natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Recommendations for the storage of artificial sediment are given in Appendix 5.
v podmienkach teploty a kŕmenia uvedených ďalej sa populácia zdvojnásobí za menej ako dva týždne [Aston a kol., 1982, (65)].
Application of the test substance
Druh B. sowerbyi sa použil v štúdiách toxicity i bioakumulácie [Marchese a Brinkhurst 1996, (31), resp. Roghair a kol.
The sediment is spiked with the test substance.
1996, (67)].
The spiking procedure involves coating of one or more of the sediment constituents with the test substance.
Ďalej sa uvádza zhrnutie kultivačných podmienok pre druh Branchiura sowerbyi (poskytli Mercedes R. Marchese, INALI, Argentína a Carla J. Roghair, RIVM, Holandsko).
For example, the quartz sand, or a portion thereof (e.g. 10 g of quartz sand per test vessel), can be soaked with a solution of the test substance in a suitable solvent, which is then slowly evaporated to dryness.
Nevyžaduje sa žiadna konkrétna metóda kultivácie testovacích organizmov.
The coated fraction can then be mixed into the wet sediment.
Organizmy možno kultivovať s použitím nekontaminovaného prírodného sedimentu (31).
The amount of sand provided by the test-substance-and-sand mixture has to be taken into account when preparing the sediment, i.e. the sediment should thus be prepared with less sand (6).
Z praktických skúseností vyplynulo, že médium zložené z prírodného sedimentu a piesku zlepšuje stav červov v porovnaní s čisto prírodným sedimentom (32) (67).
With a natural sediment, the test substance may be added by spiking a dried portion of the sediment as described above for the artificial sediment, or by stirring the test substance into the wet sediment, with subsequent evaporating of any solubilising agent used.
Na kultiváciu možno použiť 3 l kadičky obsahujúce 1500 ml média zo sedimentu/vody, ktoré sa skladá z 375 ml prírodného nekontaminovaného sedimentu (približne 10 % celkového organického uhlíka, približne 17 % častíc ≤ 63 μm), 375 ml čistého piesku (M32) a 750 ml rekonštituovanej alebo odchlórovanej vody z vodovodu (31) (32) (67).
Suitable solvents for spiking wet sediment are ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethylformamide and triethylene glycol (5)(34).
Ako substrát na kultiváciu sa môžu použiť aj papierové servítky, ale rast populácie bude nižší ako v prírodnom sedimente.
Toxicity and volatility of the solvent and the solubility of the test substance in the chosen solvent should be the main criteria for the selection of a suitable solubilising agent.
V semistatických systémoch sa vrstva vody v kadičke pomaly prevzdušňuje a nadložná voda by sa mala obnovovať raz týždenne.
Additional guidance on spiking procedures is given in Environment Canada (1995)(41).
Každá kadička na začiatku obsahuje 25 mladých červov.
Care should be taken to ensure that the test substance added to sediment is thoroughly and evenly distributed within the sediment.
Po dvoch mesiacoch sa veľké červy vyberú zo sedimentu pinzetou a vložia sa do novej kadičky s čerstvo vyrobeným médiom zo sedimentu/vody.
Replicated sub-samples of the spiked sediment should be analysed to check the concentrations of the test substance in the sediment, and to determine the degree of homogeneity of test substance distribution.
Stará kadička obsahuje aj zámotky a mladé červy.
Once the spiked sediment with overlying water has been prepared, it is desirable to allow partitioning of the test substance between the sediment and the aqueous phase.
Týmto spôsobom možno z jednej kadičky získať až 400 mladých červov.
Appropriate equilibration time is sediment and substance specific, and can be in the order of hours to days and in rare cases up to several weeks (4-5 weeks) (28)(42).
Dospelé červy možno používať na rozmnožovanie minimálne jeden rok.
Depending on the purpose of the study, e.g., when environmental conditions are to be mimicked, the spiked sediment may be equilibrated or aged for a longer period (11).
Kultúry by sa mali udržiavať pri teplote 21 – 25 °C.
It may be useful to conduct a preliminary experiment in order to optimise the test conditions of the definitive test, e.g. selection of test substance concentration(s) and duration of the uptake and elimination phases.
Zmeny teploty by nemali prekročiť ± 2 °C.
Duration of the uptake phase
Počet vajíčok na zámotok je v rozmedzí od 1,8 do 2,8 (66) (69) alebo maximálne 8 (68).
The test organisms are exposed to the test substance during the uptake phase.
Červy možno kŕmiť aj rozmrazeným šalátom ad libitum.
The first sample should be taken between 4 and 24 h after start of uptake phase.
Veľkou výhodou tohto druhu je vysoká individuálna biomasa (až 40 – 50 mg mokrej hmotnosti na jedinca).
The uptake phase should be run for up to 28 days (1)(6)(11) unless it can be demonstrated that equilibrium has been reached earlier.
Tento druh preto možno použiť na testovanie bioakumulácie testovaných látok, ktoré nie sú rádioaktívne označené.
The steady state occurs when:
Expozícia môže prebiehať v systémoch používaných pre druh T. tubifex alebo L. variegatus s jedným jedincom na replikát (11).
a plot of the bioaccumulation factors at each sampling period against time is parallel to the time axis;
V takom prípade by sa však mal zvýšiť počet replikátov, pokiaľ sa nepoužijú väčšie skúšobné komory (11).
three successive analyses of BAF made on samples taken at intervals of at least two days vary no more than ± 20 % of each other;
Pri tomto druhu je potrebné upraviť aj kritérium validity týkajúce sa zahrabávania.
Duration of the elimination phase
Kapitola C.27 tejto prílohy, test toxicity Chironomidae v systéme sediment – voda za použitia obohateného sedimentu
The first sample should be taken between 4 and 24 h after start of elimination phase, since during the initial period, rapid changes in tissue residue may occur.
Workshop on ‚Bioaccumulation: Sediment test using benthic oligochaetes‘, 26. – 27.4.1999, Hochheim/Main, Nemecko.
It is recommended to terminate the elimination phase either when the concentration of test substance is less than 10 % of steady-state concentration, or after a maximum duration of 10 days.
Report on the R+D-project No.
The residue level in the worms at the end of the elimination phase is reported as a secondary endpoint.
R. Nagel a R. Loskill (eds.):
The period may, however, be governed by the period over which the concentration of the test substance in the worms remains above the analytical detection limit.
Bioaccumulation of lipophilic compounds from sediments by oligochaetes.
Numbers of test worms
Wat.
The number of worms per sample must provide a mass of worm tissue such that the mass of test substance per sample at the beginning of the uptake phase and at the end of the elimination phase, respectively, is significantly higher than the detection limit for the test substance in biological material.
Res.
In the mentioned stages of uptake and elimination phases the concentration in the test animals is usually relatively low (6)(8)(18).
23, 1443 – 1450.
Since the individual weight in many species of aquatic oligochaetes is very low (5-10 mg wet weight per individual for Lumbriculus variegatus and Tubifex tubifex), the worms of a given replicate test chamber may be pooled for weighing and test chemical analysis.
A kinetic model for bioconcentration of lipophilic compounds by oligochaetes.
For test species with higher individual weight (e.g. Branchiura sowerbyi) replicates containing one individual may be used, but in such cases the number of replicates should be increased to five per sampling point (11).
Wat.
It should however be noted that B. sowerbyi was not included in the ring test (12), and is therefore not recommended as a preferable species in the method.
24, 1225 – 1231.
Worms of similar size should be used (for L. variegatus see Appendix 6).
Kapitola A.5, povrchové napätie
They should come from the same source, and should be adult or large animals of the same age class (see Appendix 6).
Kapitola C.4 A – F Stanovenie ľahkej biodegradovateľnosti
The weight and age of an animal may have a significant effect on the BAF-values (e.g. due to different lipid content and/or presence of eggs);
Kapitola C.19, odhad adsorpčného koeficientu (KOC) na pôde a kale z odpadových vôd pomocou vysokoúčinnej kvapalinovej chromatografie (HPLC).
these parameters should be recorded accurately.
Kapitola C.29, ľahká biodegradovateľnosť CO2 v hermeticky uzavretých nádobách
To measure the mean wet and dry weight a sub-sample of worms should be weighed before starting the test.
V Hutzinger, O. (editor), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol.
With Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus variegatus, reproduction is expected during the test period.
2 Part J (Vol. editor: B. Beek):
A lack of reproduction in a bioaccumulation test should be recorded, and considered when interpreting the test results.
Influence of partition coefficient of lipophilic compounds on bioconcentration kinetics with fish.
High sediment-to-worm and water-to-worm ratios should be used in order to minimise the reduction of test substance concentration in the sediment during the uptake phase, and to avoid decreases in dissolved oxygen concentration.
Wat.
The chosen loading rate should also correspond to naturally occurring population densities of the chosen species (43).
22, 701 – 707.
For example, for Tubifex tubifex, a loading rate of 1-4 mg of worm tissue (wet weight) per gram of wet sediment is recommended (8)(11).
Development of ecotoxicological test systems to assess contaminated sediments.
References (1) and (6) recommend a loading rate of ≤ 1 g dry weight of worm tissue per 50 g sediment organic carbon for L. variegatus.
Joint report no.
The worms to be used in a test are removed from the culture by sieving the culture sediment.
A. Mudroch, J.M.
The animals (adult or large worms without signs of recent fragmentation) are transferred to glass dishes (e.g. petri dishes) containing clean water.
Vrchná hranica je daná potrebou dosiahnuť fázu úplného oddelenia po úpravách rozdeľovacej rovnováhy a predtým, než sa odoberú vzorky na analytické stanovenie.
If the test conditions differ from the culture conditions, an acclimation phase of 24 h should be sufficient.
Ak sa táto skutočnosť nezanedbá, vrchná hranica sa môže posunúť na vyššie hodnoty Pow.
Prior to weighing, excess water should be removed from the worms.
Smernica Rady 91/271/EHS z 21. mája 1991 o čistení komunálnych odpadových vôd.
This can be done by gently placing the worms on a pre-moistened paper tissue.
Ú. v.
It is not recommended to use absorbing paper to dry the worms as this may cause stress or damage to the worms.
ES L 135, 30.5.1991, s.
recommend using non-blotted worms of approximately 1,33 times the target biomass.
40.
These additional 33 % correspond to the difference between blotted and non-blotted worms (28).
Ten istý postup by sa mal dodržať pri príprave referenčnej chemikálie v bankách FR1–3.
At the start of the uptake phase (day 0 of the test), the test organisms are removed from the acclimatisation chamber and distributed randomly to vessels (e.g. petri dishes) containing reconstituted water by adding groups of two worms to each vessel, until each vessel contains ten worms.
Odporúčaná veľkosť je 0,1 litra až 1 liter.
Each of these groups of worms are then randomly transferred to separate test vessels, e.g. using soft steel forceps.
Odporúča sa použiť plynotesnú silikónovú priehradku.
The test vessels are subsequently incubated under test conditions.
Ďalej sa odporúča, aby sa tesnosť uzáverov, predovšetkým butylkaučukových priehradiek, testovala, lebo viaceré komerčne dostupné priehradky nie sú dostatočne plynotesné proti metánu a niektoré priehradky strácajú tesnosť, keď sa prepichnú ihlou podľa podmienok testu.Plynotesné poťahované priehradky sa odporúčajú a používať sa musia v prípade prchavých chemikálií (niektoré komerčné priehradky sú pomerne tenké, menej ako 0,5 cm, a nezostávajú plynotesné po prepichnutí injekčnou ihlou).Butylkaučukové priehradky (približne 1 cm) sa odporúčajú, ak testované látky nie sú prchavé (po prepichnutí spravidla zostávajú plynotesné).Pred testom sa odporúča dôkladne preskúmať priehradky, či sú schopné zostať po prepichnutí plynotesné.
Sediment-water ratio
Kalibrovať by ho mala oprávnená inštitúcia v odporúčaných intervaloch.
The recommended sediment-water ratio is 1:4 (45).
Presnosť kalibrácie je možné skontrolovať v laboratóriu jednobodovým meraním pri tlaku 1 × 105 Pa proti tlakomeru s mechanickým displejom.
This ratio is considered suitable to maintain oxygen concentrations at appropriate levels, and to avoid the build-up of ammonia in the overlying water.
Ak sa tento bod odmeria správne, nezmení sa ani lineárnosť.
The oxygen content in the overlying water should be maintained at ≥ 40 % saturation.
Ak sa používajú iné meracie prístroje (bez certifikovanej kalibrácie výrobcom), odporúča sa prepočítanie v celom rozsahu v pravidelných intervaloch (dodatok 2).
The overlying water of the test vessels should be gently aerated (e.g. 2 - 4 bubbles per second) via a pasteur pipette positioned approximately 2 cm above the sediment surface so as to minimise perturbation of the sediment.
Uvedené platí na experimentálnu zostavu a experimentálne podmienky, na základe ktorých je možné odhadnúť objemy vyprodukovaného plynu – z kontrolných slepých vzoriek a z nádob ukazujúcich 70 – 80 % inhibíciu – s prijateľnou mierou chybovosti.
The photoperiod in the culture and the test is 16 hours (1)(6).
Prevzdušňovanie vody možno zabezpečiť pomocou premývačiek.
Light intensity in the test area should be kept at about 500-1000 lx.
Odporúča sa nastaviť premývačky na úrovne, ktoré žubrienkam nespôsobujú neprimeraný stres.
The temperature should be 20 ± 2 °C throughout the test.
pri teplote 20 °C za štandardného atmosférického tlaku sa hodnota ASV v sladkej vode rovná 9,1 mg/l (60 % sa rovná 5,46 mg/l).
One test concentration (as low as possible) is used for determination of the uptake kinetics, but a second (higher) concentration may be used (e.g. (46)).
Chlorid ortutnatý (HgCl2) je veľmi toxická látka, s ktorou by sa malo manipulovať za vhodných preventívnych opatrení.
In that case, samples are taken and analysed at steady state or after 28 d to confirm the BAF measured at the lower concentration (11).
Spracovaný kal je zmesou usadených fáz splaškovej vody a aktivovaného kalu, ktoré sa inkubovali v anaeróbnej vyhnívacej nádrži pri teplote približne 35 °C s cieľom znížiť biomasu a zápach a zlepšiť odvodňovaciu schopnosť kalu.
The higher concentration should be selected so that adverse effects can be excluded (e.g. by choosing approximately 1 % of the lowest known chronic effect concentration ECx as derived from relevant chronic toxicity studies).
Skladá sa zo spojenia anaeróbnych fermentačných a metanogénnych baktérií vytvárajúcich oxid uhličitý a metán (11).
The lower test concentration should be significantly higher than the detection limit in sediment and biological samples by the analytical method used.
Podiel n2
If the effect concentration of the test substance is close to the analytical detection limit, the use of radiolabelled test substance with high specific radioactivity is recommended.
Ďalej sa odporúča, aby sa otestovala plynotesnosť uzáverov, najmä priehradiek z butylového kaučuku, lebo viaceré komerčne dostupné priehradky nie sú dostatočne plynotesné proti metánu a niektoré priehradky nezostanú tesné, keď sa v podmienkach testu prepichnú ihlou.
Treated and Control Replicates
Zariadenie by sa malo používať a kalibrovať v pravidelných intervaloch podľa pokynov výrobcu.
The minimum number of treated replicates for kinetic measurements should be three per sampling point (11) throughout uptake and elimination phase.
Presnosť kalibrácie je možné skontrolovať v laboratóriu pomocou jednobodového merania pri tlaku 1 × 105 Pa porovnaním s tlakomerom s mechanickým displejom.
Additional replicates should be employed e.g. for optional additional sampling dates.
Ak sa použijú iné meracie prístroje (bez kalibrácie osvedčenej výrobcom), odporúča sa kalibrácia v celom rozsahu v pravidelných intervaloch.
For the elimination phase, a matching number of replicates is prepared with non-spiked sediment and overlying water, so that the treated worms can be transferred from designated treated vessels to non-treated vessels at the end of the uptake phase.
Túto hodnotu je nutné prehodnotiť, ak sa použijú adsorpčné a nerozpustné referenčné chemikálie.
The total number of treated replicates should be sufficient for both uptake and elimination phase.
Štúdie lúhovania v kolóne zamerané na prípravky na ochranu plodín môžu poskytnúť informácie o mobilite testovanej chemikálie a produktoch jej transformácie a môžu doplniť štúdie sorpcie.
Alternatively, the worms designated for sampling during the elimination phase may be exposed in one large container containing spiked sediment of the same batch as used for uptake kinetics.
Množstvo, ktoré sa má aplikovať do valcových pôdnych kolón, sa môže vypočítať podľa tohto vzorca:M μgA kgha109μgkgd2cm2π108cm2ha4kde:M množstvo použité na kolónu [μg],A aplikovaná dávka [kg· ha– 1],d priemer pôdnej kolóny [cm],π 3,14
It should be demonstrated that the test conditions (e.g. sediment depth, sediment water ratio, loading, temperature, water quality) are comparable to the replicates designated for the uptake phase.
Podľa systémov FAO a USDA (14).
At the end of the uptake phase, water, sediment and worm samples should be taken from this container for analysis, and a sufficient number of large worms that show no sign of recent fragmentation, should be removed carefully and transferred to the replicates prepared for the elimination phase (e.g. ten organisms per replicate vessel).
§ Príslušné premenné by podľa možnosti mali mať hodnoty v uvedenom rozsahu.
If no solvent other than water is used, at least 9 replicates of a negative control (at least 3 sampled at start, 3 at end of uptake and 3 at end of elimination) should be provided for biological and background analysis.
Ak sa však vyskytnú ťažkosti s hľadaním vhodného pôdneho materiálu, prijateľné sú aj hodnoty nižšie ako uvedené minimum.
If any solubilising agent is used for application of the test substance, a solvent control should be run (at least 3 replicates should be sampled at start, 3 at the end of the uptake phase, and 3 at the end of the elimination phase).
‡ Pôdy s menej ako 0,3 % organického uhlíka môžu narušiť koreláciu medzi obsahom organických látok a adsorpciou.
In this case, at least 4 replicates of a negative control (no solvent) should be provided for sampling at the end of the uptake phase.
Preto sa odporúča použiť pôdy s minimálnym obsahom organického uhlíka 0,3 %.
These replicates can be compared biologically with the solvent control in order to gain information on possible influence of the solvent on the test organisms.
# Pôdy s veľmi vysokým obsahom uhlíka (napr. > 10 %) nemusia byť prijateľné z právneho hľadiska, napr. na účely registrácie pesticídov.
Details are given in Appendix 3.
Tým sa simulujú extrémne intenzívne zrážky.
Frequency of water quality measurements
Priemerný ročný úhrn zrážok napríklad v strednej Európe je rádovo 800 – 1000 mm.
As a minimum, the following water quality parameters should be measured in the overlying water during uptake and elimination phase:
Príklady sypnej hustoty narušených pôd:piesčitá pôda 1,66 g · ml– 1,hlinitá piesčitá pôda 1,58 g · ml– 1,hlinitá pôda 1,17 g · ml– 1,siltová pôda 1,11 g · ml– 1.
Temperature
Typický objem výluhu je v rozsahu 230 – 260 ml, čo zodpovedá približne 92 – 104 % celkového objemu aplikovaného umelého dažďa (251 ml) v prípade pôdnych kolón s priemerom 4 cm a dĺžkou 30 cm.
in one vessel of each treatment level per sampling date, and in one control vessel once per week and at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
V pôde sa môže vytvoriť viacero významných produktov transformácie, ktoré sa môžu objaviť v rôznych časových bodoch štúdie transformácie.
temperature in the surrounding medium (ambient air or water bath) or in one representative test vessel may also be recorded e.g. in continuous or hourly intervals;
V týchto prípadoch môže byť potrebné vykonať štúdie lúhovania s vyzretými rezíduami rôzneho veku.
Dissolved oxygen content
Pôvodný návrh tejto testovacej metódy vychádzal z článku, ktorý napísali C. V. Eadsforth and P. Moser (1).
in one vessel of each treatment level, and in one control vessel per sampling date;
vážený priemerlog Pow
expressed as mg/L and % ASV (air saturation value);
plocha %
Air supply
celková plocha píku %
controlled at least once per day (workdays) and adjusted if needed;
plocha %i
in one treated vessel of each treatment level per sampling date, and in one control vessel once per week and at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
C.V.
Total water hardness
Klein, W.
at least in one treated vessel and one control test vessel at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period, expressed as mg/l CaCO3;
H. Ellgehausen, C. D'Hondt and R. Fuerer (1981).
Total ammonia content
B. McDuffie (1981).
at least in one treated vessel and one control test vessel at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
OECD (2000).
Sampling and analysis of worms, sediment, and water
Guideline for Testing of Chemicals – Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water):
Sampling Schedule
OSPAR (1995).
Examples of sampling schedules for a 28-day uptake phase and a 10-day elimination phase are given in Appendix 3.
M. Thatcher, M. Robinson, L. R. Henriquez and C. C. Karman.
Sample the water and sediment from the test chambers for determination of test substance concentration before adding the worms, and during both uptake and elimination phases.
E. A. Vik, S. Bakke and K. Bansal.
During the test the concentrations of test substance are determined in the worms, sediment, and water in order to monitor the distribution of the test substance in the compartments of the test system.
L.O.
Sample the worms, sediment, and water on at least six occasions during the uptake as well as the elimination phase.
J.E.
Continue sampling until a plateau (steady state) has been established (see Appendix 1) or for 28 days.
S. Fujisawa and E. Masuhara.
If the plateau has not been reached within 28 days, begin the elimination phase.
C. Hansch and A. J. Leo.
When beginning the elimination phase, transfer the designated worms to replicate chambers containing untreated sediment and water (see also paragraphs 17 and 18).
C. Hansch, chairman;
Obtain water samples by decanting, siphoning or pipetting a volume sufficient for measuring the quantity of the test substance in the sample.
R. F. Rekker, H. M. de Kort.
Transfer the worms carefully to a pre-weighed vessel and weigh them.
R.F.
If the purpose of a specific study is to measure the bioavailability and true tissue residues in the test organisms, then at least a sub-sample of treated animals (e.g. from three additional replicate vessels), preferably sampled during steady state, should be weighed, purged in clean water for a period of 6 hours (47), and weighed again before analysis.
International Organisation for Standardisation (1998).
Data on worm weight and body concentration of this sub-sample can then be compared to values obtained from un-purged worms.
Water quality – Guidelines for algal growth inhibition tests with poorly soluble materials, volatile compounds, metals and waster water.
Preferably analyse the water, sediment, and worm samples immediately (i.e. within 1-2 d) after removal in order to prevent degradation or other losses and to calculate the approximate uptake and elimination rates as the test proceeds.
Mayer, P., Cuhel, R. and Nyholm, N. (1997).
If it is intended to perform such measurements, the samples should then be subjected to appropriate extraction procedures so that the parent substance can be quantified separately.
40 – 60 [1]
Where a detected degradation product represents a significant percentage (e.g. > 10 %) of the radioactivity measured in the test organisms at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase, it is recommended to identify such degradation products (5).
60 – 80 [1]