natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In contrast to the requirements in test method C.8 (40) the peat content of the artificial sediment is recommended to be 2 % instead of 10 % of dry weight, in order to correspond to a low to moderate organic content of natural sediments (58).
Römbke, J. and Moser, T. (1999).
Percentage of dry constituents of the artificial sediment:
Westheide, W. and Bethge-Beilfuss, D. (1991).
% of dry sediment
Dirven-Van Breemen, E., Baerselmann, R. and Notenboom, J. (1994).
Folia urticae, powdered leaves of Urtica sp.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (1993).
(stinging nettle), finely ground (particle size ≤ 0,5 mm), or a mixture of powdered leaves of Urtica sp. with alpha-cellulose (1:1);
Soil Quality – Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
in accordance with pharmacy standards, for human consumption;
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (1996).
in addition to dry sediment
Rundgren, S. and A.K.
If elevated ammonia concentrations are expected, e.g. if the test substance is known to inhibit the nitrification, it may be useful to replace 50 % of the nitrogen-rich urtica powder by cellulose (e.g., α-Cellulose powder, chemically pure, particle size ≤ 0,5 mm).
Kasprzak, K. (1982).
The peat is air-dried and ground to a fine powder (grain size ≤ 0,5 mm, no visible plant remains).
Römbke, J. (1995).
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,0 ± 0,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
Becker, H. (1991).
Then all of the suspension is mixed with the other dry constituents, taking into account any portion used for spiking.
Bodenorganismen – Prüfungskategorien der Forschung.
The remaining deionised water is added to obtain a homogeneous sediment.
UWSF – Z. Umweltchem.
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,5 to 7,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
Römbke, J. and Federschmidt, A. (1995).
If ammonia development is expected, the artificial sediment may be conditioned for seven days under the same conditions which prevail in the subsequent test (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1: 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels) before it is spiked with the test substance, i.e. it should be topped with water, which should be aerated.
Römbke, J., Riepert, F. & Achazi R. (2000):
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon content (e.g. 3 samples).
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (1994).
Thereafter, the spiked quartz sand is mixed with the sediment for each treatment level, the sediment is distributed to the replicate test vessels, and topped with the test water (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1 : 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels).
Soil Quality – Determination of pH, No.
The chosen food source should be added prior to or during spiking the sediment with the test substance.
10390.
In order to ensure that the food is in sufficient contact with the test substance, the food source should be mixed with the sediment not later than on the day the test substance is spiked to the sediment.
Bell, A.W.
Exceptions may be made where the length of the equilibration period leads to excessive microbial degradation of the food before the test organisms are added.
Nielsen, C.O. and Christensen, B. (1959).
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon (e.g. 3 samples of spiked or control sediment).
Bouguenec, V. and Giani, N. (1987).
The dry weight of the components (peat, sand, kaolin) should be reported in g and in per cent of total dry weight.
Kořínková, J. and Sigmund, J. (1968).
The volume of water to be added to the dry components during preparation of the sediment should also be reported in per cent of total dry weight (e.g. 100 % dry weight + 46 % water means 1000 g d.w. receive a total of 460 ml water, which results in 1460 g wet sediment).
The colouring of bottom-fauna samples before sorting, Vestník Československé Společnosti Zoologické 32, 300-305.
The dry constituents of the artificial sediment may be stored in a dry, cool place at room temperature.
Finney, D.J.
The prepared, wet sediment may be stored (for further use in the culture only) at 4 ± 2 °C in the dark for a period of 2 to 4 weeks from the day of preparation (8).
Charles Griffin & Company Ltd, London.
Sediment spiked with the test substance should be used immediately unless there is information indicating that the particular sediment can be stored without affecting the toxicity and bioavailability of the test substance.
Hamilton, M.A., R.C.
Samples of spiked sediment may be stored under the conditions recommended for the particular test substance until analysis.
Williams, D.A., (1971).
Oligochaetes species recommended for bioaccumulation testing
Williams, D.A., (1972).
Tubifex tubifex (MÜLLER),Tubificidae, Oligochaeta
Dunnett, C.W., (1955).
The tubificid oligochaete (Tubificidae, Oligochaeta) Tubifex tubifex (Müller) lives in freshwater sediments in tubes which are lined with mucus.
Dunnett, C.W., (1964) New tables for multiple comparisons with a control.
In these tubes the worms dwell head down, ingesting sediment particles utilising the associated microorganisms and organic debris.
Hoeven, N. van der, (1998).
The posterior portion usually undulates in the overlying water for respiration purposes.
Holm, S., (1979):
Although this species inhabits a wide range of sediment types all over the northern hemisphere, Tubifex tubifex prefers relatively fine grain sizes (59).
Jonckheere, A. R. (1954);
The suitability of this species for ecotoxicological testing is described for example in (8)(29)(31)(39)(60)(62)(63).
Terpstra, T. J. (1952);
In order to have a sufficient number of Tubifex tubifex for conducting bioaccumulation tests the worms have to be kept in permanent laboratory culture.
Shirley, E. A. (1979);
A system consisting of artificial sediment based on the artificial soil according to Test Method C.8 (40) and reconstituted water according to test method C.1 is recommended for T. tubifex culture (8).
Sokal, R.R. and F.J.
Each culture container is loaded with a layer of wet artificial sediment prepared as described in Appendix 5.
edition.
Reconstituted water is added to the system.
Van Ewijk, P.H. and J.A.
Care should be taken to minimise disturbing the sediment.
Enchytraeus crypticus (Westheide a Graefe 1992):
The water body is gently aerated (e.g. 2 bubbles per second with 0,45 μm-filtered air) via a pasteur pipette positioned 2 cm above the sediment surface.
Enchytraeus bulbosus (Nielsen a Christensen 1963):
The recommended culture temperature is 20 ± 2 °C.
čas trvania reprodukčného testu môže (ale nemusí) byť kratší, t. j. štyri namiesto šiestich týždňov, pričom čas trvania testu na vyhľadávanie rozsahu by sa nemal meniť,
The worms are added to the culture system with a maximum loading of 20000 individuals/m2 sediment surface.
Posthuma, L., Baerselmann, R., Van Veen, R.P.M. and Dirven-Van Breemen, E.M.
A higher loading may cause a reduction in growth and reproduction rates (43).
Phillips, C.T., Checkai, R.T. and Kuperman, R.G.
In artificial sediment cultures, the worms have to be fed.
Dunnov test
A diet consisting of finely ground fish food, e.g. TetraMin® can serve as additional nutrition (8);
Áno
Klerks 1994, personal communication.
Parametrické testy
The feeding rates should allow for sufficient growth and reproduction and should keep build-up of ammonia and fungal growth in the culture at a minimum.
log Kow,
Food may be administered twice a week (e.g. 0,6 - 0,8 mg per cm2 of sediment surface).
Jaenicke, J. (1982).
Practical experience has shown that application of food suspended and homogenised in deionised water may facilitate homogeneous food distribution on the sediment surface in the culture containers.
Oien, N. and J. Stenerson (1984).
To avoid accumulation of ammonia, the overlying water should be exchanged using a flow-through system, or, at least once a week, manually.
Esterases of earthworm – III.
Sediment should be changed every three months in the stock cultures.
Kula, C. (1996).
Sampling of worms from the culture can be done by sieving the culture sediment through a 1 mm sieve if only adults are required.
Development of a test method on sublethal effects of pesticides on the earthworm species Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei – comparison of two ringtests.
For retaining cocoons a 0,5 mm mesh, and for juvenile worms a 0,25 mm sieve is suitable.
SETAC (1998).
The worms leave the mesh and can then be picked from the water using a soft steel forceps or a pipette with fire-polished edges.
Bouché, M.B.
Only intact and clearly identified specimens of Tubifex tubifex (e.g. (64)) are used to start a test or new cultures.
Edwards, C.A.
A synchronised culture can provide worms of a specified age in suitable intervals when desired.
Edwards, C.A. and J. P. Bohlen, (1996).
New culture vessels are set up in the chosen intervals (e.g. every two weeks), starting with animals of a certain age (e.g. cocoons).
(ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (1994).
At the culture conditions described here the worms are adult after 8 - 10 weeks.
Soil Quality – Determination of pH, No.
The cultures can be harvested, when the worms have laid new cocoons, e.g. after ten weeks.
10390.
The sampled adults can be used for tests, and new cultures can be started with the cocoons.
ISO, Geneve.
Lumbriculus variegatus (MÜLLER), Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta
Hund-Rinke, K, Römbke, J., Riepert, F. & Achazi R. (2000):
Information on the biology, culture conditions, and sensitivity of the species can be obtained from (1)(6)(9)(36).
Soil Quality –Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis – Gravimetric method, No.
Lumbriculus variegatus can also be cultured in the artificial sediment recommended for T. tubifex according to (8) within certain limitations.
11465.
Since, in nature L. variegatus prefers more coarse sediments than T. tubifex (59), laboratory cultures with the artificial sediment used for T. tubifex may cease after 4 to 6 months.
Römbke, J. and Th.
Practical experience has shown that L. variegatus can be held in a sandy substratum (e.g. quartz sand, fine gravel) in a flow-through system using fish food as nutritional source over several years without renewing the substratum.
Doplnková kontrolná vzorka s rozpúšťadlom?
A major advantage of L. variegatus over other aquatic oligochaete species is its quick reproduction, resulting in rapidly increasing biomass in laboratory-cultured populations (1)(6)(9)(10).
úspešne používali kompaktnejšie a vhodnejšie prístroje Sheltona a Tiedjeho (8), ktoré zdokonalili Battersby a Wilson (9).
, ASTM (2000) (1), U.S.
mikrostriekačky na plynotesné pripojenie snímača tlaku [pozri bod 12 c)] k voľnému priestoru vo fľašiach [pozri bod 12 b)] a tiež na pridávanie nerozpustných kvapalných testovacích materiálov do fliaš;
The worms can be cultured in large aquaria (57 - 80 l) at 23 °C with a 16L:8D photoperiod (100 - 1000 lux) using daily renewed natural water (45 - 50 l per aquarium).
diskusia o výsledkoch vrátane odchýlok od postupov v rámci tejto testovacej metódy a diskusia o akýchkoľvek odchýlkach od očakávaných výsledkov testu v dôsledku interferencií a chýb;
New substrate in the tank will generally last for about two months.
International Organisation for Standardisation (2003) ISO 13 641-1 Water Quality – Determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria – Part 1:
Each worm culture is started with 500 - 1000 worms, and fed a 10 ml suspension containing 6 g of trout starter food 3 times per week under renewal or flow-through conditions.
International Organisation for Standardisation (2003) ISO 13 641-2 Water Quality – Determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria – Part 2:
Food and paper substrate should be analysed for the substances to be used in bioaccumulation tests.
Swanwick JD, Foulkes M (1971).
Under these conditions the number of individuals in the culture generally doubles in about 10 to 14 d.
HMSO (1986) Determination of the inhibitory effects of chemicals and waste waters on the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge.
Lumbriculus variegatus can be removed from the cultures e.g. by transferring substrate with a fine mesh net, or organisms using a fire polished wide mouth (about 5 mm diameter) glass pipette, to a separate beaker.
Shelton DR, Tiedje JM (1984).
They can then be introduced to newly prepared culture tanks, or processed further for the test as outlined in (1) and (6).
Battersby NS and Wilson V (1988).
Injuries or autotomy in the worms should be prevented, e.g. by using pipettes with fire polished edges, or stainless steel picks for handling these worms.
Wilson V, Painter HA and Battersby NS (1992).
This means that in L. variegatus sediment and contaminant uptake via ingestion may not take place continuously as in tubificids, which do not reproduce by fragmentation.
International Organization for Standardization (1997) ISO 11 923 Water Quality – Determination of suspended solids by filtration through glass-fibre filters.
Such variation can occur, when some individuals, which have fragmented and therefore do not feed for a certain time period, are less exposed to the test substance than other individuals, which do not fragment during the test, e.g. (38).
Koncentrácia inokula v testovacích fľašiach (g/l)
10 to 14 days before the start of exposure, the worms should be artificially fragmented (synchronisation) (65).
identifikačné údaje chemikálie (bežný názov, chemický názov, štrukturálny vzorec, číslo CAS atď.) vrátane čistoty a analytickej metódy na kvantifikáciu testovanej chemikálie;
A lack of reproduction in a bioaccumulation test with L. variegatus should be recorded, and considered when interpreting the test results.
ASTM International (2002).
They can be also found in warm water bodies of the northern hemisphere.
Hill, I.R., Matthiessen, P., Heimbach, F. (eds), 1993, Guidance document on Sediment Toxicity Tests and Bioassays for freshwater and Marine Environments, From the SETAC-Europe Workshop On Sediment Toxicity Assessment, 8-10 November 1993, Renesse (NL).
However, they are more abundant in mud-clay sediments with high organic matter content.
BBA (1995).
Furthermore, the worms are living in the sediment layer.
Riedhammer C. & B. Schwarz-Schulz (2001).
Even the posterior end of the worms is usually burrowed.
ASTM International (2004).
This species is easily identified from the gill filaments on their posterior part.
Egeler, Ph., Meller, M., Schallnaß, H.J.
The adults can reach a length of 9 - 11 cm and a wet weight of 40-50 mg.
In co-operation with R. Nagel and B. Karaoglan.
The worms have a high rate of reproduction, show population doubling times of less than 2 weeks and under the conditions of temperature and feeding described below (Aston et al., 1982, (65)).
Environment Canada (2003).
B. sowerbyi has been used both in toxicity and bioaccumulation studies (Marchese & Brinkhurst 1996, (31) Roghair et al.
Nikkilä A., Halme A., Kukkonen J.V.K.
1996, (67) respectively).
Baily H.C., & Liu D.H.W.
The old beaker also contains cocoons and young worms.
Ingersoll, C.G., Brunson, E.L., Wang N., Dwyer, F.J., Ankley, G.T., Mount D.R., Huckins J., Petty.
Up to 400 young worms per beaker can be harvested in this way.
Rodriguez, P. a Reynoldson, T.B.
The cultures should be maintained at a temperature of 21 to 25 °C.
Oehlmann, J., & Knacker, Th.
Variation of temperature should be kept below ± 2 °C.
Bioaccumulation of14 C-17α-ethinylestradiol by the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus in artificial sediment.
The time required for embryonic development from an egg being laid until the young leaves the cocoon is approximately three weeks at 25 °C.
Brust, K., O. Licht, V. Hultsch, D. Jungmann & R. Nagel (2001).
The number of eggs per cocoon ranges from 1,8 to 2,8 (66)(69) or up to 8 (68).
Leppänen M.T.
Dissolved oxygen, water hardness, temperature, and pH should be measured weekly.
Dermott R. & Munawar M. (1992).
Fish food (e.g. TetraMin®) can be added as suspension two or three times per week ad libitum.
Drewes C.D.
The worms can also be fed with thawed lettuce ad libitum.
Brinkhurst, R.O.
A major advantage of this species is the high individual biomass (up to 40 - 50 mg wet weight per individual).
OECD (1992c).
Therefore this species may be used for testing bioaccumulation of non-radiolabelled test substances.
Egeler, Ph., Römbke, J., Meller, M., Knacker, Th., Franke, C., Studinger, G. a Nagel, R. (1997).
It can be exposed in the systems used for T. tubifex or L. variegatus with a single individual per replicate (11).
Meller, M., P. Egeler, J. Roembke, H. Schallnass, R. Nagel and B. Streit.
Replication, however, should then be increased, unless larger test chambers are used (11).
Egeler, Ph., Römbke, J., Knacker, Th., Franke, C. a Studinger, G. (1999).
Also, the validity criterion related to burrowing behaviour needs to be adjusted for this species.
Suedel, B.C. a Rodgers, J.H.
Part I - IV.
Naylor, C. and C. Rodrigues.
Chapter C.13 of this Annex, Bioconcentration Flow Thorough Fish test.
Kaster, J.L., Klump, J.V., Meyer, J., Krezoski, J. a Smith, M.E.
Chapter C.27 of this Annex, Sediment water Chironomid toxicity test using spliked sediment
Martinez-Madrid, M., Rodriguez, P., Perez-Iglesias, J.I.
Bioaccumulation of lipophilic compounds from sediments by oligochaetes.
Brooke, L.T., Ankley, G.T., Call, D.J.
Wat.
Mount, D.R., Dawson, T.D.
Res. 23, 1443-1450.
OECD 2006.
A kinetic model for bioconcentration of lipophilic compounds by oligochaetes.
Liebig M., Meller M. & Egeler P. (2004).
Res. 24, 1225-1231.
Sedimenttoxizitätstests mit aquatischen Oligochaeten – Einfluss verschiedener Futterquellen im künstlichen Sediment auf Reproduktion und Biomasse von Lumbriculus variegatus.
Chapter A.5, Surface tension
Rozpustite 11,76 g CaCl2 · 2H2O v deionizovanej vode, doplňte deionizovanou vodou do 1 l.
Chapter C.4 A-F Determination of ready biodegradability
Rozpustite 4,93 g MgSO4 · 7H2O v deionizovanej vode, doplňte deionizovanou vodou do 1 l.
Chapter C.19, Estimation of the adsorption coefficient (Koc ) on soil and on sewage sludge using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Rozpustite 2,59 g NaHCO3 v deionizovanej vode, doplňte deionizovanou vodou do 1 l.
Chapter C.29, Ready biodegradability CO2 in sealed vessels
Rozpustite 0,23 g KCl v deionizovanej vode, doplňte deionizovanou vodou do 1 l.
In Hutzinger, O. (editor), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol.
OECD (1992).
2 Part J (Vol. editor: B. Beek):
Development – Ecotoxicology
Influence of partition coefficient of lipophilic compounds on bioconcentration kinetics with fish.
Reprodukčný výstup roztočov vystavených pôsobeniu testovanej chemikálie sa porovnáva s výsledkami kontrolných vzoriek s cieľom stanoviť hodnotu ECx (napr. EC10, EC50) alebo koncentráciu bez pozorovaného účinku (NOEC) (pozri vymedzenie pojmov v dodatku 1), v závislosti od použitej koncepcie experimentu (pozri bod 29).
Res. 22, 701-707.
Prehľad harmonogramu testu je uvedený v doplnku 8.
Development of ecotoxicological test systems to assess contaminated sediments.
Nosič sa nastrieka na malé množstvo, napríklad 10 g, jemného kremenného piesku, alebo sa s ním zmieša.
A. Mudroch, J.M.
V osobitných prípadoch (napr. ak sa starnutie považuje za rozhodujúci faktor) je možné predĺžiť čas medzi prípravou záverečného testovacieho substrátu a vložením roztočov [podrobnosti týkajúce sa takého starnutia sú uvedené v literatúre pod číslom (18)].
An upper limit is given by the necessity to achieve a complete separation phase after adjustments of the partitition equilibrium and before samples are taken out for analytical determinations.
V takýchto prípadoch sa však musí poskytnúť vedecké zdôvodnenie.
If proper care is taken, the upper limit can be extended to higher values of Pow
Používať by sa mali vhodné štatistické metódy (podľa dokumentu OECD 54 ‚Súčasné prístupy k štatistickej analýze údajov o ekotoxicite: návod na uplatňovanie‘).
40).
Casanueva, M.E.
The same procedure should be followed with the reference chemical, to give flasks FR1-3
Tenorio, J. M. (1982).
The use of gas-tight silicone septa is recommended.
JSS – Journal of Soils and Sediments 3, 73-77.
It is further recommended that the gas-tightness of caps, especially butyl rubber septa, be tested because several commercially available septa are not sufficiently gas-tight against methane and some septa do not stay tight when they are pierced with a needle under the conditions of the test.Gas tight coated septa are recommended and must be used for volatile chemicals (some commercial septa are relatively thin, less than 0,5 cm, and do not stay gas tight after piercing with syringe needle);Butyl rubber septa (about 1 cm) are recommended, if the test substances are not volatile (these normally stay gas tight after piercing.)Prior to the test it is recommended that the septa are carefully examined for their ability to stay gas tight after piercing.
Karg, W.
The meter should be used and calibrated at regular intervals, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Ruf, A. (1991).
If a pressure-meter of the prescribed quality is used e.g. capsulated with a steel membrane, no calibration is necessary in the laboratory.
Ruf, A. (1995).
It should be calibrated by a licensed institute at the recommended intervals.
Ruf, A. (1996).
The accuracy of the calibration can be checked in the laboratory with a one-point measurement at 1 × 105 Pa against a pressure-meter with a mechanical display.
Krogh, P.H. and Axelsen, J.A.
When this point is measured correctly, the linearity will also be unaltered.
Løkke, H., Janssen, C.R., Lanno, R.P., Römbke, J., Rundgren, S. and Van Straalen, N.M.
It is recommended to set bubblers at levels that do not create undue stress on the tadpoles.
Heckmann, L.-H., Maraldo, K. and Krogh, P. H. (2005).
At 20 °C under standard atmospheric pressure the ASV in freshwater equals 9,1 mg/l (60 % equals 5,46 mg/l)
Petersen, H. (1978).
Mercury (II) chloride (HgCl2) is a very toxic substance which should be handled with suitable precautions.
EPPO (2003):
Aqueous wastes containing this chemical should be disposed of appropriately;
Fairbrother, A., Glazebrock, P.W., Van Straalen, N.M. and Tarazona, J.V.
Digested sludge is a mixture of the settled phases of sewage and activated sludge, which have been incubated in an anaerobic digester at about 35 °C to reduce biomass and odour problems and to improve the dewater-ability of the sludge.
Heckmann, L.-H., Ruf, A., Nienstedt, K. M. and Krogh, P. H. 2007.
The device should be used and calibrated at regular intervals, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Ruf, A. (1993).
The accuracy of the calibration can be checked at the laboratory with a one-point measurement at 1 × 105 Pa against a pressure-meter with a mechanical display.
Ignatowicz, S. (1974).
If other measurement devices are used (without certified calibration by the manufacturer), calibration is recommended over the total range at regular intervals.
Kevan, D.K.
This should be re-evaluated if adsorptive and insoluble reference chemicals are included.
OECD (2006c).
Column leaching studies with crop protection products may provide mobility information on a test chemical and its transformation products and may supplement batch sorption studies.
ENV/JM/MONO(2006)18.
§ The respective variables should preferably show values within the range given.
Pred začiatkom tohto vývoja by sa malo založiť a udržiavať viac kultúr.
If, however, difficulties in finding appropriate soil material occur, values below the indicated minimum are accepted.
Chov druhu Typrophagus putrescentiae:
‡ Soils with less than 0,3 % organic carbon may disturb correlation between organic content and adsorption.
Roztoče sa uchovávajú v sklenej nádobe naplnenej jemným práškovým pivovarníckym droždím, ktorá sa vloží do plastového vedra naplneného roztokom KNO3 s cieľom zabrániť úniku.
Thus, it is recommended to use soils with a minimum organic carbon content of 0,3 %.
Potravinové roztoče sa umiestnia na vrch tohto prášku.
This simulates an extremely high rainfall.
Synchronizácia kultúry:
The average yearly rainfall, for example, in Central Europe is of the order of 800-1000 mm.
Exempláre, ktoré sa používajú v rámci testu, by mali približne rovnako staré (asi sedem dní po dosiahnutí štádia dospelosti).