natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
All forms of asbestos fibers are responsible for human disease as they are able to penetrate deeply into the lungs.
Prvi so v prvi vrsti odgovorni za človeške bolezni, ker lahko prodrejo globoko v pljuča.
A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs.
Sistem, za razvrstitev tuberkuloze, ki ga je razvilo Združenje za prsni koš ZDA, se uporablja predvsem v javnih zdravstvenih programih.
It does not appear to affect mortality or the overall hospitalization rate.
Tiotropij naj ne bi vplival na umrljivost ali na skupno stopnjo hospitalizacije.
Carrico, Amanda R.; Spoden, Micajah (1 July 2013).
Montville, Rebecca; Chen, Yuhuan; Schaffner, Donald W. (2002).
A number of factors make people more susceptible to TB infections.
Na dovzetnost ljudi za okužbe s tuberkulozo vplivajo številni dejavniki.
For people with type 2 respiratory failure (acutely raised CO2 levels) non-invasive positive pressure ventilation decreases the probability of death or the need of intensive care admission.
Neinvazivna ventilacija s pozitivnim tlakom pri bolnikih z akutno dvignjenim nivojem CO2 (odpoved dihanja vrste 2) zmanjša verjetnost za smrt ali potrebo po intenzivni negi z mehanskim prezračevanjem.
A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials.
Številni možni kandidati so trenutno v fazah I in II kliničnih preskusov.
On 16 March, the World Health Organization called for ramping up the testing programmes as the best way to slow the advance of COVID‑19 pandemic.
16. marca je Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija obvestila javnost, da so programi za testiranje najboljši način, kako upočasniti napredovanje pandemije COVID-19.
In this situation, some including NICE recommend against its use.
V tem primeru nekateri odsvetujejo njegovo rabo.
Vaccinating children against pneumococcus and rotavirus has had the effect of reducing pneumococcus- and rotavirus-attributable hospitalizations for older children and adults, who do not normally receive these vaccines.
Cepljenje otrok proti pnevmokoknim in rotavirusnim okužbam je doprineslo k zmanjšanju števila primerov hospitalizacij zaradi teh okužb tudi pri necepljenih starejših otrocih in odraslih.
If a patient receives a booster dose but already has a high level of antibody, then a reaction called an Arthus reaction could develop, a localized form of Type III hypersensitivity induced by high levels of IgG antibodies causing inflammation.
Če prejme poživitveni odmerek bolnik, ki ima že sicer visoko raven prisotnih protiteles, lahko pride do t. i. Arthusovega fenomena, posebne oblike preobčutljivostne reakcije tipa III, ki jo povzroči aktivacija komplementa zaradi prisotnih protiteles v krvnem obtoku.
Specific diagnosis of norovirus is routinely made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays or quantitative PCR assays, which give results within a few hours.
Za diagnozo okužbe je so na voljo rutinski testi, ki temeljijo na verižni reakciji s polimerazo (PCR) in dajo rezultat v nekaj urah.
While antibiotic drugs to treat diseases caused by MRSA are available, few effective drugs are available for Acinetobacter.
Za nekatere povzročitelje obstajajo učinkovita zdravila (npr. MRSA), za zdravljenje okužb z na primer gramnegativnimi acinetobakterji pa je le malo učinkovitih zdravil.
Varadkar was selected for the Washington Ireland Program for Service and Leadership (WIP), a prestigious half-year personal and professional development program in Washington, D.C., for students from Ireland.
Izbran je bil v Washingtonski program za storitve in vodenje (WIP); to je prestižni polletni program osebnega in poklicnega razvoja v Washingtonu, za študente z Irske.
Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases.
Prizadevanja za preprečevanje in nadzor tuberkuloze temeljijo predvsem na cepljenju dojenčkov in na odkrivanju in ustreznem zdravljenju aktivnih primerov.
If long-acting bronchodilators are insufficient, then inhaled corticosteroids are typically added.
Če dolgotrajno delujoči bronhodilatorji ne zadoščajo, se običajno dodajajo kortikosteroidi.
Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious.
Do prenosa naj bi prišlo samo pri ljudeh z aktivno tuberkulozo – za latentno okužene se meni, da bolezen ni nalezljiva.
However, his spirometer could measure only volume, not airflow.
Njegov spirometer je sicer lahko meril samo prostornino, ne pa pretoka zraka.
The United States instituted universal screening in 1992 and Canada instituted universal screening in 1990.
V ZDA je zahtevano splošno presejanje od leta 1992 dalje, v Kanadi pa od leta 1990.
These scales have been derived by retrospectively matching characteristics of people with their outcomes.
Te lestvice so izpeljali z retrospektivnim ujemanjem značilnosti bolnikov in izidom bolezni.
However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), TB is mainly a disease of older people and the immunocompromised (risk factors are listed above).
V državah, kjer je število obolenj dramatično upadlo (na primer v ZDA) , pa predstavlja TB predvsem bolezen starejših ljudi in oseb z oslabljenim imunskim sistemom (dejavniki tveganja so navedeni zgoraj).
In 1814 Charles Badham used "catarrh" to describe the cough and excess mucus in chronic bronchitis.
Leta 1814  Charles Badham uporabi izraz »katar« za opis kašlja in prekomerne sluzi pri kroničnem bronhitisu.
Noroviruses (NoV) are a genetically diverse group of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, non-enveloped viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae.
Norovirusi so genetsko raznovrstna skupina virusov z enoverižno RNK, ki spadajo vb družino kalicivirusov.
These symptoms are present for a prolonged period of time and typically worsen over time.
Ti simptomi so prisotni v daljšem časovnem obdobju in se običajno sčasoma slabšajo.
Researchers plotted the seating arrangement: more than 90% of the people at the same table as the sick woman later reported becoming ill.
Kasneje so ugotovili, da je zbolelo 92 % oseb, ki je sedelo za isto mizo kot bruhajoča bolnica.
Other causes include infections, electrical injury, heat stroke, prolonged immobilization, lack of blood flow to a limb, or snake bites.
Med drugimi vzroki so še okužbe, električna poškodba, vročinski udar, daljša imobilizacija, ishemija okončine (oviran dotok krvi v okončino) ali ugriz kače.
In the developing world, one of the common sources of air pollution is poorly vented heating and cooking fires.
V državah v razvoju je eden od pogostnih vzrokov onesnažen zrak zaradi slabega prezračevanja med kuhanjem hrane in ob ogrevanju prostorov.
Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG.
Del imunskega odziva na okužbo je tvorba protiteles, med drugim IgM in IgG.
Between the time that AIDS was identified (in the early 1980s) and 2018, the disease caused an estimated 32 million deaths worldwide.
Od časa odkritja aidsa (v začetku 1980-ih let) do leta 2017 je bolezen po ocenah povzročila 35 milijonov smrti.
The influenza vaccine is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for high-risk groups, such as pregnant women, children aged less than five years, the elderly, health care workers, and people who have chronic illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, asthma, diabetes, heart disease, or are immunocompromised among others.
Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija priporoča cepljenje proti gripi skupinam bolnikom z zvečanim tveganjem, med katere sodijo otroci, starostniki, zdravstveni delavci in bolniki s kroničnimi boleznimi, kot so astma, sladkorna bolezen, bolezni srca, ali z oslabljenim imunskim sistemom.
M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries.
Bacil M. bovis je bil nekoč pogost vzrok za tuberkulozo, vendar  v razvitih državah z uvedbo pasterizacije mleka v veliki meri ne pomeni več zdravstvenega problema.
In 1815 one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption".
Leta 1815 je v Angliji vsak četrti umrl zaradi »sušice«.
Usually the first symptoms are chills and body aches, with fever also common early in the infection, with body temperatures ranging from 38 to 39 °C (approximately 100 to 103 °F).
Prvi znaku bolezni so tresavica ali občutki mrzlice, pogosto pa se ob začetku bolezni pojavi s temperaturami med  38 in 39 °C (približno 100 do 103 °F).
A number of medications are being studied as of 2012 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, including bedaquiline and delamanid.
Za tuberkulozo, ki je odporna proti več zdravilom, se raziskuje številna zdravila, med drugim bedaquiline in delamanid.
A high-resolution CT scan of the chest may show the distribution of emphysema throughout the lungs and can also be useful to exclude other lung diseases.
Posnetek prsi visoke ločljivosti z  računalniško tomografijo (CT) lahko pokaže razprostranjenost emfizema po celih pljučih, poleg tega je lahko koristen pri izključitvi drugih bolezni pljuč.
A test which uses monoclonal antibodies which bind to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the SARS-CoV-2 is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.
Na Tajvanu razvijajo test, ki uporablja monoklonsko protitelo, ki se specifično veže na nukleokapsidni protein (N protein) novega koronavirusa; upajo, da bodo rezultati na voljo v 15 do 20 minutah, tako kot pri hitrem testu na gripo.
In some countries, mortality has decreased in men but increased in women.
V nekaterih državah se je umrljivost pri moških zmanjšala, pri ženskah pa povečala.
While urban air pollution is a contributing factor in exacerbations, its overall role as a cause of COPD is unclear.
Urbano onesnaževanje zraka je sicer dejavnik pri slabšanju bolezni, vendar njegova celotna vloga kot vzrok za KOPB ni jasna.
Spirometry measures the amount of airflow obstruction present and is generally carried out after the use of a bronchodilator, a medication to open up the airways.
Spirometrija meri trenutni obseg obstrukcije dihalnih poti in se praviloma izvede po uporabi bronhodilatatorja, to je zdravila za odpiranje dihalnih poti.
Complications may include high blood potassium, low blood calcium, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and compartment syndrome.
Zapleti vključujejo zvišane vrednosti kalija v krvi, znižane vrednosti kalcija v krvi, diseminirano intravaskularno koagulacijo in kompartmentalni sindrom.
Improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and other public-health measures began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat.
Izboljšave v javnem zdravstvu so še pred prihodom streptomicina in drugih antibiotikov znatno zmanjšale okužbe.
Phthisis (Φθισις) is a Greek word for consumption, an old term for pulmonary tuberculosis; around 460 BCE, Hippocrates described phthisis as a disease of dry seasons.
Phthisis pomeni v grščini sušico, star izraz za pljučno tuberkulozo; Po Hipokratu je okoli 460 pred našim štetjem phthisis bila najbolj razširjena bolezen.
A long labor is associated with a greater risk of transmission.
Dolgotrajen porod je povezan z višjo stopnjo tveganja.
As medical technology has advanced, so have modern approaches to triage, which are increasingly based on scientific models.
Z razvojem medicinske tehnologije so se spremenili in napredovali tudi moderni pristopi k triaži, ki vse bolj temeljijo na znanstvenih modelih.
Globally, as of 2010, COPD affected approximately 329 million people (4.8% of the population).
Leta 2010 je KOPB po vsem svetu imelo približno 329 milijonov ljudi (4,8 % prebivalstva); bolezen je nekoliko pogostejša pri moških kot pri ženskah.
Some developed countries have seen increased rates, some have remained stable and some have seen a decrease in COPD prevalence.
Nekatere razvite države so opazile povečano stopnjo, nekatere so ostale stabilne, nekatere pa so zabeležile zmanjšanje stopnje razširjenosti (prevalence) KOPB.
In addition to not being immune, individuals in one of these groups may be at a greater risk of developing complications from infection because of their medical status, but they may still be protected if a large enough percentage of the population is immune.
Poleg pomanjkanja imunosti lahko imajo ti posamezniki iz ranljivih skupin zaradi svojega zdravstvenega stanja zvečano dovzetnost za razvoj zapletov, če pri njih pride do okužbe; v primeru dovoljšnje stopnje imunosti v populaciji jih ščiti le čredna imunost.
Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs.
Proti zdravilom odporna TB je resen zdravstveni problem v številnih državah v razvoju, saj je podaljšuje zdravljenje dlje in zahteva dražja zdravila.
In the most socioeconomically deprived parts of the country, one in 32 people were diagnosed with COPD, compared with one in 98 in the most affluent areas.
V najbolj socialno-ekonomsko ogroženih delih države je pogostnost diagnoze KOPB 1 na 32 oseb, na najpremožnejših območjih pa 1 na 98.
Those who have experienced a needle stick injury from someone who was HCV positive have about a 1.8% chance of subsequently contracting the disease themselves.
Pri ljudeh, ki so se ranili z iglo osebe, ki je pozitivna na VHC, znaša verjetnost za pojav bolezni 1,8 %.
These dormant bacilli produce active tuberculosis in 5–10% of these latent cases, often many years after infection.
Ti mirujoči bacili izzovejo aktivno tuberkulozo v 5–10 % teh latentnih primerov, pogosto mnogo let po okužbi.
Both indoor and outdoor air quality can be improved, which may prevent COPD or slow the worsening of existing disease.
Kakovost zraka, tako v zaprtih prostorih kot na prostem, je mogoče izboljšati, s čemer se prepreči KOPB ali pa vsaj upočasni slabšanje pri obstoječi bolezni.
The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV.
Imunosupresija, na primer zaradi okužbe s HIV, zviša nevarnost za ponoven izbruh bolezni.
The time-of-incubation was believed to be about 2 weeks, with a duration of infection of several months.
Antibiotično zdravljenje traja več tednov in simptomi lahko v določeni meri vztrajajo več mesecev.
In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year.
Pri osebah, ki so okužene tako z M. tuberculosis kot s HIV, se nevarnost za ponoven pojav bolezni poveča na skoraj 10 % na leto.
Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism.
Cepljenje ali vakcinacija pomeni v medicini aplikacijo živih oslabljenih ali mrtvih organizmov ali njihovih toksoidov za preprečevanje nalezljivih bolezni pri sprejemljivih osebah.
Two main approaches are used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines.
Da bi izboljšali učinkovitost razpoložljivih cepiv, sta na voljo dva pristopa.
HCV RNA can be detected by PCR typically one to two weeks after infection, while antibodies can take substantially longer to form and thus be detected.
S PCR je virusno RNK običajno mogoče dokazati 1–2 tedna po okužbi, do nastanka protiteles pa prihaja bistveno počasneje, tako da jih je mogoče dokazati le z zakasnitvijo.
In those with severe disease, a feeling of always being tired is common.
Bolniki s hudo obliko bolezni imajo pogosto občutek, da so ves čas utrujeni.
Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two different flu seasons each year.
Ker imata severna in južna polobla zimo ravno v nasprotnem času leta, imamo vsakoletno pravzaprav dve obdobji gripe.
There are a number of vaccines under development and some have shown encouraging results.
V razvoju je več cepiv, ki kažejo obetavne rezultate.
In non-smokers, exposure to second-hand smoke is the cause in up to 20% of cases.
Pri nekadilcih je pasivno kajenje vzrok za približno 20 % primerov.
It was called bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG).
Imenovali so ga bacillus Calmette Guèrin (BCG).
The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones.
Tuberkuloza pogosteje prizadene zgornje kot spodnje predele pljuč.
Although it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis.
Čeprav je bil neučinkovit, so izvleček kasneje uspešno prilagodili za presejalni test za presimptomatsko tuberkulozo.
The main types of irritant and/or corrosive products are: acids, bases, oxidizers / reducing agents, solvents, and alkylants.
Glavne skupine dražilnih ali jedkih snovi so: kisline, baze, organska topila, beli fosfor, oksidanti in reducenti.
An effort to eradicate bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis from the cattle and deer herds of New Zealand has been relatively successful.
Prizadevanja za izkoreninjenje goveje tuberkuloze, ki ga povzroča  Mycobacterium bovis v govedu in čredah jelenov v Novi Zelandiji, so bila relativno uspešna.
In 1988, Alter confirmed the virus by verifying its presence in a panel of NANBH specimens.
Leta 1988 je Alter dokazal prisotnost virusa v vrsti vzorcev NANBH.
HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination.
HIV/aids ima na družbo velik vpliv tako kot bolezen kot tudi kot vir diskriminacije.
After initial immunization, a booster injection or booster dose is a re-exposure to the immunizing antigen.
Poživitveni odmerek, ki sledi prvotni imunizaciji, ponovno izpostavi organizmu imunizirajoči antigen.
The responses to treatment is measured by sustained viral response (SVR), defined as the absence of detectable RNA of the hepatitis C virus in blood serum for at least 24 weeks after discontinuing the treatment, and rapid virological response (RVR) defined as undetectable levels achieved within four weeks of treatment.
Učinkovitost zdravljenja se opredeljuje glede na t. i. trajni virološki odziv (angl. sustained viral response (SVR)), ki pomeni odsotnost zaznavnih količin virusne RNK v bolnikovem serumu po najmanj 12 (SVR12) ali 24 tednih (SVR24) po koncu zdravljenja.
In those with a severe exacerbation, antibiotics improve outcomes.
Pri osebah s hudim zapletom antibiotiki izboljšajo rezultate.
Treatment is by prompt neurosurgery or radiologically guided interventions.
Zdravljenje obsega takojšen nevrokirurški ali interventni radiološki endovaskularni poseg.
Noroviruses can genetically be classified into at least seven different genogroups (GI, GII, GIII, GIV, GV, GVI, and GVII), which can be further divided into different genetic clusters or genotypes.
Noroviruse genetsko razvrščajo v pet genetskih skupin (GI, GII, GIII, GIV in GV), ki jih nadalje delijo v genotipe.
The World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the U.S. government are subsidizing a fast-acting diagnostic tuberculosis test for use in low- and middle-income countries as of 2012.
Svetovna zdravstvena organizacija, Fundacija Bill in Melinda Gates ter ameriška vlada subvencionirajo uporabo novega hitrodelujočega diagnostičnega testa v državah z nizkimi in srednjimi dohodki, s čimer se je znižal strošek enega testa iz 16,86 $ na 9,98 $.
Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria.
Za zdravljenje Tb se uporablja antibiotike, ki ubijajo bakterije.
Some feel the evidence of benefits is limited, while others view the evidence of benefit as established.
Nekateri menijo, da so dokazi o njihovi koristnosti omejeni, drugi spet menijo, da so njihove koristi jasne in dokazane.
Cirrhosis due to hepatitis C is a common reason for liver transplantation though the virus usually (80–90% of cases) recurs afterwards.
Jetrna ciroza kot posledica okužbe s hepatitisom C je pogost vzrok za potrebo po presaditvi jeter, vendar pri nepozdravljeni okužbi pride zelo pogosto (v 80 do 90 % primerov) do ponovitve okužbe po presaditvi.
The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000.
Število novih primerov je po letu 2002 upadlo.
In the absence of successful treatment of the underlying cause, shock will proceed to the progressive stage.
Če vzroka ne odpravimo, bo hitro nastali šok pripeljal do zastoja srca v nekaj minutah.
If vaccine uptake among the target sex is low, then the other sex may need to be immunized so that the target sex can be sufficiently protected.
Če je precepljenost med populacijo ciljnega spola prenizka, je smiselno cepljenje tudi populacije drugega spola, da se zagotovi dovoljšnja zaščita ciljnega spola.
All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid.
Bolezen lahko prizadene vse dele telesa, iz neznanih razlogov pa se redko naseli v srce, skeletne mišice, trebušno slinavko ali ščitnico.
The prioritization of school-age children for seasonal flu immunization, which is more effective than vaccinating the elderly, however, has been shown to create a certain degree of protection for the elderly.
Precepljenost proti sezonski gripi pri šoloobveznih otrocih, pri katerih je cepivo učinkovitejše,  je pokazala, da nudi zaščito v neki meri tudi za neprecepljeno starejšo populacijo.
Six different types of vancomycin resistance are shown by enterococcus: Van-A, Van-B, Van-C, Van-D, Van-E and Van-G.
Obstaja 6 različnih tipov proti vankomicinu odpornih enterokokov: Van-A, Van-B, Van-C, Van-D, Van-E in Van-F.
Due to the high mutation rate of the virus, a particular influenza vaccine usually confers protection for no more than a few years.
Zaradi hitrega mutiranja virusov influence je določeno cepivo praviloma učinkovito le nekaj let.
He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery.
Za to odkritje je leta 1905 prejel Nobelovo nagrado za fiziologijo ali medicino.
Long-term exposure to these irritants causes an inflammatory response in the lungs, resulting in narrowing of the small airways and breakdown of lung tissue.
Dolgotrajna izpostavljenost tem dražečim vplivom povzroča vnetni odziv v pljučih, zaradi česar prihaja do zoženja malih dihalnih poti in do razkroja pljučnega tkiva.
People with emphysema have been known as "pink puffers" or "type A" due to their frequent pink complexion, fast respiratory rate and pursed lips, and people with chronic bronchitis have been referred to as "blue bloaters" or "type B" due to the often bluish color of the skin and lips from low oxygen levels and their swollen ankles.
Osebe z emfizemom se imenujejo tudi »rožnati pihači« ali »tip A« zaradi pogosto rožnate polti, hitrega diha in našobljenih ustnic, ljudi s kroničnim bronhitisom pa »modri napihnjenci« ali »tip B«, ker imajo pogosto  modrikasto kožo in ustnice zaradi nizkih ravni kisika in ker jim pogosto zatekajo gležnji.
Lung transplantation is sometimes performed for very severe COPD, particularly in younger individuals.
Presaditev pljuč se včasih opravi v primeru zelo hude KOPB, še posebej pri mlajših osebah.
In this group of people, it decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day and may improve people's ability to exercise.
V tej skupini ljudi se tveganje za zastojno srčno odpoved in smrt zmanjša, če se kisik uporablja 15 ur na dan,  poleg tega izboljšuje telesna zmogljivost.
Some smokers can achieve long-term smoking cessation through willpower alone.
Nekateri kadilci lahko dolgoročno prenehajo kaditi samo s pomočjo močne volje.
The diagnosis is supported by a urine test strip which is positive for "blood" but the urine contains no red blood cells when examined with a microscope.
Diagnoza se potrdi z urinskim testom z lističem, ki je pozitiven na prisotnost krvi, vendar pa pod mikroskopom rdeče krvničke v urinu niso prisotne.
At the individual level
V Združenih državah Amerike
Thus, treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed.
Z zdravljenjem se zato pogosto prične, še preden kulture diagnozo potrdijo.