natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The present Protocol shall be open for signature at Aarhus (Denmark) from 24 to 25 June 1998, then at United Nations Headquarters in New York until 21 December 1998, by States members of the Commission as well as States having consultative status with the Commission pursuant to paragraph 8 of Economic and Social Council resolution 36 (IV) of 28 March 1947, and by regional economic integration organizations, constituted by sovereign States members of the Commission, which have competence in respect of the negotiation, conclusion and application of international agreements in matters covered by the Protocol, provided that the States and organizations concerned are Parties to the Convention.
Ta protokol je na voljo za podpis v Aarhusu (Danska) od 24. do 25. junija 1998, nato pa na sedežu Združenih narodov v New Yorku do 21. decembra 1998 državam članicam komisije in državam, ki imajo pri komisiji posvetovalni status v skladu z osmim odstavkom resolucije št. 36 (IV) Ekonomsko-socialnega sveta z dne 28. marca 1947, ter organizacijam za regionalno gospodarsko povezovanje, ki so jih ustanovile suverene države članice komisije in so pristojne za pogajanja, sklepanje in izvajanje mednarodnih sporazumov o zadevah iz protokola, če so te države in organizacije pogodbenice konvencije.
The present Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day following the date on which the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited with the Depositary.
Ta protokol začne veljati devetdeseti dan po datumu deponiranja šestnajste listine o ratifikaciji, sprejetju, odobritvi ali pristopu pri depozitarju.
For each State and organization referred to in article 14, paragraph 1, which ratifies, accepts or approves the present Protocol or accedes thereto after the deposit of the sixteenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day following the date of deposit by such Party of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
Za vsako državo in organizacijo iz prvega odstavka 14. člena, ki ratificira, sprejme ali odobri ta protokol ali pristopi k njemu po deponiranju šestnajste listine o ratifikaciji, sprejetju, odobritvi ali pristopu, začne protokol veljati devetdeseti dan po datumu, ko ta pogodbenica deponira svojo listino o ratifikaciji, sprejetju, odobritvi ali pristopu.
Any such withdrawal shall take effect on the ninetieth day following the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of the withdrawal.
Odpoved začne veljati devetdeseti dan po datumu, ko depozitar prejme uradno obvestilo o odpovedi, ali pozneje, če je tako določeno v uradnem obvestilu o odpovedi.
SUBSTANCES SCHEDULED FOR ELIMINATION
SNOVI, KI JIH JE TREBA OPUSTITI
Unless otherwise specified in the present Protocol, this annex shall not apply to the substances listed below when they occur:
Če ni določeno drugače v tem protokolu, se ta priloga ne nanaša na spodaj naštete snovi:
(i) as contaminants in products; or (ii) in articles manufactured or in use by the implementation date; or (iii) as site-limited chemical intermediates in the manufacture of one or more different substances and are thus chemically transformed.
(i) kadar se pojavijo kot onesnaževala v izdelkih ali (ii) kadar se pojavijo v izdelkih, izdelanih ali uporabljenih do datuma uveljavitve, ali (iii) kadar se uporabljajo lokalno kot vmesni kemični produkt pri proizvodnji ene ali več različnih snovi in se torej kemijsko pretvorijo.
Unless otherwise specified, each obligation below is effective upon the date of entry into force of the Protocol.
Če ni drugače določeno, začne vsaka od spodaj navedenih obveznosti veljati z datumom začetka veljavnosti protokola.
(a/) The Parties agree to reassess under the Protocol by 31 December 2004 the production and use of polychlorinated terphenyls and &quot;ugilec&quot;.
(a/)Pogodbenice se strinjajo, da v skladu s tem protokolom do 31. decembra 2004 ponovno ocenijo proizvodnjo in uporabo polikloriranih terfenilov in »ugileca«.
SUBSTANCES SCHEDULED FOR RESTRICTIONS ON USE
SNOVI, KATERIH UPORABO JE TREBA OMEJITI
(a/) The Parties agree to reassess under the Protocol by 31 December 2004
(a/) Pogodbenice se strinjajo, da v skladu s tem protokolom do 31.
the production and use of polychlorinated terphenyls and &quot;ugilec&quot;.
decembra 2004 ponovno ocenijo proizvodnjo in uporabo polikloriranih terfenilov in »ugileca«.
SUBSTANCES REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 3, PARAGRAPH 5 (a), AND THE REFERENCE YEAR FOR THE OBLIGATION
SNOVI, NAVEDENE V PODODSTAVKU (a) PETEGA ODSTAVKA 3. ČLENA, IN REFERENČNO LETO ZA IZPOLNITEV OBVEZNOSTI
(a/) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs):
(a/) Policiklični aromatični ogljikovodiki (PAH):
For the purposes of emission inventories, the following four indicator compounds shall be used: benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, and indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene.
Za evidence emisij se uporabijo naslednje štiri indikatorske spojine: benzo(a)piren, benzo(b) fluranten, benzo(k)fluoranten in indeno(1, 2, 3-cd) piren.
(b/) Dioxins and furans (PCDD/F): Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) are tricyclic, aromatic compounds formed by two benzene rings which are connected by two oxygen atoms in PCDD and by one oxygen atom in PCDF and the hydrogen atoms of which may be replaced by up to eight chlorine atoms.
(b/) Dioksini in furani (PCDD/F): Poliklorirani dibenzo-p-dioksini (PCDD) in poliklorirani dibenzofurani (PCDF) so triciklične, aromatske spojine, ki nastanejo z dvema benzenskima obročema, ki sta povezana z dvema atomoma kisika v PCDD in z enim atomom kisika v PCDF in katerih atome vodika lahko nadomesti do 8 atomov klora.
LIMIT VALUES FOR PCDD/F FROM MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES
MEJNE VREDNOSTI ZA PCDD/F IZ VEČJIH NEPREMIČNIH VIROV
A definition of dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) is provided in annex III to the present Protocol.
Dioksini in furani (PCDD/F) so opredeljeni v prilogi III tega protokola.
Limit values are expressed as ng/m3 or mg/m3 under standard conditions (273.15 K, 101.3 kPa, and dry gas).
Mejne vrednosti so izražene kot ng/m3 ali mg/m3 v standardnih pogojih (273,15 K; 101,3 kPa in suhi plin).
Limit values relate to the normal operating situation, including start-up and shutdown procedures, unless specific limit values have been defined for those situations.
Mejne vrednosti se nanašajo na normalno delovanje, vključno s postopki za zagon in ustavitev, razen če niso bile določene posebne mejne vrednosti za to delovanje.
Sampling and analysis of all pollutants shall be carried out according to the standards laid down by the Comité européen de normalisation (CEN), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), or the corresponding United States or Canadian reference methods.
Vzorčenje in analiza vseh onesnaževal se opravi v skladu s standardi, ki jih je določil Evropski odbor za standardizacijo (CEN), Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo (ISO), ali z ustreznimi referenčnimi metodami Združenih držav ali Kanade.
While awaiting the development of CEN or ISO standards, national standards shall apply.
Med pripravo standardov CEN ali ISO veljajo nacionalni standardi.
For verification purposes, the interpretation of measurement results in relation to the limit value must also take into account the inaccuracy of the measurement method.
Za preverjanje je treba pri razlagi rezultatov meritev v zvezi z mejno vrednostjo upoštevati tudi netočnost merilne metode.
A limit value is considered to be met if the result of the measurement, from which the inaccuracy of the measurement method is subtracted, does not exceed it.
Šteje se, da je mejna vrednost dosežena, če rezultat meritve, od katerega je odšteta netočnost merilne metode, ne presega te vrednosti.
Emissions of different congeners of PCDD/F are given in toxicity equivalents (TE) in comparison to 2,3,7,8-TCDD using the system proposed by the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO-CCMS) in 1988.
Emisije različnih sorodnih vrst PCDD/F so izražene v ekvivalentih toksičnosti (TE) v primerjavi z 2,3,7,8-TCDD v skladu s sistemom, ki ga je predlagal Odbor Nata o izzivih sodobne družbe (NATO-CCMS) leta 1988.
LIMIT VALUES FOR MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES
MEJNE VREDNOSTI ZA VEČJE NEPREMIČNE VIRE
The following limit values, which refer to 11% O(2) concentration in flue gas, apply to the following incinerator types: Municipal solid waste (burning more than 3 tonnes per hour) 0.1 ng TE/m3 Medical solid waste (burning more than 1 tonne per hour) 0.5 ng TE/m3 Hazardous waste (burning more than 1 tonne per hour) 0.2 ng TE/m3
Spodaj navedene mejne vrednosti, ki se nanašajo na 11-odstotno koncentracijo O(2) v dimnem plinu, veljajo za naslednje vrste sežigalnic: za komunalne trdne odpadke (sežig več kot 3 tone na uro) 0,1 ng TE/m3 za medicinske trdne odpadke (sežig več kot 1 tona na uro) 0,5 ng TE/m3 za nevarne odpadke (sežig več kot 1 tona na uro) 0,2 ng TE/m3.
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES TO CONTROL EMISSIONS OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES
NAJBOLJŠE RAZPOLOŽLJIVE TEHNIKE ZA NADZOR NAD EMISIJAMI OBSTOJNIH ORGANSKIH ONESNAŽEVAL IZ VEČJIH NEPREMIČNIH VIROV
The purpose of this annex is to provide the Parties to the Convention with guidance in identifying best available techniques to allow them to meet the obligations in article 3, paragraph 5, of the Protocol.
Namen te priloge je zagotoviti pogodbenicam konvencije smernice za prepoznavanje najboljših razpoložljivih tehnik, ki so na voljo, za izpolnjevanje obveznosti iz petega odstavka 3. člena protokola.
&quot;Best available techniques&quot; (BAT) means the most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operation which indicate the practical suitability of particular techniques for providing in principle the basis for emission limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not practicable, generally to reduce emissions and their impact on the environment as a whole:
»Najboljše razpoložljive tehnike« (best available techniques - »BAT«) pomenijo najučinkovitejšo in najsodobnejšo stopnjo v razvoju dejavnosti in njihovih delovnih postopkov, ki označujejo praktično primernost posameznih tehnik, da se načelno zagotovi podlaga za mejne vrednosti emisij, namenjena preprečevanju, in če to ni mogoče, splošnemu zmanjševanju emisij in njihovega vpliva na okolje kot celoto:
&apos;Techniques&apos; includes both the technology used and the way in which the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated and decommissioned;
- &quot;tehnologije&quot; vključuje uporabljeno tehnologijo in način projektiranja, gradnje, vzdrževanja, upravljanja in razgradnje objektov in naprav;
&apos;Available&apos; techniques means those developed on a scale which allows implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and technically viable conditions, taking into consideration the costs and advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the territory of the Party in question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to the operator;
- &quot;razpoložljive&quot; tehnologije pomeni tiste, katerih stopnja razvoja omogoča izvajanje v ustrezni industrijski panogi v ekonomsko in tehnično izvedljivih razmerah, ob upoštevanju stroškov in koristi, ne glede na to, ali se tehnologije uporabljajo ali nastanejo na območju udeležene pogodbenice, če so na primeren način dostopne upravljavcu;
&apos;Best&apos; means most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the environment as a whole.
- &quot;najboljše&quot; pomeni najučinkovitejše pri doseganju visokega splošnega varstva okolja kot celote.
The use of low-waste technology;
- uporaba tehnologij z malo odpadki;
The use of less hazardous substances;
- uporaba manj nevarnih snovi;
The furthering of recovery and recycling of substances generated and used in the process and of waste;
- pospeševanje predelave in recikliranja snovi, ki nastajajo ali se uporabljajo pri proizvodnji, in odpadkov;
Comparable processes, facilities or methods of operation which have been tried with success on an industrial scale;
- primerljivi postopki, naprave ali metode delovanja, ki so že uspešno preskušeni v industrijskem merilu;
Technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge and understanding;
- tehnološki napredek in spremembe v znanstvenem vedenju in razumevanju;
The nature, effects and volume of the emissions concerned;
- narava, učinki in količina nastalih emisij;
The commissioning dates for new or existing installations;
- datumi začetka obratovanja novih ali obstoječih naprav;
The time needed to introduce the best available technique;
- čas, potreben za uvedbo najboljše razpoložljive tehnologije;
The consumption and nature of raw materials (including water) used in the process and its energy efficiency;
- poraba in narava surovin (vključno z vodo), ki se uporabljajo v postopku, in njihova energetsko učinkovitost;
The need to prevent or reduce to a minimum the overall impact of the emissions on the environment and the risks to it;
- potreba preprečevati ali čim bolj zmanjšati skupen vpliv emisij in njihovih škodljivih posledic za okolje;
The need to prevent accidents and to minimize their consequences for the environment.
- potreba preprečevati nesreče in čim bolj zmanjšati njihove posledice za okolje.
Information regarding the effectiveness and costs of control measures is based on documents received and reviewed by the Task Force and the Preparatory Working Group on POPs.
Informacije v zvezi z učinkovitostjo in stroški ukrepov nadzora izhajajo iz dokumentov, ki sta jih dobili in pregledali projektna skupina in pripravljalna delovna skupina za obstojna organska onesnaževala.
Unless otherwise indicated, the techniques listed are considered to be well established on the basis of operational experience.
Če ni drugače določeno, se navedene tehnike štejejo za dobro utečene na podlagi izkušenj pri obratovanju.
Experience with new plants incorporating low-emission techniques, as well as with retrofitting of existing plants, is continuously growing.
Vedno več je izkušenj z novimi obrati, v katerih se uporabljajo tehnike z nizkimi emisijami, in s prilagajanjem obstoječih obratov.
The regular elaboration and amendment of the annex will therefore be necessary.
Zato bo treba redno dopolnjevati in spreminjati to prilogo.
Best available techniques (BAT) identified for new plants can usually be applied to existing plants provided there is an adequate transition period and they are adapted.
Najboljše razpoložljive tehnike (BAT) za nove obrate je običajno mogoče uporabiti tudi v že obstoječih obratih, če sta zagotovljena ustrezno prehodno obdobje in prilagoditev.
The annex lists a number of control measures which span a range of costs and efficiencies.
V prilogi so našteti številni ukrepi nadzora, ki zajemajo stroške in učinkovitost.
The choice of measures for any particular case will depend on a number of factors, including economic circumstances, technological infrastructure and capacity, and any existing air pollution control measures.
Izbira ukrepa za vsak posamezen primer je odvisna od številnih dejavnikov, kot so gospodarske razmere, tehnološka infrastruktura in zmogljivosti ter kateri koli ukrepi za nadzor nad onesnaževanjem zraka.
The most important POPs emitted from stationary sources are:
Najpomembnejša obstojna onesnaževala iz nepremičnih virov so:
(a) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/F);
(a) poliklorirani dibenzo-p-dioksini / furani (PCDD/F);
(c) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
(c) policiklični aromatski ogljikovodiki (PAH).
Relevant definitions are provided in annex III to the present Protocol.
Ustrezne opredelitve so navedene v prilogi III k temu protokolu.
MAJOR STATIONARY SOURCES OF POP EMISSIONS
VEČJI NEPREMIČNI VIRI EMISIJ OBSTOJNIH ORGANSKIH ONESNAŽEVAL
PCDD/F are emitted from thermal processes involving organic matter and chlorine as a result of incomplete combustion or chemical reactions.
Emisije PCDD/F nastajajo pri toplotnih postopkih, pri katerih so udeležene organske snovi in klor, in so posledica nepopolnega zgorevanja ali kemičnih reakcij.
Major stationary sources of PCDD/F may be as follows:
Večji nepremični viri PCDD/F so lahko:
(a) Waste incineration, including co-incineration;
(a) sežiganje odpadkov, vključno s sosežigom;
(b) Thermal metallurgical processes, e.g. production of aluminium and other non-ferrous metals, iron and steel;
(b) toplotni metalurški postopki, na primer proizvodnja aluminija in drugih barvnih kovin, železa in jekla;
(c) Combustion plants providing energy;
(c) kurilne naprave za proizvodnjo energije;
(d) Residential combustion; and
(d) zgorevanje v gospodinjstvih in
(e) Specific chemical production processes releasing intermediates and by-products.
(e) posamezni kemični proizvodni postopki, pri katerih se sproščajo vmesni in stranski produkti.
Major stationary sources of PAH emissions may be as follows:
Večji nepremični viri emisij PAH so lahko:
(a) Domestic wood and coal heating;
(a) ogrevanje z lesom in premogom v gospodinjstvih;
(b) Open fires such as refuse burning, forest fires and after-crop burning;
(b) odprti ogenj, na primer sežiganje smeti, gozdni požari, požiganje strnišč;
(c) Coke and anode production;
(c) proizvodnja koksa ali anod;
(d) Aluminium production (via Soederberg process); and
(d) proizvodnja aluminija (po Soederbergovem postopku) in
(e) Wood preservation installations, except for a Party for which this category does not make a significant contribution to its total emissions of PAH (as defined in annex III).
(e) naprave za zaščito lesa, razen za pogodbenice, pri katerih ta kategorija ne pomeni pomembnejšega deleža v celotni emisiji PAH (kot so opredeljeni v prilogi III).
Emissions of HCB result from the same type of thermal and chemical processes as those emitting PCDD/F, and HCB is formed by a similar mechanism.
Emisije HCB so posledica istih toplotnih in kemičnih postopkov kot emisije PCDD/F, HCB pa nastaja zaradi podobnih mehanizmov.
Major sources of HCB emissions may be as follows:
Večji viri emisij HCB so lahko:
(a) Waste incineration plants, including co-incineration;
(a) sežigalnice odpadkov, vključno s sosežigom;
(b) Thermal sources of metallurgical industries; and
(b) toplotni viri v metalurški industriji in
(c) Use of chlorinated fuels in furnace installations.
(c) uporaba kloriranih goriv v industrijskih pečeh.
GENERAL APPROACHES TO CONTROLLING EMISSIONS OF POPs
SPLOŠNE OBLIKE NADZORA NAD EMISIJAMI OBSTOJNIH ORGANSKIH ONESNAŽEVAL
There are several approaches to the control or prevention of POP emissions from stationary sources.
Obstaja več možnosti za nadzorovanje ali preprečevanje emisij obstojnih organskih onesnaževal iz nepremičnih virov.
These include the replacement of relevant feed materials, process modifications (including maintenance and operational control) and retrofitting existing plants.
Mednje sodijo zamenjava ustreznih vhodnih materialov, spremembe postopkov (tudi postopkov nadzora nad vzdrževanjem in delovanjem) in prilagajanje že obstoječih obratov.
The following list provides a general indication of available measures, which may be implemented either separately or in combination:
V spodnjem seznamu je naveden splošni okvir možnih ukrepov, ki se lahko izvajajo posamično ali kombinirano:
(a) Replacement of feed materials which are POPs or where there is a direct link between the materials and POP emissions from the source;
(a) zamenjava vhodnih materialov, če gre za obstojna organska onesnaževala ali če obstaja neposredna povezava med temi materiali in emisijami obstojnih organskih onesnaževal iz tega vira;
(b) Best environmental practices such as good housekeeping, preventive maintenance programmes, or process changes such as closed systems (for instance in cokeries or use of inert electrodes for electrolysis);
(b) najboljše okoljske prakse, kot so skrbno ravnanje, preventivni vzdrževalni programi ali spremembe postopkov, kot je uvedba zaprtih sistemov (na primer v koksarnah ali uporaba inertnih elektrod pri elektrolizi);
(c) Modification of process design to ensure complete combustion, thus preventing the formation of persistent organic pollutants, through the control of parameters such as incineration temperature or residence time;
(c) spremembe postopkov, tako da se zagotovi popolno zgorevanje in s tem prepreči nastanek obstojnih organskih onesnaževal, in sicer z nadzorovanjem parametrov, kot je temperatura zgorevanja ali zadrževalni čas;
(d) Methods for flue-gas cleaning such as thermal or catalytic incineration or oxidation, dust precipitation, adsorption;
(d) metode čiščenja dimnih plinov, kot so toplotno ali katalitsko sežiganje ali oksidacija, odpraševanje, adsorpcija;
(e) Treatment of residuals, wastes and sewage sludge by, for example, thermal treatment or rendering them inert.
(e) obdelava ostankov, odpadkov in blata iz čistilnih naprav, na primer s toplotno obdelavo ali tako, da postanejo inertni;
The emission levels given for different measures in tables 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 are generally case-specific.
Stopnje emisij, navedene pri različnih ukrepih v preglednicah 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 in 9, se običajno nanašajo na posamezne primere.
The figures or ranges give the emission levels as a percentage of the emission limit values using conventional techniques.
Številke ali razponi prikazujejo stopnje emisij kot odstotek mejnih vrednosti emisij pri uporabi klasičnih tehnik.
Cost-efficient considerations may be based on total costs per year per unit of abatement (including capital and operational costs).
Presoja o stroškovni učinkovitosti lahko temelji na skupnih letnih stroških na enoto zmanjševanja emisij (vključno z naložbenimi in obratovalnimi stroški).
POP emission reduction costs should also be considered within the framework of the overall process economics, e.g. the impact of control measures and costs of production.
Stroške zmanjševanja emisij obstojnih organskih onesnaževal je treba presojati tudi v okviru celotne ekonomike postopka, kot so vpliv ukrepov nadzora in proizvodni stroški.
Given the many influencing factors, investment and operating cost figures are highly case-specific.
Glede na številne vpletene dejavnike so naložbeni in obratovalni stroški izrazito odvisni od posameznega primera.
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR THE REDUCTION OF PCDD/F EMISSIONS
TEHNIKE NADZORA NAD ZMANJŠEVANJEM EMISIJ PCDD/F
A. Waste incineration
A. Sežiganje odpadkov
Waste incineration includes municipal waste, hazardous waste, medical waste and sewage sludge incineration.
Sežiganje odpadkov vključuje sežiganje komunalnih odpadkov, nevarnih odpadkov, medicinskih odpadkov in blata iz čistilnih naprav.
The main control measures for PCDD/F emissions from waste incineration facilities are:
Najpomembnejši ukrepi nadzora nad emisijami PCDD/F iz sežigalnic odpadkov so:
(a) Primary measures regarding incinerated wastes;
(a) primarni ukrepi v zvezi z odpadki, ki se sežigajo;
(b) Primary measures regarding process techniques;
(b) primarni ukrepi v zvezi s postopkom sežiganja;
(c) Measures to control physical parameters of the combustion process and waste gases (e.g. temperature stages, cooling rate, O(2) content, etc.);
(c) ukrepi za nadzor nad fizikalnimi parametri postopka sežiganja in odpadnih plinov (na primer temperaturnega praga, hitrosti ohlajanja, vsebnosti O(2) itn.);
(d) Cleaning of the flue gas; and
(d) čiščenje dimnih plinov in
(e) Treatment of residuals from the cleaning process.
(e) obdelava ostankov pri postopku čiščenja.
The primary measures regarding the incinerated wastes, involving the management of feed material by reducing halogenated substances and replacing them by non-halogenated alternatives, are not appropriate for municipal or hazardous waste incineration.
Primarni ukrepi v zvezi z odpadki, ki se sežigajo, pri katerih se vhodni material pripravi tako, da se zmanjša količina halogeniranih snovi in nadomesti z nehalogeniranimi snovmi, pri sežiganju komunalnih ali nevarnih odpadkov niso primerni.
It is more effective to modify the incineration process and install secondary measures for flue-gas cleaning.
Primerneje je prilagoditi postopek sežiganja in vpeljati sekundarne ukrepe za čiščenje dimnih plinov.