natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The test should be conducted under controlled environmental conditions, i.e. in a growth chamber, growth room or laboratory, with controllable day length, lighting and temperature (see section “Test conditions”, paragraphs 56-58).
Tým sa zabezpečí, že rast rýb vo všetkých testovaných skupinách bude v prípade testovaných koncentrácií pod úrovňou toxicity podobný.
Stock cultures should be maintained separately from test vessels.
Ak je rast podobný, možno očakávať, že podobný bude aj obsah lipidov.
The study should be conducted using glass test vessels such as aquaria or beakers; 2-l glass beakers (approximately 24 cm high and 11 cm in diameter) are commonly used.
Rozdielny rast v kontrolnej skupine by znamenal účinok látky a štúdia by sa stala neplatnou.
However, other (i.e. larger) vessels may be suitable provided that there is sufficient depth of water to allow unlimited growth and keep the plants submerged throughout the test duration.
Okrem hmotnosti by sa mala zaznamenať aj celková dĺžka, pretože porovnanie prírastku dĺžky počas testu je dobrým ukazovateľom toho, či nedošlo k nežiaducemu účinku.
Plastic or glass plant pots (approximately 9 cm diameter and 8 cm high and 500 ml volume) may be used as containers for potting the plants into the sediment.
Môže sa vykonať t-skúška rýchlostných konštánt rastu na porovnanie rozdielov rastu medzi kontrolnou a testovanou skupinou, alebo F-skúška v prípade analýzy rozptylu.
Alternatively, glass beakers may be used and are preferred in some cases (e.g. testing hydrophobic chemicals or chemicals with high Kow).
V prípade potreby môže použitie F-skúšky alebo skúšky miery pravdepodobnosti pomôcť pri výbere vhodného modelu rastu (OECD, monografia 54 (32).
The choice of pot/beaker size needs to be considered alongside the choice of test vessels and the preferred test design (see below).
Tieto percentá naznačujú, že analytické metódy sú spoľahlivé a polčas je < 14 dní.
If using Test Design A (one shoot per pot with three pots per vessel) then smaller pots or larger vessels may be needed.
Ak majú analytické metódy menšiu spoľahlivosť, alebo ak je polčas (podstatne) vyšší, budú aj tieto čísla vyššie.
If using Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel) then the stated pot and vessel sizes should be adequate.
CI interval spoľahlivosti (ak sa dá odhadnúť)
In all cases, the minimum overlaying water depth should be 12 cm above the top of the sediment and the ratio of sediment surface area/volume to water surface area/volume should be recorded.
SD štandardná odchýlka (ak sa dá odhadnúť)
The general approaches described in this test method can be used to test a range of aquatic plant species.
Minimalizovaná skúška sa v skutočnosti môže použiť aj na preukázanie rýchleho metabolizmu, ak je známe, že rýchly metabolizmus môže byť pravdepodobný.
However, the conditions outlined in this test method have been tailored for testing the water milfoil species, Myriophyllum spicatum.
Ak sa meria iba pri dvoch odberoch, môžu sa odhady hranice spoľahlivosti hodnoty BCFKm dosiahnuť použitím metód opakovaných výberov (bootstrap).
This species belongs to the dicotyledonous family, Haloragaceae.
Ak sú dostupné aj údaje z odberu uprostred, hranice spoľahlivosti hodnoty BCFKm sa môžu vypočítať tak ako v úplnom teste.
Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water milfoil) is a submerged, rooted species which tolerates a wide range of conditions and is found in both static and flowing water bodies.
Na účely nariadenia (ES) č. 1907/2006 o registrácii, hodnotení, autorizácii a obmedzovaní chemikálií (REACH) (Ú. v. EÚ L 396, 30.12.2006, s. 1) je táto otázka predmetom dokumentu „Usmernenie k informačným požiadavkám a posudzovaniu chemickej bezpečnosti“, kapitola R.7c, R.7.10.3.1, s. 13; kapitola R.7.10.4.1, s. 31-32 a obrázok R7.10-2, s. 50.
M. spicatum is a perennial which dies back to the roots over winter.
Keďže BMF je definovaný ako pomer medzi koncentráciou látky v organizme k ustálenej koncentrácii látky obsiahnutej v potrave podávanej organizmu, a to pri zohľadnení lipidov opravou hodnoty BMF o obsah lipidov v organizme a v potrave, tento postup sa preto presnejšie označuje ako „oprava“.
Plants usually flower and set seed freely although vegetative propagation from axillary buds or stem fragments that detach naturally or after disturbance, is often the primary method of colonisation.
Ide o iný postup ako „normalizácia“ stanoveného obsahu lipidov v organizme, ktorá platí pre test biokoncentrácie s expozíciou vo vodnom prostredí.
Cultivation of the test organism
Celková dĺžka by sa mala počas skúšky zaznamenávať aj preto, že je dobrým ukazovateľom výskytu nežiaduceho účinku.
Plants may be obtained from natural populations or via aquatic plant suppliers.
HCB je uvedený v prílohách A a C k Štokholmskému dohovoru a v prílohách I a III k nariadeniu (ES) č. 850/2004 o perzistentných organických znečisťujúcich látkach (Ú. v. EÚ L 158, 30.4.2004, s. 7).
In both cases, the source of the plants should be documented and species identity should be verified.
Z dôvodu rýchleho rastu vo vychytávacej fáze bude skutočná kŕmna dávka nižšia ako tá na začiatku testu.
If in doubt, use of verified laboratory cultures from known sources is recommended.
V skúške expozície vo vodnom prostredí by 14 dňový polčas zodpovedal hodnote BCF okolo 10000 l/kg u rýb s hmotnosťou 1 g pri rýchlosti vychytávania 500 l/kg za deň [podľa rovnice publikovanej Sijm a kol.
Plants that have been exposed to any chemical contaminants, or collected from sites known to be contaminated, should not be used in this test.
(46)].
In regions where M. spicatum is not readily available during the winter months, long-term maintenance of stock cultures may be necessary under glasshouse or laboratory conditions.
Keďže skutočné vnútorné koncentrácie možno určiť až po vykonaní skúšky, je potrebné urobiť odhad očakávanej vnútornej koncentrácie (napr. na základe očakávanej hodnoty BMF a koncentrácie v potrave, pozri rovnicu A5.8 v dodatku 5).
Stock cultures should be maintained under conditions similar to the test conditions although irradiance and temperature may be reduced in order to reduce the frequency of culture maintenance (e.g. when Myriophyllum tests are not planned for a period).
Prítomnosť testovanej látky v testovacom médiu v dôsledku jej vylučovania rybami alebo vyplavovaním z potravy nie je možné úplne vylúčiť.
Use of larger aquaria and plant pots, than would be used in tests, is recommended in order to allow space for proliferation.
Jednou z možností je preto merať koncentráciu látky vo vode na konci vychytávacej fázy, najmä ak sa použije polostatický systém, aby sa zistilo, či nedošlo k expozícii vo vodnom prostredí.
Sediment and water-media composition should be the same as would be used for tests although alternative methods of sediment fertilisation may be adopted (e.g. use of commercial slow-release fertiliser formulations)
Tento postup je špecifický pre štúdie expozície z potravy a líši sa od postupu pri skúške expozície vo vodnom prostredí.
Stock plants should be visibly free of contamination with any other organisms, including snails, filamentous algae, fungi and insects, e.g. eggs or larvae of the moth Paraponyx stratiotata and larve or adults of the curculionidae Eubrychius velutus.
Preto sa namiesto pojmu „normalizácia“ používa pojem „oprava“, aby sa predišlo ich zámene, pozri aj poznámku pod čiarou (37).
Rinsing plant material in fresh water may be necessary to eliminate visible contamination.
Metódy analýzy potravín na bielkoviny, tuky, obsah hrubej vlákniny a popola; tieto informácie obyčajne poskytuje dodávateľ krmív.
In addition, efforts should be made to minimise the development of unicellular algae and bacterial contamination although complete sterility of the plant material is not necessary.
CI interval spoľahlivosti (ak sa dá zistiť)
Stock cultures should be monitored and transplanted as necessary to avoid development of algal and bacterial contamination.
SD štandardná odchýlka (ak sa dá zistiť)
Aeration of stock cultures may be beneficial should algal or bacterial contamination become problematic.
Náhodná úmrtnosť: úmrtnosť, ktorá nesúvisí s pôsobením chemikálie, ale k nej došlo v dôsledku náhodnej udalosti (t. j. príčina je známa)
In all cases, plants are cultured/ acclimatised under conditions that are similar, but not necessarily identical, to those used in the test for an adequate period (i.e. > 2 weeks) before their use in a test.
Mimovoľná úmrtnosť: úmrtnosť bez známej príčiny, ktorá nesúvisí s pôsobením chemikálie
Flowering stock cultures should not be used in a test as vegetative growth rates generally decline during and after flowering.
Stupeň disociácie možno potom vypočítať z vodivosti každého roztoku pomocou Onsagerovej rovnice, a teda pomocou Ostwaldovho zrieďovacieho zákona možno disociačnú konštantu vypočítať ako K = α2C/(1 – α), kde C je koncentrácia v mol/l a α je (disociačný stupeň) disociovaná frakcia.
Sediment
Musia sa prijať preventívne opatrenia na vylúčenie CO2.
The following formulated sediment, based on the artificial sediment used in Chapter C.28 of this Annex (8), is recommended for use in this test.
Albert, A. & Sergeant, E.P.: Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases, Wiley, Inc., New York, 1962.
The sediment is prepared as described in TM C.28, except for the addition of nutrients as described below:
Nelson, N.H.
4-5 % peat (dry weight, according to 2 ± 0,5 % organic carbon) as close to pH 5,5 to 6,0 as possible; it is important to use peat in powder form, finely ground (preferably particle size < 1 mm) and only air dried.
& Faust, S.D.: Acidic dissociation constants of selected aquatic herbicides, Env.
20 % (dry weight) kaolin clay (kaolinite content preferably above 30 %).
Sci.
75-76 % (dry weight) quartz sand (fine sand should predominate with more than 50 % of the particles between 50 and 200 μm).
Tech.
An aqueous nutrient medium is added such that the final sediment batch contains 200 mg/Kg dry sediment of both ammonium chloride and sodium phosphate and the moisture content of the final mixture is in a range of 30-50 %.
3, II, pp.
Calcium carbonate of chemically pure quality (CaCO3) is added to adjust the pH of the final mixture of the sediment to 7,0 ± 0,5.
1186-1188 (1969).
The source of peat, kaolin clay and sand should be known and documented.
ASTM D 1293 – Annual ASTM Standards, Philadelphia, 1974.
If the origin is unknown or gives some level of concern, then the respective components should be checked for the absence of chemical contamination (e.g. heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, organophosphorous compounds).
Standard Method 242.
The dry constituents of the sediment should be mixed homogenously prior to mixing the aqueous nutrient solution thoroughly into the sediment.
Clark, J. & Cunliffe, A.E.: Rapid spectrophotometric measurement of ionisation constants in aqueous solution.
The moist sediment should be prepared at least two days before use to allow thorough soaking of the peat and to prevent hydrophobic peat particles floating to the surface when the sediment is overlaid with media; before use, the moist sediment may be stored in the dark.
ASTM D 1125 – Annual ASTM Standards, Philadelphia, 1974.
For the test, the sediment is transferred into a suitable size containers, such as plant pots of a diameter which fit into the glass vessels (the sediment surface area should cover approximately 70 % or more of the vessel surface area).
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 60th ed.
In cases where the container has holes at the bottom, a piece of filter paper in the bottom of the container will help to keep the sediment within the container.
zdroj, podmienky umiestnenia, krmivo atď.
The pots are filled with the sediment such that the sediment surface is level, prior to covering with a thin layer (~ 2 to 3 mm) of an inert material such as sand, fine horticultural grit (or crushed coral) to keep the sediment in place.
Anestetiká a analgetiká:
Smart and Barko medium (12) is recommended for culturing and testing Myriophyllum spicatum.
Worth A.P. and Fentem J.H.
Preparation of this media is described in the Appendix 1.
Neun, D.J.
The pH of the media (water phase) at test initiation should be between 7,5 and 8,0 for optimum plant growth.
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation.
Experimental design
Wright EM, Marcella KL, Woodson JF.
The test should incorporate a minimum of six replicate test vessels for the untreated control and a minimum of four replicate test vessels for each of a minimum of five concentration levels.
National Research Council (NRC) (2008), Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Each test vessel represents a replicate containing three shoots.
National Research Council (NRC) (2009), Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
There are two options for growing three shoots in each test vessel:
ICCVAM (2010), ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Report: Recommendations for Routine Use of Topical Anesthetics, Systemic Analgesics, and Humane Endpoints to Avoid or Minimize Pain and Distress in Ocular Safety Testing, NIH Publication No.
Test Design A: one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel.
10-7514, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Test Design B: three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel.
OECD (2006), Test No.
Alternative test designs of one shoot per pot per test vessel are acceptable provided that replication is adjusted as required to achieve the required validity criteria.
435: In vitro Membrane Barrier Test Method for Skin corrosion, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4, OECD Paris.
The individual test vessels should be randomly assigned to the treatment groups.
U.S.
A randomised design for the location of the test vessels in the test area is required to minimise the influence of spatial differences in light intensity or temperature.
UN (2011), Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Fourth revised edition, New York & Geneva: United Nations Publications.
Test chemical concentrations and control groups
ECHA, Usmernenie k požiadavkám na informácie a k hodnoteniu chemickej bezpečnosti, kapitola R.7a: Usmernenia ku konkrétnemu sledovanému parametru.
To determine an ECx, test concentrations should bracket the ECx to ensure an appropriate level of confidence.
Viacstupňový prístup
The use of more test concentrations will improve the confidence interval around the resulting ECx value.
OECD (1998) Harmonized Integrated Hazard Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Effects of Chemical Substances, as endorsed by the 28th Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, November 1998 (http://www.oecd.org/ehs/Class/HCL6.htm).
To determine the LOEC/NOEC (optional endpoint), the lowest test concentration should be sufficiently low such that growth is not significantly different from growth in control plants.
Worth, A.P. and Fentem J.H.
In addition, the highest test concentration should be sufficiently high such that growth is significantly lower than that in the control.
Young, J.R., How, M.J., Walker, A.P., Worth W.M.H.
The use of more replicates will enhance the statistical power of the no effect-concentration/ ANOVA design.
Fentem, J.H., Archer, G.E.B., Balls, M., Botham, P.A., Curren, R.D., Earl, L.K., Edsail, D.J., Holzhutter, H.G. and Liebsch, M. (1998) The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for skin corrosivity.
In cases where a range-finding test indicates that the test chemical does not have an adverse effect at concentrations up to 100 mg/l or up to its limit of solubility in the test medium, or in the case of a formulation up to the limit of dispersibility, a limit test may be undertaken to facilitate comparison of responses in a control group and one treatment group — 100 mg/l or a concentration equal to the limit of solubility, or 1000 mg/kg dry sediment.
Test in vitro na chromozómové aberácie u cicavcov
This test should follow the general principles of a standard dose-response test, with the exception that an increase in the minimum number of replicates to six test vessels per control and concentration is advised.
CAS č.
Test solutions are usually prepared by dilution of a stock solution, prepared by dissolving or dispersing the test chemical in Smart and Barko media, using demineralised (i.e. distilled or deionised) water (see Appendix 1).
Evans, H.J.
The highest test concentration should normally not exceed the water solubility of the test chemical or, in the case of formulations, the dispersibility under the test conditions.
Galloway, S.M. et al. (1994).
For test chemicals of low water solubility, it may be necessary to prepare a concentrated stock solution or dispersion of the chemical using an organic solvent or dispersant in order to facilitate the addition of accurate quantities of the test chemical to the test medium and aid in its dispersion and dissolution.
Muehlbauer, P.A. et al. (2008), “Improving dose selection and identification of aneugens in the in vitro chromosome aberration test by integration of flow cytometry-based methods”, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Every effort should be made to avoid the use of such solvents or dispersants.
49/4, pp.
For example, commonly used solvents, which do not cause phytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 μl/l, include acetone and dimethylformamide.
ILSI paper (draft), Lorge, E., M. Moore, J. Clements, M. O Donovan, F. Darroudi, M. Honma, A. Czich, J van Benthem, S. Galloway, V. Thybaud, B. Gollapudi, M. Aardema, J. Kim, D.J.
If a solvent or dispersant is used, its final concentration should be reported and kept to a minimum (≤ 100 μl/l).
Scott, D. et al. (1991).
Under these circumstances all treatments and (solvent) controls should contain the same concentration of solvent or dispersant.
Morita, T. et al. (1992).
Untreated control replicates that do not contain a solvent or dispersant are also incorporated into the test design.
297-305.
Further guidance on the use of dispersants is given in an OECD Guidance Document (11).
Brusick, D. (1986), Genotoxic effects in cultured mammalian cells produced by low pH treatment conditions and increased ion concentrations, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
The test procedure varies according to the application route of the test chemical (i.e. via the water or sediment phase).
8/6, pp.
The likely behaviour of the test chemical in a water-sediment system should be considered to inform the choice of exposure regime used in the test (i.e. static or static renewal, spiked water or spiked sediment).
789-886.
Spiked sediment tests may be preferred in some cases for chemicals that are predicted to significantly partition to sediment.
Long, L.H. et al. (2007).
Establishment phase
177-183.
Healthy shoot apices/tips, i.e. without side shoots, are cut from the culture plants to give a shoot length of 6 cm (± 1 cm).
Nesslany, F. et al. (2008).
For Test Design A (one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel) single shoot tips are planted into each pot.
439-452.
For Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel) four to five shoot apices are planted into each pot containing the sediment.
Galloway, S. (2000), Cytotoxicity and chromosome aberrations in vitro: Experience in industry and the case for an upper limit on toxicity in the aberration assay, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
In both cases surplus pots should be planted to allow for selection of uniform plants at test initiation, as well as to provide spare plants to be used for inspection of root growth immediately prior to treatment and spare plants to be harvested for shoot biomass and length measurements on Day 0.
35/3, pp.
Shoots are inserted such that approximately three cm, covering at least two nodes, are beneath the sediment surface.
191-201.
Pots are then transferred to test vessels under the same environmental conditions as for the exposure phase and maintained for seven days in Smart and Barko medium to induce root development.
Greenwood, S. et al. (2004), Population doubling: a simple and more accurate estimation of cell growth suppression in the in vitro assay for chromosomal aberrations that reduces irrelevant positive results, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
After this time, several plants in spare pots should be removed for inspection of root growth.
43/1, pp.
If root growth is not visible (i.e. root tips are not visible), then the establishment phase should be extended until root growth is visible.
36–44.
This step is recommended to ensure that plants are actively growing at the time of test initiation.
Hilliard, C.A. et al. (1998), Chromosome aberrations in vitro related to cytotoxicity of nonmutagenic chemicals and metabolic poisons, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Selection of uniform plant material
31/4, pp.
For Test Design A (one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel) pots are selected for uniformity prior to test initiation.
316–326.
For Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel), surplus plants are removed to leave three plants that are uniform in size and appearance.
Hedner K. et al. (1982), Sister chromatid exchanges and structural chromosomal aberrations in relation to age and sex, Human Genetics, Vol.
Exposure via the water phase
62, pp.
Pots, selected for uniformity, are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
305-309.
Smart and Barko medium is then added to the test vessels.
Ramsey M.J. et al. (1995), The effects of age and lifestyle factors on the accumulation of cytogenetic damage as measured by chromosome painting, Mutation Research, Vol.
Care should be taken to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
338, pp.
For this purpose, media may be added using a funnel or a plastic disc to cover the sediment while the medium is poured into the test vessels provided that the disc is removed immediately afterwards.
95-106.
Alternatively, plant pots may be placed in the test vessels after the addition of the media.
Ames, B.N., J. McCann, E. Yamasaki (1975), Methods for Detecting Carcinogens and Mutagens with the Salmonella/Mammalian Microsome Mutagenicity Test, Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, Vol.
In both cases, fresh media may be used at the beginning of the exposure phase, if necessary to minimise the potential build-up of algae and bacteria or to allow preparation of single batches of test solution across replicates.
31/6, pp.
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the medium.
347-363.
The relevant amounts of the test chemical may be added to the test medium before it is added to the test vessels.
Maron, D.M., B.N.
Alternatively, the test chemical may be introduced into the medium after it has been added to the test vessels.
Natarajan, A.T. et al. (1976), Cytogenetic Effects of Mutagens/Carcinogens after Activation in a Microsomal System In Vitro, I. Induction of Chromosomal Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges by Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in CHO Cells in the Presence of Rat-Liver Microsomes, Mutation Research, Vol.
In this case, care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical is homogeneously distributed throughout the test system without disturbing the sediment.
37/1, pp.
In all cases, the appearance (e.g. clear, cloudy, etc.) of the test media is recorded at test initiation.
83-90.
Exposure via sediment
Matsuoka, A., M. Hayashi, M. Jr.
Spiked sediments of the chosen concentration are prepared by addition of a solution of the test chemical directly to fresh sediment.
Ong, T.-m. et al. (1980).
A stock solution of the test chemical dissolved in deionised water is mixed with the formulated sediment by rolling mill, feed mixer or hand mixing.
55-65.
If poorly soluble in water, the test chemical can be dissolved in as small a volume as possible of a suitable organic solvent (e.g. hexane, acetone or chloroform).
Matsushima, T. et al. (1999).