natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Vaccination is the only way to ensure direct protection against tetanus.
Cepljenje je edini način za zagotovitev neposredne zaščite proti tetanusu.
This is known as 'community immunity' (also referred to as 'herd immunity').
Temu rečemo „kolektivna imunost" (z drugo besedo tudi „čredna imunost").
For example, tetanus can be encountered due to common injuries, including dog or cat bites.
S tetanusom se na primer lahko okužimo pri čisto navadnih poškodbah, vključno ob ugrizu psa ali mačke.
Furthermore, immunisation programmes help reduce the social, psychological and financial burdens of disease on people and governments, reducing pressures on healthcare and social care systems and enabling people to pursue productive activities including education and employment.
Programi imunizacije poleg tega zmanjšujejo družbeno, psihološko in finančno breme bolezni za prebivalstvo in vlade, zmanjšujejo pritisk na sisteme zdravstvenega in socialnega varstva in omogočajo ljudem udejstvovanje v produktivnih dejavnostih, kot sta izobraževanje in zaposlitev.
For example, to ensure community immunity against measles, public health authorities recommend that 95% of the population are vaccinated with two doses of the vaccine against measles (the MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps and rubella).
Za vzpostavitev kolektivne imunosti na ošpice pristojni organi za javno zdravje priporočajo, da je treba cepiti 95 % prebivalstva z dvema odmerkoma cepiva proti ošpicam (cepivo MMR za zaščito proti ošpicam, mumpsu in rdečkam).
It means that people who cannot be vaccinated, for instance because they are too young or allergic to vaccine components, benefit from others being vaccinated, because the disease cannot easily spread in the community.
To pomeni, da imajo ljudje, ki ne morejo biti cepljeni, na primer zaradi tega, ker so premladi ali alergični na sestavine v cepivu, koristi od cepljenja drugih ljudi, saj se s tem omeji širjenje bolezni v skupnosti.
These include babies, children, the elderly, people with weak immune systems, cancer patients, and people who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons.
Sem spadajo dojenčki, otroci, starostniki, osebe z oslabelim imunskim sistemom, bolniki z rakavimi obolenji in ljudje, pri katerih iz medicinskih razlogov ni mogoče cepiti.
In this way, vaccines indirectly protect others who are vulnerable to disease.
Cepiva na ta način posredno ščitijo tudi druge ljudi, ki so dovzetnejši za zadevno bolezen.
When enough people in a population are immune to an infectious disease, the disease is then unlikely to spread from person to person.
Če je v populaciji dovolj ljudi imunih za določeno nalezljivo bolezen, je manj verjetno, da se bo ta širila z osebe na osebo.
Community immunity occurs when enough people in a population are immune to an infectious disease
Kolektivna imunost se vzpostavi, kadar je dovolj ljudi v populaciji imunih na nalezljivo bolezen
Vaccination protects the vaccinated persons and those around them who are vulnerable to the diseases, reducing the risk of diseases spreading among family members, school mates or colleagues, friends, neighbours and other people in the community.
Cepljenje ne ščiti le posameznika, ki je prejel cepivo, temveč tudi ljudi v njegovi okolici, ki so dovzetnejši za nalezljive bolezni, saj se s cepljenjem zmanjša tveganje širjenja bolezni med člani družine, sošolci, prijatelji, sosedi in drugimi pripadniki skupnosti.
However, people cannot rely on community immunity for some infectious diseases.
Toda pri nekaterih nalezljivih boleznih se ni mogoče zanesti na kolektivno imunost.
When to vaccinate
Kdaj se cepiti?
Vaccination protects individuals against diseases that could have serious consequences for their health, for example:
S cepljenjem zaščitimo posameznike pred boleznimi, ki bi lahko imele resne posledice za njihovo zdravje:
pertussis (whooping cough) can be particularly serious in infants, causing coughing spells that may recur for up to two months.
pertusis (oslovski kašelj) je lahko zlasti nevaren pri dojenčkih, saj povzroča napade kašlja, ki lahko trajajo tudi do dva meseca.
This list with examples includes diseases for which vaccines are included in the national immunisation programmes, and/or are given to persons considered to be at a higher risk of getting the disease.
Na tem seznamu so navedeni primeri bolezni, proti katerim se je mogoče cepiti v okviru nacionalnih programov imunizacije oziroma pri katerih je cepljenje priporočljivo za osebe, pri katerih obstaja visoko tveganje za obolevnost.
almost 9 out of 10 babies born to mothers who had rubella in early pregnancy, will suffer from congenital rubella syndrome (with conditions such as deafness, cataracts and learning disabilities) (2);
skoraj devet od desetih dojenčkov, katerih matere so v zgodnji nosečnosti prebolele rdečke, bo imelo sindrom prirojenih rdečk (za katerega so značilni gluhost, katarakta in duševne motnje) (2);
Complications include pneumonia, encephalopathy (a disease of the brain), seizures and even death (5).
Med zapleti so lahko pljučnica, encefalopatija (okvara možganov), epileptični napadi in celo smrt (5).
measles is highly contagious and 3 out of 10 people affected develop complications (4), which can include ear infection, diarrhoea, pneumonia and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain tissue);
ošpice so izredno nalezljive, pri treh okuženih osebah od desetih pa se pojavijo zapleti (4), ki lahko vključujejo vnetje ušesa, drisko, pljučnico in encefalitis (vnetje možganskega tkiva);
Vaccination protects the vaccinated persons and those around them who are vulnerable to the diseases...
Cepljenje ne ščiti le posameznika, ki je prejel cepivo, temveč tudi ljudi v njegovi okolici, ki so dovzetnejši za nalezljive bolezni...
meningococcal disease kills 1 in 10 people affected, even with prompt diagnosis and treatment, while problems including neurological or hearing impairment and amputation occur in up to 20% of survivors (3);
kljub pravočasni diagnozi in zdravljenju zaradi meningokokne bolezni umre vsaka deseta obolela oseba, medtem ko se lahko pri 20 % preživelih oseb pojavijo še nevrološke okvare, težave s sluhom ali amputacija (3);
(4) US CDC Pink Book - Measles: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/meas.html
(4) Roza knjižica ministrstva ZDA za zdravje in socialne zadeve - Rdečke: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/meas.html
diphtheria kills 1 in every 10 people who get it, even with treatment (1);
kljub zdravljenju zaradi davice umre vsaka deseta okužena oseba (1);
(3) ECDC factsheet - Meningococcal disease: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/meningococcal-disease/factsheet
(3) Informativni list ECDC - Meningokokna bolezen: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/meningococcal-disease/factsheet
(2) ECDC factsheet - Congenital Rubella Syndrome: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/congenital-rubella-syndrome/facts
(2) Informativni list ECDC - Sindrom prirojenih rdečk: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/congenital-rubella-syndrome/facts
(5) ECDC factsheet - Pertussis: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts
(5) Informativni list ECDC - Oslovski kašelj: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/pertussis/facts
Safety, quality and standards
Varnost, kakovost in standardi
The first vaccine was developed in the 18th century in the United Kingdom.
Prvo cepivo so razvili v 18. stoletju v Združenem kraljestvu.
Serious side effects are very rare.
Resni neželeni učinki so zelo redki.
The last known naturally occurring case was recorded in 1977 in Somalia.
Zadnja znana naravna epidemija črnih koz je bila zabeležena v Somaliji leta 1977.
They also help to prevent the spread of diseases in the community.
Hkrati pa pripomorejo k preprečevanju širjenja bolezni v skupnosti.
The vaccine can only be approved for use in the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) after a scientific evaluation of the results of these tests to ensure its quality, safety and effectiveness.
Za uporabo v Evropski uniji (EU) in Evropskem gospodarskem prostoru (EGP) se cepivo lahko odobri samo na podlagi znanstvene ocene rezultatov teh preizkušanj, kar jamči za njegovo kakovost, varnost in učinkovitost.
Only then, after approval, can a vaccine be manufactured, marketed and used to protect people.
Šele potem, ko je cepivo odobreno, se ga lahko začne proizvajati, tržiti in uporabljati za zaščito ljudi.
The scientific experts evaluating vaccines always consider the benefits and any potential risks very carefully, in particular because vaccines are given to healthy people.
Znanstveni strokovnjaki, ki ocenjujejo cepiva, vselej zelo skrbno pretehtajo koristi in morebitna tveganja cepiv, zlasti zaradi tega, ker se uporabljajo pri zdravih ljudeh.
Benefits of vaccinating
Dejstva o cepivih
As with any medicine, some people may experience side effects from a vaccine, but these are usually mild and short-lived.
Kot to velja za katero koli zdravilo, se lahko pri nekaterih ljudeh pojavijo neželeni učinki cepljenja, vendar so ti običajno blagi in kratkotrajni.
Before any new vaccine can be used, it has to undergo rigorous testing.
Preden se novo cepivo lahko začne uporabljati, mora prestati zelo zahtevna preizkušanja.
They mainly target diseases caused by viruses or bacteria.
V glavnem se uporabljajo za zaščito pred boleznimi, ki jih povzročajo virusi ali bakterije.
The vaccine is continuously monitored to ensure it remains safe and effective.
Cepiva so neprestano pod skrbnim nadzorom, da se ohrani njihova varnost in učinkovitost.
This evaluation needs to show that a vaccine's benefits in protecting people against diseases are far greater than any potential risk.
Ta ocena mora pokazati, da so koristi cepiva pri zaščiti ljudi pred boleznimi mnogo večje od morebitnih tveganj, povezanih z njim.
Vaccines are used worldwide as a highly effective way to protect people from contracting infectious diseases.
Cepiva se uporabljajo po vsem svetu kot zelo učinkovita metoda za zaščito ljudi pred okužbo z nalezljivimi boleznimi.
Vaccines work by ‘teaching' a person's immune system (the body's natural defences) to defend itself against a specific disease.
Cepiva delujejo tako, da imunski sistem (naravni obrambni mehanizem telesa) „naučijo", kako naj se brani pred določeno boleznijo.
They can include mild fever, or pain or redness at the injection site.
Vključujejo blago povišanje telesne temperature ali bolečino in pordelost na mestu injiciranja.
Recently, a vaccine was developed against Ebola virus disease, and research is underway on vaccines to protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Nedavno je bilo razvito cepivo proti virusu ebole, v teku pa je tudi razvoj cepiva proti okužbi z virusom humane imunske pomanjkljivosti (HIV).
It was a vaccine against smallpox, a deadly disease.
Namenjeno je bilo cepljenju proti črnim kozam, za katere je bila značilna visoka smrtnost.
Smallpox is now eradicated worldwide in humans thanks to vaccination.
Zahvaljujoč cepljenju so črne koze pri ljudeh danes izkoreninjene po celem svetu.
Research is ongoing to develop vaccines against more diseases.
Danes imamo na voljo cepiva za številne bolezni, raziskave za razvoj novih cepiv proti mnogim drugim boleznim pa še potekajo.
Most vaccines provide lifelong immunity.
Večina cepiv zagotavlja doživljenjsko imunost.
Catch-up vaccination programmes for specific diseases may be organised.
Za določene bolezni se lahko organizirajo programi naknadnega cepljenja.
If a person does not know if they have been vaccinated against a certain disease they can usually get an extra dose without increasing the risk of serious side effects (1).
Kadar posameznik ne ve, ali je bil cepljen proti določeni bolezni, lahko običajno prejme dodaten odmerek ustreznega cepiva brez tveganja za resne neželene učinke (1).
For example, due to an increasing number of measles cases among teenagers and young adults, catch-up programmes exist in a number of EU/EEA countries for people who may have missed the measles vaccination when they were younger or are too old to have received it as a child.
Zaradi naraščajočega števila primerov ošpic med najstniki in mladimi odraslimi so bili na primer v številnih državah EU/EGP organizirani programi naknadnega cepljenja za ljudi, ki so morda zamudili cepljenje proti ošpicam v otroštvu ali pa so prestari, da bi lahko bili v otroštvu vključeni v takšen program cepljenja.
Catch-up vaccination and boosters
Naknadno in obnovitveno cepljenje
Everyone should check if they have had the nationally recommended vaccinations, and consult a medical professional in case any catch-ups are needed.
Vsak posameznik mora preveriti, ali je prejel vsa cepiva, ki so priporočena v njegovi državi, in se v primeru, da mora določena cepljenja še opraviti, posvetovati z zdravnikom.
However, some vaccines provide immunity that decreases over time, known as ‘waning immunity'.
Med njimi pa so tudi takšna, pri katerih se imunost sčasoma zmanjša, čemur rečemo „zmanjšana imunost".
This may involve looking at vaccination records or the vaccination schedules in place when the person was born.
Ti podatki se lahko razberejo iz cepilne knjižice ali koledarja cepljenja, ki je bil veljaven v času rojstva posameznika.
For some diseases, such as varicella (chickenpox) and rubella, it is also possible to do a test to check if the person is immune.
Za nekatere bolezni, kot so norice in rdečke, je na voljo testiranje, ki pokaže ali je oseba imuna za omenjeni bolezni.
Some people may have missed a vaccination or did not get the recommended number of doses.
Osebe, ki so morda zamudile določeno cepljenje ali pa niso prejele vseh priporočenih odmerkov, se lahko še vednonaknadno cepijo.
Some countries recommend booster doses at regular intervals during adolescence and adulthood, in order to maintain immunity over a longer period of time, against for example:
Nekatere države priporočajo, da se mladostniki in odrasli v rednih presledkih cepijo z obnovitvenimi odmerki.
This is offered to women in accordance with national recommendations.
Tovrstna testiranja so ženskam na voljo v skladu z nacionalnimi priporočili.
For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/human-papillomavirus/factsheet
Za več informacij si oglejte spletišče centra ECDC: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/human-papillomavirus/factsheet
It is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide.
Je najpogostejša spolno prenosljiva okužba na svetu.
The use of condoms is not 100% effective in preventing the transmission of the virus.
Uporaba kondoma pri preprečevanju prenosa virusa ni 100-odstotno učinkovita.
If HPV does not go away it may cause:
Če se okužba s HPV ne pozdravi, lahko povzroči:
Genital warts can be treated using medication or by surgery.
Genitalne bradavice se zdravijo z zdravili ali kirurško.
Routine HPV vaccination usually takes place between 9 and 14 years of age, in accordance with the national vaccination schedule.
Rutinsko cepljenje proti okužbi s HPV poteka načeloma v starosti od 9 do 14 let v skladu z nacionalnim programom cepljenja.
However, sometimes the HPV infection can persist and cause after some years some of the complications listed below.
V nekaterih primerih pa lahko okužba s HPV vztraja in povzroči tudi po več letih katerega od spodaj naštetih zapletov.
This is because HPV can also occasionally infect surrounding skin that is not protected by the condom.
HPV lahko namreč okuži tudi okoliško kožo, ki je kondom ne ščiti.
In most cases, an HPV infection disappears on its own without causing any obvious symptoms or problems.
V večini primerov okužba s HPV izzveni samodejno brez očitnejših simptomov ali težav.
Cervical cancer (cancer of the neck of the womb) is the most common cancer after breast cancer to affect women aged 15-44 years in Europe (1).
Rak materničnega vratu je za rakom dojk najpogostejši rak, ki prizadene ženske v starosti od 14 do 44 let v Evropi.
About 40 of them can infect the genitals.
Med njimi je okoli 40 takšnih, ki lahko okužijo spolovila.
There are more than 100 types of HPV viruses.
Virusov HPV je več kot 100 vrst.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a viral infection that is mainly sexually transmitted by direct contact with an infected person.
Okužba s humanim papiloma virusom (HPV) je virusna okužba, ki se prenaša večinoma spolno z neposrednim stikom z okuženo osebo.
What is HPV?
Kaj je HPV?
Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of contracting HPV.
Vsaka oseba, ki je spolno dejavna, tvega okužbo s HPV.
There is no treatment for the virus itself, but the health problems caused by HPV can be treated in different ways.
Za sam virus ni zdravila, obstajajo pa različni načini zdravljenja bolezenskih stanj, ki jih virus povzroča.
A healthcare provider should be consulted for advice on the specific treatment options.
V zvezi z različnimi možnostmi zdravljenja se je treba posvetovati s izvajalci zdravstvene dejavnosti.
Vaccination of girls and boys against HPV can prevent HPV infections and consequently HPV-related diseases in both sexes, including genital and anal warts, cervical cancer and other cancers caused by HPV.
Cepljenje fantov in deklet lahko prepreči okužbo s HPV in posledično bolezni, povezane s temi virusi pri obeh spolih, med drugim genitalne in analne bradavice, raka materničnega vratu in druge vrste rakov, ki jih povzroča HPV.
cervical or other types of cancer (e.g. vulvar, vaginal, anal penile, and some cancers of the head and the neck)
raka materničnega vratu ali druge vrste raka (npr.: vulve in nožnice, raka analnega kanala, raka na penisu ter nekatere vrste raka glave in vratu)
At least 14 HPV types, classified as ‘high risk', can cause cancer, such as cervical cancer in women.
Vsaj 14 vrst virusa HPV je visoko rizičnih in lahko povzročijo nastanek raka, na primer raka materničnega vratu pri ženskah.
genital and anal warts
genitalne in analne bradavice
The ‘high risk' HPV types can also cause anal and genital cancers, and some cancers of the head and neck, in both men and women.
Visoko rizični tipi virusov HPV lahko povzročijo tudi raka analnega kanala in spolovil ter nekatere vrste raka vratu in glave tako pri moških kot pri ženskah.
The 'low risk' HPV types can cause genital and anal warts.
Nizko rizični tipi virusov HPV lahko povzročijo genitalne in analne bradavice.
Who is at risk of HPV?
Kdo je izpostavljen tveganju za okužbo s HPV?
What are the symptoms of HPV?
Kakšni so simptomi okužbe s HPV?
Cervical cancer and tissue in the cervix that is described as ‘precancerous' can be identified early through cervical cancer screening and treated.
Raka materničnega vratu in predrakave spremembe v materničnem tkivu se s testiranjem lahko zgodaj odkrije in zdravi.
HPV is transmitted by direct contact, mainly sexual, with someone who has the virus.
Virusi HPV se širijo z neposrednim stikom z okuženo osebo, največkrat s spolnimi odnosi.
Other HPV-related cancers are also more treatable when diagnosed and treated early, but there are no specific screening programmes for these.
Tudi druge vrste rakov, ki so povezani z okužbo s HPV, so ozdravljive, če se jih odkrije in zdravi dovolj zgodaj.
What are the complications of HPV?
Kakšni so zapleti okužbe s HPV?
How can HPV be prevented?
Kako se zaščititi pred okužbo s HPV?
How is HPV treated?
Kako se okužba s HPV zdravi?
non-productive cough.
neproduktiven kašelj.
Children are infected slightly more often than adults.
Otroci se okužijo nekoliko pogosteje kot odrasli.
It is also spread via secretions on hands, tissues and surfaces that people touch.
Prenaša se tudi z izločki na dlaneh, robčkih in površinah, ki se jih ljudje dotikajo.
These epidemics are associated with high hospitalisation rates and mortality.
Te epidemije so povezane z visokimi stopnjami hospitalizacije in visoko smrtnostjo.
The 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza pandemic accounted for 123 000 to 203 000 deaths worldwide and a significant global socio-economic burden (3).
Pandemija gripe A(H1N1)pdm09 leta 2009 je po svetu povzročila od 123 000 do 203 000 smrtnih primerov in je pomenila pomembno svetovno družbeno‑gospodarsko breme (3).
The World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends vaccination for healthcare workers.
Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) cepljenje priporoča tudi zdravstvenim delavcem.
Most EU Member States follow the WHO recommendations to vaccinate pregnant women, and some follow recommendations to vaccinate healthy children aged 6 - 59 months.
Večina držav članic EU upošteva priporočila SZO glede cepljenja nosečnic, nekatere upoštevajo priporočila o cepljenju zdravih otrok, starih 6-59 mesecev.
Influenza is easily transmitted from person to person.
Gripa se zlahka prenaša s posameznika na posameznika.
In Europe, influenza occurs in regular annual epidemics in the winter season.
V Evropi se gripa pojavlja v obliki rednih vsakoletnih epidemij v zimskem času.
The EU Council Recommendation on seasonal influenza vaccination encourages countries to improve vaccination coverage among healthcare workers.
Priporočilo Sveta EU o cepljenju proti sezonski gripi spodbuja države k izboljšanju precepljenosti med zdravstvenimi delavci.
A pandemic is the rapid spread of a new human influenza around the world.
Pandemija je hitro širjenje novega virusa človeške gripe po svetu.
Patients are advised to seek medical advice if their condition continues to get worse.
Bolniki naj se z zdravnikom posvetujejo, če se jim stanje poslabša.
The mortality rate due to influenza has been estimated in the EU/EEA countries participating to the EuroMOMO network (1) to be as high as 25 deaths per 100 000 population in the 2016/27 and 2017/18 influenza seasons (2).
Po ocenah je bila smrtnost zaradi gripe v državah EU/EGP, ki sodelujejo v mreži EuroMOMO (1), med sezono gripe v letih 2016/17 in 2017/18 kar 25 smrtnih primerov na 100 000 prebivalcev (2).
However, antivirals are generally recommended for severe or rapidly progressing cases.
Na splošno pa priporočajo uporabo tovrstnih zdravil le v hudih ali hitro napredujočih primerih.
Approximately 20% of the population gets infected with influenza each year and one in four infected people will develop symptoms.
Vsako leto se z gripo okuži približno 20 % prebivalstva, znaki okužbe pa se pojavijo pri enem od štirih okuženih ljudi.
The EU Member States recommend seasonal influenza vaccination for risk groups, such as the elderly, as well as individuals with chronic medical conditions like heart disease, problems with the lungs and airways, diabetes or immune system problems.
Države članice EU priporočajo cepljenje proti sezonski gripi za skupine ljudi z večjim tveganjem, kot so starejši, ter za osebe s kroničnimi bolezenskimi stanji, kot so srčno‑žilna bolezen, težave s pljuči in dihalnimi potmi, sladkorna bolezen ali težave z imunskim sistemom.
Severe illness and complications are more common in very young infants, the frail elderly and certain medical risk groups.
Huda bolezen in zapleti so pogostejši pri zelo majhnih dojenčkih, starejših ljudeh šibkega zdravja in določenih skupinah prebivalstva z zdravstvenim tveganjem.
In addition to seasonal epidemics, novel influenza viruses may occasionally emerge and cause pandemics.
Poleg sezonskih epidemij se občasno lahko pojavijo novi virusi influence in povzročijo pandemijo.
Animals can also be infected with influenza.
Z gripo se lahko okužijo tudi živali.
Influenza pandemics happen when a new strain of a flu virus appears which can infect humans, to which most people have no immunity and which can transmit efficiently from human to human.
Do pandemije gripe pride, ko se pojavi nov sev virusa influence, ki lahko okuži ljudi in proti kateremu večina ljudi ni imuna ter se lahko učinkovito prenaša med ljudmi.
People with pre-existing medical conditions are at higher risk of their condition worsening following influenza infection.
Pri ljudeh z obstoječimi bolezenskimi stanji obstaja večje tveganje, da se njihovo stanje poslabša po okužbi z gripo .
In uncomplicated cases, symptoms resolve spontaneously within one week from onset.
V nezapletenih primerih znaki izzvenijo samodejno v enem tednu od pojava.
Antiviral medicines, taken as rapidly as possible after illness onset, are safe and effective measures for the treatment of influenza.
Če protivirusna zdravila vzamemo čim prej po začetku bolezni, so pri zdravljenju gripe varna in učinkovita.