natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In the United States, it is believed that it is related to more than 30% of cases among those who have never smoked and probably represents a greater risk in countries without sufficient regulations.
Po ocenah je v Združenih državah Amerike z izpostavljenostjo na delovnem mestu povezanih več kot 30 % primerov pri bolnikih, ki niso nikoli kadili; tveganje v državah brez zadostnih predpisov je verjetno še večje.
On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID‑19 infection.
12. marca 2020 so poročali, da je klinika Mayo razvila test za odkrivanje okužbe s COVID-19.
COPD is more common in older people; it affects 34–200 out of 1000 people older than 65 years, depending on the population under review.
Odvisno od populacije, ki se proučuje, prizadene od 34 do 200 oseb na 1.000 ljudi, starejših od 65 let.
Life expectancy has fallen in the worst-affected countries due to HIV/AIDS; for example, in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in Botswana.
V najbolj prizadetih državah se je pričakovana življenjska doba znižala zaradi velike razširjenosti HIV-a, po ocenah se je na primer v Bocvani leta 2006 znižala iz 65 na 35 let.
These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria, so they generate fewer false-positive results.
Na te teste imunizacija ali okolijske mikobakterije večinoma ne vplivajo, tako da je napačno pozitivnih izidov pri njih manj.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in that year, 20% of infected Americans were unaware of their infection.
Po ocenah ameriškega Centra za nadziranje in preprečevanje bolezni se 20 % bolnikov ni zavedalo svoje okužbe.
COPD is also commonly found in old dogs.
KOPB je pogosto najti pri starih psih.
A definitive diagnosis of TB is made by identifying M. tuberculosis in a clinical sample (e.g., sputum, pus, or a tissue biopsy).
Diagnoza TB je jasna, če se za M. tuberculosis ugotovi prisotnost v kliničnem vzorcu (kot so npr. izmeček, gnoj ali tkivo, dobljeno z biopsijo).
To date, two diseases have been eradicated using herd immunity and vaccination: rinderpest and smallpox.
Doslej so v svetu s pomočjo cepljenja in čredne imunosti uspešno izkoreninili dve kužni bolezni, govejo kugo pri živini ter črne koze pri ljudeh.
When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0 µm in diameter.
Kadar ljudje z aktivno pljučno tuberkulozo kašljajo, kihajo, govorijo, pojejo, ali pljuvajo, oddajajo nalezljive aerosolne kapljice s premerom 0,5–5,0 μm.
Prior to the introduction of this medication, the only treatment was surgical intervention, including the "pneumothorax technique", which involved collapsing an infected lung to "rest" it and to allow tuberculous lesions to heal.
Pred uvedbo tega antibiotika je edino zdravilo (z izjemo zdravilišč) bil kirurški poseg, med drugim "pnevmotoraks tehnika", ki je kolabirala okuženo pljučno krilo, da lahko "počiva" in tuberkulozne brazgotine ozdravi.
In Scandinavia, there is evidence that the ban has led to a lower prevalence of antibiotic resistance in (nonhazardous) animal bacterial populations.
Obstajajo dokazi za to, da je v Skandinaviji prepoved znižala raven antimikrobne odpornosti pri (nenevarnih) populacijah bakterij pri živalih.
These tests, however, are not routinely recommended, as they rarely alter how a person is treated.
Teh testov pa se rutinsko ne priporoča, saj le redko vplivajo na to, kako se primer terapira.
Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time.
Zdravljenje je težavno in zahteva jemanje več antibiotikov v daljšem časovnem obdobju.
Even after these new measures were enacted, an ill person still infected an average of 2.1 other people.
Po uvedbi ukrepov je še vedno bolnik povprečno okužil 2,1 osebe.
Symptoms include itching, bleaching or darkening of skin, burning sensations, trouble breathing, coughing blood and/or tissue necrosis.
Simptomi so lahko srbež, potemnitev kože, opekline na koži, otežkočeno dihanje, izkašljevanje krvi, nekroza tkiva in smrt.
Release of the components of muscle tissue into the bloodstream causes electrolyte disturbances, which can lead to nausea, vomiting, confusion, coma or abnormal heart rate and rhythm.
Sproščanje snovi iz prizadete mišičnine v krvni obtok lahko povzroči motnje elektrolitov, ki pa privedejo do slabosti, bruhanja, zmedenosti, kome ali srčne aritmije.
The global numbers are expected to continue increasing as risk factors remain common and the population continues to get older.
Pričakuje se, da bo prevalenca globalno še naprej naraščala, saj so dejavniki tveganja še vedno pogosti in prebivalstvo se še naprej stara.
While steroids and LABAs may work better together, it is unclear if this slight benefit outweighs the increased risks.
Sicer je možno, da steroidi in LABA delujejo sinergistično, ni pa jasno, ali ta mala korist odtehta tveganja.
Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB.
Do ekstrapulmonarne – zunajpljučne – tuberkuloze pride v primeru, ko se tuberkuloza razvije zunaj pljuč, lahko pa zunajpljučna TBC tudi sobiva s pljučno obliko tuberkuloze.
For example, tetanus shot boosters are often recommended every 10 years, before which memory cells specific against tetanus have lost their function or undergone apoptosis.
Na primer, poživitveni odmerki po cepljenju proti tetanusu se pogosto priporočajo na vsakih 10 let.
According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week.
Po besedah predsednika Inštituta Roberta Kocha ima Nemčija skupno zmogljivost za 160.000 testov na teden.
There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy.
Za okužbo s HIV ni zdravila ali cepiva, vendar pa protiretrovirusno zdravljenje lahko upočasni potek bolezni in pričakovano življenjsko dobo skoraj popolnoma približa normalni.
Symptoms of influenza can start quite suddenly one to two days after infection.
Znaki gripe se lahko pojavijo nenadoma, dan ali dva po okužbi.
The overall number of years lived with disability from COPD, however, has increased.
Skupno število let življenja z invalidnostjo zaradi KOPB pa se je povečalo.
If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly "Gram-positive" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall.
Pri barvanju po Gramu se bakterija ali obarva šibko »grampozitivno« ali barvila zaradi visoke vsebnosti lipidov in mikolične kisline v svojo celični steni ne obdrži.
Chest tightness may occur, but is not common and may be caused by another problem.
Lahko se pojavi stiskanje v prsih, ki pa ni običajno in katerega vzrok je lahko kaj drugega.
He was admitted to Trinity College Dublin (TCD), where he briefly studied law.
Sprejet je bil na Trinity College Dublin (TCD), kjer je študiral pravo, a je kasneje prešel na medicino.
Results of spirometry are also a good predictor of the future progress of the disease but are not as good as the BODE index.
Rezultati spirometrije so tudi dober pokazatelj za bodoče napredovanje bolezni, vendar ne tako dober, kot je indeks BODE.
This is a particular problem in sub-Saharan Africa, where rates of HIV are high.
V podsaharski Afriki, kjer je razširjenost okužbe s HIV visoka, je to poseben problem.
The primary risk factor for COPD globally is tobacco smoking.
Glavni dejavnik tveganja za KOPB po vsem svetu, je kajenje tobaka.
The two major types are β2 agonists and anticholinergics; both exist in long-acting and short-acting forms.
Obstajata dve glavni vrsti bronhodilatorjev,  β 2 agonisti in antiholinergiki; obe sta na voljo v dolgotrajno in kratkotrajno delujoči obliki.
No cure for COPD is known, but the symptoms are treatable and its progression can be delayed.
Bolezni ni možno popolnoma pozdraviti, vendar pa so simptomi ozdravljivi in napredovanje bolezni je mogoče zavreti.
The family moved to India, before settling in Dublin in 1973, where their second child, Sonia, was born.
Družina se je nato začasno preselila v Indijo, leta 1973 pa so se ustalili v irskem glavnem mestu Dublinu.
By 1950, 40% of hospital S. aureus isolates were penicillin-resistant; by 1960, this had risen to 80%.
Leta 1950 je bilo že 50 % v bolnišnicah osamljenih bakterij S. aureus odpornih na penicilin, leta 1980 pa že 80 %.
In England, an estimated 0.84 million people (of 50 million) have a diagnosis of COPD; this translates into approximately one person in 59 receiving a diagnosis of COPD at some point in their lives.
V Angliji ocenjujejo, da ima 840.000 ljudi (od skupno 50 milijonov) diagnozo KOPB; to pomeni, da približno ena oseba na 59 ljudi dobi diagnozo KOPB na neki točki v življenju.
The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system.
Granulom preprečuje širjenje mikobakterij in nudi lokalno okolje, v katerem pride do posegov celic imunskega sistema.
Drug inactivation or modification: for example, enzymatic deactivation of penicillin G in some penicillin-resistant bacteria through the production of β-lactamases.
Inaktivacija ali sprememba zdravila: na primer, encimsko dezaktiviranje  penicilina G z β-laktamazami pri nekaterih, proti penicilinu odpornih bakterijah.
Exposure to personal smoke and second-hand smoke increases the risk.
Izpostavljenost lastnemu dimu in pasivno kajenje povečujeta tveganje.
It is estimated that 143 million people (2%) of people globally are living with chronic hepatitis C. About 3–4 million people are infected per year, and more than 350,000 people die yearly from hepatitis C-related diseases.
Okoli 3–4 milijoni se letno okužijo z boleznijo in več kot 35.000 jih letno umre zaradi bolezni, povezanih s hepatitisom C. V ZDA sta 2 % prebivalstva okužena z virusom hepatitisa C, vsako leto pa je 35.000–185.000 novih primerov.
track the patients' progress through the triage process.
Za spremljanje pacientovega stanja skozi triažo
Efforts in Great Britain have been less successful.
Prizadevanja v Veliki Britaniji so bila pri tem manj uspešna.
The significance is that Van-A VRE is resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin, Van-B VRE is resistant to vancomycin but susceptible to teicoplanin, and Van-C is only partly resistant to vancomycin.
Doslej so v klinični praksi opazili le Van-A, Van-B in Van-C. Pomembno je, da je Van-A odporen tako proti vankomicinu kot tudi teikoplaninu, Van-B je odporen proti vankomicinu, a je občutljiv na teikoplanin, Van-C pa je le delno odporen proti vankomicinu, na teikoplanin pa je občutljiv.
The total number of people with this infection is higher in some countries in Africa and Asia.
Pogostnost je v nekaterih državah Afrike in Azije višja.
Acute exacerbations are typically treated by increasing the use of short-acting bronchodilators.
Akutno poslabšanje se običajno zdravi s povečano rabo hitro delujočih bronhodilatatorjev.
This commonly includes a combination of a short-acting inhaled beta agonist and anticholinergic.
Pogosto gre za kombinacijo kratko delujočega vdihanega beta agonista in antiholinergika.
Treatment during the first six months is more effective than once hepatitis C has become chronic.
Zdravljenje v prvih 6 mesecih po okužbi je učinkovitejše kot kasneje v poteku bolezni, ko ta že preide v kronično obliko.
In one of his final acts as Minister for Health, Varadkar cut €12 million from the €35 million allocated to that year's budget for mental health care, telling the Dáil that the cuts were "necessary as the funding could be better used elsewhere."
V izteku mandata je prah dvignil z rezom 12 milijonov evrov od 35 milijonov vrednega proračuna, namenjenega duševnemu zdravju, kar je argumentiral s preusmeritvijo v področja, kjer bi se denar porabil bolj učinkovito.
The obvious symptom is trouble breathing.
Očiten znak so v tem primeru težave pri dihanju.
These fires are a method of cooking and heating for nearly 3 billion people, with their health effects being greater among women due to greater exposure.
Ti ognji predstavljajo glavni način kuhanja in gretja za skoraj 3 milijarde ljudi; učinki na zdravje so večji pri ženskah zaradi večje izpostavljenosti med gospodinjskimi opravili.
Other genetic factors are being investigated, of which many are likely.
Drugi genetski dejavniki so trenutno predmet preiskav, verjetno jih je precej.
His experiments not only helped create an understanding of anthrax, but also helped elucidate the role of microbes in causing illness at a time when debates still took place over spontaneous generation versus cell theory.
Njegovi poskusi so ne le pomagali ustvariti razumevanje patogena, temveč so tudi pomagali pojasniti vloge mikrobov, ki povzročajo bolezni.
Corticosteroids are usually used in inhaled form, but may also be used as tablets to treat  acute exacerbations.
Kortikosteroidi se običajno uporabljajo v inhalacijski obliki, lahko pa se jemljejo tudi kot tablete za zdravljenje in preprečevanje akutnih poslabšanj.
In those with more severe disease, long-acting agents are recommended.
Pri osebah s hujšo obliko se priporočajo dolgotrajno delujoči agenti.
Other processes involved with lung damage include oxidative stress produced by high concentrations of free radicals in tobacco smoke and released by inflammatory cells, and breakdown of the connective tissue of the lungs by proteases that are insufficiently inhibited by protease inhibitors.
Drugi procesi, vpleteni v poškodbe pljuč, so med drugim iz vnetnih celic izhajajoč oksidativni stres kot posledica visoke koncentracije prostih radikalov v tobačnem dimu in razgrajevanje vezivnega tkiva pljuč zaradi proteaz, ki jih zaviralci proteaz ne inhibirajo v zadostni meri.
About 90% of those infected with M. tuberculosis have asymptomatic, latent TB infections (sometimes called LTBI), with only a 10% lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt, active tuberculous disease.
Pri približno 90 % okuženih z M. tuberculosis gre za »latentno okužbo« – skrito okužbo brez znakov, pri čemer doživljenska verjetnost, da se latentna okužba razvije v aktivno bolezen, ne znaša več kot 10 %.
The economic costs of hepatitis C are significant both to the individual and to society.
Ekonomski stroški hepatitisa C so pomembni tako za posameznika kot za družbo.
The duration of treatment depends on the site of infection and on severity.
Trajanje zdravljenja je odvisno od mesta in resnosti okužbe.
They provide some relief of symptoms for four to six hours.
Simptome lajšajo za čas štirih do šestih ur.
Small populations of E. coli in an antibiotic gradient can become resistant.
Dandanes vemo, da lahko  v antibiotičnem gradientu tudi majhne populacije E. coli postanejo odporne.
There has been an increase in the rate of septic shock deaths in recent decades, which is attributed to an increase in invasive medical devices and procedures, increases in immunocompromised patients, and an overall increase in elderly patients.
Pojavnost sepse se je v zadnjih desetletjih povečevala, zlasti zaradi porasta števila in invazivnosti kirurških posegov pri vse starejših, hudo bolnih bolnikih.
Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected.
Najbolj prizadeto območje je podsaharska Afrika.
On 2 June 2017, Varadkar was elected leader of Fine Gael, defeating Simon Coveney.
2. junija 2017 je bil Leo Varadkar izvoljen za predsednika stranke Fine Gael.
Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis.
Albert Calmette in Camille Guérin sta 1906 kot prva na osnovi govejega seva tuberkuloze uspela razviti sredstvo za imunizacijo proti tuberkulozi.
In 2000, Drs. Alter and Houghton were honored with the Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research for "pioneering work leading to the discovery of the virus that causes hepatitis C and the development of screening methods that reduced the risk of blood transfusion-associated hepatitis in the U.S. from 30% in 1970 to virtually zero in 2000."
Alter in Houghton sta leta 2000 prejela Lasker-Debakeyjevo nagrado za klinične medicinske raziskave »za pionirsko delo, ki je pripeljalo do odkritja virusa, ki povzroča hepatitis C, in za razvoj preizkusnih metod, ki so v ZDA zmanjšale nevarnost za s transfuzijo povezan hepatitis, s 30 % leta 1970 na praktično nič leta 2000«.
He was educated at the St Francis Xavier National School, Blanchardstown.
Leo se je izobraževal v nacionalni šoli sv. Frančiška Ksaverija v Blanchardstownun nadalje pa v bolnišnici The King's v Palmerstownu.
Early treatments included garlic, cinnamon and ipecac, among others.
Zgodnje zdravljenje je med drugim vključevalo česen, cimet in ipekak.
Liver cirrhosis may lead to portal hypertension, ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen), easy bruising or bleeding, varices (enlarged veins, especially in the stomach and esophagus), jaundice, and a syndrome of cognitive impairment known as hepatic encephalopathy.
Jetrna ciroza lahko vodi v portalno hipertenzijo, trebušno vodenico (ascites), zavrto strjevanje krvi, varice oz. krotice (krčne žile, zlasti v požiralniku in želodcu), zlatenico in kognitivne motnje, znane kot hepatična encefalopatija.
Talcosis can also arise from the injection of drugs intended for oral administration, as talc is present in many tablets and capsules that are used intravenously, such as benzodiazepines, dextroamphetamine, and prescription opioids.
Talkozi so izpostavljeni že delavci pri kopanju rude in mletju prahu, ker pa se prah talk zelo pogosto uporablja v različnih industrijskih panogah (v papirni, gumarski, kemični industriji, v farmaciji, kozmetiki, proizvodnji mila, itd.), so temu obolenju močno izpostavljeni tudi delavci, zaposleni v teh panogah.
The subsequent resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993.
Na ponoven pojav tuberkuloze, ki je sledil, je Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija leta 1993 odgovorila z razglasitvijo tuberkuloze kot izrednega svetovnega problema za zdravje
IRIS — Integrated Risk Information System.
Integrated Risk Information System: Asbestos
A number of tests are available as point of care testing which means that results are available within 30 minutes.
Na razpolago so tudi številni hitri testi, ki dajo rezultat v približno 30 minutah.
The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics.
Visoka vsebnost lipidov je pri tem patogenu odgovorna za številne od njegovih edinstvenih kliničnih značilnosti.
Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition, making it one of the principal diseases of poverty.
Tuberkuloza je tesno povezana s prenaseljenostjo in podhranjenostjo.
It looks for the "E" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.
Osredotoča se na gen "E", ki je svojski vsem beta koronavirusom, in na gen RdRp, ki je značilen za SARS-CoV-2.
Attempts over 5 years lead to success in nearly 40% of people.
Poskusi v obdobju 5 let vodijo do uspeha pri skoraj 40 % ljudi.
Other symptoms are nonspecific and result either from the consequences of muscle tissue breakdown or from the condition that originally led to the muscle breakdown.
Drugi simptomi so nespecifični in so posledica razkroja mišičnine ali pa stanja, ki je privedlo do razkroja mišičnine.
Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus.
Ker MTB ohranja nekatera barvila tudi po obdelavi s kislo raztopino, je razvrščen kot kislinsko hiter bacil (angl. acid-fast bacillus – AFB).
A number of measures have been taken to reduce the likelihood that workers in at-risk industries—such as coal mining, construction, and stonemasonry—will develop COPD.
Za omejitev nevarnosti za KOPB so bili sprejeti številni ukrepi za zmanjšanje ogroženosti delavcev v nevarnih panogah, kot so rudarstvo, gradbeništvo in kamnoseštvo.
Works by Joseph Lister at Project Gutenberg
Josepha Listerja – digitalizirana dela v projektu Gutenberg
Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.
Tuberkuloza običajno okuži pljuča, lahko pa tudi druge telesne dele.
A competing patent application by the CDC was dropped in 1990 after Chiron paid $1.9 million to the CDC and $337,500 to Bradley.
Prijavo konkurenčnega patenta je CDC je leta 1990 umaknil, potem ko je Chiron CDC-ju plačal 1.900.000 USD in Bradleyu 337.500 USD.
Influenza (flu) is more severe in the elderly than in younger age groups, but influenza vaccines lack effectiveness in this demographic due to a waning of the immune system with age.
Gripa ima praviloma težji potek pri starejših bolnikih, vendar ima po drugi strani pri starejših bolnikih cepivo proti gripi manjšo učinkovitost zaradi oslabljenega imunskega sistema pri tej starostni skupini.
China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010.
Napredek na Kitajskem je še posebno velik, med letoma 1990 in 2010 jim je uspelo smrtnost zaradi TB zmanjšati za približno 80 %.
Genotype 1 is also the most common in South America and Europe.
Genotip 1 je najpogostejši tudi v Južni Ameriki in v Evropi.
VRE can be carried by healthy people who have come into contact with the bacteria, usually in a hospital (nosocomial infection), although it is thought that a significant percentage of intensively farmed chickens also carry VRE.
Najpogosteje pride do okužb v bolnišnicah (t. i. bolnišnične okužbe), vendar pa naj bi bil okužen tudi znaten delež intenzivno rejenih piščancev.,
A number of developed countries have successfully improved outdoor air quality through regulations.
Številne razvite države so s predpisi uspele izboljšati kakovost zraka na prostem.
MVA85A, an example of a subunit vaccine, is in trials in South Africa as of 2006, is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus.
MVA85A, primer cepiva s podenoto, ki se trenutno preskuša v Južni Afriki, temelji na gensko spremenjenih Vaccinia virusih.
Those with many exacerbations have a faster rate of deterioration of their lung function.
Osebe s s številnimi poslabšanji se delovanje pljuč hitreje slabša.
Mycobacteria infect many different animals, including birds, rodents, and reptiles.
Mikobakterije okužijo veliko različnih živali, med drugim ptice, glodavce, in plazilce.
Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made.
Zdravljenje je priporočljivo uvesti takoj, ko je postavljena diagnoza.
Chiron filed for several patents on the virus and its diagnosis.
Chiron je v zvezi z virusom in diagnozo predlagal več patentov.
Low oxygen levels, if present for a prolonged period, can result in narrowing of the arteries in the lungs, while emphysema leads to breakdown of capillaries in the lungs.
Nizki nivoji kisika, če so prisotni dlje časa, lahko povzročijo  zoženje arterij v pljučih, medtem ko emfizem okvari kapilare v pljučih.
Herd immunity was recognized as a naturally occurring phenomenon in the 1930s when it was observed that after a significant number of children had become immune to measles, the number of new infections temporarily decreased, including among susceptible children.
Čredno imunost so kot naravni pojav prepoznali že v 30-ih letih prejšnjega stoletja, ko so ugotovili, da se je število novih okužb, potem ko je bilo znatno število otrok že prekuženih z ošpicami, začasno zmanjšalo, tudi med otroci, ki sicer niso imeli razvite imunosti.
The subspecies Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though, is rarely present in wild animals.
Podvrsta Mycobacterium tuberculosis pa je redko prisotna pri divjih živalih.
Serotypes, strains and isolates include:
Različni serotipi, sevi in izolati norovirusov pa vključujejo:
Milder forms may not cause any muscle symptoms, and the diagnosis is based on abnormal blood tests in the context of other problems.
Blažje oblike lahko potekajo brez mišičnih simptomov, diagnoza pa temelji na nenormalnih krvnih testih, ki jih spremljajo druge zdravstvene težave.