natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Promote proactive audits and ensure that individual prescribers receive feedback [54,56].
Spodbujajte proaktivne preglede in zagotavljanje povratnih informacij zdravnikom, ki predpisujejo zdravila [54,56].
a) Establishing a multidisciplinary team for your hospital antibiotic stewardship programme.
a) ustanovitev interdisciplinarne skupine za program nadzora nad rabo antibiotikov v vaši bolnišnici.
Strengthen surveillance activities for antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance [56].
Okrepite dejavnosti epidemiološkega spremljanja rabe antibiotikov in odpornosti proti antibiotikom [56].
b) Supporting implementation of antibiotic guidelines and infection prevention and control measures;
b) podpiranje izvajanja smernic za rabo antibiotikov ter ukrepov za preprečevanje in obvladovanje okužb;
For antibiotic stewardship teams to be successful, they need the active support of other key professionals in hospitals, such as infection prevention and control professionals, emergency department practitioners, hospital epidemiologists, nurses and IT staff [42,77].
Da bi bile skupine za nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov lahko uspešne, potrebujejo aktivno podporo drugih ključnih strokovnjakov v bolnišnicah, kot so strokovnjaki za preprečevanje in obvladovanje okužb, urgentni zdravniki, bolnišnični epidemiologi, negovalno osebje in osebje za IT [42,77].
Prioritise antibiotic stewardship and infection prevention and control policies, as well as strategies and activities that support prudent antibiotic use and prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria [31,71].
Prednostno obravnavajte nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov ter politiko preprečevanja in obvladovanja okužb, pa tudi strategije in dejavnosti, ki podpirajo preudarno rabo antibiotikov ter preprečujejo širjenje bakterij, odpornih proti antibiotikom [31,71].
Shortening the length of hospital stays, and
• skrajšala hospitalizacija in
use of rapid and point-of-care diagnostic tests.
• uporaba hitrih diagnostičnih testov na mestu oskrbe.
f) Ensuring that antibiotics listed in hospital formulary are always available; and
f) zagotavljanje stalne razpoložljivosti antibiotikov v okviru bolnišničnega kataloga zdravil ter
Support your multidisciplinary antibiotic stewardship team by designating the specific leaders for accountability and drug expertise, and by stating the supportive roles of other key groups [42,71].
Podprite svojo interdisciplinarno skupino za nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov z imenovanjem posebnih vodij, ki bodo odgovorni in strokovni v zvezi z zdravili, ter z opredelitvijo podpornih vlog drugih ključnih skupin [42,71].
They are asking for local antibiotic guidelines, specific education and antibiotic stewardship teams [25,27].
Povprašujejo po lokalnih smernicah za rabo antibiotikov, posebnih izobraževanjih in skupinah za nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov [25,27].
Fund and promote educational activities, training, and meetings about antibiotic stewardship and antibiotic resistance for all healthcare professionals (physicians, infectious disease specialists, pharmacists, microbiologists and nursing staff) [19,53,56].
Financirajte in spodbujajte izobraževalne dejavnosti, usposabljanja in srečanja na temo nadzora nad rabo antibiotikov in odpornosti proti antibiotikom za vse zdravstvene delavce (zdravnike, infektologe, farmacevte, mikrobiologe in negovalno osebje) [19,53,56].
Antibiotic stewardship programmes, together with infection prevention and control practices, can increase patient safety and quality of care and reduce hospital costs across all services by improving how antibiotics are used, as well as by decreasing C. difficile infections and other adverse events [19,42].
S programi za nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov lahko skupaj s praksami preprečevanja in obvladovanja okužb povečamo varnost bolnikov in kakovost oskrbe ter zmanjšamo bolnišnične stroške pri vseh storitvah z izboljšanjem načina rabe antibiotikov ter zmanjšanjem okužb z bakterijo C. difficile in drugih neželenih učinkov [19,42].
Infectious disease specialists, clinical microbiologists, and clinical pharmacists are all key leaders in the antibiotic stewardship team [56,76].
Infektologi, klinični mikrobiologi in klinični farmacevti skupaj vodijo skupino za nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov [56,76].
Persuasive measures include proactive audit and feedback by infectious diseases physicians, microbiologists and pharmacists.
• ukrepi prepričevanja vključujejo proaktivne revizije njihove rabe in povratne informacije infektologov, mikrobiologov in farmacevtov.
Promote compliance with evidence-based guidelines for infection control measures, to reduce transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria [82].
Spodbujajte ravnanje v skladu s smernicami, ki temeljijo na dokazih, za ukrepe za obvladovanje okužb in s tem zmanjšanje prenosa bakterij, odpornih proti antibiotikom [82].
d) Promoting prescribers and antibiotic stewardship team leaders to collaborate and conduct proactive audit and feedback.
d) spodbujanje zdravnikov, ki predpisujejo zdravila, in vodij skupin za nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov k sodelovanju in izvajanju proaktivnih revizij ter k zagotavljanju povratnih informacij;
g) Ensuring that prudent antibiotic use and prevention of antibiotic resistance are "priority action areas" in your hospital's annual plan.
g) zagotavljanje prednostne obravnave vprašanj preudarne rabe antibiotikov in preprečevanja odpornosti proti antibiotikom v letnem načrtu bolnišnice.
iv. enhance prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
iv. izboljšujejo preprečevanje in obvladovanje bolnišničnih okužb ter širjenja bakterij, odpornih proti antibiotikom;
iii. address behavioural factors shaping misuse of antibiotics;
upoštevajo vedenjske dejavnike, ki vodijo do neustrezne rabe antibiotikov;
Antibiotic guidelines and regular educational sessions and rounds improve how physicians manage infections [78].
S smernicami za rabo antibiotikov ter rednimi izobraževanji in vizitami se izboljšuje način zdravljenja okužb [78].
Promote peer-review of antibiotic prescriptions and infection management, and encourage communication among healthcare professionals [71].
Spodbujajte medsebojno pregledovanje receptov za izdajo antibiotikov in zdravljenja okužb ter sporazumevanje med zdravstvenimi delavci [71].
ensure that antibiotic stewardship recommendations are followed;
zagotavljajo upoštevanje priporočil programa za nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov;
Promote compliance with evidence-based guidelines for diagnosing and managing common infections, and for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis.
Spodbujajte ravnanje v skladu s smernicami, ki temeljijo na dokazih, za diagnosticiranje in zdravljenje pogostih okužb in kirurške antibiotične profilakse.
Provide funds and resources for an antibiotic stewardship programme (including e.g., salaries for dedicated staff, IT capabilities, rapid and point-of-care diagnostic tests) [31].
z osebnimi dohodki za namensko osebje, IT zmogljivostmi in hitrimi diagnostičnimi testi na mestu oskrbe) [31].
Promote using local microbiology and antibiotic resistance patterns to inform guidelines and empirical antibiotic choices [31].
Spodbujajte pripravo smernic ter empirično izbiro antibiotikov na osnovi lokalnih mikrobioloških rezultatov in odpornosti proti antibiotikom[31].
Each year, 33000 people die from an infection due to bacteria resistant to antibiotics.
Vsako leto zaradi okužbe z bakterijami, odpornimi proti antibiotikom, umre 33 000 ljudi.
Up to half of all antibiotic use in hospitals is unnecessary of inappropriate.
V skoraj polovici primerov je uporaba antibiotikov v bolnišnicah nepotrebna in neprimerna.
Communicating to professionals in hospitals and long-term care facilities
v bolnišnicah in ustanovah za dolgotrajno oskrbo.
Antibiotic misuse in hospitals is a major driver of antibiotics resistance.
Napačna uporaba antibiotikov v bolnišnicah je glavni vzrok odpornosti proti antibiotikom.
See infographic
slovenščina (sl)
European Antibiotics Awareness Day, a European Health Initiative.
EVROPSKA POBUDA NA PODROCJU ZDRAVJA
f) Monitoring patient status on a 24 hour basis; and
f) spremljanje stanja bolnikov 24 ur na dan ter
d) Facilitating communication between physicians, the pharmacy, the laboratory, discharge planners, consultants and patients;
d) omogočanje sporazumevanja med zdravniki, lekarno, laboratorijem, načrtovalci odpustov, svetovalci in bolniki;
b) Coordinating the taking and sending of microbiological specimens, and their reporting back to physicians;
b) usklajevanje odvzemanja in pošiljanja mikrobioloških vzorcev ter poročanje zdravnikom;
e) Providing information on treatments to patients and families;
e) zagotavljanje informacij o zdravljenju bolnikom in družinskim članom;
Participate regularly in training courses and meetings on prudent antibiotic use, specimen collection, and infection prevention and control [53,96].
Redno sodelujte pri usposabljanjih in na srečanjih o preudarni rabi antibiotikov, zbiranju vzorcev ter preprečevanju in obvladovanju okužb [53,96].
Inform the prescriber or pharmacist if you see a patient has an antibiotic prescription which has continued beyond seven days without specified duration [69].
Obvestite zdravnika, ki predpisuje zdravila, ali farmacevta, če ugotovite, da se bolnik zdravi z antibiotiki že več kot sedem dni brez določenega trajanja zdravljenja [69].
g) Managing antibiotic stocks on your ward, and ensuring the traceability of antibiotic use [expert consensus].
g) vodenje zalog antibiotikov na svojem oddelku in zagotavljanje sledljivosti uporabe antibiotikov [strokovno usklajeno].
Ensure that patients (and their families) understand the reason for antibiotic therapy, and key points related to antibiotic use, including to [31,69] [expert consensus]:
Poskrbite, da bodo bolniki (in njihovi družinski člani) razumeli razloge za zdravljenje z antibiotiki ter ključne točke v zvezi z njihovo uporabo, pri čemer jih opozorite, naj [31,69] [strokovno usklajeno]:
Your tasks related to improving antibiotic use include [31,96,97] [expert consensus]:
Vaše naloge v zvezi z izboljšanjem rabe antibiotikov so [31,96,97] [strokovno usklajeno]:
f) Never save antibiotics for later use;
f) antibiotikov nikoli ne shranjujejo za poznejšo uporabo;
Prompt prescribers to document their reviewing decision for all patients on antibiotics after 48-72 hours [31,42,69].
Spodbujajte zdravnike, ki predpisujejo zdravila, naj za vse bolnike, ki se zdravijo z antibiotiki, po 48-72 urah dokumentirajo svojo odločitev na podlagi ponovne presoje [31,42,69].
c) Reporting adverse effects of antibiotic therapy to physicians and appropriate review committees;
c) poročanje o neželenih učinkih zdravljenja z antibiotiki zdravnikom in ustreznim nadzorom za preglede;
Follow infection prevention and control measures that are established in your setting [expert consensus].
Upoštevajte ukrepe za preprečevanje in obvladovanje okužb, ki so vzpostavljeni v vašem okolju [strokovno usklajeno].
Ensure that cultures are appropriately taken and send to the microbiology laboratory, before starting antibiotics [31,42,70].
Poskrbite, da se pred zdravljenjem z antibiotiki ustrezne kužnine pravilno odvzamejo in pošljejo v mikrobiološki laboratorij [31,42,70].
a) Administering antibiotics to patients according to the prescription;
a) odmerjanje antibiotikov bolnikom v skladu z navodili;
Improve antibiotic administration practices in collaboration with doctors and pharmacists [96,97].
V sodelovanju z zdravniki in farmacevti izboljšujete prakso odmerjanja antibiotikov [96,97].
Ensure that laboratory results are promptly communicated to the treating physician [expert consensus].
Zagotovite, da se o laboratorijskih izvidih takoj obvesti zdravnika, ki zdravi bolnika [strokovno usklajeno].
You are in a key position to improve antibiotic use by collaborating with the antibiotic stewardship team [96].
Ste na ključnem položaju, ki vam omogoča, da v sodelovanju s skupino za nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov izboljšate kakovost njihove rabe [96].
g) Never use leftover antibiotics from previous treatments; and
g) nikoli ne uporabljajo antibiotikov, ki so jim ostali od preteklih zdravljenj;
h) Never share leftover antibiotics with other people.
h) antibiotikov, ki so jim ostali, nikoli ne delijo z drugimi.
e) Take antibiotics exactly as prescribed;
e) antibiotike jemljejo v skladu z navodili;
staff education,
• izobraževanjem osebja;
Core tasks to improve the use of antibiotics in your department include:
Ključne naloge za izboljšanje rabe antibiotikov na vašem oddelku so:
evidence-based practices,
• praksami, ki temeljijo na dokazih;
Implementing infection prevention and control strategies, including [86,87,105]:
Izvajanje strategij za preprečevanje in obvladovanje okužb, vključno z [86,87,105]:
Avoid unnecessary antibiotic prophylaxis [31].
Izogibajte se nepotrebni antibiotični profilaksi [31].
Key messages for intensive care unit - physicians and managers
Ključna sporočila za oddelek za intenzivno zdravljenje [zdravniki in vodstvo]
For how long should the patient receive the antibiotic(s)?
Kako dolgo bi moral bolnik prejemati antibiotik?
Only start antibiotic treatment if there is evidence of a bacterial infection, and do not treat colonisation [31].
Zdravljenje z antibiotiki začnite samo, če obstajajo dokazi o bakterijski okužbi, in ne zdravite kolonizacije [31].
Narrowing or streamlining antibiotic therapy leads to better patient outcomes [106].
Z omejevanjem oziroma racionalizacijo zdravljenja z antibiotiki dobimo boljše rezultate za bolnike [106].
Organising regular multidisciplinary staff rounds and case discussions to improve the quality of antibiotic treatment [72].
Organiziranje rednih interdisciplinarnih vizit osebja in obravnav primera za izboljšanje kakovosti zdravljenja z antibiotiki [72].
For patients with sepsis, initiate effective antibiotic treatment via the intravenous route as soon as possible [90].
Pri bolnikih s sepso čim prej začnite intravensko zdravljenje z antibiotiki [90].
a) Complying with a central-line care protocol (for insertion and maintenance), reduces central-line-associated bloodstream infections in all types of intensive care units (adults and neonatal) [107].
a) z upoštevanjem protokola za oskrbo prek osrednjega katetra (za vstavljanje in vzdrževanje) se zmanjša število okužb krvnega obtoka, povezanih z osrednjim katetrom, na vseh oddelkih za intenzivno zdravljenje (za odrasle in novorojenčke) [107];
Following infection prevention and control measures reduces the incidence of healthcare-associated infections.
Z upoštevanjem ukrepov za preprečevanje in obvladovanje okužb se zmanjša pojav bolnišničnih okužb.
Participating in education activities regularly, as well as proactive audits and feedback together with the antibiotic stewardship team [54,56].
Redno sodelovanje pri izobraževalnih dejavnostih ter proaktivno pregledovanje in posredovanje povratnih informacij, skupaj s skupino za nadzor nad rabo antibiotikov [54,56].
establishing surveillance systems for healthcare-associated infections.
• vzpostavljanjem sistemov za nadzor bolnišničnih okužb.
continue or stop antibiotic therapy;
• nadaljuje oziroma konča zdravljenje z antibiotiki;
Follow antibiotic treatment protocols, based on evidence-based guidelines that are established in your setting [31] [expert consensus].
Upoštevajte protokole za zdravljenje z antibiotiki na podlagi z dokazi podprtih smernic, ki so vzpostavljene v vašem okolju [31] [strokovno usklajeno].
Remain aware of local antibiotic resistance patterns in your department, your hospital and in the community [31,72].
Seznanjenost z odpornostjo proti antibiotikom na vašem oddelku, v bolnišnici in skupnosti [31,72] [strokovno usklajeno].
Implement guidance (guidelines, protocols and checklists) for infection prevention and control measures, together with the infection prevention and control team [86,87] [expert consensus].
Skupaj s skupino za preprečevanje in obvladovanje okužb upoštevajte navodila (smernice, protokole in kontrolne sezname) za uvedbo ukrepov za preprečevanje in obvladovanje okužb [86,87] [strokovno usklajeno].
Could an antibiotic with a narrower spectrum be used to treat the infection?
Ali bi se lahko za zdravljenje okužbe uporabil antibiotik z ožjim spektrom?
i. Is the patient on the correct antibiotic(s), correct dose, and correct route of administration?
i. Ali je bil bolniku predpisan ustrezen antibiotik, ustrezen odmerek in ustrezen način dajanja zdravila?
Ensure that cultures are appropriately taken and send to the microbiology laboratory, before starting antibiotics [31,42,70,71].
Poskrbite, da se pred zdravljenjem z antibiotiki ustrezne kužnine pravilno odvzamejo in pošljejo v mikrobiološki laboratorij [31,42,70,71].
Take a thorough patient history when you prescribe an antibiotic, including recent antibiotic use, drug allergies, use of immunosuppressive therapy, and risk factors for antibiotic resistance (for example, recent hospitalisation, recent procedure or recent travel outside of Europe) [31].
Ko predpisujete antibiotik, temeljito preverite anamnezo bolnika, vključno z nedavno rabo antibiotikov, alergijami na zdravila, uporabo imunosupresivnih zdravil in dejavniki tveganja za odpornost proti antibiotikom (npr.
Document the indication of antibiotic treatment, drug choice, dose, route of administration and duration of treatment in the patient chart[31,42,70,71].
V bolnikovi kartoteki dokumentirajte zdravljenje z antibiotiki, vrsto zdravila, način dajanja zdravila in trajanje zdravljenja [31,42,70,71].
Reassessing antibiotic treatments in light of clinical conditions at 48-72 hours, or as soon as microbiological results are available, to [31,42,70-72]:
Ponovna presoja o zdravljenju z antibiotiki glede na klinično stanje po 48-72 urah oziroma takoj, ko postanejo znani mikrobiološki rezultati, da se [31,42,70-72]:
change to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic;
• preide na jemanje antibiotika ožjega spektra;
switch to oral antibiotic therapy.
• preide na peroralno zdravljenje z antibiotiki.
Following antibiotic treatment protocols, based on evidence-based guidelines (e.g. for sepsis) [90].
1. upoštevanje protokolov zdravljenja z antibiotiki na podlagi z dokazi podprtih smernic (npr.
​Council of European Dentists (CED)
slovenščina (sl)
European Federation of Nurses Associations
EVROPSKA POBUDA NA PODROCJU ZDRAVJA
information material, poster, toolkit material
informativno gradivo, komplet informativnega gradiva, videoposnetek
1 in 3 patients received at least one antimicrobial on any given day.
1 od 3 bolnikov je na dnevni ravni prejel vsaj eno antimikrobično zdravilo.
Antimicrobial use in European hospitals and long-term care facilities
Uporaba antimikrobikov v evropskih bolnišnicah in ustanovah za dolgotrajno oskrbo
Antibiotic resistance - an increasing threat to human health
Odpornost proti antibiotikom - čedalje večja nevarnost za zdravje ljudi
A total of 8.9 million HAIs were estimated to occur each year in European hospitals and long-term care facilities
Ocenjuje se, da se v evropskih bolnišnicah in ustanovah za dolgotrajno oskrbo vsako leto pojavi skupno 8,9 milijona okužb, povezanih z zdravstveno oskrbo.
The burden is comparable to that of inﬂuenza, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS combined.
Breme okužb z bakterijami, odpornimi proti antibiotikom, je primerljivo tistemu, ki ga povzročajo gripa, tuberkuloza in HIV/aids skupaj.
Healthcare-associated infections - a threat to patient safety in Europe
Okužbe, povezane z zdravstveno oskrbo, ogrožajo varnost evropskih bolnikov
infographic -
grafični prikaz informacij -
Overview of the data on antimicrobial resistance in Europe released in 2014
Odpornost proti mikrobom v Evropi leta 2014
Infographic about antibiotic stewardship programmes
Ključna sporočila za klinične mikrobiologe
This infographic highlights the threat that antibiotic resistance poses and the effectiveness of antibiotic stewardship programmes to address the issue from different angles.
Zagotavljanje prednostne obravnave vprašanj preudarne rabe antibiotikov in preprečevanja odpornosti proti antibiotikom v letnem načrtu bolnišnice.
At population level:
Na ravni prebivalstva:
It is an adaptation of the microorganism to its environment.
Gre za prilagoditev mikroorganizma na njegovo okolje.
The two concepts are thus really quite separate, but for historical and professional reasons they are often dealt with together.
Pojma se sicer močno razlikujeta, vendar se zaradi skupnih razvojnih in strokovnih značilnosti pogosto obravnavata skupaj.
In France and Belgium, the decrease was attributed to national action including a yearly, nationwide public campaign on the prudent use of antibiotics;
V Franciji in Belgiji je to zmanjšanje mogoče pripisati nacionalnim ukrepom, vključno z letno vsedržavno javno kampanjo o preudarni uporabi antibiotikov;
Six Member States (i.e. France, Belgium, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Sweden) recently reported decreasing trends in antibiotic use in outpatients;
iz Francije, Belgije, Slovaške, Češke republike, Slovenije in s Švedskega) so nedavno poročali o zmanjšanju uporabe antibiotikov pri ambulantnih bolnikih;
This new trend is worrying since there are very few compounds in the research and development pipeline that would potentially have an activity against these bacteria and could be marketed within the next 5-10 years.
Ta novi trend je zaskrbljujoč, saj se trenutno raziskuje in razvija le malo spojin, ki bi utegnile učinkovati proti tem bakterijam in bi jih bilo mogoče dati v promet v naslednjih 5 do 10 letih.
Nosocomial infections correspond to infections acquired in hospitals.
Bolnišnične okužbe so okužbe, pridobljene v bolnišnicah.
The two major areas for management, control and prevention of antimicrobial resistance therefore are:
Dve glavni področji obvladovanja, nadzora in preprečevanja odpornosti na protimikrobna zdravila sta zato:
There are also large variations in antibiotic use among EU Member States, as shown by data from the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) project;
Obstajajo tudi precejšnje razlike v uporabi antibiotikov med državami članicami EU, kot je razvidno iz podatkov Evropskega programa za spremljanje porabe protimikrobnih zdravil.
This is the only exception where systemic antibiotics can be dispensed without a prescription.
To je edini primer, ko je sistemske antibiotike mogoče izdajati brez recepta.
Some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics (intrinsic or inherent resistance).
Nekatere bakterije so naravno odporne na nekatere antibiotike (notranja ali prirojena odpornost).
The EARSS Annual Report 2007 indicated that seven Member States now report significantly decreasing percentages of MRSA among Staphylococcus aureus from bloodstream infections.
Iz letnega poročila EARSS za leto 2007 je razvidno, da iz sedmih držav članic zdaj poročajo o bistvenem zmanjšanju deleža MRSA seva Staphylococcus aureus pri okužbah krvnega obtoka.
While people die in developing countries because they lack access to the correct antimicrobial treatment, antimicrobial resistance resulting from inappropriate use is causing concern in every continent;
Medtem ko v državah v razvoju ljudje umirajo zaradi pomanjkanja ustreznega zdravljenja s protimikrobnimi zdravili, je odpornost na protimikrobna zdravila zaradi neustrezne uporabe razlog za zaskrbljenost na vseh celinah;
The total burden of antimicrobial resistance across all the communicable diseases listed in Commission Decision 2000/96/EC (including nosocomial infections) is currently unknown.
Skupna stopnja odpornosti na protimikrobna zdravila pri vseh prenosljivih boleznih, ki jih navaja odločba Komisije 2000/96/ES, (vključno z bolnišničnimi okužbami), trenutno ni znana.
Additionally, cases of infections due to bacteria totally or almost totally resistant to antibiotics are currently emerging in the EU.
Poleg tega se v EU trenutno pojavljajo tudi primeri okužb z bakterijami, ki so v celoti ali skoraj v celoti odporne na antibiotike.
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide problem.
Odpornost na protimikrobna zdravila je težava globalne razsežnosti.
Microorganisms - also called microbes - include bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
Mikroorganizmi - imenovani tudi mikrobi - vključujejo bakterije, viruse, glive in zajedavce.