natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
These principles and requirements ensure that all persons are treated with dignity and respect, regardless of their nationality or wherever they might reside, and recognize that all persons have legitimate privacy interests in the handling of their personal information.
Vyhlásenia ODNI (príloha VI), s. 6 (s odkazom na smernicu o spravodajských službách 204).
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT — SECTION 702
Pozri aj správu o stave ODNI z roku 2014.
Collection under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act [11] is not ‘mass and indiscriminate’ but is narrowly focused on the collection of foreign intelligence from individually identified legitimate targets; is clearly authorized by explicit statutory authority; and is subject to both independent judicial supervision and substantial review and oversight within the Executive Branch and Congress.
V prípade žiadostí o prístup podľa odd.
Collection under Section 702 is considered signals intelligence subject to the requirements of PPD-28 [12].
2 prezidentskej politickej smernice 28.
Collection under Section 702 is one of the most valuable sources of intelligence protecting both the United States and our European partners.
3127 hlavy 18.
Extensive information about the operation and oversight of Section 702 is publicly available.
Kým odd.
Section 702 was passed as part of the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 [14], after extensive public debate in Congress.
Čo sa týka programu UPSTREAM, podľa odtajneného stanoviska súdu FISC z roku 2011 viac než 90 % elektronických komunikácií získaných podľa odd.
It authorizes the acquisition of foreign intelligence information through targeting of non-U.S. persons located outside the United States, with the compelled assistance of U.S. electronic communications service providers.
702 zákona FISA pochádzalo z programu PRISM a menej než 10 % z programu UPSTREAM.
Section 702 authorizes the Attorney General and the DNI — two Cabinet-level officials appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate — to submit annual certifications to the FISA Court [15].
4 písm. a) bod ii) prezidentskej politickej smernice 28.
These certifications identify specific categories of foreign intelligence to be collected, such as intelligence related to counterterrorism or weapons of mass destruction, which must fall within the categories of foreign intelligence defined by the FISA statute [16].
4 a) ods. i) prezidentskej politickej smernice 28; vyhlásenia ODNI (príloha VI), s. 7.
As the PCLOB noted, ‘[t]hese limitations do not permit unrestricted collection of information about foreigners’ [17].
Napríklad v prípade osobných informácií zhromaždených podľa odd.
The certifications also are required to include ‘targeting’ and ‘minimization’ procedures that must be reviewed and approved by the FISA Court [18].
702 FISA Minimization Procedures (Postupy minimalizácie podľa odd. 702 zákona FISA), odd.
Once the court approves the targeting and minimization procedures, collection under Section 702 is not bulk or indiscriminate, but ‘consists entirely of targeting specific persons about whom an individualized determination has been made,’ as the PCLOB said [19].
Konkrétne podľa odd.
Collection is targeted through the use of individual selectors, such as e-mail addresses or telephone numbers, which U.S. intelligence personnel have determined are likely being used to communicate foreign intelligence information of the type covered by the certification submitted to the court [20].
501 zákona FISA (predtým odd. 215 vlasteneckého zákona USA) sa šírenie osobných informácií môže uskutočňovať len na účely boja proti terorizmu alebo ako dôkaz trestného činu a podľa odd.
The basis for selection of the target must be documented, and the documentation for every selector is subsequently reviewed by the Department of Justice [21].
702 zákona FISA iba vtedy, keď existuje legitímny účel zahraničného spravodajstva alebo presadzovania práva.
The U.S.
Pozri aj zákon o generálnom inšpektorovi z roku 1978, §§ 4 ods. 5, 5.
Information collected under Section 702 is subject to the court-approved minimization procedures, which provide protections to non-U.S. persons as well as U.S. persons, and which have been publicly released [23].
602 písm. a).
For example, communications acquired under Section 702, whether of U.S. persons or non-U.S. persons, are stored in databases with strict access controls.
Podľa odd.
Use of the data is limited to identification of foreign intelligence information or evidence of a crime [25].
V odd.
Pursuant to PPD-28, this information may be disseminated only if there is a valid foreign intelligence or law enforcement purpose; the mere fact that one party to the communication is not a U.S. person is not sufficient [26].
10 zákona o postupoch pre utajované informácie sa uvádza, že v každom trestnom stíhaní, v ktorom USA musia preukázať, že určitý materiál predstavuje utajované informácie (napr. preto, lebo si vyžaduje ochranu pred neoprávneným zverejnením z dôvodu národnej bezpečnosti), USA oznámia odporcovi, ktoré časti materiálu chcú odôvodnene využiť na preukázanie skutočnosti, že informácie relevantné pre konanie podliehajú utajeniu.
And the minimization procedures and PPD-28 also set limits on how long data acquired pursuant to Section 702 may be retained [27].
Vychádzajúc z tejto úlohy som v súlade s podmienkami stanovenými v prílohe A, ktoré boli aktualizované od môjho listu z 22. februára 2016, vytvoril mechanizmus ombudsmana pre štít na ochranu osobných údajov.
Oversight of Section 702 is extensive, and is conducted by all three branches of our government.
Vykonávaním tejto funkcie som poveril tajomníčku ministerstva Novelliovú.
Agencies implementing the statute have multiple levels of internal review, including by independent Inspectors General, and technological controls over access to the data.
Úrad generálneho inšpektora na Ministerstve spravodlivosti USA (DOJ – https://www.justice.gov) je zákonom zriadený nezávislý subjekt, ktorého poslaním je odhaľovanie a prevencia mrhania, podvodov, zneužívania a pochybení v programoch ministerstva spravodlivosti a v činnosti jeho zamestnancov, ako aj podpora hospodárnosti a efektívnosti v týchto programoch.
The Department of Justice and the ODNI closely review and scrutinize the use of Section 702 to verify compliance with legal rules; agencies are also under an independent obligation to report potential incidents of noncompliance.
Úrad generálneho inšpektora vyšetruje údajné porušenia trestného a občianskeho práva zamestnancami ministerstva spravodlivosti a vykonáva aj audity a inšpekcie programov ministerstva.
Those incidents are investigated, and all compliance incidents are reported to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the President's Intelligence Oversight Board, and Congress, and remedied as appropriate [28].
§ 45 písm. m); 16 C.F.R.
To date, there have been no incidents of willful attempts to violate the law or circumvent legal requirements [29].
Kongres tiež prijal zákony, v ktorých je stanovená požiadavka, aby spoločnosti zhromažďujúce informácie týkajúce sa zdravia upozornili spotrebiteľov v prípade porušenia pravidiel [11].
The FISA Court plays an important role in implementing Section 702.
Aj jednotlivé štáty sú veľmi aktívne pri prijímaní zákonov týkajúcich sa ochrany súkromia a bezpečnosti.
It is composed of independent federal judges who serve for a term of seven years on the FISA Court but who, like all federal judges, have life tenure as judges.
§ 45 ods. l; 16 C.F.R.
As noted above, the Court must review the annual certifications and targeting and minimization procedures for compliance with the law.
Úrad ministerstva pre presadzovanie predpisov a konania v oblasti letectva (ďalej len „Úrad pre presadzovanie predpisov v oblasti letectva“) vyšetruje a koná v prípadoch podľa 49 U.S.C.
In addition, as also noted above, the Government is required to notify the Court immediately of compliance issues [30], and several Court opinions have been declassified and released showing the exceptional degree of judicial scrutiny and independence it exercises in reviewing those incidents.
Na tento účel sa musia spravodajské agentúry pri vyhľadávaní informácií o osobách zameriavať na kategórie informácií získavaných v rámci signálového spravodajstva zodpovedajúce požiadavke zahraničného spravodajstva alebo presadzovania práva, aby sa zabránilo používaniu osobných informácií nesúvisiacich s požiadavkami zahraničného spravodajstva alebo presadzovania práva.
This degree of involvement by a country's independent judiciary in foreign intelligence activities directed at persons who are neither citizens of that country nor located within it is unusual if not unprecedented, and helps ensure that Section 702 collection occurs within appropriate legal limits.
Zákonom sa zabezpečuje, aby naši profesionáli v oblasti spravodajstva a presadzovania práva disponovali právomocami, ktoré potrebujú na ochranu krajiny, a zároveň aby bolo pri uplatňovaní týchto právomocí náležite chránené súkromie fyzických osôb.
Congress exercises oversight through statutorily required reports to the Intelligence and Judiciary Committees, and frequent briefings and hearings.
Posilňuje sa ním ochrana súkromia a občianskych slobôd a zvyšuje sa transparentnosť.
These include a semiannual report by the Attorney General documenting the use of Section 702 and any compliance incidents [33]; a separate semiannual assessment by the Attorney General and the DNI documenting compliance with the targeting and minimization procedures, including compliance with the procedures designed to ensure that collection is for a valid foreign intelligence purpose [34]; and an annual report by heads of intelligence elements which includes a certification that collection under Section 702 continues to produce foreign intelligence information [35].In short, collection under Section 702 is authorized by law; subject to multiple levels of review, judicial supervision and oversight; and, as the FISA Court stated in a recently declassified opinion, is ‘not conducted in a bulk or indiscriminate manner,’ but ‘through. .. discrete targeting decisions for individual [communication] facilities’ [36].
Celkove možno povedať, že spravodajské činnosti Spojených štátov sú také transparentné alebo viac transparentné ako spravodajské činnosti ktorejkoľvek inej krajiny na svete a sú také transparentné, ako je to možné vzhľadom na zabezpečenie ochrany citlivých zdrojov a metód.
The USA FREEDOM Act, signed into law in June 2015, significantly modified U.S. surveillance and other national security authorities, and increased public transparency on the use of these authorities and on decisions of the FISA Court, as set out below [37].
V súčasnosti rada vykonáva preskúmanie činnosti spravodajstva realizovanej podľa výkonného nariadenia č. 12333 [54].
The Act ensures that our intelligence and law enforcement professionals have the authorities they need to protect the Nation, while further ensuring that individuals' privacy is appropriately protected when these authorities are employed.
Aj uplatňovanie tejto právomoci je mimoriadne zriedkavé a vedúci pracovník agentúry musí do 30 dní oznámiť Kongresu dôvody jej uplatnenia [66].
The Act prohibits bulk collection of any records, including of both U.S. and non-U.S. persons, pursuant to various provisions of FISA or through the use of National Security Letters, a form of statutorily authorized administrative subpoenas [38].
§§ 1681u – 1681v; 18 U.S.C.
This prohibition specifically includes telephone metadata relating to calls between persons inside the U.S. and persons outside the U.S., and would also include collection of Privacy Shield information pursuant to these authorities.
3990, (19. decembra 2014).
The Act requires that the government base any application for records under those authorities on a ‘specific selection term’—a term that specifically identifies a person, account, address, or personal device in a way that limits the scope of information sought to the greatest extent reasonably practicable [39].
Federálni prokurátori, ktorí sú úradníkmi ministerstva spravodlivosti, a federálni vyšetrovací agenti vrátane agentov FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), orgánu presadzovania práva v rámci ministerstva spravodlivosti, si môžu vynútiť predloženie dokumentov a iných zaznamenaných informácií od spoločností v USA na účely vyšetrovania trestného činu prostredníctvom niekoľkých typov zákonných konaní vrátane predvolania pred veľkú porotu, administratívnej výzvy a príkazu na domovú prehliadku a ďalšie komunikácie môžu získať prostredníctvom povolení na odpočúvanie a použitie záznamníkov zdrojov a cieľov elektronickej komunikácie na účely federálneho vyšetrovania trestného činu.
This further ensures that collection of information for intelligence purposes is precisely focused and targeted.The Act also made significant modifications to proceedings before the FISA Court, which both increase transparency and provide additional assurances that privacy will be protected.
Predvolanie pred veľkú porotu alebo predvolanie na súd: Predvolania v trestnom konaní sa používajú na podporu cielených vyšetrovaní orgánov činných v trestnom konaní.
As noted above, it authorized creation of a standing panel of security-cleared lawyers with expertise in privacy and civil liberties, intelligence collection, communications technology, or other relevant areas, who may be appointed to appear before the court as amicus curiae in cases that involve significant or novel interpretations of law.
§ 1803 písm. i) bod 2 písm.
These lawyers are authorized to make legal arguments that advance the protection of individual privacy and civil liberties, and will have access to any information, including classified information, that the court determines is necessary to their duties [40].The Act also builds on the U.S.
Pozri Mechanizmus ombudsmana (príloha III), odd.
Government's unprecedented transparency about intelligence activities by requiring the DNI, in consultation with the Attorney General, to either declassify, or publish an unclassified summary of, each decision, order, or opinion issued by the FISA Court or the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review that includes a significant construction or interpretation of any provision of law.
V kapitole 2 sa tiež stanovuje, že „kapitola 1 sa vzťahuje na žaloby a konania zahrnuté v tejto kapitole, pokiaľ daná kapitola nie je v rozpore s touto kapitolou alebo [Newyorským] dohovorom ratifikovaným Spojenými štátmi“ (tamtiež, § 208).
Moreover, the Act provides for extensive disclosures about FISA collection and National Security Letter requests.
V kapitole 1 sa zas stanovuje, že „písomné ustanovenie v… zmluve, ktoré potvrdzuje obchodnú transakciu na urovnanie sporu vyplývajúceho z takejto zmluvy alebo transakcie prostredníctvom rozhodcovského konania, alebo odmietnutie vykonať celú alebo ktorúkoľvek časť z neho, alebo písomnej dohody na predloženie existujúceho sporu vyplývajúceho z takejto zmluvy, transakcie alebo odmietnutia rozhodcovské konanie, je platné, neodvolateľné a vymáhateľné s výnimkou prípadov existujúcich podľa zákona a vlastného kapitálu pre zrušenie akejkoľvek zmluvy“ (tamtiež, § 2).
The United States must disclose to Congress and to the public each year the number of FISA orders and certifications sought and received; estimates of the number of U.S. persons and non-U.S. persons targeted and affected by surveillance; and the number of appointments of amici curiae, among other items of information [41].
§ 1.98 písm. c).
The Act also requires additional public reporting by the government about the numbers of National Security Letter requests about both U.S. and non-U.S. persons [42].With regard to corporate transparency, the Act gives companies a range of options to report publicly the aggregate number of FISA orders and directives or National Security Letters they receive from the Government, as well as the number of customer accounts targeted by these orders [43].
Okrem toho, spoločnosti, ktoré v USA dostanú súdny príkaz, môžu tento príkaz napadnúť na súde, ako je uvedené nižšie [2].
Several companies have already made such disclosures, which have revealed the limited number of customers whose records have been sought.These corporate transparency reports demonstrate that U.S. intelligence requests affect only a miniscule fraction of data.
Príjemca môže na základe týchto dôvodov podať námietku voči predvolaniu.
For example, one major company's recent transparency report shows that it received national security requests (pursuant to FISA or National Security Letters) affecting fewer than 20000 of its accounts, at a time when it had at least 400 million subscribers.
Pozri napr. federálne pravidlá občianskoprávneho konania, č. 45.
In other words, all U.S. national security requests reported by this company affected fewer than 0,005 % of its subscribers.
Pozri odd.
Even if every one of those requests had concerned Safe Harbor data, which of course is not the case, it is obvious that the requests are targeted and appropriate in scale, and are neither bulk nor indiscriminate.
Pozri aj Mechanizmus ombudsmana (príloha III), odd.
Finally, while the statutes which authorize National Security Letters already restricted the circumstances under which a recipient of such a letter could be barred from disclosing it, the Act further provided that such non-disclosure requirements must be reviewed periodically; required that recipients of National Security Letters be notified when the facts no longer support a non-disclosure requirement; and codified procedures for recipients to challenge nondisclosure requirements [44].In sum, the USA FREEDOM Act's important amendments to U.S. intelligence authorities is clear evidence of the extensive effort taken by the United States to place the protection of personal information, privacy, civil liberties, and transparency at the forefront of all U.S. intelligence practices.
Pokiaľ ide o cezhraničnú ochranu, FTC má právomoc chrániť spotrebiteľov na celom svete pred postupmi uplatňovanými v USA [2].
TRANSPARENCY
FTC doposiaľ riešila viac ako 130 prípadov týkajúcich sa nevyžiadaných správ (spam) a sledovacích programov (spyware), viac ako 120 prípadov týkajúcich sa porušovania zásady „nevolať“ v rámci telemarketingu, viac ako 100 prípadov opatrení podľa zákona o korektnom nakladaní so spotrebiteľskými informáciami (Fair Credit Reporting Act), takmer 60 prípadov týkajúcich sa ochrany bezpečnosti údajov, viac ako 50 prípadov všeobecných opatrení na ochranu súkromia, takmer 30 prípadov týkajúcich sa porušovania zákona Gramm-Leach-Bliley a viac ako 20 prípadov opatrení na presadzovanie zákona o ochrane súkromia detí v rámci online režimov (Children's Online Privacy Protection Act) [3].
In addition to the transparency mandated by the USA FREEDOM Act, the U.S. Intelligence Community provides the public much additional information, setting a strong example with respect to transparency into its intelligence activities.
§§ 164.404-164.414; 16 C.F.R. bod 318.
The Intelligence Community has published many of its policies, procedures, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court decisions, and other declassified materials, providing an extraordinary degree of transparency.
Ministerstvo obchodu USA
In addition, the Intelligence Community has substantially increased its disclosure of statistics on the government's use of national security collection authorities.
Ako sa hovorí podrobnejšie ďalej, Súd pre sledovanie v rámci zahraničného spravodajstva, ktorý je zložený z nezávislých federálnych sudcov, je zodpovedný za dohľad nad všetkými činnosťami zhromažďovania informácií prostredníctvom signálového spravodajstva v súlade s FISA a zaisťovanie dodržiavania pravidiel v rámci týchto činností.
On April 22, 2015, the Intelligence Community issued its second annual report presenting statistics on how often the government uses these important authorities.
A nakoniec, významné úlohy dohľadu nad činnosťami amerického zahraničného spravodajstva vrátane amerického signálového spravodajstva plní Kongres USA, konkrétne výbory pre spravodajskú činnosť a výbory pre súdnictvo Snemovne reprezentantov a Senátu.
ODNI also has published, on the ODNI website and on IC On the Record, a set of concrete transparency principles [45] and an implementation plan that translates the principles into concrete, measurable initiatives [46].
Vo svojej úlohe poradenstva rada zabezpečuje, aby sa otázky ochrany slobody primerane zohľadňovali pri príprave a vykonávaní zákonov, nariadení a politík týkajúcich sa úsilia o ochranu krajiny pred terorizmom [55].
In October 2015, the Director of National Intelligence directed that each intelligence agency designate an Intelligence Transparency Officer within its leadership to foster transparency and lead transparency initiatives [47].
Aby mohla rada vykonávať svoje poslanie, má zákonom stanovené oprávnenie na prístup k všetkým relevantným záznamom, správam, auditom, preskúmaniam, dokumentom, listinám, odporúčaniam a všetkým ostatným relevantným materiálom vrátane tajných informácií v súlade so zákonom [56].
The Transparency Officer will work closely with each intelligence agency's Privacy and Civil Liberties Officer to ensure that transparency, privacy, and civil liberties continue to remain top priorities.As an example of these efforts, NSA's Chief Privacy and Civil Liberties Officer has released several unclassified reports over the past few years, including reports on activities under section 702, Executive Order 12333, and the USA FREEDOM Act [48].
Pozri odd.
In addition, the IC works closely with the PCLOB, Congress, and the U.S. privacy advocacy community to provide further transparency relating to U.S. intelligence activities, wherever feasible and consistent with the protection of sensitive intelligence sources and methods.
Pozri napr. odd.
Taken as a whole, U.S. intelligence activities are as transparent as or more transparent than those of any other nation in the world and are as transparent as it is possible to be consistent with the need to protect sensitive sources and methods.
III ods. 6 písm. f) a odd.
To summarize the extensive transparency that exists about U.S. intelligence activities:
III ods. 6 písm. h) a odd.
The IC has released and posted online thousands of pages of court opinions and agency procedures outlining the specific procedures and requirements of our intelligence activities.
III ods. 11 písm. g) prílohy II, najmä body ii) a iii).
We have also released reports on intelligence agencies' compliance with applicable restrictions.
Pozri oddiely „Zintenzívniť spoluprácu s orgánmi pre ochranu osobných údajov“ a „Uľahčovať riešenie sťažností týkajúcich sa nedodržiavania zásad“ prí lohy I a odd.
Senior intelligence officials regularly speak publicly about the roles and activities of their organizations, including descriptions of the compliance regimes and safeguards that govern their work.
III ods. 1 bod xi) a odd. III ods. 7 písm. c) prílohy II.
The IC released numerous additional documents about intelligence activities pursuant to our Freedom of Information Act.
§ 46 písm. j) ods. 3 Táto právomoc sa nevzťahuje na presadzovanie právnych predpisov týkajúcich sa hospodárskej súťaže.
The President issued PPD-28, publicly setting out additional restrictions on our intelligence activities, and ODNI has issued two public reports on the implementation of those restrictions.
Pozri 45 C.F.R. body 160, 162, 164.
The IC is now required by law to release significant legal opinions issued by the FISA Court, or summaries of those opinions.
4 písm. a) bod i) prezidentskej politickej smernice 28 s oddielom 2.3 vykonávacieho nariadenia č. 12333.
This extensive transparency will continue going forward.
§ 1803 písm. i) bod 1, 3 písm. A).
The annual review between Commerce and the European Commission on the implementation of the Privacy Shield will provide an opportunity for the European Commission to discuss any questions raised by any new information released, as well as any other matters concerning the Privacy Shield and its operation, and we understand that the Department may, in its discretion, invite representatives of other agencies, including the IC, to participate in that review.
§ 1881a ods. l pododsek 1.