natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Pots are then transferred to test vessels under the same environmental conditions as for the exposure phase and maintained for seven days in Smart and Barko medium to induce root development.
29-80.
After this time, several plants in spare pots should be removed for inspection of root growth.
, Micronuclei in circulating erythrocytes: a rapid screen for chromosomal damage during routine toxicity testing in mice, Developments in Toxicology Environmental Science, Vol.
If root growth is not visible (i.e. root tips are not visible), then the establishment phase should be extended until root growth is visible.
11, p.
This step is recommended to ensure that plants are actively growing at the time of test initiation.
555-558.
Selection of uniform plant material
, Guidelines for the conduct of micronucleus assays in mammalian bone marrow erythrocytes, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, Vol.
For Test Design A (one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel) pots are selected for uniformity prior to test initiation.
189/2, p.
For Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel), surplus plants are removed to leave three plants that are uniform in size and appearance.
103-112.
Exposure via the water phase
, The in vivo erythrocyte micronucleus test: measurement at steady state increases assay efficiency and permits integration with toxicity studies, Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, Vol.
Pots, selected for uniformity, are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
14/3, p. 513-522.
Smart and Barko medium is then added to the test vessels.
, The micronucleus assay with mouse peripheral blood reticulocytes using acridine orange-coated slides, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, Vol.
Care should be taken to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
245/4, p.
For this purpose, media may be added using a funnel or a plastic disc to cover the sediment while the medium is poured into the test vessels provided that the disc is removed immediately afterwards.
245-249.
Alternatively, plant pots may be placed in the test vessels after the addition of the media.
CSGMT/JEMS.MMS – The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (1992), Micronucleus test with mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes by acridine orange supravital staining: the summary report of the 5th collaborative study, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, Vol. 278/23, p.
In both cases, fresh media may be used at the beginning of the exposure phase, if necessary to minimise the potential build-up of algae and bacteria or to allow preparation of single batches of test solution across replicates.
83-98.
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the medium.
CSGMT/JEMS.MMS – The Mammalian Mutagenesis Study Group of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan (1995), Protocol recommended by the CSGMT/JEMS.MMS for the short-term mouse peripheral blood micronucleus test.
The relevant amounts of the test chemical may be added to the test medium before it is added to the test vessels.
The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT) (CSGMT/JEMS.MMS, The Mammalian Mutagenesis Study Group of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan), Mutagenesis, Vol.
Alternatively, the test chemical may be introduced into the medium after it has been added to the test vessels.
10/3, p. 153-159.
In this case, care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical is homogeneously distributed throughout the test system without disturbing the sediment.
Mavournin (1994), Bone marrow micronucleus assay: a review of the mouse stocks used and their published mean spontaneous micronucleus frequencies, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 23/4, p.
In all cases, the appearance (e.g. clear, cloudy, etc.) of the test media is recorded at test initiation.
239-273.
Exposure via sediment
Krishna, G., G. Urda, J. Paulissen (2000), Historical vehicle and positive control micronucleus data in mice and rats, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol.
Spiked sediments of the chosen concentration are prepared by addition of a solution of the test chemical directly to fresh sediment.
453/1, p.
A stock solution of the test chemical dissolved in deionised water is mixed with the formulated sediment by rolling mill, feed mixer or hand mixing.
45-50.
If poorly soluble in water, the test chemical can be dissolved in as small a volume as possible of a suitable organic solvent (e.g. hexane, acetone or chloroform).
, The rat bone marrow micronucleus test--study design and statistical power, Mutagenesis, Vol.
This solution is then mixed with ca.
24/5, p.
10 g of fine quartz sand for one test vessel.
419-424.
The solvent is allowed to evaporate and the sand is then mixed with the suitable amount of sediment per test beaker.
Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Only agents that volatilise readily can be used to solubilise, disperse or emulsify the test chemical.
32/1, p.
It should be borne in mind that the volume/weight of sand spiked with the test chemical has to be taken into account in the final preparation of the sediment (i.e. the sediment should thus be prepared with less sand).
84-100.
Care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical added to sediment is thoroughly and evenly distributed within the sediment.
, Improvement of in vivo genotoxicity assessment: combination of acute tests and integration into standard toxicity testing, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol. 723/2, p.
The spiked sediment is filled into the pots (as described above).
108-120.
Plants, selected for uniformity and an adequate root system, are removed from the pots used during the establishment phase and transplanted into the spiked sediment as described above.
, Influence of counting methodology on erythrocyte ratios in the mouse micronucleus test, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Pots are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
54/3, p.
Smart and Barko medium is then added carefully (i.e. using a funnel) in order to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
222-228.
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the media.
Some aspects of protocol design including repeated treatments, integration with toxicity testing, and automated scoring, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Maintenance of water levels over the test duration
35/3, p.
The final water volume must be recorded and the water level marked on each test vessel.
234-252.
If water evaporates during the test by more than 10 %, the water level should be adjusted with distilled water.
Asanami, S., K. Shimono (1997), High body temperature induces micronuclei in mouse bone marrow, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
If necessary, beakers may be loosely covered by a transparent cover such as transparent plastic lids to minimise evaporation and contamination with algal spores.
390/1-2, p.
Warm and/or cool white fluorescent lighting are used to provide light irradiance in the range of about 140 (± 20) μE·m–2 s–1 when measured as a photosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nm) at the water surface and using a light:dark ratio of 16:8 h.
79-83.
Any differences from the selected light irradiance over the test area should not exceed the range of ± 15 %.
Asanami, S., K. Shimono, S. Kaneda (1998), Transient hypothermia induces micronuclei in mice, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
The temperature in the test vessels is 20 ± 2 °C.
413/1, p.
The pH of the control medium should not increase by more than 1,5 units during the test.
7-14.
However, deviation of more than 1,5 units would not invalidate the test when it can be shown that the validity criteria specified previously are met.
, Induction of micronuclei by phenol in the mouse bone marrow: I. Association with chemically induced hypothermia, Toxicological Sciences, Vol.
Test duration
97/1, p.
The exposure period is 14 days.
120-127.
After the establishment phase and immediately prior to treatment (i.e. on Day 0), spare plants from five randomly selected pots for the three plants per pot design or 15 pots for the one plant per pot design, are harvested for assessment of shoot length and fresh and dry weight as described below.
Ishidate (1983), An application of Acridine Orange fluorescent staining to the micronucleus test, Mutation Research Letters, Vol.
For plants transferred into the exposure phase, the following assessments are made as shown in Table 1:
120/4, p.
Assessments of main shoot length, side shoot number and side shoot length are recorded at least at the end of the exposure period (e.g. on day 14).
241-247.
Visual assessments of plant health are recorded at least three times during the exposure period (e.g. on days 0, 7 and 14).
Langlois (1983), A simple fluorescent staining procedure for micronuclei and RNA in erythrocytes using Hoechst 33258 and pyronin Y, Mutation Research, Vol.
Assessments of shoot fresh weight and dry weight are made at the end of the test (i.e. on Day 14).
120/4, p.
Shoot length is determined using a ruler.
269-275.
If side shoots are present, their numbers and length should also be measured.
Staniforth (1989), The automated bone marrow micronucleus test, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol.
Visual assessments of plant health are made by recording the appearance of plants and the general condition of the test medium.
213/1, p.
few roots
, Classification of micronuclei in murine erythrocytes: immunofluorescent staining using CREST antibodies compared to in situ hybridization with biotinylated gamma satellite DNA, Mutagenesis, Vol.
moderate root development
6/4, p.
Care should be taken to remove sediment particles that may adhere to the base of the shoot.
107/2, p. 99-104.
60 °C and dried to a constant weight, prior to re-weighing and recording the dry weight.
347/2, p.
A summary of the minimum biological assessments required over the test duration is provided in Table 1.
97-99.
The temperature of the medium in a supplementary vessel held under the same conditions in the growth chamber, incubator or room should be recorded at least daily (or continuously with a data logger).
Ispra, Italy, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM).
Measurements should be made at least once at test initiation or during the test.
Este important să se remarce faptul că punctajele pentru inflamarea corneană prezentate în tabelul 3 sunt aplicabile numai în cazul în care grosimea se măsoară cu un microscop cu lampă cu fantă (de exemplu, Haag-Streit BP900) cu dispozitivul de măsurare a adâncimii nr.
The method of light detection and measurement, in particular the type of sensor, will affect the measured value.
1 și cu lărgimea fantei setată la 91
Analytical measurements of test chemical
Cu toate acestea, pentru o evaluare aprofundată, care ar fi necesară pentru a încheia un rezultat negativ, toate cele trei condiții experimentale de mai jos se efectuează utilizând atât un tratament pe termen scurt cu și fără activare metabolică, cât și un tratament pe termen lung fără activare metabolică (a se vedea punctele 56, 57 și 58):
Hence, additional treated test vessels may be required to facilitate analytical determinations at test initiation and test termination.
1-4.
However, if the test chemical is demonstrated not to absorb to filters, filtration may also be acceptable.
3-15.
Alternatively, the test solutions of all replicates for each concentration may be pooled for analyses.
167-172.
In cases where use of a solvent / dispersant is required, data from solvent and untreated controls may be pooled for the purposes of statistical analyses provided that the responses of the solvent and untreated controls are not statistically significantly different.
161/2, p.
The mean length and weight of the three plants per test vessel (replicate) and, subsequently, the growth rate for each replicate, should be calculated using the following formula:
34-43.
Percent inhibition of growth rate (Ir) may then be calculated for each test concentration (treatment group) according to the following formula:
234/5, p.
μC mean value for μin the control
9-20.
This response variable is based on changes in total shoot length, total shoot fresh weight and total shoot dry weight, over time in the controls and each treatment group.
6/4, p.
final biomass minus starting biomass for the control group
Mutagenesis, Vol.
final biomass minus starting biomass in the treatment group
8/4, p.
Estimates of the ECx (e.g. EC50) should be based upon both average specific growth rate (ErCx) and yield (EyCx), each of which should in turn be based upon total shoot fresh weight, total shoot dry weight and total shoot length.
Mutation Research, Vol.
Approaching either zero or total inhibition such irregularities may be magnified by the transformation, interfering with the analysis (13).
205-213.
The 95 % confidence limits for each estimate are determined and goodness of fit of the response data to the regression model should be assessed either graphically or statistically.
8/6, p.
The mean for each concentration is then compared with the control mean using an appropriate test method (e.g. Dunnett's, Williams'tests) (19) (20) (21) (22).
Mutation Research, Vol. 322/1, p.
This assessment should be performed by Shapiro-Wilks-test (ND) or Levene's test (VH).
Mutation Research, Vol.
If heterogeneity of variance and/or deviation from ND is extreme and cannot be corrected by transformation, analysis by methods such as Bonferroni-Welch-t-test, step-down Jonkheere Terpstra test and Bonferroni-Median-Test should be considered.
233-245.
REPORTING
540/2, p.
The test report includes the following details:
153-163.
duration and conditions of establishment phase;
607/1, p.
date of start of the test and its duration;
Mutation Research, Vol. 607/1, p.
description of the experimental design: growth chamber/room or laboratory, test vessels and covers, solution volumes, length and weight of test plants per test vessel at the beginning of the test, ratio of sediment surface to water surface, sediment and water volume ratio;
Mutation Research, Vol. 607/1, p.
methods of preparation of stock and test solutions including the use of any solvents or dispersants;
Mutation Research, Vol. 607/1, p.
light source, irradiance (μE·m–2 s–1)
Mutation Research, Vol.
oxygen concentrations;
Mutation Research, Vol.
methods for determination of measurement variables, e.g., length, dry weight, fresh weight;
187-208.
means and standard deviations for each measurement variable;
45-59.
calculated response variables for each treatment replicate, with mean values and coefficient of variation for replicates;
81-116.
estimates of toxic endpoints for response variables e.g. EC50, and associated confidence intervals.
Mutation Research, Vol.
if ANOVA has been used, the size of the effect which can be detected (e.g. the minimum significant difference);
183-190.
any visual signs of phytotoxicity as well as observations of test solutions;
445/1, p.
discussion of the results, including any influence on the outcome of the test resulting from deviations from this test method.
55-71.
Chapter C.3 of this Annex: Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test.
137-163.
Chapter C.50 of this Annex: Sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum Toxicity Test.
517/1-2, p.
Chapter C.28 of this Annex: Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Using Spiked Water.
123-134.
SMART AND BARKO MEDIUM COMPOSITION
1-152.
pH (air equilibrium)
702/2, p.
No value for 20 °C is available, but it can be assumed that the variability of measurement results is higher than the temperature dependence to be expected.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol.
Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC (OJ L 304, 22.11.2007, p.
59/1, p.
The US Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
For the use of an integrated testing strategy for eye irritation under the REACH see also the ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.7a: Endpoint specific guidance http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_r7a_en.pdf
373-384.
Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (OJ L 353, 31.12.2008, p.
Mutation Research Letters, Vol.
Combinations less likely to occur.
Mutation Research, Vol.
For mean it is meant arithmetic mean throughout the document.
257/2, p.
Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, OJ L 353, 31.12.2008, p.
268/2, p.
Sometimes denoted by POW; determined by a shake-flask method in TM A.8 (4), an HPLC method in TM A.24 (5) and a slow-stirring method in TM A.23 (6).
8/6, p.
A limited number of studies are available that makes use of this technique, primarily for chlorinated biphenyls and dibenzodioxins (e.g. Li and Doucette, 1993) (3).
Mutation Research, Vol.
See Appendix 1 for definitions and units
Environmental and Molecular Mutation., Vol.
TLC: thin layer chromatography; HPLC: high pressure liquid chromatography; GC: gas chromatography
49, p. 439-452.
In general, measured concentrations in water during the uptake phase should be at least an order of magnitude above the limit of quantification so that more than one half-life of body burden can be measured in the depuration phase of the study.
147/1-2, p.
For most test substances, there should ideally be no detections in the control water.
29-36.
TOC includes organic carbon from particles and dissolved organic carbon, i.e. TOC = POC + DOC.
62/6, p.
Although not generally recommended, if a solvent or solubilising agent is used the organic carbon originating from this agent should be added to the organic carbon from the test substance to evaluate the concentration of organic carbon in the test vessels.
825-840.
This alternative is only valid if the fish in all test groups are held in similar group sizes, fish are removed according to the same pattern and fed in the same way.
51/3, p.
If the growth is similar, also the lipid content is expected to be similar.
Mutagenesis, Vol.
A different growth in the control would indicate a substance effect and invalidate the study.
25/6, p.
A t-test on growth rate constants can be performed, to test whether growth differs between control and test groups, or an F-test in case of analysis of variance.
Mutagenesis, Vol.
These percentages assume that the analytical methods are reliable and the half life is < 14 days.
257-260.
CI confidence interval (where possible to estimate)
198/1-3, p.
The minimised test may in fact be used to demonstrate rapid metabolism when it is known that rapid metabolism is likely.
Mutation Research, Vol. 392/12, p.
When intermediate data points are also available confidence limits for BCFKm can be calculated as in the full test.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
1), this issue is addressed in the “Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment”, chapter R.7c, R.7.10.3.1; R.7.10.4.1; and figure R7.10-2.
31-45.
This approach differs from “normalisation” to a set organism lipid content as is done in the aqueous exposure bioconcentration test.
113/3-4, p.
Total length should also be recorded during the test as it is a good indicator of whether an adverse effect has occurred.
173-215.
HCB is listed in Annexes A and C to the Stockholm Convention, and in Annexes I and III of Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 on persistent organic pollutants (OJ L 158, 30.4.2004, p.
Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology, Vol.
7)
4/1, p.
For rapid growth during the uptake phase the true feeding rate will decrease below that set at the beginning of exposure.
55-65.
In an aqueous exposure study, a 14-day half-life would correspond to a BCF of ca.
Mutagenesis, Vol.
10000 L/kg using fish of 1 g with a corresponding uptake rate of about 500 L/kg/d (according to the equation of Sijm et al (46)).
7, p.
Since the actual internal concentrations can only be determined after the test has been performed, an estimate of the expected internal concentration is needed (e.g. based on the expected BMF and the concentration in the food; cf.
175-177.
The presence of the test substance in the test medium as a result of excretion by the fish or leaching from food may not be totally avoidable.
28, p.
Therefore one option is to measure the substance concentration in water at the end of the uptake period, especially if a semi-static set up is used, to help to establish whether any aqueous exposure has occurred.
51-59.
A foodstuff analysis technique for protein, lipid, crude fibre and ash content; this information is usually available from the feed supplier.
225-8.
SD Standard deviation (where possible to estimate).
5/6, p. 795801.
If other daphnid are used they should be clearly identified and their use justified.
652/2, p.
The test solution is determined by titration with the standard base or acid solution as appropriate, measuring the pH after each addition of titrant.
285/1, p.
At least 10 incremental additions should be made before the equivalence point.
35-44.
The degree of dissociation may then be calculated from the conductivity of each solution using the Onsager equation, and hence using the Ostwald Dilution Law the dissociation constant may be calculated as K = α2C/(1 – α) where C is the concentration in moles per litre and α is the fraction dissociated.
Mutation Research, Vol.
Albert, A. & Sergeant, E.P.: Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases, Wiley, Inc., New York, 1962.
103-112.
& Faust, S.D.: Acidic dissociation constants of selected aquatic herbicides, Env.
655/1-2, p.
Tech.
Mutation Research, Vol.
ASTM D 1293 — Annual ASTM Standards, Philadelphia, 1974.
169-184.
Clark, J. & Cunliffe, A.E.: Rapid spectrophotometric measurement of ionisation constants in aqueous solution.
724, p.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 60th ed.
Mutation Research, Vol.
Anaesthetics and analgesics
101-107.
Worth A.P. and Fentem J.H.
32-56.
Young, J.R., et al.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Fentem, J.H., et al.
36-43.
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation.
Mutation Research, Vol.746/1, p. 29-34.
A chemical that produces a reversible change in the eye; (b) Chemicals that are classified as EPA Category II or III ocular irritants; or GHS eye irritants Category 2, 2A or 2B; or EU Category 2 (17) (18) (19).
280-286.
A chemical that causes tissue damage in the eye that does not resolve within 21 days of application or causes serious physical decay of vision; (b) Chemicals that are classified as GHS eye irritant Category 1, or EPA Category I ocular irritants, or EU Category 1 (17) (18) (19).
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
If that test does not reveal any corrosive or severe irritant effects, a confirmatory test is conducted with two additional animals.
355-362.
Effects of Alkalinity on the Eye Irritation Potential of Solutions Prepared at a Single pH.
13/2, p.
The choice of the cell lines used should be scientifically justified.
873-99.