natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced that New York State trials of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine would begin on 24 March.On 28 March, the FDA authorized the use of hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine phosphate under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA).
Gabenor New York Andrew Cuomo mengumumkan bahawa percubaan negeri New York ke atas chloroquine dan hidroksichloroquine akan bermula pada 24 Mac. Pada 28 Mac, FDA membenarkan penggunaan hidroksichloroquine sulfat dan chloroquine fosfat di bawah Kebenaran Penggunaan Kecemasan (EUA).
The treatment has not been approved by the FDA's clinical trials process and is authorized under the EUA only as an experimental treatment for emergency use in patients who are hospitalized but are not able to receive treatment in a clinical trial.
Rawatan tidak diluluskan oleh proses percubaan klinikal FDA dan dibenarkan di bawah EUA hanya sebagai satu rawatan eksperimen untuk kegunaan kecemasan dalam pesakit yang dimasukkan ke hospital tetapi tidak boleh menerima rawatan dalam kajian klinikal.
The CDC has said that "the use, dosing, or duration of hydroxychloroquine for prophylaxis or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection" are not yet established.
CDC telah berkata bahawa "penggunaan, dos, atau tempoh hidroksichloroquine untuk profilaksis atau rawatan jangkitan SARS-CoV-2" belum lagi diwujudkan.
Doctors have said they are using the drug when "there's no other option".
Doktor telah berkata bahawa mereka menggunakan ubat tersebut apabila "tiada lagi pilihan lain".
A Turkish research team in Istanbul is conducting a small study on the use of chloroquine in combination with zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin D.
Satu pasukan penyelidik Turki di Istanbul sedang menjalankan kajian kecil tentang penggunaan chloroquine dengan kombinasi zink, vitamin A, vitamin C dan vitamin D.
Large studies are underway at Duke University and the University of Oxford.
Kajian yang besar sedang dijalankan di Duke University dan University of Oxford.
NYU Langone Medical School is conducting a trial on the safety and efficacy of preventative use of hydroxychloroquine.
NYU Langone Medical School sedang melaksanakan satu percubaan tentang keselamatan dan keberkesanan penggunaan pencegahan hidroksichloroquine.
Chinese clinical trials in Wuhan and Shenzhen claimed to show favipiravir was "clearly effective".
Percubaan klinikal China di Wuhan dan Shenzhen mendakwa menunjukkan favipiravir "jelas berkesan".
35 patients in Shenzhen tested negative in a median of 4 days, while the length of illness was 11 days in the 45 patients who did not receive it.
35 pesakit di Shenzhen diuji negatif dalam median selama 4 hari, sementara tempoh sakit ialah 11 hari untuk 45 pesakit yang tidak menerimanya.
In a study conducted in Wuhan on 240 patients with pneumonia, half were given favipiravir and half received umifenovir.
Dalam satu kajian yang dilaksanakan di Wuhan ke atas 240 pesakit dengan pneumonia, separuh darinya diberikan favipiravir dan separuh lagi menerima umifenovir.
The Italian Pharmaceutical Agency reminded the public that the existing evidence in support of the drug is scant and preliminary.
Agensi Farmaseutikal Itali mengingatkan orang awam bahawa bukti semasa dalam menyokong ubat itu masih kurang dan awal.
On 2 April, Germany announced that it would purchase the drug from Japan for its stockpile, and use the military to deliver the drug to university hospitals, where the drug will be used to treat COVID-19 patients.
Pada 2 April, Jerman mengumumkan bahawa akan membeli ubat daripada Jepun untuk simpanannya dan menggunakan pihak tentera untuk menghantar ubat ke hospital universiti, yang akan menggunakan ubat tersebut untuk merawat pesakit COVID-19.
According to the South China Morning Post, Shinzo Abe has made overtures to the Trump administration about purchasing the drug.The drug may be less effective in severe cases of illness where the virus has already multiplied.
Menurut South China Morning Post, Shinzo Abe menukar pendirian terhadap pentadbiran Trump mengenai pembelian ubat. Ubat itu mungkin kurang berkesan dalam kes penyakit teruk apabila virus sudah berganda.
It may not be safe for use by pregnant women or those trying to conceive.
Ia mungkin tidak selamat untuk digunakan oleh wanita yang mengandung atau mereka yang cuba untuk hamil.
One study of lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), a combination of the antivirals lopinavir and ritonavir, concluded that "no benefit was observed".
Satu kajian lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra), satu kombinasi antivirus lopinavir dan ritonavir, merumuskan bahawa "tiada kelebihan dapat diperhatikan".
The drugs were designed to inhibit HIV from replicating by binding to the protease.
Dadah direka untuk merencatkan HIV daripada meniru dengan mengikat pada protease.
A team of researchers at the University of Colorado are trying to modify the drugs to find a compound that will bind with the protease of SARS-CoV-2.There are criticisms within the scientific community about directing resources to repurposing drugs specifically developed for HIV/AIDS.
Satu pasukan penyelidik di University of Colorado sedang mencuba untuk mengubah suai ubat untuk menemui sebatian yang akan mengikat dengan protease SARS-CoV-2. Terdapat kritikan dalam komuniti saintifik tentang menghalakan sumber untuk mengubah tujuan ubat dibangunkan khusus untuk HIV/AIDS.
The WHO included lopinavir/ritonavir in the international Solidarity trial.
WHO memasukkan lopinavir/ritonavir dalam percubaan antarabangsa Solidarity.
Remdesivir was created and developed by Gilead Sciences as a treatment for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections . Gilead Sciences subsequently discovered that Remdesivir had antiviral activity in vitro against multiple filo-, pneumo-, paramyxo-, and corona- viruses .
Remdesivir dicipta dan dibangunkan oleh Gilead Sciences sebagai rawatan untuk penyakit virus Ebola dan jangkitan virus Marburg. Gilead Sciences seterusnya menemui bahawa Remdesivir mempunyai aktiviti antivirus in vitro terhadap pelbagai filo-, pneumo-, paramyxo- dan korona-virus.
One issue with antiviral treatment is the development of resistance through mutations that can lead to more severe disease and transmission.
Satu isu dengan rawatan antivirus ialah penunjukan rintangan menerusi mutasi yang boleh menyebabkan penyakit dan pemindahan yang lebih teruk.
Some early pretrial studies suggest remdesivir may have a high genetic barrier to resistance.There are several clinical trials underway, including two conducted by Cleveland University Hospitals; one for people with moderate illness and another for those with more severe illness.
Beberapa kajian prapercubaan awal mencadangkan remdesivir mungkin mempunyai penghalang bergenetik tinggi terhadap rintangan. Terdapat beberapa percubaan klinikal sedang dilaksanakan termasuk dua yang dijalankan oleh Hospital Cleveland University; satu untuk orang ramai dengan penyakit sederhana dan satu lagi untuk mereka dengan penyakit yang lebih teruk.
There are three ongoing clinical trials of intravenous vitamin C for people who are hospitalized and severely ill with COVID-19; two placebo controlled (China, Canada) and one with no control (Italy).
Terdapat tiga percubaan klinikal sedang dilaksanakan bagi vitamin C intravena untuk mereka yang dimasukkan ke hospital dan sangat sakit dengan COVID-19, dua plasebo terkawal (China, Kanada) dan satu tanpa kawalan (Itali).
New York State began trials for the antibiotic azithromycin on 24 March 2020.
Negeri New York memulakan percubaan untuk antibiotik azithromycin pada 24 Mac 2020.
Japan's National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) is planning a clinical trial for Teijin's Alvesco (ciclesonide), an inhaled corticosteroid for asthma, for the treatment of pre-symptomatic patients infected with the novel coronavirus.
Pusat Kebangsaan Jepun untuk Kesihatan Global dan Perubatan (NCGM) sedang merancang satu percubaan klinikal untuk Teijin's Alvesco (ciclesonide), satu kortikosteroid sedut untuk asma, untuk rawatan pesakit prasimptomatik dijangkiti dengan novel koronavirus.
A form of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a Phase II trial is underway with 200 patients to be recruited from severe, hospitalized cases in Denmark, Germany, and Austria to determine the effectiveness of the treatment.
Satu bentuk enzim penukar angiotensin 2, satu percubaan Fasa II sedang dijalankan ke atas 200 pesakit dipilih dari kes kemasukan hospital dan teruk di Denmark, Jerman dan Austria bagi menentukan keberkesanan rawatan.
Researchers from the Montreal Heart Institute in Canada are currently studying the role of colchicine in reducing inflammation and pulmonary complications in patients suffering from mild symptoms of COVID-19.
Penyelidik dari Montreal Heart Institute di Kanada sedang mengkaji peranan colchicine dalam mengurangkan komplikasi keradangan dan pulmonari dalam pesakit yang mengalami gejala ringan COVID-19.
The study, named COLCORONA, is recruiting 6000 adults aged 40 and over who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and experience mild symptoms not requiring hospitalization.
Kajian dinamakan COLCORONA, mengambil 6000 orang dewasa berumur 40 dan ke atas yang didiagnosis dengan COVID-19 dan mengalami gejala ringan yang tidak memerlukan kemasukan hospital.
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding or who do not have an effective contraceptive method are not eligible.
Wanita yang hamil atau sedang menyusu atau tidak mempunyai kaedah kontraseptif berkesan adalah tidak layak.
Several anticoagulants are being tested in Italy.
Beberapa antikoagulan sedang diuji di Itali.
Low-molecular-weight heparin is being widely used to treat patients, prompting the Italian Medicines Agency to publish guidelines on its use.
Heparin dengan berat molekul rendah digunakan secara meluas untuk merawat pesakit, mendorong Agensi Pengubatan Itali untuk menerbitkan garis panduan pada penggunaannya.
A multicenter study on 300 patients researching the use of enoxaparin sodium at prophylaxis and therapeutic dosages was announced in Italy on April 14.
Satu kajian berbilang terpusat ke atas 300 pesakit menyelidik penggunaan enoxaparin sodium pada dos profilaksis dan terapeutik diumumkan di Itali pada 14 April.
Since SARS-CoV-2 is a virus, considerable scientific attention has been focused on repurposing approved anti-viral drugs that were developed for prior outbreaks such as MERS, SARS, and West Nile virus.
Memandangkan SARS-CoV-2 ialah virus, perhatian saintifik yang mencukupi telah ditumpukan pada pengubahan tujuan ubat antivirus yang diluluskan dibangunkan untuk tujuan wabak seperti MERS, SARS dan virus Nil Barat.
Ribavirin: ribavirin was recommended for COVID-19 treatment according to Chinese 7th edition guidelines
Ribavirin: ribavirin disyorkan untuk rawatan COVID-19 mengikut garis panduan China ke-7
Umifenovir: umifenovir was recommended for COVID-19 treatment according to Chinese 7th edition guidelines
Umifenovir: umifenovir disyorkan untuk rawatan COVID-19 mengikut garis panduan China ke-7
Some antibiotics that have been identified as potentially repurposable as COVID-19 treatments:
Beberapa antibiotik dikenal pasti sebagai pengubah tujuan berpotensi sebagai rawatan COVID-19:
Tocilizumab (Anti-IL-6 receptor): Approved by China.
Tocilizumab (Reseptor anti-IL-6 ): Diluluskan oleh China.
Also trials in Italy and China. and see Tocilizumab#COVID-19.
Juga percubaan di Itali dan China, dan lihat Tocilizumab#COVID-19.
It is unclear yet whether conditions arising during pregnancy including diabetes, cardiac failure, hypercoagulability or hypertension might represent additional risk factors for pregnant people as they do for nonpregnant people.From the limited data available, vertical transmission during the third trimester probably does not occur, or only occurs very rarely.
Tidak jelas sama ada keadaan muncul semasa kehamilan termasuk diabetes, kegagalan kardium, hiperkebolehkoagulan atau hipertensi mungkin mewakili faktor-faktor risiko tambahan kepada mereka yang hamil seperti dilakukannya pada mereka yang tidak hamil. Menurut data terhad yang sedia ada, pemindahan menegak semasa trimester ketiga tidak berlaku, atau hanya berlaku sangat jarang.
There is no data yet on early pregnancy.
Tiada data lagi ke atas kehamilan awal.
Little evidence exists to permit any solid conclusions about the nature of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy.
Sedikit bukti wujud untuk membenarkan sebarang kesimpulan kukuh mengenai sifat jangkitan COVID-19 dalam kehamilan.
A case series of 43 women from New York who tested positive for COVID-19 showed similar patterns to non-pregnant adults: 86% had mild disease, 9.3% had severe disease and 4.7% developed critical disease.
Satu siri kes untuk 43 orang wanita dari New York yang diuji positif COVID-19 menunjukkan corak sama pada dewasa yang tidak hamil: 86% mengalami penyakit ringan, 9.3% dengan penyakit teruk dan 4.7% menunjukkan penyakit kritikal.
Fetal distress was reported in two.
Distres fetal dilaporkan dalam keduanya.
None of the women developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died.
Tiada wanita tersebut menunjukkan pneumonia COVID-19 teruk atau meninggal dunia.
All of them had live birth pregnancies and no severe neonatal asphyxia was observed.
Kesemua mereka berjaya melalui kehamilan dan tiada asfiksia neonatal teruk yang diperhatikan.
The samples of breast milk, amniotic fluid, cord blood and neonatal throat swab were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and all results were negative.In another study on 15 pregnant women, majority of the patients presented with fever and cough, while laboratory tests yielded lymphocytopenia in 12 patients.
Sampel susu ibu, cecair amniotik, darah kord dan swab tekak neonatal diuji untuk SRS-CoV-2, dan semua keputusan adalah negatif. Dalam satu kajian lain ke atas 15 wanita hamil, majoriti pesakit menunjukkan demam dan batuk, sementara ujian makmal menunjukkan limfositopenia dalam 12 pesakit.
Computed tomography findings of these patients were consistent with previous reports of non-pregnant patients, consisting of ground-glass opacities at early stage.
Penemuan tomografi dikira untuk semua pesakit ini adalah konsisten dengan laporan sebelum ini pada pesakit tidak hamil, terdiri daripada kelegapan kaca hancur pada peringkat awal.
Follow-up images after delivery showed no progression of pneumonia.Media reports indicate that over 100 women with COVID-19 might have delivered, and in March 2020, no maternal deaths were reported.
Imej susulan selepas kelahiran menunjukkan tiada kemajuan pneumonia. Laporan media menyatakan bahawa lebih 100 wanita dengan COVID-19 mungkin sudah melahirkan anak, dan dalam Mac 2020, tiada kematian kehamilan dilaporkan.
Their guidelines thus advise that any pregnant person admitted to hospital with a COVID-19 infection should receive at least 10 days of prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin after being discharged from the hospital.
Garis panduan mereka menasihati bahawa mana-mana orang yang hamil dimasukkan ke hospital dengan jangkitan COVID-19 hendaklah menerima sekurang-kurangnya 10 hari profilaksis heparin dengan berat molekul rendah.
There are no data yet concerning the implications of COVID-19 infections for labour.
Tiada data lagi berkenaan implikasi jangkitan COVID-19 untuk kelahiran.
One infant girl born to a mother with COVID-19 had elevated IgM levels two hours after birth, suggesting that she had been infected in utero and supporting the possibility of vertical transmission in some cases.
Bayi perempuan dilahirkan oleh seorang ibu dengan COVID-19 mempunyai kenaikan tahap lgM dua jam selepas kelahiran, mencadangkan bahawa beliau dijangkiti dalam utero dan menyokong kemungkinan pemindahan menegak dalam beberapa kes.
A small study involving 6 confirmed COVID-19 mothers showed no indication of SARS-COV-19 in their newborns' throats or serum but antibodies were present in neonatal blood sera samples, including IgM in two of the infants.
Satu kajian kecil melibatkan 6 orang ibu yang disahkan dijangkiti COVID-19 tidak menunjukkan petanda SARS-COV-19 dalam tekak atau serum bayi baru lahir tetapi antibodi hadir dalam sampel sera darah neonatal, termasuk lgM dalam dua bayi.
This is not usually passed from mother to fetus so further research is required to know whether the virus crossed the placenta or whether placentas of women in the study were damaged or abnormal.
Ini biasanya tidak diturunkan daripada ibu kepada fetus maka penyelidikan lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengetahui sama ada virus bersilang dengan plasenta atau sama ada plasenta wanita dalam kajian ini rosak atau tidak normal.
Since COVID-19 shows similarities to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it is likely that their effect on pregnancy are similar.
Memandangkan COVID-19 menunjukkan kesamaan dengan SARS-CoV dan MERS-CoV, berkemungkinan kesannya pada kehamilan sama.
Four of seven had first trimester miscarriage, two of five had fetal growth restriction in the second trimester, and four of five had preterm birth.
Empat daripada tujuh mengalami keguguran trimester pertama, dua dari lima mengalami halangan pertumbuhan fetus dalam trimester kedua dan empat daripada lima mengalami kelahiran pramatang.
None of the newborns were infected with SARS-CoV.
Tiada kelahiran baharu yang dijangkiti SARS-CoV.
A report of ten cases of MERS- CoV infection in pregnancy in Saudi Arabia showed that the clinical presentation is variable, from mild to severe infection.
Satu laporan sepuluh kes jangkitan MERS-CoV semasa kehamilan di Arab Saudi menunjukkan bahawa persembahan klinikal berbilang, dari jangkitan ringan hingga teruk.
The outcome was favorable in a majority of the cases, but the infant death rate was 27%.A recent review suggested that COVID-19 appeared to be less lethal to mothers and infants than SARS and MERS but that there may be an increased risk of preterm birth after 28 weeks' gestation.
Keputusan nampaknya boleh diterima dalam majoriti kes, tetapi kadar kematian bayi ialah 27%. Satu semakan terkini mencadangkan bahawa COVID-19 muncul kurang berbahaya kepada ibu dan bayi berbanding SARS dan MERS tetapi terdapat kemungkinan peningkatan risiko kelahiran pramatang selepas 28 minggu kehamilan.
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States advises pregnant women to do the same things as the general public to avoid infection, such as covering cough, avoid interacting with sick people, cleaning hands with soap and water or sanitizer.
Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia dan Pusat untuk Kawalan dan Pencegahan Penyakit Amerika Syarikat menasihati wanita hamil melakukan perkara yang sama seperti orang awam untuk mengelak jangkitan seperti menutup mulut ketika batuk, elak daripada berinteraksi dengan orang yang sakit, membersihkan tangan dengan sabun dan air atau pensanitasi.
A survey conducted in Shanghai among pregnant women in different trimesters of pregnancy identified a strong demand for online access to health information and services.
Satu tinjauan dilakukan di Shanghai dalam kalangan wanita hamil untuk kehamilan trimester berlainan mengenal pasti permintaan kuat untuk akses atas talian pada maklumat dan perkhidmatan kesihatan.
People expecting their first baby were more willing to have online consultation and guidance than who had previously given birth.The RCOG and RCM recommend that in-person appointments be deferred by 7 days after the start of symptoms of COVID-19 or 14 days if another person in the household has symptoms.
Orang ramai yang menjangkakan bayi pertama mereka lebih bersedia untuk mempunyai perundingan dan panduan atas talian dari mereka yang pernah melahirkan anak sebelum ini. RCOG dan RCM mengesyorkan bahawa temu janji secara bersemuka ditangguhkan selama 7 hari selepas permulaan gejala COVID-19 atau 14 hari jika orang lain dalam isi rumah mempunyai gejala.
Fever subsequently developed in three asymptomatic patients.
Demam ditunjukkan selepas itu dalam tiga pesakit asimptomatik.
One patient who had tested negative subsequently became symptomatic postpartum and tested positive three days after the initial negative test.
Seorang pesakit yang diuji negatif selepasnya menjadi pascapartum simptomatik dan diuji positif tiga hari selepas ujian negatif awal.
The doctors conducting the screening recommended that in order to reduce infection and allocate PPE, due to high numbers of patients presenting as asymptomatic, universal screening of pregnant patients should be conducted.
Doktor menjalankan saringan mengesyorkan bahawa bagi mengurangkan jangkitan dan memperuntuk PPE, disebabkan jumlah besar pesakit menunjukkan sebagai asimptomatik, pemeriksaan sejagat pesakit hamil hendaklah dilaksanakan.
They also suggest that people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should have continuous electronic fetal monitoring.
Mereka juga mencadangkan bahawa orang ramai dengan COVID-19 yang disyaki atau disahkan hendaklah menjalani pemantauan fetus elektronik berterusan.
The use of birthing pools is not recommended for suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19 due to the risk of infection via faeces.
Penggunaan kolam kelahiran tidak disyorkan untuk kes COVID-19 yang disyaki atau disahkan kerana risiko jangkitan menerusi najis.
In the UK, official recommendations state that precautionary separation of a mother and a healthy baby should not be undertaken lightly and that they should be kept together in the postpartum period where neonatal care is not required.Literature from China recommended separation of infected mothers from babies for 14 days.
Di UK, pengesyoran rasmi menyatakan bahawa pengasingan langkah berjaga-jaga awal seorang ibu dan bayi yang sihat hendaklah tidak dipandang ringan dan mereka hendaklah dibenarkan bersama dalam tempoh pascapartum ketika penjagaan neonatal tidak diperlukan. Literatur dari China mengesyorkan pengasingan ibu yang dijangkiti daripada bayi selama 14 hari.
In the US there is also the recommendation that newborns and mothers should be temporarily separated until transmission-based precautions are discontinued, and that where this is not possible the newborn should be kept 2 metres away from the mother.
Di AS terdapat juga pengesyoran bahawa bayi dan ibu hendaklah diasingkan sementara sehingga langkah-langkah berjaga berdasarkan pemindahan dihentikan, dan tidak mungkin bayi baharu lahir perlu dijarakkan 2 meter dari ibu.
b'COVID-19 surveillance involves monitoring the spread of the coronavirus disease in order to establish the patterns of disease progression.
Pengawasan b'COVID-19 membabitkan pemantauan penularan penyakit koronavirus untuk mewujudkan corak kemajuan penyakit.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends active surveillance, with focus of case finding, testing and contact tracing in all transmission scenarios.
Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) mengesyorkan pemantauan aktif, dengan tumpuan pencarian kes, ujian dan penjejakan kenalan dalam semua senario pemindahan.
COVID-19 surveillance is expected to monitor epidemiological trends, rapidly detect new cases, and based on this information, provide epidemiological information to conduct risk assessment and guide disease preparedness.
Pengawasan COVID-19 dijangkakan untuk memantau trend epidemikologi, segera mengesan kes baharu dan berdasarkan maklumat ini, menyediakan maklumat epidemikologi untuk menjalankan penilaian risiko dan memberi panduan untuk ketersediaan terhadap penyakit.
Syndromic surveillance is done based on the symptoms of an individual that corresponds to COVID-19.
Pengawasan sindrom dilakukan berdasarkan gejala seseorang individu yang sepadan dengan COVID-19.
As of March 2020, the WHO recommends the following case definitions:
Setakat Mac 2020, WHO mengesyorkan takrifan kes berikut:
Probable case : "A suspect case for whom testing for the COVID-19 virus is inconclusive" OR "a suspect case for whom testing could not be performed for any reason".
Kes mungkin: "Satu kes suspek untuk yang duji bagi virus COVID-19 ialah tiada keputusan" ATAU "satu kes suspek untuk yang diuji tidak boleh dilaksanakan untuk sebarang sebab".
Confirmed case: "A person with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms".
Kes disahkan: "Seseorang dengan pengesahan makmal untuk jangkitan COVID-19, tidak kira tanda dan gejala klinikal."
Direct physical contact with a probable or confirmed case;
Hubungan fizikal langsung dengan kes mungkin atau disahkan;