natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In the United States, drug companies and the administration of President Barack Obama had been proposing changing the standards by which the FDA approves antibiotics targeted at resistant organisms.
V ZDA so farmacevtska podjetja in administracija predsednika Baracka Obame predlagale, da se standarde, po katerih FDA odobrava antibiotike proti odpornim organizmom, spremeni.
This fibrotic scarring causes alveolar walls to thicken, which reduces elasticity and gas diffusion, reducing oxygen transfer to the blood as well as the removal of carbon dioxide.
Fibrozne brazgotine povzročajo zgostitev alveolarnih sten, kar zmanjšuje elastičnost in difuzijo plinov, to zmanjša prenos kisika po krvi in tudi odstranitev ogljikovega dioksida.
A sustained response occurs about 65% in those with genotype 4 after 48 weeks of treatment.
Pri genotipu 4 se trajni odziv doseže pri okoli 65 % bolnikov po 48 tednih zdravljenja.
This situation is referred to as cor pulmonale, and leads to symptoms of leg swelling and bulging neck veins.
To stanje se imenuje cor pulmonale, in vodi do simptomov v obliki oteklih nog in izbuljenih žil na vratu.
In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.
Na Kitajskem je bila BGI Group eno prvih podjetij, ki je od kitajske nacionalne uprave za medicinske izdelke dobilo začasno dovoljenje za komplet za odkrivanje SARS-CoV-2 na temelju PCR.
Two main components are measured to make the diagnosis, the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in the first second of a breath, and the forced vital capacity (FVC), which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in a single large breath.
Za diagnozo se merita dve glavni komponenti: prisilno izdihan volumen v eni sekundi (FEV1), to je največja količina zraka, ki jo je možno izdihniti v prvi sekundi diha, in prisiljena vitalna kapaciteta (FVC), ki je največja količina zraka, ki jo lahko oseba izdihne v enem samem velikem dihu.
doi:10.1111/ijcs.12012.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004265.pub2.
In 1721 the first drawings of emphysema were made by Ruysh.
Prve risbe emfizema iz leta 1721 so delo Ruysha.
Recent findings show no necessity of large populations of bacteria for the appearance of antibiotic resistance.
Vendar pa nedavne ugotovitve kažejo, da za pojav odpornosti proti antibiotikom velike populacije niso nujnost.
The modified British Medical Research Council questionnaire or the COPD assessment test (CAT) are simple questionnaires that may be used to determine the severity of symptoms.
Prilagojen vprašalnik mMRC (British Medical Research Council) ali test za oceno KOPB (CAT - COPD assessment test) sta preprosta vprašalnika, ki omogočata ugotavljanje resnosti simptomov.
In 2010, an estimated 68% (22.9 million) of all HIV cases and 66% of all deaths (1.2 million) occurred in this region.
Leta 2010 je po ocenah iz tega dela sveta izhajalo 68 % vseh okuženih (22,9 milijona) in 66 % primerov vseh smrti zaradi aidsa (1,2 milijona).
Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis.
Spirometrija se nato uporabi za potrditev diagnoze.
In those at high risk of high carbon dioxide levels, oxygen saturations of 88–92% are recommended, while for those without this risk, recommended levels are 94–98%.
Pri osebah z velikim tveganjem za visoke ravni ogljikovega dioksida se priporoča zasičenje s kisika med 88 % in 92 %, za osebe brez tega tveganja pa znašajo priporočene ravni 94-98 %.
Hermann Brehmer opened the first TB sanatorium in 1859 in Görbersdorf (now Sokołowsko) in Silesia.
Hermann Brehmer je leta 1859 odprl prvi TB sanatorij v Sokolowskem, Poljska.
However, they remain widely used in companion and exotic animals.
Še vedno pa jih veliko uporabljajo za domače in eksotične živali.
This practice may be cost effective in some areas of the world.
Pristop je v nekaterih predelih sveta verjetno stroškovno učinkovit.
Annual influenza vaccinations in those with COPD reduce exacerbations, hospitalizations and death.
Letno cepljenje proti gripi pri osebah s KOPB zmanjša verjetnost za poslabšanja, hospitalizacijo in smrt.
Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.
Med temi 1,45 milijona smrtnih žrtev je bilo približno 350.000 bolnikov s sočasno okužbo z virusom HIV.
General signs and symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue.
Splošni znaki in simptomi so med drugim vročina, mrzlica, potenje ponoči, izguba teka, hujšanje in utrujenost.
Those with COPD may experience fewer symptoms if they stay indoors on days when outdoor air quality is poor.
Osebe s KOPB lahko tako doleti manj znakov bolezni, v kolikor ob dnevih, ko je kakovost zunanjega zraka slaba, ostanejo v zaprtih prostorih.
COPD usually gets gradually worse over time and can ultimately result in death.
KOPB se običajno postopoma slabša s časom in se lahko konča s smrtjo.
MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid.
MDR-TB se definira kot odpornost proti najbolj uspešnim zdravilom prve izbire pri TB: rifampicin and isoniazid.
COPD treatments include smoking cessation, vaccinations, respiratory rehabilitation, and often inhaled bronchodilators and steroids.
Metode za zdravljenje KOPB so med drugim: odvajanje od kajenja, cepljenja, rehabilitacija pljuč, pogosto vdihavanje bronhodilatatorjev in jemanje kortikosteroidov.
Triage was used further during World War I by French doctors treating the battlefield wounded at the aid stations behind the front.
Izraz so nato uporabljali francoski zdravniki med prvo svetovno vojno, ki so skrbeli za poškodovane na bojišču v t.i. bolnišničnih enotah za fronto.
Liver enzymes are variable during the initial part of the infection and on average begin to rise at seven weeks after infection.
Jetrni encimi so v začetnem obdobju okužbe spremenljivi in v povprečju začnejo naraščati sedem tednov po okužbi.
The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB.
Test je pogosto uporablja pri pregledih oseb z velikim tveganjem za tuberkulozo.
Areas with poor outdoor air quality, including that from exhaust gas, generally have higher rates of COPD.
Območja s slabo kakovostjo zraka na prostem, med drugim zaradi izpušnih plinov, imajo na splošno višjo stopnjo KOPB.
There are several grading scales available for SAH.
Obstaja več ocenjevalnih lestvic.
The oldest unambiguously detected M. tuberculosis gives evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago.
Najzgodnejši nedvoumni dokaz za M. tuberculosis je najti v ostankih bizona,  starih približno 17 tisoč let.
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an up-to-date summary of available laboratory tests.
.Centri za nadzor ion preprečevanje bolezni ZDA (CDEC) vzdržujejo ažuren seznam laborijskih testov, ki so na voljo.
Environmental pollutants include both poor indoor and outdoor air quality.
Okoljska onesnaževala so med drugim slaba kakovost zraka v bivališčih in na prostem.
These were followed with pictures by Matthew Baillie in 1789 and descriptions of the destructive nature of the condition.
Leta 1789 je Matthew Baillie opisal in orisal destruktivno naravo bolezni.
However, once a full response has occurred and many hands are available, paramedics will usually use the model included in their service policy and standing orders.
Takoj ko na kraj nesreče prispejo vsi reševalci, pa uporabljajo model, ki je zapisan v njihovem pravilniku in stalnih navodil, ki se jih morajo držati.
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), are bacterial strains of the genus Enterococcus that are resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin.
Proti vankomicinu odporni enterokoki (kratica VRE, angl. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus) so bakterije iz rodu enterokokov, ki so odporne proti antibiotiku vankomicinu.
Lister was president of the Royal Society between 1895 and 1900.
Med letoma 1895 in 1900 je bil predsednik Kraljeve družbe.
Working in agriculture is also a risk.
Delo v kmetijstvu prav tako predstavlja tveganje.
The symptoms most reliably seen in influenza are shown in the adjacent table.
Najzanesljivejši znaki so v navedeni v tabeli na desni.
This may be achieved by public policy efforts, cultural changes, and personal involvement.
To je mogoče doseči s prizadevanji javne politike, s spremembami v kulturi in z osebno vpletenostjo.
Owing to these studies, both the World Health Organization and UNAIDS recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV.
Na osnovi teh študij sta SZO in UNAIDS leta 2007 izdala priporočila za obrezovanje moških kot metodo preprečevanja prenosa okužbe iz žensk na moške.
HCV is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, needlestick injuries in healthcare, and transfusions.
VHC se v prvi vrsti širi prek stika krvi z okuženo krvjo pri intravenskem jemanju mamil, pri slabo sterilizirani zdravstveni opremi in pri transfuzijah krvi.
Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles.
Druga značilnost granulomov je odmiranje celic (nekroza) v središču tuberklov.
The term comes from the French verb trier, meaning to separate, sort, shift or select.
Izraz izvira iz francoskega glagola trier, ki pomeni ločiti, pregledati in izbrati.
The negative effects of dust exposure and cigarette smoke exposure appear to be additive or possibly more than additive.
Zdi se, da se negativni učinki izpostavljenosti prahu in cigaretnemu dimu seštevajo, če ne celo obojestransko krepijo.
Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids.
Diagnoza aktivne tuberkuloze temelji običajno na rentgenskih posnetkih prsnega koša, kot tudi na mikroskopskem pregledu in mikrobiološki kulturi telesnih tekočin.
They are extremely contagious, and fewer than twenty virus particles can cause an infection (some research suggests as few as five).
Gre za zelo nalezljiv virus in že manj kot 20 virusnih delcev (po nekaterih podatkih le 5) lahko povzroči okužbo.
It is estimated that 3% of all disability is related to COPD.
Ocenjuje se, da je 3 % vseh invalidnosti povezano s KOPB.
A number of other causes may need to be considered.
Najprej je treba izključiti ostale vzroke, ki lahko povzročijo zoženje zavesti.
Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called "sputum"), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope.
S pomočjo histoloških barvil je na izkašljanih vzorcih (izmeček) mogoče MTB dokazati z uporabo svetlobnega mikroskopa.
Before the Industrial Revolution, folklore often associated tuberculosis with vampires.
Pred industrijsko revolucijo je folklora tuberkulozo pogosto povezovala z vampirji.
People with latent infections are treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life.
Latentno okužene ljudi se prav tako zdravi, da se pri njih prepreči kasnejši izbruh aktivne TB.
As triage concepts become more sophisticated, triage guidance is also evolving into both software and hardware decision support products for use by caregivers in both hospitals and the field.
S tem ko koncepti triaže postajajo bolj napredni, se napotki za triažo prav tako razvijajo s pomočjo programske in strojne opreme, ki pomagajo pri sprejemanju odločitev.
The diagnosis is based on poor airflow as measured by lung function tests.
Diagnozo postavimo na osnovi slabega pretoka zraka, ki se meri s testi pljučne funkcije.
It is a type of pneumoconiosis.
Spada med pnevmokonioze.
High levels of immunity in one age group can create herd immunity for other age groups.
Visoka stopnja imunosti v določeni starostni skupini lahko ustvari čredno imunost tudi za druge starostne skupine.
After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others.
Po približno dveh tednih učinkovitega zdravljenja osebe z aktivno okužbo običajno za druge, kar se nalezljivosti tiče, niso več nevarne.
Blood tests show a creatine kinase greater than 1,000 U/L, with severe disease being above 5,000 U/L.
Krvni test pokaže vrednost kreatinske kinaze nad 1.000 U/L, pri hudi obliki nad 5.000 U/L.
In a population in which a large proportion of individuals possess immunity, such people being unlikely to contribute to disease transmission, chains of infection are more likely to be disrupted, which either stops or slows the spread of disease.
V populaciji, v kateri je velik delež posameznikov razvilo imunost proti določeni okužbi, je namreč malo verjetno, da bi ti posamezniki prenašali bolezen in s tem se verige prenosov okužbe prekinejo oziroma omejijo.
Rates of new infections have decreased in the Western world since the 1990s due to improved screening of blood before transfusion.
V razvitih državah pojavnost od leta 1990 upada zaradi izboljšav pri testiranju krvi, namenjene za transfuzijo.
In 1842, John Hutchinson invented the spirometer, which allowed the measurement of vital capacity of the lungs.
Leta 1842 je John Hutchinson izumil spirometer, kar je omogočilo merjenje vitalne kapacitete pljuč.
Pulmonary rehabilitation is a program of exercise, disease management, and counseling, coordinated to benefit the individual.
Pljučna rehabilitacija je program telesne dejavnosti, obvladovanja bolezni in svetovanja, ki je usklajen z željami in potrebami posameznika.
This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung.
Ti primeri so znani kot »Simonovo žarišče«, običajno so v vrhu pljuč.
National Cancer Institute, USA.
Asbestos Exposure - National Cancer Institute, USA
As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered to only those people at high risk.
Kot je tuberkuloza v Kanadi, Veliki Britaniji in Združenih državah Amerike večinoma neobičajna, se z BCG cepi samo visoko ogrožene ljudi.
Influenza symptoms are a mixture of symptoms of common cold and pneumonia, body ache, headache, and fatigue.
Simptomi gripe so zmes znakov navadnega prehlada in pljučnice, bolečega telesa, glavobola in utrujenosti.
Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative.
Pri visoki odpornosti proti izoniazidu se lahko zadnje štiri mesece daje alternativno etambutol.
A number of industries and sources have been implicated, including high levels of dust in coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry, occupations involving cadmium and isocyanates, and fumes from welding.
Vpletenih je več industrij in virov, med drugim visoka raven prahu v premogovništvu, pri pridobivanju zlata, v industriji tekstila iz bombaža, ter poklici, kjer se dela s kadmijem ter z izocianati in kjer nastaja dim, kot je varjenje.
Examples of these measures include the creation of public policy, education of workers and management about the risks, promoting smoking cessation, checking workers for early signs of COPD, use of respirators, and dust control.
Primeri teh ukrepov so med drugim oblikovanje pravil za javnost,  izobraževanje delavcev o nevarnostih, spodbujanje k opuščanju kajenja, redni pregledi zaposlenih za odkrivanje zgodnjih znakov KOPB, uporaba respiratorjev in nadzor nad prahom.
The major goals of management are to reduce risk factors, manage stable COPD, prevent and treat acute exacerbations, and manage associated illnesses.
Glavni cilji pri obvladovanju bolezni so zmanjšanje dejavnikov tveganja, stabilizacija bolezni, preprečevanje in zdravljenje akutnih poslabšanj in obvladovanje drugih, s KOPB povezanih obolenj.
They may present with signs of increased work of breathing such as fast breathing, a fast heart rate, sweating, active use of muscles in the neck, a bluish tinge to the skin, and confusion or combative behavior in very severe exacerbations.
Lahko se pojavi skupaj z znaki za povečan napor pri dihanju, kot so hitro dihanje, hitro bitje srca, potenje, dejavnost mišic v vratu, modrikast odtenek kože in zmeda, ali pa bojevito vedenje, če gre za zelo hude izbruhe.
The benefits of eradication include ending all morbidity and mortality caused by the disease, financial savings for individuals, health care providers, and governments, and enabling resources used to control the disease to be used elsewhere.
Koristi izkoreninjenja so izničenje zbolevnosti in smrtnosti zaradi določene bolezni, finančni prihranki za posameznike, zdravstvo in vlade ter preusmeritev virov za nadzor nad dotično boleznijo v druge namene.
A number of vaccines are in development as of 2011.
V razvoju so trenutno številna nova cepiva.
Despite sanitation protocol, patients cannot be entirely isolated from infectious agents.
Kljub vsem ukrepom pa ni mogoče bolnikov povsem osamiti od povzročiteljev bolezni.
The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain, the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others.
Verjetnost prenosa iz ene osebe na drugo je odvisna od številnih dejavnikov, med drugim od števila nalezljivih kapljic, ki jih bolnik širi, od učinkovitosti prezračevanja, trajanja izpostavljenosti, virulence  seva M. tuberculosis, ravni imunosti pri neokuženih in od drugih dejavnikov.
In Europe, COPD represents 3% of healthcare spending.
V Evropi KOPB predstavlja 3 % stroškov v zdravstvu.
There are no measures that alter this risk.
Postopkov, ki bi na to tveganje vplivali, ni.
Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection.
Bakterije znotraj granuloma lahko zaspijo (postanejo dormantne), kar vodi do latentne okužbe.
The muscle damage is most often the result of a crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, or drug abuse.
Rabdomioliza je najpogosteje posledica zmečkaninskega sindroma, naporne telesne vadbe, uporabe določenih zdravil ali zlorabe mamil.
5 March 2020: 5 new cases confirmed, two of them were in contact with the first case, others were imported from Italy as well.
Dan po prvem potrjenem primeru, 5. marca, je bilo potrjenih pet novih primerov, od katerih sta bila dva v tesnem stiku s prvim potrjenim primerom.
The reason for this difference is not known.
Razlog za te razlike ni znan.
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is ubiquitously used for assessing consciousness.
Po vsem svetu se za ocenjevanje stanja zavesti uporablja Glasgowska lestvica kome (GCS).
Robert Koch, a German physician and scientist, first identified the bacterium that caused the anthrax disease in 1875 in Wolsztyn (now part of Poland).
Robert Koch, nemški zdravnik in mikrobiolog, je leta 1875 prvi identificiral bakterijo, ki povzroča bolezen antraks.
Without treatment, the average survival time after infection is 11 years.
Brez zdravljenja znaša povprečni čas preživetja po okužbi 11 let.
Low oxygen levels, and eventually, high carbon dioxide levels in the blood, can occur from poor gas exchange due to decreased ventilation from airway obstruction, hyperinflation, and a reduced desire to breathe.
Do nizke ravni kisika in visoke ravni ogljikovega dioksida v krvi lahko pride zaradi slabe plinske izmenjave kot posledica zmanjšane ventilacije zaradi obstrukcije dihalnih poti, hiperinflacije in zmanjšane volje za dihanje.
Maurice Hilleman was the most prolific vaccine inventor, developing successful vaccines for measles, mumps, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, chickenpox, meningitis, pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae.
proti hemofilusu influence b, davici, tetanusu, oslovskemu kašlju, otroški ohromelosti, ošpicam, mumpsu, rdečkam in hepatitisu B;
Alteration of metabolic pathway: for example, some sulfonamide-resistant bacteria do not require para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), an important precursor for the synthesis of folic acid and nucleic acids in bacteria inhibited by sulfonamides, instead, like mammalian cells, they turn to using preformed folic acid.
Sprememba presnovne poti: na primer, nekatere proti sulfonamidu odporne bakterije ne potrebujejo para-aminobenzojska kisline (PABA), ki je pomemben predhodnik za sintezo folne kisline in nukleinskih kislin pri bakterijah, ki jih sulfonamidi zavirajo; te vrste bakterij namesto tega, podobno kot celice sesalcev, uporabljajo predhodno oblikovano folno kislino.
Tiffeneau and Pinelli in 1947 described the principles of measuring airflow.
Tiffeneau in Pinelli sta leta 1947 opisala načela za merjenje pretoka zraka.
need no source of heat,
ne potrebujejo izvora energije za delovanje,
Individuals can become immune by recovering from an earlier infection or through vaccination.
Posamezniki lahko imunost razvijejo tako, da prebolijo okužbo, ali da prejmejo cepivo.
However, new strains that escape immunity induced by vaccines may evolve; for example, an updated influenza vaccine is needed each year.
Lahko pa z evolucijo pride do novih sevov, ki se imunosti zaradi cepljenja izogibajo; tako je za gripo vsako leto potrebno novo cepivo.
According to an article published in The Lancet in June 2015, low back pain and major depressive disorder were among the top ten causes of YLDs and were the cause of more health loss than diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma combined.
Glede na eno od raziskav, ki so jo objavili v letu 2015, sta med deset najpomembnejšimi vzroki izgube let življenja zaradi bolezni bolečina v hrbtenici in velika depresivna motnja, ki povzročita večje izgube zdravih let življenja kot na primer sladkorna bolezen, kronična obstruktivna pljučna bolezen in astma skupaj.
Long-term treatment with steroid tablets is associated with significant side effects.
Dolgotrajno zdravljenje s steroidnimi tabletami je povezano z občutnimi stranskimi učinki.
It is estimated that nearly half of prison inmates share unsterilized tattooing equipment.
Po oceni skoraj polovica zapornikov uporablja opremo za tetoviranje, ki ni sterilizirana.
Supplemental nutrition may be useful in those who are malnourished.
Dopolnilna prehrana je lahko koristna pri podhranjenih osebah.
Birth factors such as low birth weight may also play a role, as do a number of infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.
Porodni dejavniki, kot je nizka teža pri porodu, lahko prav tako igrajo vlogo kot številne nalezljive bolezni, kot recimo HIV/AIDS in tuberkuloza.
In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory.
V naravi lahko bakterija uspeva le v celicah  gostiteljicah prizadetega organizma, vendar pa je M. tuberculosis mogoče gojiti v laboratoriju.
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver.
Hepatitis C je nalezljiva bolezen, ki napada predvsem jetra in jo povzroča virus hepatitisa C (VHC).
By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France.
V Franciji je TB leta 1918 še vedno bila vzrok smrti v enem od šestih primerov.
Consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80% over the long term.
Dosledna uporaba kondomov zmanjša dolgoročno tveganje za prenos okužbe za okoli 80 %.
In the United States the average lifetime cost of the disease was estimated at US$33,407 in 2003 with the cost of a liver transplant as of 2011 costing approximately US$200,000.
V 2003 se je za ZDA ocenilo, da celoživljenski strošek bolezni znaša 33,407 USD, transplantacija jeter pa okoli 200.000 USD.
Chronic bacterial infections may also add to this inflammatory state.
Kronične bakterijske okužbe lahko dodatno vplivajo na to vnetno stanje.
Triage () is the process of determining the priority of patients' treatments based on the severity of their condition or likelihood of recovery with and without treatment.
Triaža je proces določanja prioritete zdravljenja pacientov glede na resnost njihovega stanja.
Currently, the only clearly inherited risk factor is alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AAT).
Trenutno je edini nesporno deden dejavnik tveganja pomanjkanje alfa 1-antitripsina (AAT).