natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Details on holding the brood stock under satisfactory conditions may be found in Appendix 3 and the references cited (3)(4)(5).
Mlaď
Handling of fertilised eggs, embryos and larvae
Typ
Initially, fertilised eggs, embryos and larvae may be exposed within the main vessel in smaller glass or stainless steel vessels, fitted with mesh sides or ends to permit a flow of test solution through the vessel.
Frekvencia
Non-turbulent flow-through in these small vessels may be induced by suspending them from an arm arranged to move the vessel up and down but always keeping the organisms submerged.
potrava pre pstruhy
Fertilised eggs of salmonid fishes can be supported on racks or meshes with apertures sufficiently large to allow larvae to drop through after hatching.
žiadna [2]
Where egg containers, grids or meshes have been used to hold eggs within the main test vessel, these restraints should be removed after the larvae hatch, according to the guidance in Appendix 3, except that meshes should be retained to prevent the escape of the larvae.
štartovacia potrava pre pstruhy, BSN
If there is a need to transfer the larvae, they should not be exposed to the air and nets should not be used to release larvae from egg containers.
2 – 4 kŕmenia denne
The timing of this transfer varies with the species and should be documented in the report.
14 – 16 dní po vyliahnutí alebo pri vyplávaní (nie rozhodujúce)
However, a transfer may not always be necessary.
19 dní po vyliahnutí alebo pri vyplávaní
Any water in which the test species shows suitable long-term survival and growth may be used as test water (see Appendix 4).
BSN, vločkové krmivo, FBS
It should be of constant quality during the period of the test.
BSN48, vločkové krmivo
In order to ensure that the dilution water will not unduly influence the test result (for example by complexation of test chemical), or adversely affect the performance of the brood stock, samples should be taken at intervals for analysis.
2 – 3-krát denne
Measurements of heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd, Ni), major anions and cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–, SO42–), ammonia, total residual chlorine pesticides, total organic carbon and suspended solids should be made, for example, on a bi-annual basis where a dilution water is known to be relatively constant in quality.
po vyliahnutí 90 % vajíčok
If the water is known to be of variable quality the measurements have to be conducted more often; the frequency is dependent of how variable the quality is.
2 dni po vyliahnutí
Some chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water are listed in Appendix 4.
BSN, vločkové krmivo
For flow-through tests, a system which continually dispenses and dilutes a stock solution of the test chemical (e.g. metering pump, proportional diluter, saturator system) is required to deliver a series of concentrations to the test chambers.
Komerčné krmivo pre larvy, prvoky [3], bielkoviny [4]
The flow rates of stock solutions and dilution water should be checked at intervals during the test and should not vary by more than 10 % throughout the test.
BSN48, vločkové krmivo,
A flow rate equivalent to at least five test chamber volumes per 24 hours has been found suitable (3).
BSN raz denne; vločkové krmivo dvakrát denne
However, if the loading rate specified in paragraph 19 is respected, a lower flow rate of e.g. 2-3 test chamber volumes is possible to prevent quick removal of food.
2 dni po vyliahnutí
Test solutions of the chosen concentrations are prepared by dilution of a stock solution.
vločkové krmivo
The stock solution should preferably be prepared by simply mixing or agitating the test chemical in dilution water by using mechanical means (e.g. stirring and/or ultrasonication).
BSN, vločkové krmivo (alebo prvoky alebo vírniky)
Saturation columns (solubility columns) or passive dosing methods (6) can be used for achieving a suitable concentrated stock solution.
BSN48, vločkové krmivo (alebo vírniky)
The use of a solvent carrier is not recommended.
BSN raz denne; vločkové krmivo dvakrát denne alebo vločkové krmivo a vírniky raz denne
However, in case a solvent is necessary, a solvent control should be run in parallel, at the same solvent concentration as the chemical treatments; i.e. the solvent level should preferably be equal across all concentrations as well as the solvent control.
neuplatňuje sa
For some diluter systems this might be technically difficult; here the solvent concentration in the solvent control should be equal to the highest solvent concentration in the treatment group.
6 – 7 dní po vytretí
For difficult to test substances, the OECD Guidance Document No. 23 on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures should be consulted (2).
Cyprinodon variegatus
If a solvent is used, the choice of solvent will be determined by the chemical properties of the substance.
2 – 3 kŕmenia denne
The OECD Guidance Document No. 23 recommends a maximum concentration of 100 μl/l.
1 deň po vyliahnutí/pri vyplávaní
To avoid potential effect of the solvent on endpoints measured (7), it is recommended to keep solvent concentration as low as possible.
Potrava by sa mala podávať až do nasýtenia.
For a semi-static test, two different renewal procedures may be followed.
Nadbytočná potrava a výkaly by sa mali podľa potreby odstrániť, aby sa nehromadil odpad.
Either new test solutions are prepared in clean vessels and surviving eggs and larvae gently transferred into the new vessels, or the test organisms are retained in the test vessels whilst a proportion (at least two thirds) of the test solution / control volume is changed.
larvy so žĺtkovým vakom si nevyžadujú žiadnu potravu
The test should start as soon as possible after the eggs have been fertilised and preferably being immersed in the test solutions before cleavage of the blastodisc commences, or as close as possible after this stage.
filtrované zo zmiešanej kultúry
The test duration will depend upon the species used.
granule z fermentačného procesu
Some recommended durations are given in Appendix 2.
ŠTATITICKÉ USMERNENIE NA STANOVENIE NOEC
They should be randomly distributed among treatments, and at least 80 eggs, divided equally between at least four replicate test chambers, should be used per concentration.
Jednotkou analýzy je nádrž s replikátom.
The loading rate (biomass per volume of test solution) should be low enough in order that a dissolved oxygen concentration of at least 60 % of the air saturation value can be maintained without aeration during the egg and larval stage.
To znamená, že pre kontinuálne merania, ako je veľkosť, by sa mala vypočítať priemerná alebo mediánová hodnota replikátu a tieto hodnoty replikátu sa stanú údajmi pre analýzu.
For flow-through tests, a loading rate not exceeding 0,5 g/l wet weight per 24 hours and not exceeding 5 g/l of solution at any time has been recommended (3).
Mala by sa preukázať sila vykonávaných testov, najlepšie na základe príslušnej historickej databázy pre každé laboratórium.
The photoperiod and water temperature should be appropriate for the test species (see Appendix 2).
Pre každý ukazovateľ by sa mal poskytnúť účinok na veľkosť, ktorý možno zistiť so 75 – 80 % silou, a to spolu so štatistickým testom, ktorý sa má použiť.
Food and feeding are critical, and it is essential that the correct food for each life-stage is supplied from an appropriate time and at a level sufficient to support normal growth.
Podľa databáz dostupných v čase vypracúvania tejto testovacej metódy sa určí sila, ktorá je možná na základe odporúčaných štatistických postupov.
Feeding should be approximately equal across replicates unless adjusted to account for mortality.
Jednotlivé laboratóriá by mali preukázať svoju schopnosť splniť túto požiadavku na silu buď vykonaním svojej vlastnej analýzy sily alebo preukázaním toho, že variačný koeficient (CV) pre žiadnu reakciu neprekračuje 90. percentil CV použitých pri vypracúvaní usmernení na vykonávanie testov.
Surplus food and faeces should be removed as necessary, to avoid accumulation of waste.
V tabuľke 1 sú uvedené tieto CV.
Detailed feeding regimes are given in Appendix 3 but, as experience is gained, food and feeding regimes are continually being refined to improve survival and optimise growth.
Ak sú k dispozícii len priemerné alebo mediánové hodnoty replikátu, CV v rámci replikátu možno ignorovať.
Live food provides a source of environmental enrichment and therefore should be used in place of or in addition to dry or frozen food whenever appropriate to the species and life stage.
percentil CV pre zvolené sladkovodné druhy
Normally five concentrations of the test chemical, with a minimum of four replicates per concentration, spaced by a constant factor not exceeding 3,2 are required.
Druh
If available, information on the acute testing, preferable with the same species and/or a range finding test should be considered (1) when selecting the range of test concentrations.
Reakcia
However, all sources of information should be considered when selecting the range of test concentrations, including sources like e.g. read across, fish embryo acute toxicity test data.
CV_medzi replikátmi
A limit test, or an extended limit test, with fewer than five concentrations as the definitive test may be acceptable where empirical NOECs only are to be established.
CV_v rámci replikátov
Concentrations of the test chemical higher than the 96 hour LC50 or 10 mg/l, whichever is the lower, need not be tested.
Pstruh dúhový
Frequency of Analytical Determinations and Measurements
Takmer pri všetkých štatistických testoch používaných na vyhodnocovanie laboratórnych toxikologických štúdií majú dôležitosť porovnania skupín s aplikovanou chemikáliou s kontrolnými skupinami.
Prior to initiation of the exposure period, proper function of the chemical delivery system across all replicates should be ensured (for example, by measuring test concentrations).
Preto nie je vhodné pred použitím Dunnettovho alebo Williamsovho testu požadovať významný ANOVA F-test alebo pred použitím Jonckheereho-Terpstrovho, Mannovho-Whitneyho alebo Dunnovho testu požadovať významný Kruskalov-Wallisov test (Hochberg a Tamhane 1987, Hsu 1996, Dunnett 1955, 1964, Williams 1971, 1972, 1975, 1977, Robertson et al. 1988, Jonckheere 1954, Dunn 1964).
Analytical methods required should be established, including an appropriate limit of quantification (LOQ) and sufficient knowledge on the substance stability in the test system.
Dunnettov test má v sebe zabudovanú úpravu mnohopočetnosti a na jeho mieru falošných pozitívnych a falošných negatívnych nálezov má nepriaznivý vplyv použitie F-testu ako kontrolného testu.
During the test, the concentrations of the test chemical are determined at regular intervals to characterise exposure.
Podobne sa step-down Williamsovým a Jonckheereho-Terpstrovým testom trendu používajúcimi v každom kroku úroveň významnosti 0,05 zachováva celková 5 % miera falošných pozitívnych nálezov a túto mieru a silu testov nepriaznivo ovplyvňuje používanie F-testu alebo Kruskalovho-Wallisovho testu ako kontrolného testu.
A minimum of five determinations is necessary.
Mannov-Whitneyho a Dunnov test sa musí upraviť na mnohopočetnosť, pričom sa odporúča Bonferroniho-Holmova úprava.
In flow-through systems, analytical measurements of the test chemical in one replicate per concentration should be made at least once a week changing systematically amongst replicates.
Dôkladná diskusia o väčšine odporúčaní k testovaniu hypotéz a overovaniu predpokladov, z ktorých tieto testy vychádzajú, je uvedená v dokumente OECD z roku 2006, kde sa takisto uvádza rozsiahla bibliografia.
Additional analytical determinations will often improve the quality of the test outcome.
Spracovanie kontrolných skupín pri použití rozpúšťadla
Samples may need to be filtered to remove any particulate matter (e.g. using a 0,45 μm pore size) or centrifuged to ensure that the determinations are made on the chemical in true solution.
Kontrolná skupina s vodou na riedenie aj kontrolná skupina s rozpúšťadlom by sa mali zahrnúť, ak sa používa rozpúšťadlo.
In order to reduce adsorption of the test chemical, the filters should be saturated before the use.
V týchto dvoch kontrolných skupinách sa porovná každá reakcia a, ak sa medzi nimi nezistí žiadny významný rozdiel, skombinujú sa na účely štatistickej analýzy.
When the measured concentrations do not remain within 80-120 % of the nominal concentration, the effect concentrations should be determined and expressed relative to the arithmetic mean concentration for flow-through tests (see Appendix 6 of the test method C.20 for the calculation of the arithmetic mean (8)), and expressed relative to the geometric mean of the measured concentrations for semi-static tests (see Chapter 5 in the OECD Guidance Document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures (2)).
Inak by sa na stanovenie NOEC alebo odhad ECx mala použiť kontrolná skupina s rozpúšťadlom a kontrolná skupina s vodou sa nepoužije.
During the test, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature should be measured in all test vessels, at least weekly, and salinity and hardness, if warranted, at the beginning and end of the test.
Pozri obmedzenia v kritériách platnosti (bod 7).
Temperature should preferably be monitored continuously in at least one test vessel.
Pokiaľ ide o dĺžku, hmotnosť, pomer vyliahnutia vajíčok, úmrtnosti lariev alebo abnormálnych lariev a prvý alebo posledný deň liahnutia alebo vyplávanie, na porovnanie kontrolnej skupiny s vodou na riedenie a kontrolnej skupiny s rozpúšťadlom pri 0,05 hladine významnosti by sa mal použiť T-test alebo Mannov-Whitneyho test, pričom by sa mali ignorovať všetky skupiny s aplikovanou chemikáliou.
Stage of embryonic development
Výsledky týchto testov by sa mali uviesť.
the embryonic stage at the beginning of exposure to the test chemical should be verified as precisely as possible.
Merania veľkosti (dĺžka a hmotnosť)
This can be done using a representative sample of eggs suitably preserved and cleaned.
Hodnoty dĺžky a hmotnosti jednotlivých rýb môžu byť rozložené normálne alebo logaritmicko-normálne.
Hatching and survival
V obidvoch prípadoch majú stredné hodnoty replikátov tendenciu byť rozložené normálne v zmysle centrálnej limitnej vety a potvrdené z údajov z vyše 100 štúdií ELS troch sladkovodných druhov.
observations on hatching and survival should be made at least once daily and numbers recorded.
Alternatívne tam, kde z údajov alebo historických databáz vyplýva logaritmicko-normálne rozdelenie hodnôt veľkostí jednotlivých rýb, možno vypočítať logaritmus priemernej veľkosti jednotlivých rýb replikátov a ako údaje pre analýzu možno potom použiť antilogaritmy týchto logaritmov priemernej hodnoty replikátov.
If fungus on eggs is observed early in embryonic development (e.g. at day one or two of test), those eggs should be counted and removed.
Údaje by sa mali vyhodnotiť z hľadiska konzistencie s normálnym rozložením a homogenitou rozptylu.
Dead embryos, larvae and juvenile fish should be removed as soon as observed since they can decompose rapidly and may be broken up by the actions of the other fish.
Na tento účel by sa mali použiť reziduá z modelu ANOVA s koncentráciou ako jedinou vysvetľujúcou triednou premennou.
Extreme care should be taken when removing dead individuals not to physically damage adjacent eggs/larvae.
Možno použiť vizuálne stanovenie z korelačných (bodových) grafov a histogramov alebo stonkových a listových (tzv. stem-and-leaf) grafov.
Signs of death vary according to species and life stage.
Alternatívne možno použiť neformálny test, ako je Shapirov-Wilkov test alebo Andersonov-Darlingov test.
For example:
Konzistentnosť s homogenitou rozptylu možno posúdiť na základe vizuálneho preskúmania toho korelačného (bodového) grafu alebo formálne z Levenovho testu.
for fertilised eggs: particularly in the early stages, a marked loss of translucency and change in colouration, caused by coagulation and/or precipitation of protein, leading to a white opaque appearance;
Len parametrické testy (napr. Williamsov, Dunnettov) treba vyhodnotiť z hľadiska normality alebo homogenity rozptylu.
for embryos, larvae and juvenile fish: immobility and/or absence of respiratory movement and/or absence of heartbeat and/or lack of reaction to mechanical stimulus.
Mala by sa venovať pozornosť možným extrémnym hodnotám (outlier) a ich účinku na analýzu.
Abnormal appearance
Možno použiť Tukeyho test extrémnych hodnôt a vizuálnu kontrolu tých istých už opísaných diagramov reziduí.
the number of larvae or juvenile fish showing abnormality of body form should be recorded at adequate intervals depending on the duration of the test and the nature of the abnormality described.
Treba pripomenúť, že pozorovaniami sú celé replikáty, takže k vypusteniu extrémnej hodnoty z analýzy by sa malo pristúpiť len po dôkladnom zvážení.
It should be noted that abnormal larvae and juvenile fish occur naturally and can be of the order of several percent in the control(s) in some species.
Štatistické testy, pri ktorých sa používajú charakteristiky návrhu experimentu a biologické očakávania, sú step-down testmi trendu, ako sú Williamsov a Jonckheereho-Terpstrov test.
Where deformities and associated abnormal behaviour are considered so severe that there is considerable suffering to the organism, and it has reached a point beyond which it will not recover, it may be removed from the test.
Tieto testy predpokladajú monotónnu koncentračnú závislosť a malo by sa posúdiť, či sú údaje v súlade s týmto predpokladom.
Such animals should be euthanised and treated as mortalities for subsequent data analysis.
To možno vykonať vizuálne z korelačného (bodového) grafu vzťahu medzi priemernými hodnotami replikátov a koncentráciami.
Normal embryonic development has been documented for most species recommended in this test method (9) (10) (11) (12).
Tento korelačný (bodový) graf by bolo vhodné prekryť úsekovým lineárnym grafom spájajúcim priemerné koncentrácie vážené veľkosťou vzorky replikátu.
Abnormal behaviour
Veľká odchýlka tohto úsekového lineárneho diagramu od monotónnosti by naznačovala možnú potrebu použitia netrendových testov.
abnormalities, e.g. hyperventilation, uncoordinated swimming, atypical quiescence and atypical feeding behaviour should be recorded at adequate intervals depending on the duration of the test (e.g. once daily for warm water species).
Alternatívne možno použiť formálne testy.
These effects, although difficult to quantify, can, when observed, aid in the interpretation of mortality data.
Jednoduchým formálnym testom je vypočítanie lineárnych a kvadratických kontrastov priemerných koncentrácií.
Weight
Ak je kvadratický kontrast významný a lineárny kontrast nie je významný, naznačuje to možný problém s monotónnosťou, ktorej ďalšie hodnotenie by sa malo uskutočniť na základe diagramov.
at the end of the test, all surviving fish are weighed at least on a replicate basis (reporting the number of animals in the replicate and the mean weight per animal): wet weight — (blotted dry) is preferred, however, dry weight data may also be reported (13).
Ak môžu normalita alebo homogenita rozptylu predstavovať problém, možno tieto kontrasty zostaviť z údajov transformovaných podľa poradia.
Length
Možno použiť alternatívne postupy, ako je Bartholomewov test monotónnosti, pridávajú však na zložitosti.
at the end of the test, individual lengths are measured.
Obrázok 2
Total length is recommended, if however, caudal fin rot or fin erosion occurs, standard length can be used.
Vývojový diagram NOEC s meraniami veľkosti (dĺžka a hmotnosť)
The same method should be used for all fish in a given test.
Normalizačná transformácia?
Individual length can be measured either by e.g. callipers, digital camera, or calibrated ocular micrometer.
Áno Áno Nie
Typical minimum lengths are defined in Appendix 2.
Transformácia na normálny, homogénny stav?
It is recommended that the design of the experiment and selection of statistical test permit adequate power (80 % or higher) to detect changes of biological importance in endpoints where a NOEC is to be reported.
Williams alebor Jonckherre test zostup- nëho trendu (step-down)
If an ECx is to be reported, the design of the experiment and selection of regression model should permit estimation of ECx so that (i) the 95 % confidence interval reported for ECx does not contain zero and is not overly wide, (ii) the 95 % confidence interval for the predicted mean at ECx does not contain the control mean (iii) there is no significant lack-of-fit of regression model to the data.
Sú priemery replikátov normálne?
Either approach requires the identification of the percent change in each endpoint that is important to detect or estimate.
Dunnettov test Áno
The experimental design should be tailored to allow that.
Zodpovedajú údaje monotónnej reakcii na koncentráciu?
When the above conditions for determining the ECx are not satisfied, the NOEC approach should be used.
Rovnaký rozptyl?
It is not likely that the same percent change applies to all endpoints, nor is it likely that a feasible experiment can be designed that will meet these criteria for all endpoints, so it is important to focus on the endpoints, which are important for the respective experiment in designing the experiment appropriately.
Ak je % účinku na NOEC veľké alebo % účinku na LOEC malé, tak skúste ECx
Statistical flow diagrams and guidance for each approach are available in Appendixes 5 and 6 to guide in the treatment of data and in the choice of the most appropriate statistical test or model to use.
>=replikáty na koncentráciu
Other statistical approaches may be used, provided they are scientifically justified.
Áno
In order to make a multiple comparison between the results at the individual concentrations and those for the controls, the step-down Jonckheere-Terpstra or Williams' test is recommended for continuous responses and a step-down Cochran-Armitage test for quantal responses that are consistent with a monotone concentration-response and with no evidence of extra-binomial variance (14).
Pokiaľ nie sú údaje v súlade s požiadavkami týchto testov, NOEC sa stanoví uplatnením step-down Williamsovho alebo Jonckheereho-Terpstrovho testu trendu.
When there is evidence of extra-binomial variance, the Rao-Scott modification of the Cochran-Armitage test is recommended (15) (16) or Williams or Dunnett's (after an arcsin-square-root transform) or Jonckheere-Terpstra test applied to replicate proportions.
V dokumente OECD z roku 2006 sa uvádzajú podrobnosti k tomuto postupu.
Where the data are not consistent with a monotone concentration-response, Dunnett's or Dunn's or the Mann-Whitney method may be found useful for continuous responses and Fisher's Exact test for quantal responses (14) (17) (18).
Pre údaje, ktoré nie sú v súlade s požiadavkami na step-down test trendu, možno použiť Dunnettov test alebo Tamhaneho-Dunnettov (T3) test, z ktorých obidva majú zabudované úpravy pre mnohopočetnosť.
Care should be taken where applying any statistical method or model to ensure that the requirements of the method or model are satisfied (e.g. chamber to chamber variability is estimated and accounted for in the experimental design and test or model used).
Tieto testy predpokladajú normalitu a, v prípade Dunnettovho testu, homogenitu rozptylu.
Data are to be evaluated for normality and Appendix 5 indicates what should be done on the residuals from an ANOVA.
Ak nie sú tieto podmienky splnené, možno použiť Dunnov neparametrický test.
Appendix 6 discusses additional considerations for the regression approach.
V dokumente OECD z roku 2006 sa uvádzajú podrobnosti ku všetkým týmto testom.
Transformations to meet the requirements of a statistical test should be considered.
Na obrázku 2 je uvedený prehľad o tom, ako vybrať test.
However, transformations to enable the fitting of a regression model require great care, as, for example, a 25 % change in the untransformed response does not correspond to a 25 % change in a transformed response.
Vyliahnutie vajíčok a prežitie lariev
In all analyses, the test chamber, not the individual fish, is the unit of analysis and the experimental unit and both hypothesis tests and regression should reflect that (3) (14) (19) (20).
Údaje predstavujú pomery vajíčok, z ktorých sa vyliahnu larvy, alebo lariev, ktoré prežijú v jednotlivých replikátoch.