natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Get in touch with your nationalcontact to find out more about funding opportunitiesand what the ESF is doing in your area.
Contactaţi responsabilul naţional pentru informaţii suplimentare despre posibilităţile de finanţare şi despre activităţile FSE din zona dumneavoastră.
You can findthe national contacts at: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/emplweb/esf
Responsabilii la nivel naţional pot fi găsiţi la:http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/emplweb/esf
The European Union's Europa website has furtherinformation on:•the history of the ESF,•ESF priorities and objectives,•ESF supported projects and activities.
Site-ul internet al Uniunii Europene conţine mai multe informaţii despre:• istoria FSE, • priorităţile şi obiectivele FSE,• proiectele şi activităţile finanţate de FSE.
This publication has been commissioned by the European Commission under the framework of the European Com-munity action programme to combat discrimination (2001›06).
Aceastｭ publicaﾞie a fost comandatｭ de cｭtre Comisia Europeanｭ sub egida Programului de Acﾞiune al Comunitｭﾞii Europene cu privire la combaterea discriminｭrii (2001-2006).
The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
Conﾞinutul acestei publicaﾞii nu exprimｭ ôn mod necesar punctul de vedere sau poziﾞia Comisiei Europene, Direcﾞia Generalｭ pentru Ocuparea Forﾞei de Muncｭ, Afaceri Sociale ﾙi Egalitatea wanselor.
Views expressed herein are those of the contractor producing this report, and do not necessarily represent any official view of the Commission and in particular the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, which commissioned the work.
Punctele de vedere exprimate aici sunt ale contractantului care a produs acest raport ﾙi nu reprezintｭ ôn mod nece-sar un punct de vedere oficial al Comisiei ﾙi ôn particular al Direcﾞiei Generale pentru Ocuparea Forﾞei de Muncｭ, Afaceri Sociale ﾙi Egalitatea wanselor, care a comandat aceastｭ lucrare.
This training manual was produced by human European consultancy in partnership with the Migration Policy Group.
Acest manual de formare profesionalｭ a fost realizat de cｭtre human european consultancy ôn parteneriat cu Migra-tion Policy Group.
human european consultancy, based in the Netherlands, provides consultancy services to non-governmental orga-nisations (NGOs), governments, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) and development agencies in the areas of healthcare, social protection, labour relations and human rights.
human european consultancy, cu sediul ôn Olanda, furnizeazｭ servicii de consultanﾞｭ organizaﾞiilor neguvernamen-tale (ONG-uri), autoritｭﾞilor naﾞionale, organizaﾞiilor inter-guvernamentale ﾙi agenﾞiilor de dezvoltare din domeniul sｭnｭtｭﾞii, protecﾞiei sociale, relaﾞiilor de muncｭ ﾙi drepturilor omului.
The Migration Policy Group is an independent organisation committed to policy development on mobility, migra-tion, diversity, equality and anti-discrimination by facilitating the exchange between stakeholders from all sectors of society and generating effective responses to these challenges and opportunities.
Migration Policy Group este o organizaﾞie independentｭ dedicatｭ dezvoltｭrii politicilor privind mobilitatea, migrarea, diversitatea, egalitatea ﾙi anti-discriminarea, prin facilitarea schimburilor ôntre actorii instituﾞionali din toate sectoa-rele societｭﾞii ﾙi care genereazｭ rｭspunsuri eficace la aceste provocｭri ﾙi oportunitｭﾞi.
A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.
Foarte multe informaﾞii referitoare la Uniunea Europeanｭ pot fi gasite pe Internet.
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu).
Acestea pot fi accesibile la urmｭtoarea adresｭ (http://europa.eu).
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2006
Luxemburg: Biroul pentru publicaﾞii oficiale ale Comunitｭﾞile Europene, 2006
Ç European Communities, 2006 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Ç Comunitｭﾞile Europene, 2006 Reproducerea este autorizatｭ cu condiﾞia menﾞionｭrii sursei.
PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER
TIPÉRIT PE HARTIE ALBÉ, FARÉ CLOR.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introducere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction to the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introducere ôn Uniunea Europeanｭ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brief introduction to the Council of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scurtｭ introducere ôn Consiliul Europei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The concept of discrimination in EU law and policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conceptul discriminｭrii ôn legislaﾞia ﾙi politica UE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Definition of other concepts in the directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Definirea altor concepte regｭsite ôn Directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Shift of the burden of proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inversarea sarcinii probei. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Non-implementation of EU law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Neimplementarea legislaﾞiei UE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The role of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in combating discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rolul Organizaﾞiilor Neguvernamentale ôn combaterea discriminｭrii. . . . . . . . . . . 23
Why are NGOs better placed than other organisations to work towards combating discrimination? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ce este un ONG?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Care este rolul unui ONG ôn zona combaterii discriminｭrii? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What are the obstacles for NGOs and how might these be overcome? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discriminarea ôn contextul naﾞional. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The transposition of the directives into national law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Proceduri administrative ﾙi alte cｭi legale de luptｭ ômpotriva discriminｭrii. . . . . . . . . . . Probleme specifice ôn contextul naﾞional. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thematic subjects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subiecte tematice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Awareness raising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monitorizarea/Influenﾞarea dezvoltｭrii de legi ﾙi politici. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monitoring/Influencing the development of policy and law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asistenﾞa individualｭ acordatｭ victimelor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Skills and tools when working towards combating discrimination. . . . . . . . .
Strategii naﾞionale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anexa: Suport de curs privind realizarea documentｭrii situaﾞiilor de ôncｭlcare a drepturilor omului. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I n t r o d u c t i o n
Introducere
Welcome to this training manual!
Vｭ mulﾞumim pentru alegerea acestui manual de formare profesionalｭ!
This training tool was developed as part of the EU-funded project, `Capacity building of civil soci-ety dealing with anti-discrimination', with the aim to provide training on European and national anti-discrimination law and policy to non-governmental organisations in the 10 Member States which joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 as well as in Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.
Obiectivul acestuia este de a furniza formare profesionalｭ ôn domeniul dreptului ﾙi strategiilor naﾞionale ﾙi europene anti-discriminare organizaﾞiilor neguvernamentale din cele 10 state membre care au aderat la Uniunea Europeanｭ la 1 mai 2004 ﾙi de asemenea celor din Romé-nia, Bulgaria ﾙi Turcia.
NGOs have a vital role to play in making anti-discrimination legislation understood and enforced on the ground.
ONG-urile joacｭ un rol deosebit de important ôn a face ônﾞeleasｭ ﾙi ôn a impune legislaﾞia anti-discri-minare pe teren.
They are essential in speaking on behalf of and defending those they represent as well as raising awareness, of both victims and potential victims of discrimination, who are all too often unaware of their rights, and also of the general public.
Acestea au un rol esenﾞial ôn a reprezenta ﾙi a apｭra pe cei reprezentaﾞi ﾙi, de asemenea, ôn a creﾙte gradul de conﾙtientizare a victimelor ﾙi a potenﾞialelor victime ale discrimi-nｭrii, care de cele mai multe ori nu ôﾙi cunosc drepturile, cét ﾙi publicului larg.
The manual was used by national trainers conducting national training seminars in each involved country.
Acest manual a fost utilizat de formatorii naﾞionali care au dirijat seminariile naﾞionale de formare profesionalｭ ôn fiecare ﾞarｭ implicatｭ.
Participants came from a wide variety of non-governmental organisations and associa-tions covering all grounds of discrimination ̌ racial and ethnic origin (including Roma), religion or belief, age, disability and sexual orientation.
Participanﾞii au provenit din diverse organizaﾞii neguverna-mentale ﾙi asociaﾞii, reprezenténd toate tipurile de discriminare - rasialｭ sau bazatｭ pe originea etnicｭ (incluzénd rromii), religie sau credinﾞｭ religioasｭ, vérstｭ, dizabilitate sau orientare sexualｭ.
The main purpose of this project (November 2004›October 2005) was to build up the capacity of civil society by improving NGOs' knowledge on the two EU anti-discrimination directives (2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC) and relevant national legislation and policies in this area.
Scopul principal al acestui proiect (derulat ôn perioada noiembrie 2004 › octombrie 2005) a fost sｭ dezvolte capacitatea societｭﾞii civile prin ameliorarea cunoﾙtinﾞelor ONG-urilor cu privire la douｭ directive anti-discriminare ale UE (2000/43/CE ﾙi 2000/78/CE) ﾙi la legislaﾞia ﾙi politicile naﾞionale relevante ôn acest domeniu.
NGOs were trained to become a key interlocutor of the authorities and to assist the victims of discrimination.
ONG-urile au fost formate sｭ devinｭ interlocutori privilegiaﾞi ai auto-ritｭﾞilor ﾙi sｭ ajute victimele discriminｭrii.
The project focused on three activities.
Proiectul s-a concentrat pe trei activitｭﾞi: s Analiza nevoilor
A stakeholder/needs analysis was carried out in each of the 13 countries to assess the capacity and extent of organisations representing civil society.
S-a realizat o analizｭ a necesitｭﾞilor actorului social ôn fiecare din cele 13 ﾞｭri, pentru a evalua capacitatea ﾙi amploarea organizaﾞiilor reprezenténd societatea civilｭ.
This analysis gave input to the training specifications and helped to identify the target groups for participation in the national seminars and their needs. This information was based on the answers provided by the NGOs involved.
Aceastｭ analizｭ a furni-zat idei despre caracteristicile formｭrii profesionale ﾙi a ajutat la identificarea grupurilor ﾞintｭ pentru a participa la seminariile naﾞionale ﾙi a necesitｭﾞilor acestora.
† Training the trainers
s Formarea profesionalｭ a formatorilor
In each of the 13 countries, six local trainers were selected, some coming themselves from minority groups (for list see http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/ fundamental_rights/civil/civ_en.htm).
Ôn fiecare din cele 13 ﾞｭri au fost selectaﾞi ﾙase formatori locali, unii dintre ei provenind din rén-dul minoritｭﾞilor (pentru a vedea lista accesaﾞi http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/funda-mental_rights/civil/civ_en.htm).
Four `Train the trainers' seminars targeting the national trainers took place in March 2005.
Patru seminarii de ¶formare profesionalｭ a formatorilor• au avut loc ôn martie 2005.
Combating discrimination › A training manual seminars consisted of the training modules which can be found in this manual translated into national languages, and into some minority languages.
Materia seminarilor naﾞionale a constat ôn module de formare profesionalｭ care pot fi gｭsite ôn acest manual tradus ôn limbile naﾞionale ﾙi ôn céteva limbi ale minoritｭﾞilor.
The material in this manual was designed for the recipients of the training.
Conﾞinutul acestui manual a fost conceput pentru beneficiarii formｭrii profesionale.
We hope the material in this manual will be useful for individuals and organisations active in the fight against discrimination wherever they may be in the European Union.
Sperｭm cｭ materialul va fi util pentru persoanele fizice ﾙi pentru organizaﾞiile active ôn combaterea discriminｭrii, oriunde ar fi acestea ôn Uniunea Europeanｭ.
Following the success of the training seminars in the new Members States and Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey, the Euro-pean Commission has decided to fund a follow-up of this training exercise in all 25 Member States and in Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey in 2006 as well, to include also social partner organisations in these countries among the participants.
Ca urmare a succesului seminariilor de formare profesionalｭ ôn noile state membre, precum ﾙi ôn Roménia, Bulgaria ﾙi Turcia, Comisia Europeanｭ a hotｭrét sｭ finanﾞeze o continuare a acestui exerciﾞiu de formare profesionalｭ ôn toate cele 25 de state membre, precum ﾙi ôn Roménia, Bulgaria ﾙi Turcia ôn anul 2006, ﾙi sｭ includｭ, de asemenea, organizaﾞii sociale partenere din aceste ﾞｭri printre participanﾞi.
The project is a European Commission initiative funded by the action programme to combat dis-crimination (2001›06).
Proiectul este o iniﾞiativｭ a Comisiei Europene, finanﾞat prin Programul de Acﾞiune pentru Comba-terea Discriminｭrii (2001-2006). Acesta a fost realizat de cｭtre human european consultancy (www.humanconsultancy.com), ôn parteneriat cu Migration Policy Group (www.migpolgroup.com) ﾙi cu parteneri locali din fiecare din cele 13 ﾞｭri.
Introduction to the European Union
Introducere ôn Uniunea Europeanｭ
The European Union (EU) comprises 25 Member States: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Swe-den and the United Kingdom.
Uniunea Europeanｭ (UE) este alcｭtuitｭ din 25 de state membre: Austria, Belgia, Cipru, Republica Cehｭ, Danemarca, Estonia, Finlanda, Franﾞa, Germania, Grecia, Ungaria, Irlanda, Italia, Letonia, Lituania, Luxembourg, Malta, Olanda, Polonia, Portugalia, Slovacia, Slovenia, Spania, Suedia ﾙi Marea Britanie.
There are, at present, two acceding and two candidate countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia and Turkey.
Ôn acest moment existｭ douｭ ﾞｭri aderente ﾙi douｭ ﾞｭri candidate: Bulgaria, Roménia, Croaﾞia ﾙi Turcia.
A. Council of the European Union
Instituﾞiile Uniunii Europene
‹ to pass European laws: in many fields it legislates jointly with the European Parlia-ment;
Existｭ 4 instituﾞii principale cu competenﾞe ôn ôndeplinirea atribuﾞiilor Uniunii Europene:
† Consists of representatives of the Member States at ministerial level (one representative per Member State) who are authorised to commit their governments.
s Este compus din reprezentanﾞi ai statelor membre la nivel ministerial (un reprezentant din fiecare stat membru) care sunt autorizaﾞi sｭ-ﾙi angajeze guvernele s Preﾙedinﾞia Consiliului este ôndeplinitｭ prin rotaﾞie de cｭtre statele membre pentru o perioa-dｭ de 6 luni s Preﾙedintele Consiliului reprezintｭ UE ôn relaﾞiile internaﾞionale
For some more details of the Commission's actions in the field of discrimination see point 1.3 below.
Pentru mai multe detalii cu privire la acﾞiunile Comisiei, a se vedea mai jos la punctul 1.3.
‹ to exercise democratic supervision over all EU institutions, and in particular the Com-mission.
C. Parlamentul European s Parlamentul are 3 principale atribuﾞii: n Ômpreunｭ cu Consiliul are puterea sｭ legifereze; n Exercitｭ supravegherea democraticｭ asupra tuturor instituﾞiilor UE ﾙi ôn mod special asupra Comisiei.
It has the power to approve or reject the nomination of all Commissioners, and it has the right to censure the Commission as a whole; and
Are puterea de a aproba sau respinge nominalizarea tuturor Comisari-lor ﾙi are dreptul de a cenzura componenﾞa Comisiei ôn ôntregime; ﾙi n Ômpreunｭ cu Consiliul exercitｭ autoritatea asupra bugetului UE.
At the end of the procedure, it adopts or rejects the budget in its entirety.
La sférﾙitul procedurii bugetare, adoptｭ sau respinge bugetul ôn ôntregime.
† The monthly plenary sessions are held in Strasbourg (France) ̌ the Parliament's `seat'.
s Sesiunile plenare lunare au loc la Strasbourg (Franﾞa) › sediul Parlamentului.
Parlia-mentary committee meetings and any additional plenary sessions are held in Brussels (Bel-gium), whilst Luxembourg is home to the administrative offices (the `General Secretariat').
Ôntélnirile comitetelor parlamentare ﾙi orice alte ôntélniri adiﾞionale ale sesiunilor plenare au loc la Bruxelles (Belgia), ôn timp ce Luxembourg este sediul birourilor administrative (`Secretaria-tul General') s Membrii Parlamentului European (MPE) sunt aleﾙi direct prin sufragiu universal la fiecare 5 ani; fiecare cetｭﾞean al UE are dreptul sｭ candideze la aceste alegeri, de asemenea, fiecare cetｭﾞean UE poate vota ôn orice stat membru ôn care locuieﾙte s MPE nu pot fi ôn acelaﾙi timp angajaﾞi ai unui guvern naﾞional, dar pot fi membri ai unui parlament naﾞional; aceﾙtia formeazｭ partide multinaﾞionale s Comitetele sunt ônfiinﾞate pentru a se ocupa de aspecte punctuale.
† Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected by universal suffrage every five years; any EU citizen may stand for election, and EU citizens may vote in whichever Member State they live in.
Existｭ un Comitet pentru Relaﾞii de Muncｭ ﾙi Protecﾞie Socialｭ, unul cu privire la Drepturile Femeii ﾙi Egalitatea de sex, unul cu privire la Drepturile Civile, Justiﾞie ﾙi Afaceri Interne, dar nu s-a dedicat ôncｭ un astfel de comitet pentru probleme legate de egalitate.
† Committees are set up to deal with particular issues.
Comitetul privind Petiﾞiile rｭspunde peti-
The Committee on Petitions responds to petitions submitted by individuals who consider that their EU protected rights have been violated (see `National context', Section 3.2, `Adminis-trative and legal channels for challenging violations of anti-discrimination legislation').
ﾞiilor trimise de persoane fizice care considerｭ cｭ drepturile lor ca cetｭﾞeni ai UE au fost ôncｭlcate (A se vedea Secﾞiunea Contextul Naﾞional 3.2 › Cｭi administrative ﾙi legale pentru contestarea ôncｭlcｭrilor legislaﾞiei anti-discriminare)
‹ requests for a preliminary ruling: if a national court is in any doubt about the interpreta-tion or validity of an EU law it may, and sometimes must, ask the ECJ for advice. This advice is given in the form of a `preliminary ruling' (see further `National context', Section 3.2, `Administrative and legal channels for challenging violations of anti-discrimination legislation');
D. Curtea Europeanｭ de Justiﾞie (CEJ) s Principala instanﾞｭ judecｭtoreascｭ la nivelul UE, cu sediul ôn Luxembourg s Compusｭ din céte un judecｭtor din fiecare stat membru, asistaﾞi de 8 Avocaﾞi-generali care au rolul de a prezenta opinii motivate cu privire la cazurile aduse ôn faﾞa CEJ s Judecｭtorii sunt numiﾞi prin acordul guvernelor statelor membre pentru mandate reônnoi-bile la 6 ani s Jurisdicﾞia curﾞii: n฀Cereri prealabile: dacｭ o instanﾞｭ naﾞionalｭ are dubii cu privire la interpretarea sau vali-ditatea unei legi UE, poate ﾙi, ôn unele cazuri, trebuie sｭ cearｭ sfatul CEJ .