natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Reports from February (when the majority of the cases had still been confined to China) have documented racist sentiments expressed in various groups worldwide of Chinese people deserving the virus or receiving what has been claimed as justified retribution.
Laporan dari Februari (apabila majoriti kes masih terbatas di China) telah merakamkan sentimen rasis yang digambarkan dalam pelbagai kumpulan di seluruh dunia mengatakan orang China layak mendapat virus itu atau menerima perkara yang didakwa sebagai pembalasan yang adil.
Some countries in Africa have also seen a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment.
Sesetengah negara di Afrika juga telah melihat peningkatan dalam sentimen Anti-China.
Many residents of Wuhan and Hubei have reported discrimination based on their regional origin.
Kebanyakan penduduk Wuhan dan Hubei telah melaporkan diskrimasi berdasarkan wilayah asal mereka.
There has been support for the Chinese, both on and offline, and towards those in virus-stricken areas.
Terdapat sokongan untuk China, kedua-dua dalam dan luar talian, serta terhadap mereka di kawasan yang teruk dilanda virus.
Following the progression of the outbreak to new hotspot countries, people from Italy, the first country in Europe to experience a serious outbreak of COVID-19, could also be subjected to suspicion and xenophobia.Citizens in countries including Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Korea initially signed petitions lobbying to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to stop the disease.
Susulan perkembangan wabak ke negara kawasan panas baharu, orang dari Itali, negara pertama di Eropah yang mengalami wabak serius COVID-19, juga boleh menjadi mangsa syak wasangka dan xenophobaia. Rakyat di negara termasuk Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapura dan Korea Selatan pada mulanya menandatangani petisyen melobi untuk melarang rakyat China memasuki negara meeka sebagai usaha untuk menghentikan penyakit itu.
In Japan, the hashtag #ChineseDontComeToJapan trended on Twitter.
Di Jepun, tanda pagar #ChineseDontComeToJapan tular di Twitter.
Chinese people as well as other Asians in the United Kingdom and the United States have reported increasing levels of racist abuse, as well as assaults.
Rakyat China serta rakyat Asia lain di United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat telah melaporkan tahap gangguan rasis, serta serangan yang meningkat.
U.S. president Donald Trump has faced criticism for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus", a term considered by critics to be racist and anti-Chinese.
Presiden A.S. Donald Trump telah berdepan kritikan kerana merujuk pada koronavirus sebagai "Virus China", istilah yang dianggap oleh pengkritik sebagai rasis dan anti-China.
Protesters in Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary.
Pembantah di Ukraine menyerang bas yang membawa rakyat Ukraine dan pemindah asing dari Wuhan ke Novi Sanzhary.
Students who come from Northeast India, which shares a border with China, and study in major Indian cities have reportedly experienced harassment related to the coronavirus outbreak.
Pelajar dari Timur Laut India, yang berkongsi sempadan dengan China, dan belajar di kota utama India telah melaporkan mengalami gangguan yang berkaitan dengan wabak koronavirus.
The Bharatiya Janata Party's State unit president in West Bengal Dilip Ghosh stated that the Chinese had destroyed nature and "that's why the God took revenge against them."
Presiden unit Negeri Parti Bharatiya Janata di Bengal Barat Dilip Ghosh mengatakan bahawa rakyat China telah memusnahkan alam sekitar dan "itulah sebabnya Tuhan membalas perbuatan mereka."
The remarks were later condemned by the Chinese consulate in Kolkata, calling it "erroneous".In China, xenophobia and racism agains non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the pandemic, with foreigners described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal".
Kenyataan itu kemudian dikecam oleh konsulat China di Kolkata, menggelarnya "salah". Di China, xenofobia dan rasisme terhadap penduduk bukan rakyat China telah dimarakkan oleh pandemik itu, dengan orang asing digambarkan sebagai "sampah asing" dan disasarkan untuk "pembuangan".
Many newspapers with paywalls have removed them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage.
Banyak akhbar dengan iklan berbayar telah mengeluarkannya untuk beberapa atau semua liputan koronavirus mereka.
Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access.
Banyak penerbit saintifik membuat kertas saintifik berkaitan wabak yang tersedia dengan akses terbuka.
Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.
Sesetengah saintis memilih untuk berkongsi hasil mereka dengan segera pada pelayan pracetak seperti bioRxiv.
Emerging infectious disease – Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its outbreak range or transmission mode
Penyakit berjangkit yang muncul – Penyakit berjangkit dengan patogen memuncul, biasanya novel dalam julat wabak atau mod penularannya
Globalization and disease – Overview of globalization and disease transmission
Globalisasi dan penyakit – Gambaran keseluruhan globalisasi dan penularan penyakit
List of epidemics and pandemics – A list of death tolls due to infectious disease
Senarai epidemik dan pandemik - Senarai jumlah kematian akibat penyakit berjangkit
Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses – Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife
Penyeludupan hidupan liar dan zoonosis - Risiko kesihatan yang dikaitkan dengan perdagangan hidupan liar eksotik
Laboratory testing for the respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the associated SARS-CoV-2 virus includes methods that detect the presence of virus and those that detect antibodies produced in response to infection.
Ujian makmal untuk penyakit koronavirus pernafasan 2019 (COVID-19) dan virus SARS-CoV-2 yang dikaitkan termasuk kaedah untuk mengesan kehadiran virus serta kaedah yang mengesan antibodi yang dihasilkan sebagai tindak balas kepada jangkitan.
The presence of viruses in samples is confirmed by RT-PCR, which detects the coronavirus' RNA.
Kehadiran virus dalam sampel disahkan oleh RT-PCR, yang mengesan RNA koronavirus.
This test is specific and is designed to only detect the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Ujian ini khusus dan direka hanya untuk mengesan RNA virus SARS-CoV-2.
It is used to confirm very recent or active infections.
Ujian itu digunakan untuk mengesahkan jangkitan yang sangat baharu atau aktif.
Detection of antibodies (serology) can be used both for diagnosis and population surveillance.
Pengesanan antibodi (serologi) boleh digunakan untuk kedua-dua diagnosis dan pengawasan populasi.
Antibody tests show how many people have had the disease, including those whose symptoms were too minor to report or who were asymptomatic.
Ujian antibodi menunjukkan bilangan pesakit yang telah menghidap penyakit itu, termasuk mereka yang simptomnya terlalu ringan untuk dilaporkan atau yang asimptomatik.
An accurate mortality rate of the disease and the level of herd immunity in the population can be determined from the results of this test.
Kadar kematian akibat penyakit yang tepat dan tahap imuniti kelompok dalam populasi boleh ditentukan dari keputusan ujian ini.
Due to limited testing, as of March 2020 no countries had reliable data on the prevalence of the virus in their population.
Akibat ujian yang terhad, setakat Mac 2020 tiada negara memiliki data yang boleh diharapkan tentang prevalens virus dalam populasi mereka.
By 23 March, no country had tested more than 3% of their population, and there are massive variations in how much testing has been done across countries.
Sehingga 23 Mac, tiada negara telah menguji lebih daripada 3% populasi mereka, dan terdapat kepelbagaian yang banyak dalam jumlah ujian yang telah dilakukan di seluruh negara-negara.
This variability is also likely to be significantly affecting reported case fatality rates, which are likely to be significantly over-estimated in some countries.
Kepelbagaian ini juga berkemungkin akan menjejaskan kadar kematian kes yang dilaporkan dengan ketara, yang mungkin dianggarkan secara berlebihan dengan ketara di beberapa negara.
Using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) the test can be done on respiratory samples obtained by various methods, including nasopharyngeal swab or sputum sample.
Menggunakan transkripsi berbalik tindak balas rantaian polimerase (rRT-PCR) masa nyata ujian boleh dilakukan pada sampel respiratori yang diperolehi melalui pelbagai kaedah, termasuk swab nasofaringeal dan sampel sputum.
Results are generally available within a few hours to 2 days.
Keputusannya biasanya tersedia dalam masa beberapa jam hingga 2 hari.
The RT-PCR test performed with throat swabs is only reliable in the first week of the disease.
Ujian RT-PCR yang dilakukan dengan swab kerongkong hanya boleh dipercayai pada minggu pertama penyakit.
Later on the virus can disappear in the throat while it continues to multiply in the lungs.
Kemudian virus itu boleh hilang di tekak sambil terus berganda dalam paru-paru.
For infected people tested in the second week, alternatively sample material can then be taken from the deep airways by suction catheter or coughing up material (sputum) can be used.
Bagi mereka yang dijangkiti yang diuji dalam minngu kedua, secara alternatif bahan sampel kemudiannya boleh diambil dari dalam laluan udara yag dalam menggunakan kateter penyedutan atau bahan menyebabkan batuk (sputum) boleh digunakan.
One of the early PCR tests was developed at Charité in Berlin in January 2020 using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), and formed the basis of 250,000 kits for distribution by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Salah satu ujian PCR terawal telah dibangunkan di Charité di Berlin pada Januari 2020 menggunakan transkripsi berbalik tindak balas polyemerase (rRT-PCR) masa nyata, dan menjadi asas untuk 250,000 kit untuk diedarkan oleh Pertubuhan Kesihatan Dunia (WHO).
The United Kingdom had also developed a test by 23 January 2020.The South Korean company Kogenebiotech developed a clinical grade, PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit (PowerChek Coronavirus) on 28 January 2020.
United Kingdom juga telah membangunkan ujian menjelang 23 Januari 2020. Syarikat Korea Selatan Kogenebiotech membangunkan kid pengesanan SARS-CoV-2 berasaskan PCR, gred kilinikal (PowerChek Coronavirus) pada 28 Januari 2020.
It looks for the "E" gene shared by all beta coronaviruses, and the RdRp gene specific to SARS-CoV-2.In China, BGI Group was one of the first companies to receive emergency use approval from China's National Medical Products Administration for a PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 detection kit.In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is distributing its 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel to public health labs through the International Reagent Resource.
Ia mencari gen "E" yang dikongsi oleh semua beta koronaviruses, dan gen RdRp yang khusus kepada SARS-CoV-2. Di China, BGI Group adalah salah satu syarikat pertama yang menerima kelulusan penggunaan kecemasan daripada Pentadbiran Produk Perubatan Kebangsaan China untuk kit pengesanan SARS-CoV-2 berasaskan PCR. Di Amerika Syarikat, Pusat untuk Kawalan dan Pencegahan Penyakit (CDC) mengedarkan Panel Diagnostik RT-PCR 2019-Novel Koronavirus (2019-nCoV) Masa Nyata kepada makmal kesihatan awam melalui International Reagent Resource.
One of three genetic tests in older versions of the test kits caused inconclusive results due to faulty reagents, and a bottleneck of testing at the CDC in Atlanta; this resulted in an average of fewer than 100 samples a day being successfully processed throughout the whole of February 2020.
Satu daripada tiga ujian genetik dalam versi lama kit ujian itu menyebabkan keputusan yang tidak pasti akibat reagen yang rosak, dan ujian leher botol di CDC di Atlanta; ini menghasikan secara purata kurang daripada 100 sampel sehari ini berjaya diproses sepanjang bulan Februari 2020;
Tests using two components were not determined to be reliable until 28 February 2020, and it was not until then that state and local laboratories were permitted to begin testing.
Ujian menggunakan dua komponen tidak dapat dipastikan boleh dipercayai sehingga 28 Februari 2020, dan sebelum itu makmal negeri dan tempatan tiak dibenarkan untuk memulakan ujian.
The test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration under an Emergency Use Authorization.US commercial labs began testing in early March 2020.
Ujian itu telah diluluskan oleh Pentadbiran Makanan dan Dadah di bawah Kebenaran Penggunaan Kecemasan. Makmal komersial A.S. memulakan ujian pada awal Mac 2020.
As of 5 March 2020 LabCorp announced nationwide availability of COVID-19 testing based on RT-PCR.
Setakat 5 Mac 2020 LabCorp mengumumkan ketersediaan ujian COVID-19 berdasarkan RT-PCR di seluruh negara.
Quest Diagnostics similarly made nationwide COVID-19 testing available as of 9 March 2020.
Quest Diagnostics juga sama menjadikan ujian COVID-19 tersedia di seluruh negara mulai 9 Mac 2020.
No quantity limitations were announced; specimen collection and processing must be performed according to CDC requirements.
Tiada had kuantiti telah diumumkan; pengumpulan spesimen dan pemprosesan mesti dilaksanakan mengikut keperluan CDC.
In Russia, the COVID-19 test was developed and produced by the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR.
Di Rusia, ujian COVID-19 telah dibangunkan dan dihasilkan oleh Pusat Penyelidikan Virologi dan Bioteknologi Negara VECTOR.
On 11 February 2020 the test was registered by the Federal Service for Surveillance in Healthcare.On 12 March 2020, Mayo Clinic was reported to have developed a test to detect COVID-19 infection.On 13 March 2020, Roche Diagnostics received FDA approval for a test which could be performed within 3.5 hours in high volume, thus allowing one machine to do approximately 4,128 tests in a 24-hour period.
Pada 11 Februari 2020 ujian itu telah didaftarkan oleh Perkhidmatan Persekutuan untuk Pengawasan dalam Kesihatan. Pada 12 March 2020, Klinik Mayo dilaporkan telah membangunkan ujian untuk mengesan jangkitan COVID-19. Pada 13 Mac 2020, Roche Diagnostics menerima kelulusan FDA untuk ujian yang boleh dilakukan dalam masa 3.5 jam dalam bilangan yang tinggi, sekaligus membenarkan satu mesin untuk melakukan kira-kira 4,128 ujian dalam masa 24 jam.
On 19 March 2020, the FDA issued emergency use authorization (EUA) to Abbott Laboratories for a test on Abbott's m2000 system; the FDA had previously issued similar authorization to Hologic, LabCorp, and Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Pada 19 Mac 2020, FDA mengeluarkan kebenaran penggunaan kecemasan (EUA) kepada Abbott Laboratories untuk ujian ke atas sistem m2000 Abbott; FDA sebelum itu telah mengeluarkan kebenaran yang serupa kepada Hologic, LabCorp, dan Thermo Fisher Scientific.
On 21 March 2020, Cepheid similarly received EUA from the FDA for a test that takes about 45 minutes.
Pada 21 Mac 2020, Cepheid sama juga menerima EUA daripada FDA untuk ujian yang mengambi masa kira-kira 45 minit.
The FDA has approved a test that uses isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology instead of PCR.
FDA telah meluluskan ujian yang menggunakan teknologi pembesaran asid nukleik isotermal bukannya PCR.
Since this does not require a series of alternating temperature cycles this method can deliver positive results in as little as five minutes and negative results in 13 minutes.
Memandangkan ujian ini tidak memerlukan siri kitaran suhu yang berubah-ubah kaedah ini boleh memberikan keputusan positif dalam masa secepat lima minit dan keputusan negatif dalam masa 13 minit.
There are currently about 18,000 of these machines in the U.S. and Abbott expects to ramp up manufacturing to deliver 50,000 tests per day.A test which uses a monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of the novel coronavirus is being developed in Taiwan, with the hope that it can provide results in 15 to 20 minutes just like a rapid influenza test.
Pada masa ini terdapat kira-kira 18,000 mesin ini di A.S. dan Abbott menjangkakan untuk mempercepatkan pengeluaran untuk menghantar 50,000 ujian sehari. Ujian yang menggunakan antibodi monoklon yang secara khusus mengikat kepada proteon nukleokapsid (N protein) novel koronavirus sedang dibangunkan di Taiwan, dengan harapan ujian itu boleh memberikan keputusan dalam masa 15 ke 20 minit sama seperti ujian influenza pantas.
A March 2020 literature review concluded that "chest radiographs are of little diagnostic value in early stages, whereas CT [computed tomography] findings may be present even before symptom onset."
Pada Mac 2020 satu ulasan tulisan menyimpulkan bahawa "radiograf dada mempunyai nilai diagnostik yang kecil pada peringkat awal, manakala penemuan CT [tomografi berkomputer] mungkin telah hadir walaupun sebelum simptom bermula."
Typical features on CT include bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacificities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution.
Ciri tipikal CT termasuklah kelegapan kaca tanah multilobar dwisis dengan taburan persisian, asimetrik dan posterior.
Subpleural dominance, crazy paving and consolidation develop as the disease evolves.
Dominasi subpleura, pembukaan menggila dan penggabungan terbentuk apabila penyakit berevolusi.
A study comparing PCR to CT in Wuhan at the point of origin of the current pandemic has suggested that CT is significantly more sensitive than PCR, though less specific, with many of its imaging features overlapping with other pneumonias and disease processes.
Satu kajian yang membandingkan PCR kepada CT di Wuhan di titik asal pandemik semasa telah mencadangkan bahawa CT adalah secara signifikan lebih sensitif daripada PCR, walaupun kurang khusus, dengan banyak ciri pengimejannya bertindak dengan proses pneumonia dan penyakit lain.
As of March 2020, the American College of Radiology recommends that "CT should not be used to screen for or as a first-line test to diagnose COVID-19".As of March 2020, the CDC recommends PCR for initial screening.
Setakat Mac 2020, Kolej Radiologi Amerika mengesyorkan bahawa "CT tidak seharusnya digunakan untuk menyaring atau sebagai ujian garisan pertama untuk mendiagnosis COVID-19". Setakat Mac 2020, CDC mengesyorkan PCR untuk saringan awal.
Part of the immune response to infection is the production of antibodies including IgM and IgG.
Sebahagian daripada respons imun kepada jangkitan ialah penghasilan antibodi termasuk IgM dan IgG.
These can be used to detect infection in individuals starting 7 days or so after the onset of symptoms, to determine immunity, and in population surveillance.Assays can be performed in central laboratories (CLT) or by point-of-care testing (PoCT).
Ini boleh digunakan untuk mengesan jangkitan dalam individu bermula 7 hari atau seterusnya selepas simptom bermula, untuk menentukan keimunan, dan dalam pengawasan populasi. Penilaian boleh dilakukan di makmal pusat (CLT) atau melalui ujian point-of-care (PoCT).
The high-throughput automated systems in many clinical laboratories will be able to perform these assays but their availability will depend on the rate of production for each system.
Sistem automatik celusan tinggi dalam banyak makmal klinikal akan dapat menjalankan penilaian ini tetapi ketersediaannya akan bergantung pada kadar penghasilan untuk setiap sistem.
For CLT a single specimen of peripheral blood is commonly used, although serial specimens can be used to follow the immune response.
Bagi CLT spesimen tunggal darah periferi biasanya digunakan, walaupun spesimen bersiri boleh digunakan untuk mengikuti respons imun.
For PoCT a single specimen of blood is usually obtained by skin puncture.
Bagi PoCT spesimen tunggal darah biasanya diperolehi melalui tusukan pada kulit.
Unlike PCR methods an extraction step is not needed before assay.On March 26, 2020, the FDA named 29 entities that provided notification to the agency as required and are now therefore able to distribute their antibody tests.
Tidak seperti kaedah PCR langkah pengestrakan tidak diperlukan sebelum penilaian. Pada 26 Mac 2020, FDA menamakan 29 entiti yang memberikan makluman kepada agensi seperti yang diperlukan dan oleh itu kini dapat mengedarkan ujian antibodi mereka.
As of April 7, 2020, only a single test has been approved by the FDA under an emergency use authorization.In late March 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Epitope Diagnostics received European approvals for their test kits, which can detect IgG and IgA antibodies against the virus in blood samples.
Setakat 7 April 2020, hanya satu ujian telah diluluskan oleh FDA di bawah kebenaran penggunaan kecemasan.IPada hujung Mac 2020, Euroimmun Medical Laboratory Diagnostics dan Epitope Diagnostics menerima kelulusan Eropah untuk kit ujian mereka, yang boleh mengesan antibodi IgG dan IgA terhadap virus dalam sampel darah.
The testing capacity is several hundred samples within hours and therefore much faster than the conventional PCR assay of viral RNA.
Kapasiti ujian ialah beberapa ratus sampel dalam masa beberapa jam dan oleh itu jauh lebih cepat darpada penilaian PCR konvensional untuk RNA virus.
The antibodies are usually detectable 14 days after the onset of the infection.In early April, the UK found none of the antibody test kits it purchased were sufficiently good to use.
Antibodi biasanya dapat dikesan 14 hari selepas jangkitan bermula. Pada awal April, UK mendapati tiada kit ujian antibodi yang dibeli cukup bagus untuk digunakan.
Hong Kong has set up a scheme where suspected patients can stay home, "emergency department will give a specimen tube to the patient", they spit into it, send it back and get a test result a while after.The British NHS has announced that it is piloting a scheme to test suspected cases at home, which removes the risk of a patient infecting others if they come to a hospital or having to disinfect an ambulance if one is used.In drive-through testing for COVID-19 for suspected cases, a healthcare professional takes sample using appropriate precautions.
Hong Kong telah menyediakan skema yang menyaksikan pesakit yang disyaki boleh tinggal di rumah, "jabatan kecemasan akan memberikan tiub spesimen kepada pesakit", mereka meludah ke dalam tiub itu, hantarkan kembali dan mendapat keputusan ujian tidak lama kemudian. NHS British telah mengumumkan bahawa ia sedang merintis skema untuk menguji kes yang disyaki di rumah, yang mengalih keluar risiko pesakit menjangkiti orang lain jika mereka pergi ke hospital atau perlu menyahkuman ambulans jika digunakan. Dalam ujian pandu lalu untuk COVID-19 bagi kes yang disyaki, seorang kakitangan penjagaan kesihatan mengambil sampel menggunakan langkah berjaga-jaga yang sesuai.
Drive-through centers have helped South Korea do some of the fastest, most-extensive testing of any country.In Germany, the National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians said on 2 March, that it had a capacity for about 12,000 tests per day in the ambulatory setting and 10.700 had been tested in the prior week.
Pusat pandu lalu telah membantu Korea Selatan melakukan antara ujian yang terpantas, paling menyeluruh berbanding negara lain. Di Jerman, Persatuan Kebangsaan Pakar Perubatan Insurans Kesihatan Statutori berkata pada 2 Mac, bahawa mereka mempunyai kapasiti sebanyak 12,000 ujian sehari di dalam suasana ambulatori dan 10,700 telah diuji dalam minggu sebelumnya.
Costs are borne by the health insurance when the test is ordered by a physician.
Perbelanjaan ditanggung oleh insuran kesihatan apabila ujian diminta oleh pakar perubatan.
According to the president of the Robert Koch Institute, Germany has an overall capacity for 160,000 tests per week.
Menurut Presiden dari Institut Robert Koch, Jerrman mempunyai kapasiti keseluruhan sebanyak 160,000 ujian seminggu.
As of 19 March drive in tests were offered in several large cities.
Setakat 19 Mac ujian pandu lalu telah ditawarkan di beberapa bandar besar.
As of 26 March 2020 the total number of tests performed in Germany was unknown, because only positive results are reported.
Setakat 26 Mac 2020 jumlah bilangan ujian yang dilakukan di Jerman tidak diketahui, kerana hanya keputusan positif yang dilaporkan.