natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
OECD (2012) Validation Report (Phase 2) for the Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Test: Part I and Part II (Annexes).
Ha a BMF-et egy anyag adott szervezetben mérhető koncentrációjának és a szervezet táplálékában mérhető koncentrációjának hányadosaként határozzák meg állandósult állapotban, a lipidtartalmat figyelembe kell venni azáltal, hogy a szervezet és a táp lipidtartalmára tekintettel kiigazítást végeznek, ezért ez pontosabban »korrekcióként« írható le.
Series on Testing and Assessment No. 179, OECD, Paris.
Ez a megközelítés eltér a szervezet előre megállapított lipidtartalmához viszonyított »normalizációtól«, amint arra a vízi expozíciós biokoncentrációs vizsgálatban sor kerül.
Belanger, S. E., Rawlings J. M. and Carr G. J. (2013).
A teljes hosszt is rögzíteni kell a vizsgálat során, mivel megfelelően jelzi, hogy bekövetkezett-e káros hatás.
Use of Fish Embryo Toxicity Tests for the Prediction of Acute Fish Toxicity to Chemicals.
A HCB szerepel a Stockholmi Egyezmény A. és C. mellékletében, valamint a környezetben tartósan megmaradó szerves szennyező anyagokról szóló 850/2004/EK rendelet (HL L 158., 2004.4.30., 7. o.)
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32: 1768-1783. .
I. és III. mellékletében.
Pharmacol.: 149 (2), 196-209
A felvételi fázis során bekövetkezett gyors növekedés esetén a valódi etetési arány az expozíció elején beállított alá csökken.
Chapter C.4 of this Annex: Ready Biodegradability.
Vízi expozíciós vizsgálatban a 14 napos felezési idő kb. 10000 L/kg BCF-nek felel meg, 1 g-os halak és ennek megfelelő, mintegy 500 L/kg/d felvételi sebesség mellett (a Sijm és munkatársai féle egyenlet szerint (46)).
Chapter C.29 of this Annex: Ready Biodegradability, CO2 in sealed vessels.
Mivel az aktuális belső koncentrációkat csak a vizsgálat végrehajtását követően lehet meghatározni, a várható belső koncentrációt becsülni kell (pl. a várható BMF és a tápban meglévő koncentráció alapján; vö. A5.8. egyenlet az 5. függelékben).
Chapter C.48 of this Annex: Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay.. See Appendix 4a.
A vizsgálati anyag vizsgálati közegben való, a hal általi kiválasztásnak vagy a tápból való kioldódásnak köszönhető jelenléte nem küszöbölhető ki teljes mértékben.
35, 4097–4102.
Ezért az egyik lehetőség az, hogy megmérik az anyag koncentrációját a vízben a felvételi időszak végén, különösen ha félstatikus kialakítást alkalmaznak, annak megállapítása érdekében, hogy sor kerülhetett-e vízi expozícióra.
Available: [http://www.iso.org].
Ez a megközelítés az étrendi vizsgálat sajátossága, amely eltér a vízi expozíció esetén követett eljárástól, ezért ebben az esetben az egyértelműség érdekében a korrekció szó használatos a normalizáció helyett – lásd még a (106) bekezdéshez tartozó lábjegyzetet.
Series on Testing and Assessment No. 23, OECD, Paris.
KI konfidencia-intervallum (ha meg lehet becsülni)
European Union (2010) Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (OJ L 276, 20.10.2010, p.
Más Daphnia-fajokat is fel lehet használni, feltéve, hogy azok kielégítik a megfelelő érvényességi kritériumokat (a kontrollcsoportban a reproduktív teljesítményre vonatkozó érvényességi kritérium valamennyi fajra alkalmazandó).
33).
Más Daphnia-fajok használata esetén ezeket egyértelműen azonosítani kell, és alkalmazásukat meg kell indokolni.
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:276:0033:0079:EN:PDF
A disszociációfok ezt követően az egyes oldatok vezetőképessége alapján az Onsager-egyenlet segítségével számítható ki, és így az Ostwald-féle hígítási törvény segítségével a disszociációs állandó a következőképpen kapható meg: K = α2C/(1 – α), ahol C a mol/literben kifejezett koncentráció, α pedig a disszociált frakció.
Chapter C.2 of this Annex: Daphnia sp., Acute Immobilistaion Test.
A CO2 kizárása érdekében óvintézkedéseket kell tenni.
Series on Testing and Assessment No. 54.
3, II, pp.
OECD, Paris.
1186-1188 (1969).
Detailed review paper “Fish embryo toxicity assays”.
ASTM D 1293 – Annual ASTM Standards, Philadelphia, 1974.
UBA report under contract no.
származás, tartási körülmények, takarmány stb.
20385422 German Federal Environment Agency, Berlin.
Érzéstelenítők és fájdalomcsillapítók
Apical endpoint
Kromoszóma-rendellenességek in vitro vizsgálata emlősökön
Causing effect at population level.
10, pp.
Blastula
1-175.
A cellular formation around the animal pole that covers a certain part of the yolk.
A report from ICPEMC Task Group 9, Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology, Vol. 257/2, pp.
A substance or a mixture
147-204.
Epiboly
, Clastogenicity of Low pH to Various Cultured Mammalian Cells, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol. 268/2, pp.
is a massive proliferation of predominantly epidermal cells in the gastrulation phase of the embryo and their movement from the dorsal to the ventral side, by which entodermal cell layers are internalised in an invagination-like process and the yolk is incorporated into the embryo.
297-305.
Flow-through test
Brusick, D. (1986), Genotoxic effects in cultured mammalian cells produced by low pH treatment conditions and increased ion concentrations, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 8/6, pp.
A test with continued flow of test solutions through the test system during the duration of exposure.
789-886.
Internal Plate Control
, Different cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of epigallocatechin gallate in various cell-culture media due to variable rates of its oxidation in the culture medium, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol. 634/1-2, pp.
Internal control consisting of 4 wells filled with dilution water per 24-well plate to identify potential contamination of the plates by the manufacturer or by the researcher during the procedure, and any plate effect possibly influencing the outcome of the test (e.g. temperature gradient).
177-183.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
, Characterization of the Genotoxicity of Nitrilotriacetic Acid, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 49/6, pp.
Maintenance water
439-452.
Water in which the husbandry of the adult fish is performed.
, Chromosome aberrations in vitro related to cytotoxicity of nonmutagenic chemicals and metabolic poisons, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 31/4, pp.
Median Lethal Concentration (LC50)
316–326.
The concentration of a test chemical that is estimated to be lethal to 50 % of the test organisms within the test duration.
, Sister chromatid exchanges and structural chromosomal aberrations in relation to age and sex, Human Genetics, Vol. 62, pp.
Semi-static renewal test
305-309.
A test with regular renewal of the test solutions after defined periods (e.g., every 24 hrs).
, The effects of age and lifestyle factors on the accumulation of cytogenetic damage as measured by chromosome painting, Mutation Research, Vol. 338, pp.
Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification
95-106.
Somite
A Report of the Second ECVAM Task Force on Good Cell Culture Practice, ATLA, Vol. 33/3, pp.
In the developing vertebrate embryo, somites are masses of mesoderm distributed laterally to the neural tube, which will eventually develop dermis (dermatome), skeletal muscle (myotome), and vertebrae (sclerotome).
261-287.
Static test
Ames (1983), Revised Methods for the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test, Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, Vol. 113/3-4, pp.
A test in which test solutions remain unchanged throughout the duration of the test.
173-215.
Any substance or mixture tested using this test method
Ishidate (1979), Chromosomal Aberration Tests on 29 Chemicals Combined with S9 Mix in vitro, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, Vol. 66/3, pp.
Substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products or biological materials
277-290.
MAINTENANCE, BREEDING AND TYPICAL CONDITIONS FOR ZEBRAFISH EMBRYO ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS
, Differential effects of cytochrome P450-inducers on promutagen activation capabilities and enzymatic activities of S-9 from rat liver, Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology, Vol. 4/1, pp.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
55-65.
Sexual dimorphism
Report from Working Group on in vitro Tests for Chromosomal Aberrations, Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, Vol. 312/3, pp.
Females: protruding belly, when carrying eggs
241-261.
Males: more slender, orange tint between blue longitudinal stripes (particularly evident at the anal fin)
Christensen (1987), Effects of anticoagulants upon sister-chromatid exchanges, cell-cycle kinetics, and mitotic index in human peripheral lymphocytes, Mutation Research, Vol. 190/3, pp.
Dry flake food (max.
225-8.
3 % fish weight per day) 3 - 5 times daily; additionally brine shrimp (Artemia spec.) nauplii and/or small daphnids of appropriate size obtained from an uncontaminated source.
, Evaluation of an Exposure System Using Cells Grown on Collagen Gels for Detecting Highly Volatile Mutagens in the CHO/HGPRT Mutation Assay, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 5/6, pp.
Feeding live food provides a source of environmental enrichment and therefore live food should be given wherever possible.
795-801.
To guarantee for optimal water quality, excess food and faeces should be removed approx. one hour after feeding.
, An improved system for exposure of cultured mammalian cells to gaseous compounds in the chromosomal aberration assay, Mutation Research, Vol. 652/2, pp.
Approximate weight of adult fish
122-130.
Females: 0,65 ± 0,13 g
Honma, M. (2011), Cytotoxicity measurement in in vitro chromosome aberration test and micronucleus test, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol. 724/1-2, pp.
Males: 0,5 ± 0,1 g
86-87.
Maintenance of parental fish
Levy (2013), Evaluation of the Highest Concentrations Used in the In Vitro Chromosome Aberrations Assay, Environmental and Molecular Muagenesis, Vol. 54/1, pp.
Illumination
36-43.
Fluorescent bulbs (wide spectrum); 10-20 μE/m2/s, 540-1080 lux, or 50-100 ft-c (ambient laboratory levels); 12-16 hrs photoperiod
, Compilation and use of genetic toxicity historical control Data, Mutation Research, Vol. 723/2, pp.
26 ± 1 °C
87-90.
Water quality
Parry (1993), A comparison of two in vitro mammalian cell cytogenetic assays for the detection of mitotic aneuploidy using 10 known or suspected aneugens, Mutation Research, Vol. 287/1, pp.
Further water quality criteria
Locke-Huhle, C. (1983), Endoreduplication in Chinese hamster cells during alpha-radiation induced G2 arrest, Mutation Research, Vol. 119/3, pp.
Particulate matter < 20 mg/l, total organic carbon < 2 mg/l, total organophosphorus pesticides < 50 ng/l, total organochlorine pesticides plus polychlorinated biphenyls < 50 ng/l
403-413.
Tank size for maintenance
Trosko (1983), Aphidicolin – induced endoreduplication in Chinese hamster cells, Cancer Research, Vol. 43/3, pp.
e.g. 180 l, 1 fish/l
1362-1364.
Water purification
Galloway (1994), Cytotoxicity measurement in in vitro chromosome aberration test and micronucleus test, Mutation Research, Vol. 312, pp.
Recommended male to female ratio for breeding
az e vizsgálati módszerbe tartozó, sejtvonalak segítségével végzett vizsgálatok esetében a citotoxicitás a kezelt sejtek relatív populációduplázódásában (RPD) vagy a számuk relatív növekedésében (RICC) bekövetkezett csökkenés a negatív kontrollhoz viszonyítva (lásd a 17. pontot és a 2. függeléket).
Spawning tanks
A testtömegtartományt, az átlagot és a szórást minden egyes csoportnál meg kell adni.
e.g. 4 l tanks equipped with steel grid bottom and plant dummy as spawning stimulant; external heating mats, or mass spawning within the maintenance tanks
Analysis of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells, Mutation Research, Vol. 189/2, pp.
Stable chorion (i.e. highly transparent, non-sticky, diameter ~ 0,8–1,5 mm)
, Report from the working group on the in vivo mammalian bone marrow chromosomal aberration test, Mutation Research, Vol. 312/3, pp.
Spawning rate
305-312.
A single mature female spawns at least 50-80 eggs per day.
, Recommendations for statistical designs of in vivo mutagenicity tests with regard to subsequent statistical analysis, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol. 417/1, pp.
The fertilisation rate should be ≥ 70 %.
, Compilation and use of genetic toxicity historical control data, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol. 723/2, pp.
Static, semi-static renewal, flow-through, 26 ± 1 °C, 24 hrs conditioned test chambers (e.g. 24-well plates 2,5-5 ml per cavity)
, in vivo rodent erythrocyte micronucleus assay, Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, Vol. 312/3, pp.
NORMAL ZEBRAFISH DEVELOPMENT AT 26 °C
293-304.
Fig.
Dose setting in in vivo mutagenicity assays, Mutagenesis, Vol. 7/5, pp.
1: Selected stages of early zebrafish (Danio rerio) development: 0,2 – 1,75 hrs post-fertilisation (from Kimmel et al., 1995 (35)).
313-319.
The time sequence of normal development may be taken to diagnose both fertilisation and viability of eggs (see paragraph 26: Selection of fertilised eggs).
Validation and regulatory acceptance of automated scoring and the use of rat peripheral blood reticulocytes, with discussion of non-hematopoietic target cells and a single dose-level limit test, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol. 627/1, pp.
Fig.
10-30.
2: Selected stages of late zebrafish (Danio rerio) development (de-chorionated embryo to optimise visibility): 22 – 48 hrs after fertilisation (from Kimmel et al., 1995 (35)).
An efficient method of monitoring chromosomal damage in the rat, Toxicology Sciences, Vol. 94/1, pp.
Fig.
92-107.
3: Normal development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos: (1) 0,75 hrs, 2-cell stage; (2) 1 hr, 4-cell stage; (3) 1,2 hrs, 8-cell stage; (4) 1,5 hrs, 16-cell stage; (5) 4,7 hrs, beginning epiboly; (6) 5,3 hrs, approx.
Garriott (1996), Validation of an automated image analysis micronucleus scoring system, Mutation Research, Vol. 370/1, pp.
50 % epiboly (from Braunbeck & Lammer 2006 (40)).
65-73.
Layout of 24-well plates
, Automation of mouse micronucleus genotoxicity assay by laser scanning cytometry, Cytometry, Vol. 44/2, pp.
1-5 five test concentrations/chemical;
153-155.
nC negative control (dilution water);
, A rapid in vivo test for chromosomal damage, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol. 18/2, pp.
pC positive control (3,4-DCA 4 mg/l);
, The micronucleus test, Mutation Research, Vol. 31/1, pp.
Scheme of the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test procedure (from left to right): production of eggs, collection of the eggs, pre-exposure immediately after fertilisation in glass vessels, selection of fertilised eggs with an inverted microscope or binocular and distribution of fertilised eggs into 24-well plates prepared with the respective test concentrations/controls, n = number of eggs required per test concentration/control (here 20), hpf = hours post-fertilisation.
Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program, Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology, Vol. 123/1, pp.
Waste
61-118.
Spawning unit
, The micronucleus assay with mouse peripheral blood reticulocytes using acridine orange-coated slides, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, Vol. 245/4, pp.
ATLAS OF LETHAL ENDPOINTS FOR THE ZEBRAFISH EMBRYO ACUTE TOXICITY TEST
245-249.
The following apical endpoints indicate acute toxicity and, consequently, death of the embryos: coagulation of the embryo, non-detachment of the tail, lack of somite formation and lack of heartbeat.
CSGMT/JEMS.MMS – The Mammalian Mutagenesis Study Group of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan (1995), Protocol recommended by the CSGMT/JEMS.MMS for the short-term mouse peripheral blood micronucleus test.
The following micrographs have been selected to illustrate these endpoints.
The Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT) (CSGMT/JEMS.MMS, The Mammalian Mutagenesis Study Group of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan), Mutagenesis, Vol. 10/3, pp.
Coagulation of the embryo:
153-159.
Under bright field illumination, coagulated zebrafish embryos show a variety of intransparent inclusions.
, The rat bone marrow micronucleus test--study design and statistical power, Mutagenesis, Vol. 24/5, pp.
Figure 2
419-424.
Lack of somite formation:
Mammalian Mutagenicity Study Group, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 32/1, pp.
Although retarded in development by approx.
84-100.
10 hrs, the 24 hrs old zebrafish embryo in (a) shows well-developed somites (→), whereas the embryo in (b) does not show any sign of somite formation (→).
, Influence of counting methodology on erythrocyte ratios in the mouse micronucleus test, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 54/3, pp.
Although showing a pronounced yolk sac oedema (*), the 48 hrs old zebrafish embryo in (c) shows distinct formation of somites (→), whereas the 96 hrs old zebrafish embryo depicted in (d) does not show any sign of somite formation (→).
222-228.
Note also the spinal curvature (scoliosis) and the pericardial oedema (*) in the embryo shown in (d).
Some aspects of protocol design including repeated treatments, integration with toxicity testing, and automated scoring, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol. 35/3, pp.
Bud in lateral view (a: →; 96 hrs old zebrafish embryo).
234-252.
Note also the lack of the eye bud (*).
Ishidate (1983), An application of Acridine Orange fluorescent staining to the micronucleus test, Mutation Research Letters, Vol. 120/4, pp.
Figure 4
241-247.
Lack of heartbeat is, by definition, difficult to illustrate in a micrograph.
Langlois (1983), A simple fluorescent staining procedure for micronuclei and RNA in erythrocytes using Hoechst 33258 and pyronin Y, Mutation Research, Vol. 120/4, pp.
Lack of heartbeat is indicated by non-convulsion of the heart (double arrow).
269-275.
Immobility of blood cells in, e.g. the aorta abdominalis (→ in insert) is not an indicator for lack of heartbeat.
Staniforth (1989), The automated bone marrow micronucleus test, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol. 213/1, pp.
Note also the lack of somite formation in this embryo (*, homogenous rather than segmental appearance of muscular tissues).
91-104.
The observation time to record an absence of heartbeat should be at least of one minute with a minimum magnification of 80×.
Adler (1990), Application of antikinetochore antibody staining (CREST staining) to micronuclei in erythrocytes induced in vivo, Mutagenesis, Vol. 5/4, pp.
C.50 Sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum toxicity test
411-415.
This test method is equivalent to OECD test guideline 238 (2014).
Russo, A. (2002), PRINS tandem labeling of satellite DNA in the study of chromosome damage, American Journal of Medical Genetics, Vol. 107/2, pp.
It is designed to assess the toxicity of chemicals to Myriophyllum spicatum, a submersed aquatic dicotyledon, a species of the water milfoils family.
99-104.
It is based on an ASTM existing test method (1) modified as a sediment-free test system (2) to estimate the intrinsic ecotoxicity of test chemicals (independent of the distribution-behaviour of the test chemical between water and sediment).
McFadden (1995), Sample size for the estimation of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocyte ratio in the bone marrow micronucleus test, Mutation Research, Vol. 347/2, pp.
A test system without sediment has a low analytical complexity (only in the water phase) and the results can be analysed in parallel and/or comparison with those obtained in Lemna sp. test (3); in addition, the required sterile conditions allow to keep the effects of microorganisms and algae (chemical uptake/ degradation, etc.) as low as possible.
97-99.
This test does not replace other aquatic toxicity tests; it should rather complement them so that a more complete aquatic plant hazard and risk assessment is possible.
Kim (2000), Statistical analysis of in vivo rodent micronucleus assay, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol. 469/2, pp.
The test method has been validated by a ring-test (4).
233-241.
Details of testing with renewal (semi-static) and without renewal (static) of the test solution are described.
Ez utóbbi az Európai Közösség által támogatott, 1997–1998-ban végzett elővalidációs vizsgálathoz használt protokoll.
Depending on the objectives of the test and the regulatory requirements, the use of semi-static method is recommended, e.g. for substances that are rapidly lost from solution as a result of volatilisation, adsorption, photodegradation, hydrolysis, precipitation or biodegradation.
Test Method Evaluation Report – In Vitro Ocular Toxicity Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Severe Irritants and Corrosives.
Further guidance is given in (5).
Minden olyan laboratóriumnak, amely a vizsgálatot először alkalmazza, a 2. függelékben felsorolt jártassági tesztanyagok felhasználásával ajánlatos meggyőződnie felkészültségéről.
This test method applies to substances, for which the test method has been validated, (see details in the ring-test report (4)) or to formulations, or known mixtures; if a mixture is tested, its constituents should be as far as possible identified and quantified.
Mielőtt a laboratórium az ICE vizsgálat adatait a szabályozói követelmények szerinti veszélyességi osztályozás céljaira rendelkezésre bocsátaná, e vegyi anyagok vizsgálatával demonstrálhatja az ICE vizsgálati módszer végrehajtásában való szakmai jártasságát.
The sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum test method complements the water-sediment Myriophyllum spicatum Toxicity Test (6).
A szaruhártya-felduzzadás (3. táblázat), a szaruhártya-opacitás (4. táblázat) és a fluoreszcein-visszatartás (5. táblázat) jellemzése az alábbiakban bemutatott skálákon, négy ICE-osztály alkalmazásával történik.
Before use of the test method for the testing of a mixture intended for a regulatory purpose, it should be considered whether, and if so why, it may provide adequate results for that purpose.
Fontos megjegyezni, hogy a 3. táblázatban feltüntetett szaruhártya-felduzzadási pontszámok csak akkor érvényesek, ha a vastagság mérése (például Haag-Streit BP900 típusú) 1. számú mélységmérő tartozékkal felszerelt és 91
Continuously growing plant cultures of Myriophyllum spicatum (only in modified Andrews' medium, see Appendix 2) are allowed to grow as monocultures in different concentrations of the test chemical over a period of 14 days in a sediment-free test system.
él nagyobb
The objective of the test is to quantify chemical-related effects on vegetative growth over this period based on assessments of selected measurement variables.
I. 0,6–1,5
Growth of shoot length, of lateral branches and roots as well as development of fresh and dry weight and increase of whorls are the measurement variables.
1,6–2,5
In addition, account is taken of distinctive qualitative changes in test organisms, such as disfigurement or chlorosis and necrosis indicated by yellowing or white and brown colouring.
2,6–4,0
To quantify chemical-related effects, growth in the test solutions is compared with that of the controls and the concentration bringing about a specified x % inhibition of growth is determined and expressed as the ECx; “x” can be any value depending on the regulatory requirements, e.g. EC10, EC20, EC50.
2,6–3,0
It should be noted that estimates of EC10 and EC20 values are only reliable and appropriate in tests where coefficients of variation in control plants fall below the effect level being estimated, i.e. coefficients of variation should be < 20 % for robust estimation of an EC20.
Megfelelő eljárásokat kell alkalmazni az automatizált értékelési rendszer, például áramlási citometria, lézerszkenneléses citometria vagy képelemzés alkalmazásakor esetlegesen felmerülő elfogultság vagy részrehajlás szabályozása érdekében.