natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
As this is difficult to realise, a similar altimeter carried by an aircraft can be flown across the site - this was done during the first longer ice station of the cruise.
As this is difficult to realise, a similar altimeter carried by an aircraft can be flown across the site - this was done during the first longer ice station of the cruise.
Another possibility is to leave a drifter on the station so that its track can be followed and hope that CryoSat will fly over it before the conditions on the floe change too much.
Another possibility is to leave a drifter on the station so that its track can be followed and hope that CryoSat will fly over it before the conditions on the floe change too much.
As CryoSat is about freeboard, one main thing for the field team is to measure the floe freeboard.
As CryoSat is about freeboard, one main thing for the field team is to measure the floe freeboard.
This was done by two Finns who had the right mentality for such utterly monotonous work.
This was done by two Finns who had the right mentality for such utterly monotonous work.
Myself (the other case) I asked once from our polar bear guard which she thought is more boring, watching for polar bears or our measurements and she replied probably the latter.
Myself (the other case) I asked once from our polar bear guard which she thought is more boring, watching for polar bears or our measurements and she replied probably the latter.
They were really straightforward - you mark a long line, march it straight and forward and measure the surface elevation every few meters.
They were really straightforward - you mark a long line, march it straight and forward and measure the surface elevation every few meters.
This is done with a laser levelling device, where a rotating laser is sending a horisontal beam all over the place.
This is done with a laser levelling device, where a rotating laser is sending a horisontal beam all over the place.
A Finn walking the line has a pole with the sensor, and when the sensor feels the beam it utters high-pitch beep that sounds irritating even over hundreds of meters.
A Finn walking the line has a pole with the sensor, and when the sensor feels the beam it utters high-pitch beep that sounds irritating even over hundreds of meters.
With the same snow thickness is measured so that the elevation of ice surface under the snow is got, as the satellite is supposed to see the ice surface through the snow - in good conditions.
With the same snow thickness is measured so that the elevation of ice surface under the snow is got, as the satellite is supposed to see the ice surface through the snow - in good conditions.
But if the snow layer is thick, moist or both the altimeter pulse scatters back in part from the snow layers already.
But if the snow layer is thick, moist or both the altimeter pulse scatters back in part from the snow layers already.
That's why others in the ice group were measuring snow properties from pits.
That's why others in the ice group were measuring snow properties from pits.
Measurements of ice thickness and density, on the other hand, can be used to parameterise the conversion of freeboard to total thickness.
Measurements of ice thickness and density, on the other hand, can be used to parameterise the conversion of freeboard to total thickness.
And finally the helicopter EM has extended the local fine scale measurements to regional coverage.
And finally the helicopter EM has extended the local fine scale measurements to regional coverage.
When you start studying something this often generates an interest that was not there in the beginning.
When you start studying something this often generates an interest that was not there in the beginning.
Snow thickness and surface elevation are not held as very sexy variables among sea ice scientist, they are something for 2nd year students to measure during the first field course.
Snow thickness and surface elevation are not held as very sexy variables among sea ice scientist, they are something for 2nd year students to measure during the first field course.
And there is no salt in snow - we are no bloody hydrologists are we?
And there is no salt in snow - we are no bloody hydrologists are we?
But our impression is now that above surface there is a realm of snow and not of ice.
But our impression is now that above surface there is a realm of snow and not of ice.
At some stations there was no ice at all - it was all depressed under water surface.
At some stations there was no ice at all - it was all depressed under water surface.
The highest freeboard was 10 cm for the poor CryoSat to measure.
The highest freeboard was 10 cm for the poor CryoSat to measure.
The 20-50 cm thick snow cover was dominating everywhere, and in accumulations by ridge sails the snow could be 1.5 m thick.
The 20–50 cm thick snow cover was dominating everywhere, and in accumulations by ridge sails the snow could be 1.5 m thick.
As you walk ten hours a day along straight lines repeating the same simple antics every few meters you have time to think.
As you walk ten hours a day along straight lines repeating the same simple antics every few meters you have time to think.
To think how the uneven snow load bends the floes into a new shape, how it affects the thermodynamics, how it even may be one reason making the floes fragment.
To think how the uneven snow load bends the floes into a new shape, how it affects the thermodynamics, how it even may be one reason making the floes fragment.
So after what first appeared as a bit boring regular validation campaign we return home with our bags full of new ideas and hypotheses, some of which can be studied already with the comprehensive data set collected during the cruise.
So after what first appeared as a bit boring regular validation campaign we return home with our bags full of new ideas and hypotheses, some of which can be studied already with the comprehensive data set collected during the cruise.
Its possibilities really extend far beyond the CryoSat objectives.
Its possibilities really extend far beyond the CryoSat objectives.
And for what can not be answered we already have great plans for the next cruise opportunity.
And for what can not be answered we already have great plans for the next cruise opportunity.
Making long lines has the benefit that you may get little further from the ship and its constant dunk-dunk noise.
Making long lines has the benefit that you may get little further from the ship and its constant dunk-dunk noise.
This was even nicer yesterday when I finally realised - for the very last hours of the cruise - that the laser can be well used also without the beeping.
This was even nicer yesterday when I finally realised - for the very last hours of the cruise - that the laser can be well used also without the beeping.
In silence the icescape comes out in all its magnificent formations and one notices how the floe on the other side of the lead is slowly moving and hears the faint squeakings contacting floes are making.
In silence the icescape comes out in all its magnificent formations and one notices how the floe on the other side of the lead is slowly moving and hears the faint squeakings contacting floes are making.
But polar bears (today we saw two males having a short fight) make no sounds, and we would like to thank all the bear guards, esp. guardesses, that have been helping us, often apparently willingly for some odd reason.
But polar bears (today we saw two males having a short fight) make no sounds, and we would like to thank all the bear guards, esp. guardesses, that have been helping us, often apparently willingly for some odd reason.
The Arctic, ICE, Sea ice
Arktis, ICE, Havis
Organisms employ different strategies to cope with the extreme environments of the Arctic.
Av Michael L.
Head diver Haakon Hop successfully extracts a clam (Mya truncata) from the sea bed in the icy waters north of Svalbard.
Head diver Haakon Hop successfully extracts a clam (Mya truncata) from the sea bed in the icy waters north of Svalbard.
The bottom scrape coming aboard Lance with a sample of the sea bed.
The bottom scrape coming aboard Lance with a sample of the sea bed.
Clams and other organisms will be sorted out and collected for analyses Photo: Michael L. Carroll / Akvaplan-niva
Clams and other organisms will be sorted out and collected for analyses Foto: Michael Carroll
Michael Carroll displays samples of Mya truncata collected by the divers in Raudfjorden.
Michael Carroll displays samples of Mya truncata collected by the divers in Raudfjorden.
Photo: Michael L. Carroll / Akvaplan-niva
Foto: Michael Carroll
One major problem, however, is the time element.
One major problem, however, is the time element.
Our three week-long ICE cruise may seem like a long time to those of us living and working on Lance, but most of the data collected during this field campaign will provide only an instantaneous glimpse of events occurring at this moment - a brief snapshot of the full length film of the changing Arctic.
Our three week-long ICE cruise may seem like a long time to those of us living and working on Lance, but most of the data collected during this field campaign will provide only an instantaneous glimpse of events occurring at this moment - a brief snapshot of the full length film of the changing Arctic.
There is a great need, therefore, for us to extend and broaden our observational timescales.
There is a great need, therefore, for us to extend and broaden our observational timescales.
As a solution to this problem, my colleagues and I have been working for several years at unlocking the secrets contained in bivalve shells.
As a solution to this problem, my colleagues and I have been working for several years at unlocking the secrets contained in bivalve shells.
Clams provide great potential as climatic recorders due to the sequential deposition of their shell material through time as the animal grows.
Clams provide great potential as climatic recorders due to the sequential deposition of their shell material through time as the animal grows.
The patterns of shell material and its chemical composition provide uninterrupted records of growth histories, metabolism and environmental conditions experienced during the deposition of that shell material over the life of the organism.
The patterns of shell material and its chemical composition provide uninterrupted records of growth histories, metabolism and environmental conditions experienced during the deposition of that shell material over the life of the organism.
With lifespans of several decades, even more than a century for some species, these “trees of the sea” are providing a window into the past environment of the Arctic that will help predict potential ecosystem consequences of Arctic climate change.
With lifespans of several decades, even more than a century for some species, these “trees of the sea” are providing a window into the past environment of the Arctic that will help predict potential ecosystem consequences of Arctic climate change.
During this ICE cruise we have collected samples of clams, both using the dive team (Haakon Hop, Peter Leopold, Ireen Vieweg, Sanna Markkula) and by trawling the bottom.
During this ICE cruise we have collected samples of clams, both using the dive team (Haakon Hop, Peter Leopold, Ireen Vieweg, Sanna Markkula) and by trawling the bottom.
We have collected samples of Clinocardium ciliatum (Hairy cockle (English), hjerteskjell (norsk)) and Mya truncata (common name (English), sandskjell (norsk)) from Raudfjorden, northwest Svalbard, and Serripes groenlandicus (Greenland Smooth cockle (English); (grondlandsskjell norsk)), from Moffen.
We have collected samples of Clinocardium ciliatum (Hairy cockle (English), hjerteskjell (norsk)) and Mya truncata (common name (English), sandskjell (norsk)) from Raudfjorden, northwest Svalbard, and Serripes groenlandicus (Greenland Smooth cockle (English); (grondlandsskjell norsk)), from Moffen.
These samples will be added to the archive of shells we have been building since 1996 from the Svalbard and Barents Sea area.
These samples will be added to the archive of shells we have been building since 1996 from the Svalbard and Barents Sea area.
Moffen could be particularly interesting because it is the home to Svalbard’s largest colony of walrus, and clams make up the vast majority of their diet.
Moffen could be particularly interesting because it is the home to Svalbard’s largest colony of walrus, and clams make up the vast majority of their diet.
So better understanding how clams react to climatic variation over time can reveal possible consequences to the ungainly tusked beast.
So better understanding how clams react to climatic variation over time can reveal possible consequences to the ungainly tusked beast.
By identifying and measuring each growth ring of a bivalve shell, we can not only determine an exact age for the sample, but also estimate growth during each year over the lifespan of the individual.
By identifying and measuring each growth ring of a bivalve shell, we can not only determine an exact age for the sample, but also estimate growth during each year over the lifespan of the individual.
If the animal was collected alive at a known time, we can then assign a calendar year to each growth year by counting backward from the collection date, and compare to environmental conditions occurring at that time.
If the animal was collected alive at a known time, we can then assign a calendar year to each growth year by counting backward from the collection date, and compare to environmental conditions occurring at that time.
In this way, we can determine the suite of environmental conditions associated with enhanced or limited growth within a given year.
In this way, we can determine the suite of environmental conditions associated with enhanced or limited growth within a given year.
We have been working with clams up to 50 years in age, yielding chronologies dating from the early 1960’s to present.
We have been working with clams up to 50 years in age, yielding chronologies dating from the early 1960’s to present.
But we also are working to extend these chronologies further into the past, and have some preliminary indications that there are species in this region with lifespans over 100 years.
But we also are working to extend these chronologies further into the past, and have some preliminary indications that there are species in this region with lifespans over 100 years.
Our analyses of shells to date have allowed us to identify strong linkages between clam growth patterns and oscillating atmospheric conditions.
Our analyses of shells to date have allowed us to identify strong linkages between clam growth patterns and oscillating atmospheric conditions.
These large scale drivers influence local weather and oceanographic conditions, leading to variations in the timing, magnitude and fate of primary production.
These large scale drivers influence local weather and oceanographic conditions, leading to variations in the timing, magnitude and fate of primary production.
Proximity to Atlantic-derived water, which is warmer and more productive than Arctic derived water, has a strong influence in growth rates, with populations in or near Atlantic water growing faster than those living in Arctic conditions.
Proximity to Atlantic-derived water, which is warmer and more productive than Arctic derived water, has a strong influence in growth rates, with populations in or near Atlantic water growing faster than those living in Arctic conditions.
We can also examine the shell geochemistry to provide information about specific environmental conditions when shell material was laid down.
We can also examine the shell geochemistry to provide information about specific environmental conditions when shell material was laid down.
Ratios of trance elements and stable isotopes in the shells has allowed us to examine seasonality in growth, identify the timing and magnitude of primary production, and traced the influence of river discharges to growth (in the southern Barents Sea).
Ratios of trance elements and stable isotopes in the shells has allowed us to examine seasonality in growth, identify the timing and magnitude of primary production, and traced the influence of river discharges to growth (in the southern Barents Sea).
In addition to shell material, we can examine bivalve tissues to provide additional information about ecological processes and anthropogenic impacts.
In addition to shell material, we can examine bivalve tissues to provide additional information about ecological processes and anthropogenic impacts.
Stable isotopic signatures of carbon and nitrogen of the tissues can reveal food web dynamics such as differences in food sources and trophic position.
Stable isotopic signatures of carbon and nitrogen of the tissues can reveal food web dynamics such as differences in food sources and trophic position.
Additionally, analyses of anthropogenic contaminants can provide information on transport pathways of contaminants to and within the Arctic and biomagnification in the food web.
Additionally, analyses of anthropogenic contaminants can provide information on transport pathways of contaminants to and within the Arctic and biomagnification in the food web.
Thus, the analysis of bivalves and their shells can expand our toolbox in understanding the current structure of marine ecosystems and how they may react to change.
Thus, the analysis of bivalves and their shells can expand our toolbox in understanding the current structure of marine ecosystems and how they may react to change.
But it is a large puzzle that we’re still putting together.
But it is a large puzzle that we’re still putting together.
But each piece we managed to fit allows us to better understand the marine ecosystem structure and how it will react to variability and change.
But each piece we managed to fit allows us to better understand the marine ecosystem structure and how it will react to variability and change.
After 3 weeks of intensive work in icy waters off northern Svalbard, this year's ICE-cruise ended on May 16 in Longyearbyen.
After 3 weeks of intensive work in icy waters off northern Svalbard, this year's ICE-cruise ended on May 16 in Longyearbyen.
During this period, we documented the spring ocean and ice conditions as well as the timing and composition of the ice algal and phytoplankton bloom.
During this period, we documented the spring ocean and ice conditions as well as the timing and composition of the ice algal and phytoplankton bloom.
We also studied spring snow–ice–ocean–atmosphere interactions, which are of great importance for improving the performance of climate models.
We also studied spring snow–ice–ocean–atmosphere interactions, which are of great importance for improving the performance of climate models.
RV Lance ICE-cruise 2011 participants.
RV Lance ICE-cruise 2011 participants.
We did break the vicious circle of eat-work-sleep-work with a BBQ-party on the ice half-way into the cruise.
We did break the vicious circle of eat-work-sleep-work with a BBQ-party on the ice half-way into the cruise.
While cook Frode is attending the delicious meat on the grill, the cruise leader is wondering how many polar bears we might be inviting.
While cook Frode is attending the delicious meat on the grill, the cruise leader is wondering how many polar bears we might be inviting.
Luckily, none came for dinner, but we did see quite a few during our cruise.
Luckily, none came for dinner, but we did see quite a few during our cruise.
Photo: Nalân Koç / Norwegian Polar Institute
Foto: Nalân Koç / Norwegian Polar Institute
It is not only fun to work in the freezing Arctic air, but also fun to eat outside!
It is not only fun to work in the freezing Arctic air, but also fun to eat outside!
Photo: Jago Wallenschus / Norwegian Polar Institute
Foto: Jago Wallenschus / Norwegian Polar Institute
The Finnish sea-ice mafia (Jari Haapala & Mikko Lensu) putting pressure on the cruise leader for going out to the ice floe for a few more hours…
The Finnish sea-ice mafia (Jari Haapala & Mikko Lensu) putting pressure on the cruise leader for going out to the ice floe for a few more hours…
Photo: Mats Granskog / Norwegian Polar Institute
Foto: Mats Granskog / Norwegian Polar Institute
We worked at a total of 51 stations where we took the pulse of the ocean with the CTD 96 times, drilled, dug and measured snow and ice thickness at 7 ice stations, flew more than 1200 km with the EM-bird (electro-magnetic device to measure ice thickness from the air) as part of an international campaign to calibrate the CryoSat-2 satellite, and took 108 water samples for studying phytoplankton, nutrients, and bacteria.
We worked at a total of 51 stations where we took the pulse of the ocean with the CTD 96 times, drilled, dug and measured snow and ice thickness at 7 ice stations, flew more than 1200 km with the EM-bird (electro-magnetic device to measure ice thickness from the air) as part of an international campaign to calibrate the CryoSat-2 satellite, and took 108 water samples for studying phytoplankton, nutrients, and bacteria.
The ship never sleeps and work was performed around the clock – still the biologists asked for one more net sample, divers for one more dive and the ice physicists pestered the cruise leader for permission to jump over to the next ice floe.
The ship never sleeps and work was performed around the clock – still the biologists asked for one more net sample, divers for one more dive and the ice physicists pestered the cruise leader for permission to jump over to the next ice floe.
All signs of highly motivated scientists and technicians!
All signs of highly motivated scientists and technicians!
Despite the fact that we worked on the ice, from the boat with water samples and flew the helicopter all at the same time – necessities of interdisciplinary research – most operations went smoothly and efficiently thanks to the willingness and consideration of the cruise participants and the excellence of RV Lance's crew.
Despite the fact that we worked on the ice, from the boat with water samples and flew the helicopter all at the same time – necessities of interdisciplinary research – most operations went smoothly and efficiently thanks to the willingness and consideration of the cruise participants and the excellence of RV Lance's crew.
Special thanks are extended to the three group leaders: Haakon Hop, Arild Sundfjord and Mats Granskog for the excellent work they did with the planning of the cruise work and their teams during the cruise.
Special thanks are extended to the three group leaders: Haakon Hop, Arild Sundfjord and Mats Granskog for the excellent work they did with the planning of the cruise work and their teams during the cruise.
Even though we have successfully completed the cruise, the work does not end here.
Even though we have successfully completed the cruise, the work does not end here.
It only starts, with analyses of all the samples and data that were collected.
It only starts, with analyses of all the samples and data that were collected.
Nature & SciTech is a high-quality magazine featuring scientific innovations, technology and a wide variety of natural science and health research.
Nature & SciTech is a high-quality magazine featuring scientific innovations, technology and a wide variety of natural science and health research.
It is published in Mandarin Chinese and has thousands of readers throughout China.
It is published in Mandarin Chinese and has thousands of readers throughout China.
Our article profiles research conducted within the Centre for Ice, Climate & Ecosystems – ICE at the Norwegian Polar Institute.
Our article profiles research conducted within the Centre for Ice, Climate & Ecosystems – ICE at the Norwegian Polar Institute.
We study how physical processes affect sea ice melting and distribution, water mass characteristics and heat transport, and try to assess how changes in physical processes affect production and structure of the ice-associated ecosystem.
We study how physical processes affect sea ice melting and distribution, water mass characteristics and heat transport, and try to assess how changes in physical processes affect production and structure of the ice-associated ecosystem.