natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Between 1838 and 1845, Dr. John Croghan, the owner of Mammoth Cave in Kentucky from 1839 onwards, brought a number of people with tuberculosis into the cave in the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air; each died within a year.
Med 1838 in 1845 je Dr. John Croghan, lastnik Mamutske jame, dal prenesti številne ljudi s tuberkulozo v jamo,  v upanju, da bodo v čistem jamskem zraku stalne temperature ozdraveli; umrli so po enem letu.
Additionally, women are more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoke than men.
Poleg tega so ženske dovzetnejše za škodljive učinke dima kot pa moški.
As of 19 March drive-in tests were offered in several large cities.
Od 19. marca so v večjih mestih ponudili teste iz avtomobilov.
It is a member of the genus Hepacivirus in the family Flaviviridae.
Pripada rodu Hepacivirus družine Flaviviridae.
An acute exacerbation (a sudden worsening of symptoms) is commonly triggered by infection or environmental pollutants, or sometimes by other factors such as improper use of medications.
Akutno poslabšanje (nenadno poslabšanje simptomov) običajno sprožijo okužbe ali okoljska onesnaževala, včasih tudi drugi dejavniki, kot je nepravilna uporaba zdravil.
Characteristic signs on X-ray are hyperinflated lungs, a flattened diaphragm, increased retrosternal airspace, and bullae, while it can help exclude other lung diseases, such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or a pneumothorax.
Značilni znaki na rentgenski sliki so pretirano razširjena pljuča, sploščena prepona, povečan retrosternalni zračni prostor in bule; rentgenska slika tudi pomaga izključiti druga obolenja pljuč, kot so na primer pljučnica, pljučni edem ali pnevmotoraks.
Another growing disease, especially prevalent in New York City hospitals, is the drug-resistant, gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Vse pogostejši povzročitelj bolnišničnih okužb, zlasti v New Yorku, je proti antibiotikom odporna gramnegativna bakterija Klebsiella pneumoniae.
The World Federation of Neurosurgeons (WFNS) classification uses Glasgow coma score and focal neurological deficit to gauge severity of symptoms.
Klasifikacija Svetovnega združenja nevrokirurgov (The World Federation of Neurosurgeons, WFNS) pri oceni hudosti simptomov upošteva GCS in žariščne nevrološke izpade.
In one outbreak at an international scout jamboree in the Netherlands, each person with gastroenteritis infected an average of 14 people before increased hygiene measures were put in place.
Pri izbruhu v enem od taborov na Nizozemskem je vsak bolnik z gastroenteritisom v povprečju okužil 14 drugih oseb, preden so uvedli stroge higienske ukrepe.
A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research.
Pri razvoju sodelujejo številne skupine, med drugim Stop TB Partnership, Južnoafriška iniciativa za cepivo proti tuberkuloz in Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation.
However, in the majority of cases, a latent infection occurs with no obvious symptoms.
Latentna okužba pa se v večini primerov pojavi brez očitnih znakov.
Therefore the branch of clinical medicine active in the field of occupational health and safety.
Zdravnik-specialist, ki deluje na tem področju, se imenuje specialist medicine dela, prometa in športa.
Evidence for using spirometry among those without symptoms in an effort to diagnose the condition earlier is of uncertain effect, so currently is not recommended.
Dokazi, po katerih naj bi spirometrija pri osebah brez simptomov omogočila predhodno diagnozo stanja, niso zanesljivi, zato se ta metoda ne priporoča.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may occur in a number of other animals and may be caused by exposure to tobacco smoke.
Kronična obstruktivna pljučna bolezen se lahko pojavi pri številnih drugih živali, do katere lahko pride zaradi izpostavljenosti cigaretnemu dimu.
The four main mechanisms by which bacteria exhibit resistance to antibiotics are:
Štirje glavni mehanizmi, ki mikroorganizmom omogočajo odpornost na protimikrobna sredstva, so:
In gram-negative bacteria, plasmid-mediated resistance genes produce proteins that can bind to DNA gyrase, protecting it from the action of quinolones.
V gram-negativnih bakterijah geni odpornosti, ki so jih prenesli plazmidi, tvorijo proteine, ki se lahko vežejo na girazo za DNA, in jo tako varujejo pred vplivom kinolonov.
The only measures that have been shown to reduce mortality are smoking cessation and supplemental oxygen.
Edina ukrepa, za katera je dokazano, da zmanjšujeta smrtnost, sta prenehanje kajenja in vdihovanje dodatnega kisika.
Proper stoves may improve indoor air quality by 85%.
Ustrezne peči lahko kakovost zraka v zaprtih prostorih izboljšajo za 85 %.
Early descriptions of probable emphysema include: in 1679 by T. Bonet of a condition of "voluminous lungs" and in 1769 by Giovanni Morgagni of lungs which were "turgid particularly from air".
Leta 1679 je T. Bonet opisal bolezen, ki jo je imenoval »debela pljuča«, leta 1769 pa je Giovanni Morgagni opisal pljuča, ki so bila »zatekla, zlasti zaradi zraka«.
General muscle wasting that often occurs in COPD may be partly due to inflammatory mediators released by the lungs into the blood.
Splošen propad mišic, ki pogosto spremlja KOPB, je lahko deloma posledica vnetnih posrednikov, ki jih pljuča sproščajo v kri.
People with COPD who are underweight can improve their breathing muscle strength by increasing their calorie intake.
Ljudje s KOPB in prenizko težo lahko izboljšajo moč svojih dihalnih mišic s povečanim vnosom kalorij.
Treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin post-transplant decreases the risk of recurrence to 70%.
Zdravljenje s pegiliranim interferonom in ribavirinom po presaditvi zmanjša tveganje za ponovni pojav okužbe za okoli 70 %.
Vaccinating adults against pertussis reduces pertussis incidence in infants too young to be vaccinated, who are at the greatest risk of complications from the disease.
Precepljenost odraslih proti oslovskemu kašlju zmanjša pojavnost bolezni tudi pri otrocih, ki so premajhni, da bi bili cepljeni in ki so sicer dovzetnejši za zaplete ob okužbi.
In horses it is known as recurrent airway obstruction, can be quite severe, and most often is linked to an allergic reaction to a fungus contained in contaminated hay or straw.
Znana je pri konjih kot ponavljajoča se obstrukcija dihalnih poti, običajno je posledica alergijske reakcije na slamo, ki vsebuje glive.
It is rare for tattoos in a licensed facility to be directly associated with HCV infection.
Tetoviranja pri licenciranih ponudnikih so le redko neposredni vzrok za okužbo z VHC.
Another concern is that doctors may become reluctant to perform routine surgeries because of the increased risk of harmful infection.
Dodaten problem je, da zdravniki zaradi povečanega tveganja za škodljive okužbe morebiti neradi opravljajo rutinske operativne posege.
Blood transfusion, transfusion of blood products, or organ transplants without HCV screening carry significant risks of infection.
Transfuzija krvi, transfuzija izdelkov iz krvi ali presajanje organov brez izločilnega preskusa na VHC predstavljajo resno nevarnost okužbe.
The likelihood of developing COPD increases with the total smoke exposure.
Verjetnost, da se KOPB pojavi, raste s celokupno izpostavljenostjo dimu.
Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.
Prizadeta območja, ko so enkrat ozdravljena, nadomesti brazgotinasto tkivo.
Methylxanthines such as theophylline generally cause more harm than benefit and thus are usually not recommended, but may be used as a second-line agent in those not controlled by other measures.
Metilksantini, kot je teofilin, navadno povzročijo več škode kot koristi, zato se običajno ne priporočajo,  lahko pa se jih uporabi kot sredstvo drugega izbora pri primerih, ki jim drugi ukrepi niso kos. Mukolitiki lahko pomagajo pri nekaterih ljudeh, ki imajo zelo gosto sluz, vendar na splošno niso potrebni.
Influenza's effects are much more severe and last longer than those of the common cold.
Ti bolezenski znaki so hujši in trajajo dalj kot tisti pri prehladu.
Both the American and European guidelines recommend partly basing treatment recommendations on the FEV1.
Tako ameriške kot tudi evropske smernice priporočajo, da se zdravljenje delno opira na FEV1.
In those who have had a recent exacerbation, pulmonary rehabilitation appears to improve the overall quality of life and the ability to exercise.
Pri prizadetih, ki se jim je stanje pred kratkim poslabšalo, pljučna rehabilitacija lahko izboljša splošno kakovost življenja, sposobnost za telesno dejavnost in zmanjša umrljivost.
Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or social immunity) is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune.
Čredna ali kolektivna imunost pomeni posredno zaščito pred nalezljivimi boleznimi, ki nastane, kadar je velik delež prebivalstva imun proti okužbi, bodisi zaradi že prebolele okužbe ali pa zaradi cepljenja, s tem pa so pred okužbo zaščiteni tudi neimuni posamezniki.
Outcomes are generally good if treated early.
Ob hitri uvedni zdravljenja so izidi načeloma ugodni.
Weight loss and muscle weakness, as well as the presence of other diseases, should also be taken into account.
Treba je tudi upoštevati izgubo teže in šibkost mišic ter prisotnost drugih bolezni.
Most cases of COPD are potentially preventable through decreasing exposure to smoke and improving air quality.
Večina primerov KOPB se lahko prepreči tako, da se zmanjša izpostavljenost tobačnemu dimu in izboljša kakovost zraka.
The GOLD guidelines suggest dividing people into four categories based on symptoms assessment and airflow limitation.
Smernice GOLD predlagajo štiri kategorije, ki temeljijo na oceni simptomov in na omejitvi pretoka zraka.
In the United States and United Kingdom, of those with COPD, 80–95% are either current or previous smokers.
V Združenih državah Amerike in Združenem kraljestvu je med obolelimi za KOPB 80-95 % aktivnih ali preteklih kadilcev.
Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and may lead to kidney failure.
Nekateri produkti, ki nastanejo pri razkroju mišičnine, kot je na primer beljakovina mioglobin, so škodljivi za ledvice in lahko povzročijo akutno odpoved ledvic.
Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness.
Po začetni okužbi se pri osebi včasih ne pojavi noben simptom, večinoma pa se pojavi kratko obdobje gripi podobne bolezni.
Repetitive stress injury.
Repetitive strain injury.
Based on these measurements, spirometry would lead to over-diagnosis of COPD in the elderly.
Na podlagi teh meritev bi spirometrija privedla do prekomernega diagnosticiranja KOPB pri starejših.
The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is of poor quality.
Dokazi, da je ta pristop boljši kot če se zdravila jemljejo nenadzorovano, so šibki.
identify the priority of the patient's need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene.
Identificiranje prioritetosti pacientove potrebe po medicinski pomoči in transportu v bolnišnico
Twelve countries had rates greater than 80%.
Dvanajst držav je pri tem imelo deleže nad 80 %.
Unlike PCR methods an extraction step is not needed before assay.
Za razliko od PCR pred preizkusom ekstrakcija ni potrebna.
Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum.
Simptomi so lahko bolečine v prsih in dolgotrajen kašelj z izpljunkom.
In Canada as of 2008, there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths.
V Kanadi je bilo leta 2008 okuženih okoli 65.000 ljudi, umrlo jih je 53.
Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material.
Prizadeto tkivo nadomestijo brazgotine in votline, napolnjene s sirastim nekrotičnem materialom.
Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective.
Uspešno zdraviti TB je težko; neobičajna struktura in kemična sestava celičnih sten pri mikobakterijah ovirata vstop zdravilom in tako onemogočata delovanje marsikaterega antibiotika.
Certain medications, such as corticosteroids and infliximab (an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody), are other important risk factors, especially in the developed world.
Nekatera zdravila, kot so kortikosteroidi in infliksimab (monoklonsko protitelo anti-TNF α), postajajo čedalje pomembnejši  dejavniki tveganja, še posebej v razvitem svetu.
The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti.
Kompleks M. tuberculosis vsebuje še štiri druge mikobakterije, ki povzročajo TBC: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. Canetti in M. microti.
It is still one of the five most common causes of hospital-acquired infections and is often the cause of wound infections following surgery.
Je eden od petih najpogostejših povzročiteljev bolnišničnih okužb in pogosto povzroča pooperativne infekcije ran.
The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France, but achieved widespread acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and Germany only after World War II.
Z BCG prvič cepili ljudi leta 1921 v Franciji,  v ZDA, Združenem kraljestvu in Nemčiji pa so ga začeli široko uporabljati po drugi svetovni vojni.
The recommended treatment of new-onset pulmonary tuberculosis, as of 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months.
Ob novem pojavu pljučne TB od 2010 dalje priporočajo terapijo, ki traja šest mesecev, s kombinacijo antibiotikov, ki vsebujejo rifampicin, isoniazid, pirazinamid in etambutol prva dva meseca, zadnje štiri pa samo rifampicin in isoniazid.
If a worker develops COPD, further lung damage can be reduced by avoiding ongoing dust exposure, for example by changing the work role.
Če delavec razvije KOPB, se lahko nadaljnje poškodbe pljuč preprečijo tako, da se delavca ne izpostavlja vel prahu, recimo s prestavitvijo na drugo delovno mesto.
The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing.
Cepivo BCG ima svoje meje in raziskave in razvoj novih cepiv za TB so v teku.
Both of these changes result in increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which may cause right-sided heart failure secondary to lung disease, also known as cor pulmonale.
Obe spremembi povzročita povečan tlak krvi v  pljučnih arterijah, kar lahko vodi v nastanek pljučnega srca (cor pulmonale).
Those for whom immediate care might make a positive difference in outcome.
tisti, pri katerih lahko takojšnja oskrba izboljša izid.
The distinction between asthma and COPD is made on the basis of the symptoms, smoking history, and whether airflow limitation is reversible with bronchodilators at spirometry.
Med astmo in KOPB se razlikuje na osnovi simptomov, na anamnezi kajenja in glede na to, ali je omejitev pretoka pri spirometriji reverzibilna z bronhodilatatorji.
Precautions - Universal precautions should be observed.
Zdravstveni delavci morajo dosledno izvajati splošne previdnostne ukrepe.
It is commonly described as: "my breathing requires effort," "I feel out of breath," or "I can't get enough air in." Different terms, however, may be used in different cultures.
Prizadeti jo najpogosteje opisujejo takole: »dihati mi je zelo naporno,« »počutim se kot brez sape,« ali »ne morem vdihniti dovolj zraka«.
Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock include:
Simptomi in znaki šoka
Noroviruses are transmitted directly from person to person (62–84% of all reported outbreaks) and indirectly via contaminated water and food.
Norovirusi se prenašajo po večini z neposrednim stikom z okuženo osebo (v 62–84 % vseh poročanih izbruhov bolezni) in posredno z okuženo vodo ali hrano.
The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on 28 January 2020.
Južnokorejsko podjetje Kogenebiotech je 28. januarja 2020 obvestilo javnost, da je razvilo  za klinične potrebe aparat  kompleta za odkrivanje SARS-CoV-2 na osnovi PCR ( PowerChek Coronavirus).
Researchers hypothesize that the mechanism of resistance development is based on four SNP mutations in the genome of E. coli produced by the gradient of antibiotic.
Raziskovalci menijo, da mehanizem za razvoj odpornosti temelji na štirih SNP v genomu E. coli, do katerih pride v antibiotičnem gradientu.
Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms.
Temu običajno sledi dolgotrajno obdobje brez simptomov.
The discovery led to significant improvements in diagnosis and improved antiviral treatment.
Odkritje je vodilo do bistvenih izboljšav pri prepoznavanju bolezni in pri protivirusnem zdravljenju.
The FDA first determined in 1977 that there is evidence of emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains in livestock.
FDA je leta 1977 potrdila, da obstajajo dokazi za pojav proti antibiotikom odpornih bakterij v živinoreji.
Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in people with a weakened immune system and young children.
Do zunajpljučne tuberkuloze prihaja pogosteje pri ljudeh z okvarjenim imunskim sistemom in pri otrocih.
It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour.
Deli se vsakih 16 do 20 ur, kar je zelo počasi v primerjavi z drugimi bakterijami, ki se običajno delijo več kot enkrat na uro.
British Government Health and Safety Executive.
British Government Health and Safety Executive
In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases.
Pri osebah s HIV-om se to pripeti pri več kot 50 % primerov.
The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system.
Avtomatizirani sistemi visoke zmogljivosti  bodo v kliničnih laboratorijih zelo dobrodošli, vendar bo najprej morala steči njih proizvodnja.
This is typically based on the FEV1 expressed as a percentage of the predicted "normal" for the person's age, gender, height, and weight.
Običajno temelji na FEV1 kot odstotek »normalne«  vrednosti za starost, spol, višino in težo osebe.
They are used as the main source of energy in 80% of homes in India, China and sub-Saharan Africa.
Poleg tega predstavljajo glavni vir energije v 80 % bivališč v Indiji, na Kitajskem in v podsaharski Afriki.
Because of the emergence of MDR-TB, surgery has been re-introduced for certain cases of TB infections.
Zaradi pojava MDR-TB so kirurške posege ponovno uvedli kot eno od možnosti, ki so na voljo za zdravljenje tuberkuloze.
The reaction of the lung to mineral dusts depends on many variables, including size, shape, solubility, and reactivity of the particles.
Reakcija pljuč na prah (oz. plin) je odvisna od mnogih dejavnikov, med drugim od velikosti, oblike, topnosti in reaktivnosti delcev.
It is believed that the high prevalence in Egypt is linked to a now-discontinued mass-treatment campaign for schistosomiasis, using improperly sterilized glass syringes.
Po mnenju poznavalcev je visok odstotek v Egiptu posledica sedaj že ustavljene množične kampanje proti shistosomozi, pri kateri so uporabljali neustrezno sterilizirane steklene brizge.
Tetanus, for example, is infectious but not contagious, so herd immunity does not apply.
Tetanus, na primer, je prav tako kužna bolezen, vendar se ne prenaša s posameznika na posameznika in pri zaščiti čredna imunost nima vloge.
One DALY can be thought of as one year of healthy life lost, and the overall disease burden can be thought of as a measure of the gap between current health status and the ideal health status (where the individual lives to old age free from disease and disability).
Eno leto življenja, prilagojeno nezmožnosti, predstavlja eno zdravo leto, ki ga bolnik izgubi, skupno breme bolezni pa predstavlja mero vrzeli življenja, torej razliko med trenutnim  in idealnim zdravstvenim stanjem (pri čemer se upošteva, da posameznik doseže starost brez bolezni ali nezmožnosti).
This decreased the risk from one in 200 units to between one in 10,000 to one in 10,000,000 per unit of blood.
Tveganje okuženosti se je tako z ene od 200 enot krvi zmanjšalo na eno od 10.000 do 10.000.000 enot krvi.
The source of waterborne outbreaks may include water from municipal supplies, wells, recreational lakes, swimming pools, and ice machines.
Do okužbe z vodo lahko pride v bazenih, plavalnih jezerih, vodnjakih, z vodovodno vodo ...
Those with obstructed airflow may have wheezing or decreased sounds with air entry on examination of the chest with a stethoscope.
Pri osebah z oviranim pretokom zraka je ob pregledu prsnega koša s stetoskopom lahko slišati piskanje ali druge zvoke ob vstopu zraka v pljuča.
This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss.
To stanje je pogosto povezano tudi z nenamerno izgubo telesne mase.
A number of different antibiotics may be used including amoxicillin, doxycycline and azithromycin; whether one is better than the others is unclear.
Uporabi se lahko več različnih antibiotikov, kot so recimo amoksicilin, doksiciklin ali azitromicin; ni jasno, ali je kateri med njimi boljši od drugih.
In general, hygiene refers to practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms.
Pojem HIGIENA se ukvarja s preprečevanjem bolezni tako, da skuša odstraniti škodljive vplive iz okolja.
Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB).
Odpornost proti antibiotikom postaja vse večji problem pri okužbah z večkratno odporno tuberkulozo (MDR-TB).
During the first half of the 1900s the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced after the application of the pasteurization process.
Tveganje za prenos iz tega vira je kasneje dramatično zmanjšal izum procesa pasterizacije.
When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected, the rate of HIV infection is less than 1% per year.
Pri parih, kjer je le eden okužen, je tveganje za okužbo drugega neokuženega partnerja ob dosledni uporabi kondomov manj kot 1-odstotno v enem letu.
In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10,700 had been tested in the prior week.
V Nemčiji je Državno združenje zdravnikov v Obveznem zdravstvenem zavarovanju 2. marca sporočilo, da ima zmogljivost za približno 12.000 testov na dan v ambulantnem okolju, 10.700 jih je bilo storjenih teden pred tem.
He dropped the suit in 1998 after losing before an appeals court.
Potem ko je izgubil pred prizivnim sodiščem, je tožbo leta 1998 umaknil.
Hospitals have sanitation protocols regarding uniforms, equipment sterilization, washing, and other preventive measures.
Bolnišnice imajo sicer predpisane sanitarne protokole glede oblek, sterilizacije opreme, umivanja in drugih higienskih ukrepov.
In areas of the world where alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is common, people with COPD (particularly those below the age of 45 and with emphysema affecting the lower parts of the lungs) should be considered for testing.
V predelih sveta s pogostim pomanjkanjem alfa-1 antitripsina, bi bilo treba razmisliti o testiranju ljudi s KOPB, zlasti tistih, ki so mlajši od 45 let in bolnikih z emfizemom.
Macrophages, epithelioid cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts  aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages.
Celice, kot so makrofagi, celice ubijalke, limfociti B in fibroblasti, se združujejo v granulome in z limfociti obkolijo okužene makrofage.