natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Several factors contribute to this, including low solar radiation in winter, the ability to reflect solar radiation, the cooling effect of long wave radiation from the continent to the continent's and height above sea level.
Fleire faktorar medverker til dette, mellom anna den lave solinnstrålinga om vinteren, evnen isen har til å reflektere solstrålinga, kjøle-effekten av langbølgestråling frå kontinentet og høgda til kontinentet over havet.
Climate and climate change in Antarctica
Klima og klimaendringar i Antarktis
Climate research at the Norwegian Polar Institute
Klimaforskning ved Norsk Polarinstitutt
Wildlife
Dyr og plantar
The Antarctic is home to unique and vulnerable wildlife.
I Antarktis finn ein eit unikt og sårbart dyreliv.
More about wildlife
Meir om plantar og dyr
Norway in the Antarctic
onsdag 06. september 2017
The folder ”Norway in the Antarctic” is now available in a new and updated version.
Mørketid på Troll - med sol i sikte
Thursday August 28 2014
fredag 28. juli 2017
Quantarctica – A free GIS package for Antarctica
Klar for ny sommersesong på Troll
Quantarctica is a collection of Antarctic geographical datasets which works with the free, open-source software Quantum GIS.
Når vinteren er i anmarsj her nord, er det sommer, lyse dager og høysesong på den norske Troll-stasjonen i Antarktis.
Thursday November 15 2012
torsdag 22. desember 2016
Why Antarctica is melting?
Nye navn klare for kartet
Wednesday July 25 2012
fredag 28. oktober 2016
More articles on Antarctica
Flere artikler om Antarktis
The team consists of four experienced Arctic divers: Peter Leopold and Ireen Vieweg from Germany, Sanna Markkula from Finland, and Haakon Hop, Dive Master at the Norwegian Polar Institute.
The team consists of four experienced Arctic divers: Peter Leopold and Ireen Vieweg from Germany, Sanna Markkula from Finland, and Haakon Hop, Dive Master at the Norwegian Polar Institute.
Diving in the Arctic for scientific purposes requires special gear for diving in very cold water with temperatures below zero.
Diving in the Arctic for scientific purposes requires special gear for diving in very cold water with temperatures below zero.
The ICE-dive team, 2011.
The ICE-dive team, 2011.
From left, Sanna Markkula, Ireen Vieweg, Haakon Hop and Peter Leopold.
From left, Sanna Markkula, Ireen Vieweg, Haakon Hop and Peter Leopold.
Photo: Haakon Hop / Norwegian Polar Institute
Foto: Haakon Hop / Norwegian Polar Institute
Ice conditions at our fist ICE-station.
Ice conditions at our fist ICE-station.
Difficult for diving, but we did manage to get in the water and below the ice, with some effort.
Difficult for diving, but we did manage to get in the water and below the ice, with some effort.
On our way with the Polar Sirkel to a clam dive near Raudfjorden.
On our way with the Polar Sirkel to a clam dive near Raudfjorden.
Harvey Goodwin, Norwegian Polar Institute, is driving and RV Lance can be seen in the background.
Harvey Goodwin, Norwegian Polar Institute, is driving and RV Lance can be seen in the background.
Gammarus wilkitzkii, an ice amphipod, which lives below the ice for its entire life.
Gammarus wilkitzkii, an ice amphipod, which lives below the ice for its entire life.
They may become 6–7 years old and is a characteristic species for multi-year sea ice.
They may become 6–7 years old and is a characteristic species for multi-year sea ice.
Michael Carroll, Akvaplan-niva, studies how growth in clams is related to climate.
Michael Carroll, Akvaplan-niva, studies how growth in clams is related to climate.
He was very happy to get some Mya truncata clams for his growth studies.
He was very happy to get some Mya truncata clams for his growth studies.
Diver Haakon Hop, Norwegian Polar Institute, on his way to dive for clams.
Diver Haakon Hop, Norwegian Polar Institute, on his way to dive for clams.
Saltwater freezes at -1.9°C, and it is often close to freezing temperatures below the ice.
Saltwater freezes at -1.9 °C, and it is often close to freezing temperatures below the ice.
We therefore need to use dry suits with warm underwear, full face masks and regulators with frost protection to prevent freezing.
We therefore need to use dry suits with warm underwear, full face masks and regulators with frost protection to prevent freezing.
If a regulator freezes in the frigid Arctic waters, the diver will lose all the air in the tank within minutes.
If a regulator freezes in the frigid Arctic waters, the diver will lose all the air in the tank within minutes.
This is called free-flow, and even if we take precautions – this still happens.
This is called free-flow, and even if we take precautions – this still happens.
On our dive today, two of the divers had to return to the surface because of free-flowing regulators.
On our dive today, two of the divers had to return to the surface because of free-flowing regulators.
Another challenge, when diving below ice is how to get on the ice and into the water.
Another challenge, when diving below ice is how to get on the ice and into the water.
On our first ice station, the ice was much broken up into smaller floes, which were so densely packed that it was difficult to find an opening to get in.
On our first ice station, the ice was much broken up into smaller floes, which were so densely packed that it was difficult to find an opening to get in.
We finally managed to move some ice around so that we could thread ourselves down between some ice floes and get under the ice.
We finally managed to move some ice around so that we could thread ourselves down between some ice floes and get under the ice.
We use a line with communication for diving, and it would be very difficult to find our way back to the small hole without this line.
We use a line with communication for diving, and it would be very difficult to find our way back to the small hole without this line.
The line tender on the ice feeds out line and keeps in contact with the diver.
The line tender on the ice feeds out line and keeps in contact with the diver.
Our first dive was on a floe close to our research vessel Lance, and it was therefore quite noisy from below.
Our first dive was on a floe close to our research vessel Lance, and it was therefore quite noisy from below.
We can hear the engine and propeller and also sometimes people talking and music.
We can hear the engine and propeller and also sometimes people talking and music.
We also heard seals vocalizing, with sounds that carry a very long distance.
We also heard seals vocalizing, with sounds that carry a very long distance.
So, the silent underwater world is often not that silent to a diver.
So, the silent underwater world is often not that silent to a diver.
During the dive below ice we have different scientific task to perform.
During the dive below ice we have different scientific task to perform.
We collect samples of ice algae growing on the underside of the ice.
We collect samples of ice algae growing on the underside of the ice.
This spring cruise in April-May is particularly interesting in that regard since we cover the spring-bloom situation.
This spring cruise in April–May is particularly interesting in that regard since we cover the spring-bloom situation.
Ice algae typically start to grow at very low light conditions below the ice during early spring, in April-March, and then the pelagic production with ice-edge blooms of phytoplankton starts around now in early May.
Ice algae typically start to grow at very low light conditions below the ice during early spring, in April–March, and then the pelagic production with ice-edge blooms of phytoplankton starts around now in early May.
During our first dive, the ice was quite thick, about 3.5 m, and with 0.5 m of snow on top.
During our first dive, the ice was quite thick, about 3.5 m, and with 0.5 m of snow on top.
Since the snow blocks out 90% of the light, there was no ice algae and also pretty dark below the ice floes.
Since the snow blocks out 90 % of the light, there was no ice algae and also pretty dark below the ice floes.
We need to dive with lights to be able to see anything.
We need to dive with lights to be able to see anything.
There were some sediments entrained in the ice, which indicated that these floes were likely small remnants of multi-year ice, which may have travelled all the way from the Siberian coast to the area north of Svalbard – a journey which may take 3-4 years.
There were some sediments entrained in the ice, which indicated that these floes were likely small remnants of multi-year ice, which may have travelled all the way from the Siberian coast to the area north of Svalbard – a journey which may take 3–4 years.
There were some ice amphipods of the species Gammarus wilkitzkii and Onisimus nanseni below the ice, but at very low abundance.
There were some ice amphipods of the species Gammarus wilkitzkii and Onisimus nanseni below the ice, but at very low abundance.
We use electrical vacuum cleaners and 50x50 cm frame to try and get some quantitative estimate of their abundance, but on this dive there were just too few to even try and get a sample of them.
We use electrical vacuum cleaners and 50 x 50 cm frame to try and get some quantitative estimate of their abundance, but on this dive there were just too few to even try and get a sample of them.
So, our fist dive mainly became a test dive for divers and equipment, and it was then back to the dive-lab to fix gear and modify for future dives.
So, our fist dive mainly became a test dive for divers and equipment, and it was then back to the dive-lab to fix gear and modify for future dives.
Today, the ship moved in towards the coast to pick up a helicopter from Longyearbyen, and we took the opportunity to go for a dive near Raudfjorden at 22–25 m depth.
Today, the ship moved in towards the coast to pick up a helicopter from Longyearbyen, and we took the opportunity to go for a dive near Raudfjorden at 22–25 m depth.
The visibility was quite good, 7–8 meters, since the spring algal bloom has not really stated and we had a nice dive to a bottom of rocks and some sandy banks.
The visibility was quite good, 7–8 meters, since the spring algal bloom has not really stated and we had a nice dive to a bottom of rocks and some sandy banks.
We used shovels to dig for clams and found some Mya trucata, a type of clam that has a long siphon pointing up at the surface.
We used shovels to dig for clams and found some Mya trucata, a type of clam that has a long siphon pointing up at the surface.
They typically sit 20–30 cm down into the sediments, but since the sand was quite coarse it was easy to dig them up.
They typically sit 20–30 cm down into the sediments, but since the sand was quite coarse it was easy to dig them up.
We got about 25 clams, which will be used in a study of growth related to climate.
We got about 25 clams, which will be used in a study of growth related to climate.
When the water is warming up, the clams grow faster, and this can be seen in the annual growth rings on their shells.
When the water is warming up, the clams grow faster, and this can be seen in the annual growth rings on their shells.
We also saw a strange stauromedusa, a type of jellyfish that is attached upside down on the bottom.
We also saw a strange stauromedusa, a type of jellyfish that is attached upside down on the bottom.
Its scientific name is Lucernia quadricornis, and it has 8 arms with tentacles.
Its scientific name is Lucernia quadricornis, and it has 8 arms with tentacles.
The interesting part about diving is that we always see something new on our dives, and there are often some surprises in these unknown waters.
The interesting part about diving is that we always see something new on our dives, and there are often some surprises in these unknown waters.
Chilly on the hands for sure, and some free-flowing problems, but this is also part of the game for Arctic divers.
Chilly on the hands for sure, and some free-flowing problems, but this is also part of the game for Arctic divers.
The Arctic, ICE, Marine ecosystems, Scientific research
Arktis, ICE, Marine økosystemer, Forskning
Without the knowledge that this monitoring and research provides, the authorities will not be able to make the right decisions to ensure sustainable development in the Arctic.
Uten den kunnskapen slik overvåkning og forskning gir vil ikke myndighetene være i stand til å fatte de riktige beslutningene for å sikre en bærekraftig utvikling i Arktis.
Laws and regulations in Svalbard
Regelverk
The expressed goal of the Norwegian authorities is to manage the Norwegian Arctic in a manner such that it remains one of the best-preserved wilderness areas in the world.
Det et uttalt mål fra norske myndigheter å forvalte norsk Arktis på en slik måte at det forblir et av de best bevarte villmarksområdene i verden.
International cooperation in the Arctic
Internasjonalt samarbeid i Arktis
More on regulations in Svalbard
Regelverk i Arktis
Global warming is one of the biggest challenges the world's population is facing.
Global oppvarming er en av de største utfordringene jordens befolkning står overfor.
The Arctic climate is important for the global climate, and in recent years major changes have been observed, including decreased ice cover.
Klimaet i Arktis er viktig for det globale klimaet, og de siste årene har det blitt kartlagt store endringer i regionen.
Climate change will affect both ecosystems and communities in the north.
Klimaendringene kommer til å påvirke både økosystemene og samfunnene i nord.
Climate and climate chenge in the Arctic
Klima og klimaendringer i Arktis
Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
Klimaforskning ved Norsk Polarinstitutt
Key species in the Arctic
Nøkkelarter i Arktis
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Isbjørn (Ursus maritimus)
Ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea)
Ismåke (Pagophila eburnea)
Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)
Fjellrev / Polarrev (Vulpes lagopus)
More species
Flere arter
Latest articles on the Arctic
Siste artikler om Arktis
Thursday March 16 2017
fredag 15. september 2017
Wednesday December 23 2015
torsdag 24. august 2017
More articles on the Arctic
Flere artikler om Arktis
Nordaustlandet, Barentsøya, Edgeøya, Kong Karls Land, Hopen, Prins Karls Forland, Bjørnøya and several other rocks and shears are part of the archipelago.
I tillegg hører Nordaustlandet, Barentsøya, Edgeøya, Kong Karls Land, Hopen, Prins Karls Forland, Bjørnøya og en rekke andre holmer og skjær til Svalbard.
65 percent of the land mass is protected, and the archipelago has per 2010 29 protected areas.
65 prosent av landarealet er vernet, og øygruppa har per 2010 29 naturvernområder.
The biggest island of the archipelago has had the name Spitsbergen since 1969, and was previously known as Vest-Spitsbergen.
Siden 1969 har den største øya på Svalbard hatt navnet Spitsbergen, fra tidligere Vest-Spitsbergen.
The island has a size of 37.673 square kilometers, and most of the human activities on the archipelago have occurred on this island.
Øya har en størrelse på 37 673 km2, og størstedelen av all menneskelig aktivitet på øygruppa har funnet sted der.
The permanent settlements of Longyearbyen, Barentsburg, Ny-Ålesund and Sveagruva are all found on the island.
De faste bosetningene Longyearbyen, Barentsburg, Ny-Ålesund og Sveagruva er alle lokalisert på øya.
Spitsbergen also has six national parks, 13 bird preserves and one geotop protection area.
I tillegg til disse bosetningene inneholder Spitsbergen seks nasjonalparker, tretten fuglereservater og ett geotopvernområde.
The other landmasses
De øvrige landmassene
In addition to Spitsbergen, Nordaustlandet, Barentsøya, Edgeøya, Kong Karls Land, Hopen, Prins Karls Forland, Bjørnøya and all islands, rocks and shears between 74° and 81° degrees northern latitude and 10° and 35° degrees eastern longitude belong to the archipelago.
I tillegg til Spitsbergen, hører Nordaustlandet, Barentsøya, Edgeøya, Kong Karls Land, Hopen, Prins Karls Forland, Bjørnøya og alle andre øyer, holmer og skjær mellom 74° og 81° nordlig bredde og 10° og 35° østlig lengde til øygruppa Svalbard.
Map: Norwegian Polar Institute
Foto: Norsk Polarinstitutt
Forlandet (1973)
Forlandet nasjonalpark (1973)
Nordvest-Spitsbergen (1973)
Nordvest-Spitsbergen nasjonalpark (1973)
Sør-Spitsbergen (1973)
Sør-Spitsbergen nasjonalpark (1973)
Nordenskiöld Land (2003)
Nordenskiöld Land nasjonalpark (2003)
Nordre Isfjorden (2003)
Nordre Isfjorden nasjonalpark (2003)
Sassen-Bünslow Land (2003)
Sassen-Bünslow Land nasjonalpark (2003)
Indre Wijdefjorden (2005)
Indre Wijdefjorden nasjonalpark (2005)
Nordaust-Svalbard (1973)
Nordaust-Svalbard naturreservat (1973)
Søraust-Svalbard (1973)
Søraust-Svalbard naturreservat (1973)
Moffen (1983)
Moffen naturreservat (1983)
Bjørnøya (2002)
Bjørnøya naturreservat (2002)
Hopen (2003)
Hopen naturreservat (2003)
Ossian Sars (2003)
Ossian Sars naturreservat (2003)
Bird reserves
Fuglereservater
Black-legged kittiwakes on a sheet of ice on the coast of Svalbard.
Krykkjer på et isflak utenfor Svalbards kyst.
The archipelago has a unique wildlife, and 15 bird reserves were established in 1973 to protect the breeding grounds of the many species on the island.
Svalbard har et unikt fugle- og dyreliv, og i 1973 ble det opprettet 15 fuglereservater for å beskytte hekkeplassene til mange av fugleartene på øygruppa.
Photo: Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Norwegian Polar Institute
Foto: Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Norsk Polarinstitutt
There are 15 bird reserves in Svalbard, all of which were established in 1973.
Det er 15 fuglereservater på Svalbard, disse ble alle opprettet i 1973.
Almost all of these are found on small islands or rocks along the western coast of Spitsbergen.
Nesten alle ligger på holmer eller små øyer langs vestkysten av Spitsbergen.
The purpose of these reserves is to protect the most important breeding grounds for several specials.
Formålet med fuglereservatene er å verne de viktigste hekkeplassene for ærfugl, hvitkinngås og ringgås.
These species seek areas that are not surrounded by ice and thus not available for the arctic fox.
Disse artene søker hekkeplasser på holmer og skjær som ikke er omgitt av is om sommeren og som dermed ikke er tilgjengelig for for rev.
There are few of these spots in Svalbard, and the concentration of breeding birds can be quite large.
Det er få slike steder på Svalbard, og derfor kan konsentrasjonen av hekkende fugler bli store.
People are not allowed to travel within the bird reserves from the 15 May to 15 August.
Det er ferdselforbud i fuglereservatene fra 15. mai til 15. august.
All travel by land and water in these reserves are forbidden in this period.
I denne perioden er all ferdsel til lands og til vanns i reservatene forbudt.
There is a 300 meter protection zone in the water surrounding these areas.
Fuglereservatene omfatter også havet omkring øyene ut til 300 meter fra land eller skjær.
Festningen
Festningen geotopvernområde
The Festningen profile gives us a view of a geological row that has been made through several hundred million years.
I det kjente Festningsprofilet kan man se en geologisk lagrekke som er avsatt gjennom flere hundre millioner år (karbon/tertiær).
There are also tracks from prehistoric reptiles.
Her finnes også fossile spor av fortidsøgler.
The protected area is around 14 square kilometres.
Dette verneområdet er på 14km².
Read more about the Festningen geotope reserve.
Les mer om Festningen geotopvernområde.
The Cruise Handbook for Svalbard
Cruisehåndbok for Svalbard
Hornsund
Bellsund
Bellsund
Hornsund
Woodfjorden, Liefdefjorden, Bockfjorden
Woodfjorden, Liefdefjorden & Bockfjorden
The Flora of Svalbard
Svalbards flora
Most of the island's 176 km2 are flat, with some mountainous areas in the south.
Øya er ganske flat, med mest fjell i sør.
The Miseryfjellet mountain is the tallest with 536 m.
Miseryfjellet er det høyeste med sine 536 meter.
Approximately 600 small lakes are scattered around the island.
Seks hundre små vann ligger spredt rundt på øya.
A bird colony on Bjørnøya.
Lomvi i et fuglefjell på Bjørnøya.
The southern tip of the island house some of the largest bird colonies in the world.
Rundt sørspissen av øya finnes noen av de største fuglekoloniene i verden.
Photo: Hallvard Strøm, Norwegian Polar Institute
Foto: Hallvard Strøm, Norsk Polarinstitutt
There is a big contrast between the bird colonies of the southern tip of the island to the flat, barren lunar landscape found near Amfiet.
Kontrasten er stor mellom Bjørnøyas fuglefjell og det flate, øde månelandskapet som finnes ved Amfiet.
Photo: Odd Harald Selboskar, Norwegian Polar Institute
Foto: Odd Harald Selboskar, Norsk Polarinstitutt
Bjørnøya has a steep, almost unapproachable coastline which serves as a popular nesting site for colonies of sea birds.
De vanligste artene i fuglefjellene er lomvi, polarlomvi, alkekonge, krykkje, havhest og polarmåke.
There is only one usable harbor on the island, Sørhamna.
Det er bare én brukbar havn på øya, Sørhamna.
The mean temperature for the warmest month (August) is 4.4°C and -7.4°C for the coldest month (January).
Middeltemperaturen for varmeste måned (august) er 4,4°C, og for den kaldeste (januar) ligger temperaturen på -7,4°C.
Bjørnøya nature reserve comprise the entire island except a small area surrounding the meteorological station.
Bjørnøya naturrservat omfatter hele øya unntatt et mindre område rundt den meteorologiske stasjonen.
It was established in 1918 as a radio- and weather station and is still in use today.
Stasjonen ble opprettet i 1918 som radio- og værstasjon og er fortsatt i drift.
History and cultural remains
Historie og kulturminner
The railway on Bjørnøya transported coal between the mines in Tunheim and the harbor in Austervåg.
Jernbanen på Bjørnøya fraktet kull mellom gruveanlegget på Tunheim og hamna i Austervåg.
Today only the tracks remain.
I dag står kun skinnegangen igjen.
Bjørnøya has several cultural remains of human activity, like these abandoned houses photographed in 2007.
Bjørnøya har en rekke kulturminner, som disse husene fotografert i 2007.
The history of the island is tied to hunting and capture of walrus, polar bears, seal, whale and sea birds.
Øyas historie er knyttet til jakt og fangst av hvalross, isbjørn, sel, hval og sjøfugl.
It was first discovered by the Dutch sea captain Willem Barentsz in 1596, and this is also when the island got its name.
Den ble først oppdaget av den nederlandske polarfareren Willem Barentsz i 1596, som også ga øya sitt navn.
Bjørnøya was also the scene of the first great walrus hunt.
Bjørnøya var også åsted for den første store hvalrossfangsten.
In later periods the island was used for both Norwegian and Russian winter hunting.
I senere tid ble øya brukt til både norsk og russisk overvintringsfangst.
This human activity throughout several hundred years has left its marks on the island, and there are several cultural remains from these periods.
Denne menneskelige aktiviteten gjennom flere hundre år har etterlatt seg spor på øya, og det finnes flere kulturminner fra disse periodene.
There is found blubber ovens used in the slaughter of walrus, among other things.
Blant annet er det funnet spekkovner som ble brukt i forbindelse med slakting av hvalross.
The oldest kept hunting cabin on Svalbard, the Hammerfest House, is also found on Bjørnøya.
Den eldste bevarte fangsthytten på Svalbard, Hammerfesthuset, er også å finne på Bjørnøya.
It was built in 1822.
Huset ble oppført i 1822.
As on Spitsbergen, mineral excavation was also attempted on this island.
Som på Spitsbergen ble det også forsøkt mineralutvinning på øya.
The German Theodor Lerner first tried to dig for coal in 1898 near Kvalrossbukta without succeeding.
Tyskeren Theodor Lerner forsøkte seg på utvinning av kull fra 1898 i nærheten av Kvalrossbukta, uten å lykkes.
Several such attempts would follow.
Flere slike forsøk skulle følge.
Bjørnøen AS ran a coal mine complex called Tunheim in the period 1916–1925.
Bjørnøen AS drev kullgruveanlegget Tunheim i perioden 1916–1925.
From 1923 the place also doubled as a meteorological station.
Fra 1923 fungerte stedet som meteorologisk stasjon.
Tunheim was evacuated and destroyed by the allies during World War Two.
Tunheim ble evakuert og ødelagt av de allierte under 2. verdenskrig.
As with the rest of the archipelago of Svalbard, Bjørnøya became a Norwegian territory in 1925.
Som resten av Svalbard ble Bjørnøya underlagt norsk statshøyhet i 1925.