natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Fourth, oil and gas and shipping in the Arctic, and 
Fourth, oil and gas and shipping in the Arctic, and
Fifth, the role of NATO. 
Fifth, the role of NATO.
Slide:”Blue-green map”. 
Slide:”Blue-green map”.
The world is undergoing significant changes in terms of international politics, business, trade and science. 
The world is undergoing significant changes in terms of international politics, business, trade and science.
They are also having an impact on developments in the High North. 
They are also having an impact on developments in the High North.
There is now increasing international interest – and a stronger focus – on developments in the High North and the Arctic. 
There is now increasing international interest – and a stronger focus – on developments in the High North and the Arctic.
First, geography: there is a general shift in economic and political power from west to east (and partly from north to south). 
First, geography: there is a general shift in economic and political power from west to east (and partly from north to south).
Western countries today account for less than half of total world production, while an increasing proportion of the World Gross Product originates in non-Western countries, particularly in East Asia. 
Western countries today account for less than half of total world production, while an increasing proportion of the World Gross Product originates in non-Western countries, particularly in East Asia.
Second, a stable and secure supply of energy is becoming increasingly important in terms of domestic politics and in international relations. 
Second, a stable and secure supply of energy is becoming increasingly important in terms of domestic politics and in international relations.
Third, climate changes are taking place. 
Third, climate changes are taking place.
They are more evident and profound than previously anticipated – particularly in the Arctic – where the sea ice is melting – leaving open previously ice-covered areas. 
They are more evident and profound than previously anticipated – particularly in the Arctic – where the sea ice is melting – leaving open previously ice-covered areas.
Thus, the prospect of new sailing routes in the Arctic Ocean can be regarded in the light of the increasing trade between Europe and Asia. 
Thus, the prospect of new sailing routes in the Arctic Ocean can be regarded in the light of the increasing trade between Europe and Asia.
Although regular transpolar traffic lies quite far in the future, these developments could give rise to fundamental changes in international transport and trade patterns. 
Although regular transpolar traffic lies quite far in the future, these developments could give rise to fundamental changes in international transport and trade patterns.
Those countries that have most to gain from the opening up of new maritime transport routes are following the situation closely and seeking to position themselves with a view to exploiting a situation where transpolar line traffic is becoming commercially viable. 
Those countries that have most to gain from the opening up of new maritime transport routes are following the situation closely and seeking to position themselves with a view to exploiting a situation where transpolar line traffic is becoming commercially viable.
For this reason, Asian countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, India and Singapore are showing great interest in developments in the Arctic. 
For this reason, Asian countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, India and Singapore are showing great interest in developments in the Arctic.
Their interest is legitimate. 
Their interest is legitimate.
Fourth, the current dependence on non-renewable energy will remain strong far into the next century. 
Fourth, the current dependence on non-renewable energy will remain strong far into the next century.
Studies indicate that the Arctic may hold up to 25% of the world’s undiscovered hydrocarbon reserves. 
Studies indicate that the Arctic may hold up to 25% of the world’s undiscovered hydrocarbon reserves.
The exploitation of these resources depends on future prices, physical access and development of new technologies. 
The exploitation of these resources depends on future prices, physical access and development of new technologies.
A range of countries have strategic interests in how these reserves are exploited in future, both with regard to capacity and as producers and consumers. 
A range of countries have strategic interests in how these reserves are exploited in future, both with regard to capacity and as producers and consumers.
Fifth, the need for food for an ever growing world population will continue to increase and put pressure on remaining productive soil. 
Fifth, the need for food for an ever growing world population will continue to increase and put pressure on remaining productive soil.
In this connection we need to secure the supply of marine proteins such as fish, and the High North is still very rich in fish resources. 
In this connection we need to secure the supply of marine proteins such as fish, and the High North is still very rich in fish resources.
This underscores the importance of integrated management of resources based on an understanding of the links between the oil and gas activities, new transport routes and fisheries. 
This underscores the importance of integrated management of resources based on an understanding of the links between the oil and gas activities, new transport routes and fisheries.
As the sea ice retreats in the Arctic Ocean, the area will be gradually transformed from a frozen wasteland to a waterway connecting three continents. 
As the sea ice retreats in the Arctic Ocean, the area will be gradually transformed from a frozen wasteland to a waterway connecting three continents.
Some have indicated that the Arctic coastal States should feel threatened by this development. 
Some have indicated that the Arctic coastal States should feel threatened by this development.
I do not share this view. 
I do not share this view.
As I said, I welcome this development; we should be aware of our responsibilities as coastal states. 
As I said, I welcome this development; we should be aware of our responsibilities as coastal states.
Several states and organisations (Iceland, Russia and the EU, among others) have developed their own national strategies for the Arctic, all of which are quite similar in their outlook. 
Several states and organisations (Iceland, Russia and the EU, among others) have developed their own national strategies for the Arctic, all of which are quite similar in their outlook.
The most striking feature is that they share more or less the same view on the geographical, political and legal realities in the Arctic. 
The most striking feature is that they share more or less the same view on the geographical, political and legal realities in the Arctic.
“Legal structure” 
“Legal structure”
Slide: Map Arctic Circle. 
Slide: Map Arctic Circle.
Remember, there are fundamental differences: The Arctic – unlike Antarctica – is an ocean (see the illustration) surrounded by states with sovereign rights in sea areas off their coasts in accordance with international law. 
Remember, there are fundamental differences: The Arctic – unlike Antarctica – is an ocean (see the illustration) surrounded by states with sovereign rights in sea areas off their coasts in accordance with international law.
Now, we are so to speak rediscovering the Arctic. 
Now, we are so to speak rediscovering the Arctic.
This is no “terra nullus”, and there is no question of the need for “flag planting”. 
This is no “terra nullus”, and there is no question of the need for “flag planting”.
Existing international law provides a predictable framework for dealing with present and foreseeable challenges in the Arctic Ocean. 
Existing international law provides a predictable framework for dealing with present and foreseeable challenges in the Arctic Ocean.
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) forms the legal basis for all activities in the Arctic Ocean. 
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) forms the legal basis for all activities in the Arctic Ocean.
In the Ilulissat Declaration of May 2008, the five coastal states surrounding the Arctic Ocean – Denmark/Greenland, the United States, Canada, Russia and Norway – came together to agree on the fundamental legal approach – to be applied towards both the status of and developments in the Arctic. 
In the Ilulissat Declaration of May 2008, the five coastal states surrounding the Arctic Ocean – Denmark/Greenland, the United States, Canada, Russia and Norway – came together to agree on the fundamental legal approach – to be applied towards both the status of and developments in the Arctic.
At that meeting we all shared the ambition to counter a prevailing thesis – at the time (outside the group of the coastal states, that is) – that there was some kind of a “legal vacuum” in the Arctic. 
At that meeting we all shared the ambition to counter a prevailing thesis – at the time (outside the group of the coastal states, that is) – that there was some kind of a “legal vacuum” in the Arctic.
We agreed that there is no vacuum. 
We agreed that there is no vacuum.
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provides a crystal clear framework for national measures and international cooperation in the Arctic Ocean, e.g. related to environmental protection, science, delimitation of the outer limits of the continental shelf and shipping. 
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provides a crystal clear framework for national measures and international cooperation in the Arctic Ocean, e.g. related to environmental protection, science, delimitation of the outer limits of the continental shelf and shipping.
The key principles of the convention confer on us – as coastal states – both rights and responsibilities. 
The key principles of the convention confer on us – as coastal states – both rights and responsibilities.
And we must be ready to assume both. 
And we must be ready to assume both.
The Ilulissat Declaration of 2008 is important because it is a binding expression of these coastal states’ recognition of their duties and responsibilities pursuant to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, including the duty to resolve any overlapping claims in an orderly manner. 
The Ilulissat Declaration of 2008 is important because it is a binding expression of these coastal states’ recognition of their duties and responsibilities pursuant to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, including the duty to resolve any overlapping claims in an orderly manner.
All the Arctic coastal states abide by the convention’s provisions, including the United States, although the US has yet to become party to the convention. 
All the Arctic coastal states abide by the convention’s provisions, including the United States, although the US has yet to become party to the convention.
The convention establishes legal clarity and predictability in the Arctic Ocean. 
The convention establishes legal clarity and predictability in the Arctic Ocean.
Such clarity – regarding rights and duties – is essential for preserving stability and presenting conflict. 
Such clarity – regarding rights and duties – is essential for preserving stability and presenting conflict.
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea – a key text for NATO as well – governs who has the right to exploit resources and to regulate activities concerning oil, gas and fisheries. 
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea – a key text for NATO as well – governs who has the right to exploit resources and to regulate activities concerning oil, gas and fisheries.
The coastal states are accordingly also responsible for ensuring a balance between exploitation and the need for sustainability in the fragile Arctic environment. 
The coastal states are accordingly also responsible for ensuring a balance between exploitation and the need for sustainability in the fragile Arctic environment.
So, we have the basic legal framework in place. 
So, we have the basic legal framework in place.
“Political structures” 
“Political structures”
Slide: Arctic Council logo. 
Slide: Arctic Council logo.
The Arctic is also home to one of the world’s most successful forums for multilateral cooperation – the Arctic Council. 
The Arctic is also home to one of the world’s most successful forums for multilateral cooperation – the Arctic Council.
The members are Canada, Denmark (Greenland, Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the US. 
The members are Canada, Denmark (Greenland, Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the US.
Six indigenous people’s organisations have the status of Permanent Participants. 
Six indigenous people’s organisations have the status of Permanent Participants.
The Council has a good track record in developing guidelines and best practices and producing knowledge – in particular about pollution and the climate changes taking place in the Arctic and how to face these changes. 
The Council has a good track record in developing guidelines and best practices and producing knowledge – in particular about pollution and the climate changes taking place in the Arctic and how to face these changes.
The new SWIPA report – Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic – from the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) brings together the latest scientific knowledge about the changing state of the Arctic “cryosphere” – such as: the past six years (2005-2010) have been the warmest period ever recorded in the Arctic. 
The new SWIPA report – Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic – from the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) brings together the latest scientific knowledge about the changing state of the Arctic “cryosphere” – such as: the past six years (2005-2010) have been the warmest period ever recorded in the Arctic.
But remember: the most serious impacts of climate change are not being seen in the Arctic – but in Africa for instance. 
But remember: the most serious impacts of climate change are not being seen in the Arctic – but in Africa for instance.
The Arctic Council cooperation has been consolidated and updated in recent years, and there is now agreement between the Arctic states to strengthen this work further. 
The Arctic Council cooperation has been consolidated and updated in recent years, and there is now agreement between the Arctic states to strengthen this work further.
We welcome the decisions of the Arctic Council ministerial meeting in Nuuk, Greenland last month to establish a permanent secretariat here in Tromsø, the Arctic capital. 
We welcome the decisions of the Arctic Council ministerial meeting in Nuuk, Greenland last month to establish a permanent secretariat here in Tromsø, the Arctic capital.
An agreement on search and rescue in the Arctic was also signed during the Arctic Council Ministerial meeting, the first ever legally binding agreement negotiated within the auspices of the Arctic Council. 
An agreement on search and rescue in the Arctic was also signed during the Arctic Council Ministerial meeting, the first ever legally binding agreement negotiated within the auspices of the Arctic Council.
It is Norway’s view that the Arctic Council benefits from the participation of observers that have demonstrated a real and sustained engagement in the Arctic and for the work of the Arctic Council. 
It is Norway’s view that the Arctic Council benefits from the participation of observers that have demonstrated a real and sustained engagement in the Arctic and for the work of the Arctic Council.
New permanent observers would contribute and strengthen the undisputed role of the Arctic Council as the leading circumpolar high-level forum. 
New permanent observers would contribute and strengthen the undisputed role of the Arctic Council as the leading circumpolar high-level forum.
The Arctic Council is, of course, not a security policy organisation. 
The Arctic Council is, of course, not a security policy organisation.
Norway supports the applications of China, South Korea, Japan, Italy and the EU Commission for permanent observer status. 
Norway supports the applications of China, South Korea, Japan, Italy and the EU Commission for permanent observer status.
But we also agree that we need a clear definition of what it means to be a member and what it means to be an observer, also in terms of what kinds of contributions each category of states must be ready to make to the developments in the Arctic. 
But we also agree that we need a clear definition of what it means to be a member and what it means to be an observer, also in terms of what kinds of contributions each category of states must be ready to make to the developments in the Arctic.
For Norway, the Barents Euro-Arctic Council is the forum for regional and cross-border cooperation in the High North, bringing together Norway, Russia, Sweden and Finland. 
For Norway, the Barents Euro-Arctic Council is the forum for regional and cross-border cooperation in the High North, bringing together Norway, Russia, Sweden and Finland.
Since the organisation was launched in 1993, concrete cooperation between 13 counties in four countries has yielded tangible results and built an atmosphere of confidence and trust in a common region. 
Since the organisation was launched in 1993, concrete cooperation between 13 counties in four countries has yielded tangible results and built an atmosphere of confidence and trust in a common region.
In October Norway will take over the chairmanship of the council for the next two years. 
In October Norway will take over the chairmanship of the council for the next two years.
I could also mention the broader web of sub-regional cooperation patterns in the North, adding to the Arctic and Barents structures: the Baltic Sea Cooperation and the Northern Dimension, which covers the EU member states, Russia, Iceland and Norway – and of course the well established and traditional Nordic cooperation between the five Nordic states within “the Nordic Council family”. 
I could also mention the broader web of sub-regional cooperation patterns in the North, adding to the Arctic and Barents structures: the Baltic Sea Cooperation and the Northern Dimension, which covers the EU member states, Russia, Iceland and Norway – and of course the well established and traditional Nordic cooperation between the five Nordic states within “the Nordic Council family”.
I mention all this to make this point: Here in the North you find some of the most successful, pragmatic, problem solving and sub-regional patters of cooperation in the world. 
I mention all this to make this point: Here in the North you find some of the most successful, pragmatic, problem solving and sub-regional patters of cooperation in the world.
I often say that there are three key drivers behind Norway’s Arctic policy: (first) our close relations to Russia, (second) climate change and (third) the rich natural resources in the region. 
I often say that there are three key drivers behind Norway’s Arctic policy: (first) our close relations to Russia, (second) climate change and (third) the rich natural resources in the region.
Director Jan-Gunnar Winther dealt with the challenges of climate change in the Arctic in his address, so I’ll focus more on the other two issues. 
Director Jan-Gunnar Winther dealt with the challenges of climate change in the Arctic in his address, so I’ll focus more on the other two issues.
Key driver 1: Norway-Russia. 
Key driver 1: Norway-Russia.
Slide: Delimitation treaty. 
Slide: Delimitation treaty.
Photo Oslo 7 June 2011. 
Photo Oslo 7 June 2011.
Norway enjoys good, sound and stable bilateral relations with Russia. 
Norway enjoys good, sound and stable bilateral relations with Russia.
I generally say that we have lived in peace for over 1000 years. 
I generally say that we have lived in peace for over 1000 years.
Although our border is right where East met West – where the NATO Alliance met the Warsaw Pact – and although we are all too conscious of being a close neighbour of one of the world’s largest arsenals of nuclear weapons, and large arsenals of nuclear waste –the fact is also that in bilateral terms we have managed the region in a spirit of “High North – low tension”. 
Although our border is right where East met West – where the NATO Alliance met the Warsaw Pact – and although we are all too conscious of being a close neighbour of one of the world’s largest arsenals of nuclear weapons, and large arsenals of nuclear waste –the fact is also that in bilateral terms we have managed the region in a spirit of “High North – low tension”.
And historically Norway has lived in peace with Russia for a thousand years. 
And historically Norway has lived in peace with Russia for a thousand years.
Our relations are steadily expanding. 
Our relations are steadily expanding.
Let me highlight some aspects: 
Let me highlight some aspects:
Whereas our land border with Russia has remained fixed since 1826, our boundary at sea has been disputed – up to now. 
Whereas our land border with Russia has remained fixed since 1826, our boundary at sea has been disputed – up to now.
Our long sea boundary will for the future date from 2011. 
Our long sea boundary will for the future date from 2011.
Map 
Map
Two weeks ago – on 7 June in Oslo – my Russian colleague and I exchanged our respective instruments of ratification for the delimitation treaty – a historic event indeed. 
Two weeks ago – on 7 June in Oslo – my Russian colleague and I exchanged our respective instruments of ratification for the delimitation treaty – a historic event indeed.
The treaty will enter into force on 7 July 2011 – after 40 years of negotiations. 
The treaty will enter into force on 7 July 2011 – after 40 years of negotiations.
The disputed area of 175 000 square kilometres has been divided into two parts of approximately the same size, based on modern principles of international law. 
The disputed area of 175 000 square kilometres has been divided into two parts of approximately the same size, based on modern principles of international law.
The treaty will establish the necessary legal clarity for exploitation of natural resources in the area. 
The treaty will establish the necessary legal clarity for exploitation of natural resources in the area.
It confirms the longstanding Russian-Norwegian fisheries cooperation, and regulates cooperation in case of possible cross-border hydrocarbon deposits. 
It confirms the longstanding Russian-Norwegian fisheries cooperation, and regulates cooperation in case of possible cross-border hydrocarbon deposits.
Thus, the delimitation line (shown on the map behind me) creates new ground for cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean. 
Thus, the delimitation line (shown on the map behind me) creates new ground for cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
The treaty demonstrates how good neighbours in the North can, peacefully and with patience, resolve issues of overlapping claims in accordance with international law. 
The treaty demonstrates how good neighbours in the North can, peacefully and with patience, resolve issues of overlapping claims in accordance with international law.
It will enhance predictability and stability in the Arctic even further. 
It will enhance predictability and stability in the Arctic even further.
We see prospects for potential petroleum resources – on both sides of the line. 
We see prospects for potential petroleum resources – on both sides of the line.
Norway will start seismic and other surveys before the end of the year. 
Norway will start seismic and other surveys before the end of the year.
The Norwegian-Russian agreement will therefore have an impact on petroleum activities in new parts of the Barents Sea and create new opportunities for business (imports/exports) and research science cooperation in both countries. 
The Norwegian-Russian agreement will therefore have an impact on petroleum activities in new parts of the Barents Sea and create new opportunities for business (imports/exports) and research science cooperation in both countries.