natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ice cores can show us how temperatures have varied and ice ages have come and gone hundreds of thousands of years back in time. 
I iskjernene kan vi se hvordan temperaturer har variert og istider kommet og gått gjennom flere hundretusen år tilbake i tid.
This information gives us perspective on our own time. 
Disse opplysningene gir oss perspektiver på vår egen tid.
Tiny air bubbles in the ice tell us how the composition of the atmosphere varied according to the temperature 700 000 years ago. 
I de små luftboblene som ligger i isen ser vi hvordan atmosfærens sammensetning varierer i takt med temperaturen for 700 000 år siden.
Ice cores from Antarctica have revealed that the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (including CO2) are much higher now than they were before. 
I iskjernene fra Antarktis finner vi blant annet ut at konsentrasjonen av drivhusgasser (blant annet CO2) i jordens atmosfære er mye høyere nå enn hva de har vært tidligere.
Sixty percent of the land in Svalbard is covered by glaciers, but they are not equally easy to use as climate archives. 
60 prosent av Svalbards landareal er dekket av isbreer, men de er ikke like enkle å bruke som klimaarkiv.
The main problem with Svalbard’s glaciers is that they melt so much in the summer that some information disappears when the meltwater flows down through the ice. 
Det store problemet med breene på Svalbard er at smeltingen i sommerhalvåret er så stor at en del informasjon forsvinner når smeltevannet renner ned i isen.
But if we choose to study glaciers at high elevations, where less ice is lost to melting, Svalbard’s glaciers are also valuable climate archives. 
Men om vi velger å studere isen på de høyeste isbreene der smeltninga er mindre, så viser det seg at også Svalbards breer er verdifulle klimaarkiv.
Our ice cores from Svalbard cover the past 1000 years. 
Våre iskjerner fra Svalbard dekker de siste 1000 årene.
Dating ice cores from glaciers 
Datering av kjerner fra isbreene
Whenever natural climate archives are being studied, accurate dating is crucial. 
Som med alle typer av klimaarkiv er datering viktig.
Many different methods can be used to date ice cores, and scientists usually use several methods in parallel. 
Det finnes mange ulike metoder å datere iskjerner på og i de fleste tilfeller bruker man flere metoder parallelt.
Distinct layers laid down during historical events – layers termed “horizons” – are important in this context. 
Horisonter av historiske hendelser er viktig i denne sammenheng.
For example, nuclear test explosions such as those done in Siberia between 1954 and 1974 created a horizon with high concentrations of the radioactive isotope of cesium (137Cs) in ice in Svalbard. 
Radioaktive horisonter i snøen etter kjernevåpensprengninger, som de i Sibir mellom 1954 og 1974, har ført til store konsentrasjoner av den radioaktive isotopen av cesium (137Cs) i isen på Svalbard.
The highest concentrations of radioactive isotopes from nuclear explosions were laid down in the period 1962-1963. 
Den høyeste konsentrasjonen av radioaktive isotoper fra kjernefysiske sprengninger ble målt i perioden 1962–1963.
Measurements related to the Chernobyl accident in 1986 can also be used to date the snow in several places in Svalbard, but the signal is not as distinct as that from the nuclear testing in Siberia. 
Målinger i forbindelse med Tsjernobyl-ulykken i 1986 kan også brukes for å datere snøen flere steder på Svalbard, men sporene er ikke like tydelig som fra de sibirske kjernevåpensprengningene.
Historic volcanic eruptions provide another way to date ice. 
Kjente vulkanutbrudd er en annen relevant dateringsmetode.
How do we extract information from the ice cores? 
Hvordan hentes informasjon ut fra iskjernene?
Glaciological fieldwork on Fimbulisen (the Fimbul Ice Shelf) in Antarctica, during the research project ICE-Fimbulisen. 
Glasiologisk feltarbeid på isbremmen Fimbulisen i Antarktis, under forskningsprosjektet ICE-Fimbulisen.
Photo: Helgard Anschütz / Norwegian Polar Institute 
Foto: Helgard Anschütz / Norsk Polarinstitutt
For example, they can tell us much more than the relatively short series of air temperature data that have been collected in Svalbard, where systematic measurement only started in 1911. 
Iskjernene kan fortelle mye mer enn for eksempel den relativt korte serien med moderne målinger av lufttemperaturen på Svalbard, som startet i 1911.
It appears that hot summers similar to those we have experienced in the past decade have not occurred on Lomonosovfonna since the 1200s. 
Det ser ut som om varme somrer lik de vi har opplevd den siste tiårsperioden ikke har forekommet på Lomonosovofonna siden 1200-tallet.
There was also a time span with higher temperatures around 1750. 
Det var også en periode med noe høyere temperaturer omkring 1750.
At that time there was a lot of whaling north of Nordaustlandet, but the rest of the climate record in ice cores is dominated by the cold period known as the "Little Ice Age". 
Da var det blant annet mye hvalfangst i havet nord for Nordaustlandet, men i den øvrige perioden domineres iskjernene av den generelt kalde perioden som går under navnet «Den lille istid».
Results from ice cores agree very well with temperature trends showing that the most recent years are also the warmest recorded in Svalbard since temperature measurement with modern instruments began in 1911. 
Resultatet fra iskjerner stemmer bra overens med trenden i temperatur som viser at de seneste årene er de varmeste som er registrert på Svalbard siden man begynte å måle temperaturen med moderne instrumenter i 1911.
What is hidden under the ice? 
Hva gjemmer seg under isen?
Drill hole in the ice. 
Borehull i isen.
Radar data play a crucial role in glaciological research. 
Som en del av den glasiologiske forskningen er radardata svært viktig.
The radar can reveal otherwise invisible structures in snow and ice, and provide information about topography and conditions beneath ice several kilometres thick. 
Radar gir også informasjon om bunntopografien og bunnforholdet under den flere kilometer tykke isen.
Water is easy to recognize in radar images, and in many places, lakes have been found under Antarctic ice between 2 000 and 4 000 metres thick. 
Vann er lett å kjenne igjen i radardata, og på mange steder under Antarktisisen, der istykkelsen er mellom 2000 og 4000 meter, er det blitt funnet innsjøer.
These lakes have attracted much attention because some believe that they may be habitats for unknown life forms. 
Disse har fått stor oppmerksomhet da man tror at det kan finnes ulike former for liv i dem.
Researchers are working to develop a reliable drilling technique that will not contaminate the lakes, so they can drill down and examine what is in them. 
Forskerne jobber med å utvikle en pålitelig boreteknikk som ikke vil forurense innsjøene for å kunne bore seg ned og undersøke hva som måtte finnes der.
Air temperature -8 °C, but feeling colder due to the wind chill; water temperature close to freezing, overcast skies, and three people (Harvey, Mirko and Philipp) in survival suits close to the edge of a large ice flow. 
Air temperature -8 °C, but feeling colder due to the wind chill; water temperature close to freezing, overcast skies, and three people (Harvey, Mirko and Philipp) in survival suits close to the edge of a large ice flow.
The entrance to the under-ice-world… 
The entrance to the under-ice-world…
…where our in situ incubation experiments are conducted. 
…where our in situ incubation experiments are conducted.
The permanent sound of vacuum pumps follows us into our cold dreams after a day of water filtration. 
The permanent sound of vacuum pumps follows us into our cold dreams after a day of water filtration.
We are about to deploy water samples under the ice through an ice hole, which was drilled before by our experienced polar bear guide Jago. 
We are about to deploy water samples under the ice through an ice hole, which was drilled before by our experienced polar bear guide Jago.
It’s always good to have a polar bear guide with you, since the buoy, marking the incubation spot, seem to be of interest for polar bears, as we have seen a few days ago. 
It’s always good to have a polar bear guide with you, since the buoy, marking the incubation spot, seem to be of interest for polar bears, as we have seen a few days ago.
This is our third under ice incubation experiment. 
This is our third under ice incubation experiment.
This time we are also investigating primary productivity and diatom growth rates in different depths in the water column. 
This time we are also investigating primary productivity and diatom growth rates in different depths in the water column.
So far we worked on ice floes of different size and snow thickness causing a range of under ice light intensities. 
So far we worked on ice floes of different size and snow thickness causing a range of under ice light intensities.
These differences in the light climate are reflected in the spatial patchiness of ice algal assemblages and under ice communities. 
These differences in the light climate are reflected in the spatial patchiness of ice algal assemblages and under ice communities.
The dive team (Haakon, Peter, Sanna and Ireen) collects under ice water samples from these patches for our experimental work. 
The dive team (Haakon, Peter, Sanna and Ireen) collects under ice water samples from these patches for our experimental work.
The water samples contain microplankton, small algae and bacteria, which represent the basis of the marine food web in the Arctic. 
The water samples contain microplankton, small algae and bacteria, which represent the basis of the marine food web in the Arctic.
As marine ecologists we are mainly interested in how this small organisms (only 1/10–1/1000 mm in size), are involved in the transformation of carbon and nitrogen, which are main elements of life. 
As marine ecologists we are mainly interested in how this small organisms (only 1/10–1/1000 mm in size), are involved in the transformation of carbon and nitrogen, which are main elements of life.
Therefore we add tracer amounts of carbon and nitrogen isotopes, followed by incubation at in situ environmental conditions. 
Therefore we add tracer amounts of carbon and nitrogen isotopes, followed by incubation at in situ environmental conditions.
Our aim is to quantify the incorporation of these elements into biomass and to study the release of nutrients by algae and the recycling of organic and inorganic matter by bacteria. 
Our aim is to quantify the incorporation of these elements into biomass and to study the release of nutrients by algae and the recycling of organic and inorganic matter by bacteria.
Unfortunately, analyzes can be not carried out on board, but have to be done once we are back in our home laboratory. 
Unfortunately, analyzes can be not carried out on board, but have to be done once we are back in our home laboratory.
Here on board our main business is filtration, a rather monotonous and time consuming task. 
Here on board our main business is filtration, a rather monotonous and time consuming task.
Besides the experimental work we are also involved in the biological and chemical characterization of the sea ice. 
Besides the experimental work we are also involved in the biological and chemical characterization of the sea ice.
Together with Daiki and Mats we are drilling ice cores, which are split into appropriate sections and melted at 4 °C. 
Together with Daiki and Mats we are drilling ice cores, which are split into appropriate sections and melted at 4 °C.
We will measure nutrients, particulate and dissolved matter and cell counts for ice algae and bacteria from these ice cores. 
We will measure nutrients, particulate and dissolved matter and cell counts for ice algae and bacteria from these ice cores.
First microscopic investigations revealed that Nitzschia cf. frigida (a colony forming pennate diatom commonly found in Arctic sea ice communities) is the dominant species in the ice algal community. 
First microscopic investigations revealed that Nitzschia cf. frigida (a colony forming pennate diatom commonly found in Arctic sea ice communities) is the dominant species in the ice algal community.
Furthermore we look for ikaite crystals (calcium carbonate which forms at low temperatures) in the upper 15–20 cm of ice cores collected by Daiki and Mats. 
Furthermore we look for ikaite crystals (calcium carbonate which forms at low temperatures) in the upper 15–20 cm of ice cores collected by Daiki and Mats.
We are planning further experiments and sea ice sampling during the next two ice stations. 
We are planning further experiments and sea ice sampling during the next two ice stations.
Following the progression of the phytoplankton spring bloom will be the main objective of the cross-slope CTD transect at the end of the cruise. 
Following the progression of the phytoplankton spring bloom will be the main objective of the cross-slope CTD transect at the end of the cruise.
The CTD team (Arild, Vladimir and Alexey) will continue to provide us with water samples. 
The CTD team (Arild, Vladimir and Alexey) will continue to provide us with water samples.
We are sort of looking forward to this upcoming intensive filtration marathon… 
We are sort of looking forward to this upcoming intensive filtration marathon…
The Norwegian Polar Institute has been measuring the mass balance of selected glaciers in Svalbard since 1967-1968. 
Norsk Polarinstitutt har målt massebalansen i utvalgte breer på Svalbard så langt tilbake som til 1967.
These data are among the longest continuous High Arctic time-series done on glaciers. 
Dette er blant de lengste sammenhengende høyarktiske tidsserier som er gjort på isbreer.
Kronebreen in Kongsfjorden calving. 
Kronebreen i Kongsfjorden kalver.
One important reason to measure mass balance is to calculate how much Svalbard’s melting glaciers contribute to sea level rise. 
Et viktig motivasjon for å måle massebalanse er å beregne hvor mye Svalbards smeltende isbreer bidrar til havnivåstigning.
It is therefore important to quantify how much various ice-covered regions on Earth contribute to sea level rise. 
Det er derfor viktig å kvantifisere bidragene til havnivåøkningen fra de forskjellige isdekkede områdene på jorda.
Svalbard’s glaciers have retreated from their maximum positions in the 1920s. 
Sammenlignet med Svalbard-isbreenes maksimumsposisjoner i 1920-årene har frontene trukket seg tilbake.
Some glaciers that used to calve in the sea now end far inland. 
Noen breer som tidligere kalvet i havet er nå langt inne på tørt land.
Since 2001, the glaciers’ net mass balance has shown a general negative trend: they melt more in the summer than they "fatten up" on snow and ice in the winter, and the trend has accelerated, especially in western Svalbard. 
Siden 2001 har breenes netto massebalanse i all hovedsak vært negativ; de smelter mer om sommeren enn de «feiter seg opp» på snø og is om vinteren, og tendensen har akselerert, særlig i de vestlige delene av Svalbard.
The glaciers in Svalbard melt relatively quickly because of the archipelago's location in a comparatively warm part of the Arctic, and the increasingly rapid melting is explained by rising summer temperatures in the Arctic. 
Isbreene på Svalbard smelter relativt raskt på grunn av øygruppens plassering i en relativt varm del av Arktis, og den stadig hurtigere avsmeltingen skyldes at sommertemperaturene i Arktis øker.
This trend is entirely consistent both with glaciers elsewhere in the world and with developments in the Arctic as a whole. 
Denne trenden er helt i samsvar både med isbreer ellers i verden og utviklingen i Arktis som helhet.
Klimaløftet 
Miljødirektoratet: Klima
Klimakonvensjonen : FNs rammekonvensjon om klimaendringer 
Klimakonvensjonen : FNs rammekonvensjon om klimaendringer
Environmental pollutants 
Miljøgifter
Miljøstatus.no – Eenvironmental status 
Miljøstatus.no
Er det farlig? 
Er det farlig?
Airpollution, Helsedirektoratet 
Helsedirektoratet: Luftforurensing
Airpollution, Folkehelseinstituttet 
Folkehelseinstituttet: Luftforurensing
På leting etter fortidas klima 
På leting etter fortidas klima
Massebalanse isbreer Ny-Ålesund 
Massebalanse isbreer Ny-Ålesund
Ministry of climate and environment: Biodiversity 
Klima-og miljødepartementet: Naturmangfold
Redlisted species in Svalbard 
Rødlistede arter på Svalbard
Global: 
Globale:
The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar convetion) 
Konvensjonen om våtmarker (Ramsarkonvensjonen)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 
Konvensjonen om internasjonal handel med truede arter (CITES)
Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 
Stockholmskonvensjonen om persistente organiske forbindelser
Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) 
FNs klimapanel (IPCC)
International Whaling Comisssion (IWC) 
Vitenskapskomiteen i Den internasjonale hvalfangstkommisjonen (IWC)
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 
Verdens naturvernunion (IUCN)
BirdLife International 
BirdLife International
Regional 
Regionale
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) 
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)
Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) 
Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF)
The Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response Working Group (EPPR) 
The Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response Working Group (EPPR)
The Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG) 
The Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG)
Arctic Council 
Arktisk Råd
Agreement on Conservation of Polar Bears 
Avtale om vern av isbjørn
The North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) 
Kommisjonen for marine pattedyr i Nordøstatlanteren (NAMMCO)
Action plan for seabirds in Western-Nordic areas (2010) 
Nordisk handlingsplan for sjøfugl (2010)
Protection of the marine environment of the North-East Antlantic (OSPAR) 
Havmiljøkonvensjonen for Nordøstatlanteren (OSPAR)
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) 
Det internasjonale råd for havforskning (ICES)
Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC) 
Barentsrådet (BEAC)
Antarktis 
Antarktis
The Antarctic Treaty | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty 
Antarktistraktaten | Protokoll om miljøvern til Antarktistraktaten
Forskrift om miljøvern og sikkerhet i Antarktis (Antarktisforskriften) | Miljøprotokollen 
Forskrift om miljøvern og sikkerhet i Antarktis (Antarktisforskriften) | Miljøprotokollen
Forskrift om fredning av Bouvetøya med tilliggende territorialfarvann som naturreservat (forskrift om Bouvetøya naturreservat) 
Forskrift om fredning av Bouvetøya med tilliggende territorialfarvann som naturreservat (forskrift om Bouvetøya naturreservat)
Comission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) 
Bevaring av levende marine ressurser (CCAMLR)
Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses ad Petrels (ACAP) 
Avtale om bevaring av albatross og petreller (ACAP)
Bilateral 
Bilaterale
National 
Nasjonale
BarentsWatch 
BarentsWatch
Environmental values in Norwegian marine areas 
Havmiljo.no
Naturindeks 
Naturindeks
SEAPOP (Seabirds) 
SEAPOP (Sjøfugl)
Environmental monotoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ) 
Miljøovervåkning Svalbard og Jan Mayen (MOSJ)
Whitepaper on Norwegian interests and politic in the Antartic (Meld. 
St.
St. 32 (2014–2015) 
32 (2014–2015)
Whitepaper on Norwegian interests and politic in Bouvetøya (Meld. 
St.
St. 33 (2014–2015) 
33 (2014–2015)
Quantarctica – a collection of Antarctic geographical datasets which works with the free, open-source software QGIS. 
Quantarctica – a collection of Antarctic geographical datasets which works with the free, open-source software QGIS.
It currently includes geography, glaciology and geophysics data 
It currently includes geography, glaciology and geophysics data
The Antartctic Treaty 
Antarktistraktaten
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) 
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) 
Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP)
Antarctic Environments Portal 
Antarctic Environments Portal
The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) 
The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
Latest articles on publications and maps 
Siste artikler om publikasjoner og kart
Wednesday March 02 2016 
torsdag 23. mars 2017
The circulation patterns in the atmosphere cause the pollutants to remain in the polar areas for a long time. 
De atmosfæriske sirkulasjonsmønstrene gjør at miljøgiftene forblir lenge ved polområdene.
Easily soluble pollutants accumulate and pose a threat to the marine food chains. 
Fettløselige miljøgifter hoper seg opp og representerer en trussel for de marine næringskjedene.
The top predators are especially at risk, and known effects are related to the turnover of enzymes, vitamins and hormones, and also to the immune system. 
Toppredatorer er spesielt utsatt, og påviste effekter er relatert til omsetning av enzymer, vitaminer og hormoner, samt immunsystemet.
The, in part, considerable differences between the genders are of particular concern. 
Særlig bekymring er knyttet til de til dels store forskjellene mellom kjønnene.
In connection with reproduction, females of polar bears and various species of seabirds mobilise the pollutants they have in their body and transfer them to either the fatty substances in the egg yolk or the milk in connection with periods of hunger or suckling. 
Hunner av isbjørn og ulike sjøfuglarter mobiliserer miljøgiftene de har i kroppen i forbindelse med reproduksjon, og overfører miljøgifter til enten fettstoffer i egg (plomme) eller morsmelk i forbindelse med sulteperioder og amming.
This affects both the mothers and their offspring. 
Dette påvirker både moren og avkommet.
The Norwegian Polar Institute is, in particular, studying the pollutant levels and their effects at higher trophic levels, in seabirds, arctic foxes and polar bears. 
Norsk Polarinstitutt ser spesielt på nivåer av miljøgifter og effekter av disse på høyere trofiske nivåer, i sjøfugl, polarrev og isbjørn.
Facts page: What are pollutants? 
Faktaside: Hva er miljøgifter?
Transport 
Tilførsel
The Arctic 
I Arktis
Antarctica 
I Antarktis
Effects 
Effekter
The Norwegian Polar Institute is, in particular, studying the pollutant levels and their effects at higher trophic levels, in seabirds, arctic foxes and polar bears. 
Norsk Polarinstitutt fokuserer særlig på nivåer av miljøgifter og effekter av disse på arter i høyere trofiske nivåer, som sjøfugl, polarrev og isbjørn.
More on our research on pollutants 
Les mer om vår forskning på miljøgifter
Contaminant effects on energetics 
Contaminant effects on energetics
Fate and effects of oil spills and oil remediation actions in sea ice- biodegradation 
Fate and effects of oil spills and oil remediation actions in sea ice- biodegradation
More projects on pollutants 
Flere prosjekter på miljøgifter
Photo: Norwegian Polar Institute More articles on pollutants 
Foto: Norsk Polarinstitutt Flere artikler om miljøgifter
Conditions in Antarctica are important for how the pollutants are taken up in the environment, are dispersed and the types of effects they may have. 
Forholdene i Antarktis har betydning for hvordan miljøgiftene tas opp i miljøet, hvordan de spres og hva slags effekter de kan få.
Antarctica is cold, has little precipitation, no industry and only a few human settlements. 
Antarktis er kaldt, har lite nedbør, ingen industri og kun et fåtall menneskelige bosettinger.
The pollutants present in the Antarctic are therefore chiefly transported from far away (in the atmosphere or by ocean currents) and accumulate in ice and snow. 
Det som er av miljøgifter i Antarktis blir derfor først og fremst transport langveis fra (med atmosfære eller havstrømmer), og samler seg opp i is og snø.
Few investigations exist on the level of pollutants in the marine food chains in Antarctica. 
Det finnes per i dag få undersøkelser av nivå av miljøgifter i de marine næringskjedene i Antarktis.