natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In the combustion of fossil fuels in utility and industrial boilers (&gt;50 MW thermal capacity), improved energy efficiency and energy conservation will result in a decline in the emissions of all pollutants because of reduced fuel requirements.
Zaradi izboljšanja energetskega izkoristka in varčevanja z energijo pri zgorevanju fosilnih goriv v elektrarnah in toplarnah ter industrijskih kotlovnicah (toplotna zmogljivost &gt; 50 MW) se zmanjša potreba po gorivu in s tem se zmanjšajo emisije vseh onesnaževal.
This will also result in a reduction in PCDD/F emissions. It would not be cost-effective to remove chlorine from coal or oil, but in any case the trend towards gas-fired stations will help to reduce PCDD/F emissions from this sector.
Zaradi tega se zmanjšajo tudi emisije PCDD/F. Odstranjevanje klora iz premoga ali olja ne bi bilo gospodarno, vsekakor pa bo usmeritev v uporabo plina pripomoglo k zmanjšanju emisij PCDD/F v tem sektorju.
It should be noted that PCDD/F emissions could increase significantly if waste material (sewage sludge, waste oil, rubber wastes, etc.) is added to the fuel.
Upoštevati je treba, da se emisije PCDD/F lahko znatno povečajo, če se gorivu dodajo odpadki (blato iz čistilnih naprav za odpadne vode, odpadno olje, gumijasti odpadki itn.).
The combustion of wastes for energy supply should be undertaken only in installations using waste gas purification systems with highly efficient PCDD/F reduction (described in section A above).
Sežiganje odpadkov za pridobivanje energije je dopustno le tam, kjer obstaja sistem za čiščenje odpadnih plinov, ki zagotavlja zelo učinkovito zmanjšanje PCDD/F (opisano v razdelku A zgoraj).
The application of techniques to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and particulates from the flue gas can also remove PCDD/F emissions. When using these techniques, PCDD/F removal efficiencies will vary from plant to plant.
Z uporabo tehnik za zmanjšanje emisij dušikovih oksidov, žveplovega dioksida in delcev iz dimnih plinov se lahko odpravijo tudi emisije PCDD/F. Pri uporabi teh tehnik se bo učinkovitost odstranjevanja PCDD/F razlikovala od obrata do obrata.
Research is ongoing to develop PCDD/F removal techniques, but until such techniques are available on an industrial scale, no best available technique is identified for the specific purpose of PCDD/F removal.
Nenehno potekajo raziskave, kako izboljšati tehnike odstranjevanja PCDD/F, vendar dokler ne bodo na voljo v industrijskem merilu, ni mogoče nobene izrecno označiti kot najboljšo razpoložljivo tehniko za odstranjevanje PCDD/F.
D. Residential combustion
D. Kurjenje v gospodinjstvih
The contribution of residential combustion appliances to total emissions of PCDD/F is less significant when approved fuels are properly used.
Prispevek naprav za kurjenje v gospodinjstvih k skupni emisiji PCDD/F je manjši, kadar so dovoljena goriva pravilno uporabljena.
In addition, large regional differences in emissions can occur due to the type and quality of fuel, geographical appliance density and usage.
Poleg tega lahko zaradi različnih vrst in kakovosti goriva, gostote naprav na določenem zemljepisnem območju in različne uporabe pride do velikih regionalnih razlik v emisijah.
Domestic fireplaces have a worse burn-out rate for hydrocarbons in fuels and waste gases than large combustion installations.
Kurišča v gospodinjstvih imajo slabši izkoristek dimnih plinov in slabšo stopnjo zgorevanja ogljikovodikov v gorivih kot velike zgorevalne naprave.
This is especially true if they use solid fuels such as wood and coal, with PCDD/F emission concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 ng TE/m3.
To velja še posebej takrat, kadar se uporabljajo trdna goriva, kot sta les in premog, ko se koncentracije emisij PCDD/F gibljejo med 0,1 do 0,7 ng TE/m3.
Burning packing material added to solid fuels increases PCDD/F emissions. Even though it is prohibited in some countries, the burning of rubbish and packing material may occur in private households.
Pri kurjenju embalaže, dodane trdnim gorivom, se povečajo emisije PCDD/F. Čeprav je to v nekaterih državah prepovedano, se dogaja, da v gospodinjstvih kurijo smeti in embalažo.
Due to increasing disposal charges, it must be recognized that household waste materials are being burned in domestic firing installations.
Zaradi vse višjih stroškov za odvažanje smeti se dogaja, da se odpadki iz gospodinjstva kurijo v domačih kuriščih.
The use of wood with the addition of waste packing material can lead to an increase in PCDD/F emissions from 0.06 ng TE/m3 (exclusively wood) to 8 ng TE/m3 (relative to 11% O(2) by volume).
Uporaba lesa z dodano odpadno embalažo lahko povzroči povečanje emisij PCDD/F z 0,06 ng TE/m3 (izključno les) na 8 ng TE/m3 (preračunano na 11 volumskih odstotkov O(2)).
These results have been confirmed by investigations in several countries in which up to 114 ng TE/m3 (with respect to 13% oxygen by volume) was measured in waste gases from residential combustion appliances burning waste materials.
Te izsledke so potrdile raziskave v več državah, kjer so izmerili do 114 ng TE/m3 (preračunano na 13 volumskih odstotkov kisika) v dimnih plinih iz kurilnih naprav v gospodinjstvih, kjer se kuri odpadni material.
The emissions from residential combustion appliances can be reduced by restricting the input materials to good-quality fuel and avoiding the burning of waste, halogenated plastics and other materials.
Emisije iz kurilnih naprav v gospodinjstvih je mogoče zmanjšati z omejevanjem vhodnega materiala na kakovostno gorivo in s preprečevanjem kurjenja odpadkov, halogeniranih plastičnih snovi in drugih materialov.
Public information programmes for the purchasers/operators of residential combustion appliances can be effective in achieving this goal.
Pri doseganju tega cilja lahko pripomorejo programi seznanjanja kupcev/uporabnikov kurilnih naprav za gospodinjstva.
E. Firing installations for wood (&lt;50 MW capacity)
E. Naprave za kurjenje lesa (zmogljivost &lt; 50 MW)
Measurement results for wood-firing installations indicate that PCDD/F emissions above 0.1 ng TE/m3 occur in waste gases especially during unfavourable burn-out conditions and/or when the substances burned have a higher content of chlorinated compounds than normal untreated wood.
Rezultati meritev kažejo, da se pri napravah za kurjenje lesa pojavljajo emisije PCDD/F nad 0,1 ng TE/m3 v dimnih plinih predvsem v neugodnih razmerah zgorevanja in/ali kadar je v gorečih snoveh večja vsebnost kloriranih sestavin kot v neobdelanem lesu.
An indication of poor firing is the total carbon concentration in the waste gas.
Skupna koncentracija ogljika v dimnih plinih je znak slabega zgorevanja.
Correlations have been found between CO emissions, burn-out quality and PCDD/F emissions. Table 3 summarizes some emission concentrations and factors for wood-firing installations.
Ugotovljene so bile povezave med emisijami CO, kakovostjo zgorevanja in emisijami PCDD/F. Preglednica 3 je povzetek nekaterih koncentracij in faktorjev emisij, ki veljajo za naprave za kurjenje lesa.
Quantity-related emission concetrations and factors for wood-firing installations
Razpon koncentracij in faktorjev emisij pri napravah za kurjenje lesa
The combustion of urban waste wood (demolition wood) in moving grates leads to relatively high PCDD/F emissions, compared to non-waste wood sources.
Zgorevanje odpadkov gradbenega lesa (odpadnega gradbenega lesa) na pomičnem kurišču povzroča razmeroma visoke emisije PCDD/F v primerjavi z zgorevanjem naravnega lesa.
A primary measure for emission reduction is to avoid the use of treated waste wood in wood-firing installations.
Primarni ukrep za zmanjšanje emisij je izogibanje uporabi obdelanega odpadnega lesa v napravah za kurjenje lesa.
Combustion of treated wood should be undertaken only in installations with the appropriate flue-gas cleaning to minimize PCDD/F emissions.
Za zmanjšanje emisij PCDD/F na najmanjšo mero bi bilo treba obdelani les kuriti le v napravah z ustreznim čiščenjem dimnih plinov.
V. CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR THE REDUCTION OF PAH EMISSIONS
V. TEHNIKE NADZOROVANJA ZA ZMANJŠANJE EMISIJ POLICIKLIČNIH AROMATIČNIH OGLJIKOVODIKOV (PAH)
A. Coke production
A. Proizvodnja koksa
During coke production, PAHs are released into the ambient air mainly:
Med proizvodnjo koksa se PAH sproščajo v zrak predvsem:
(a) When the oven is charged through the charging holes;
(a) med polnjenjem peči skozi odprtine za polnjenje;
(b) By leakages from the oven door, the ascension pipes and the charging hole lids; and
(b) zaradi uhajanja skozi vrata peči, po odvodnih ceveh in skozi pokrove odprtin za polnjenje in
(c) During coke pushing and coke cooling.
(c) pri potiskanju in ohlajanju koksa.
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) concentration varies substantially between the individual sources in a coke battery.
Koncentracija benzo(a)pirena (BaP) znatno niha med posameznimi viri v koksarniški bateriji.
The highest BaP concentrations are found on the top of the battery and in the immediate vicinity of the doors.
Največje koncentracije BaP so na vrhu baterije in v neposredni bližini vrat.
PAH from coke production can be reduced by technically improving existing integrated iron and steel plants.
Emisije PAH iz proizvodnje koksa je mogoče zmanjšati s tehničnim izboljševanjem obstoječih integriranih železarskih in jeklarskih obratov.
This might entail the closure and replacement of old coke batteries and the general reduction in coke production, for instance by injecting high-value coal in steel production.
Da bi to dosegli, bo morda treba zapreti in zamenjati stare koksarniške baterije ter v celoti zmanjšati proizvodnjo koksa, na primer z vbrizgavanjem visokokaloričnega premoga v proizvodnji jekla.
A PAH reduction strategy for coke batteries should include the following technical measures:
Strategija zmanjšanja emisij PAH iz koksarniških baterij bi morala vključevati naslednje tehnične ukrepe:
(a) Charging the coke ovens:
(a) polnjenje koksarniških peči:
Particulate matter emission reduction when charging the coal from the bunker into the charging cars;
zmanjšanje emisij delcev pri nakladanju premoga iz bunkerja na polnilne vozičke;
Closed systems for coal transfer when coal pre-heating is used;
zaprti sistemi za prenos premoga, kadar se uporablja predgretje premoga;
Extraction of filling gases and subsequent treatment, either by passing the gases into the adjacent oven or by passing via a collecting main to an incinerator and a subsequent dedusting device.
izločanje polnilnih plinov in njihova poznejša obdelava, in sicer tako da se spustijo v sosednjo peč ali skozi zbiralni vod v sežigalnico in potem še skozi odpraševalno napravo.
In some cases the extracted filling gases may be burned on the charging cars, but the environmental performance and safety of these charging-car-based systems is less satisfactory.
Ponekod se izločeni polnilni plini sežigajo na polnilnih vozičkih, vendar sta vpliv na okolje in varnost sistemov, pri katerih se uporabljajo polnilnih vozičkih, manj zadovoljiva.
Sufficient suction should be generated by steam or water injection in the ascension pipes;
Zagotoviti je treba zadosten vlek z vbrizgavanjem pare ali vode v odvodne cevi;
(b) Emissions at charging hole lids during coking operation should be avoided by:
(b) emisije pri pokrovih odprtin za polnjenje med koksanjem je mogoče preprečevati:
Using charging hole lids with highly efficient sealing;
s pokrovi, ki zelo dobro tesnijo;
Luting the charging hole lids with clay (or equally effective material) after each charging operation;
z ognjevzdržno zatesnitvijo pokrovov z glino (ali drugim enako učinkovitim materialom) po vsakem polnjenju;
Cleaning the charging hole lids and frames before closing the charging hole;
s čiščenjem pokrovov in okvirov, preden se odprtina zapre;
Keeping oven ceilings free from coal residuals;
tako da se zagotovi, da na stropovih peči ni ostankov premoga;
(c) Ascension pipe lids should be equipped with water seals to avoid gas and tar emissions, and the proper operation of the seals should be maintained by regular cleaning;
(c) pokrovi odvodnih cevi bi morali imeti vodno tesnjenje, ki preprečuje emisije plinov in katrana, pravilno delovanje vodnega tesnjenja pa bi bilo treba zagotavljati z rednim čiščenjem;
(d) Coke oven machinery for operating the coke oven doors should be equipped with systems for cleaning the seals&apos; surfaces on the oven door frames and oven doors;
(d) mehanizem za upravljanje vrat koksarniške peči bi moral biti opremljen s sistemom za čiščenje površine tesnil na okvirih vrat in na vratih;
(e) Coke oven doors:
(e) vrata koksarniške peči:
Highly effective seals should be used (e.g. spring-loaded membrane doors);
uporabljati bi bilo treba zelo učinkovito tesnjenje (na primer opnasta vrata na vzmet);
Seals on the oven doors and door frames should be cleaned thoroughly at every handling operation;
tesnila na okvirih vrat in na vratih peči bi bilo treba temeljito očistiti ob vsaki uporabi;
Doors should be designed in a manner that allows the installation of particulate matter extraction systems with connection to a dedusting device (via a collecting main) during pushing operations;
vrata bi morala biti oblikovana tako, da bi omogočila vgraditev sistemov za izločanje delcev s priključkom na odpraševalno napravo (prek zbiralnega voda) med potiskanjem;
(f) The coke transfer machine should be equipped with an integrated hood, stationary duct and stationary gas cleaning system (preferably a fabric filter);
(f) naprava za prenos koksa bi morala imeti vgrajeno napo, nepremični kanal in nepremični sistem za čiščenje plinov (po možnosti vrečasti filter);
(g) Low-emission procedures should be applied for coke cooling, e.g. dry coke cooling.
(g) za hlajenje koksa bi bilo treba uporabljati postopke z majhnimi emisijami, na primer suho hlajenje koksa.
The replacement of a wet quenching process by dry coke cooling should be preferred, so long as the generation of waste water is avoided by using a closed circulation system.
Najbolje bi bilo nadomestiti mokro hlajenja koksa s suhim hlajenjem pod pogojem, da se uporablja zaprt obtočni sistem, s čimer se prepreči nastajanje odpadne vode.
The dusts generated when dry quenched coke is handled should be reduced.
Pri ravnanju s suho hlajenim koksom bi bilo treba zmanjšati nastajanje prahu.
A coke-making process referred to as &quot;non-recovery coke-making&quot; emits significantly less PAH than the more conventional by-product recovery process. This is because the ovens operate under negative pressure, thereby eliminating leaks to the atmosphere from the coke oven doors.
Pri postopku proizvodnje koksa, imenovanem »koksanje brez zbiranja stranskih proizvodov za ponovno rabo«, prihaja do bistveno manjših emisij PAH kot pri bolj klasičnem postopku, pri katerem se zbirajo stranski proizvodi, in sicer zato ker peči delujejo pod negativnim tlakom, s čimer se prepreči uhajanje v ozračje pri vratih peči.
During coking, the raw coke oven gas is removed from the ovens by a natural draught, which maintains a negative pressure in the ovens.
Med koksanjem se surovi koksarniški plin odstranjuje s pomočjo naravnega vleka, ki v pečeh ohranja negativni tlak.
These ovens are not designed to recover the chemical by-products from raw coke oven gas.
Te peči niso zasnovane za zbiranje kemičnih stranskih produktov iz surovega koksarniškega plina.
Instead, the offgases from the coking process (including PAH) are burned efficiently at high temperatures and with long residence times.
Pline, ki nastajajo pri koksanju (vključno s PAH), pa je mogoče učinkovito sežigati pri visokih temperaturah in dolgem zadrževalnem času.
The waste heat from this incineration is used to provide the energy for coking, and excess heat may be used to generate steam.
Odpadna toplota iz teh sežigalnic se uporablja za pridobivanje energije za koksanje, odvečno toploto pa je mogoče uporabiti za pridobivanje pare.
The economics of this type of coking operation may require a cogeneration unit to produce electricity from the excess steam.
Zaradi gospodarnosti bi lahko pri tej vrsti koksanja potrebovali dodatno enoto za proizvajanje elektrike iz odvečne pare.
Currently there is only one non-recovery coke plant operating in the United States, and one is in operation in Australia.
Trenutno obratujeta le dve taki koksarni brez zbiranja stranskih produktov, ena v ZDA in druga v Avstraliji.
The process is basically a horizontal sole-flue non-recovery coke oven with an incineration chamber adjoining two ovens.
Bistvo tehnološkega postopa je koksarniška peč z enim samim dimovodom za pridobivanje koksa brez zbiranja stranskih produktov in s sežigalno komoro ob dveh pečeh.
The process provides for alternate charging and coking schedules between the two ovens.
Postopek polnjenja in koksanja poteka izmenično v eni in drugi peči.
Thus, one oven is always providing the incineration chamber with coke gases.
Tako ena od peči vedno dovaja koksarniški plin v sežigalno komoro.
The coke gas combustion in the incineration chamber provides the necessary heat source.
Zgorevanje plina v sežigalni komori zagotavlja vir toplote.
The incineration chamber design provides the necessary dwell time (approximately 1 second) and high temperatures (minimum of 900°C).
Sežigalna komora je zasnovana tako, da zagotavlja potreben zadrževalni čas (približno 1 sekunda) in visoko temperaturo (najmanj 900 °C).
An effective monitoring programme for leakages from coke oven door seals, ascension pipes and charging hole lids should be operated.
Zagotoviti bi bilo treba učinkovit program spremljanja morebitnega slabega tesnjenja pri vratih peči, odvodnih ceveh in pokrovih odprtin za polnjenje.
This implies the monitoring and recording of leakages and immediate repair or maintenance.
To vključuje spremljanje in ugotavljanje slabega tesnjenja in takojšnje popravilo oziroma vzdrževanje.
A significant reduction of diffuse emissions can thus be achieved.
Tako je mogoče doseči znatno zmanjšanje razpršenih emisij.
Retrofitting existing coke batteries to facilitate condensation of flue gases from all sources (with heat recovery) results in a PAH reduction of 86% to more than 90% in air (without regard to waste water treatment).
S prilagajanjem že obstoječih koksarniških baterij, da bi se olajšala kondenzacija dimnih plinov iz vseh virov (z zbiranjem toplote), se zmanjšanje emisije PAH v zrak poveča s 86 odstotkov na več kot 90 odstotkov (brez upoštevanja obdelave odpadnih vod).
Investment costs can be amortized in five years, taking into account recovered energy, heated water, gas for synthesis and saved cooling water.
Če se upoštevajo zbrana in ponovno uporabljena energija, ogreta voda, plin za sintezo in prihranjena hladilna voda, je mogoče amortizirati stroške naložbe v petih letih.
Increasing coke oven volumes results in a decrease in the total number of ovens, oven door openings (amount of pushed ovens per day), number of seals in a coke battery and consequently PAH emissions.
S povečevanjem prostornin koksarniških peči se zmanjša skupno število peči, odprtin na pečeh (količine potiskov skozi peč na dan), tesnil na koksarniški bateriji in s tem tudi emisije PAH.
Productivity increases in the same way by decreasing operating and personnel costs.
Zaradi znižanja stroškov obratovanja in delovne sile se poveča tudi produktivnost.
Dry coke cooling systems require a higher investment cost than wet methods.
Sistemi suhega hlajenja koksa pomenijo večje stroške naložbe kot mokri sistemi.
Higher operating costs can be compensated for by heat recovery in a process of pre-heating the coke.
Višje obratovalne stroške je mogoče nadomestiti z zbiranjem in ponovno uporabo toplote v postopku predgrevanja koksa.
The energy efficiency of a combined dry coke cooling/coal pre-heating system rises from 38 to 65%.
Energijski izkoristek kombiniranega suhega hlajenja koksa/sistema predgrevanja premoga se zviša z 38 na 65%.
Coal pre-heating boosts productivity by 30%.
Predgrevanje premoga poveča produktivnost za 30%.
This can be raised to 40% because the coking process is more homogeneous.
To je mogoče povečati celo na 40%, ker je proces koksanja bolj homogen.
All tanks and installations for the storage and treatment of coal tar and coal tar products must be equipped with an efficient vapour recovery return and/or vapour destruction system.
Vsi rezervoarji in oprema za shranjevanje in obdelavo premogovega katrana in z njim povezanih produktov bi morali biti opremljeni z učinkovitim sistemom za zbiranje in/ali uničevanje hlapov.
The operating costs of vapour destruction systems can be reduced in an autothermal after-burning mode if the concentration of the carbon compounds in the waste is high enough.
Obratovalne stroške sistemov za uničevanje hlapov je mogoče znižati z naknadnim zgorevanjem brez dovajanja toplote, če je koncentracija ogljikovih spojin v odpadkih dovolj visoka.
Table 4 summarizes PAH emission reduction measures in coke production plants.
V preglednici 4 je povzetek ukrepov za zmanjšanje emisij PAH v koksarnah.
PAH emission control for coke production
Nadzorovanje emisij PAH pri koksanju
Remaining emission compared to unreduced mode.
Preostale emisije v primerjavi s stanjem, ko ni ukrepov za zmanjšanje
B. Anode production
B. Proizvodnja anod
PAH emissions from anode production have to be dealt with in a similar fashion as those from coke production.
Emisije PAH iz proizvodnje anod je treba obravnavati podobno kot emisije iz proizvodnje koksa.
The following secondary measures for emission reduction of PAH-contaminated dust are used:
Za zmanjšanje emisij prahu, onesnaženega s PAH, se uporabljajo naslednji sekundarni ukrepi:
(a) Electrostatic tar precipitation;
(a) elektrostatično izločanje katrana;
(b) Combination of a conventional electrostatic tar filter with a wet electrostatic filter as a more efficient technical measure;
(b) kombinacija klasičnega elektrofiltra za katran in mokrega elektrofiltra kot učinkovitejšega tehničnega ukrepa;
(c) Thermal after-burning of the waste gases; and
(c) toplotno naknadno zgorevanje odpadnih plinov in
(d) Dry scrubbing with limestone/petroleum coke or aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3)).
(d) suho čiščenje prahu z apnencem/petrolkoksom ali aluminijevim oksidom (Al(2)O(3)).
The operating costs in thermal after-burning can be reduced in an autothermal after-burning mode if the concentration of carbon compounds in the waste gas is high enough.
Obratovalne stroške za postopek toplotnega naknadnega zgorevanja je mogoče zmanjšati s pomočjo naknadnega zgorevanja brez dovajanja toplote, če je koncentracija ogljikovih spojin v odpadnem plinu dovolj visoka.
Table 5 summarizes PAH emission control measures for anode production.
V preglednici 5 je povzetek ukrepov za zmanjšanje emisij PAH pri proizvodnji anod.
PAH emission control for anode production
Nadzorovanje emisij PAH pri proizvodnji anod
Aluminium is produced from aluminium oxide (Al(2)O(3)) by electrolysis in pots (cells) electrically connected in series.
Aluminij se proizvaja iz aluminijevega oksida (Al(2)O(3)) z elektrolizo v zaporedno vezanih posodah (celicah).
Pots are classified as prebake or Soederberg pots, according to the type of the anode.
Glede na vrsto anode gre bodisi za posode s predpečenimi anodami bodisi za Soederbergove posode.
Prebake pots have anodes consisting of calcined (baked) carbon blocks, which are replaced after partial consumption.
Posode s predpečenimi anodami so opremljene z anodami kalciniranih (žganih) blokov ogljika, ki se po delni porabi zamenjajo.
Soederberg anodes are baked in the cell, with a mixture of petroleum coke and coal tar pitch acting as a binder.
Soederbergove anode so žgane v celici z mešanico petrolkoksa in katranske smole, ki deluje kot vezivo.
Very high PAH emissions are released from the Soederberg process.
Pri Soederbergovem postopku se sproščajo zelo velike emisije PAH.
Primary abatement measures include modernization of existing plants and optimization of the processes, which could reduce PAH emissions by 70-90%.
Med primarne ukrepe zmanjševanja emisij sodita posodabljanje obstoječih obratov in optimiziranje tehnoloških postopkov, s katerimi bi bilo mogoče zmanjšati emisije PAH za 70 do 90%.
An emission level of 0.015 kg B(a)P/tonne of Al could be reached.
Doseči je mogoče stopnjo emisije 0,015 kg B(a)P/tono aluminija.