natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The Ilulissat Declaration of 2008 is important because it is a binding expression of these coastal states’ recognition of their duties and responsibilities pursuant to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, including the duty to resolve any overlapping claims in an orderly manner.
The Ilulissat Declaration of 2008 is important because it is a binding expression of these coastal states’ recognition of their duties and responsibilities pursuant to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, including the duty to resolve any overlapping claims in an orderly manner.
All the Arctic coastal states abide by the convention’s provisions, including the United States, although the US has yet to become party to the convention.
All the Arctic coastal states abide by the convention’s provisions, including the United States, although the US has yet to become party to the convention.
The convention establishes legal clarity and predictability in the Arctic Ocean.
The convention establishes legal clarity and predictability in the Arctic Ocean.
Such clarity – regarding rights and duties – is essential for preserving stability and presenting conflict.
Such clarity – regarding rights and duties – is essential for preserving stability and presenting conflict.
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea – a key text for NATO as well – governs who has the right to exploit resources and to regulate activities concerning oil, gas and fisheries.
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea – a key text for NATO as well – governs who has the right to exploit resources and to regulate activities concerning oil, gas and fisheries.
The coastal states are accordingly also responsible for ensuring a balance between exploitation and the need for sustainability in the fragile Arctic environment.
The coastal states are accordingly also responsible for ensuring a balance between exploitation and the need for sustainability in the fragile Arctic environment.
So, we have the basic legal framework in place.
So, we have the basic legal framework in place.
“Political structures”
“Political structures”
Slide: Arctic Council logo.
Slide: Arctic Council logo.
The Arctic is also home to one of the world’s most successful forums for multilateral cooperation – the Arctic Council.
The Arctic is also home to one of the world’s most successful forums for multilateral cooperation – the Arctic Council.
The members are Canada, Denmark (Greenland, Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the US.
The members are Canada, Denmark (Greenland, Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the US.
Six indigenous people’s organisations have the status of Permanent Participants.
Six indigenous people’s organisations have the status of Permanent Participants.
The Council has a good track record in developing guidelines and best practices and producing knowledge – in particular about pollution and the climate changes taking place in the Arctic and how to face these changes.
The Council has a good track record in developing guidelines and best practices and producing knowledge – in particular about pollution and the climate changes taking place in the Arctic and how to face these changes.
The new SWIPA report – Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic – from the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) brings together the latest scientific knowledge about the changing state of the Arctic “cryosphere” – such as: the past six years (2005-2010) have been the warmest period ever recorded in the Arctic.
The new SWIPA report – Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic – from the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) brings together the latest scientific knowledge about the changing state of the Arctic “cryosphere” – such as: the past six years (2005-2010) have been the warmest period ever recorded in the Arctic.
But remember: the most serious impacts of climate change are not being seen in the Arctic – but in Africa for instance.
But remember: the most serious impacts of climate change are not being seen in the Arctic – but in Africa for instance.
The Arctic Council cooperation has been consolidated and updated in recent years, and there is now agreement between the Arctic states to strengthen this work further.
The Arctic Council cooperation has been consolidated and updated in recent years, and there is now agreement between the Arctic states to strengthen this work further.
We welcome the decisions of the Arctic Council ministerial meeting in Nuuk, Greenland last month to establish a permanent secretariat here in Tromsø, the Arctic capital.
We welcome the decisions of the Arctic Council ministerial meeting in Nuuk, Greenland last month to establish a permanent secretariat here in Tromsø, the Arctic capital.
An agreement on search and rescue in the Arctic was also signed during the Arctic Council Ministerial meeting, the first ever legally binding agreement negotiated within the auspices of the Arctic Council.
An agreement on search and rescue in the Arctic was also signed during the Arctic Council Ministerial meeting, the first ever legally binding agreement negotiated within the auspices of the Arctic Council.
It is Norway’s view that the Arctic Council benefits from the participation of observers that have demonstrated a real and sustained engagement in the Arctic and for the work of the Arctic Council.
It is Norway’s view that the Arctic Council benefits from the participation of observers that have demonstrated a real and sustained engagement in the Arctic and for the work of the Arctic Council.
New permanent observers would contribute and strengthen the undisputed role of the Arctic Council as the leading circumpolar high-level forum.
New permanent observers would contribute and strengthen the undisputed role of the Arctic Council as the leading circumpolar high-level forum.
The Arctic Council is, of course, not a security policy organisation.
The Arctic Council is, of course, not a security policy organisation.
Norway supports the applications of China, South Korea, Japan, Italy and the EU Commission for permanent observer status.
Norway supports the applications of China, South Korea, Japan, Italy and the EU Commission for permanent observer status.
But we also agree that we need a clear definition of what it means to be a member and what it means to be an observer, also in terms of what kinds of contributions each category of states must be ready to make to the developments in the Arctic.
But we also agree that we need a clear definition of what it means to be a member and what it means to be an observer, also in terms of what kinds of contributions each category of states must be ready to make to the developments in the Arctic.
For Norway, the Barents Euro-Arctic Council is the forum for regional and cross-border cooperation in the High North, bringing together Norway, Russia, Sweden and Finland.
For Norway, the Barents Euro-Arctic Council is the forum for regional and cross-border cooperation in the High North, bringing together Norway, Russia, Sweden and Finland.
Since the organisation was launched in 1993, concrete cooperation between 13 counties in four countries has yielded tangible results and built an atmosphere of confidence and trust in a common region.
Since the organisation was launched in 1993, concrete cooperation between 13 counties in four countries has yielded tangible results and built an atmosphere of confidence and trust in a common region.
In October Norway will take over the chairmanship of the council for the next two years.
In October Norway will take over the chairmanship of the council for the next two years.
I could also mention the broader web of sub-regional cooperation patterns in the North, adding to the Arctic and Barents structures: the Baltic Sea Cooperation and the Northern Dimension, which covers the EU member states, Russia, Iceland and Norway – and of course the well established and traditional Nordic cooperation between the five Nordic states within “the Nordic Council family”.
I could also mention the broader web of sub-regional cooperation patterns in the North, adding to the Arctic and Barents structures: the Baltic Sea Cooperation and the Northern Dimension, which covers the EU member states, Russia, Iceland and Norway – and of course the well established and traditional Nordic cooperation between the five Nordic states within “the Nordic Council family”.
I mention all this to make this point: Here in the North you find some of the most successful, pragmatic, problem solving and sub-regional patters of cooperation in the world.
I mention all this to make this point: Here in the North you find some of the most successful, pragmatic, problem solving and sub-regional patters of cooperation in the world.
I often say that there are three key drivers behind Norway’s Arctic policy: (first) our close relations to Russia, (second) climate change and (third) the rich natural resources in the region.
I often say that there are three key drivers behind Norway’s Arctic policy: (first) our close relations to Russia, (second) climate change and (third) the rich natural resources in the region.
Director Jan-Gunnar Winther dealt with the challenges of climate change in the Arctic in his address, so I’ll focus more on the other two issues.
Director Jan-Gunnar Winther dealt with the challenges of climate change in the Arctic in his address, so I’ll focus more on the other two issues.
Key driver 1: Norway-Russia.
Key driver 1: Norway-Russia.
Slide: Delimitation treaty.
Slide: Delimitation treaty.
Photo Oslo 7 June 2011.
Photo Oslo 7 June 2011.
Norway enjoys good, sound and stable bilateral relations with Russia.
Norway enjoys good, sound and stable bilateral relations with Russia.
I generally say that we have lived in peace for over 1000 years.
I generally say that we have lived in peace for over 1000 years.
Although our border is right where East met West – where the NATO Alliance met the Warsaw Pact – and although we are all too conscious of being a close neighbour of one of the world’s largest arsenals of nuclear weapons, and large arsenals of nuclear waste –the fact is also that in bilateral terms we have managed the region in a spirit of “High North – low tension”.
Although our border is right where East met West – where the NATO Alliance met the Warsaw Pact – and although we are all too conscious of being a close neighbour of one of the world’s largest arsenals of nuclear weapons, and large arsenals of nuclear waste –the fact is also that in bilateral terms we have managed the region in a spirit of “High North – low tension”.
And historically Norway has lived in peace with Russia for a thousand years.
And historically Norway has lived in peace with Russia for a thousand years.
Our relations are steadily expanding.
Our relations are steadily expanding.
Let me highlight some aspects:
Let me highlight some aspects:
Whereas our land border with Russia has remained fixed since 1826, our boundary at sea has been disputed – up to now.
Whereas our land border with Russia has remained fixed since 1826, our boundary at sea has been disputed – up to now.
Our long sea boundary will for the future date from 2011.
Our long sea boundary will for the future date from 2011.
Two weeks ago – on 7 June in Oslo – my Russian colleague and I exchanged our respective instruments of ratification for the delimitation treaty – a historic event indeed.
Two weeks ago – on 7 June in Oslo – my Russian colleague and I exchanged our respective instruments of ratification for the delimitation treaty – a historic event indeed.
The treaty will enter into force on 7 July 2011 – after 40 years of negotiations.
The treaty will enter into force on 7 July 2011 – after 40 years of negotiations.
The disputed area of 175 000 square kilometres has been divided into two parts of approximately the same size, based on modern principles of international law.
The disputed area of 175 000 square kilometres has been divided into two parts of approximately the same size, based on modern principles of international law.
The treaty will establish the necessary legal clarity for exploitation of natural resources in the area.
The treaty will establish the necessary legal clarity for exploitation of natural resources in the area.
It confirms the longstanding Russian-Norwegian fisheries cooperation, and regulates cooperation in case of possible cross-border hydrocarbon deposits.
It confirms the longstanding Russian-Norwegian fisheries cooperation, and regulates cooperation in case of possible cross-border hydrocarbon deposits.
Thus, the delimitation line (shown on the map behind me) creates new ground for cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
Thus, the delimitation line (shown on the map behind me) creates new ground for cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
The treaty demonstrates how good neighbours in the North can, peacefully and with patience, resolve issues of overlapping claims in accordance with international law.
The treaty demonstrates how good neighbours in the North can, peacefully and with patience, resolve issues of overlapping claims in accordance with international law.
It will enhance predictability and stability in the Arctic even further.
It will enhance predictability and stability in the Arctic even further.
We see prospects for potential petroleum resources – on both sides of the line.
We see prospects for potential petroleum resources – on both sides of the line.
Norway will start seismic and other surveys before the end of the year.
Norway will start seismic and other surveys before the end of the year.
The Norwegian-Russian agreement will therefore have an impact on petroleum activities in new parts of the Barents Sea and create new opportunities for business (imports/exports) and research science cooperation in both countries.
The Norwegian-Russian agreement will therefore have an impact on petroleum activities in new parts of the Barents Sea and create new opportunities for business (imports/exports) and research science cooperation in both countries.
The agreement also establishes a framework for cooperation between our environmental authorities, with the aim of developing general management plans for the whole of the Barents Sea.
The agreement also establishes a framework for cooperation between our environmental authorities, with the aim of developing general management plans for the whole of the Barents Sea.
Today it can be considered one of the best managed stocks in the world.
Today it can be considered one of the best managed stocks in the world.
The military cooperation plan for 2011 is more expansive than ever.
The military cooperation plan for 2011 is more expansive than ever.
It includes more than 20 visits on different levels, including that of the Russian Chief of the General Staff to Norway and our Chief of Defence to Russia.
It includes more than 20 visits on different levels, including that of the Russian Chief of the General Staff to Norway and our Chief of Defence to Russia.
For the third time the Russian-Norwegian exercise “Pomor” was successfully carried out in May 2011 in the Barents and Norwegian Seas, with the participation of a Norwegian and a Russian ship, as well as Norwegian and Russian fighter jets and maritime patrol aircraft.
For the third time the Russian-Norwegian exercise “Pomor” was successfully carried out in May 2011 in the Barents and Norwegian Seas, with the participation of a Norwegian and a Russian ship, as well as Norwegian and Russian fighter jets and maritime patrol aircraft.
The military cooperation – an important part of our bilateral relations – builds confidence as partners in the High North and develops skills for future cooperation.
The military cooperation – an important part of our bilateral relations – builds confidence as partners in the High North and develops skills for future cooperation.
Last year Norway and Russia also signed an agreement on local border traffic under the Schengen regime.
Last year Norway and Russia also signed an agreement on local border traffic under the Schengen regime.
Once it is ratified, the agreement will provide for freer movement across the border for citizens living within 30 kilometres on both sides.
Once it is ratified, the agreement will provide for freer movement across the border for citizens living within 30 kilometres on both sides.
Border crossings have increased from a few thousand people in 1990 to more than 140 000 last year.
Border crossings have increased from a few thousand people in 1990 to more than 140 000 last year.
Today the region is marked by vibrant and growing cross-border cooperation in all fields – trade, culture, education, local politics, etc.
Today the region is marked by vibrant and growing cross-border cooperation in all fields – trade, culture, education, local politics, etc.
More than 40 Norwegian companies are represented in the Murmansk region.
More than 40 Norwegian companies are represented in the Murmansk region.
In fact, the Barents region was recently singled out by the trendy journal Monocle as one of the world’s five most promising areas for doing business.
In fact, the Barents region was recently singled out by the trendy journal Monocle as one of the world’s five most promising areas for doing business.
To sum up this point: We must acknowledge the obvious: Russia’s position as a key player in the Arctic as well as in shaping policies for the Arctic.
To sum up this point: We must acknowledge the obvious: Russia’s position as a key player in the Arctic as well as in shaping policies for the Arctic.
Norway and Russia have agreed on an important, fundamental principle– the importance of approaching this vast region on the basis of key principles of international law.
Norway and Russia have agreed on an important, fundamental principle– the importance of approaching this vast region on the basis of key principles of international law.
We have demonstrated that good neighbours resolve complex issues in the Arctic by means of peaceful negotiations.
We have demonstrated that good neighbours resolve complex issues in the Arctic by means of peaceful negotiations.
Norway and Russia have common challenges – and common responsibilities – up here in the North, and they call for common solutions.
Norway and Russia have common challenges – and common responsibilities – up here in the North, and they call for common solutions.
This is important experience to share with the NATO Alliance, since other countries may have other experience in terms of their relations with Russia.
This is important experience to share with the NATO Alliance, since other countries may have other experience in terms of their relations with Russia.
It shows the strength of NATO.
It shows the strength of NATO.
Slide: Melkøya, photo.
Slide: Melkøya, photo.
I have defined Norwegian-Russian relations as one of the key drivers behind Norway’s Arctic policy.
I have defined Norwegian-Russian relations as one of the key drivers behind Norway’s Arctic policy.
Another one is the natural resources – and business possibilities.
Another one is the natural resources – and business possibilities.
I spoke briefly about the healthy fisheries sector.
I spoke briefly about the healthy fisheries sector.
The melting ice in the Arctic Ocean is also making other resources more accessible.
The melting ice in the Arctic Ocean is also making other resources more accessible.
Some estimates indicate that the region may have more than 20% of the world’s total undiscovered petroleum resources.
Some estimates indicate that the region may have more than 20% of the world’s total undiscovered petroleum resources.
However, there is great uncertainty attached to these estimates (as they are based on discovery probability estimates and geological scenarios rather than technical field data).
However, there is great uncertainty attached to these estimates (as they are based on discovery probability estimates and geological scenarios rather than technical field data).
At the same time, there is general agreement that much of these undiscovered resources are likely to be in the form of natural gas and to be found mainly in the West Siberian Basin and East Barents Basin, on both the Russian and the Norwegian side.
At the same time, there is general agreement that much of these undiscovered resources are likely to be in the form of natural gas and to be found mainly in the West Siberian Basin and East Barents Basin, on both the Russian and the Norwegian side.
Significant petroleum production is already taking place in the Arctic, primarily onshore in Russia, but also in Norway and in several of the other Arctic states.
Significant petroleum production is already taking place in the Arctic, primarily onshore in Russia, but also in Norway and in several of the other Arctic states.
The Norwegian Snow White field in the Barents Sea is the world’s northernmost offshore gas field, and the LNG processing facility on Melkøya Island off the northern coast of Norway (see photo behind me) is the first – and so far only – plant for liquefied natural gas in the Arctic region.
The Norwegian Snow White field in the Barents Sea is the world’s northernmost offshore gas field, and the LNG processing facility on Melkøya Island off the northern coast of Norway (see photo behind me) is the first – and so far only – plant for liquefied natural gas in the Arctic region.
Statoil recently struck hydrocarbons in a reservoir containing between 25 and 50 million standard cubic metres of recoverable oil, and 2–7 billion standard cubic metres of recoverable gas.
Statoil recently struck hydrocarbons in a reservoir containing between 25 and 50 million standard cubic metres of recoverable oil, and 2–7 billion standard cubic metres of recoverable gas.
As (I believe) the Statoil representative told you, this is the biggest and most important discovery in many years – and it will help to secure energy supply to Europe at a time when the future of nuclear energy is – once again – being debated.
As (I believe) the Statoil representative told you, this is the biggest and most important discovery in many years – and it will help to secure energy supply to Europe at a time when the future of nuclear energy is – once again – being debated.
The well is being drilled about 110 kilometres north of the Snow White field.
The well is being drilled about 110 kilometres north of the Snow White field.
This shows how petroleum activities are gradually being introduced in the Arctic.
This shows how petroleum activities are gradually being introduced in the Arctic.
With Russia we have established a project for the harmonisation of health, safety and environmental standards for petroleum activities in the Barents Sea.
With Russia we have established a project for the harmonisation of health, safety and environmental standards for petroleum activities in the Barents Sea.
The project is essentially financed by industry partners with a modest contribution from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The project is essentially financed by industry partners with a modest contribution from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The project represents Norwegian offshore expertise combined with Russian cold-climate expertise – a highly successful collaboration.
The project represents Norwegian offshore expertise combined with Russian cold-climate expertise – a highly successful collaboration.
Slide: Map - Northern Sea Route.
Slide: Map - Northern Sea Route.
Let me also comment on some of the effects of the melting ice in the Arctic.
Let me also comment on some of the effects of the melting ice in the Arctic.
Let me stress that the key message of melting ice is that global warming is happening – it is happening fast – and there are no place you can observe it more strikingly than in the North.
Let me stress that the key message of melting ice is that global warming is happening – it is happening fast – and there are no place you can observe it more strikingly than in the North.
So, above all this should be a clarion call for action – action to steer the international climate negotiations forward.
So, above all this should be a clarion call for action – action to steer the international climate negotiations forward.