natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
It is also important to establish arrangements for search and rescue in such a large and at times hostile sea area. 
It is also important to establish arrangements for search and rescue in such a large and at times hostile sea area.
A working group under the Arctic Council is working on a search and rescue agreement, and we hope to make considerable progress on this at the next meeting, which will be held in Oslo later this month. 
A working group under the Arctic Council is working on a search and rescue agreement, and we hope to make considerable progress on this at the next meeting, which will be held in Oslo later this month.
Arctic cooperation has been consolidated and updated in the last few years. 
Arctic cooperation has been consolidated and updated in the last few years.
And the member states must be prepared to deal with the sharp increase in international interest in the Arctic, for example that being shown by Asian countries such as China, Japan, India and South Korea. 
And the member states must be prepared to deal with the sharp increase in international interest in the Arctic, for example that being shown by Asian countries such as China, Japan, India and South Korea.
The situation in the Arctic is of global interest, and these countries have legitimate interests in the region. 
The situation in the Arctic is of global interest, and these countries have legitimate interests in the region.
I will also put emphasis on the cooperation in the Barents Council. 
I will also put emphasis on the cooperation in the Barents Council.
This cooperation takes place between governments, but also between municipalities, counties, institutions, organisations and people in the Barents region, thus engaging the regional level in the development and realisation of the potential for cooperation in the Barents. 
This cooperation takes place between governments, but also between municipalities, counties, institutions, organisations and people in the Barents region, thus engaging the regional level in the development and realisation of the potential for cooperation in the Barents.
Increased focus on the High North is also strengthening Nordic cooperation. 
Increased focus on the High North is also strengthening Nordic cooperation.
The Nordic countries are partners in the Barents Cooperation. 
The Nordic countries are partners in the Barents Cooperation.
We are all members of the Arctic Council, making up five of its eight members, and we are all members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States. 
We are all members of the Arctic Council, making up five of its eight members, and we are all members of the Council of the Baltic Sea States.
The Nordic cooperation is in many ways the engine of the regional cooperation in the North. 
The Nordic cooperation is in many ways the engine of the regional cooperation in the North.
In addition we have the EU-initiated Northern Dimension, which brings together Norway, Russia, Iceland and the EU, represented by the European Commission. 
In addition we have the EU-initiated Northern Dimension, which brings together Norway, Russia, Iceland and the EU, represented by the European Commission.
We welcome the EU’s engagement, and we are also in favour of the EU having permanent observer status in the Arctic Council. 
We welcome the EU’s engagement, and we are also in favour of the EU having permanent observer status in the Arctic Council.
Our European partners have a lot to contribute as regards research and expertise, industry, trade and financial power. 
Our European partners have a lot to contribute as regards research and expertise, industry, trade and financial power.
And they have the same legitimate interests in the region as for example China and India. 
And they have the same legitimate interests in the region as for example China and India.
It is therefore important for us that the EU and its member states have a good grasp of the situation in the north. 
It is therefore important for us that the EU and its member states have a good grasp of the situation in the north.
I am happy to see that the EU’s largest member, Germany, in many ways is leading the way when it comes to Europe’s interest in and expertise on the High North. 
I am happy to see that the EU’s largest member, Germany, in many ways is leading the way when it comes to Europe’s interest in and expertise on the High North.
Norwegian Arctic and High North Policy. 
Norwegian Arctic and High North Policy.
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Seminar on Arctic Governance, The European Parliament, Brussels 7 May 2008 
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) Seminar on Arctic Governance, The European Parliament, Brussels 7 May 2008
There should be no fundamental uncertainty about how the Arctic is to be governed, the Foreign Minister underlined in his address. 
There should be no fundamental uncertainty about how the Arctic is to be governed, the Foreign Minister underlined in his address.
We already have a legal regime in place. 
We already have a legal regime in place.
Calls for a new legal regime risk creating uncertainty, and may undermine the existing framework. 
Calls for a new legal regime risk creating uncertainty, and may undermine the existing framework.
• Thank you Vice-President Diana Wallis, for inviting me and giving me the opportunity to address this audience. 
• Thank you Vice-President Diana Wallis, for inviting me and giving me the opportunity to address this audience.
You have shown an interest in and commitment to High North issues during many years, and you have been instrumental in putting them on the broader European agenda. 
You have shown an interest in and commitment to High North issues during many years, and you have been instrumental in putting them on the broader European agenda.
• And thank you for inviting me to present the Norwegian perspective. 
• And thank you for inviting me to present the Norwegian perspective.
The High North in a broad sense is the strategic priority of my Government. 
The High North in a broad sense is the strategic priority of my Government.
And this is among the regions of the world where major changes are taking place due to climate change and due to the increasing interest it has attracted from a number of players - both states and private actors. 
And this is among the regions of the world where major changes are taking place due to climate change and due to the increasing interest it has attracted from a number of players - both states and private actors.
• Let me also say that I value the opportunity to speak on Arctic Governance here at the European Parliament. 
• Let me also say that I value the opportunity to speak on Arctic Governance here at the European Parliament.
For Norway it is key that we can share perspectives with our closest partners and allies in Europe. 
For Norway it is key that we can share perspectives with our closest partners and allies in Europe.
It is also significant that this discussion takes place here – at the EP which is playing an increasingly central role in the European Union. 
It is also significant that this discussion takes place here – at the EP which is playing an increasingly central role in the European Union.
• We are all affected by developments in the High North. 
• We are all affected by developments in the High North.
The Arctic is getting warmer and wetter. 
The Arctic is getting warmer and wetter.
Snow, ice and permafrost are melting, and ocean levels are rising. 
Snow, ice and permafrost are melting, and ocean levels are rising.
• The projections are complicated and difficult to make. 
• The projections are complicated and difficult to make.
What we do know is that climate change is happening twice as fast in the Arctic as elsewhere on the globe. 
What we do know is that climate change is happening twice as fast in the Arctic as elsewhere on the globe.
• Rapid melting of the ice cover will have significant implications for vulnerable ecosystems and the livelihood of local inhabitants in the Arctic. 
• Rapid melting of the ice cover will have significant implications for vulnerable ecosystems and the livelihood of local inhabitants in the Arctic.
It will have an impact on the distribution of fish stocks – with potentially significant effects on commercial fisheries. 
It will have an impact on the distribution of fish stocks – with potentially significant effects on commercial fisheries.
And it will affect maritime transport in the Arctic – by extending the navigation period and opening up new shipping routes. 
And it will affect maritime transport in the Arctic – by extending the navigation period and opening up new shipping routes.
Now, to the core of the question that this seminar is addressing. 
Now, to the core of the question that this seminar is addressing.
Do we need an Arctic legal order and Arctic policies? 
Do we need an Arctic legal order and Arctic policies?
• Yes, emphatically yes. 
• Yes, emphatically yes.
We will not be able to address future challenges without a rule-based response and without concerted, effective action that builds on the best available scientific data and a responsible and precautionary approach. 
We will not be able to address future challenges without a rule-based response and without concerted, effective action that builds on the best available scientific data and a responsible and precautionary approach.
This is the basis of the Norwegian Government’s policies. 
This is the basis of the Norwegian Government’s policies.
Knowledge-based management policies are also key to the livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local inhabitants. 
Knowledge-based management policies are also key to the livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local inhabitants.
• This is no abstract vision. 
• This is no abstract vision.
What we need is concrete aims, and we need efficient tools to achieve these aims. 
What we need is concrete aims, and we need efficient tools to achieve these aims.
In the public debate some are warning that the High North may become like the Wild West. 
In the public debate some are warning that the High North may become like the Wild West.
In the current issue of Foreign Affairs, Scott Borgerson takes some intriguing perspectives on this scenario. 
In the current issue of Foreign Affairs, Scott Borgerson takes some intriguing perspectives on this scenario.
And he goes on to claim that the Arctic region is not currently governed by any comprehensive multilateral norms or regulations. 
And he goes on to claim that the Arctic region is not currently governed by any comprehensive multilateral norms or regulations.
He asserts that the reason is that the Arctic was never expected to become a navigable waterway or an area of large-scale commercial development. 
He asserts that the reason is that the Arctic was never expected to become a navigable waterway or an area of large-scale commercial development.
This brings us to the key question: Do we lack an adequate legal order for the Arctic Ocean? 
This brings us to the key question: Do we lack an adequate legal order for the Arctic Ocean?
• And my answer is very clear: No. 
• And my answer is very clear: No.
We have the overall framework - what I would call the rules of the game. 
We have the overall framework - what I would call the rules of the game.
In short: we are talking about the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 
In short: we are talking about the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
This is the comprehensive multilateral regime that applies in the Arctic. 
This is the comprehensive multilateral regime that applies in the Arctic.
• We must remember that the Arctic is not the Antarctic. 
• We must remember that the Arctic is not the Antarctic.
The Arctic is an ocean covered with ice. 
The Arctic is an ocean covered with ice.
In the 1890s the Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen attempted to reach the North Pole by letting his ship Fram freeze into the drifting Arctic ice cover. 
In the 1890s the Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen attempted to reach the North Pole by letting his ship Fram freeze into the drifting Arctic ice cover.
Now this ice is rapidly melting, opening new potential sea routes. 
Now this ice is rapidly melting, opening new potential sea routes.
• Let me quote Hans Corell, the former Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs of the United Nations: “The questions that arise in the Arctic are definitively not about territory over which states have sovereignty.” 
• Let me quote Hans Corell, the former Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs of the United Nations: “The questions that arise in the Arctic are definitively not about territory over which states have sovereignty.”
The point of departure when it comes to the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf is that the rules that govern the high seas apply, in principle the principle of freedom of navigation. 
The point of departure when it comes to the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf is that the rules that govern the high seas apply, in principle the principle of freedom of navigation.
• So this is a fundamental point of departure. 
• So this is a fundamental point of departure.
We do not exclude future new regulation in particular fields. 
We do not exclude future new regulation in particular fields.
But only if real needs have been identified with precision. 
But only if real needs have been identified with precision.
Our priority now should be implementation of the overall framework through concrete policies – by states applying and playing by the rules of the game. 
Our priority now should be implementation of the overall framework through concrete policies – by states applying and playing by the rules of the game.
• My approach is focused on effectiveness. 
• My approach is focused on effectiveness.
Norway is against undermining the effectiveness of existing norms. 
Norway is against undermining the effectiveness of existing norms.
I would like to sound a word of caution, as a representative of a government that is keen to strengthen the rule of law, rather than weakening it. 
I would like to sound a word of caution, as a representative of a government that is keen to strengthen the rule of law, rather than weakening it.
• We already have an ample basis for concrete action to promote safety, responsible management policies and environmental protection. 
• We already have an ample basis for concrete action to promote safety, responsible management policies and environmental protection.
Defining something as a legal vacuum could become a comfortable excuse for failing to act. 
Defining something as a legal vacuum could become a comfortable excuse for failing to act.
• And let us remember that the formulation, adoption and entry into force of international legal rules that can become applicable to all relevant states is a very time-consuming and often difficult process. 
• And let us remember that the formulation, adoption and entry into force of international legal rules that can become applicable to all relevant states is a very time-consuming and often difficult process.
The road that led to the Convention of the Law of the Seas is a good illustration. 
The road that led to the Convention of the Law of the Seas is a good illustration.
• Therefore, rather than weakening earlier normative achievements, we wish to strengthen implementation and accountability. 
• Therefore, rather than weakening earlier normative achievements, we wish to strengthen implementation and accountability.
• For policies to be effective and to be transformed into action we need rock-solid legal foundations. 
• For policies to be effective and to be transformed into action we need rock-solid legal foundations.
We believe we have those foundations in place. 
We believe we have those foundations in place.
We now need to build on them through timely action at the national level and through increased international cooperation in a number of relevant forums. 
We now need to build on them through timely action at the national level and through increased international cooperation in a number of relevant forums.
• Appropriate action requires prior definition of distribution of powers, rights, duties and responsibilities to ensure clarity – otherwise the result is conflict, or paralysis. 
• Appropriate action requires prior definition of distribution of powers, rights, duties and responsibilities to ensure clarity – otherwise the result is conflict, or paralysis.
Only international law can provide such clarity – these foundations are the basic rules of the game. 
Only international law can provide such clarity – these foundations are the basic rules of the game.
Cooperation and national policies depend on the clarity of those rules. 
Cooperation and national policies depend on the clarity of those rules.
• To sum up our approach, here are three key questions we should ask when we are confronted with a particular issue in this field: 
• To sum up our approach, here are three key questions we should ask when we are confronted with a particular issue in this field:
• First, do we already have basic rules that might be applicable also to the Arctic Ocean? 
• First, do we already have basic rules that might be applicable also to the Arctic Ocean?
If so, let’s identify them. 
If so, let’s identify them.
• Second, are the rules concerned widely known? 
• Second, are the rules concerned widely known?
Are they binding on all the relevant actors? 
Are they binding on all the relevant actors?
And, crucially, are they actually being applied? 
And, crucially, are they actually being applied?
The key issue of implementation arises. 
The key issue of implementation arises.
• And third, having answered these questions, and only then, we ask ourselves: are there real needs that have not been addressed through effective regulations? 
• And third, having answered these questions, and only then, we ask ourselves: are there real needs that have not been addressed through effective regulations?
And if so, how should these be addressed? 
And if so, how should these be addressed?
Here we have to distinguish between concrete cooperation, national measures, budgetary appropriations, etc. 
Here we have to distinguish between concrete cooperation, national measures, budgetary appropriations, etc.
A call for new international law - i.e. new rules of the game – is not necessarily the answer to concrete problems. 
A call for new international law - i.e. new rules of the game – is not necessarily the answer to concrete problems.
• In our view, the actual challenges related to the legal regime in the Arctic may have more to do with a lack of implementation of existing rules, rather than an actual lack of rules. 
• In our view, the actual challenges related to the legal regime in the Arctic may have more to do with a lack of implementation of existing rules, rather than an actual lack of rules.
The Arctic Ocean is challenging in this respect, particularly because of the sudden recent focus on the need for implementation of a number of rules that were previously not of much relevance because the ice limited economic activity in these areas. 
The Arctic Ocean is challenging in this respect, particularly because of the sudden recent focus on the need for implementation of a number of rules that were previously not of much relevance because the ice limited economic activity in these areas.
• Now, all of this may sound comforting in theory, but far removed from reality. 
• Now, all of this may sound comforting in theory, but far removed from reality.
It is not. 
It is not.
Let me give you a few examples. 
Let me give you a few examples.
Issue – Rules – Policy: examples of a programme of action a) It took decades to agree on and become bound by the Law of the Sea Convention. 
Issue – Rules – Policy: examples of a programme of action a) It took decades to agree on and become bound by the Law of the Sea Convention.
Does it contain rules on ice-covered waters? 
Does it contain rules on ice-covered waters?
Yes. 
Yes.
Have they been implemented nationally? 
Have they been implemented nationally?
Only to a very limited extent. 
Only to a very limited extent.
b) Does the Convention allow for the adoption or recommendation of specified mandatory maritime routes in difficult waters by the IMO? 
b) Does the Convention allow for the adoption or recommendation of specified mandatory maritime routes in difficult waters by the IMO?
Yes, it does. 
Yes, it does.
c) Does the Convention allow coastal states to adopt non-discriminatory measures, including the establishment of protected areas, within economic zones for various purposes? 
c) Does the Convention allow coastal states to adopt non-discriminatory measures, including the establishment of protected areas, within economic zones for various purposes?
d) Does this Convention, and other international agreements, contain rules designed to promote scientific research, environmental protection and other measures relevant to the Arctic Ocean? 
d) Does this Convention, and other international agreements, contain rules designed to promote scientific research, environmental protection and other measures relevant to the Arctic Ocean?
Yes, they do. 
Yes, they do.
Have these been fully implemented? 
Have these been fully implemented?
Not really. 
Not really.
Then there is the question of boundaries, which are always a potential source of disagreement or even outright conflict. 
Then there is the question of boundaries, which are always a potential source of disagreement or even outright conflict.
However, vast areas of the Arctic Ocean are subject to state authority within the constraints of international law. 
However, vast areas of the Arctic Ocean are subject to state authority within the constraints of international law.
A key issue here is the extent to which the coastal states in the Arctic can lay claim to the continental shelf beyond the 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone. 
A key issue here is the extent to which the coastal states in the Arctic can lay claim to the continental shelf beyond the 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone.
Here too we are guided by the Convention. 
Here too we are guided by the Convention.
The matter is to be determined by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 
The matter is to be determined by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf.
Coastal states must give priority to the vast task of undertaking the necessary scientific research and documentation. 
Coastal states must give priority to the vast task of undertaking the necessary scientific research and documentation.
It is important that rule-based clarity about the outer limits be ensured. 
It is important that rule-based clarity about the outer limits be ensured.
Russia has embarked on the task of providing detailed documentation. 
Russia has embarked on the task of providing detailed documentation.
However, flag-planting on the seabed is of no significance what so ever. 
However, flag-planting on the seabed is of no significance what so ever.
Norway presented its detailed mapping in 2006, documenting the extent of Norway’s continental shelf to just north of the 85th parallel. 
Norway presented its detailed mapping in 2006, documenting the extent of Norway’s continental shelf to just north of the 85th parallel.
Then there is the potential case of unresolved boundary issues between states: 
Then there is the potential case of unresolved boundary issues between states:
Ice melting implies more urgency about the need for boundary agreements. 
Ice melting implies more urgency about the need for boundary agreements.
Has international law evolved a lot during these past years, providing guidance to states in this regard? 
Has international law evolved a lot during these past years, providing guidance to states in this regard?
Yes, indeed. 
Yes, indeed.
Do we favour resolving these delimitation issues? 
Do we favour resolving these delimitation issues?
Yes, we do. 
Yes, we do.
With state authority follows state responsibility, and a basis for taking concrete measures, including on environmental protection. 
With state authority follows state responsibility, and a basis for taking concrete measures, including on environmental protection.
We welcome that. 
We welcome that.