natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Thus, the Norwegian Government’s policies are based on:
Thus, the Norwegian Government’s policies are based on:
a rule-based response,
a rule-based response,
concerted action,
concerted action,
knowledge, and
knowledge, and
the precautionary approach.
the precautionary approach.
There are two issues in particular I would like to focus on here.
There are two issues in particular I would like to focus on here.
Firstly, there have been questions about the legal framework for the Arctic.
Firstly, there have been questions about the legal framework for the Arctic.
My answer is no, we don’t.
My answer is no, we don’t.
We have the overall framework – what I would call the rules of the game - in the form of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
We have the overall framework – what I would call the rules of the game - in the form of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
This is the comprehensive multilateral regime that applies to the Arctic Ocean.
This is the comprehensive multilateral regime that applies to the Arctic Ocean.
Secondly, there have also been calls for an Arctic Treaty.
Secondly, there have also been calls for an Arctic Treaty.
In my view, we already have an ample basis for concrete action to promote responsible management policies, environmental protection and safety.
In my view, we already have an ample basis for concrete action to promote responsible management policies, environmental protection and safety.
Defining something as a kind of legal vacuum could instead become a convenient excuse for inaction.
Defining something as a kind of legal vacuum could instead become a convenient excuse for inaction.
The formulation, adoption and implementation of international legal rules that are applicable to all States concerned is a very time-consuming and often difficult process.
The formulation, adoption and implementation of international legal rules that are applicable to all States concerned is a very time-consuming and often difficult process.
We do not wish to weaken earlier normative achievements, but to strengthen implementation and accountability.
We do not wish to weaken earlier normative achievements, but to strengthen implementation and accountability.
The Law of the Sea has relevance for the Arctic marine environment on: rules on ice-covered waters, maritime routes, protection in particularly vulnerable areas and scientific research.
The Law of the Sea has relevance for the Arctic marine environment on: rules on ice-covered waters, maritime routes, protection in particularly vulnerable areas and scientific research.
Let me explain:
Let me explain:
The formulation of policies: using the “toolbox” to develop solutions to real problems
The formulation of policies: using the “toolbox” to develop solutions to real problems
In my view, the challenges we are facing may have more to do with a lack of implementation of existing rules than with an actual lack of rules.
In my view, the challenges we are facing may have more to do with a lack of implementation of existing rules than with an actual lack of rules.
There is a lack of policies.
There is a lack of policies.
The Arctic Ocean is challenging in this respect, particularly because of the need for implementing a number of rules.
The Arctic Ocean is challenging in this respect, particularly because of the need for implementing a number of rules.
There has been a growing focus on this need recently, because the ice previously made economic utilisation of these areas impractical.
There has been a growing focus on this need recently, because the ice previously made economic utilisation of these areas impractical.
The States bordering the Arctic Ocean have to make a major contribution to jurisdictional clarity by clarifying the extent of their continental shelves and defining the boundaries of their economic zones.
The States bordering the Arctic Ocean have to make a major contribution to jurisdictional clarity by clarifying the extent of their continental shelves and defining the boundaries of their economic zones.
They must also adopt national legislation and enact policies that demonstrate an ability and willingness to implement existing rules.
They must also adopt national legislation and enact policies that demonstrate an ability and willingness to implement existing rules.
This provides a sound basis for environmental protection.
This provides a sound basis for environmental protection.
We should not, of course, exclude the possibility of new regulatory measures in particular fields.
We should not, of course, exclude the possibility of new regulatory measures in particular fields.
But only if real needs and gaps have been identified.
But only if real needs and gaps have been identified.
Our priority now is implementation of the overall framework through concrete policies by States in accordance with the rules of the game.
Our priority now is implementation of the overall framework through concrete policies by States in accordance with the rules of the game.
Now that the legal framework is in place, we need policies.
Now that the legal framework is in place, we need policies.
This is the Norwegian Government’s primary focus.
This is the Norwegian Government’s primary focus.
There are a few more questions we might ask in this regard.
There are a few more questions we might ask in this regard.
Firstly, does the Law of the Sea Convention contain rules on ice-covered waters?
Firstly, does the Law of the Sea Convention contain rules on ice-covered waters?
Secondly, have they been implemented nationally?
Secondly, have they been implemented nationally?
Thirdly, does the Convention allow for the adoption by the IMO of maritime routes in difficult or vulnerable waters?
Thirdly, does the Convention allow for the adoption by the IMO of maritime routes in difficult or vulnerable waters?
When the need arises, we should discuss this with all our partners in the IMO.
When the need arises, we should discuss this with all our partners in the IMO.
The legal framework is there.
The legal framework is there.
Maritime routes and sea lanes, routing and communication measures, technical standards for vessels and equipment will not only improve navigation safety, but also constitute the basis for enhanced environmental protection and search and rescue.
Maritime routes and sea lanes, routing and communication measures, technical standards for vessels and equipment will not only improve navigation safety, but also constitute the basis for enhanced environmental protection and search and rescue.
Fourthly, does the Convention allow coastal States to adopt non-discriminatory measures for various purposes, including the establishment of protected areas, within economic zones?
Fourthly, does the Convention allow coastal States to adopt non-discriminatory measures for various purposes, including the establishment of protected areas, within economic zones?
Fifthly, do the Convention and other international agreements contain rules designed to promote scientific research, environmental protection and other measures relevant to the Arctic Ocean?
Fifthly, do the Convention and other international agreements contain rules designed to promote scientific research, environmental protection and other measures relevant to the Arctic Ocean?
We are developing Norwegian policies for Norwegian waters - such as the integrated management plan for the Barents Sea.
We are developing Norwegian policies for Norwegian waters - such as the integrated management plan for the Barents Sea.
The plan addresses the various needs linked to energy exploration, management of fish resources, transport and environmental concerns.
The plan addresses the various needs linked to energy exploration, management of fish resources, transport and environmental concerns.
The aim of the plan is to facilitate long-term value creation based on the sustainable use of the resources of the sea areas, while preserving the structures and productivity of their ecosystems.
The aim of the plan is to facilitate long-term value creation based on the sustainable use of the resources of the sea areas, while preserving the structures and productivity of their ecosystems.
I believe that the basic approach of the plan – ecosystem-based management – should govern the management of the resources of the Arctic.
I believe that the basic approach of the plan – ecosystem-based management – should govern the management of the resources of the Arctic.
Enhanced environmental cooperation through the Arctic Council
Enhanced environmental cooperation through the Arctic Council
It appears that, in spite of our national responsibilities related to our coastal jurisdictions, a number of issues have to be addressed in international fora and through close cooperation with other key partners.
It appears that, in spite of our national responsibilities related to our coastal jurisdictions, a number of issues have to be addressed in international fora and through close cooperation with other key partners.
These include in particular the other members and observers of the Arctic Council and the European Union.
These include in particular the other members and observers of the Arctic Council and the European Union.
They require enhanced cooperation in a number of fora, including the IMO, as already mentioned.
They require enhanced cooperation in a number of fora, including the IMO, as already mentioned.
As chair of the Arctic Council, I would like to highlight the important comparative advantage the Council has in a number of key areas.
As chair of the Arctic Council, I would like to highlight the important comparative advantage the Council has in a number of key areas.
We should moreover, together with our partners, strive to make the Council even more relevant in the light of the challenges that are arising.
We should moreover, together with our partners, strive to make the Council even more relevant in the light of the challenges that are arising.
This also means cultivating an open and inclusive debate and putting greater focus on policy-making.
This also means cultivating an open and inclusive debate and putting greater focus on policy-making.
This is key to promoting the aims of the Council and integrating new knowledge into policies.
This is key to promoting the aims of the Council and integrating new knowledge into policies.
The Arctic Council is a central forum for discussing and formulating Arctic policies in several areas, based on shared knowledge and the inclusion of important stakeholders.
The Arctic Council is a central forum for discussing and formulating Arctic policies in several areas, based on shared knowledge and the inclusion of important stakeholders.
I would like to underline the importance of a number of concrete advanced scientific projects based on openness, trust and cooperation.
I would like to underline the importance of a number of concrete advanced scientific projects based on openness, trust and cooperation.
The same applies to the formulation of guidelines for integrated, knowledge-based management measures, and to offshore oil and gas activities and shipping.
The same applies to the formulation of guidelines for integrated, knowledge-based management measures, and to offshore oil and gas activities and shipping.
The guidelines for Arctic oil and gas exploration are based on the precautionary principle.
The guidelines for Arctic oil and gas exploration are based on the precautionary principle.
They recall existing obligations and define certain minimum procedures and standards.
They recall existing obligations and define certain minimum procedures and standards.
They leave it to the States concerned to go beyond them if required.
They leave it to the States concerned to go beyond them if required.
Increased economic activity will entail the increased use of sea-lanes in the High North for maritime transportation.
Increased economic activity will entail the increased use of sea-lanes in the High North for maritime transportation.
Such developments will call for further efforts directed at strengthening maritime safety measures and oil spill prevention, preparedness and control.
Such developments will call for further efforts directed at strengthening maritime safety measures and oil spill prevention, preparedness and control.
These issues are already being addressed both at the domestic level and in the bilateral Norwegian-Russian context.
These issues are already being addressed both at the domestic level and in the bilateral Norwegian-Russian context.
We would like to see such cooperation be extended to the wider regional level.
We would like to see such cooperation be extended to the wider regional level.
During the International Polar Year, we made great strides in developing scientific research around the “Arctic Rim”.
During the International Polar Year, we made great strides in developing scientific research around the “Arctic Rim”.
I would advocate a follow-up of the IPY that to a larger degree includes a focus on marine scientific research in Arctic waters.
I would advocate a follow-up of the IPY that to a larger degree includes a focus on marine scientific research in Arctic waters.
The contributions we are making as coastal States to the mapping of the continental shelves and for other purposes are important in creating a broader, shared knowledge base - which in turn is vital to effective marine policies.
The contributions we are making as coastal States to the mapping of the continental shelves and for other purposes are important in creating a broader, shared knowledge base - which in turn is vital to effective marine policies.
The coastal States have a special responsibility for protecting the marine environment.
The coastal States have a special responsibility for protecting the marine environment.
We cannot afford to fail.
We cannot afford to fail.
We must take steps, both nationally and in cooperation with other countries, to ensure the protection and preservation of the fragile marine environment of the Arctic Ocean.
We must take steps, both nationally and in cooperation with other countries, to ensure the protection and preservation of the fragile marine environment of the Arctic Ocean.
Thus, it is a matter of commitment.
Thus, it is a matter of commitment.
We must work together to find solutions to what can be called the ultimate political challenge of our generation – climate change.
We must work together to find solutions to what can be called the ultimate political challenge of our generation – climate change.
But – as Nobel Laureate Al Gore reminded us in Oslo in December – “political will is a renewable resource”.
But – as Nobel Laureate Al Gore reminded us in Oslo in December – “political will is a renewable resource”.
And as the Canadian poet and scholar Henry Beissel once said - “North is where all parallels meet”.
And as the Canadian poet and scholar Henry Beissel once said - “North is where all parallels meet”.
Let us use the High North and the Arctic environment to meet and bring together our political will and our commitment in a concerted effort to address this challenge.
Let us use the High North and the Arctic environment to meet and bring together our political will and our commitment in a concerted effort to address this challenge.
– Where parallels meet, that is.
– Where parallels meet, that is.
Key Elements of Norway's Policy on the Arctic
Key Elements of Norway's Policy on the Arctic
Oslo, 26 February 2008
Oslo, 26 February 2008
Achieving a world free of nuclear weapons is no less than a historic challenge which involves safeguarding our human future.
Achieving a world free of nuclear weapons is no less than a historic challenge which involves safeguarding our human future.
Future generations will either condemn us for our failure or – as I hope – revere us for our success in achieving this goal, Foreign Minister Støre said in his address to the Conference.
Future generations will either condemn us for our failure or – as I hope – revere us for our success in achieving this goal, Foreign Minister Støre said in his address to the 2008 Oslo Conference.
We are gathered here largely because there is no compelling answer to these simple, compelling questions: Why do we need thousands of nuclear weapons?
We are gathered here largely because there is no compelling answer to these simple, compelling questions: Why do we need thousands of nuclear weapons?
Do they make the world safer?
Do they make the world safer?
Is anybody out there prepared to do anything about them?
Is anybody out there prepared to do anything about them?
This is not the first time we have raised these questions.
This is not the first time we have raised these questions.
When I was a university student in Paris in the first half of the 1980s, these questions were mobilising a whole generation.
When I was a university student in Paris in the first half of the 1980s, these questions were mobilising a whole generation.
I remember the heated debates over how NATO should respond to the Soviet SS-20.
I remember the heated debates over how NATO should respond to the Soviet SS-20.
I recall the long shadow of an arms race that seemed to have no end.
I recall the long shadow of an arms race that seemed to have no end.
And I remember how we asked ourselves where we could find leaders who would turn the tide and reject the logic that demands ever more nuclear weapons and missiles?
And I remember how we asked ourselves where we could find leaders who would turn the tide and reject the logic that demands ever more nuclear weapons and missiles?
I remember being a pessimist.
I remember being a pessimist.
But then came the redemptive promise of Reykjavik.
But then came the redemptive promise of Reykjavik.
At the height of the Cold War, the “warriors-in-chief” spoke openly and sincerely, I believe, about a world without nuclear weapons.
At the height of the Cold War, the “warriors-in-chief” spoke openly and sincerely, I believe, about a world without nuclear weapons.
The Treaty on Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) and successive agreements kindled great optimism.
The Treaty on Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) and successive agreements kindled great optimism.
The arms control roller coaster of the 1980s, with its dips of despair and ascents of hope, was formative for me.
The arms control roller coaster of the 1980s, with its dips of despair and ascents of hope, was formative for me.
It propelled my interest in international relations and inspired my personal commitment to advancing the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.
It propelled my interest in international relations and inspired my personal commitment to advancing the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.
And the bold and surprising move by Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan convinced me that real leadership might be found, even from expected quarters.
And the bold and surprising move by Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan convinced me that real leadership might be found, even from expected quarters.
So it is not only an honour, but it is deeply fulfilling personally for me to welcome all of you to Oslo.
So it is not only an honour, but it is deeply fulfilling personally for me to welcome all of you to Oslo.
I hope this gathering will add momentum to a new global effort towards fulfilling the vision of a world without nuclear weapons.
I hope this gathering will add momentum to a new global effort towards fulfilling the vision of a world without nuclear weapons.
It is a particular pleasure – as always – to welcome the Director-General of the IAEA and 2006 Nobel Peace Laureate, Dr ElBaradei.
It is a particular pleasure – as always – to welcome the Director-General of the IAEA and 2006 Nobel Peace Laureate, Dr ElBaradei.
And it is an honour to be joined by Secretary Shultz, America’s top diplomat during the ‘turmoil and triumph’ of my student days, and by Senator Nunn, who is not only an American hero, but a Norwegian one, too, for his Herculean efforts to curb the nuclear threat.
And it is an honour to be joined by Secretary Shultz, America’s top diplomat during the ‘turmoil and triumph’ of my student days, and by Senator Nunn, who is not only an American hero, but a Norwegian one, too, for his Herculean efforts to curb the nuclear threat.
The willingness of Secretary Shultz and Senator Nunn to co-host this event is a testament to their distinguished brand of leadership – one of vision, of action, of persuasion and of principle.
The willingness of Secretary Shultz and Senator Nunn to co-host this event is a testament to their distinguished brand of leadership – one of vision, of action, of persuasion and of principle.
They recognise that our vision must be a joint enterprise –among states, among scholars, among civil society actors, and among peoples.
They recognise that our vision must be a joint enterprise –among states, among scholars, among civil society actors, and among peoples.
I sincerely thank them for being here and for helping to organise this event.
I sincerely thank them for being here and for helping to organise this event.
In the light of the growing threats of proliferation and nuclear terrorism, and of the persistent threats of nuclear war or accidents, we are compelled today to ask again not only: Why so many? but also: Why any at all?
In the light of the growing threats of proliferation and nuclear terrorism, and of the persistent threats of nuclear war or accidents, we are compelled today to ask again not only: Why so many? but also: Why any at all?
A world free of nuclear weapons has been a longstanding aspiration of my country’s foreign policy, even during the Cold War.
A world free of nuclear weapons has been a longstanding aspiration of my country’s foreign policy, even during the Cold War.
As you all know, it has also been the shared goal of numerous civil society groups in nuclear-weapon and non-nuclear-weapon states alike.
As you all know, it has also been the shared goal of numerous civil society groups in nuclear-weapon and non-nuclear-weapon states alike.
But I believe we are now at a turning point.
But I believe we are now at a turning point.
Today the old calls of the faithful are being joined by a chorus of new voices, especially in nuclear-weapon states.
Today the old calls of the faithful are being joined by a chorus of new voices, especially in nuclear-weapon states.
Last summer, Margaret Beckett strongly reaffirmed the UK’s commitment to the elimination of nuclear weapons.
Last summer, Margaret Beckett strongly reaffirmed the UK’s commitment to the elimination of nuclear weapons.
Earlier this month, UK Defence Secretary Des Browne announced the intention to host a meeting of nuclear-weapon states with a view to improving technologies for verifiable disarmament.
Earlier this month, UK Defence Secretary Des Browne announced the intention to host a meeting of nuclear-weapon states with a view to improving technologies for verifiable disarmament.
And as all of you are well aware, a growing number of US leaders, led by Secretary Shultz and Senator Nunn, are calling on Washington to recommit itself to leading the world towards the elimination of nuclear weapons.
And as all of you are well aware, a growing number of US leaders, led by Secretary Shultz and Senator Nunn, are calling on Washington to recommit itself to leading the world towards the elimination of nuclear weapons.
Achieving our vision will require a powerful coalition, and today we see its outlines.
Achieving our vision will require a powerful coalition, and today we see its outlines.
Coming together are realists who comprehend the power of idealism and idealists who understand the force of facts and realities.
Coming together are realists who comprehend the power of idealism and idealists who understand the force of facts and realities.
A vision is not the same thing as a dream.
A vision is not the same thing as a dream.
Vision has been fundamental for human progress, even when it has invited scepticism, even when it has not been fulfilled.
Vision has been fundamental for human progress, even when it has invited scepticism, even when it has not been fulfilled.