natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In countries where there is an insufficient supply of sterile syringes, medications should be given orally rather than via injection (when possible).
V državah, kjer ni ustrezne oskrbe s sterilnimi brizgami, je zdravila treba dajati peroralno in ne z injiciranjem, če je le možno.
Sepsis has a worldwide incidence of more than 20 million cases a year, with mortality due to septic shock reaching up to 50 percent even in industrialized countries.
Pojavnost sepse v svetovnem merilu je več kot 20 milijonov primerov na leto, pri čemer znaša smrtnost zaradi septičnega šoka do 70-odstotna, kar velja tudi za razvite države.
This scale has been modified by Claassen and coworkers, reflecting the additive risk from SAH size and accompanying intraventricular hemorrhage (0 – none; 1 – minimal SAH w/o IVH; 2 – minimal SAH with IVH; 3 – thick SAH w/o IVH; 4 – thick SAH with IVH);.
Sedaj odraža dodatno tveganje glede na velikost SAH in pridruženo krvavitev v ventrikle (IVK) (0 - nič, 1 - minimalna SAK z/brez IVK, 2 - minimalna SAK z IVK, 3 - široka SAK z/brez IVK, 4 - debela SAK z IVK).
The terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema were formally defined in 1959 at the CIBA guest symposium and in 1962 at the American Thoracic Society Committee meeting on Diagnostic Standards.
Izraza kronični bronhitis in emfizem so formalno definirali leta 1959 na simpoziju CIBA in leta 1962 na seji odbora za diagnostične standarde Ameriškega torakalnega društva (American Thoracic Society, ATS).
About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those affected.
Približno eden od desetih primerov latentne okužbe se sčasoma razvije v aktivno bolezen, ki se za več kot 50 % nezdravljenih oseb konča s smrtjo.
It may be due to either better air flow, or poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs.
Lahko da gre za boljši pretok zraka ali pa slabše delovanje limfnega sistema v zgornjem delu pljuč.
Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the Neolithic Revolution.
Goveji in človeški sev bacila imata skupnega prednika, ki je ljudi morda okužil že v neolitiku.
The primary cause of COPD is tobacco smoke, with occupational exposure and pollution from indoor fires being significant causes in some countries.
Glavni vzrok za KOPB je tobačni dim, v nekaterih državah spadata med pomembne vzroke še izpostavljenost pri delu ter onesnažen zrak zaradi odprtih ognjev v bivališčih.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Aids ([ájts]) ali akvirírani imúnski deficítni sindróm (angleško Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), tudi sindróm pridobljêne imúnske pomanjkljívosti, je spekter bolezenskih stanj, ki jih povzroči okužba z virusom humane imunske pomanjkljivosti (HIV).
Occurrence of hepatitis C among prison inmates in the United States is 10 to 20 times that of the occurrence observed in the general population; this has been attributed to high-risk behavior in prisons such as IDU and tattooing with nonsterile equipment.
Pogostnost hepatitisa C med zaporniki je v ZDA deset- do dvajsetkrat višja kot med ostalim prebivalstvom; vzrok za to je v visoko tveganih navadah v zaporih, kot sta na primer intravensko jemanje mamil in tetoviranje z nesterilno opremo.
Among the proposals:
Med njimi so:
Between 1990 and 2010 the number of deaths from COPD decreased slightly from 3.1 million to 2.9 million and became the fourth leading cause of death.
Med 1990 in 2010 je število smrti zaradi KOPB rahlo padlo s 3,1 na 2,9 milijona  Na splošno pomeni četrti vodilni vzrok smrti v svetu.
Of people without HIV who are infected with tuberculosis, about 5–10% develop active disease during their lifetimes; in contrast, 30% of those coinfected with HIV develop the active disease.
Med ljudmi brez HIV, ki so okuženi s tuberkulozo, jih 5‒10 % v času njihovega življenja aktivno zboleli.
In the United States, costs of the disease are estimated at $50 billion, most of which is due to exacerbation.
V ZDA so stroški bolezni ocenjeni na 50 milijard dolarjev, od katerih je večji del posledica poslabšanj.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis.
People believed this was caused by the original person with TB draining the life from the other family members.
Ljudje so verjeli, da je za to kriv umrli, ki iz ostalih družinskih članov izsesava življenje.
Other recommendations include influenza vaccination once a year, pneumococcal vaccination once every five years, and reduction in exposure to environmental air pollution.
Druga priporočila vključujejo: cepljenje proti gripi enkrat na leto, pnevmokokno cepljenje enkrat na vsakih 5 let in zmanjšanje izpostavljenosti onesnaženemu zraku iz okolja.
This manifests as a reduction in lung volumes, particularly the vital capacity (VC) and total lung capacity (TLC).
To se kaže v zmanjšanju pljučnega obsega, še posebej vitalne kapacitete in skupne pljučne kapacitete.
The reason for this difference is not clear.
Razlog za to ni jasen.
Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister,  (5 April 1827 – 10 February 1912), known between 1883 and 1897 as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.
Joseph Lister, 1. baron Lister, OM, PRS, britanski kirurg, * 5. april 1827, Upton, Essex, Združeno kraljestvo, † 10. februar 1912, Walmer, Kent.
Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs.
Tuberkuloza lahko postane kronična in povzroči obsežne brazgotine v zgornjih predelih pljuč.
Programs such as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program are working to reduce TB levels among people receiving public health care.
Programi, kot je na primer revidiran nacionalni program za nadzor tuberkuloze, so pomagali zmanjšati število okužb pri osebah, ki prejemajo javno zdravstveno oskrbo.
However, the difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture.
Ker gre za počasi rastoč organizem, je postopek kulture težaven in traja pri vzorcih krvi ali izmečka od dva do šest tednov.
This low risk remains as there is a period of about 11–70 days between the potential blood donor's acquiring hepatitis C and the blood's testing positive depending on the method.
Vzrok za preostalo nizko tveganje je obdobje okna (čas med okužbo krvodajalca s hepatitisom C in pozitivnim testom njegove krvi), ki, odvisno od metode, znaša približno 11–70 dni.
Many resource-poor places as of 2011 have access to only sputum microscopy.
Leta 2011 so imela še vedno številna revnejša območja le dostop do mikroskopkih preiskav izmečka.
Previously it has been known by a number of different names, including chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, chronic airflow obstruction, chronic airflow limitation, chronic obstructive lung disease, nonspecific chronic pulmonary disease, and diffuse obstructive pulmonary syndrome.
Predtem so bolezen poznali pod številnimi različnimi imeni, kot so kronična obstruktivna bronhopulmonalna bolezen, kronična obstruktivna bolezen dihal, kronična obstrukcija dihalnih poti, kronična omejitev zračnega pretoka, nespecifična kronična pljučna bolezen in difuzni obstruktivni pljučni sindrom.
While inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) have not shown benefit for people with mild COPD, they decrease acute exacerbations in those with either moderate or severe disease.
Inhalacijski kortikosteroidi (ICS) sicer niso pokazali koristi za ljudi z blago KOPB, vendar pa zmanjšajo poslabšanja pri bolnikih z zmerno ali hudo boleznijo.
This can be caused by systemic infection (septic shock), a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), or spinal cord injury (neurogenic shock).
Vzrok so lahko poškodbe hrbtenjače (nevrogeni šok), huda alergijska reakcija (anafilaktični šok), huda sepsa (septični šok) in nekatere zastrupitve.
Being either underweight or overweight can affect the symptoms, degree of disability, and prognosis of COPD.
Telesna teža pod ali nad normalno težo lahko vpliva na simptome, na stopnjo invalidnosti in napoved KOPB.
They reduce shortness of breath, wheeze, and exercise limitation, resulting in an improved quality of life.
Zmanjšujejo zasoplost, težko dihanje in omejitve telesni dejavnosti, kar izboljša kakovost življenja.
Supplemental oxygen is recommended in those with low oxygen levels at rest (a partial pressure of oxygen less than 50–55 mmHg or oxygen saturations of less than 88%).
Dodajanje kisika se priporoča pri bolnikih z nizkimi ravnmi kisika v mirovanju (parcialni tlak kisika pod 50–55 mmHg ali zasičenost s kisikom manj kot 88 %).
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at Curlie
Kronična obstruktivna pulmonarna bolezen - Klinika Golnik
The inflammatory cells involved include neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages, two types of white blood cells.
Vnetne celice, ki sodelujejo, so med drugim nevtrofilni granulociti in makrofagi, dve vrsti belih krvničk.
It is believed that only 5–50% of those infected in the United States and Canada are aware of their status.
Domnevajo, da samo 5–50 % vseh okuženih v ZDA in Kanadi pozna svoj status okuženosti.
Occasionally, influenza can cause severe illness including primary viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.
Občasno lahko gripa povzroči kako drugo hudo bolezen , kot sta primarna virusna pljučnica ali sekundarna bakterijska pljučnica.
Byssinosis,  is an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to cotton dust in inadequately ventilated working environments.
Bisinoza je bolezen dihal, ki nastane zaradi dolgotrajnega vdihavanja aktivno-vegetabilnega prahu (bombaž, konoplja).
A peak expiratory flow (the maximum speed of expiration), commonly used in asthma, is not sufficient for the diagnosis of COPD.
Konični ekspiratorni pretok (največja hitrost izdiha), ki se pogosto uporablja pri astmi, za diagnozo KOPB ne zadošča.
Skeletal remains show some prehistoric humans (4000 BC) had TB, and researchers have found tubercular decay in the spines of Egyptian mummies dating from 3000 to 2400 BC. Genetic studies suggest the presence of TB in the Americas from about 100 AD.
Okostja prazgodovinskih ljudi  (4000 pred našim štetjem) kažejo znake tuberkulozo in  tuberkulozno gnilobo so dokazali v hrbtenjačah egipčanske mumije iz časov 3000‒4000 pred našim štetjem.
Diarrhea is not usually a symptom of influenza in adults, although it has been seen in some human cases of the H5N1 "bird flu" and can be a symptom in children.
Driska normalno ni znak za gripo pri odraslih,, čeprav jo je bilo videti pri "ptičji gripi"  H5N1  in kot znak bolezni pri otrocih .
Those with more severe underlying disease have more frequent exacerbations: in mild disease 1.8 per year, moderate 2 to 3 per year, and severe 3.4 per year.
Osebe z resnejšo obliko obolenja poslabšanja pogosteje doletijo: pri blagi obliki bolezni 1,8 na leto, zmerni 2-3 na leto, in hudi 3,4 na leto.
The risk also appears to be greater for larger tattoos.
Kaže, da predstavljajo tetovaže z večjo površino višje tveganje.
LABAs such as salmeterol, formoterol, and indacaterol are often used as maintenance therapy.
Dolgoročno delujoči β2 agonisti, kot sta salmeterol in formoterol, se pogosto uporabljajo v vzdrževalnem zdravljenju.
For these reasons, in certain populations it may be necessary to immunize high-risk persons or individuals of both sexes to establish herd immunity.
Zaradi teh razlogov je v nekaterih populacijah za dosego čredne imunosti potrebna ustrezna precepljenost visokotveganih skupin ali posameznikov obeh spolov.
This did not result in a proportionate increase in disease incidence though, since NVTs were less invasive than VTs.
Pri tem ni prišlo do sorazmernega povečanja primerov bolezni, saj so bili serotipi, ki jih cepivo ni pokrivalo, manj invazivni.
In April 1989, the discovery of HCV was published in two articles in the journal Science.
Aprila 1989 je revija Science objavila dva članka, ki obravnavata novo odkriti virus.
Infections appear to be the cause of 50 to 75% of cases, with bacteria in 30%, viruses in 23%, and both in 25%.
Razlog za 50 do 75 % primerov so najverjetneje okužbe, pri čemer so bakterijskega izvora v 25 %, virusnega izvora v 25 %, in obojnega izvora v 25 % primerov.
Pulmonary talcosis is a pulmonary disorder caused by talc.
Talkoza je, tako kot azbestoza in aluminoza, poklicna bolezen pljuč.
It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated.
Kljub temu je po vsem svetu najbolj pogosto uporabljeno cepivo, s katerim se cepi več kot 90% vseh otrok.
When combined with regular exercise or a pulmonary rehabilitation program, this can lead to improvements in COPD symptoms.
V kombinaciji z redno vadbo ali programom za rehabilitacijo pljuč lahko to privede do izboljšanja simptomov KOPB.
The long-established practice of permitting OTC sales of antibiotics (including penicillin and other drugs) to lay animal owners for administration to their own animals nonetheless continued in all states.
Vendar pa se je s prodajo antibiotikov v prosti prodaji (vključno s penicilinom in drugimi antibiotiki) privatnikom za njih domače živali po vseh ZDA nadaljevalo.
As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID‑19 testing based on RT-PCR.
Ameriški komercialni laboratoriji so začeli testirati v začetku marca 2020. 5. marca 2020 je LabCorp sporočil, da ima na voljo testni komplet za COVID-19 na temelju RT-PCR.
Significant weight loss is a bad sign.
Znatna izguba teže je slab znak.
While previously divided into emphysema and chronic bronchitis, emphysema is only a description of lung changes rather than a disease itself, and chronic bronchitis is simply a descriptor of symptoms that may or may not occur with COPD.
Doslej so bolezen delili na emfizem in kronični bronhitis; pri tem predstavlja emfizem le opis sprememb v pljučih, ne pa bolezni same, kronični bronhitis pa je preprosto opis simptomov, do katerih lahko - ali pa tudi ne - pride pri KOPB.
Even in the absence of a local outbreak, diagnosis may be justified in the elderly during the influenza season as long as the prevalence is over 15%.
Tudi če ne gre za lokalen izbruh, je zdravljenje v časih gripe utemeljeno pri starejših v sezoni, dokler je prevalenca za gripo nad 15 %..
More careful use of antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics, is also considered vital.
Pomembna je tudi zmerna in smiselna uporaba protimikrobnih sredstev, kot so antibiotiki.
It is believed that ten million intravenous drug users are infected with hepatitis C; China (1.6 million), the United States (1.5 million), and Russia (1.3 million) have the highest absolute totals.
Sklepajo, da je po svetu deset milijonov intravenskih uživalcev mamil okuženih s hepatitisom C; Kitajska (1,6 milijona), Združene države (1,5 milijona) in Rusija (1,3 milijona) imajo največje absolutne številke.
In the advanced stages, or end stage pulmonary disease, it occurs during rest and may be always present.
V poznejših fazah se pojavi med mirovanjem in je lahko vedno prisotna.
Workplace exposure is believed to be the cause in 10–20% of cases.
Za izpostavljenost na delovnem mestu se meni, da je vzrok v 10-20 % primerov.
An analysis of arterial blood is used to determine the need for oxygen; this is recommended in those with an FEV1 less than 35% predicted, those with a peripheral oxygen saturation less than 92%, and those with symptoms of congestive heart failure.
Analiza arterijske krvi se uporablja za določanje potrebe po kisiku; priporoča se jo pri bolnikih s FEV1 pod 35 % napovedane vrednosti, pri bolnikih z nasičenostjo okončin s kisikom pod 92 %, in pri bolnikih z znaki zastojne srčne odpovedi.
M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa.
M. africanum sicer ni široko razširjena, v nekaterih predelih Afrike pa pomeni pomemben vzrok za TBC.
ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine.
ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Asbestos Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Detection of antibodies (serology) can be used both for diagnosis and population surveillance.
Detekcija protiteles (serologija) se lahko uporablja tako za klinične namene kot za nadzor nad zdravjem prebivalstva.
Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease.
Cepiva bodo upajmo igrala pomembno vlogo pri zdravljenju tako latentne kot aktivne bolezni.
Since then, pneumococcal vaccines that provide protection from the emerging serotypes have been introduced and have successfully countered their emergence.
Kasneje so prišla na tržišče pnevmokokna cepiva, ki nudijo zaščito tudi pred na novo razširjenimi serotipi in so tako uspešno obvladala njihovo širjenje.
His father was born in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, and moved to the United Kingdom in the 1960s, to work as a doctor.
Oče Ashok izvorno prihaja iz Mumbaja, Indija, v šestdesetih letih pa je prišel v Združeno kraljestvo, kjer je nadalje deloval kot zdravnik.
The relative contributions of these two factors vary between people.
Deleži teh dveh dejavnikov se razlikujejo med ljudmi.
It takes about six months for the manufacturers to formulate and produce the millions of doses required to deal with the seasonal epidemics; occasionally, a new or overlooked strain becomes prominent during that time.
Za razvoj in proizvodnjo milijonov odmerkov cepiva je potrebnih namreč okoli šest mesecev in v tem času se lahko med prebivalstvom nepredvideno razširijo novi sevi virusa.
It is often quantified in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) or disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
Pogosto se ovrednoti z leti zdravstveno kakovostnega življenja (QALY, angl. quality-adjusted life year) ali leti življenja, prilagojenimi nezmožnosti (DALY, angl. disability-adjusted life year); oba kazalnika prikazujeta število let življenja, izgubljenih zaradi bolezni.
Additionally, theophylline may have a role in those who do not respond to other measures.
Poleg tega ima teofilin verjetno pomembno vlogo pri primerih, ki se na druge ukrepe ne odzivajo.
Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's usefulness as a screening tool.
Eden od razlogov, zakaj naj se cepiva ne rabi, so lažno pozitivni tuberkulinski testi na koži, tako da je za presejalne programe nekoristen.
The increase in the developing world between 1970 and the 2000s is believed to be related to increasing rates of smoking in this region, an increasing population and an aging population due to fewer deaths from other causes such as infectious diseases.
Porast v državah v razvoju med 1970 in 2000 naj bi bil v zvezi s povečano ravnjo kajenja na tem območju, naraščanjem števila prebivalstva in pa s staranjem prebivalstva, katerega vzrok je manjša stopnja umrljivosti zaradi boljše zdravstvene oskrbe drugih obolenj, kot so nalezljive bolezni.
The rate of TB varies with age.
Pogostnost tuberkuloze je odvisna od starosti prebivalstva.
Multiple causes can be present simultaneously in one person.
Hkrati je lahko prisotnih tudi več vzrokov.
To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development as of 2006, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments.
Da bi spodbudili nadaljnji razvoj, raziskovalci in politiki uvajajo nove ekonomske modele za razvoj cepiv, med drugim nagrade, davčne spodbude in vnaprej zagotovljen tržni odvzem.
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses.
Prašičja gripa je vrsta gripe, ki se razvije pri prašičih.
Genetic susceptibility also exists, for which the overall importance remains undefined.
Obstaja tudi genetsko pogojena dovzetnost, njen pomen za zdaj še ni jasen.
Those who smoke cigarettes have nearly twice the risk of TB compared to nonsmokers.
Kadilci cigaret imajo skoraj dvakrat višje tveganje za TBC kot nekadilci.
M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants.
M. canetti se pojavlja redko na območju Afriškega roga.
On 6 May 2016, after government formation talks had concluded, Taoiseach Enda Kenny appointed Varadkar as Minister for Social Protection.
Ob nastopu drugega mandata predsednika irske vlade, je Enda Kenny Varadkarja imenoval na mesto ministra za socialno zaščito.
The signs and symptoms of asbestosis typically manifest after a significant amount of time has passed following asbestos exposure, often several decades under current conditions in the US.
Znaki in simptomi azbestoze se ne pojavijo takoj, po navadi mine precej časa (od prve izpostavitve), pogosto več desetletij pod pogoji, kakršni so trenutno v ZDA .
Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS).
Tuberkuloza je drugi najpogostejši vzrok smrti zaradi nalezljivih bolezni (takoj za HIV/AIDS).
People who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural areas.
Ljudje, ki živijo v velikih mestih, imajo višjo stopnjo KOPB kot ljudje, ki živijo na podeželju.
The cause of transmission remains unknown in 20% of cases; however, many of these are believed to be accounted for by IDU.
V 20 % primerov vzroka za prenos ni mogoče ugotoviti; za številne med njimi pa ocenjujejo, da je vzrok zatajeno intravensko jemanje mamil.
Of this total an estimated $1.9 trillion are direct costs such as medical care, while $0.2 trillion are indirect costs such as missed work.
Pri tem je 1,9 milijard $ neposrednih stroškov, kot je zdravljenje, 0,2 milijard $ pa so posredni stroški, kot je odsotnost z dela.
In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB.
V 15‒20 % aktivnih primerov se okužba razširi na organe zunaj pljuč, kar vodi do drugih različic tuberkuloze.
When used with inhaled steroids they increase the risk of pneumonia.
Če se uporabljajo skupaj s steroidi na vdihavanje, povečujejo tveganje za pljučnico.
An acute exacerbation of COPD is defined as increased shortness of breath, increased sputum production, a change in the color of the sputum from clear to green or yellow, or an increase in cough in someone with COPD.
Kot akutno poslabšanje KOPB je razumeti povečano kratko sapo, povečano količino izmečkov, spremembe barve izmečka od brezbarvne k zeleni oz. rumeni ali poslabšanje kašlja.
Most cases of the disease, however, are relatively mild.
Večinoma ima bolezen blago obliko.
In the earliest stages of an incident, such as when one or two paramedics exist to twenty or more patients, practicality demands that the above, more "primitive" model will be used.
V začetni fazi nesreče, ko sta prisotna samo dva reševalca, ki morata oskrbeti 20 ali več pacientov, praktično zahteva bolj »primitiven« model, kot je opisan zgoraj.
When such fibers reach the alveoli (air sacs) in the lung, where oxygen is transferred into the blood, the foreign bodies (asbestos fibers) cause the activation of the lungs' local immune system and provoke an inflammatory reaction dominated by lung macrophages that respond to chemotactic factors activated by the fibers.
Ko ta vlakna dosežejo pljučne mešičke v pljučih, kjer se kisik preneaša v kri, ti tujki (azbestna vlakna) povzročijo aktiviranje lokalnega pljučnega imunskega sistema, kar povzroči vnetno reakcijo.
In 2011, there were approximately 730,000 hospitalizations in the United States for COPD.
V letu 2011 je bilo v ZDA približno 730.000 hospitalizacij zaradi KOPB.
IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.
Testi IGRA lahko povečajo občutljivost, kadar se uporabljajo hkrati s kožnim testom, so pa lahko da manj občutljivi kot kožni test, če se uporabljajo brez njega.
Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs.
Tuberkuloza, prekomerno odporna proti zdravilom, je odporna proti trem ali več razredom zdravil druge izbire.
The Fisher Grade classifies the appearance of subarachnoid hemorrhage on CT scan.
Fisherjeva lestvica klasificira izgled SAK na posnetku CT.