natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Therefore, the applicability of Article 7(1)(e) EUTMR is not confined to 3D shapes but also applies to other categories of marks, such as figurative signs representing shapes (06/03/2014, C337/12 P - C340/12 P, Surface covered with circles, EU:C:2014:129, § 55).
Zato člen 7(1)(e) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU ne velja samo za tridimenzionalne oblike, temveč tudi za druge kategorije znamk, kot so figurativni znaki, ki predstavljajo oblike (06/03/2014, C337/12 P - C340/12 P, Surface covered with circles, EU:C:2014:129, § 55).
A sign consists ‘exclusively' of the shape of goods or other characteristics when all its essential characteristics - that is to say, its most important elements - result from the nature of the goods (Article 7(1)(e)(i) EUTMR), perform a technical function (Article 7(1)(e)(ii) EUTMR) or give substantial value to the goods (Article 7(1)(e)(iii) EUTMR).
Znak je sestavljen izključno iz oblik blaga ali drugih značilnosti, kadar vse njegove bistvene značilnosti, tj. najpomembnejši elementi, izhajajo iz narave blaga (člen 7(1)(e)(i) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU), kadar so nujne za dosego tehničnega učinka (člen 7(1)(e)(ii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU) ali kadar dajo blagu bistveno vrednost (člen 7(1)(e)(iii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU).
The presence of one or more minor arbitrary elements, therefore, will not alter the conclusion (18/09/2014, C205/13, Hauck, EU:C:2014:2233, § 21-22; 14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 51-52).
Prisotnost enega ali več poljubnih elementov zato ne bo spremenila končne ugotovitve (18/09/2014, C205/13, Hauck, EU:C:2014:2233, § 21-22; 14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 51-52).
However, an objection under Article 7(1)(e) EUTMR would not be justified if the sign applied for were a shape or other characteristic(s) combined with additional, distinctive matter such as word or figurative elements (that qualify as essential characteristics of the sign), as the sign in its entirety would then not consist exclusively of a shape or other characteristic(s) (see Step 3 in the Guidelines, Part B, Examination, Section 4, Absolute Grounds for Refusal, Chapter 3, Non-Distinctive Trade Marks (Article 7(1)(b) EUTMR), paragraph 11.3).
Vendar ugovor na podlagi člena 7(1)(e) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU ne bi bil upravičen, če bi znak, za katerega je vložena prijava, vseboval obliko ali drugo(-e) značilnost(-i), povezano(-e) z dodatnim, razlikovalnim elementom, kot so besede ali figurativni elementi (ki štejejo za bistvene značilnosti znaka), saj znak kot celota v tem primeru ne bi bil sestavljen izključno iz oblike ali druge(-ih) značilnosti (glej tretji korak v Smernicah, del B: Preizkušanje, razdelek 4: Absolutni razlogi za zavrnitev, poglavje 3: Nerazlikovalne blagovne znamke (člen 7(1)(b) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU), odstavek 11.3).
The correct application of Article 7(1)(e) EUTMR requires that the essential characteristics of the sign at issue be properly identified.
Člen 7(1)(e) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU je uporabljen pravilno, če so pravilno opredeljene bistvene značilnosti zadevnega znaka.
There is no hierarchy that applies systematically between the various types of elements of which a sign may consist.
Med različnimi vrstami elementov, ki lahko sestavljajo znak, se ne uporablja nobena sistematična hierarhija.
Moreover, in determining the essential characteristics of a sign, the Office may either base its assessment directly on the overall impression produced by the sign, or first examine in turn each of the components of the sign concerned (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 70; 19/09/2012, T164/11, Knife handles, EU:T:2012:443, § 37).
Poleg tega lahko Urad pri določitvi bistvenih značilnosti znaka svojo presojo opre neposredno na celotni vtis, ki ga daje ta znak, ali pa najprej preizkusi vsakega izmed sestavnih elementov znaka posebej (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 70; 19/09/2012, T164/11, Knife handles, EU:T:2012:443, § 37).
This identification may, depending on the case and in particular its degree of difficulty, ‘be carried out by means of a simple visual analysis of the sign or, alternatively, be based on a detailed examination in which relevant assessment criteria may be taken into account, such as surveys or expert opinions, or data relating to intellectual property rights conferred previously for the goods concerned', such as patents (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 71, 85).
Ta opredelitev se lahko, odvisno od primera in zlasti glede na težavnost primera, „opravi s preprosto vizualno analizo tega znaka ali pa je treba, nasprotno, opraviti temeljit preizkus, pri katerem se upoštevajo elementi, ki so koristni za presojo, kot so raziskave, izvedenska mnenja ali podatki, ki se nanašajo na pravice intelektualne lastnine, ki so bile predhodno dodeljene v povezavi z zadevnim proizvodom“, kot so patenti (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 71, 85).
Once the sign's essential characteristics have been identified, it will have to be established whether they all fall under the respective ground set out in Article 7(1)(e) EUTMR (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 72).
Ko so bistvene značilnosti znaka opredeljene, je treba še preveriti, ali spadajo med zadevne razloge, določene v členu 7(1)(e) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 72).
In this respect, each of the three grounds must be applied independently of the others.
V zvezi s tem je treba vsakega od treh razlogov uporabiti neodvisno od drugih.
In addition, where none of those grounds is fully applicable for the entire shape or another characteristic, they do not preclude registration of the sign (18/09/2014, C205/13, Hauck, EU:C:2014:2233, § 39, 42).
Poleg tega, kadar se nobeden od teh razlogov ne uporabi v celoti za celotno obliko ali drugo značilnost, ti ne nasprotujejo registraciji znaka (18/09/2014, C205/13, Hauck, EU:C:2014:2233, § 39, 42).
Therefore, if parts of the shape or other characteristics are necessary to obtain a technical result within the meaning of Article 7(1)(e)(ii) EUTMR, for instance, and the remaining parts merely give substantial value to the goods under Article 7(1)(iii) EUTMR, neither of these two provisions bars the registration of the shape or other characteristics as a sign.
Če so torej oblika ali druge značilnosti potrebne na primer za dosego tehničnega učinka v smislu člena 7(1)(e)(ii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU in če preostali deli le dajo bistveno vrednost blagu v skladu s členom 7(1)(e)(iii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU, nobena od teh dveh določb ne izključuje registracije oblike ali drugih značilnosti kot znaka.
2 Shape or Other Characteristics Resulting from the Nature of the Goods
Oblika ali druge značilnosti, ki izhajajo iz narave blaga
Under Article 7(1)(e)(i) EUTMR, signs that consist exclusively of the shape or another characteristic that results from the nature of the goods themselves cannot be registered.
Člen 7(1)(e)(i) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU določa, da se znaki, sestavljeni izključno iz oblike ali druge značilnosti, ki izhaja iz narave blaga, ne morejo registrirati.
The same would apply to ‘regulated' products (the shape or another characteristic of which is prescribed by legal standards), such as a rugby ball.
Enako velja za regulirane proizvode (katerih oblika ali druga značilnost je predpisana s pravnimi standardi), kot je žoga za ragbi.
Apart from ‘natural' and ‘regulated' products, all shapes that are inherent to the generic function or functions of such goods must, in principle, also be denied registration (18/09/2014, C205/13, Hauck, EU:C:2014:2233, § 23-25).
Poleg „naravnih“ in „reguliranih“ proizvodov se načeloma ne smejo registrirati vse oblike, ki so neločljivo povezane z generično funkcijo ali funkcijami tega blaga (18/09/2014, C205/13, Hauck, EU:C:2014:2233, § 23-25).
The Court of Justice has not given any further guidance about exactly when a shape is inherent to the generic function(s) of goods.
Sodišče ni podalo nadaljnjih smernic glede tega, kdaj točno je oblika neločljivo povezana z generično(-imi) funkcijo(ami) blaga.
In the absence of any case-law in this respect, the examples given by the Advocate General may be referred to: legs with a horizontal level for a table; an orthopaedic-shaped sole with a V-shaped strap for flip-flops (14/05/2014, C205/13, EU:C:2014:322, § 59).
Ker v zvezi s tem ni sodne prakse, se primeri, ki jih navede generalni pravobranilec, lahko nanašajo na noge, pritrjene na vodoravno površino, pri mizi, ali podplat ortopedske oblike z jermenom v obliki črke v pri japonkah (14/05/2014, C205/13, EU:C:2014:322, § 59).
Even though the opinion of the Advocate General is not binding, it can give useful guidance.
Tudi če mnenje generalnega pravobranilca ni zavezujoče, lahko vsebuje koristne smernice.
There is no practice yet on cases where a trade mark consists of ‘other characteristics' that result from the nature of the goods.
Nobene prakse še ni v primerih, v katerih blagovno znamko sestavljajo „druge značilnosti“, ki izhajajo iz narave blaga.
As an invented example, a sound mark representing the sound of a motorbike for motorbikes could be captured by Article 7(1)(e)(i) EUTMR if the sound results from the nature of the goods (in the sense of its technical performance).
Zvočna znamka, ki ponazarja zvok motornega kolesa za motorna kolesa, bi kot izmišljen primer lahko bila vključena v člen 7(1)(e)(i) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU, če zvok izhaja iz narave blaga (v smislu tehničnega učinka).
Another hypothetical example of a sign that consists exclusively of ‘other characteristics' resulting from the nature of the goods could be an olfactory mark of a scent for a perfume.
Še en hipotetičen primer znaka, ki ga sestavljajo izključno „druge značilnosti“, ki izhajajo iz narave blaga, bi lahko bila znamka vonja za parfum.
3 Shape or Other Characteristics of Goods Necessary to Obtain a Technical Result
Oblika ali druge značilnosti blaga, ki so nujne za dosego tehničnega učinka
Article 7(1)(e)(ii) EUTMR excludes from registration signs that consist exclusively of the shape or another characteristic of goods that is necessary to obtain a technical result.
Člen 7(1)(e)(ii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU iz registracije izključuje znake, sestavljene izključno iz oblike ali druge značilnosti blaga, ki je nujna za dosego tehničnega učinka.
The Courts have not yet ruled on the interpretation of ‘another characteristic' of the goods.
Sodišča še niso odločila o razlagi „drugih značilnosti“ blaga.
However, the Court of Justice has rendered two leading judgments concerning the subject of essentially functional shapes, which provide guidance concerning the examination of trade marks consisting exclusively of functional shapes (18/06/2002, C299/99, Remington, EU:C:2002:377; 14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516), interpreting, inter alia, Article 3(1) of the Trade Mark Directive, which is the equivalent of Article 7(1) EUTMR.
Vendar je Sodišče sprejelo dve temeljni sodbi v zvezi z oblikami, ki ustrezajo nujnim tehničnim funkcijam, v katerih je zagotovilo smernice glede preizkušanja blagovnih znamk, ki jih sestavljajo izključno funkcionalne oblike (18/06/2002, C299/99, Remington, EU:C:2002:377; 14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516), in med drugim pojasnilo člen 3(1) direktive o blagovni znamki, ki je enakovreden členu 7(1) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU.
A sign consists ‘exclusively' of the shape of goods that is necessary to obtain a technical result when all the essential characteristics of a shape perform a technical function, the presence of non-essential characteristics with no technical function being irrelevant in that context (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 51).
Znak je sestavljen „izključno“ iz oblike blaga, ki je nujna za doseg tehničnega učinka, če vse bistvene značilnosti oblike ustrezajo tehnični funkciji, pri čemer so nebistvene značilnosti, ki nimajo tehnične funkcije, v tem okviru neupoštevne (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 51).
The fact that there may be alternative shapes, with other dimensions or another design, capable of achieving the same technical result does not in itself preclude the application of this provision (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 53-58).
Dejstvo, da so mogoče drugačne oblike z drugimi dimenzijami ali drugo upodobitvijo, ki omogočajo doseg enakega tehničnega učinka, ne preprečuje uporabe te določbe (14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, § 53-58).
Likewise, the combination of different elements that are all functional in themselves does not render the sign registrable.
Podobno kombinacija različnih elementov, od katerih je funkcionalen vsak zase, ne pomeni, da znaka ni mogoče registrirati.
The Court further pointed out that the essential characteristics of the shape necessary to obtain a technical result must be assessed in the light of the technical function of the actual goods represented.
Sodišče je poudarilo še, da je treba bistvene značilnosti oblike, nujne za doseg tehničnega učinka, presoditi z vidika tehnične funkcije dejanskega blaga, ki ga prikazuje.
The analysis cannot be made without taking into consideration, where appropriate, the additional elements relating to the function of the actual goods.
Analize ni mogoče opraviti, če se ne upoštevajo, kjer je to ustrezno, dodatni elementi, povezani s funkcijo dejanskega blaga.
In the ‘Rubik's Cube-type puzzle' the functionality of the grid structure in the light of the rotating capability of individual elements of the puzzle should have been examined (10/11/2016, C30/15 P, CUBES (3D), EU:C:2016:849, § 47-51).
Pri sestavljanki v obliki Rubikove kocke bi bilo treba preizkusiti funkcionalnost mrežaste strukture z vidika sposobnosti krožnega gibanja posameznih elementov sestavljanke (10/11/2016, C30/15 P, CUBES (3D), EU:C:2016:849, § 47-51).
In assessing an EUTM application against Article 7(1)(e)(ii) EUTMR, consideration should be given to the meaning of the expression ‘technical result'.
Pri presoji prijave blagovne znamke EU na podlagi člena 7(1)(e)(ii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU je treba upoštevati pomen izraza „tehnični učinek“.
This expression should be interpreted broadly and includes shapes or other characteristics that, for example:
Ta izraz je treba razlagati široko, vključuje pa oblike ali druge značilnosti, ki na primer:
fit with another article;
ustrezajo drugemu izdelku,
give the most strength;
dajejo največjo moč,
use the least material;
porabijo najmanj materiala,
facilitate convenient storage or transportation.
so primerne za skladiščenje ali prevoz.
Other characteristics of the goods that are necessary to obtain a technical result may include particular sounds.
Druge značilnosti blaga, ki so nujne za doseg tehničnega učinka, lahko vključujejo zadevne zvoke.
For instance, as an invented example, a sound mark for insect repellents may be objected to under Article 7(1)(e)(ii) EUTMR if the sound in fact repels insects.
Na primer, v izmišljenem primeru se lahko zoper zvočno znamko za sredstva za odganjanje mrčesa vloži ugovor na podlagi člena 7(1)(e)(ii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU, če zvok dejansko odganja mrčes.
In the ‘Red Lego Brick' case, following a cancellation action, two instances of the Office declared the 3D shape of a building block in a construction toy set as invalid:
V primeru „rdeče kocke Lego“ je Urad po tožbi za razglasitev ničnosti v dveh primerih izjavil, da je tridimenzionalna oblika kocke v igralnem kompletu za sestavljanje nična:
In particular, the Grand Board held that the various features of the ‘Red Lego brick' all performed particular technical functions, namely (i) the bosses [studs]: height and diameter for clutch power; number for fixing versatility; layout for fixing arrangement; (ii) the secondary projections: clutch-power; the number for best clutch-power in all positions; the thickness of the wall to act as a spring; (iii) the sides: connected with sides of other bricks to produce a wall; (iv) the hollow skirt: to mesh with the bosses and to enable fixing for clutch power and (v) the overall shape: brick shape for building; size for children to hold (10/07/2006, R 856/2004G, 3D SHAPE OF LEGO BRICK, § 54).
Veliki odbor je zlasti ugotovil, da ima vsaka od različnih značilnosti rdeče kocke Lego posebne tehnične funkcije, in sicer: (i) nastavki na zgornji stranici kocke: višina in premer nastavkov za trdnost spoja, število za raznovrstnost sestavljanja, njihova razmestitev za način sestavljanja; (ii) nastavki v notranjosti kocke: trdnost spoja, njihovo število za boljšo trdnost spoja v vseh položajih, debelina zidu deluje kot vzmet; (iii) stranice: za postavitev s stranicami drugih kock, da nastane stena; (iv) votla stran: za sestavitev z nastavki na zgornji stranici kocke in omogočanje spojitve za trdnost spoja ter (v) oblika v celoti: oblika konstrukcijske kocke; velikost je takšna, da lahko otrok kocko drži v roki (10/07/2006, R 856/2004G, 3D SHAPE OF LEGO BRICK, § 54).
The General Court dismissed the appeal against the above decision and confirmed the findings of the Grand Board, holding that the latter had correctly applied Article 7(1)(e)(ii) EUTMR (12/11/2008, T270/06, Lego brick, EU:T:2008:483).
Splošno sodišče je zavrnilo pritožbo zoper zgornjo odločbo in potrdilo ugotovitve velikega odbora z navedbo, da je to pravilno uporabilo člen 7(1)(e)(ii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU (12/11/2008, T270/06, Lego brick, EU:T:2008:483).
Following an appeal, the Court of Justice, in its ruling of 14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, confirmed the judgment of the General Court, holding that:
Po pritožbi je Sodišče v sodbi z dne 14/09/2010, C48/09 P, Lego brick, EU:C:2010:516, potrdilo sodbo Splošnega sodišča, pri čemer je navedlo, da je:
… the solution incorporated in the shape of goods examined is the technically preferable solution for the category of goods concerned.
[…] rešitev, ki jo vsebuje proučevana oblika blaga, tehnično najboljša za zadevno kategorijo blaga.
If the three-dimensional sign consisting of such a shape were registered as a trade mark, it would be difficult for the competitors of the proprietor of that mark to place on the market shapes of goods constituting a real alternative, that is to say, shapes which are not similar and which are nevertheless attractive to the consumer from a functional perspective (para. 60).
Če bi bil tridimenzionalni znak s to obliko registriran kot znamka, bi bilo konkurentom njegovega imetnika na trg težko dati oblike blaga, ki bi pomenile pravo alternativo, to je oblike, ki ne bi bile podobne, vendar bi bile za potrošnika s funkcionalnega vidika kljub temu zanimive (točka 60).
The fact that the shape concerned is, or has been, the subject of a claim in a registered patent or patent application constitutes prima facie evidence that those aspects of the shape identified as being functional in the patent claim are necessary to achieve a technical result (this approach has been followed by the Boards of Appeal, for example, in their decision of 17/10/2013, R 42/20131, SHAPE OF A STOPPER (3D)).
Dejstvo, da je zadevna oblika predmet zahtevka v registriranem patentu ali prijavi patenta, je predvsem dokaz, da so ti vidiki oblike, ki so v patentnem zahtevku opredeljeni kot funkcionalni, nujni za dosego tehničnega učinka (ta pristop so uporabljali odbori za pritožbe, na primer v svoji odločbi 17/10/2013, R 42/20131, SHAPE OF A STOPPER (3D)).
A case regarding the following shape for ‘knives and knife handles' provides an example of how to identify the essential characteristics of a shape and how to assess if all of those characteristics perform a technical function:
Iz zadeve v zvezi z naslednjo obliko za „nože“ in „ročaje za nože“, je razvidno, kako je treba opredeliti bistvene značilnosti oblike in kako presoditi, ali vse te značilnosti ustrezajo tehnični funkciji:
4 Shape or Other Characteristics Giving Substantial Value to the Goods
Oblika ali druge značilnosti, ki dajo blagu bistveno vrednost
Under Article 7(1)(e)(iii) EUTMR, signs that consist exclusively of the shape or another characteristic that gives substantial value to the goods cannot be registered or, if registered, they are liable to be declared invalid.
Člen 7(1)(e)(iii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU določa, da se znaki, sestavljeni izključno iz oblike ali druge značilnosti, ki blagu da bistveno vrednost, ne morejo registrirati, če pa so registrirani, se lahko razglasijo za nične.
Whereas the same shape or another characteristic can, in principle, be protected both as a design and as a trade mark, Article 7(1)(e)(iii) EUTMR only refuses trade mark protection for shapes or other characteristics in certain specific cases, namely, when the sign consists exclusively of a shape or another characteristic that gives substantial value to the product.
Čeprav je mogoče isto obliko ali drugo značilnost načeloma zaščititi kot model in blagovno znamko, člen 7(1)(e)(iii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU preprečuje samo varstvo blagovnih znamk za oblike ali druge značilnosti v nekaterih posebnih primerih, kot je na primer znak, sestavljen izključno iz oblike ali druge značilnosti, ki blagu da bistveno vrednost.
The concept of ‘value' should be interpreted not only in commercial (economic) terms, but also in terms of ‘attractiveness', that is to say, the likelihood that the goods will be purchased primarily because of their particular shape or another particular characteristic.
Pojem „vrednost“ je treba razlagati ne samo v komercialnem (ekonomskem) smislu, temveč tudi v smislu „privlačnosti“, tj. verjetnosti, da bo blago kupljeno predvsem zaradi svoje izrecne oblike ali druge izrecne značilnosti.
When other characteristics may give the product significant value in addition to this aesthetic value, such as functional value (for instance safety, comfort and reliability), Article 7(1)(e)(iii) EUTMR cannot be ruled out automatically.
Kadar druge značilnosti lahko dajo proizvodu poleg te estetske vrednosti tudi bistveno vrednost, kot je funkcionalna vrednost (na primer varnost, udobje in zanesljivost), člena 7(1)(e)(iii) Uredbe o blagovni znamki EU ni mogoče samodejno izključiti.
Indeed, the concept of ‘value' cannot be limited purely to the shape or another characteristic of goods having only artistic or ornamental value (18/09/2014, C205/13, Hauck, EU:C:2014:2233, § 29-32).
Pojma vrednosti dejansko ni mogoče omejiti le na obliko ali drugo značilnost blaga, ki ima le umetniško ali okrasno vrednost (18/09/2014, C205/13, Hauck, EU:C:2014:2233, § 29-32).
The concept of ‘value' should not be interpreted as meaning ‘reputation', since application of this absolute ground for refusal is justified exclusively by the effect on the value added to the goods by the shape or other characteristic and not by other factors, such as the reputation of the word mark that is also used to identify the goods in question (16/01/2013, R 2520/20115, SHAPE OF GUITAR BODY (3D), § 19).
Pojem vrednost se ne bi smel razlagati kot ugled, saj je uporaba tega absolutnega razloga za zavrnitev utemeljena izključno z učinkom oblike ali druge značilnosti na vrednost blaga, ne z učinkom drugih dejavnikov, kot je ugled besedne znamke, ki se prav tako uporablja za označevanje zadevnega blaga (16/01/2013, R 2520/20115, SHAPE OF GUITAR BODY (3D), § 19).
Furthermore, that the shape or other characteristic may be pleasing or attractive is not sufficient to exclude it from registration.
Poleg tega dejstvo, da je lahko oblika ali druga značilnost prijetna ali privlačna, ne zadostuje za izključitev iz registracije.
If that were the case, it would be virtually impossible to imagine any trade mark of a shape or another characteristic, given that in modern business there is no product of industrial utility that has not been the subject of study, research and industrial design before its eventual launch on the market (03/05/2000, R 395/19993, SINGLE SQUARE CLASP, § 1-2, 22-36).
Če bi zadostovala, bi si bilo dejansko nemogoče zamisliti katero koli blagovno znamko z obliko ali drugo značilnostjo, saj v sodobnem poslovanju ne obstaja noben industrijski proizvod, za katerega študija, raziskava in industrijsko oblikovanje niso bili izvedeni pred morebitnim dajanjem na trg (03/05/2000, R 395/19993, SINGLE SQUARE CLASP, § 1-2, 22-36).