natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In order to investigate more closely the reasons why despite their declared inclination towards entrepreneurs and self-employment, young people do not opt for it more frequently, we asked those that chose “employment with someone else” about the reasons for their choice (graph below).
Da bi podrobneje raziskali razloge, zakaj se mladi kljub svoji deklarirani naklonjenosti do podjetnikov in samozaposlitve zanjo ne odločajo pogosteje, smo tiste, ki so izbrali »zaposlitev pri nekom drugem«, povprašali o razlogih za njihovo odločitev (grafikon spodaj).
Graph 53: Reasons why young people prefer employment with someone else to self-employment, in share of responses, Youth 2010 (15-29 years)
Grafikon 53: Razlogi, zakaj bi bili mladi raje zaposleni pri nekom drugem kot samozaposleni, v deležu odgovorov, Mladina 2010 (15-29 let)
What is the main reason to prefer employment with someone else to self-employment?
Kaj je glavni razlog, da bi bili rajši zaposleni pri nekom drugem kot samozaposleni?
Less responsibility
Manjša odgovornost
Less stress and worry Greater job security
Manj stresa in skrbi Večja varnost zaposlitve
Costs too high with own company
Preveliki stroški z lastnim podjetjem
I lack experience to start my own company
Nimam dovolj izkušenj, da bi odprl lastno podjetje
Not applicable (answer makes no sense)
Se ne nanaša (nesmiselni odgovor)
Too much work with own company (bureaucracy etc.)
Z lastnim podjetjem je preveč dela (birokracija, organizacija dela)
More free time if you are not self-employed…
Več prostega časa, če nisi samozaposlen, manj dela (8 urni delovnik)
Personally I don't feel capable…
Kot oseba se ne počutim sposobnega za vodenje lastnega podjetja, nimam ambicij
It's hard starting your own company, hard times
Težko je začeti z lastnim podjetjem, težki časi
I don't want to be self-employed Fear of collapse
Ne želim biti samozaposlen Strah pred propadom
Greater scope for advancement
Večja možnost za napredovanje
I have no idea what I would do self-employed
Nimam ideje, kaj bi počel kot samozaposlen
The main reason given by young people for preferring to work for someone else over being self-employed was less responsibility (36.8 percent of respondents gave this answer).
Kot poglaviten razlog, zakaj bi bili raje zaposleni pri nekom drugem kot pa samozaposleni, so mladi navajali manjšo odgovornost (ta odgovor je navedlo 36,8 odstotka vprašanih).
“I would have my own salon… for nails and other cosmetic stuff.
»Imela bi svoj salon… za nohte in ostalo kozmetiko.
If I had enough money, I would open one.”
Če bi imela dovolj denarja, bi ga odprla.
“My own company?
»Svoje podjetje?
No… and in this crisis?
Ne… pa v taki krizi?
I'd go under.
Tako propadem.
But if I did, I'd do eco-gardening.”
Če pa bi, pa bi imela ekovrtnarstvo.
I couldn't do all that on my own, you need people under you, it's too much for one person…”
Ne morem bit sama za vse to, rabiš ljudi pod sabo, sam ne zmoreš…«
From the responses we can conclude that in their perception, setting up your own company stands as a rather improbable plan.
Iz odzivov lahko sklepamo, da je ustanovitev lastnega podjetja v njihovi zaznavi zastopana kot malo verjeten načrt.
Young people see the main barriers as inadequate financial power to start up a company, a lack of ideas around which the company could be organised, and a lack of own experience needed to manage a company.
Glavne ovire mladi vidijo predvsem v nezadostni finančni moči za zagon podjetja, pomanjkanju zamisli, okoli katerih bi podjetje organizirali, pa tudi pomanjkanju lastnih izkušenj, potrebnih za vodenje podjetja.
The situation is a little different with those that are already entrepreneurs.
Nekoliko drugače je s tistimi, ki so že podjetniki.
While the majority of young people see the main obstacle as being primarily in themselves, a young entrepreneur believes the barrier somewhere else altogether, in the system:
Medtem ko večina mladih vidi glavno oviro predvsem pri sebi, mladi podjetnik meni, da je ovira nekje povsem drugje, v sistemu:
“Taxes are absolutely too high, especially on profits… in the future I see people opening accounts abroad.”
»Davki so absolutno preveliki, predvsem na dobiček… V prihodnosti vidim, da bomo ljudje odpirali račune v tujini.
I understand that they're disappointed, but you can't keep laying the blame elsewhere.”
Razumem, da so razočarani, samo ne moreš pa vedno drugje iskati krivca.
Young people see the main barriers as inadequate ﬁ nancial power to start up a company, a lack of ideas around which the company could be organised, and a lack of own experience needed to manage a company.
Glavne ovire mladi vidijo predvsem v nezadostni finančni moči za zagon podjetja, pomanjkanju zamisli, okoli katerih bi organizirali podjetje, pa tudi pomanjkanju lastnih izkušenj, potrebnih za vodenje podjetja.
The situation is a li le different with those that are already entrepreneurs.
Nekoliko drugače je s tistimi, ki so že podjetniki.
They see the main barriers as lying on the systemic level.
Ti glavne ovire vidijo predvsem na sistemski ravni.
Young people do feel that the education systems develop self-initiative, but that formal education does not encourage entrepreneurship, and that it offers relatively little knowledge necessary for setting up and managing a company.
Mladi so sicer mnenja, da izobraževalni sistemi razvijajo samoiniciativnost, da pa formalno izobraževanje ne spodbuja podjetništva in da ponuja razmeroma malo znanja, ki je potrebno za ustanovitev in vodenje podjetja.
Graph 54: Opinion on the importance of education for entrepreneurship, averages, Youth 2010
Grafikon 54: Mnenja o pomenu izobraževanja za podjetništvo, povprečja, Mladina 2010
5 = agree entirely
5 = Popolnoma se strinjam
4 = agree
4 = Strinjam se
3 = undecided
3 = Ne morem opredeliti
2 = do not agree
2 = Se ne strinjam
1 = do not agree at all
1 = Sploh se ne strinjam
My school or education to date has helped me develop self-initiative.
Moja šola oz. dosedanje izobraževanje mi je pomagala razvijati samoiniciativnost.
My school or education to date has stimulated my interest in becoming an entrepreneur.
Moja šola oz. dosedanje izobraževanje mi je spodbudila interes, da bi postal/a podjetnik/ca.
My school or education to date has given me knowledge enabling me to start and manage a company.
Moja šola oz. dosedanje izobraževanje mi je dala znanja, ki mi omogočajo ustanovitev in vodenje podjetja.
The data lead us to conclude that young people in any event perceive a particular kind of deficit in the education system, and that reform aimed at greater promotion of entrepreneurial thinking among individuals could contribute to the founding of new and growth of existing companies.
Iz podatkov je torej mogoče sklepati, da mladi vsekakor zaznavajo svojevrstno deficitarnost izobraževalnega sistema in da bi torej reforma v smeri večjega spodbujanja podjetniške miselnosti posameznikov lahko pripomogla k ustanavljanju novih in rasti že obstoječih podjetij.
As Rebernik et al. (2010) indicate, entrepreneurship in Slovenia could be encouraged more through an adequate education and training system.
Kot nakaže Rebernik s sodelavci (2010), bi lahko v Sloveniji podjetništvo bolj spodbudili z ustreznim izobraževalnim sistemom in sistemom usposabljanja.
Young people perceive a particular kind of deﬁ cit in the education system, which offers the conclusion that reform aimed at greater promotion of entrepreneurial thinking among individuals could contribute to the founding of new and growth of existing companies.
Mladi zaznavajo svojevrstno deficitarnost izobraževalnega sistema, na podlagi česar je mogoče sklepati, da bi reforma v smeri večjega spodbujanja podjetniške miselnosti posameznikov lahko pripomogla k ustanavljanju novih in rasti že obstoječih podjetij.
At this point we may therefore conclude that barriers should be sought on the systemic level (poor institutional support in terms of access to funding and in terms of an advice network for potential young entrepreneurs, administrative barriers, inappropriate fiscal policy, a particular kind of deficit in the education system), as well as on the individual level.
Na tej točki je torej mogoče sklepati, da gre ovire iskati na sistemski ravni (slaba institucionalna podpora v smislu dostopa do finančnih virov in smislu svetovalne podpore mogočim mladim podjetnikom, administrativne ovire, neustrezna fiskalna politika, svojevrstna deficitarnost izobraževalnega sistema), pa tudi na ravni posameznika.
Indeed the data show that young people in Slovenia still value relatively highly job security and steady income, and that in principle they are not in favour of taking responsibility or risks, which is supposedly, as has been found in other studies, the typical “European pattern” (Shoof,
Podatki namreč kažejo, da mladi v Sloveniji še vedno razmeroma visoko vrednotijo varnost zaposlitve in rednost dohodka ter da so načeloma nenaklonjeni prevzemanju odgovornosti oziroma tveganja, kar naj bi bil, kot to ugotavljajo tudi druge študije, tipično »evropski vzorec« (Shoof, 2006).
4.7 Key ﬁ ndings
4.7 Ključne ugotovitve
1. Slovenia is in top place in the EU in the use of temporary employment among young people.
1. Po uporabi začasnih zaposlitev med mladimi je Slovenija na prvem mestu v EU.
2. The labour market in Slovenia, especially where young people are concerned, is more adaptable than the average.
2. Trg dela v Sloveniji je, predvsem ko gre za mlade, nadpovprečno prilagodljiv.
The proportion of temporarily and partly employed persons among work-active young people (15-24 years) in Slovenia exceeds the proportion shown in the same age group by the economically most advanced countries of Europe (EU-15) and by the European Union as a whole (EU-27).
Delež začasno in delno zaposlenih med delovno aktivnimi mladimi (15-24 let) v Sloveniji presega delež, ki ga v enaki starostni skupini mladih izkazujejo gospodarsko najrazvitejše države članice EU (EU-15) oziroma EU v celoti (EU-27).
4. The proportion of permanent employees was almost halved between 2000 and 2010, while there has been a marked increase in the share of young people without any permanent forms of work or with less permanent forms of work.
4. Delež zaposlenih za nedoločen čas se je v obdobju 2000-2010 skoraj prepolovil, izrazito pa se je povečal delež mladih z manj stalnimi oblikami dela.
5. In 2000 the share of those aged 29 in full-time permanent employment was around 60 percent, but in 2010 it was only 48 percent.
5. V 29. letu starosti je leta 2000 redno zaposlitev za nedoločen čas imelo približno 60 odstotkov, leta 2010 pa le še 48 odstotkov mladih.
6. Official statistical data for the last decade show a trend of reduced youth unemployment.
6. Uradni statistični podatki za zadnje desetletje sicer kažejo trend zmanjševanja brezposelnosti mladih.
Nevertheless in this period the proportion of young people who regard themselves as unemployed has grown significantly.
Kljub temu pa se je v tem obdobju delež mladih, ki sebe dojemajo kot brezposelne, ob čutno povečal.
7. In view of demographic trends, in the future we may expect a declining trend for youth unemployment, wherein certain groups of young job seekers will still be in a distinctly unfavourable position.
7. Glede na demografska gibanja v prihodnosti lahko pričakujemo tendenčno upadanje stopenj brezposelnosti mladih, pri čemer bodo nekateri segmenti iskalcev zaposlitve še vedno v izrazito neugodnem položaju.
8. Where in 2000 the attainment of tertiary education reduced by a factor of more than two the likelihood of a young person finding themselves unemployed, that advantage has almost entirely evaporated in the period up to 2010.
8. Če se je leta 2000 z doseženo terciarno stopnjo izobrazbe za več kot dvakrat zmanjšala verjetnost, da se mladostnik znajde v položaju brezposelnosti, je ta prednost do leta 2010 skoraj v celoti skopnela.
9. In the future, youth policy will certainly encounter a relatively high and growing number of graduates (especially female) who will not be able to find employment suited to their education.
9. Mladinska politika se bo v prihodnje zagotovo srečevala s sorazmerno velikim in rastočim številom diplomantov in (predvsem) diplomantk, ki ne bodo našli svoji izobrazbi ustrezne zaposlitve.
10. In the age group from 25 to 29 years, according to Youth 2010 survey data the female unemployment rate was more than double the rate among men of the same age.
10. V starostni skupini 25-29 let je po anketnih podatkih raziskave Mladina 2010 stopnja brezposelnosti za ženske za več kot dvakrat presegala stopnjo brezposelnosti med enako starimi moškimi.
11. Compared to 2005, in order to increase their employment options young people in 2010 were significantly more prepared for geographical mobility and notably more willing to accept temporary employment.
11. Mladi so v primerjavi z letom 2005 za povečanje zaposlitvenih možnosti v letu 2010 bistveno bolj pripravljeni na geografsko mobilnost in občutno bolj pripravljeni sprejeti začasno zaposlitev.
12. The proportion of young people performing contract work has almost doubled in the past decade, and in 2010 accounted for more than a quarter of those doing steady work.
12. Delež mladih, ki delajo honorarno, se je v zadnjem desetletju skoraj podvojil in v letu 2010 znaša dobro četrtino vseh, ki redno delajo.
13. Young people doing steady contract work are significantly less satisfied with all aspects of their work than those with full, permanent employment.
13. Mladi, ki opravljajo redno honorarno delo, so v primerjavi z redno zaposlenimi za nedoločen čas bistveno manj zadovoljni z vsemi vidiki svojega dela.
14. In work the most important thing for young people is that the work is interesting.
14. Za mlade je pri delu najpomembnejše, da je delo zanimivo.
15. Young people still prioritise employment in the public or state sector over private-sector employment, but the difference is diminishing.
15. Mladi sicer še vedno dajejo prednost zaposlitvi v javnem ali državnem sektorju pred zaposlitvijo v zasebnem sektorju, vendar se razlika zmanjšuje.
16. The proportion of self-employed persons in Slovenia is slightly below the European average, but with relatively large recent fluctuations a modest trend of growth can be identified.
16. Delež samozaposlenih mladih v Sloveniji je nekoliko pod evropskim povprečjem, ob razmeroma velikih nihanjih v zadnjem času pa je mogoče sklepati na rahel trend naraščanja.
17. Young people in Slovenia today (especially young men) prioritise self-employment over employment with someone else, and the proportion of those that would choose self-employment today is higher than the EU-27 average.
17. Mladi v Sloveniji danes (še posebej mladi moški) dajejo prednost samozaposlitvi pred zaposlitvijo pri nekom drugem, pri tem pa je delež tistih, ki bi danes izbrali samozaposlitev, višji od povprečja EU-27.
18. Regarding their opinion of various occupational groups, in relative terms young people are most favourably inclined to entrepreneurs, and least to politicians.
18. Mladi so, ko gre za mnenje o različnih poklicnih skupinah, razmeroma najbolj naklonjeni podjetnikom, najmanj pa politikom.
19. In the perception of young people, setting up your own company is seen as a rather improbable plan.
19. Ustanovitev lastnega podjetja je v zaznavi mladih zastopana kot malo verjeten načrt.
Young people see the main barriers as inadequate financial power to start up a company, a lack of ideas around which the company could be organised, and a lack of own experience needed to manage a company.
Glavne ovire mladi vidijo predvsem v nezadostni finančni moči za zagon podjetja, pomanjkanju zamisli, okoli katerih bi organizirali podjetje, pa tudi pomanjkanju lastnih izkušenj, potrebnih za vodenje podjetja.
20. Young people perceive a particular kind of deficit in the education system, which offers the conclusion that reform aimed at greater promotion of entrepreneurial thinking among individuals could contribute to the founding of new and growth of existing companies.
20. Mladi zaznavajo svojevrstno deficitarnost izobraževalnega sistema, na podlagi česar je mogoče sklepati, da bi reforma v smeri večjega spodbujanja podjetniške miselnosti posameznikov lahko pripomogla k ustanavljanju novih in rasti že obstoječih podjetij.
4.8 Sources used
4.8 Uporabljeni viri
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Andrej Kirbiš and Sergej Flere
Andrej Kirbiš in Sergej Flere
5 Participation
5 Participacija
Verba illustratively condenses ideas of participation when he says that civic participation is at “the heart of democracy” (Verba et al., 1995: 1; see also Schlozman, 2002: 433).
Verba nazorno strne misli o participaciji, ko pravi, da je državljanska participacija »v osrčju demokracije« (Verba et al., 1995: 1; gl. tudi Schlozman, 2002: 433).
In recent decades, however, research has shown that in Western and post-transition democracies there have been radical changes to the patterns and forms of civic participation.
Raziskave pa v zadnjih desetletjih kažejo, da v zahodnih in posttranzicijskih demokracijah prihaja do korenitih sprememb vzorcev in oblik državljanske participacije.
5.1 Political participation and young people
5.1 Politična participacija in mladi
The social changes we have witnessed since the second half of the 20th century are viewed by some as a threat to the functioning of modern society.
Družbene spremembe, ki ko smo jim bili priča od druge polovice 20. stoletja, po mnenju nekaterih pomenijo grožnjo za delovanje sodobne družbe.
All of this would supposedly cause a significant reduction in the interests of citizens in public and political matters.
Vse našteto naj bi povzročilo bistveno zmanjšano zanimanje državljanov za javne in politične zadeve.
Some see the main force behind these described changes as being in the younger generation.
Nekateri kot glavne nosilce opisanih sprememb vidijo predvsem v mlajših generacijah.
In other words they see them as the main “culprits” for the decline in civic participation.
Z drugimi besedami, vidijo jih kot glavne »krivce« upada državljanske participacije.
Today's youth are often labelled egoistic and presumptuous, and as not showing any concern for society and other people.
i. »ni nam mar« odnos do sveta (White, 1998: 9; povz. po Kimberlee, 2002: 87).
These purported characteristics supposedly contribute to the low participation of young people in public life, and especially to their low political participation.
Današnja mladina je pogosto označena tudi kot egoistična in prevzetna ter ne izkazuje skrbi za družbo in druge ljudi.
The participation of young people is also important because political and civil society activity in adolescence heralds the individual's activity in adulthood.
Udeležba mladih je pomembna tudi, ker politično in civilnodružbeno delovanje v adolescenci napoveduje posameznikovo delovanje v odraslosti.
In other words, the best indicator of future political participation is the individual's past political participation (Obradović and Masten, 2007; Plutzer, 2002).
Z drugimi besedami, najboljši napovednik politične participacije je posameznikova pretekla politična participacija (Obradović in Masten, 2007; Plutzer, 2002).
So it is no surprise that the participation of youth in representative democracy and the civil society is identified as an area for action in the European Council Resolution on a renewed framework for European cooperation in the youth field 2010-2018 (Official Journal of the EU/C311, 2009: 7).
Ne preseneča torej, da je udeležba mladih v reprezentativni demokraciji in civilni družbi označena kot področje ukrepanja v Resolucije sveta Evropske unije o prenovljenem okviru za evropsko sodelovanje na področju mladine 2010-2018 (Uradni list EU/C311, 2009: 7).
It is logical that for this reason young people do not use the conventional avenues of political participation, but get into new, direct, individualised forms of involvement.
Logično je, da mladi zaradi tega ne uporabljajo konvencionalnih poti politične participacije, ampak posegajo po novih, neposrednih, individualiziranih oblikah udeležbe.
In studying the civic participation of Slovenian youth, it is also important to mention three key things.
Pri preučevanju državljanske participacije slovenske mladine je pomembno omeniti tri ključne stvari.
Put another way, we know from research to date that Slovenians are less frequently politically active than the inhabitants of the majority of EU countries, and less than the inhabitants of the other post-Yugoslav societies (despite a relatively high level of socio-economic development).
Povedano drugače, iz dosedanjih raziskav je znano, da se Slovenci manj pogosto politično udejstvujemo kot prebivalci večine držav EU in manj kot prebivalci preostalih postjugoslovanskih družb (kljub sorazmerno visoki stopnji socioekonomske razvitosti).
Given the findings presented, in this analysis of Slovenian youth we are interested in: 1) the longitudinal trends of young people's political participation; 2) the levels of participation of Slovenian youth compared to adults and 3) a comparison of Slovenian youth with EU youth.
Glede na predstavljene izsledke nas v tej analizi slovenske mladine zanimajo: 1) longitudinalni trendi politične participacije mladih; 2) ravni participacije slovenske mladine v primerjavi z odraslimi in 3) primerjava slovenske mladine z mladino iz EU.
In analysing these three points, we will use indicators and databases that enable as much as possible a reliable longitudinal analysis.
Za analizo omenjenih treh točk bomo uporabili kazalnike in zbirke podatkov, ki karseda čim bolj omogočajo zanesljivo longitudinalno analizo.