natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
It was Sunday December 6th that the Fimbul expedition from the Norwegian Polar Institute hot water drilled their first hole in the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. 
Det var søndag 6. desember at ICE-Fimbulisen-ekspedisjonen fra Norsk Polarinstitutt smelteboret det første hullet ute på Fimbulisen i Dronning Maud Land, Antarktis.
Antarctica, Expeditions, ICE, Oceanography, Scientific research 
Antarktis, Ekspedisjoner, ICE, Oseanografi, Forskning
In respect of national roles, cooperation with the Institute of Marine Research is particularly important. 
Med utgangspunkt i nasjonale roller er samarbeid med Havforskningsinstituttet særlig viktig.
This concerns research, monitoring, advice on management and imparting of information. 
Dette gjelder både forskning, overvåking, forvaltningsrådgivning og formidling.
The new icebreaker will serve to strengthen this, also with regard to logistics. 
Med nytt isgående fartøy vil dette forsterkes, også på logistikksiden.
Other prominent cooperative institutions are the University of Tromsø, the University Centre in Svalbard, the Meteorological Institute and the Bjerknes Centre. 
Andre framtredende samarbeidsinstitusjoner er Universitetet i Tromsø, Universitetssenteret på Svalbard, Metrologisk institutt og Bjerknessenteret.
We participate actively in several research flagships at the Fram Centre. 
Vi deltar aktivt i flere av Framsenterets forskningsflaggskip.
The institute has been cooperating for many years with prominent polar nations like Russia, Germany and the USA. 
Internasjonalt har instituttet en lang tradisjon med samarbeid med tunge polarnasjoner som Russland, Tyskland og USA.
Canada and Great Britain are increasing their research in the Arctic, making more cooperation with them desirable. 
Canada og Storbritannia øker sin forskningsaktivitet i Arktis, og økt samarbeid med disse er derfor ønskelig.
The current focus at the Centre for Ice, Climate and Ecosystems (ICE) means that cooperation with Asian countries will become more important in the future. 
Satsingen i Senter senter for is, klima og økosystemer (ICE) gjør at samarbeid med asiatiske land vil bli viktigere framover.
The development of the Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS) is further widening our cooperative relations. 
Utviklingen av Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS) utvider samarbeidsrelasjonene ytterligere.
We also participate actively in research cooperation in Antarctica and act as a contact and organiser for international polar research. 
Vi deltar også aktivt i forskningssamarbeidet i Antarktis og fungerer som kontaktpunkt og tilrettelegger for internasjonal polarforskning.
The report can be downloaded from our publications archive Brage. 
Polarinstituttet fekk hjelp frå fleire verdsleiande forskarar innan fagfeltet i arbeidet med rapporten.
Green Living -The official website of Denmark 
Norsk Polarinstitutt
Melting snow and ice 
Melting snow and ice
Unknown title: http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/12/14/science/AP-Climate-Gore.html?_r=1 
Ukjent tittel: http://www.aftenposten.no/klima/article3422276.ece
Unknown title: http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/energy/2009/12/14/gore-polar-ice-may-vanish-in-5-7-years.html 
Gore og Støre slår klimaalarm - Klimatrusselen - VG
Stalled climate talks resume - tribunedigital-chicagotribune 
Ukjent tittel: http://www.bt.no/nyheter/klima/--Havet-kan-stige-to-meter-983638.html
Climate, Outreach, Publications and maps 
Klima
Polar research in Tromsø 2009 
Polar research in Tromsø 2009
Outreach, Publications and maps, Scientific research 
Forskning
For other formats, please contact the communications department. 
For andre format, kontakt Kommunikasjonsavdelinga.
Main logo 
Hovudlogo
Norwegain: eps, png, jpg 
Norsk: eps png jpg
English: eps, png, jpg 
Engelsk: eps png jpg
White version 
Kvit versjon
Norwegian: eps, png 
Norsk: eps, png
English: eps, png 
Engelsk: eps, png
Black version 
Sort versjon
Norwegian: eps, png, jpg 
Norsk: eps, png, jpg
English: eps, png, jpg 
Engelsk: eps, png, jpg
Yesterday we ended the last ice station for the CryoSat validation group during a beautiful evening. 
Yesterday we ended the last ice station for the CryoSat validation group during a beautiful evening.
The levelling team spent the last hours by the lead on the remote side of the floe, helped by two wonderful polar bear guardesses. 
The levelling team spent the last hours by the lead on the remote side of the floe, helped by two wonderful polar bear guardesses.
The surrounding ice cover was deformed into astounding formations, in the horisont you could see blue castles and pointed obelisks. 
The surrounding ice cover was deformed into astounding formations, in the horisont you could see blue castles and pointed obelisks.
The mirage of Svalbard was bathing in the distant sun. 
The mirage of Svalbard was bathing in the distant sun.
Thanks to the thick snow you could find a perfect sofa at any place. 
Thanks to the thick snow you could find a perfect sofa at any place.
Researchers on the ice with RV Lance in the background. 
Researchers on the ice with RV Lance in the background.
No photoshopping – also the tilted horizon is intended to add dynamics to the scene. 
No photoshopping – also the tilted horizon is intended to add dynamics to the scene.
A daredevil Finn in a dangerous place without a survival suit. 
A daredevil Finn in a dangerous place without a survival suit.
The irritating beeper is also seen. 
The irritating beeper is also seen.
Everything was unique, about to disappear soon during the melting season, and the scenery was also changing all the time. 
Everything was unique, about to disappear soon during the melting season, and the scenery was also changing all the time.
We wondered how a 10-ton massive slab of ice, which was tilted to form a 5 m high mountain, had changed place from one side of the station to almost opposite during one day. 
We wondered how a 10-ton massive slab of ice, which was tilted to form a 5 m high mountain, had changed place from one side of the station to almost opposite during one day.
So what was this all about CryoSat and validation? 
So what was this all about CryoSat and validation?
CryoSat satellite carries a radar altimeter, which is a complicated device for measuring a simple thing, the distance from the satellite to what happens to be underneath. 
CryoSat satellite carries a radar altimeter, which is a complicated device for measuring a simple thing, the distance from the satellite to what happens to be underneath.
In our case that is ice floes and water, and if the satellite is accurate enough it will then find the altitude difference between the two, that is, the sea ice freeboard. 
In our case that is ice floes and water, and if the satellite is accurate enough it will then find the altitude difference between the two, that is, the sea ice freeboard.
Then just convert the freeboard to total thickness with the Archimedes law. 
Then just convert the freeboard to total thickness with the Archimedes law.
Sounds really simple, but as the satellite altimeter is a complicated thing the getting of the freeboard out of its data is kind of complicated matter as well. 
Sounds really simple, but as the satellite altimeter is a complicated thing the getting of the freeboard out of its data is kind of complicated matter as well.
The main thing is that it is not operating like a handheld laser distance meter but each pulse illuminates a larger area, about the size of a regular ice floe. 
The main thing is that it is not operating like a handheld laser distance meter but each pulse illuminates a larger area, about the size of a regular ice floe.
How the pulse echo received by the satellite looks like depends on how the floe looks like: is flat, rough or covered by huge ridges, how thick is the snow cover, what are the snow properties. 
How the pulse echo received by the satellite looks like depends on how the floe looks like: is flat, rough or covered by huge ridges, how thick is the snow cover, what are the snow properties.
Validation is checking that the altimeter and the rules for calculating the freeboard really work. 
Validation is checking that the altimeter and the rules for calculating the freeboard really work.
Ideally this means that the ice team and the satellite would measure the same floe at the same time. 
Ideally this means that the ice team and the satellite would measure the same floe at the same time.
As this is difficult to realise, a similar altimeter carried by an aircraft can be flown across the site - this was done during the first longer ice station of the cruise. 
As this is difficult to realise, a similar altimeter carried by an aircraft can be flown across the site - this was done during the first longer ice station of the cruise.
Another possibility is to leave a drifter on the station so that its track can be followed and hope that CryoSat will fly over it before the conditions on the floe change too much. 
Another possibility is to leave a drifter on the station so that its track can be followed and hope that CryoSat will fly over it before the conditions on the floe change too much.
As CryoSat is about freeboard, one main thing for the field team is to measure the floe freeboard. 
As CryoSat is about freeboard, one main thing for the field team is to measure the floe freeboard.
This was done by two Finns who had the right mentality for such utterly monotonous work. 
This was done by two Finns who had the right mentality for such utterly monotonous work.
Myself (the other case) I asked once from our polar bear guard which she thought is more boring, watching for polar bears or our measurements and she replied probably the latter. 
Myself (the other case) I asked once from our polar bear guard which she thought is more boring, watching for polar bears or our measurements and she replied probably the latter.
They were really straightforward - you mark a long line, march it straight and forward and measure the surface elevation every few meters. 
They were really straightforward - you mark a long line, march it straight and forward and measure the surface elevation every few meters.
This is done with a laser levelling device, where a rotating laser is sending a horisontal beam all over the place. 
This is done with a laser levelling device, where a rotating laser is sending a horisontal beam all over the place.
A Finn walking the line has a pole with the sensor, and when the sensor feels the beam it utters high-pitch beep that sounds irritating even over hundreds of meters. 
A Finn walking the line has a pole with the sensor, and when the sensor feels the beam it utters high-pitch beep that sounds irritating even over hundreds of meters.
With the same snow thickness is measured so that the elevation of ice surface under the snow is got, as the satellite is supposed to see the ice surface through the snow - in good conditions. 
With the same snow thickness is measured so that the elevation of ice surface under the snow is got, as the satellite is supposed to see the ice surface through the snow - in good conditions.
But if the snow layer is thick, moist or both the altimeter pulse scatters back in part from the snow layers already. 
But if the snow layer is thick, moist or both the altimeter pulse scatters back in part from the snow layers already.
That's why others in the ice group were measuring snow properties from pits. 
That's why others in the ice group were measuring snow properties from pits.
Measurements of ice thickness and density, on the other hand, can be used to parameterise the conversion of freeboard to total thickness. 
Measurements of ice thickness and density, on the other hand, can be used to parameterise the conversion of freeboard to total thickness.
And finally the helicopter EM has extended the local fine scale measurements to regional coverage. 
And finally the helicopter EM has extended the local fine scale measurements to regional coverage.
When you start studying something this often generates an interest that was not there in the beginning. 
When you start studying something this often generates an interest that was not there in the beginning.
Snow thickness and surface elevation are not held as very sexy variables among sea ice scientist, they are something for 2nd year students to measure during the first field course. 
Snow thickness and surface elevation are not held as very sexy variables among sea ice scientist, they are something for 2nd year students to measure during the first field course.
And there is no salt in snow - we are no bloody hydrologists are we? 
And there is no salt in snow - we are no bloody hydrologists are we?
But our impression is now that above surface there is a realm of snow and not of ice. 
But our impression is now that above surface there is a realm of snow and not of ice.
At some stations there was no ice at all - it was all depressed under water surface. 
At some stations there was no ice at all - it was all depressed under water surface.
The highest freeboard was 10 cm for the poor CryoSat to measure. 
The highest freeboard was 10 cm for the poor CryoSat to measure.
The 20-50 cm thick snow cover was dominating everywhere, and in accumulations by ridge sails the snow could be 1.5 m thick. 
The 20–50 cm thick snow cover was dominating everywhere, and in accumulations by ridge sails the snow could be 1.5 m thick.
As you walk ten hours a day along straight lines repeating the same simple antics every few meters you have time to think. 
As you walk ten hours a day along straight lines repeating the same simple antics every few meters you have time to think.
To think how the uneven snow load bends the floes into a new shape, how it affects the thermodynamics, how it even may be one reason making the floes fragment. 
To think how the uneven snow load bends the floes into a new shape, how it affects the thermodynamics, how it even may be one reason making the floes fragment.
So after what first appeared as a bit boring regular validation campaign we return home with our bags full of new ideas and hypotheses, some of which can be studied already with the comprehensive data set collected during the cruise. 
So after what first appeared as a bit boring regular validation campaign we return home with our bags full of new ideas and hypotheses, some of which can be studied already with the comprehensive data set collected during the cruise.
Its possibilities really extend far beyond the CryoSat objectives. 
Its possibilities really extend far beyond the CryoSat objectives.
And for what can not be answered we already have great plans for the next cruise opportunity. 
And for what can not be answered we already have great plans for the next cruise opportunity.
Making long lines has the benefit that you may get little further from the ship and its constant dunk-dunk noise. 
Making long lines has the benefit that you may get little further from the ship and its constant dunk-dunk noise.
This was even nicer yesterday when I finally realised - for the very last hours of the cruise - that the laser can be well used also without the beeping. 
This was even nicer yesterday when I finally realised - for the very last hours of the cruise - that the laser can be well used also without the beeping.
In silence the icescape comes out in all its magnificent formations and one notices how the floe on the other side of the lead is slowly moving and hears the faint squeakings contacting floes are making. 
In silence the icescape comes out in all its magnificent formations and one notices how the floe on the other side of the lead is slowly moving and hears the faint squeakings contacting floes are making.
But polar bears (today we saw two males having a short fight) make no sounds, and we would like to thank all the bear guards, esp. guardesses, that have been helping us, often apparently willingly for some odd reason. 
But polar bears (today we saw two males having a short fight) make no sounds, and we would like to thank all the bear guards, esp. guardesses, that have been helping us, often apparently willingly for some odd reason.
The Arctic, ICE, Sea ice 
Arktis, ICE, Havis
Organisms employ different strategies to cope with the extreme environments of the Arctic. 
Av Michael L.
Head diver Haakon Hop successfully extracts a clam (Mya truncata) from the sea bed in the icy waters north of Svalbard. 
Head diver Haakon Hop successfully extracts a clam (Mya truncata) from the sea bed in the icy waters north of Svalbard.
The bottom scrape coming aboard Lance with a sample of the sea bed. 
The bottom scrape coming aboard Lance with a sample of the sea bed.
Clams and other organisms will be sorted out and collected for analyses Photo: Michael L. Carroll / Akvaplan-niva 
Clams and other organisms will be sorted out and collected for analyses Foto: Michael Carroll
Michael Carroll displays samples of Mya truncata collected by the divers in Raudfjorden. 
Michael Carroll displays samples of Mya truncata collected by the divers in Raudfjorden.
Photo: Michael L. Carroll / Akvaplan-niva 
Foto: Michael Carroll
One major problem, however, is the time element. 
One major problem, however, is the time element.
Our three week-long ICE cruise may seem like a long time to those of us living and working on Lance, but most of the data collected during this field campaign will provide only an instantaneous glimpse of events occurring at this moment - a brief snapshot of the full length film of the changing Arctic. 
Our three week-long ICE cruise may seem like a long time to those of us living and working on Lance, but most of the data collected during this field campaign will provide only an instantaneous glimpse of events occurring at this moment - a brief snapshot of the full length film of the changing Arctic.
There is a great need, therefore, for us to extend and broaden our observational timescales. 
There is a great need, therefore, for us to extend and broaden our observational timescales.
As a solution to this problem, my colleagues and I have been working for several years at unlocking the secrets contained in bivalve shells. 
As a solution to this problem, my colleagues and I have been working for several years at unlocking the secrets contained in bivalve shells.
Clams provide great potential as climatic recorders due to the sequential deposition of their shell material through time as the animal grows. 
Clams provide great potential as climatic recorders due to the sequential deposition of their shell material through time as the animal grows.
The patterns of shell material and its chemical composition provide uninterrupted records of growth histories, metabolism and environmental conditions experienced during the deposition of that shell material over the life of the organism. 
The patterns of shell material and its chemical composition provide uninterrupted records of growth histories, metabolism and environmental conditions experienced during the deposition of that shell material over the life of the organism.
With lifespans of several decades, even more than a century for some species, these “trees of the sea” are providing a window into the past environment of the Arctic that will help predict potential ecosystem consequences of Arctic climate change. 
With lifespans of several decades, even more than a century for some species, these “trees of the sea” are providing a window into the past environment of the Arctic that will help predict potential ecosystem consequences of Arctic climate change.
During this ICE cruise we have collected samples of clams, both using the dive team (Haakon Hop, Peter Leopold, Ireen Vieweg, Sanna Markkula) and by trawling the bottom. 
During this ICE cruise we have collected samples of clams, both using the dive team (Haakon Hop, Peter Leopold, Ireen Vieweg, Sanna Markkula) and by trawling the bottom.
We have collected samples of Clinocardium ciliatum (Hairy cockle (English), hjerteskjell (norsk)) and Mya truncata (common name (English), sandskjell (norsk)) from Raudfjorden, northwest Svalbard, and Serripes groenlandicus (Greenland Smooth cockle (English); (grondlandsskjell norsk)), from Moffen. 
We have collected samples of Clinocardium ciliatum (Hairy cockle (English), hjerteskjell (norsk)) and Mya truncata (common name (English), sandskjell (norsk)) from Raudfjorden, northwest Svalbard, and Serripes groenlandicus (Greenland Smooth cockle (English); (grondlandsskjell norsk)), from Moffen.
These samples will be added to the archive of shells we have been building since 1996 from the Svalbard and Barents Sea area. 
These samples will be added to the archive of shells we have been building since 1996 from the Svalbard and Barents Sea area.
Moffen could be particularly interesting because it is the home to Svalbard’s largest colony of walrus, and clams make up the vast majority of their diet. 
Moffen could be particularly interesting because it is the home to Svalbard’s largest colony of walrus, and clams make up the vast majority of their diet.
So better understanding how clams react to climatic variation over time can reveal possible consequences to the ungainly tusked beast. 
So better understanding how clams react to climatic variation over time can reveal possible consequences to the ungainly tusked beast.
By identifying and measuring each growth ring of a bivalve shell, we can not only determine an exact age for the sample, but also estimate growth during each year over the lifespan of the individual. 
By identifying and measuring each growth ring of a bivalve shell, we can not only determine an exact age for the sample, but also estimate growth during each year over the lifespan of the individual.
If the animal was collected alive at a known time, we can then assign a calendar year to each growth year by counting backward from the collection date, and compare to environmental conditions occurring at that time. 
If the animal was collected alive at a known time, we can then assign a calendar year to each growth year by counting backward from the collection date, and compare to environmental conditions occurring at that time.
In this way, we can determine the suite of environmental conditions associated with enhanced or limited growth within a given year. 
In this way, we can determine the suite of environmental conditions associated with enhanced or limited growth within a given year.
We have been working with clams up to 50 years in age, yielding chronologies dating from the early 1960’s to present. 
We have been working with clams up to 50 years in age, yielding chronologies dating from the early 1960’s to present.
But we also are working to extend these chronologies further into the past, and have some preliminary indications that there are species in this region with lifespans over 100 years. 
But we also are working to extend these chronologies further into the past, and have some preliminary indications that there are species in this region with lifespans over 100 years.
Our analyses of shells to date have allowed us to identify strong linkages between clam growth patterns and oscillating atmospheric conditions. 
Our analyses of shells to date have allowed us to identify strong linkages between clam growth patterns and oscillating atmospheric conditions.
These large scale drivers influence local weather and oceanographic conditions, leading to variations in the timing, magnitude and fate of primary production. 
These large scale drivers influence local weather and oceanographic conditions, leading to variations in the timing, magnitude and fate of primary production.
Proximity to Atlantic-derived water, which is warmer and more productive than Arctic derived water, has a strong influence in growth rates, with populations in or near Atlantic water growing faster than those living in Arctic conditions. 
Proximity to Atlantic-derived water, which is warmer and more productive than Arctic derived water, has a strong influence in growth rates, with populations in or near Atlantic water growing faster than those living in Arctic conditions.