natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
It is preferable to expose test systems to concentrations of the test chemical to be used in the study for as long as is required to demonstrate the maintenance of stable exposure concentrations prior to the introduction of test organisms.
Koncentrácia bez pozorovaného účinku (NOEC)
If the test chemical is difficult to dissolve in water, procedures described in the OECD Guidance for handling difficult substances should be followed (13).
testovaná koncentrácia nameraná v rámci danej dĺžky expozície bezprostredne pod úrovňou LOEC, ktorá pri porovnaní s kontrolou nemá štatisticky významný účinok (p < 0,05).
The use of solvents or dispersants should be avoided, but may be necessary in some cases in order to produce a suitably concentrated stock solution for dosing.
mladé dafnie vyprodukované rodičovskými jedincami v priebehu testu.
A dilution water control with adequate replicates and, if unavoidable, a solvent control with adequate replicates should be run in addition to the test concentrations.
Rodičovské jedince
Only solvents or dispersants that have been investigated to have no significant or only minimal effects on the response variable should be used in the test.
samice dafnií prítomné na začiatku testu, ktorých reprodukčný výstup je predmetom štúdie.
Examples of suitable solvents (e.g. acetone, ethanol, methanol, dimethylformamide and triethylene glycol) and dispersants (e.g. Cremophor RH40, methylcellulose 0,01 % and HCO-40) are given in (13).
Reprodukčný výstup
Where a solvent or dispersant is used, its final concentration should not be greater than 0,1 ml/l (13) and it should be the same concentration in all test vessels, except the dilution water control.
počet žijúcich potomkov vyprodukovaných na rodičovského jedinca v testovacom období
However, every effort should be made to keep the solvent concentration to a minimum.
každá látka alebo zmes testovaná pomocou tejto testovacej metódy.
For semi-static tests, at least 10 animals individually held at each test concentration and at least 10 animals individually held in the control series.
Dĺžka aklimatizačného obdobia môže dosiahnuť až jeden mesiac.
For flow-through tests, 40 animals divided into four groups of 10 animals at each test concentration has been shown to be suitable (1).
Príprava
A smaller number of test organisms may be used and a minimum of 20 animals per concentration divided into two or more replicates with an equal number of animals (e.g. four replicates each with five daphnids) is recommended.
Stopové prvky
Note that for tests where animals are held in groups, it will not be possible to exclude any offspring from the statistical analysis if inadvertent/ accidental parental mortality occurs when the reproduction has begun, and hence in these cases the reproductive output should be expressed as total number of living offspring produced per parent present at the beginning of the test.
Vo vode vykazujúcej vhodnú čistotu, napríklad v deionizovanej, destilovanej, prípadne vo vode získanej reverznou osmózou, sa najprv pripravia samostatné zásobné roztoky (I) jednotlivých stopových prvkov.
Treatments should be allocated to the test vessels and all subsequent handling of the test vessels should be done in a random fashion.
Z týchto rôznych zásobných roztokov (I) sa pripraví druhý osobitný zásobný roztok (II), ktorý obsahuje všetky stopové prvky (kombinovaný roztok), t. j.:
Failure to do this may result in bias that could be construed as being a concentration effect.
Zásobný roztok (roztoky) I
In particular, if experimental units are handled in treatment or concentration order, then some time-related effect, such as operator fatigue or other error, could lead to greater effects at the higher concentrations.
(jedna látka)
Furthermore, if the test results are likely to be affected by an initial or environmental condition of the test, such as position in the laboratory, then consideration should be given to blocking the test.
Množstvo pridané do vody
For semi-static tests, feeding should preferably be done daily, but at least three times per week (i.e. corresponding to media changes).
Koncentrácia (vzhľadom na médium M4)
The possible dilution of the exposure concentrations by food addition should be taken into account and avoided as much as possible with well concentrated algae suspensions.
Na prípravu kombinovaného zásobného roztoku II pridajte do vody toto množstvo zásobného roztoku I
Deviations from this (e.g. for flow-through tests) should be reported.
stará
During the test, the diet of the parent animals should preferably be living algal cells of one or more of the following: Chlorella sp., Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly Selenastrum capricornutum) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (formerly Scenedesmus subspicatus).
Roztok Na2EDTA, ako aj roztok FeSO4, sa pripravia samostatne, zlejú sa spolu a ihneď sa ošetria v autokláve.
The supplied diet should be based on the amount of organic carbon (C) provided to each parent animal.
Týmto sa získa:
Research (14) has shown that, for Daphnia magna, ration levels of between 0,1 and 0,2 mg C/Daphnia/day are sufficient for achieving the required number of living offspring to meet the test validity criteria.
roztok Fe-EDTA
The ration can be supplied either at a constant rate throughout the period of the test, or, if desired, a lower rate can be used at the beginning and then increased during the test to take account of growth of the parent animals.
Médiá M4 a M7
In this case, the ration should still remain within the recommended range of 0,1 - 0,2 mg C/Daphnia/day at all times.
Médiá M4 a M7 sa pripravia pomocou zásobného roztoku II, makroživín a vitamínov takto:
If surrogate measures, such as algal cell number or light absorbance, are to be used to feed the required ration level (i.e. for convenience since measurement of carbon content is time consuming), each laboratory should produce its own nomograph relating the surrogate measure to carbon content of the algal culture (see Appendix 3 for advice on nomograph production).
Množstvo zásobného roztoku pridané na účely prípravy média
Nomographs should be checked at least annually and more frequently if algal culture conditions have changed.
zásobný roztok II
Light absorbance has been found to be a better surrogate for carbon content than cell number (15).
(kombinované stopové prvky)
A concentrated algal suspension should be fed to the Daphnia to minimise the volume of algal culture medium transferred to the test vessels.
zásobné roztoky s obsahom makroživín (jedna látka)
Concentration of the algae can be achieved by centrifugation followed by re-suspension in Daphnia culture medium.
zásobný roztok s obsahom viacerých vitamínov
Light
zásobný roztok s obsahom viacerých vitamínov sa pripraví pridaním 3 vitamínov do 1 litra vody týmto spôsobom:
For light-measuring instruments calibrated in lux, an equivalent range of 1000-1500 lux for cool white light corresponds close to the recommended light intensity 15-20 μE · m-2 · s-1.
kyanokobalamín (B12)
The temperature of the test media should be within the range 18-22 °C.
biotín
However, for any one test, the temperature should not, if possible, vary by more than 2 °C within these limits (e.g. 18-20, 19-21 or 20-22 °C) as daily range.
Zásobný roztok s obsahom viacerých vitamínov sa skladuje zmrazený v malých alikvótnych množstvách.
It may be appropriate to use an additional test vessel for the purposes of temperature monitoring.
Vitamíny sa pridávajú do média tesne pred použitím.
Aeration
Zrážaniu solí pri príprave kompletného média sa zabráni pridaním alikvotných množstiev zásobných roztokov do približne 500 až 800 ml deionizovanej vody a potom sa objem doplní na 1 liter.
The test vessels should not be aerated during the test.
Prvýkrát boli informácie o médiu M4 uverejnené v publikácii Elendt, B. P. (1990).
Test design
ANALÝZA OBSAHU CELKOVÉHO ORGANICKÉHO UHLÍKA (TOC) A PRÍPRAVA NOMOGRAMU NA ZISTENIE OBSAHU TOC V KRMIVE S OBSAHOM RIAS
Range finding test
Akceptuje sa skutočnosť, že obsah uhlíka v krmive s obsahom rias sa spravidla nemeria priamo, ale na základe korelácií (t. j. nomogramov) s náhradnými meraniami, akými je napr. počet buniek rias alebo absorpcia svetla).
When necessary, a range-finding test is conducted with, for example five test chemical concentrations and two replicates for each treatment and control.
TOC by sa mal merať na základe oxidácie pri vysokej teplote, a nie na základe metód oxidácie pomocou UV ožarovania alebo persíranu.
Additional information, from tests with similar chemicals or from literature, on acute toxicity to Daphnia and/or other aquatic organisms may also be useful in deciding on the range of concentrations to be used in the range-finding test.
(Informácie možno nájsť tu: The Instrumental Determination of Total Organic Carbon, Total Oxygen Demand and Related Determinands 1979, HMSO 1980; 49 High Holborn, London WC1V 6HB).
The duration of the range-finding test is 21 days or of a sufficient duration to reliably predict effect levels.
Na účely nomogramu by sa mali riasy odstredením v centrifúge oddeliť od rastového média a následne resuspendovať v destilovanej vode.
At the end of the test, reproduction of the Daphnia is assessed.
Trikrát odmerajte náhradný parameter a koncentráciu TOC v každej vzorke.
The number of parents and the occurrence of offspring should be recorded.
Mali by sa analyzovať slepé vzorky s destilovanou vodou a od koncentrácie s obsahom TOC vo vzorke rias by sa mala odpočítať koncentrácia TOC.
Definitive test
Nomogramy by mali mať lineárny charakter v rámci požadovaného rozsahu koncentrácií uhlíka.
Normally there should be at least five test concentrations, bracketing effective concentration (e.g. ECx), and arranged in a geometric series with a separation factor preferably not exceeding 3,2 An appropriate number of replicates for each test concentration should be used (see paragraphs 24-25).
Ďalej uvádzame príklady.
Justification should be provided if fewer than five concentrations are used.
nomogramy by sa nemali používať na účely konverzie; je nevyhnutné, aby si laboratóriá pripravili vlastné nomogramy.
Chemicals should not be tested above their solubility limit in test medium.
Regresia mg/l suchej hmotnosti na mg C/1.
Before conducting the experiment it is advisable to consider the statistical power of the tests design and using appropriate statistical methods (4).
Údaje získané z koncentrovaných suspenzií buniek získaných v rámci semikontinuálnej produkcie jednorazovej kultúry rias a podrobených resuspenzácii v destilovanej vode.
In setting the range of concentrations, the following should be borne in mind:
os x: mg C/1 koncentrovaného krmiva s obsahom rias
When ECx for effects on reproduction is estimated, it is advisable that sufficient concentrations are used to define the ECx with an appropriate level of confidence.
os y: mg/1 suchej hmotnosti koncentrovaného krmiva s obsahom rias
Test concentrations used should preferably bracket the estimated ECx such that ECx is found by interpolation rather than extrapolation.
Korekčný koeficient – 0,980
It is an advantage for the following statistical analysis to have more test concentrations (e.g. 10) and fewer replicates of each concentration (e.g. 5 thus holding the total number of vessels constant) and with 10 controls.
Regresia počtu buniek na mg C/1.
When estimating the LOEC and/or NOEC, the lowest test concentration should be low enough so that the reproductive output at that concentration is not significantly lower than that in the control.
os y: Počet buniek/1 koncentrovaného krmiva s obsahom rias
If this is not the case, the test should be repeated with a reduced lowest concentration.
Korekčný koeficient – 0,926
When estimating the LOEC and/or NOEC, the highest test concentration should be high enough so that the reproductive output at that concentration is significantly lower than that in the control.
Regresia absorpcie na mg C/1 (1 cm kyveta).
If this is not the case, the test should be repeated with an increased highest concentration unless the maximum required test concentration for chronic effects testing (i.e., 10 mg/l) was used as the highest test concentration in the initial test.
os y: Absorpcia pri 440 nm a riedení koncentrovaného krmiva s obsahom rias v pomere 1/10
If no effects are observed at the highest concentration in the range-finding test (e.g. at 10 mg/l), or when the test chemical is highly likely to be of low/ no toxicity based on lack of toxicity to other organisms and/or low/no uptake, the reproduction test may be performed as a limit test, using a test concentration of e.g.10 mg/l and the control.
Korekčný koeficient – 0,998
Ten replicates should be used for both the treatment and the control groups.
VZOR TABUĽKY NA ZAZNAMENANIE OBNOVY MÉDIA, ÚDAJOV O FYZIKÁLNOM A CHEMICKOM MONITOROVANÍ, KŔMENÍ, REPRODUKCII DAFNIÍ A ÚMRTNOSTI RODIČOVSKÝCH JEDINCOV
When a limit test might need to be done in a flow-through system less replicates would be adequate.
Experiment č.:
A limit test will provide the opportunity to demonstrate that there is no statistically significant effect at the limit concentration, but if effects are recorded a full test will normally be required.
Dátum začiatku:
One test-medium control series and also, if relevant, one control series containing the solvent or dispersant should be run in addition to the test series.
Klon:
When used, the solvent or dispersant concentration should be the same as that used in the vessels containing the test chemical.
Médium:
The appropriate number of replicates should be used (see paragraphs 23-24).
Druh potravy:
Generally in a well-run test, the coefficient of variation around the mean number of living offspring produced per parent animal in the control(s) should be ≤ 25 %, and this should be reported for test designs using individually held animals.
Testovaná chemikália:
Test medium renewal
Nominálna koncentrácia:
The frequency of medium renewal will depend on the stability of the test chemical, but should be at least three times per week.
deň
If, from preliminary stability tests (see paragraph 7), the test chemical concentration is not stable (i.e. outside the range 80 - 120 % of nominal or falling below 80 % of the measured initial concentration) over the maximum renewal period (i.e. 3 days), consideration should be given to more frequent medium renewal, or to the use of a flow-through test.
obnova média (označte)
When the medium is renewed in semi-static tests, a second series of test vessels are prepared and the parent animals transferred to them by, for example, a glass pipette of suitable diameter.
nová
The volume of medium transferred with the Daphnia should be minimised.
podaná potrava (označte)
The results of the observations made during the test should be recorded on data sheets (see examples in Appendixes 4 and 5).
počet živých potomkov [2]
If other measurements are required (see paragraph 44), additional observations may be required.
spolu
Offspring
nádoba 1
The offspring produced by each parent animal should preferably be removed and counted daily from the appearance of the first brood to prevent them consuming food intended for the parent.
kumulatívna rodičovská úmrtnosť [3]
For the purpose of this test method it is only the number of living offspring that needs to be counted, but the presence of aborted eggs or dead offspring should be recorded.
Označte, ktorá nádoba sa použila na experiment
Mortality
Do príslušnej kolónky zaznamenajte pod značkou „AB“ počet nevyliahnutých vajíčok
Mortality among the parent animals should be recorded preferably daily, or at least as frequently as offspring are counted.
Do príslušnej kolónky zaznamenajte pod značkou „M“ úmrtnosť všetkých rodičovských jedincov
Other parameters
VZOR TABUĽKY NA ZAZNAMENANIE VÝSLEDKOV CHEMICKEJ ANALÝZY
Although this test method is designed principally to assess effects on reproductive output, it is possible that other effects may also be sufficiently quantified to allow statistical analysis.
Merané koncentrácie
Reproductive output per surviving parent animal, i.e. number of living offspring produced during the test per surviving parent, may be recorded.
Nominálna koncentrácia:
This may be compared with the main response variable (reproductive output per parent animal in the start of the test which did not inadvertently or accidentally die during the test).
Vzorka z týždňa 1
If parental mortality occurs in exposed replicates it should be considered whether or not the mortality follows a concentration-response pattern, e.g. if there is a significant regression of the response versus concentration of the test chemical with a positive slope (a statistical test like the Cochran-Armitage trend test may be used for this).
Vzorka z týždňa 2
If the mortality follows a concentration-response pattern, the parental mortality should be assigned as an effect of the test chemical and the replicates should not be excluded from the analysis of the test result.
Vzorka z týždňa 3
Growth measurements are highly desirable since they provide information on possible sublethal effects which may be useful in addition to reproduction measures alone; the measurement of the length of the parent animals (i.e. body length excluding the anal spine) at the end of the test is recommended.
čerstvá
Other parameters that can be measured or calculated include time to production of first brood (and subsequent broods), number and size of broods per animal, number of aborted broods, presence of male neonates (OECD, 2008) or ephippia and possibly the intrinsic rate of population increase (see Appendix 1 for definition and Appendix 7 for the identification of the sex of neonates).
stará
Frequency of analytical determinations and measurements
Merané koncentrácie ako percentuálny podiel nominálnej hodnoty
Oxygen concentration, temperature, hardness and pH values should be measured at least once a week, in fresh and old media, in the control(s) and in the highest test chemical concentration.
Výpočet časovo váženého priemeru
However, it may be advisable to increase the number of sampling occasions during the first week (e.g. three sets of measurements) to ensure that the test concentrations are remaining stable.
Tenká kľukatá línia predstavuje koncentráciu v akomkoľvek časovom bode.
In these types of test, the flow-rate of diluent and test chemical should be checked daily.
Hrubá pevná čiara indikuje pozíciu časovo váženého priemeru.
If there is evidence that the concentration of the chemical being tested has been satisfactorily maintained within ± 20 per cent of the nominal or measured initial concentration throughout the test, then results can be based on nominal or measured initial values.
Časovo vážený priemer sa vypočíta tak, že plocha pod časovo váženým priemerom sa rovná ploche pod krivkou koncentrácie.
If the deviation from the nominal or measured initial concentration is greater than ± 20 per cent, results should be expressed in terms of the time-weighted mean (see guidance for calculation in Appendix 6).
Výpočet týkajúci sa spomínaného príkladu sa uvádza v tabuľke 1.
The purpose of this test is to determine the effect of the test chemical on the reproductive output.
Tabuľka 1
The total number of living offspring per parent animal should be calculated for each test vessel (i.e. replicate).
Č. obnovy Dni
In addition, the reproduction can be calculated based on the production of living offspring by the surviving parent organism.
Koncentrácia 0
However, the ecologically most relevant response variable is the total number of living offspring produced per parent animal which does not die accidentally [58] or inadvertently [59] during the test.
Koncentrácia 1
If the parent animal dies accidentally or inadvertently during the test, or turns out to be male, then the replicate is excluded from the analysis.
Ln (koncentrácia 0)
as the number of living offspring produced per surviving parental animal;
časovo vážený priemer:
and then to use as the final result the lowest NOEC and LOEC or ECx value calculated by using either of these two response variables.
Dni je počet dní v období obnovy média
Before employing the statistical analysis, e.g. ANOVA procedures, comparison of treatments to the control by Student t-test, Dunnett's test, Williams' test, or stepdown Jonckheere-Terpstra test, it is recommended to consider transformation of data if needed for meeting the requirements of the particular statistical test.
Koncentrácia 0 je nameraná koncentrácia na začiatku každého obdobia obnovy média
As non-parametric alternatives one can consider Dunn's or Mann-Whitney's tests.
Koncentrácia 1 je nameraná koncentrácia na konci každého obdobia obnovy média
95 % confidence intervals are calculated for individual treatment means.
Ln (konc.0) je prirodzený logaritmus koncentrácie 0
The number of surviving parents in the untreated controls is a validity criterion, and should be documented and reported.
Ln (konc.1) je prirodzený logaritmus koncentrácie 1
Also all other detrimental effects, e.g. abnormal behavior and toxicological significant findings, should be reported in the final report as well.
Plocha, je plocha pod exponenciálnou krivkou pre každé obdobie obnovy média.
ECx
Vypočíta sa takto:
ECx-values, including their associated lower and upper confidence limits, are calculated using appropriate statistical methods (e.g. logistic or Weibull function, trimmed Spearman-Karber method, or simple interpolation).
Časovo vážený priemer (TW Mean) je celková plocha vydelená celkovým počtom dní.
To compute the EC10, EC50 or any other ECx, the complete data set should be subjected to regression analysis.
V prípade reprodukčného testu týkajúceho sa dafnií by sa daná tabuľka mala, samozrejme, rozšíriť tak, aby pokryla 21 dní.
NOEC/LOEC
Je zrejmé, že pokiaľ sa pozorovania uskutočňujú iba na začiatku a konci každého obdobia obnovy média, nie je možné potvrdiť, že daný rozkladný proces má v skutočnosti exponenciálny charakter.
If a statistical analysis is intended to determine the NOEC/LOEC appropriate statistical methods should be used according to OECD Document 54 on the Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application (4).
Iná krivka by mala za následok iný výpočet plochy.
In general, adverse effects of the test chemical compared to the control are investigated using one-tailed hypothesis testing at p ≤ 0,05.
Exponenciálny rozkladný proces však nie je nepravdepodobný a v prípade nedostatku ďalších informácií ide pravdepodobne o najvhodnejšiu krivku.
Normal distribution and variance homogeneity can be tested using an appropriate statistical test, e.g. the Shapiro-Wilk test and Levene test, respectively (p≤ 0,05).
Ak sa na konci obdobia obnovy média chemickou analýzou nepodarí zistiť žiadnu chemikáliu, je potrebné na to upozorniť.
One-way ANOVA and subsequent multi-comparison tests can be performed.
Ak nemožno odhadnúť, ako rýchlo sa chemikália stratila z roztoku, je nemožné získať realistickú plochu pod krivkou, a teda nemožno dospieť k primeranej časovo váženému priemeru.
Multiple comparisons (e.g. Dunnett's test) or step-down trend tests (e.g. Williams' test, or stepdown Jonckheere-Terpstra test) can be used to calculate whether there are significant differences (p ≤ 0,05) between the controls and the various test chemical concentrations (selection of the recommended test according to OECD Guidance Document 54 (4)).
USMERNENIA TYKAJÚCE SA URČENIA POHLAVIA NOVONARODENÝCH JEDINCOV
Otherwise, non-parametric methods (e.g. Bonferroni-U-test according to Holm or Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test) could be used to determine the NOEC and the LOEC.
K narodeniu novonarodených jedincov mužského pohlavia môže dôjsť aj v premenlivých environmentálnych podmienkach, akými sú napríklad skrátená fotoperióda, teplota, pokles koncentrácie krmiva a zvýšenie hustoty populácie (Hobaek and Larson, 1990; Kleiven et al., 1992).
If a limit test (comparison of control and one treatment only) has been performed and the prerequisites of parametric test procedures (normality, homogeneity) are fulfilled, metric responses can be evaluated by the Student test (t-test).
Produkcia jedincov mužského pohlavia je aj známou odozvou na niektoré regulátory rastu hmyzu (Oda et al., 2005).