natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
An update of seasonal influenza vaccines is needed yearly, since influenza viruses constantly evolve.
Cepiva za sezonsko gripo je treba vsako leto na novo pripraviti, saj se virusi gripe stalno spreminjajo.
In some cases, humans can be infected by animals, such as in cases of avian and swine influenza.
V nekaterih primerih se lahko ljudje okužijo od živali; to se je na primer zgodilo pri ptičji in prašičji gripi.
For most cases of influenza, patients are advised to take bed rest and drink plenty of fluids in order to manage their symptoms; staying at home also minimises the risk of infecting others.
V večini primerov okužbe z gripo se bolnikom za lajšanje simptomov svetujeta počitek in pitje zadostne količine tekočine; z zadrževanjem doma se tudi zmanjša tveganje za prenos okužbe na druge.
In some cases patients develop bacterial complications following influenza infection and need to be treated with antibiotics.
V nekaterih primerih pri bolnikih po okužbi z gripo pride do bakterijskih zapletov, ki jih je treba zdraviti z antibiotiki.
In addition to vaccination, antiviral medicines have been shown to be safe and effective measures to prevent influenza infection or to reduce the severity of infection in certain settings, such as nursing homes.
Dajanje protivirusnih zdravil je poleg cepljenja tudi varen in učinkovit ukrep za zaščito pred okužbo z gripo ali za zmanjšanje resnosti okužbe v določenih okoljih, kot so domovi za starejše.
Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by infection with an influenza virus.
Gripa je nalezljiva bolezen dihal, ki jo povzroča okužba z virusom influence.
Not everyone who is infected with an influenza virus becomes unwell.
Vsi, ki se okužijo z virusom gripe, ne zbolijo.
This is mainly via direct contact with secretions from infectious patients, such as droplets of fluid released when they cough or breathe out.
Prenos v glavnem poteka prek neposrednega stika z izločki kužnih bolnikov, kot so kapljice tekočine, ki se izločajo med njihovim kašljanjem ali izdihavanjem.
Even so, about half of the children and working-age adults needing admission to intensive care have no pre-existing medical conditions.
Kljub temu približno polovica otrok in delovno sposobnih odraslih, ki potrebujejo oskrbo na oddelku intenzivno nego zaradi zapletov okužbe z gripo, nima predhodnih bolezenskih stanj.
For those that do, common symptoms include:
Pogosti znaki pri obolelih pa so:
sore throat;
boleče žrelo;
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza.
Najučinkovitejši način za zaščito pred okužbo z gripo je cepljenje.
Who is at risk of influenza?
Kdo je izpostavljen tveganju za okužbo z gripo?
The severity of the disease varies widely, from no symptoms at all through to severe illness.
Resnost bolezni se zelo razlikuje, oboleli morda sploh nimajo znakov okužbe ali pa se pri njih razvije huda oblika bolezni.
Complications of influenza include pneumonia and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Možna zapleta okužbe z gripo sta pljučnica in encefalitis (vnetje možganov).
How is influenza spread?
Kako se gripa prenaša?
What are the complications of influenza?
Kakšni so zapleti okužbe z gripo?
What are the symptoms of influenza?
Kakšni so znaki okužbe z gripo?
How can influenza be prevented?
Kako se zaščititi pred okužbo z gripo?
How is influenza treated?
Kako se okužba z gripo zdravi?
Clinical Microbiology and Infection.
vročina ali vročičnost;
1-4 people
1-4 osebe
Fifth Edition 2008, Elsevier Inc.
Peta izdaja 2008, Elsevier Inc.
Vaccination programmes have wider societal benefits.
Programi cepljenja imajo širše družbene koristi.
This shows both the most conservative estimate (inner ring, darker dots) and the maximum estimate (outer ring, paler dots).
Slika prikazuje tako konzervativno oceno (notranji krog, temnejše pike) kot tudi najvišjo oceno (zunanji krog, bledejše pike).
smallpox is now eradicated worldwide;
so črne koze sedaj izkoreninjene po celem svetu;
Vaccination helps prevent the spread of disease in communities.
Cepljenje pomaga preprečiti širjenje bolezni v skupnostih.
transmission of polio has ended in most parts of the world, including Europe.
se je širjenje virusa otroške paralize ustavilo v večini delov sveta, vključno z Evropo.
The centre dot represent one person affected by a disease.
Pika v sredini predstavlja eno osebo, okuženo z boleznijo.
When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated, infectious diseases cannot easily spread.
Če je cepljen velik delež prebivalstva, se nalezljive bolezni težje širijo.
Vaccination also prevents the development of certain types of pre-cancerous growths and cancers, for example:
Cepljenje istočasno preprečuje nastanek določenih vrst predrakavih in rakavih sprememb, na primer:
They help reduce the social, psychological and financial burdens of disease on people and governments, reducing pressures on healthcare and social care systems and enabling people to pursue productive activities including education and employment.
Zmanjšujejo tudi pritisk na sisteme zdravstvenega in socialnega varstva in omogočajo ljudem udejstvovanje v produktivnih dejavnostih, kot sta izobraževanje in zaposlitev.
The connected dots indicate the maximum and minimum number of previously uninfected and unvaccinated people who could get infected by a person with the disease.
Pike, povezane s sredinsko piko, predstavljajo največje in najmanjše število predhodno neokuženih in necepljenih oseb, ki bi se lahko okužile ob stiku z obolelo osebo.
vaccinating against hepatitis B can help prevent liver cancer caused by long-term hepatitis B infection.
cepljenje proti hepatitisu B lahko pomaga preprečiti raka jeter, ki ga povzroča dolgotrajna okužba z virusom hepatitisa B.
Vaccination is the best way to acquire immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases, as opposed to immunity attained by getting the disease.
Cepljenje je najboljši način za vzpostavitev imunosti proti boleznim, ki jih je mogoče preprečiti s cepljenjem, za razliko od naravne imunosti, ki se vzpostavi s prebolenjem določene bolezni.
vaccinating against humanpapilloma virus (HPV) can help prevent cervical and other cancers caused by HPV infection;
cepljenje proti humanemu papilomavirusu (HPV) lahko pomaga preprečiti raka materničnega vratu in druge vrste raka, ki jih povzroča okužba z virusom HPV;
Vaccination prevents people from getting the symptoms of the disease, which can be severe.
Cepljenje lahko prepreči nastanek simptomov bolezni, ki so lahko včasih zelo hudi.
Vaccination can eliminate diseases or reduce the number of new cases significantly.
Temu rečemo „kolektivna imunost" (z drugo besedo tudi „čredna imunost").S cepljenjem lahko bolezni izkoreninimo ali znatno zmanjšamo število novih primerov bolezni.
In Europe, influenza occurs...
V Evropi se gripa pojavlja…
Before a vaccine can be approved in the EU, it has to undergo rigorous testing by its developer...
Preden se cepivo lahko odobri v EU, mora prestati zelo zahtevna preskušanja razvijalca cepiva...
Vaccines protect people during different stages of life.
Cepiva varujejo ljudi v različnih življenjskih obdobjih.
Vaccination protects individuals against diseases that could have serious consequences for...
S cepljenjem zaščitimo posameznike pred boleznimi, ki bi lahko imele resne posledice za...
Each virus and bacterium triggers a unique response in the immune system involving a specific set of cells in the blood...
Vsak virus ali bakterija sproži enkraten odziv imunskega sistema, pri čemer igrajo pomembno vlogo posebne skupine celic v krvi...
Approval of vaccines in the European Union
Odobritev cepiv v Evropski uniji
European Vaccination Information Portal
Evropski portal za cepljenje
How vaccines work
Kako cepiva delujejo
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a viral infection that is mainly sexually transmitted by direct contact...
Okužba s humanim papiloma virusom (HPV) je virusna okužba, ki se večinoma spolno prenaša z neposrednim stikom.
Vaccines are recommended for different age...
Cepiva so priporočljiva za različne starostne skupine..
Trusted sources
Oslovski kašelj
Benefits of vaccination for individuals
Učinkovitost cepiv
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be contracted at any age, and that can spread widely.
Oslovski kašelj je zelo nalezljiva bakterijska bolezen, ki prizadene pljuča in dihalne poti.
This ensures that any possible risks are detected and managed as soon as possible.
S tem se zagotovi, da se morebitna tveganja odkrijejo in obvladajo čim prej.
It analyses many sources of data, including:
Analizira številne vire podatkov,, in sicer:
For more information, see:
Za več informacij glejte:
reports from patients, parents and healthcare professionals;
poročila bolnikov, staršev in zdravstvenih delavcev;
information shared by other regulators.
informacije, ki jih sporočijo drugi regulativni organi.
EMA checks new information on the safety of all vaccines available in Europe.
Agencija EMA preverja nove informacije o varnosti vseh cepiv, ki so na voljo v Evropi.
The process of monitoring the safety and managing the risks of medicines is called ‘pharmacovigilance'.
Postopek spremljanja varnosti in obvladovanja tveganj zdravil se imenuje „farmakovigilanca".
When needed, EMA and the other European regulators take action.
Agencija EMA in drugi evropski regulativni organi po potrebi tudi ukrepajo.
For example, they can provide updated guidance to healthcare workers, or even restrict the use of a vaccine in certain groups.
Tako lahko na primer izdajo posodobljena navodila za zdravstvene delavce ali celo omejijo uporabo cepiva pri določenih skupinah ljudi.
Once a vaccine is approved for use, EU/EEA national authorities and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), continually monitor side effects in people who have received the vaccine.
Ko je cepivo odobreno za uporabo, nacionalni organi EU/EGP in Evropska agencija za zdravila (EMA) stalno spremljajo neželene učinke pri ljudeh, ki so bili cepljeni.
This helps to rule out the possibility that it was a coincidence or that it was caused by factors unrelated to the vaccine itself.
Tako lahko izključi možnost, da gre za naključje ali da so jih povzročili drugi dejavniki, ki niso povezani s samim cepivom.
EMA carefully assesses suspected side effects to determine if there is a causal link with the vaccine or not.
Agencija EMA skrbno ovrednoti domnevne neželene učinke zdravil, da ugotovi, ali obstaja vzročna povezava med cepivom ali ne.
Monitoring vaccine safety and reporting side effects
Spremljanje varnosti cepiva in poročanje o neželenih učinkih
Patients, healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical companies should report all suspected side effects to their national medicines regulatory authority.
Bolniki, zdravstveni delavci in farmacevtska podjetja morajo svojim nacionalnim regulativnim organom za zdravila poročati o vseh domnevnih neželenih učinkih cepiv.
More information on how to report suspected side effects can be found in the prescribing information or package leaflet or the European database of suspected adverse drug reaction reports .
Več informacij o tem, kako poročati o domnevnih neželenih učinkih, je mogoče najti v informacijah o predpisovanju zdravil, navodilih za uporabo ali v evropski podatkovni zbirki poročil o domnevnih neželenih učinkih zdravil .
Information on these reported suspected side effects is publicly available on the European database of suspected adverse drug reaction reports .
Informacije o prijavljenih domnevnih neželenih učinkih so javno dostopne v evropski podatkovni zbirki poročil o domnevnih neželenih učinkih zdravil .
These could be due to an illness or anxiety over being given the vaccine.
Ti dejavniki vključujejo že obstoječo bolezen ali strah pred cepljenjem.
More factsheets
Več informativnih listov
the eyes become red and sensitive to light;
oči postanejo rdeče in občutljive za svetlobo;
For more information check the ECDC website: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/facts/factsheet
Več informacij je na voljo na spletišču centra ECDC: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/measles/facts/factsheet .
on the third to seventh day, the temperature may reach up to 41 ⁰C;
med tretjim in sedmim dnem se lahko telesna temperatura poveča do 41 ⁰C;
It is estimated that one person with measles can infect on average between 12 and 18 unprotected people.
Ocenjuje se, da lahko ena oseba z ošpicami v povprečju okuži med 12 in 18 nezaščitenih ljudi.
There is no specific treatment for measles.
Posebnega zdravljenja za ošpice ni.
It is a serious disease that can lead to complications and even death.
Gre za resno bolezen, ki lahko povzroči zaplete in celo smrt.
The only protection against measles is vaccination.
Edina zaščita pred okužbo je cepljenje.
The second dose can be given one month or more after the first dose, in accordance with the national vaccination schedule.
Drugi odmerek se daje en mesec ali več po prvem odmerku v skladu z nacionalnim programom cepljenja.
The first dose is given between 10 and 18 months of age in European countries.
Prvi odmerek se v evropskih državah daje, ko je otrok star od 10 do 18 mesecev .
Note: The information contained in this factsheet is intended for the purpose of general information and should not be used as a substitute for the individual expertise and judgement of a healthcare professional.
Opomba: Informacije, podane v tem informativnem listu, so zgolj splošne narave in nikakor ne nadomeščajo zdravnikove strokovne presoje posameznega primera.
a red rash lasting four to seven days begins on the face and then spreads over the entire body;
na obrazu se pojavi rdeč izpuščaj, ki traja od štiri do sedem dni in se nato razširi po celem telesu;
Infants from six to nine months of age who are in an area - or will be travelling to areas - with high risk of exposure to measles, should receive a supplementary dose of the MMR vaccine.
Dojenčki, ki so stari od šest do devet mesecev in so na območju ali bodo potovali na območja z visokim tveganjem izpostavljenosti ošpicam, morajo prejeti dodatni odmerek cepiva OMR.
Such dose before the age of nine months is supplementary to the two doses included in the national vaccination programme, which are aimed to give full protection.
Ta odmerek pred dopolnjenim devetim mesecem dopolnjuje druga dva odmerka, ki sta del nacionalnega programa cepljenja, katerega namen je zagotoviti popolno zaščito.
Antibiotics are not effective against measles because it is caused by a virus.
Antibiotiki proti ošpicam niso učinkoviti, saj jih povzroča virus.
Virus-containing droplets can remain in the air for several hours and the virus remains infectious on contaminated surfaces for up to two hours.
Kapljice, ki vsebujejo virus, lahko v zraku ostanejo več ur, virus pa ostane na okuženih površinah kužen še do dve uri.
30% of children and adults infected with measles can develop complications.
Do zapletov lahko pride pri 30 % otrok in odraslih, okuženih z ošpicami.
Symptoms include personality changes, gradual mental deterioration, muscle spasms and other neuromuscular symptoms.
Znaki te bolezni so spremembe osebnosti, postopno poslabšanje duševnega stanja, mišični krči in drugi živčno-mišični znaki.
Two doses of the vaccine are needed for maximum protection.
Za optimalno zaščito zadostujeta dva odmerka cepiva.
The MMR vaccine is safe and effective and has very few side effects.
Je varno in učinkovito ter ima malo neželenih učinkov.
There is no cure for SSPE and it always leads to death.
Za to bolezen zdravilo ne obstaja in vedno vodi v smrt.
Very rarely, a persistent measles virus infection can produce subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a disease in which nerves and brain tissue degenerate progressively and which is more likely to appear if measles infection occurs at a younger age.
Zelo redko lahko trajna okužba z virusom ošpic povzroči subakutni sklerozirajoči panencefalitis (SSPE), bolezen, pri kateri živci in možgansko tkivo postopoma degenerirajo in za katero obstaja večja verjetnost, da se pojavi, če do okužbe pride v mlajših letih.
Anyone who is not vaccinated against measles or who has not had the disease is at risk of getting measles at any age.
Pri vsaki osebi, ki ni bila cepljena proti ošpicam ali jih ni prebolela, obstaja tveganje, da se okuži pri kateri koli starosti.
Measles symptoms usually appear after 10-12 days of infection:
Znaki okužbe z ošpicami se običajno pojavijo 10-12 dni po okužbi:
Measles spreads easily among unvaccinated individuals.
Ošpice se med necepljenimi osebami hitro prenašajo.
However, antibiotics are often used to treat complications with bacterial infections that can develop because of measles, such as pneumonia and ear infections.
Se pa antibiotiki pogosto uporabijo za zdravljenje zapletov bakterijskih okužb, ki lahko nastanejo pri ošpicah, kot sta pljučnica in vnetje srednjega ušesa.
What is measles?
Kaj so ošpice?
SSPE typically appears several years after the affected patient had measles; on average it is seen 7 to 10 years after the infection.
Subakutni sklerozirajoči panencefalitis se običajno pojavi več let po tem, ko je prizadeti bolnik imel ošpice; v povprečju od sedem do deset let po okužbi.
A variety of measures are employed to avoid the further spread of measles, such as quarantine from school or work for both the ill person and those close contacts with uncertain vaccination status.
Za preprečevanje nadaljnjega širjenja ošpic se uporabljajo najrazličnejši ukrepi, kot je karantena (začasna osamitev in odsotnost iz šole ali službe) okuženih oseb - in tudi tistih, ki so bili v tesnem stiku z bolnikom in niso bili uspešno zaščiteni s cepljenjem.
The MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against measles, mumps and rubella (German measles).
Cepivo OMR (ošpice, mumps in rdečke) je kombinirano cepivo, ki ščiti pred okužbo z ošpicami, mumpsom in rdečkami.
Pneumonia is the most common cause of measles-related death.
Zato je pljučnica tudi najpogostejši vzrok smrtnih primerovzaradi ošpic.
A person who is infected may transmit measles even before the rash appears (usually 4 days), and for about 4 days after the rash has appeared.
Oseba z ošpicami je kužna že pred pojavom izpuščaja (običajno štiri dni) in še štiri dni po njegovem pojavu.
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be contracted at any age, and that can spread widely.
Ošpice so zelo nalezljiva virusna bolezen, s katero se je mogoče okužiti pri kateri koli starosti in se lahko zelo hitro prenaša.
Some vaccine recipients develop a non-infectious mild measles-like rash, typically 7 - 14 days after vaccination, which disappears within 1 - 3 days.
Pri nekaterih cepljenih osebah se običajno od 7 do 14 dni po cepljenju pojavijo nenalezljivi, blagi, ošpicam podobni izpuščaji, ki po enem do treh dneh izginejo.
Who is at risk of measles?
Kdo je izpostavljen tveganju za okužbo z ošpicami?
The MMR vaccine may be given earlier in life during outbreaks.
Cepivo OMR se lahko med izbruhi bolezni daje že pri nižji starosti.
initial symptoms resemble a cold with a runny nose, cough and a mild fever;
začetni znaki so podobni nahodu (izcedek iz nosu, kašelj in rahlo povišana telesna temperatura);
The measles virus is spread via airborne droplets produced when the infected person coughs and sneezes.
Virus ošpic se prenaša po zraku s kapljicami, ki jih s kašljanjem ali kihanjem izloči okužena oseba.
Most people recover with supportive treatment, which can include hydration and anti-fever medicines.
Večina ljudi se pozdravi s podpornim zdravljenjem, kar lahko vključuje pitje dovolj tekočine in zdravila za zniževanje povišane telesne temperature.
The mortality rate for measles is 1-3 persons per 1 000 cases and highest in those younger than five years of age and among immunocompromised individuals.
Stopnja umrljivosti pri ošpicah je 1 do 3 osebe na 1 000 primerov okužbe, najvišja pa je pri otrocih, mlajših od pet let, in imunsko oslabljenih osebah.Pri približno vsakem tisočem bolniku pride do vnetja možgan (encefalitisa), ki pri enem od štirih primerov povzroči trajno nevrološko okvaro.
Pneumonia is a potential serious complication that has led to the death of some measles patients.
Eden izmed možnih resnih zapletov okužbe z ošpicami je pljučnica, ki se lahko pri nekaterih bolnikih konča s smrtnim izidom .
Mild reactions such as fever, redness or swelling at the injection site have been reported.
Neželeni učinki, o katerih so poročali, so blage reakcije na cepivo, kot so povišana telesna temperatura ter rdečina ali oteklina na mestu injiciranja.
small white spots may also appear on the gums and the inside of the cheeks.
na dlesnih in v ustni sluznici se lahko pojavijo tudi belkaste lise.
What are the symptoms of measles?
Kakšni so znaki okužbe z ošpicami?
These can include ear infections and diarrhoea.
Med njimi so okužbe srednjega ušesa in driska.
How can measles be prevented?
Kako se ošpice prenašajo?
What are the complications of measles?
Kakšni so zapleti okužbe z ošpicami?
European Medicines Agency
Evropska agencija za zdravila
It is alone responsible for drawing up proposals for new European legislation, and it implements the decisions of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU .
Je edina odgovorna za pripravo predlogov nove evropske zakonodaje ter izvaja odločitve Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta EU .
The European Commission is the EU's politically independent executive arm.
Evropska komisija je politično neodvisno izvršno telo EU.
These experts carry out the work of EMA's scientific committees.
Ti strokovnjaki opravljajo delo znanstvenih odborov agencije EMA.
EMA is a networking organisation whose activities involve thousands of experts from across Europe.
Agencija EMA je organizacija za mrežno povezovanje, v njene dejavnosti pa je vključenih na tisoče strokovnjakov iz vse Evrope.
(1) The European Commission, ECDC and EMA have mechanisms in place in order to ensure impartiality.
(1) Evropska komisija, center ECDC in agencija EMA imajo na voljo mehanizme za zagotavljanje nepristranskosti.
The Commission is divided into departments that develop policies in specific areas.
Komisija je organizirana v obliki služb, ki so pristojne za razvoj politik po posameznih področjih.
This is to ensure that staff and experts do not, in the performance of their duties, deal with matters in which they may, directly or indirectly, have a personal interest that could impair their independence.
S tem je zagotovljeno, da se osebje in strokovnjaki pri opravljanju svojih nalog ne ukvarjajo z zadevami, v katerih bi lahko imeli posredni ali neposredni osebni interes, ki bi lahko zmanjšal njihovo neodvisnost.
Communication and scientific experts in these organisations are involved in developing the contents (1).
Pri razvoju vsebin sodelujejo strokovnjaki za komuniciranje in znanstveniki iz omenjenih organizacij (1).
EMA works closely with European and international partners and shares information on vaccines and good regulatory practice.
Agencija EMA tesno sodeluje z evropskimi in mednarodnimi partnerji ter izmenjuje informacije o cepivih in dobri regulativni praksi.
It also provides an overview of the mechanisms in place in the European Union (EU) to ensure that available vaccines conform to the highest standards of safety and effectiveness.
Zajema tudi pregled ukrepov, ki se uporabljajo v Evropski uniji (EU) za zagotavljanje skladnosti razpoložljivih cepiv z najvišjimi standardi varnosti in učinkovitosti.
ECDC also maintains the Vaccine Scheduler , an online, interactive platform showing the vaccination schedules of all EU Member States.
Center ECDC vzdržuje tudi Koledar cepljenj , interaktivno spletno platformo, ki prikazuje razporede cepljenja vseh držav članic EU.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
Evropski center za preprečevanje in obvladovanje bolezni (ECDC)
EMA ensures the efficacy, quality and safety of vaccines.
Agencija EMA zagotavlja učinkovitost, kakovost in varnost cepiv.
Staff and experts are required to declare any personal interest or any interest in any business or organisation that could compromise their impartiality.
Osebje in strokovnjaki morajo predložiti izjavo o morebitnih osebnih interesih in interesih v katerem koli podjetju ali organizaciji, ki bi lahko ogrozili njihovo nepristranskost.