natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a "remedy" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it "tuberculin".
Koch je leta 1890 glicerinski izvleček bacilov tuberkuloze razglasil za "sredstvo" proti tuberkulozi in ga poimenoval »tuberkulin«.
In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths.
V Evropi je obolevnost s tuberkulozo naraščala od 16. stoletja dalje in dosegla svoj vrh v 18. stoletju, ko je bila vzrok za skoraj četrtino vseh smrti.
If tuberculosis recurs, testing to determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to is important before determining treatment.
Če se tuberkuloza ponavlja, je pomembno pred začetkom zdravljenja s testi ugotoviti, na katere antibiotike je povzročitelj občutljiv.
Herd immunity does not apply to all diseases, just those that are contagious, meaning that they can be transmitted from one individual to another.
Čredna imunost je mogoča le za prenosljive bolezni, torej tiste, ki se prenašako s posameznika na posameznika.
During exacerbations, airway inflammation is also increased, resulting in increased hyperinflation, reduced expiratory airflow, and worsening of gas transfer.
Med obdobji poslabšanja se poveča vnetje dihalnih poti, kar vodi v povečano hiperinflacijo, zmanjšanje pretoka zraka ob izdihu in poslabšan prenos plinov.
During acute exacerbations, many require oxygen therapy; the use of high concentrations of oxygen without taking into account a person's oxygen saturations may lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide and worsened outcomes.
Med akutnimi poslabšanji mnogi potrebujejo zdravljenje s kisikom; uporaba visokih koncentracij kisika, ne da bi se pri tem upoštevalo bolnikov nivo zasičenja s kisikom, lahko privede do povečane koncentracije ogljikovega dioksida in poslabša rezultate.
In primary TB disease (some 1–5% of cases), this occurs soon after the initial infection.
Pri primarni TB (pri okoli 1–5 % primerov) pride do tega po začetni okužbi.
One key effort is to reduce exposure to smoke from cooking and heating fuels through improved ventilation of homes and better stoves and chimneys.
Eno od ključnih prizadevanj je zmanjšanje izpostavljenosti dimu, ki nastaja s kuhanjem in ogrevanjem prostorov, in sicer z izboljšanim prezračevanjem domov ter boljšimi pečmi in dimniki.
Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.
Tuberkuloza je bila prisotna pri ljudeh najkasneje od antike dalje.
The greater the proportion of immune individuals in a community, the smaller the probability that non-immune individuals will come into contact with an infectious individual, helping to shield non-immune individuals from infection.
Večji je delež imunih posameznikov, manjša je verjetnost, da bi neimuni posamezniki prišli v stik z okuženo osebo.
Nosocomial infections can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and other parts of the body.
Pride lahko do hudih pljučnic, okužb sečil, obtočil in drugih delov telesa.
Corticosteroids by mouth improve the chance of recovery and decrease the overall duration of symptoms.
Peroralni kortikosteroid izboljšujejo možnost za okrevanje ter zmanjšujejo celokupno trajanje simptomov.
Robert Koch identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, on 24 March 1882.
Bacil, ki povzroča tuberkulozo, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, je 24. marca 1882 odkril in opisal Robert Koch.
When used in combination with a LABA, they may decrease mortality compared to either ICSs or LABA alone.
Če se uporabljajo v kombinaciji z LABA, zmanjšujejo smrtnost bolj kot ICS ali LABA sami zase.
The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background.
Najpogosteje uporabljeni metodi barvanja s hitro kislino sta metoda po Ziehl‒Neelsenu, ki barva bacile AFB svetlo rdeče, da jasno izstopajo na modri podlagi, in pa metoda z avraminom in rodaminom, ki omogoča opazovanje s fluorescenčno mikroskopijo.
The policies of governments, public health agencies, and antismoking organizations can reduce smoking rates by discouraging people from starting and encouraging people to stop smoking.
Politika vlad, javne zdravstvene ustanove in protikadilske organizacije bi lahko zmanjšale ravni kajenja, ki bi ljudi od odvračale od tega, da začnejo kaditi, oziroma bi jim pomagale, da prenehajo kaditi.
In 2006 a ban on the use of antibiotics in European feed, with the exception of two antibiotics in poultry feeds, became effective.
Evropska uredba o prepovedi uporabe antibiotikov v krmi, z izjemo dveh antibiotikov v perutninski krmi, je začela veljati leta 2006.
During 2008 in the United States approximately 1.2 million people were living with HIV, resulting in about 17,500 deaths.
V ZDA je leta 2008 živelo okoli 1,2 milijona okuženih bolnikov in okoli 17.500 jih je umrlo.
Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer.
Mikobakterija ima zunanjo membrano v obliki lipidnega dvosloja.
Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who have a weakened immune system.
Diagnosticirati aktivno tuberkulozo samo na podlagi znakov in simptomov je težko, prav tako tudi bolezen pri osebah s suprimiranim imunskim sistemom.
Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common.
Študije prstnih odtisov DNK pri sevih M. tuberculosis so pokazale, da ponovna okužba k ponavljajoči se TB prispeva bistveno več, kot so predvidevali doslej.
Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID‑19 testing available as of 9 March 2020.
Quest Diagnostics je podobno javil, da bodo od 9. marca 2020 dalje po vsej državi na voljo kompletni testi COVID-19.
Pulmonary rehabilitation has been shown to improve the sense of control a person has over their disease, as well as their emotions.
Prav tako je bilo dokazano, da se s programom izboljša občutek osebe, da svojo bolezen kot tudi svoja čustva laže obvladuje.
The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002.
Število obolelih, gledano absolutno, od leta 2005 dalje pada in število novih primerov se je po 2002 znižalo.
In contrast to asthma, the airflow reduction does not improve much with the use of a bronchodilator.
Drugače kot pri astmi, jemanje zdravil zmanjšanega pretoka zraka ne izboljša bistveno.
Skin infections represent more than 95% of cases.
Najpogostejši način okužbe pa je vstop bakterije skozi kožo, saj predstavlja okoli 95 % okužb.
Simple triage is usually used in a scene of an accident or "mass-casualty incident" (MCI), in order to sort patients into those who need critical attention and immediate transport to the hospital and those with less serious injuries.
Enostavno triažo po navadi uporabljamo na kraju nesreče ali nesreče z več poškodovanimi, da ti paciente razporedili na tiste, ki potrbujejo nujno urgentno pomoč in takojšen transport v bolnišnico in tiste, ki imajo lažje poškodbe.
For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response.
Za CLT se običajno uporablja en sam vzorec periferne krvi, četudi se za zasledovanje imunskega odziva lahko uporabljajo serijski vzorci.
In those with mild disease, short-acting agents are recommended on an as needed basis.
Pri osebah z blago obliko bolezni se po potrebi priporočajo kratko delujoči agenti.
As this evolution poses a challenge to herd immunity, broadly neutralizing antibodies and "universal" vaccines that can provide protection beyond a specific serotype are in development.
Zaradi evolucije virusov, ki predstavlja izziv čredni imunosti, so v razvoju široko nevtralizirajoča protitelesa in »univerzalna cepiva«, ki bi nudila zaščito ne le za določene serotipe.
occur immediately on contact,
delujejo takoj po stiku s tkivom,
Works by Ignaz Semmelweis at Project Gutenberg
Ignaz Semmelweis – digitalizirana dela v projektu Gutenberg
Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB.
Do prvotne odpornosti pride, ko se prizadeta oseba okuži z odpornim sevom TB.
10 March 2020: The government banned all incoming flights from Italy, South Korea, Iran and China to prevent further spread; the land border with Italy was closed for all but freight transport; 9 new cases, 34 in total confirmed.
Vlada je prepovedala vse lete iz Italije, Južne Koreje, Irana in s Kitajske, da bi preprečila nadaljnje širjenje.
Noninvasive ventilation may be used to support breathing.
Neinvazivna ventilacija se lahko uporablja kot podpora dihanju.
None died.
Skupaj zmoremo.«
25 million people may have COPD if currently undiagnosed cases are included.
25 milijonov ljudi ima lahko da KOPB, če se v štetje vključi še trenutno neodkrite primere.
The primary symptom of asbestosis is generally the slow onset of shortness of breath, especially with physical activity.
Primarni simptom azbestoze je počasni začetek dispneje, zlasti ob naporih..
The WHO's Constitution states that its objective "is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health".
Njen namen je pomagati vsem na svetu za čim boljše zdravje.
In those who have periods of acute worsening, increased use of medications, antibiotics, steroids, and hospitalization may be needed.
Pri prizadetih z obdobji akutnega poslabšanja je lahko potrebna večja uporaba zdravil in hospitalizacija.
In December 1998, 126 people were dining at six tables; one woman vomited onto the floor.
Leta 1998 je za šestimi mizami večerjalo 168 oseb in ena od njih, je bruhala po tleh.
Even at a late stage of the disease, it can reduce the rate of worsening lung function and delay the onset of disability and death.
Tudi v pozni fazi bolezni lahko upočasni slabšanje pljučne funkcije in odloži začetek invalidnosti in nastop smrti.
Tiotropium is associated with a decrease in exacerbations and improved quality of life, and tiotropium provides those benefits better than ipratropium.
Tiotropij povezujejo z zmanjšanjem poslabšanj in izboljšano kakovostjo življenja, poleg tega naj bi bil tiotropij učinkovitejši od ipratropija.
In the United States Native Americans have a fivefold greater mortality from TB, and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases.
V ZDA je smrtnost pri aboriginih zaradi tuberkuloze petkrat višja, in med javljenimi primeri TB znaša delež rasnih in etničnih manjšin znaša 84 %.
For many emergency medical services (EMS) systems, a similar model may sometimes still be applied.
Veliko urgentnih služb še danes uporablja podoben model.
Thorough hand washing and/or use of alcohol rubs by all medical personnel before and after each patient contact is one of the most effective ways to combat nosocomial infections.
Eden najbolj učinkovitih ukrepov pred širjenjem bolnišničnih okužb je umivanje/razkuževanje rok pred stikom z vsakim bolnikom in po njem.
Those with COPD often have a history of "common colds" that last a long time.
Osebe s KOPB imajo pogosto zgodovino prehladov, ki trajajo dlje časa.
The word Influenza comes from the Italian language meaning "influence" and refers to the cause of the disease; initially, this ascribed illness to unfavorable astrological influences.
Ime »influenca« izhaja iz starega verovanja, da bolezen povzročajo neugodni astrološki vplivi oz. »influence«.
doi:10.2106/00004623-200101000-00018.
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60820-4.
Combination therapy with gentamicin may be used to treat serious infections, such as endocarditis, but its use is controversial because of the high risk of damage to the kidneys.
Pri hudih okužbah, npr. pri endokarditisu, se lahko uporabi kombinacija z gentamicinom,, ki je lahko sporna zaradi visokega tveganja za poškodbo ledvic.
Herd immunity created via vaccination contributed to the eventual eradication of smallpox in 1977 and has contributed to the reduction of the frequencies of other diseases.
S čredno imunostjo zaradi uspešne precepljenosti prebivalstva smo dosegli izkoreninjenje črnih koz leta 1977, pojavnost številnih drugih nalezljivih bolezni pa se je močno zmanjšala.
Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT).
Teste se lahko opravijo ali centralni laboratoriji  (Central Laboratories Testing - CLT) ali pa na mestu samem (Point-of-Care Testing - PoCT).
Blood tests to detect antibodies are not specific or sensitive, so they are not recommended.
Krvni testi za odkrivanje protiteles niso ne specifični ne občutljivi, zato se jih ne priporoča.
The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis.
Test je lahko lažno negativen pri osebah, ki imajo sarkoidozo ali Hodgkinov limfom, ki so  podhranjene, ali pa (zanimivo) pri posameznikih z dejansko aktivno tuberkulozo.
Pneumoconiosis in combination with multiple pulmonary rheumatoid nodules in rheumatoid arthritis patients is known as Caplan's syndrome.
Kombinacija pnevmokonioze in revmatoidnega artritisa se imenuje Caplanov sindrom.
The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.
Verjetnost za smrt zaradi tuberkuloze je znašala leta 2008 4 %, kar pomeni zmanjšanje smrtnosti v primerjavi z letom 1995, ko je le-ta znašala 8 %.
HIV made the jump from other primates to humans in west-central Africa in the early-to-mid 20th century.
Virus HIV se je konec 19. ali v začetku 20. stoletja razširil iz zahodnega dela centralne Afrike.
If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%.
Če se bolezen ne zdravi učinkovito, znaša stopnja smrtnosti pri aktivnih primerih tuberkuloze do 66 %.
Infection of the graft leads to 10–30% of people developing cirrhosis within five years.
Ob okužbi presajenih jeter se pri 10 do 30 % bolnikom v 5 letih ponovno razvije ciroza.
Interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world.
Testi sproščanja interferonov in tuberkulinski kožni testi v državah v razvoju nekoristni.
Hepatitis C is the leading reason for liver transplantation, though the virus usually recurs after transplantation.
Hepatitis C je poglavitni vzrok za presaditve jeter, četudi se po presaditvi virus običajno znova pojavi.
A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication.
Pri osebi s popolnoma občutljivo TB se lahko med zdravljenjem zaradi neustreznega zdravljenja razvije sekundarna (pridobljena) upornost , če bolnik zdravil ne jemlje ustrezno predpisani shemi (neskladnost z navodili zdravnika), ali če se uporablja zdravila nizke kakovosti.
The typical changes seen are lymphocytes within the parenchyma, lymphoid follicles in portal triad, and changes to the bile ducts.
Tipično vidne spremembe so prisotni limfociti v parenhimu, limfoidni folikli v portalni triadi in spremembe v žolčevodih.
This was the first association between tobacco smoking and chronic respiratory disease.
To je bila prva asociacija med kajenjem in kronično boleznijo dihal.
Two main anticholinergics are used in COPD, ipratropium and tiotropium.
Obstajata dva glavna antiholinergika za uporabo pri KOPB, ipratropij in tiotropij.
The word "emphysema" is derived from the Greek ἐμφυσᾶν emphysan meaning "inflate" -itself composed of ἐν en, meaning "in", and φυσᾶν physan, meaning "breath, blast".
Beseda »emfizem« izhaja iz grščine ἐμφυσᾶν: emphysan , ki pomeni »napihniti« - sestavljena pa je iz ἐν: en, ki pomeni »v«, in φυσᾶν: physan, kar pomeni »dih«.
Some people with COPD attribute the symptoms to a "smoker's cough".
Nekateri ljudje s KOPB pripisujejo simptome »kadilskemu kašlju«.
In the United States approximately 6.3% of the adult population, totaling approximately 15 million people, have been diagnosed with COPD.
V Združenih državah Amerike so KOPB diagnosticirali pri približno 6,3 % odraslega prebivalstva, to je približno 15 milijonov ljudi.
Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.
Te vrste testi so Južni Koreji pomagali opraviti doslej najhitrejše in najobsežnejše testiranje katere koli države.
Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts, chemicals, and fumes increases the risk of COPD in both smokers and nonsmokers.
Intenzivna in dolgotrajna izpostavljenost prahu na delovnem mestu, kemikalijam in hlapom povečuje tveganje za KOPB, tako pri kadilcih kot tudi pri nekadilcih.
In the United States, about 70% of cases are caused by genotype 1, 20% by genotype 2 and about 1% by each of the other genotypes.
V ZDA gre pri 70 % primerov za genotip 1, pri 20 % za genotip 2, in po 1 % za ostale genotipe.
Some bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat and tears, do not transmit the virus.
Nekatere telesne tekočine, npr. slina in solze, virusa HIV ne vsebujejo.
Unsafe medical injections play a role in HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa.
Večina okuženih živi v Podsaharski Afriki.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.
Hepatitis pomeni vnetje jeter.
Successful treatment decreases the future risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by 75%.
Uspešna ozdravitev hepatitisa C zmanjša tveganje za pojav jetrnoceličnega raka v prihodnosti za okoli 75 %.
In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people.
Leta 2007 je imel po ocenah med vsemi državami največjo incidenco bolezni Svazi, in sicer 1.200 primerov na 100.000 prebivalcev.
Whatever the benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (c. 1916).
Ne glede na (domnevne) ugodnosti "svežega zraka" in pomoč v sanatorijih je celo ob najboljših pogojih v njih umrla v petih letih polovica bolnikov (okoli 1916).
The study based on data from 188 countries, considered to be the largest and most detailed analysis to quantify levels, patterns, and trends in ill health and disability, concluded that "the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21.1% in 1990 to 31.2% in 2013."
Raziskava je bila zelo obsežna in je temeljila na podatkih iz 188 držav ter je prišla do zaključka, da so se v svetovnem merilu leta življenja, prilagojena nezmožnosti zvišala na račun zdravih let življenja, ki jih bolniki izgubijo zaradi nezmožnosti (DALY leta 1990 21,1 %, DALY leta 2013 31,2 %).
In those who smoke, stopping smoking is the only measure shown to slow down the worsening of COPD.
Pri kadilcih je prenehanje kajenja edini ukrep, ki dokazano upočasni slabšanje KOPB.
Herd immunity itself acts as an evolutionary pressure on certain viruses, influencing viral evolution by encouraging the production of novel strains, in this case referred to as escape mutants, that are able to "escape" from herd immunity and spread more easily.
Čredna imunost predstavlja za dotični virus evolucijski pritisk, kar pomeni, da vpliva na evolucijo virusa s spodbujanjem nastanka novih sevov, ki bi »ubežali« imunosti in se zato lažje širili med prebivalstvom.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (German: [ˈɪɡnaːts ˈzɛml̩vaɪs]; Hungarian: Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp; 1 July 1818 – 13 August 1865) was a Hungarian physician and scientist, now known as an early pioneer of antiseptic procedures.
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (rojen Semmelweis Ignác Fülöp), madžarski zdravnik nemškega rodu, * 1. julij 1818, Tabán, Budim, Ogrska, † 13. avgust 1865, Dunaj, Avstrijsko cesarstvo.
It resulted in an estimated economic cost of $2.1 trillion in 2010.
Ekonomske stroške bolezni v letu 2010 ocenjujejo na 2,1 milijarde $.
One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020.
Centri za nadzor in preprečevanje bolezni v ZDA nudijo laboratorijem diagnostični test CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) na osnovi rT-PCR v realnem času Eden od treh genetskih testov v starejših različicah kompletov je zaradi okvarjenih reagentov dajal nezanesljive rezultate in zaradi tega zadrege in zamud v CDC v Atlanti; v februarju 2020 so zaradi tega dnevno lahko obdelali manj kot 100 vzorcev.
It is also possible to get infected just before vaccination and get sick with the strain that the vaccine is supposed to prevent, as the vaccine takes about two weeks to become effective.
Možno je tudi, da bolnik kljub cepljenju zboli za sevom, ki ga sicer cepivo vsebuje, saj cepivo začne učinkovito delovati šele okoli dva tedna po cepljenju.
The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus.
Glavni povzročitelj tuberkuloze je Mycobacterium tuberculosis, aeroben in negibljiv bacil.
Worldwide hepatitis C is the cause of 27% of cirrhosis cases and 25% of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatitis C povzroči v svetu 27 % vseh primerov ciroze in 25 % primerov jetrnoceličnega raka.
Active TB is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance.
za aktivna obolenja s TB pa je najboljša kombinacija več antibiotikov, ki zmanjšuje tveganje, da se pri bakterijah razvije odpornost proti antibiotikom.
Other treatments may include dialysis or hemofiltration in more severe cases.
Zdravljenje lahko v hujših primerih vključuje tudi dializo ali hemofiltracijo.
There are two types of fibers: amphibole (thin and straight) and serpentine (curly).
Obstajata dve vrsti vlaken, amfibolni(tanki in ravni) in serpetni(ukrivljeni).
Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.
Upanje, da se bolezen dobi popolnoma pod nadzor, je močno oslabljeno zaradi številnih dejavnikov, kot so težave pri razvoju učinkovitega cepiva, drag in zamuden diagnostični postopek, obvezno večmesečno zdravljenje, porast s HIV povezane tuberkuloze, in pojav proti zdravilom odpornih primerov po 1980.
COPD was among the most expensive conditions seen in U.S. hospitals in 2011, with a total cost of about $5.7 billion.
V ZDA KOPB med bolezni, ki bolnišnice največ stanejo: leta 2011 so bili skupni stroški približno 5,7 milijard dolarjev.
Some countries do not screen for hepatitis C due to the cost.
Nekatere države zaradi stroškov ne testirajo na hepatitis C.
Rates have increased substantially in the 20th century due to a combination of intravenous drug abuse and reused but poorly sterilized medical equipment.
Obolenja  so v 20. stoletju občutno porasla zaradi intravenske zlorabe mamil, intravenske medikamentacije in slabo sterilizirane zdravstvene opreme.
Finally, mutations at key sites in DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV can decrease their binding affinity to quinolones, decreasing the drug's effectiveness.
Končno lahko mutacije na ključnih točkah genov za DNA girazo ali topoizomerazo IV znižajo njih afiniteto za kinolone in s tem učinkovitost zdravila.
Countries with particularly high rates of infection include Egypt (22%), Pakistan (4.8%) and China (3.2%).
Države s posebej veliko razširjenostjo okužbe so med drugim Egipt (22 %), Pakistan (4,8 %) in Kitajska (3,2 %).
Depending upon the type of dust, the disease is given different names:
Odvisno od vrste prahu se lahko razvijejo tudi različice te bolezni.