natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
For all prohibited grounds the directives permit an exception to meet genuine occupational requirements.
Sunt mai multe mijloace procedurale ôn ajutorul victimei prin care sｭ se demonstreze fapta de discriminare.
Thus an employer may select a person for a particular post where, due to the nature of the work involved or the context in which it is carried out, it is a `genuine and determining occupational requirement' that the person should have a characteristic related to racial or ethnic origin, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation or age provided that the objective is legiti-mate and the requirement is proportionate.
Aceste mijloace includ testarea, folosirea statisticilor, a ônregistrｭrilor audio-video, a interogatoriului.
For example, if a film director decided that only a black actor could play Nelson Mandela in a movie ̌ in such a situation it would be a genuine occupational requirement to employ a black person.
Testarea este o modalitate folositｭ mai ales ôn Statele Unite pentru a dovedi discriminarea directｭ la angajare sau ôn relaﾞiile de muncｭ. Ôn Belgia, testarea este un mijloc de probｭ prevｭzut de lege.
Applying a genuine occupational require-ment in respect of one ground should not justify discrimination on any other ground; so in this example, it would not be legitimate to discriminate on grounds of sexual orientation.
ONG-uri din centrul ﾙi estul Europei folosesc de asemenea persoane care testeazｭ › de ex. persoane ôn cｭutarea unui loc de muncｭ › ele sunt alese pentru a oferi un element de comparaﾞie similar ôn toate caracteristicile, mai puﾞin una (cel mai adesea rasｭ) pe baza cｭreia se ôntemeiazｭ discriminarea.
Long-established assumptions about the type of person required to do a particular job may not meet the test of legitimate objective and proportionality.
Ônregistrｭrile audio ﾙi video pot fi folosite ca mijloace de probｭ ôn anumite ﾞｭri › de ex. Republica Cehｭ › dar nu ﾙi ôn altele.
For example, an employer is unlikely to be able to demonstrate that to work as a receptionist a person must be `young and energetic'; such a requirement is likely to be discriminatory on grounds of age and disability.
Instanﾞele din Marea Britanie pot astfel trage concluzii cu privire la existenﾞa discriminｭrii din rｭspunsurile date la interogatoriu sau din lipsa rｭspunsului la timp sau la toate ôntrebｭrile.
† setting special conditions on access to employment and training, on employment and occupa-tion, including dismissal and pay, for young people, older workers and people with caring responsibilities in order to protect them or to promote their vocational integration;
Cénd un stat membru al UE nu a asigurat transpunerea totalｭ (ﾙi corectｭ) a unei directive ôn legi-slaﾞia naﾞionalｭ (a se vedea natura directivelor mai sus) pénｭ la data prevｭzutｭ pentru implemen-tare, un individ poate sｭ invoce dispoziﾞiile directivei ôn faﾞa instanﾞelor naﾞionale.
† fixing minimum age, experience or seniority for access to employment or advantages linked to employment;
Acesta este cunoscut ca principiul ¶efectului direct• al directivei.
† fixing maximum age for recruitment, based on the training requirements of the post or the need for a reasonable period of employment before retirement.
Persoana ôn cauzｭ trebuie sｭ demonstreze cｭ prevederea pe care ôﾙi ôntemeiazｭ cererea este un principiu precis ﾙi necondiﾞionat, aplicabil de cｭtre instanﾞele naﾞionale ﾙi capabil sｭ guverneze poziﾞia juridicｭ a indivizilor.
Any such exception must still be objectively and reasonably justified by a legitimate aim, which could include legitimate employment policy, labour market or training objectives, and the means of achieving that aim must be appropriate and necessary.
Prin urmare, efectul indirect presupu-ne ca instanﾞele naﾞionale sｭ interpreteze legislaﾞia naﾞionalｭ existentｭ, pe cét posibil, ôn conside-rarea principiilor expuse ôn directiva ce trebuia implementatｭ.
If particular groups have never been employed to do particular types of work, positive action could involve training people from such groups to prepare them for such work.
Dacｭ un stat nu implementeazｭ o directivｭ ôn limita de timp prevｭzutｭ, statul este responsabil pentru prejudiciul cauzat unui individ din aceastｭ pricinｭ.
It could also involve taking additional, planned, targeted steps, when seeking to recruit new employees, to publicise posts in different ways in order to encourage members of such groups to apply, offering support if necessary.
Sunt aﾙa numitele ¶despｭgubiri Franco-vich• pentru cｭ acest principiu a fost pentru prima oarｭ expus ôn cazul Francovich and Bonifaci v. Italy (Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90) decis de Curtea Europeanｭ de Justiﾞie ôn 1991.
The employment framework directive (2000/78/EC), Article 5, requires employers to take appropri-ate steps where needed in a particular case, to enable a disabled person to have access to, par-ticipate in or advance in employment or to undergo training unless this would impose a `dispro-portionate burden' on the employer. For example:
Ôn cazul Francovich CEJ a listat 3 condiﾞii necesare ﾙi suficiente pentru a stabili responsabilitatea conform acestui principiu: s Dispoziﾞia ôncｭlcatｭ trebuie sｭ se refere la respectarea drepturilor individuale; s Conﾞinutul acestor drepturi trebuie sｭ fie determinabil pe baza prevederilor directivei ôn discu-ﾞie; ﾙi s Trebuie sｭ existe o legｭturｭ cauzalｭ ôntre ôncｭlcarea de cｭtre stat a obligaﾞiei de a transpune directiva ﾙi prejudiciul suferit de persoana vｭtｭmatｭ.
† after an accident at work a manual worker is unable to continue in his manual job; the employ-er could provide appropriate training and transfer him to an office job;
Ôn plus, ôncｭlcarea legislaﾞiei UE trebuie sｭ fie suficient de gravｭ pentru individ pentru ca acesta sｭ fie ôndrituit la despｭgubiri.
† a wheelchair-user replies to an advertisement for an administrative assistant. The address is on the fourth floor.
Remediul ¶despｭgubirile Francovich• a fost dezvoltat de jurisprudenﾞa CEJ ôn deciziile sale recente.
If, how-ever, the employer has offices only on the fourth floor and there is no lift, then there may be no reasonable measures (without disproportionate burden) the employer can take to enable this person to do this job;
Acum este clar cｭ ele sunt oferite pentru toate ôncｭlcｭrile obligaﾞiilor statelor, chiar ﾙi ôn cazurile ôn care o directivｭ a fost implementatｭ ôn mod corect, iar nu doar pentru neimplementare.
Key concepts in the training
Ce este un ONG?
Both directives provide that associations and organisations with a legitimate interest can support victims of discrimination or take legal action on their behalf (with their approval).
Dacｭ un ONG are legｭturi strénse cu un partid politic ce se ôntémplｭ cénd partidul ajunge la guver-nare?
Criteria defining which organisations have a `legitimate interest' are established by national law.
Cum ar putea fi afectatｭ sau compromisｭ independenﾞa unui ONG de sursele sale de finanﾞare?
Dialogue with civil society
Este necesar sｭ fie membri ai ONG-ului?
In the race directive (2000/43/EC) only, there is an obligation on each Member State to designate a body to promote equal treatment.
Un ONG este un grup local, naﾞional sau internaﾞional, cu personalitate juridicｭ, cu un scop clar ﾙi acﾞiuni vizibile, guvernat de un consiliu director care este autorizat ôi reprezinte pe membri.
Their main tasks are to provide independent assistance to victims of discrimination, conduct independent surveys and studies, publish independent reports and make recommendations.
Este ôn mod obiﾙnuit o organizaﾞie non-profit, fｭrｭ afiliere la orice entitate guvernamentalｭ sau din secto-
Member States must report to the EU on the application of the race directive (2000/43/EC) by 19 July 2005 and on the application of the employment framework directive (2000/78/EC) by 2 December 2005, and every five years thereafter.
Scopurile sale sunt de obicei sｭ promoveze bunｭstarea prin implicarea ôn probleme sociale ﾙi politice ﾙi cｭuténd sｭ joace un rol egal cu alte instituﾞii democra-tice ôn dezvoltare ﾙi progresul societｭﾞii.
In transposing the directives, Member States must ensure there are sanctions for infringement of their national anti-discrimination laws and that these sanctions are applied.
Atunci cénd se considerｭ rolul pe care ôl pot juca ôn combaterea discriminｭrii, ONG-urile ar putea sｭ foloseascｭ avantajele rolurilor speciale care li s-au dat prin Articolele 7 ﾙi 12 ale Directivei Con-siliului 2000/43/CE ﾙi prin Articolele 9 ﾙi 14 ale Directivei Consiliului 2000/78/CE.
Sanctions for dis-crimination must be `effective, proportionate and dissuasive'; that is they should provide appropri-ate personal redress for the victim and should deter both the particular respondent and others from comparable acts of discrimination in the future.
Pentru atingerea de cｭtre o ﾞarｭ a ﾞelurilor sale de pace, democraﾞie, bunｭ guvernare, sｭnｭtate, prosperitate ﾙi egalitate ONG-urile sunt esenﾞiale pentru o dezvoltare reuﾙitｭ.
Sanctions may comprise the payment of compensation, for which no upper limits can be imposed.
Rolul unui ONG ca instrument al societｭﾞii civile ôn lupta ômpotriva discriminｭrii poate include: s Asigurarea mijloacelor pentru exprimarea ﾙi rezolvarea directｭ a nevoilor oamenilor care sunt discriminaﾞi.
The notion of the shift of the burden of proof made its way into EU law through ECJ case-law handed down in connection with equal pay cases ̌ where a woman could show difference in gender and difference in pay, and the court needed the employer to provide an explanation. The most frequently cited case in this regard is Enderby v. Frenchay Health Authority and the Secretary of State for Health, C-127/92.
Lista urmｭtoare reprezintｭ activitｭﾞile ﾙi serviciile pe care un ONG le poate ôntreprinde sau oferi ôn ôn a ajuta combaterii discriminｭrii la toate nivelurile: s conﾙtientizare; s monitorizarea/influenﾞarea dezvoltｭrii politicilor ﾙi a legii; s litigii; s metode alternative de rezolvare a disputelor incluzénd medierea; s ducénd campanii, pledénd pentru schimbｭri ôn practicｭ
What these facts might be is depend-ent on domestic legislation and case-law.
Mai multe detalii despre acestea vor fi explorate ôn capitolele urmｭtoare.
This approach is likely to be particularly important in sexual orientation cases, since victims will not need to prove that they have a particular sexual orientation but merely to establish facts to show that they have suffered less favourable treatment or harassment on grounds of their perceived sexual orientation or their association with people of a particular sexual orientation.
s Ôn timp ce nemulﾞumirea faﾞｭ de politicｭ creﾙte, angrenarea ôn activitｭﾞi voluntare ﾙi comunita-re reprezintｭ o modalitate a oamenilor de a contribui la viaﾞa publicｭ, donéndu-ﾙi timpul sau banii ﾙi susﾞinénd cauzele care ôi intereseazｭ.
There are many procedural instruments that can assist victims of discrimination to establish that discrimination may have occurred.
s Organizaﾞiile voluntare au devenit din ce ôn ce mai mult un loc unde oamenii pot participa la dezbateri ﾙi se pot implica ôn probleme care ôi afecteazｭ, ﾙi unde simt cｭ pot pleda pentru schimbare.
Such instruments include testing, the use of statistics, video and audio recordings and the so-called questionnaire procedure.
s Reguli complexe legate de cerinﾞele pe care ONG-urile trebuie sｭ le ôndeplineascｭ pentru a fi ônregistrate.
Testing is commonly used in the United States to prove direct discrimination in employment, housing and access to services.
ONG-urile care ôncearcｭ sｭ se ônregistreze ar trebui sｭ cunoascｭ detaliat aceste reguli ﾙi sｭ fi fｭcut paﾙii corecﾞi ﾙi sｭ fi obﾞinut documentele necesare.
In Belgium testing is a piece of evidence acknowledged by law.
s Interzicerea efectuｭrii de unele organizaﾞii a anumitor activitｭﾞi dacｭ nu sunt ônregistrate.
NGOs in central and eastern Europe also use testers ̌ job seekers for instance ̌ who are selected to stand a comparison in all their characteristics, expect for the one (most often race) on the basis of which discrimination occurs.
Organi-zaﾞiile trebuie sｭ decidｭ importanﾞa acestora ﾙi dacｭ sｭ se ônregistreze sau nu.
Audio and video recordings can be used as evidence in some countries, for example, in the Czech Republic, but not in others.
s Interzicerea unor anumite activitｭﾞi chiar ﾙi dupｭ ônregistrare.
In the United Kingdom the questionnaire procedure enables rejected job seekers to seek an immediate response from the employer as to the reasons for their rejection.
ONG-urile trebuie sｭ respecte legile naﾞionale sau dacｭ acestea sunt arbitrare sau disproporﾞionate, sｭ le atace prin mecanis-mele cuvenite.
Both the race directive (2000/43/EC) and the employment framework directive (2000/78/EC) in their preambles expressly mention that statistics may be used in cases of indirect discrimination.
s Lipsｭ reputaﾞiei pentru a participa la dezbateri politice relevante. ONG-urile vor trebui sｭ se asigure cｭ au informat indivizii sau organizaﾞiile care au reputaﾞie.
Where a State which is a member of the EU, has not provided for the full (and correct) transposition of a directive (see nature of directives above) into national law by the time the date for implementa-tion has passed, an individual may nevertheless be able to rely on the provisions of the directives before national courts.
s Percepﾞia afilierii unui guvern sau partid politica un avocat imparﾞial al problemelor. Un ONG bun trebuie sｭ fie atent la ômbrｭﾞiﾙarea unei cauze, sｭ nu se afilieze unui partid politic ﾙi trebuie sｭ ia mｭsuri ca lucrurile sｭ stea astfel.
The aggrieved individual will have to show that the provision relied on is a precise and unconditional principle which is suffi-ciently operational to be applied by a national court and which is therefore capable of governing the legal position of individuals.
ONG-urile trebuie sｭ se asigure cｭ ônﾞeleg importanﾞa unui management orga-nizaﾞional ﾙi financiar bun.
However it is generally held that the principle of direct effect applies only to complaints directed against a public body or `emanation of the State'.
Trebuie sｭ obﾞinｭ serviciile (plｭtite sau nu) unor profesioniﾙti buni sau sｭ se ocupe de formarea riguroasｭ (sau améndouｭ).
As such, in relation to litigation between private individuals or entities, directives also have so-called `indirect effect'.
s Lipsa fondurilor ﾙi resurse limitate, lipsa informaﾞiei ﾙi consilierii pentru accesarea fondurilor naﾞionale, UE ﾙi internaﾞionale disponibile.
As discussed above, States and in particular domestic courts are obliged to do everything possible to achieve the results outlined in the directives.
Comisia naﾞionalｭ de egalitate, organele de coordo-
Combating discrimination › A training manual
Combaterea discriminｭrii › Manual de pregｭtire nare ale ONG-ului, reprezentanﾞii locali ai UE ﾙi donatori regionali sau internaﾞionali trebuie contactaﾞi pentru a identifica surse de finanﾞare convenabile.
It is ultimately for the ECJ to decide which terms of the anti-discrimination directives have direct or indirect effect.
s Impozitarea sau alte legi relevante ale ﾞｭrii donatorului sau primitorului care ar putea sｭ nu fie ôn favoare ONG-urilor.
If a State fails to implement a directive within the time frame provided, the State is liable for dam-age that this causes to the individual.
De exemplu, un obstacol considerabil ôn calea ONG-urilor din Japonia ôl reprezintｭ faptul cｭ Japonia nu a acordat deduceri de taxe majoritｭﾞii organizaﾞiilor sale non profit.
This is referred to as Francovich damages as the principle was first laid down in the case of Francovich and Bonifaci v. Italy (Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90) decided by the European Court of Justice in 1991.
Pe de altｭ parte, experienﾞa din SUA a arｭtat cｭ beneficiile din taxe pentru organizaﾞiile non profit ajutｭ la stimularea contribuﾞiilor din partea publicului ﾙi promoveazｭ donaﾞii carita-bile din partea sectorului privat.
In the Francovich case, the ECJ listed three conditions which are both necessary and sufficient to establish liability under this principle.
Guvernul promulgｭ ﾙi aplicｭ reguli ﾙi norme care definesc mediul politic necesar dezvoltｭrii activitｭﾞilor ONG-urilor.
† the rule that has been infringed should entail the granting of rights to individuals;
s Sub-utilizarea suportului potenﾞial din partea sectorului privat.
† the content of such rights must be ascertainable on the basis of the provisions of the directive in question; and
ONG-urile ar trebui sｭ ôncerce sｭ obﾞinｭ ¶implicarea mediului de afaceri•.
† there must be a causal link between the breach of the State's obligation and the loss and dam-age suffered by the injured individual.
Un numｭr ôn creﾙtere de ONG-uri implicｭ mediul de afaceri ôn ¶parteneriate• cu scopul de a rezolva colaborativ probleme cheie.
In addition, the breach of EU law must also be sufficiently serious for the individual to be entitled to damages.
s Incapacitatea de a atinge unele segmente din comunitate datoritｭ unei anumite lipse de sen-sibilitate, impunerea din exterior a unor scopuri politice, barierele culturale sau de limbｭ.
It is now clear that it is available for all breaches of EU law by a Member State, including failure to implement a direc-tive properly, in addition to complete non-implementation.
Ele pot fi ôndepｭrtate prin alocarea unor atribuﾞii manageriale, training specific ôn probleme de management, un aparat administrativ intern competent, o revizuire periodicｭ a problemelor administrative ﾙi a celor privind relaﾞiile de muncｭ.
Page 23
23 alin.
A NGO is a local, national, or international group, with a legally established constitution, a clear purpose and visible activities with a governing body which has the authority to speak for its mem-bers.
Cu acel prilej, organizaﾞiile participante au decis introducerea unei acﾞiuni ôn justiﾞie ômpotri-va Guvernului pentru a determina adoptarea hotｭrérii de ônfiinﾞare a CNCD.
It is normally a non-profit-making organisation, not affiliated with any government or private sector entity, or any political party.
Douｭ sｭptｭméni mai térziu, la 27 noiembrie 2001, s-a adoptat Hotｭrérea Guvernului nr.
Its aims are usually to promote well-being by addressing social and legal problems, and by seeking to play an equal role with other democratic institutions in the development and progress of civil society.
1194/20011, Guvernul ôndepli-nindu-ﾙi astfel, chiar dacｭ cu foarte mare ôntérziere, obligaﾞia legalｭ care ôi revenea prin art. 23 din Ordonanﾞa Guvernului nr. 137/2000.
When considering what role they can play in combating discrimination, NGOs should take full advantage of the special roles that have been given to them under Articles 7 and 12 of Council Directive 2000/43/EC, and Articles 9 and 14 of Council Directive 2000/78/EC.
Or, ôn absenﾞa Consiliului Naﾞional pentru Combaterea Discriminｭrii, cea mai mare parte a Ordonanﾞei Guvernului nr. 137/2000 ar fi rｭmas literｭ moartｭ, dispoziﾞiile sale contravenﾞionale fiind ina-plicabile.
In order for a country to achieve its goals of peace, democracy, good governance, health, prosper-ity and equality, NGOs are essential to successful development.
Ôn acelaﾙi timp ea demonstreazｭ cét de importantｭ este participarea efectivｭ a organizaﾞiilor neguverna-mentale pentru determinarea unor schimbｭri ôn domeniul combaterii discriminｭrii.
The role of NGOs as instruments of civil society in the fight against discrimination can include:
Ôn 2002, Parlamentul a modificat ﾙi completat Ordonanﾞa 137/2000, prin Legea 48/20022.
† providing a means for expressing and actively addressing the needs of people who are dis-criminated against;
Necesitatea regle- mentｭrii este susﾞinutｭ ﾙi prin prisma altor aspecte legislative3
† establishing the mechanisms to influence decision-making;
Publicatｭ ôn Monitorul Oficial al Roméniei, Partea I, nr.
† monitoring, documenting and denouncing discrimination;
Avénd ôn vedere legislaﾞia ôn vigoare ôn acest moment, Roménia a transpus o bunｭ parte din prevede-rile directivelor europene.
† work, where appropriate, in partnership with governments to achieve common aims and objectives;
Deﾙi diferitｭ faﾞｭ de textul directivei, aceastｭ definiﾞie acoperｭ cerinﾞele directivei ôn ce priveﾙte definiﾞia discriminｭrii directe, cu atét mai mult cu cét pentru a realiza o transpunere corectｭ a directivei nu este obligatoriu sｭ traduci literal definiﾞiile din directive.
† deliver services efficiently and effectively within the framework of government policies, where appropriate, and to adopt, where appropriate strategies consulted and negotiated between NGOs and government;
A fost introdusｭ prin OG 77/2003, ôn forma prevｭzutｭ de directivele europene: ¶Sunt discriminato-rii, potrivit prezentei ordonanﾞe, prevederile, criteriile sau practicile aparent neutre care dezavan-
† guide and contribute significantly to legislative and policy-making processes, by providing properly researched advice and by briefing politicians in both government and opposition and other persons of influence;
(1), faﾞｭ de alte persoane, ôn afara cazului ôn care aceste prevederi, criterii sau practici sunt justificate obiectiv de un scop legitim, iar metodele de atingere a acelui scop sunt adecvate ﾙi necesare.• (art.2 alin.2)
† be vigilant `watchdogs' ̌ pointing out where governments and corporations are actively dis-criminating, or failing in their obligations to combat discrimination or where they need to improve their performance, and serving to enforce the operation of checks and balances that characterise democratic society.
A fost introdusｭ de asemenea prin OG 77/2003: ¶Constituie hｭrﾞuire ﾙi se sancﾞioneazｭ contraven-ﾞional orice comportament pe criteriu de rasｭ, naﾞionalitate, etnie, limbｭ, religie, categorie socialｭ, convingeri, sex, orientare sexualｭ, apartenenﾞｭ la o categorie defavorizatｭ, vérstｭ, handicap, statut de refugiat ori azilant sau orice alt criteriu care duce la crearea unui cadru intimidant, ostil, degra-dant ori ofensiv.• (art.2 alin.3 indice 1)
Page 25
Conform art.
† keep track of and ensure that advantage is taken of all new developments in combating dis-crimination, for example, new legislation (national, EU and international), new policies (nation-al, EU and international), new sources of funding, and landmark judicial decisions (at both national, EU and international level);
Aceasta ônseamnｭ cｭ, ôn cazurile particulare ôn care se impune, angajatorii trebuie sｭ ia mｭsurile necesare pentru a per-mite unei persoane cu dizabilitｭﾞi sｭ aibｭ acces, sｭ participe sau sｭ promoveze la locul de muncｭ sau sｭ beneficieze de instruire, cu excepﾞia cazului ôn care astfel de mｭsuri ar presupune un efort dispro-porﾞionat din partea angajatorului.
† be open, transparent and accountable to their membership and to the public;
Exemple de acomodare rezonabilｭ pot fi adoptarea unui scaun, a orelor de lucru, etc.
† increase the strength of NGO participation in civil society by forming networks and coalitions, and promoting original initiatives and solutions.
Prevederile privind acomodarea rezonabilｭ nu constituie mｭsuri afirmative care sｭ urmｭreascｭ tratamentul favorabil al unui grup, ci o formｭ individualｭ de egalitate de tratament care nu este temporarｭ prin natura sa.
† work openly and in a spirit of collaboration with other NGOs operating in related fields and to avoid conflicts and disputes between NGOs occurring;
Angajatorul este scutit de la aceastｭ obligaﾞie dacｭ poate dovedi cｭ: (1) nu a fost avertizat cu pri-vire la aceastｭ nevoie de acomodare individualｭ, (2) o acomodare efectivｭ nu era disponibilｭ, sau (3) ar fi presupus un efort disproporﾞionat din partea sa.
† put pressure on a State to ratify international instruments which allow for the international spotlight to be shone on government practices;
Handicapul este ceva ce se demonstreazｭ ôntot-deauna medical, cu un document ôn acest sens, ôn vreme ce dizabilitatea priveﾙte o stare de sｭnｭ-tate fｭrｭ a fi necesar un document medical justificativ.
† supply national and international bodies with vital and reliable information which they should draw on when examining a country's record on discrimination.
De asemenea, limbajul juridic din Roménia nu are traducerea pertinentｭ a conceptului de ¶reaso-nable accommodation•.