evropski vrstniki, toda ob tem opozarjajo, da »za to ni odgovoren trg delovne sile, na katerega se mladi le s težavo vključujejo, ampak predvsem delovanje neformalnih podpor, ki se kažejo v podaljševanju bivanja mladih v izvorni družini, in razmeroma uspešno delovanje sistema socialnega varstva« (prav tam: 57).
Male
Moški
NOTE: The level of poverty risk is expressed as the percentage of persons living in households with disposable equivalent income below the threshold of poverty risk (60 percent of median income per equivalent member.
OPOMBA: Stopnja tveganja revščine je izražena kot odstotek oseb, ki živijo v gospodinjstvih z razpoložljivim ekvivalentnim dohodkom pod pragom tveganja revščine (60 odstotkov mediane dohodka na ekvivalentnega člana.
For an explanation of the calculation method, see footnote104).
Za obrazložitev načina izračuna glej opombo105).
DATA source: Eurostat, SORS
V IR podatkov: Eurostat, SURS
Then for each household disposable net income per equivalent member is calculated using the OECD adjusted equivalence scale.
Nato se za vsako gospodinjstvo izračuna razpoložljivi neto dohodek na ekvivalentnega člana s pomočjo OECD-jeve prilagojene ekvivalenčne lestvice.
The scale gives the first adult member a weighting of 1, the second member aged 14 or over a weighting of 0.5, and children under 14 a weighting of 0.3.
Lestvica daje prvemu odraslemu članu utež 1, drugim članom, starim 14 let ali več, utež 0,5, otrokom, mlajšim od 14 let, pa utež 0,3.
A four-member household of two adults and two children will thus have 2.1 equivalent adult members (calculation: 1 * 1 + 1 * 0.5 + 2 * 0.3 = 2.1).
Štiričlansko gospodinjstvo dveh odraslih in dveh otrok ima tako 2,1 ekvivalentnega odraslega člana (izračun: 1 * 1 + 1 * 0,5 + 2 * 0,3 = 2,1).
Indeed a full 78 percent of Slovenians believe that poverty is very widespread in Slovenia (on average 73 percent of Europeans believe this) (Eurobarometer, 2010).
Sloveniji zelo razširjena (v povprečju tako meni 73 odstotkov Evropejcev) (Eurobarometer, 2010).
The presented data also show one more Slovenian variance from Europe.
Iz prikazanih podatkov pa je razvidno še eno odstopanje Slovenije od Evrope.
While young people in Europe are more exposed to poverty risk than the average European, the exact opposite is true in Slovenia.
Medtem ko so mladi v Evropi v primerjavi s povprečnim Evropejcem bolj izpostavljeni tveganju revščine, za mlade v Sloveniji velja ravno nasprotno.
As has already been indicated, this difference may be at least partly ascribed to the system of informal support, and more precisely to the fact that young people in Slovenia are very late in leaving their parental home (Mandič, 2009; see also the chapter Housing and living conditions of young people), meaning that the late departure from home is actually functional in terms of maintaining a relatively favourable picture presented by Slovenia regarding poverty among young people.
Kot je bilo že bilo nakazano, lahko to razliko vsaj deloma pripišemo sistemu neformalnih podpor, natančneje dejstvu, da mladi v Sloveniji zelo pozno zapuščajo dom svojih staršev (Mandič, 2009; glej tudi poglavje Stanovanjske in bivanjske razmere mladih), kar pomeni, da so pozni odhodi od doma pravzaprav funkcionalni z vidika ohranjanja razmeroma ugodne slike, ki jo glede revščine mladih izkazuje Slovenija.
The level of poverty risk among young people in Slovenia is distinctly lower than the level of risk encountered by young people elsewhere in Europe.
Stopnja tveganja revščine med mladimi v Sloveniji je opazno nižja od stopnje tveganja, s katero se srečujejo mladi v Evropi.
Part of this difference may be explained by the late departure of Slovenian youth from their parental homes.
Del teh razlik je mogoče pojasniti s pomočjo poznega odhoda slovenskih mladih od doma svojih staršev.
Of course there is the danger that in circumstances where young people are finding it increasingly difficult to get into the jobs market, and they are being forced to accept increasingly insecure employment, this picture will deteriorate.
Seveda pa obstaja nevarnost, da se bo v razmerah, v katerih se mladi vse teže vključujejo na trg dela, če pa že, pa so tam primorani sprejemati vse manj varne zaposlitve, ta slika poslabšala.
The highest levels of poverty in Slovenia can indeed be found among the unemployed (graph below).
Najvišje stopnje revščine v Sloveniji je namreč mogoče najti med brezposelnimi (grafikon spodaj).
Total
Delovno neaktivni
Male
Brezposelni
Female
Upokojeni
** The level of poverty risk by most frequent status of activity is calculated relative to the predominant status of activity of the person over the entire year.
** Stopnja tveganja revščine glede na najpogostejši status aktivnosti je izračunana glede na prevladujoči status aktivnosti osebe v celem letu.
Persons who are younger or older than the set age are not used in calculating this indicator.
Osebe, ki so mlajše ali starejše od določene starosti, se pri izračunu tega kazalnika ne upoštevajo.
Predominant status of the person's activity is the status that the person had for at least seven months in the income reference year.
Prevladujoči status aktivnosti osebe je status, ki ga je oseba imela vsaj sedem mesecev v dohodkovnem referenčnem letu.
Persons for whom it is not possible to determine any status of activity for at least seven months of the year are not used in calculating this indicator.
Osebe, ki jim najmanj za sedem mesecev v letu ni mogoče določiti nobenega statusa aktivnosti, se pri izračunu tega kazalnika ne upoštevajo.
Work-active relates to those persons that were employed or self-employed for at least seven months in the year.
Delovno aktivne so osebe, ki so bile zaposlene ali samozaposlene vsaj sedem mesecev v letu.
Work-inactive relates to all persons that were unemployed, retired or otherwise inactive for at least seven months in the year.
Delovno neaktivne so vse osebe, ki so bile brezposelne, upokojene ali drugače neaktivne vsaj sedem mesecev v letu.
Other inactive persons are housewives, school and university students and people unable to work.
Druge neaktivne osebe so gospodinje, dijaki in študenti ter za delo nezmožne osebe.
DATA SOURCE: Eurostat, SORS
VIR podatkov: Eurostat, SURS
9.2 Incomes of young people in Slovenia - discrepancy between official data and self-assessment
9.2 Dohodki mladih v Sloveniji - neskladje med uradnimi podatki in samooceno
An analysis of young people's incomes (16-24 years) shows that in 2007 the average annual equivalent net disposable income of young people in EU-25 was around 40 percent higher than the income of young people in Slovenia (Nagode, Smolej and Boljka, 2009; in Rakar and Boljka, 2009), with the difference being even greater if we compare Slovenian youth to Italian, German or Austrian youth.
Analiza dohodka mladih (16-24 let) pokaže, da je bil leta 2007 povprečni letni ekvivalentni neto razpoložljivi dohodek mladih v EU 25 za približno 40 odstotkov višji od dohodka mladih v Sloveniji (Nagode, Smolej in Boljka, 2009; v Rakar in Boljka, 2009), pri čemer je razlika še večja, če slovenske mlade primerjamo z italijansko, nemško ali avstrijsko mladino.
Judging from Eurostat data, in 2009 youth in those countries on average “disposed” of105 almost 70 percent higher incomes.
Sodeč po podatkih Eurostata, je ta leta 2009 v povprečju »razpolagala«106 s skoraj 70 odstotki višjimi dohodki.
Yet on the other hand this same age group in Slovenia disposed of incomes that were on average as much as 170 percent higher than those at the disposal of Hungarian youth, who in this regard are lagging behind increasingly (graph below).
Toda ta ista starostna skupina v Sloveniji je po drugi strani razpolagala z dohodki, ki so bili v povprečju za kar 170 odstotkov višji od tistih, s katerimi je razpolagala madžarska mladina, ki v tem pogledu tudi vse bolj zaostaja (grafikon spodaj).
105 As is evident in the previous footnote, this is not income received by persons at a certain age, but income calculated on the basis of the equivalent income of persons of a certain age (which depends on the income of the household in which the persons live).
106 Kot je razvidno iz prejšnje opombe, ne gre za dohodek, ki so ga prejele osebe v določeni starosti, ampak za dohodek, ki se izračuna na podlagi ekvivalentnega dohodka oseb določene starosti (ki je odvisen od dohodka gospodinjstva, v katerem osebe živijo).
Graph 98: Average annual equivalent disposable net income of young people in Slovenia* (expressed in euros 1999 and PPP2) compared to other age groups and young people in Europe3,
Grafikon 98: Povprečni letni ekvivalentni razpoložljivi neto dohodek mladih v Sloveniji* (izražen v evrih 1999 in PKM**) v primerjavi z drugimi starostnimi skupinami in mladimi v Evropi***, 2005-2009
Euros 1999
Evri 1999
16-24 Germany 16-24 Italy 16-24 Hungary 16-24 Austria 16-24 Slovenia 16-64 Slovenia 65+ Slovenia
16-24 Nemčija 16-24 Italija 16-24 Madžarska 16-24 Avstrija 16-24 Slovenija 16-64 Slovenija 65+ Slovenija
PPP
OPOMBE:
* The basis for the calculation is the annual equivalent disposable net income of households that participated in the survey of income and living conditions (silc; for a detailed description of the calculation of annual equivalent disposable net household income, see footnote 107), on the basis of which the disposable net income per equivalent member is calculated.
* Osnova za izračun je letni ekvivalentni razpoložljivi neto dohodek gospodinjstev, ki so sodelovala v raziskovanju o dohodkih in življenjskih pogojih (SILC; za podroben opis izračuna letnega ekvivalentnega razpoložljivega neto dohodka gospodinjstva glej sprotno opombo 107), na podlagi katerega se izračuna razpoložljivi neto dohodek na ekvivalentnega člana.
This then provides the basis for calculating average income for slovenia overall and by speciﬁ c age group.
Na tej podlagi se nato izračuna povprečni dohodek za Slovenijo skupaj in po posameznih starostnih skupinah.
Average income is not calculated on the basis of income received by persons at a certain age, but on the basis of the equivalent income of persons of a certain age (which depends on the income of the household in which the persons live).
Povprečni dohodek se ne izračuna na podlagi dohodka, ki so ga prejele osebe v določeni starosti, ampak na podlagi ekvivalentnega dohodka oseb določene starosti (ki je odvisen od dohodka gospodinjstva, v katerem osebe živijo).
The (weighted) equivalent income of persons in the age group is added up and divided by the number of persons (weighted) in the age group (sors, 2010).
Sešteje se (uteženi) ekvivalentni dohodek oseb v starostni skupini in deli s številom oseb (uteženim) v starostni skupini (SURS, 2010).
** PPP - purchasing power parity (excludes the effect of price differences).
** PKM - pariteta kupne moči (izločitev vpliva razlik med cenami).
*** Since the latest available data from Eurostat do not include data for the eu, for the period 2005-2007 we used data cited in the report by Nagode, Smolej and Boljka (2009: 60; in Rakar and Boljka, 2009).
*** Ker zadnji razpoložljivi podatki Eurostata ne vključujejo podatkov za EU, smo za obdobje 20052007 uporabili podatke, ki jih v svojem poročilu navajajo Nagode, Smolej in Boljka (2009: 60; v Rakar in Boljka, 2009).
SOURCE: Eurostat- Population and social conditions/Living conditions and welfare/Income and living condition/Income distribution and monetary poverty; Rakar and Boljka, 2009
VIR: Eurostat- Population and social conditions/Living conditions and welfare/Income and living condition/Income distribution and monetary poverty; Rakar in Boljka, 2009
The reduction in the difference is even more noticeable when young Slovenians are compared to their Italian counterparts.
Zmanjšanje razlik je še opaznejše, ko slovenske mlade primerjamo z njihovimi italijanskimi vrstniki.
While in 2008 young adults in Italy on average had disposable income that was, in absolute terms, just under 40 percent higher than the disposable income of young Slovenians, on average that amount would only buy them under 7 percent more comparable goods.
Če so leta 2008 mladostniki v Italiji v povprečju razpolagali z dohodkom, ki je bil v absolutnem znesku za slabih 40 odstotkov višji od razpoložljivega dohodka slovenskih mladostnikov, so lahko s tem zneskom v povprečju kupili le za slabih 7 odstotkov več primerljivih dobrin.
Meanwhile young Slovenians are also in a relatively good situation when their disposable income is compared to the oldest age group (65 and over).
Sicer so slovenski mladi v razmeroma boljšem položaju tudi, ko se njihov razpoložljivi dohodek primerja z najstarejšo skupino prebivalstva (65 let in več).
In 2009 their average disposable income was around 11 percent lower than the disposable income of young people aged 16 to 24 years, while official Eurostat data also indicate that all age groups in Slovenia, including youth, are gaining in real terms, irrespective of whether the income is expressed in fixed prices or PPP.
Njihov povprečni razpoložljivi dohodek je bil leta 2009 za okoli 11 odstotkov nižji od tistega, s katerim je razpolagala skupina mladih, starih od 16 do 24 let, uradni podatki Eurostata pa tudi kažejo, da vse starostne skupine v Sloveniji, vključno z mladimi, realno pridobivajo, in to ne glede na to, ali je dohodek izražen v stalnih cenah ali v PKM.
Although official Eurostat data show that the disposable income of young Slovenians is noticeably less than the EU-25 average, these same data indicate that the disposable income of young people (16-24 years) is growing in real terms, and taking into account price differences, the purchasing power of young people in Slovenia is even approaching that of young people in economically more advanced EU countries (Italy, Germany and Austria).
Čeprav uradni podatki Eurostata kažejo, da je razpoložljivi dohodek mladih v Sloveniji opazno nižji od povprečja EU-25, pa ti isti podatki nakazujejo, da razpoložljivi dohodek mladih (16-24 let) realno raste, ob upoštevanju razlik v cenah pa se kupna moč mladih v Sloveniji celo približuje kupni moči mladih iz gospodarsko razvitejših držav EU (Italija, Nemčija, Avstrija).
The findings of our study paint a slightly different picture.
Izsledki naše študije kažejo nekoliko drugačno sliko.
Those doing contract work, in other words including those young people who do a variety of jobs via the student employment services, are in real terms today in a worse position than their peers in 2000 (graph below).
Honorarno zaposleni, torej tudi tisti mladi, ki opravljajo razna dela prek študentskih servisov, so danes realno na slabšem, kot so bili njihovi vrstniki leta 2000 (grafikon spodaj).
Graph 99: Estimate of average monthly disposable income of young people (15-29 years) by employment status, in euros, Youth 2000* and Youth 2010
Grafikon 99: Ocena povprečnega mesečnega razpoložljivega dohodka mladih (15-29 let) glede na zaposlitveni status, v evrih, Mladina 2000* in Mladina 2010
Steady/ﬁ xed term
Redno/ določen čas
Youth 2000 Youth 2010
Mladina 2000 Mladina 2010
Steady/ permanent
Redno/ nedoločen čas
Self-employed Contract work
Samozaposlen Honorarno delo
Without steady work
Brez rednega dela
NOTE: * Average disposable income in 2000 was converted at the official exchange rate into euros and then revalued, with the starting and ending date taken as 15 June (2000/2010).
OPOMBA: * Povprečni razpoložljivi dohodek iz leta 2000 je bil po uradnem tečaju preračunan v evre in nato revaloriziran, pri čemer je bil kot začetni in končni datum vzet 15. 6.
106 The data also show that the amounts presented are also noticeably lower than those given by Eurostat.
107 Iz podatkov je tudi razvidno, da so prikazani zneski opazno nižji od tistih, ki jih navaja Eurostat.
Indeed our research indicates that the average disposable annual income of young people (16-24 years) hovers around 4,052 euros (as can be seen in Graph 98, the equivalent annual disposable income in 2009 for the same age group in Slovenia amounted to 12,727.50 euros, in other words around three times more).
Iz naše raziskave namreč izhaja, da se povprečni razpoložljivi letni dohodek mladih (16-24 let) giblje okoli 4.052 evrov (kot je razvidno iz grafikona 98, je ekvivalent letnega razpoložljivega dohodka v leta 2009 za isto starostno skupino v Sloveniji leta 2009 znašal 12.727,5 evra, torej pribl. trikrat več).
Although this is a different method of calculation (“equivalisation”), it still seems that the Eurostat data in no way show the real situation.
Čeprav gre za drugačen način izračunavanja (»ekvivalizacija«), se vendarle zdi, da Eurostatovi podatki nikakor ne kažejo realnega stanja.
This amount is indeed higher than the amount obtained by multiplying average net pay, which according to SORS data amounted to 963.80 euros in September 2010.
Znesek je namreč višji od zneska, ki ga dobimo, če pomnožimo povprečno neto plačo, ki je po podatkih SURS-a v septembru 2010 znašala 963,8 evra.
Analysis of the estimated total monthly disposable income of young people reveals that the average disposable income of young people in 2010 relative to 2000 has not changed in real terms, and is around 500 euros.
Analiza ocene skupnega mesečnega razpoložljivega dohodka mladih razkrije, da se povprečni razpoložljivi dohodek mladih v letu 2010 glede na leto 2000 realno ni spremenil in da je okoli 500 evrov.
More detailed analysis reveals that this is a consequence of the reduction in the number of young people with steady employment (who indeed were earning more in real terms in 2010 than they were in 2000) and an increase in the proportion of contract workers (who were earning less in real terms in 2010 compared to 2000).
Podrobnejša analiza razkrije, da je to posledica tega, da se je med mladimi zmanjšal delež redno zaposlenih (ti so v letu 2010 glede na leto 2000 sicer prejemali realno višje dohodke) in povečal delež honorarno zaposlenih (tiso v letu 2010 glede na leto 2000 prejemali realno nižje dohodke).
9.3 Main source of youth income is pocket money, gifts and earnings from occasional or contract work
9.3 Glavni vir dohodkov mladih so žepnine, darila in dohodki iz občasnih ali honorarnih del
The reduction in earnings from contract work can without doubt be linked to the increased scope of student work, which also includes increasingly poorly paid work, for which growing numbers of eligible people are competing (expansion of tertiary education).
Zmanjšanje dohodka iz honorarnega dela je prav gotovo mogoče povezati s povečanjem obsega študentskega dela, ki vključuje tudi vse več slabše plačanih del, za katera se poteguje vse več upravičencev (ekspanzija terciarnega izobraževanja).
The fact that there is increasing contract work can be deduced from the breakdown of source of income for young people (graph below).
Da je honorarnega dela vse več, je mogoče razbrati tudi iz strukture vira dohodkov mladih (grafikon spodaj).
Graph 100: Sources of income of young people (15-29 years), Youth 2000 and Youth 2010
Grafikon 100: Viri dohodkov mladih (15-29 let), Mladina 2000 in Mladina 2010
NOTE: The graph shows the proportions of those that have indicated that a category is the source of their income.
OPOMBA: Grafikon prikazuje deleže tistih, ki so označili, da je kategorija vir njihovega dohodka.
The total amount is greater than 100 percent since young people have various sources of income.
Skupna vsota je tako večja od 100 odstotkov, saj imajo mladi različne vire dohodkov.
In line with the previously presented data, which indicate the greater (frequently just apparent) involvement of young people in education, the extension of studies and the growth of unemployment (among young graduates), it is no surprise that in 2010 the proportion of those that are funding themselves (in part) through occasional or contract work (which includes student service work), is noticeably higher than in 2000.
Skladno s predhodno prikazanimi podatki, ki kažejo na večjo (pogostokrat navidezno) vključenost mladih v izobraževanje, podaljševanje študija, porast brezposelnosti (med mladimi diplomanti), ne preseneča, da je v letu 2010 delež tistih, ki se financirajo (tudi) iz občasnega ali honorarnega dela (kamor spada tudi študentsko delo), opazno višji kot leta 2000.
Regular pay
Dohodki iz obč. ali honorar. dela
Scholarship
Socialni prejemki
Income from occas. or contr. work
Starši
Social beneﬁ ts
Žepnine, darila
Parents
Partner
Pocket money, gifts
Drugo
Partner
Redna plača
Other
Štipendija
There has thus been a reduction in the proportion of those receiving regular wages or social beneﬁ ts, and an increase in the proportion of those receiving scholarships, and in particular an increase in the proportion of those receiving income from occasional or contract, i.e. student service, work.
Tudi iz kvalitativnega dela raziskave je mogoče sklepati, da je osebni proračun mladih po večini kombiniran in z vidika pogostosti vključuje tri stebre: stalne dohodke, delno stalne dohodke in spremenljive dohodke.