natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
At that stage, I left Geneva and went home to Norway. 
At that stage, I left Geneva and went home to Norway.
There was a new Norwegian government and I started to work with Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg as his chief-of-staff. 
There was a new Norwegian government and I started to work with Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg as his chief-of-staff.
When the first Stoltenberg Government took office in March 2000, the Prime Minister decided that Norway would take on responsibility for providing vaccines for every child in the world. 
When the first Stoltenberg Government took office in March 2000, the Prime Minister decided that Norway would take on responsibility for providing vaccines for every child in the world.
So this was a “Norway–Gates coalition” in a way. 
So this was a “Norway–Gates coalition” in a way.
Gates in the private sector and Norway in the public sector –investing in a specific alliance: GAVI, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. 
Gates in the private sector and Norway in the public sector –investing in a specific alliance: GAVI, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation.
I remember discussing this with Prime Minister Stoltenberg, and how easy it was to bring him on board – for three reasons. 
I remember discussing this with Prime Minister Stoltenberg, and how easy it was to bring him on board – for three reasons.
First, because he was a father and he had had his children vaccinated. 
First, because he was a father and he had had his children vaccinated.
It is something you do for free in Norway. 
It is something you do for free in Norway.
You don’t have to think about paying for it, you take it for granted. 
You don’t have to think about paying for it, you take it for granted.
Because it is part of what the welfare state offers. 
Because it is part of what the welfare state offers.
Secondly, he is an economist, and he saw that vaccination is by far the most cost-effective intervention you can make. 
Secondly, he is an economist, and he saw that vaccination is by far the most cost-effective intervention you can make.
You can prevent disease with two shots at a very early stage in life. 
You can prevent disease with two shots at a very early stage in life.
And, finally, he was a politician. 
And, finally, he was a politician.
So he could bring this into the realm of political action. 
So he could bring this into the realm of political action.
I believe that what happened around 2000, with the launching of the MDGs, was a response to the heightened awareness of all politicians, not just health ministers, of the link between health and development. 
I believe that what happened around 2000, with the launching of the MDGs, was a response to the heightened awareness of all politicians, not just health ministers, of the link between health and development.
I would like to touch briefly on a few of the changes that have taken place since then. 
I would like to touch briefly on a few of the changes that have taken place since then.
Ten years ago, world investments in health aid totalled 4 billion dollars a year. 
Ten years ago, world investments in health aid totalled 4 billion dollars a year.
This has more than tripled to 15 billion dollars today. 
This has more than tripled to 15 billion dollars today.
Around 2000 AIDS treatment was out of reach, and when drugs came on the market, it was at a cost of 40 to 100 dollars a day. 
Around 2000 AIDS treatment was out of reach, and when drugs came on the market, it was at a cost of 40 to 100 dollars a day.
A cost that neither poor people nor donors could afford. 
A cost that neither poor people nor donors could afford.
Now it costs 4 cents a day to treat AIDS, and more than 2 million people are receiving treatment. 
Now it costs 4 cents a day to treat AIDS, and more than 2 million people are receiving treatment.
That is far too few, but it is a beginning. 
That is far too few, but it is a beginning.
Malaria was and is the top priority of every African health minister. 
Malaria was and is the top priority of every African health minister.
Today, tens of millions of bed nets have been distributed and new drugs have been made available on a broad scale. 
Today, tens of millions of bed nets have been distributed and new drugs have been made available on a broad scale.
Where the majority of children sleep under nets, malaria wards stay empty. 
Where the majority of children sleep under nets, malaria wards stay empty.
As I said, there was great frustration about vaccination, with coverage stagnating and new vaccines not being introduced. 
As I said, there was great frustration about vaccination, with coverage stagnating and new vaccines not being introduced.
This situation has now been turned around, and for example measles mortality has dropped by 90 percent in Africa. 
This situation has now been turned around, and for example measles mortality has dropped by 90 percent in Africa.
Additional hundreds of millions of children are being vaccinated. 
Additional hundreds of millions of children are being vaccinated.
The GAVI Alliance has saved between two and three million children from dying every year since it began its work. 
The GAVI Alliance has saved between two and three million children from dying every year since it began its work.
Tobacco was another serious world health problem. 
Tobacco was another serious world health problem.
Around 2000, it was predicted that tobacco would be the leading cause of death by 2020. 
Around 2000, it was predicted that tobacco would be the leading cause of death by 2020.
That might still happen, but it is likely – thanks to the framework convention on tobacco control – that this prediction will not come true. 
That might still happen, but it is likely – thanks to the framework convention on tobacco control – that this prediction will not come true.
The process of developing the convention is quite another story, and I will not spend time on it here. 
The process of developing the convention is quite another story, and I will not spend time on it here.
But work on the convention started two months after Dr Brundtland took office, and was concluded two months before she left the WHO. 
But work on the convention started two months after Dr Brundtland took office, and was concluded two months before she left the WHO.
It is modelled on the Kyoto Protocol. 
It is modelled on the Kyoto Protocol.
So it is another example of lessons learned across sectors. 
So it is another example of lessons learned across sectors.
Now I am getting close to the present day. 
Now I am getting close to the present day.
These approaches gave rise to an ethics of politics. 
These approaches gave rise to an ethics of politics.
It is about engagement, it is about the political will to seize opportunities, it is about partnership, and it is about burden sharing. 
It is about engagement, it is about the political will to seize opportunities, it is about partnership, and it is about burden sharing.
And I believe that these approaches can be used to combat climate change, to promote health, not only in a number of development areas, but also in dealing with international conflict. 
And I believe that these approaches can be used to combat climate change, to promote health, not only in a number of development areas, but also in dealing with international conflict.
And it coincides closely with what we are trying to achieve in Norwegian foreign policy. 
And it coincides closely with what we are trying to achieve in Norwegian foreign policy.
In 2005, Jens Stoltenberg returned as Prime Minister and I became his Foreign Minister. 
In 2005, Jens Stoltenberg returned as Prime Minister and I became his Foreign Minister.
And we scaled up our approach to health. 
And we scaled up our approach to health.
Stoltenberg took the vaccine initiative one step further, and Norway pledged to make a real difference, not only in vaccinating every child, but also in fulfilling MDGs 4 and 5 – reducing child and maternal mortality. 
Stoltenberg took the vaccine initiative one step further, and Norway pledged to make a real difference, not only in vaccinating every child, but also in fulfilling MDGs 4 and 5 – reducing child and maternal mortality.
And we are now investing 100 million dollars a year specifically for interventions in this area, not alone, but in partnership with the private sector and with specific governments. 
And we are now investing 100 million dollars a year specifically for interventions in this area, not alone, but in partnership with the private sector and with specific governments.
Having worked with and been inspired by my countryman Jan Egeland and his work in the UN and elsewhere, and with Jeffrey Sachs, I saw that as Foreign Minister, I could deal with health differently than has been the case in the past. 
Having worked with and been inspired by my countryman Jan Egeland and his work in the UN and elsewhere, and with Jeffrey Sachs, I saw that as Foreign Minister, I could deal with health differently than has been the case in the past.
I realised that health was not just the province of health ministers, finance ministers, presidents, prime ministers, but also of foreign ministers. 
I realised that health was not just the province of health ministers, finance ministers, presidents, prime ministers, but also of foreign ministers.
Because health disasters are also a cause of conflict. 
Because health disasters are also a cause of conflict.
They are a cause of environmental degradation and of collapsing and failing states. 
They are a cause of environmental degradation and of collapsing and failing states.
We all know that threats to health do not respect national borders. 
We all know that threats to health do not respect national borders.
So this is clearly a challenge for foreign policy. 
So this is clearly a challenge for foreign policy.
We know that developing countries carry the heaviest burden as regards disease, but have the lowest capacity for prevention, treatment and control. 
We know that developing countries carry the heaviest burden as regards disease, but have the lowest capacity for prevention, treatment and control.
So global health security is only as strong as the weakest link. 
So global health security is only as strong as the weakest link.
Are we prepared, as foreign ministers, to face a global health crisis? 
Are we prepared, as foreign ministers, to face a global health crisis?
Norway closed its border with Sweden for the first time in modern history during the outbreak of mouth and foot disease in 2000. 
Norway closed its border with Sweden for the first time in modern history during the outbreak of mouth and foot disease in 2000.
And we were completely puzzled by the question “how do we reopen borders? 
And we were completely puzzled by the question “how do we reopen borders?
When are you certain that the epidemic is over and we can do so safely?” 
When are you certain that the epidemic is over and we can do so safely?”
This is a foreign policy issue. 
This is a foreign policy issue.
It is easy to deal with Sweden, our neighbour, in such cases. 
It is easy to deal with Sweden, our neighbour, in such cases.
But there can be other settings were this is more complicated. 
But there can be other settings were this is more complicated.
As foreign ministers, we need to review government structures and systems and adapt them to better respond to global interdependence. 
As foreign ministers, we need to review government structures and systems and adapt them to better respond to global interdependence.
When I became Foreign Minister, I called six of my colleagues in different corners of the world and asked them to join me in an informal setting to address this issue. 
When I became Foreign Minister, I called six of my colleagues in different corners of the world and asked them to join me in an informal setting to address this issue.
And to try to highlight what it means to be a foreign minister in an era where health problems are global. 
And to try to highlight what it means to be a foreign minister in an era where health problems are global.
I approached France, Thailand, Indonesia, South Africa, Senegal and Brazil. 
I approached France, Thailand, Indonesia, South Africa, Senegal and Brazil.
And they all responded favourably. 
And they all responded favourably.
We met at the UN in 2006 and appointed experts to work out an agenda, identify the problems and to advise us on a plan of action. 
We met at the UN in 2006 and appointed experts to work out an agenda, identify the problems and to advise us on a plan of action.
We came together in Oslo in March last year to adopt the Oslo Agenda, the Oslo Declaration and a plan of action. 
We came together in Oslo in March last year to adopt the Oslo Agenda, the Oslo Declaration and a plan of action.
We singled out ten foreign policy areas where we need to take a look at the health implications. 
We singled out ten foreign policy areas where we need to take a look at the health implications.
Are health concerns being given the necessary priority? 
Are health concerns being given the necessary priority?
Are we applying the foreign policy tools at our disposal to get to grips with them? 
Are we applying the foreign policy tools at our disposal to get to grips with them?
Against the backdrop of an evolving health and development agenda, I believe we have something new emerging here. 
Against the backdrop of an evolving health and development agenda, I believe we have something new emerging here.
At the UN General Assembly last September, we were 30 foreign ministers who came together to discuss these fields. 
At the UN General Assembly last September, we were 30 foreign ministers who came together to discuss these fields.
In order for us to make these ideas workable, we need to continue take a broader view and work out new perspectives. 
In order for us to make these ideas workable, we need to continue take a broader view and work out new perspectives.
We still take a very traditional approach in the debate on national and global health security. 
We still take a very traditional approach in the debate on national and global health security.
We discuss our own country’s perspective – with the main focus on protecting our own population. 
We discuss our own country’s perspective – with the main focus on protecting our own population.
That is our responsibility as governments. 
That is our responsibility as governments.
Even the threats of pandemic flu can be seen in this light. 
Even the threats of pandemic flu can be seen in this light.
We buy drugs for our populations. 
We buy drugs for our populations.
But as we all know, viruses and bacteria know no borders. 
But as we all know, viruses and bacteria know no borders.
So if we include the perspective of interdependence and shared vulnerability across nations and regions, we need to add a broader dimension to this debate. 
So if we include the perspective of interdependence and shared vulnerability across nations and regions, we need to add a broader dimension to this debate.
More than anything, it calls for solutions in which the benefits of preparedness are equitably distributed. 
More than anything, it calls for solutions in which the benefits of preparedness are equitably distributed.
Because my insecurity does not depend on the Norwegian health system, it depends on systems far beyond Norway. 
Because my insecurity does not depend on the Norwegian health system, it depends on systems far beyond Norway.
All of this has to influence our development policy, our UN policy and also our Norwegian foreign policy. 
All of this has to influence our development policy, our UN policy and also our Norwegian foreign policy.
As a final observation, one important insight of this group of experts is that health security cannot be interpreted narrowly. 
As a final observation, one important insight of this group of experts is that health security cannot be interpreted narrowly.
What we need is an understanding of the determinants of health. 
What we need is an understanding of the determinants of health.
Poverty is of course intuitively recognised as a core determinant even though we have failed to address it fully. 
Poverty is of course intuitively recognised as a core determinant even though we have failed to address it fully.
Two more direct determinants of health that are often overlooked are trade and intellectual property rights. 
Two more direct determinants of health that are often overlooked are trade and intellectual property rights.
In many countries, HIV and AIDS are overloading already weak health systems and having impacts on capacity, preparedness, human rights and movement across borders. 
In many countries, HIV and AIDS are overloading already weak health systems and having impacts on capacity, preparedness, human rights and movement across borders.
This has foreign policy implications. 
This has foreign policy implications.
We also have to address how fragile states might collapse under what we call “the double burden of disease”. 
We also have to address how fragile states might collapse under what we call “the double burden of disease”.
Poor countries struggling with the burden of infectious diseases are increasingly being burdened with non-infectious diseases – which often cripple a poor health system. 
Poor countries struggling with the burden of infectious diseases are increasingly being burdened with non-infectious diseases – which often cripple a poor health system.
Another dimension is that rich countries are recruiting health workers from poor countries to take care of an aging population. 
Another dimension is that rich countries are recruiting health workers from poor countries to take care of an aging population.
This gives rise to a number of very serious, ethical and economic issues. 
This gives rise to a number of very serious, ethical and economic issues.
These, too, must be brought into the foreign policy agenda. 
These, too, must be brought into the foreign policy agenda.
I would like to conclude by mentioning a concrete example that I never thought I would deal with as foreign minister the issue of virus sharing. 
I would like to conclude by mentioning a concrete example that I never thought I would deal with as foreign minister –¬ the issue of virus sharing.
Indonesia has been hard hit by avian influenza. 
Indonesia has been hard hit by avian influenza.
Bird flu is widely considered to be one of the most likely sources of the next global pandemic. 
Bird flu is widely considered to be one of the most likely sources of the next global pandemic.
And global preparedness relies heavily on monitoring the outbreaks, particularly that which affect humans. 
And global preparedness relies heavily on monitoring the outbreaks, particularly that which affect humans.
A year ago, Indonesia felt that it was being short-changed by the international community and asked bluntly why it should contribute to the production of a vaccine it will not be able to afford and would be unlikely to ever have access to by sharing its virus. 
A year ago, Indonesia felt that it was being short-changed by the international community and asked bluntly why it should contribute to the production of a vaccine it will not be able to afford and would be unlikely to ever have access to by sharing its virus.
– Good question. 
– Good question.
I disagree with Indonesia’s decision to stop sharing the virus from local outbreaks, because I believe that Indonesia and all other countries should contribute fully to global preparedness. 
I disagree with Indonesia’s decision to stop sharing the virus from local outbreaks, because I believe that Indonesia and all other countries should contribute fully to global preparedness.
But I also understand and agree that we must make sure that the benefits of preparedness are shared equitably and sustainably. 
But I also understand and agree that we must make sure that the benefits of preparedness are shared equitably and sustainably.
One of the most shocking observations I was met with when I got to the WHO was that there is no opportunity to prepare malaria drugs, because where there is no money there is no market for these drugs. 
One of the most shocking observations I was met with when I got to the WHO was that there is no opportunity to prepare malaria drugs, because where there is no money there is no market for these drugs.
But for a disease that strikes somewhere between a half and one billion people each year, how can we say there is no market? 
But for a disease that strikes somewhere between a half and one billion people each year, how can we say there is no market?
And if we accept that there is no market for malaria medicine simply because people can’t afford to buy it, that is also a market failure. 
And if we accept that there is no market for malaria medicine simply because people can’t afford to buy it, that is also a market failure.
What this all adds up to is that this is a matter of political will, of knowledge, and of partnership. 
What this all adds up to is that this is a matter of political will, of knowledge, and of partnership.
Thank you for accompanying me on this personal journey. 
Thank you for accompanying me on this personal journey.
Global Health and the Foreign Policy Agenda 
Global Health and the Foreign Policy Agenda
Today is 7 April – World Health Day. 
Today is 7 April – World Health Day.
It is a special pleasure for me to speak here again at the CSIS – and to be speaking on health. 
It is a special pleasure for me to speak here again at the CSIS – and to be speaking on health.
A fair question from the audience would certainly be: “Why invite a Foreign Minister to speak on health? 
A fair question from the audience would certainly be: “Why invite a Foreign Minister to speak on health?
What does he know about medicine, health systems, health budgets, hospitals, mental health and diseases?” 
What does he know about medicine, health systems, health budgets, hospitals, mental health and diseases?”
The answer is not much, and certainly far less than any health minister, and – hopefully – far less than many of you. 
The answer is not much, and certainly far less than any health minister, and – hopefully – far less than many of you.
But here is the point: While I was serving at the World Health Organization with Dr Brundtland from 1998, I discovered how much more there is to health – and global health – than the strict medical side of the issue. 
But here is the point: While I was serving at the World Health Organization with Dr Brundtland from 1998, I discovered how much more there is to health – and global health – than the strict medical side of the issue.
I did so by seeing, listening and experiencing, and by working with some extraordinary people from the global health community – a few of which are here today. 
I did so by seeing, listening and experiencing, and by working with some extraordinary people from the global health community – a few of which are here today.
I learned some very important lessons – and here are a few of them: 
I learned some very important lessons – and here are a few of them:
I learned that health is more than a budget expenditure. 
I learned that health is more than a budget expenditure.
It is an investment in human dignity, human development – and thus in economic development and the welfare of people, communities and nations. 
It is an investment in human dignity, human development – and thus in economic development and the welfare of people, communities and nations.
I learned that investing wisely in health was a powerful tool in the fight against extreme poverty. 
I learned that investing wisely in health was a powerful tool in the fight against extreme poverty.
Poor health breeds poverty – that is something we have always known. 
Poor health breeds poverty – that is something we have always known.
But we are now much more aware than before that improved health leads to growth and development. 
But we are now much more aware than before that improved health leads to growth and development.
The equation works both ways. 
The equation works both ways.
This offers us a unique opportunity to both fight poverty and stimulate development. 
This offers us a unique opportunity to both fight poverty and stimulate development.