natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
"Financially, it makes very good sense for the faculty.
– Det er veldig god økonomi i dette for fakultetet.
Why shouldn't those who use, for example, high-performance computing utilise these resources?" says Engelstad.
Hvorfor kan ikke de som driver med for eksempel high performing computing bruke denne ressursen, spør Paal.
"Someone else can use the resource when you are logged out.
– Når du har logget av, er det noen andre som kan bruke ressursen.
When you're not using your virtual computer, others can.
Når du ikke bruker din virtuelle maskin, kan andre slippe til.
That is the underlying logic behind cloud technology.
Slik er logikken bak skyteknologien.
It's financially sound and represents a good investment," says Engelstad.
Det er god økonomi, og en god investering, sier Paal.
Yet many families feel as if they have their own cabin.
Men mange familier har en følelse av at de har en hytte.
That's a bit like what we're doing," says Begnum.
Det er litt av det samme vi gjør, sier Kyrre.
"When you use the cloud, you get the sense of possessing a lot of hardware.
– Når du bruker skyen, kommer du til å føle at du har mye maskinvare.
Then when you log out and the next user logs on, he gets the same sense.
Så logger du av, og neste kommer på, og føler han har masse maskinvare.
It's a win-win situation," says Engelstad.
Det er en «win–win»-situasjon, sier Paal.
Servers at HiOA
Servere på HiOA
"What type of hardware is involved in cloud computing?"
– Hva slags maskinvare utgjør skyen?
"We buy regular servers with very large capacity, around 64 processors, and several hundred gigabytes of RAM, which are installed in vast racks in a server room.
– Vi kjøper inn vanlige servere med veldig stor kapasitet, rundt 64 prosessorer og flere hundre gigabyte RAM, som settes inn i svære skap på et serverrom.
And there they stay, pretending to be a large cloud.
Og der skal de stå og late som om de er en stor sky.
The users will have a web interface for creating their machines," says Begnum.
Brukerne vil ha et webgrensesnitt hvor de lager sine maskiner, sier Kyrre.
"We receive good support from HiOA's IT department, which has given us the possibility to locate the equipment in one of their server rooms with good cooling and stable power supply.
– Vi får god støtte av IT-avdelingen på HiOA, som har gitt oss muligheten til å sette utstyret på et av deres serverrom med fabelaktig kjøling og stabil strøm.
They are helping us set everything up and can connect it to the rest of the college's network."
De hjelper til med oppsettet, og kan knytte den til resten av høgskolenettet.
OpenStack
«OpenStack»
"Although this is relatively ordinary hardware, the key component is the OpenStack software, which Kyrre is really good at setting up," says Engelstad, emphasizing Kyrre Begnum's efforts and motivation for getting the cloud in place.
– Selv om dette er relativt vanlig hardvare, er nøkkelen softwaren «OpenStack», som Kyrre er veldig dyktig på å sette opp, understreker Paal, og legger vekt på Kyrres innsats og drivkraft for å få skyen på plass.
"OpenStack is open source cloud computing software.
– «OpenStack» er et skyprodukt, og det er basert på åpen kildekode.
It's completely free to use," says Begnum.
Det er helt gratis for oss å bruke, sier Kyrre.
"You have the underlying hardware, and a software layer on top, OpenStack, which you encounter when you serve yourself," says Engelstad.
– Du har maskinvaren i bånn, og et softwarelag på toppen, «OpenStack», som du møter når du skal betjene deg selv, legger Paal til.
"Have you developed it in any way?"
– Har dere utviklet det på noe vis?
For example, HP's products are based on OpenStack.
Blant annet er HP sitt produkt er basert på «OpenStack».
The solution we're using has tremendous industry backing," says Begnum.
Det er industrityngde i det vi bruker, sier Kyrre.
"But the tools we use to roll out labs on OpenStack were developed in-house.
– Men verktøyene vi bruker for å rulle ut laber på «OpenStack» er noe vi har utviklet her på huset.
It's the Manage Large Networks system that was developed in connection with my PhD," says Begnum.
Det er MLN-systemet (Manage Large Networks) som er utviklet i forbindelse med doktorgraden min, sier Kyrre.
Having the hardware is an advantage
Fordel å ha maskinvaren
"What advantage is there in having the hardware located at HiOA rather than elsewhere?"
– Hva er fordelen med å ha maskinvaren på HiOA framfor et annet sted?
"One advantage is the hourly rate.
– Det ene er timepris.
When you use someone else's cloud, you are usually invoiced at an hourly rate.
Vanligvis når du bruker en annens sky, blir du fakturert per time.
That's how the modern IT market works.
Dette er den moderne IT-økonomien i dag.
You don't make large investments any more."
Du gjør ikke store investeringer lenger.
"You only buy what you need right now.
– Du kjøper akkurat det du trenger akkurat nå.
But that means that only those who know exactly what they need will succeed in the market."
Men det betyr at det er kun den som vet nøyaktig hva han trenger, som er suksessfull i markedet.
"If we were to buy the labs from a public cloud, our options would have been limited.
– Hvis vi skulle kjøpe labene fra en offentlig sky, hadde det vært begrenset hvilke muligheter vi ville ha.
And access to some of the powerful machines would have cost us a lot and incurred other costs along the way.
Og noen av de kraftige maskinene ville ha kostet oss ganske mye penger å bruke, og vi ville ha hatt økonomiske kostnader hele veien.
But the worst part would have been that our group – after all, we conduct research on this – would have had no opportunity to create a better cloud by operating virtual machines alone."
Men det verste ville ha vært at vår gruppe, vi forsker jo på dette, ikke hadde hatt noen mulighet til å lage en bedre sky av bare å kjøre virtuelle maskiner.
"How far have you come?"
– Hvor langt har dere kommet nå?
"We now have the hardware, and we're rigging it up in the data centre.
– Nå har vi fått maskinvaren, og rigger den inn i datasenteret.
After that we will start the installation work.
Og så begynner vi å installere.
With luck, it will be up and running next semester.
Hvis vi er heldige, har vi det oppe til neste semester.
And then we will commence training, testing, and performance adjustments.
Og da vil vi begynne med opplæring, testing og ytelsesendringer.
From next autumn we will be making full use of available capacity," says Begnum.
Fra høsten bruker vi for alvor kapasiteten, svarer Kyrre.
Popular demand for cloud computing
Etterspurt sky
"We've already received enquiries from teachers outside our department wanting to use it.
– Vi har allerede fått henvendelser fra lærere utenfor vårt institutt som ønsker å bruke dette.
And they would like it as soon as possible," says Engelstad.
De vil gjerne ha det så fort som mulig, sier Paal.
"They are often teachers who need to develop solutions because some students use Windows, others Linux, and still others Mac, and they realise that this represents a lot of work.
– Det kan typisk være en lærer som må utvikle løsninger fordi noen studenter bruker Windows, andre Linux og andre igjen Mac, og ser at det er en kjempejobb.
In cases like this we could offer a basic platform-free solution to students.
Her kan man ha en enkel plattformfri løsning som man kan tilby studentene sine.
They realise that they could save themselves a lot of time.
Man ser at man sparer masse jobb på det selv.
Besides, it's much easier if students serve themselves," says Engelstad.
Pluss at det er mye enklere at studenten betjener seg selv, sier Paal.
"We got enough for a good cloud, but we designed it with future expansions in mind.
– Vi fikk nok til å få en god sky, men vi designet den for framtidige utvidelser.
As far as I know, no other clouds of the size we're building currently exist in the education sector in Norway," says Begnum.
Så langt jeg vet, finnes det ingen skyer på den størrelsen som vi bygger nå innenfor utdannings-Norge, sier Kyrre.
"Yes, they're very popular, and experience in using them gives our students an advantage.
– Ja, det er veldig populært, og for våre studenter er det et fortrinn å ha brukererfaring med skyer.
They write their master's theses on them.
De gjør masteroppgaver på det.
And we'll have lots of them next semester," says Begnum.
Og det får vi masse av neste semester, sier Kyrre.
"Our dream is that on their first day here as bachelor students, they will be told: Here you are, one machine each.
– Vi har en drøm om at våre studenter første dagen de begynner her som bachelorstudenter får beskjed om: Vær så god, hver sin maskin.
It will follow you throughout your studies."
Den følger hele studiet ditt.
"With a cloud computing system like ALTO, we have the opportunity to offer all our master's students a machine that follows them throughout a two-year period.
– Med en sky som ALTO har vi mulighet til å tilby alle masterstudentene en maskin som følger dem over en toårsperiode.
And if they somehow destroy it, they can receive a new one, no problem."
Og hvis du ødelegger den, får du en ny uten problemer.
"To my mind, this will not be a success if we remain the only community that ends up using it; the whole faculty must see that it is being used and that it enhances teaching and research projects."
– Dette er ikke en suksess i mine øyne hvis vi blir det eneste miljøet som ender opp med å bruke det, men om man på tvers av fakultetet ser at dette blir tatt i bruk, og at det styrker undervisningen og forskningsprosjektene.
Kyrre Begnum and Paal Engelstad also emphasize that cloud technology will become important for society and will be much more widely used in key tasks in society in the years ahead.
Kyrre og Paal understreker også at skyteknologi kommer til å bli viktig for samfunnet, og vil bli mye brukt i viktige samfunnsoppgaver i årene framover.
Paradigm shift in the IT industry
Paradigmeskifte i IT-industrien
"The entire structure of society rests on cloud technology working as it should.
– Hele samfunnsstrukturen hviler på at Cloud-teknologien funker.
Companies will have their own clouds.
Bedriftene kommer til å ha sine egne skyer.
Our master students will enter companies that have cloud technology in their computer rooms.
Våre masterstudenter kommer til å gå ut i bedrifter hvor de har cloudet datarommet sitt.
But they will also be external users of cloud services, so it is absolutely necessary for our master students to learn it," says Begnum.
Men de vil også være brukere av skytjenester eksternt.
"Our computer engineers will also see it in their everyday work.
– Dataingeniørene våre kommer også til å se den hverdagen.
It represents a paradigm shift in the IT industry, and it has come about in the space of only two years."
Det er et paradigmeskifte i IT-industrien, og det har foregått i bare to år.
"The university and university college sector has the opportunity to position itself.
– Vi har mulighet til å posisjonere oss i universitets- og høgskolesektoren.
And that's a really good thing," adds Engelstad.
Og det er veldig all right, legger Paal til.
Better security
Bedre sikkerhet
"Can cloud technology offer better security?"
– Kan skyteknologien gi bedre sikkerhet?
"Yes, because when it runs virtual machines, it installs security networks around them so that we can remove some of the risk of making our own mistakes .
– Ja, fordi at når de kjører virtuelle maskiner setter de inn sikkerhetsnett rundt dem, sånn at vi kan ta vekk noe av risikoen ved å gjøre egne feil.
Or we can set up a network that detects when, for example, a machine has been infected.
Eller vi kan sette opp et nett som fanger det opp for eksempel hvis en maskin skulle bli infisert.
We can automatically block the machine and handle it without suffering any negative effects," says Begnum.
Da kan vi automatisk blokkere maskinen, og håndtere det uten at det blir noen effekt, sier Kyrre.
"It's also possible to move a virtual machine from one machine to another without closing it down," days Begnum.
– Det er også mulig å flytte en virtuell maskin fra en maskin til en annen uten å ta den ned, sier Kyrre.
Even virtual machines that are running can simply be moved while still in operation.
Selve de virtuelle maskinene som kjøres, blir bare flyttet over mens de kjører.
We can shut them down, repair them, start them up and put them back in place."
Og så kan vi ta ned, reparere, og sette den inn, og flytte ting tilbake igjen.
Development work is taking place in the clouds
Utviklingen skjer i skyene
What makes cloud technology so exciting is that that is where development work is taking place.
Og det som gjør Cloud så spennende at det er i den utviklingen skjer.
It's a multimillion dollar industry.
Det er en milliardindustri.
The industry realizes this, and is investing heavily in it.
Og industrien skjønner det, det er her de putter utviklingen.
And that's where we want to be," says Engelstad.
Og det er her vi ønsker å være, sier Paal.
"It's quite funny, because we use OpenStack, and today many providers are launching a rebranded version of it.
– Det er veldig morsomt siden vi bruker «OpenStack», og mange leverandører i dag lanserer også en versjon rebrandet av «OpenStack».
"Mine research project is related to cloud technology, and will be supervising four master students and one bachelor project, all of them related to cloud technology.
Og de er alle knyttet til skyen.
And I'm sure that others will be supervising as many.
Og det er sikkert like mange som andre skal veilede.
Hoping to make clouds bigger
Håper å gjøre skyen større
It hasn't reached optimal size yet," says Engelstad.
Det er ikke optimal størrelse enda, sier Paal.
"But as we gradually manage to prove the utility value of this cloud, I hope we will get the chance to invest even more in it," says Engelstad.
– Men etterhvert som vi klarer å vise nytteverdien av denne skyen, håper jeg at vi får mulighet til å investere mer i den, sier Paal.
"But we think someone must see it first, and hear the success stories in a discipline in which it is being used.
– Vi tror likevel noen må se det først, og høre suksesshistoriene i et fag hvor dette blir tatt i bruk.
Only then will teachers understand what they must do," says Begnum.
Da vil de som lærere skjønne hva de skal gjøre, sier Kyrre.
"If other units have a need for special software programmes, they can use our infrastructure without having to buy new hardware."
– Hvis andre avdelinger har behov for spesielle programmer, kan de bruke vår infrastruktur uten å kjøpe ny maskinvare.
"When they can simply log on from anywhere, it doesn't matter where the machine is running.
– Når de bare kan logge seg på fra hvor som helst, spiller ikke det noen rolle hvor maskinen kjører.
Article originally published on the OECD Insights Blog on 29 October 2013 in collaboration with the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Sustainable Governance Indicators ( SGI) Network.
Article originally published on the OECD Insights Blog on 29 October 2013 in collaboration with the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Sustainable Governance Indicators ( SGI) Network.
By Mi Ah Schoyen and Bjorn Hvinden
By Mi Ah Schoyen and Bjorn Hvinden
Few would disagree that intergenerational justice is a goal that all governments and societies should adhere to.
Few would disagree that intergenerational justice is a goal that all governments and societies should adhere to.
Beyond this general consensus, the issue undoubtedly raises a number of dilemmas, which are notoriously hard to solve.
Beyond this general consensus, the issue undoubtedly raises a number of dilemmas, which are notoriously hard to solve.
The Nordic societies are far from immune to these challenges.
The Nordic societies are far from immune to these challenges.
However, there are a number of indications that this region has developed public policies which are more balanced with respect to both age and generation than in most other OECD countries.
However, there are a number of indications that this region has developed public policies which are more balanced with respect to both age and generation than in most other OECD countries.
In advanced democracies, intergenerational justices only one of the objectives public policies are expected to meet.
In advanced democracies, intergenerational justice is only one of the objectives public policies are expected to meet.
There are also aims such as intra-generational solidarity and fairness, gender equity, and the creation of a competitive economy combined with macroeconomic soundness.
There are also aims such as intra-generational solidarity and fairness, gender equity, and the creation of a competitive economy combined with macroeconomic soundness.
For intergenerational justice to be achieved, a simple theory suggests that successive generations (birth cohorts) – also future ones – should be treated the same.
For intergenerational justice to be achieved, a simple theory suggests that successive generations (birth cohorts) – also future ones – should be treated the same.
“Makes good sense!” you may think.
“Makes good sense!” you may think.
So why are issues of intergenerational justice so hard to resolve?
So why are issues of intergenerational justice so hard to resolve?
First, it is difficult to account for the unborn and consequently controversy surrounds the debates about what we need to do today to achieve justice for the future.
First, it is difficult to account for the unborn and consequently controversy surrounds the debates about what we need to do today to achieve justice for the future.
Second, the concept of intergenerational justice is typically applied in an ambiguous manner.
Second, the concept of intergenerational justice is typically applied in an ambiguous manner.
It sometimes refers to age groups; at other times, the point of reference is to the treatment and position of successive generations or cohorts.
It sometimes refers to age groups; at other times, the point of reference is to the treatment and position of successive generations or cohorts.
This blurs the important distinction between age groups and generations .
This blurs the important distinction between age groups and generations .
While you pass from one age group to another as you move through the life course, you remain part of the same generation (or birth cohort) from the day you are born until you die.
While you pass from one age group to another as you move through the life course, you remain part of the same generation (or birth cohort) from the day you are born until you die.
Therefore, differential treatment of age groups does
Therefore, differential treatment of age groups does
not necessarily violate principles of intergenerational justice.
not necessarily violate principles of intergenerational justice.
Think, for instance, of a contributory old-age pension system which by design transfers money from the working age population to the elderly.
Think, for instance, of a contributory old-age pension system which by design transfers money from the working age population to the elderly.
As long as current workers receive a similar level of transfers when they reach retirement, this kind of redistribution will be neutral with respect to generations.
As long as current workers receive a similar level of transfers when they reach retirement, this kind of redistribution will be neutral with respect to generations.
In fact, this mechanism is sometimes referred to as an implicit intergenerational contract and has until now been the most common way of organising public old age pensions.
In fact, this mechanism is sometimes referred to as an implicit intergenerational contract and has until now been the most common way of organising public old age pensions.
Finally, matters are further complicated if successive cohorts differ in size.
Finally, matters are further complicated if successive cohorts differ in size.
Unfortunately, this represents the rule rather than the exception.
Unfortunately, this represents the rule rather than the exception.
The current situation in most of the OECD world is that larger generations are followed by smaller ones, creating problems especially for old age social protection systems, which were created under the assumption of steadily growing populations.
The current situation in most of the OECD world is that larger generations are followed by smaller ones, creating problems especially for old age social protection systems, which were created under the assumption of steadily growing populations.
With modest fertility rates and steadily increasing life expectancy, the tax base does not grow fast enough to continue to finance public pensions in the way that was done in the past.
With modest fertility rates and steadily increasing life expectancy, the tax base does not grow fast enough to continue to finance public pensions in the way that was done in the past.
This is the basic reason why we have seen large pension reforms in a number of OECD countries.
This is the basic reason why we have seen large pension reforms in a number of OECD countries.
Sustainable pension systems alone aren’t enough to foster intergenerational fairness
Sustainable pension systems alone aren’t enough to foster intergenerational fairness
Pension reform has been an important policy issue also for Nordic governments.
Pension reform has been an important policy issue also for Nordic governments.
Sweden (in 1999) and Norway (in 2011) implemented comprehensive reforms of their old age pension systems.
Sweden (in 1999) and Norway (in 2011) implemented comprehensive reforms of their old age pension systems.
However, setting public pensions on a financially sustainable path is only part of the story of how Nordic societies seem to balance the distribution between generations and across age in a sensible way.
However, setting public pensions on a financially sustainable path is only part of the story of how Nordic societies seem to balance the distribution between generations and across age in a sensible way.
As the findings of the SGI Study on Intergenerational Justice in Aging Societies show, from a comparative perspective, children in the Nordic countries are doing well.
As the findings of the SGI Study on Intergenerational Justice in Aging Societies show, from a comparative perspective, children in the Nordic countries are doing well.
Child poverty levels are relatively low and government debt is well below the OECD average (which was equal to just over 50 per cent of GDP in 2010).
Child poverty levels are relatively low and government debt is well below the OECD average (which was equal to just over 50 per cent of GDP in 2010).
Note also that in the peculiar case of Norway, government debt indicators – also as they are represented in the SGI Study – are less meaningful.
Note also that in the peculiar case of Norway, government debt indicators – also as they are represented in the SGI Study – are less meaningful.
The country has built up a massive public fund from petroleum revenues with a market value currently approaching €600 billion!
The country has built up a massive public fund from petroleum revenues with a market value currently approaching €600 billion!
Moreover, work-friendly family policies (including an emphasis on providing affordable care services for dependent children and elderly) have long been a priority in the Nordic countries.
Moreover, work-friendly family policies (including an emphasis on providing affordable care services for dependent children and elderly) have long been a priority in the Nordic countries.
As a result, even though they – with the exception of Iceland – do not quite reach the replacement fertility rate of 2.1, generally, more babies are born in the Nordic countries than further south on the European continent.
As a result, even though they – with the exception of Iceland – do not quite reach the replacement fertility rate of 2.1, generally, more babies are born in the Nordic countries than further south on the European continent.
At the same time, female employment is high, providing a broad tax base that helps in meeting the costs of population ageing.
At the same time, female employment is high, providing a broad tax base that helps in meeting the costs of population ageing.