natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
All radiant ceiling panels were always operating in the same mode, either heating or cooling the rooms. 
Svi su stropni isijavajući paneli uvijek radili u istom postupku, tj. u svrhu grijanja ili hlađenja analiziranih prostorija.
The product specification was given in W/m2 per temperature difference (linear function) between an average surface temperature of a panel and an average air temperature in a room. 
Proizvodna specifikacija izražena je u W/m2 na temelju razlike u temperaturi (linearna funkcija) između prosječne temperature na površini panela i prosječne temperature zraka u prostoriji.
The cooling power was specified as 80-90 W/m2 per 10 K of temperature difference, whereas the heating power was 60-70 W/m2 per 10 K of temperature difference. 
Zadana snaga hlađenja iznosila je 80-90 W/m2 po 10 K temperaturne razlike, dok je snaga grijanja iznosila 60-70 W/m2 po 10 K razlike u temperaturi.
In the pilot offices the temperature difference can reach up to 7K in the cooling mode, and up to 14K in the heating mode. 
U pilot-uredima razlika je u temperaturi iznosila do 7 K u postupku hlađenja, tj. do 14 K u postupku grijanja.
Consequently, the power of the panels in the cooling mode can be as high as 63 W/m2, while in the heating mode it can raise up to 90 W/m2. 
Stoga je snaga panela u postupku hlađenja mogla iznositi čak i do 63 W/m2, dok je u postupku grijanja mogla dosezati i do 90 W/m2.
Indoor environment in retrofitted offices equipped with radiant ceiling panels 
Unutarnja okolina renoviranig ureda opremljenih stropnim isijavajućim pločama
Operating at relatively low heating temperatures in the heating season, and at relatively high cooling temperatures in the cooling season, this kind of system is considered to be highly energy efficient, and able to provide a good level of thermal comfort. 
Kako funkcionira pri relativno niskim temperaturama grijanja u sezoni grijanja, te pri relativno visokim temperaturama hlađenja u sezoni hlađenja, ovaj se sustav smatra izrazito energetski učinkovitim, te može pružiti visoku razinu toplinske ugode.
In the heating season, the air temperature of the rooms was set to 22 °C (with local adjustment of ±2 K). 
U sezoni grijanja temperatura zraka se u prostorijama namještala na 22 °C (s lokalnim korekcijama od ±2K).
The inlet temperature of the water for ceiling panels ranged from 35 °C to 38 °C in the heating mode, while the outlet temperature was by about 5K lower. 
Ulazna temperatura vode za stropne panele varirala je od 35 °C do 38 °C u postupku grijanja, dok je izlazna temperatura bila za otprilike 5 K niža.
The air temperature of the rooms was set to 24-25 °C in the cooling season (local adjustment of ±2K at room regulators). 
Temperatura zraka u prostorijama bila je namještena na 24-25 °C u sezoni hlađenja (lokalna korekcija od ±2 K na sobnom regulatoru).
The cooling was provided to the offices by cold water in the temperature range of 18-20 °C. 
Hlađenje prostorija provodilo se pomoću hladne vode u rasponu temperatura od 18-20 °C.
In the cooling mode, water temperatures in the ceiling panels were controlled very carefully to avoid the risk of condensation. 
U postupku hlađenja temperatura se vode u stropnim panelima brižljivo kontrolirala da ne dođe do kondenzacija.
This was achieved by an automatically controlled rise of the medium cooling temperature if the sensors detected a certain increase in the air humidity. 
To je postignuto automatskom kontrolom podizanja srednje temperature hlađenja čim bi senzori utvrdili određeni stupanj porasta vlage u zraku.
If a window was opened, the system would stop operating (only in the cooling mode). 
Sustav bi se isključio ako se ostavi otvoren prozor (samo u postupku hlađenja).
In the heating mode, the radiant ceiling system was running without interruption, with a night-time temperature (from 5 p.m. until 7 a.m.) reduced by 1K, and a weekend temperature reduced by 2 K. 
U postupku grijanja, stropni isijavajući sustav radio je bez prekida, s tim da se po noći (tj. od 5 sati poslijepodne do 7 ujutro) temperatura smanjivala za 1 K, a tijekom vikenda za 2K.
In the cooling mode, the system was running continuously with a temperature increase throughout the day depending on rise of the outdoor temperature (i.e. there is a linear temperature compensation depending on the outdoor temperature). 
U postupku hlađenja sustav je stalno radio uz porast temperature tijekom dana ovisno o porastu vanjske temperature (tj. provođena je linearna kompenzacija temperature ovisno o vanjskoj temperaturi).
With the relatively small night-time and weekend temperature reductions in the heating mode, the energy consumption was somewhat lower. 
Nešto niža potrošnja energije ostvarena je zbog relativno malog smanjenja temperature tijekom noći i vikendom u postupku grijanja.
It was possible to turn down the system completely during nights/weekends and start it the next morning (or Monday morning), but this would not considerably reduce the energy consumption. 
Postojala je i mogućnost potpunog isključenja sustava noću ili tijekom vikenda i aktiviranja sustava sljedećeg jutra (tj. u ponedjeljak ujutro), ali to ne bi bitno smanjilo potrošnju energije.
At the same time, the influence on the thermal comfort at the beginning of the working days/weeks would be significant. 
Istodobno bi takav postupak bitno utjecao na toplinsku ugodu korisnika na početku radog dana tj. tjedna.
The newly installed mechanical ventilation system was providing fresh, tempered air into the offices through channels and nozzles. 
Novoinstalirani sustav mehaničke ventilacije dovodio je svjež temperirani zrak u urede pomoću odgovarajućih kanala i mlaznica.
In offices 2 and 4, which had a larger volume, two inlets were integrated close to the partition wall, and two outlets close to the window area. 
U većim uredima 2 i 4, dva su ulaza smještena blizu pregradnog zida, dok se dva izlaza nalaze blizu zone prozora.
In Offices 1 and 3, smaller in volume, one inlet was installed close to the partition wall and one outlet close to the window area. 
U manjim uredima 1 i 3 jedan je ulaz instaliran u blizini pregradnog zida, a jedan izlaz pored zone prozora.
The ventilation air was always pretreated in the air conditioning unit (with a recuperation rate of 70-80 %) to the set temperature and humidity. 
Ventilacijom uneseni zrak uvijek je prethodno tretiran u klima-uređaju (sa stopom rekuperacije od 70-80 %) da bi se postigla zadana temperatura i količina vlage.
In the first half of 2013 (when the system started), the mechanical ventilation system operated during working hours only. 
U prvoj polovici 2013. godine (kada je sustav uveden), sustav mehaničke ventilacije bio je u pogonu samo u radno vrijeme.
After some complaints by occupants about the air quality, the system was set to run continuously, i.e. during the night as well. 
Nakon što su se korisnici počeli žaliti na kvalitetu zraka, odlučeno je da sustav radi kontinuirano, čak i po noći.
The energy efficient lighting was achieved via fluorescent dimming lamps. 
Energetski učinkovita rasvjeta postignuta je uvođenjem fluorescentnih lampi s podešavanjem jačine svjetla.
Manual switches were installed to switch the lights on, and to set the desired illuminance level. 
Instalirani su ručni prekidači kojima se palilo svjetlo i podešavala jačina rasvjete.
Each room was equipped with a sensor-controlled switch-off system. 
U svakoj je prostoriji instaliran senzorima kontroliran sustav za automatsko gašenje svjetla.
The HVAC system and room automation were managed by the building management system (BMS). 
Za upravljanje sustavom GVK i za automatizaciju prostora korišten je sustav upravljanja zgradama (engl.
BMS was also designed to enable data exchange between the data acquisition system, control system, automation stations, and the room automation elements. 
Sustav BMS također je omogućavao razmjenu podataka između sustava za prikupljanje podataka, kontrolnog sustava, stanica za automatizaciju i elemenata za automatizaciju procesa u prostorijama.
3. Analysis of measurement results 
3. Analiza izmjerenih rezultata
Time oscillations of indoor air temperatures 
Oscilacije temperatura unutarnjeg zraka
The system was regulated by room regulators placed on the inner office walls, which measured indoor air temperatures. 
Regulacija sustava obavljala se pomoću sobnih regulatora postavljenih na unutarnje zidove ureda, a oni su služili za mjerenje sobne temperature.
Air temperature measurements were performed at different heights of the offices in order to assess the air temperature distribution in the cooling and heating modes (including both, the panels and mechanical ventilation). 
Temperature zraka mjerene su na raznim visinama da bi se odredio raspored temperatura zraka u postupku hlađenja i u postupku grijanja (što uključuje i panele i mehaničku ventilaciju).
The range of air temperature oscillations and the radiant indoor temperature asymmetry received considerable attention. 
Posebno se brinulo o oscilacijama temperature zraka i asimetričnom rasporedu temperatura dobivenih isijavanjem.
Oscillations temperature in individual offices during heating and cooling 
Oscilacije temperatura u pojedinim uredima tijekom grijanja i hlađenja
Office 1 Office 2 Office 3 Office 4 
Ured 1 Ured 2 Ured 3 Ured 4
11th - 16th February 
Od 11. do 16. veljače
Daily max temperature oscillation [K] Daily max temperature difference during working hours [K] 
maksimalne dnevne oscilacije temperatura [K] maksimalna dnevna temperaturna razlika tijekom radnog vremena [K] 1,1
29th July - 3rd August 
Od 29. srpnja do 3. kolovoza
Maximum temperature oscillations of mean indoor air temperature calculated at sensors (V1-V5) at 5 levels 
Maksimalne oscilacije srednjih unutarnjih temperatura zraka zabilježene na senzorima (V1-V5) na 5 razina
There were no major daily temperature oscillations of mean indoor air temperatures in any of the four offices (Figure 3). 
zabilježene velike dnevne oscilacije srednjih temperatura zraka (slika 3.).
Mean daily air temperature oscillations between the highest and the lowest values were minimal. 
Razmatrano u rasponu od najviših do najnižih vrijednosti, srednje dnevne oscilacije temperatura zraka bile su minimalne.
Table 3 shows the maximum calculated mean daily air temperature oscillations in individual offices for representative heating and cooling weeks. 
Maksimalne izračunane srednje dnevne oscilacije temperatura zraka u pojedinim uredima prikazane su u tablici 3. za reprezentativne tjedne hlađenja tj. grijanja.
Vertical indoor air temperature differences 
Razlike vertikalnih unutarnjih temperatura zraka
The time-dependent temperature differences in the Office No. 4 for a typical heating working week in February 2013 (Figure 4. 
ovisne temperaturne razlike zabilježene u uredu 4 tijekom tipičnog radnog tjedna s uključenim grijanjem u veljači 2013. godine prikazane su na slici 4.
a), and for a typical cooling working week in July/August 2013 (Figure 4. 
a, dok su tijekom tipičnog radnog tjedna s hlađenjem u srpnju i kolovozu 2013. prikazane na slici 4.
b), are shown in Figure 4. 
b.
On an average, the temperature difference values never exceeded 0.8 K (heating period) and 0.3 K (cooling period) in the studied offices (Table 4). 
1. U prosjeku, temperaturne razlike u analiziranim uredima nikada nisu bile veće od 0,8 K (u sezoni grijanja), tj. 0,3 K (u sezoni hlađenja) (tablica 4.).
Mean hourly temperatures, Tm, of verticals (V1-V5) in relation to outdoor temperature measured for a) 10 days in winter; b) 10 days in summer 
Srednje satne temperature (Tm) vertikala (V1-V5) u odnosu na vanjsku temperaturu izmjerene za: a) 10 dana u zimi; b) za 10 dana u ljeti
Indoor air temperatures in cross-section of Office 4 at 6 a.m., 12 a.m., 6 p.m., and 12 p.m. for a: a) typical heating working week; b) typical cooling working week 
Temperature unutarnjeg zraka u presjeku ureda 4 u 6.00, 12.00, 18.00 i 24.00 sata za: a) tipični radni tjedan grijanja; b) tipični radni tjedan hlađenja
The measured air temperature difference between V1 (0.25 m) and V3 (1.20 m) above the floor of the offices was less than 0.5 K in the cooling mode, and less than 1.3 K in the heating mode. 
Izmjerena razlika u temperaturi zraka između V1 (0,25 m) i V3 (1,20 m) iznad poda u uredima bila je manja od 0,5 K u postupku hlađenja, tj. manja od 1,3 K u postupku grijanja.
According to SIST EN ISO 7730, the recommended value for the local thermal comfort level of the vertical air temperature difference, measured 0.1 m and 1.0 m above the floor level (sitting person), in the highest category, Category A, amounts to < 2 K [19]. 
Prema normi SIST EN ISO 7730, preporučena vrijednost lokalne toplinske ugode za vertikalnu razliku u temperaturi zraka, mjereno 0,1 m i 1,0 m iznad razine poda (osoba koja sjedi) iznosi < 2 K za najvišu kategoriju tj. kategoriju A [19].
Radiant indoor temperature asymmetry 
Asimetrično isijavanje topline u unutarnjem prostoru
Radiant temperature asymmetry in rooms can cause discomfort to room occupants. 
Osobe koje koriste prostoriju mogu osjećati neugodu zbog asimetričnog isijavanja topline u unutarnjim prostorima.
It is known that people are more sensitive to radiant asymmetry caused by warm ceiling than they are by cold ceiling [19]. 
Poznato je da su ljudi osjetljiviji na asimetrično isijavanje uzrokovano toplim stropom nego hladnim stropom [19].
Furthermore, temperature differences between the set temperatures and panel temperatures were much higher in heating conditions compared to cooling conditions. 
Osim toga, temperaturne razlike između zadanih temperatura i temperatura ploča bile su mnogo više u uvjetima grijanja nego u slučaju hlađenja.
The influence of panels operating in heating mode was therefore assessed in the course of this study. 
Stoga je u okviru ovog istraživanja ispitan i utjecaj panela korištenih u procesu grijanja.
Maximum indoor air temperature differences between the highest and the lowest temperature sensors, measured during the day in a typical heating working week, were observed early in the morning, around 6 a.m. (Figure 5) when the heating system started to operate. 
Maksimalne temperaturne razlike između najviše i najniže pozicioniranih senzora, izmjerene tijekom dana u tipičnom radnom tjednu u sezoni grijanja, zabilježene su oko 6 sati ujutro (slika 5.) kada bi sustav grijanja počeo raditi.
After 8 a.m., the system was rarely activated and the indoor air temperature differences were increasingly reduced, and thus quite uniform indoor air temperatures were registered. 
Sustav se rijetko aktivirao nakon 8 sati ujutro i temperaturne razlike u unutarnjim prostorima su se sve više smanjivale, pa su tako zabilježene poprilično jednolične unutarnje temperature zraka.
The ceiling temperatures, with ceiling panels activated (heating mode), were recorded with the professional IR camera Flir SC640. 
Temperature stropa u slučaju korištenja stropnih panela (postupak grijanja) zabilježene su pomoću profesionalne kamere s infracrvenim zračenjem tipa Flir SC640.
Thermographic images showed the expected temperature range of the heated panel surface and the concrete slab (Figure 6). 
Termografske slike pokazale su očekivani temperaturni raspon zagrijanih površina panela i betonske ploče (slika 6.).
The temperature analysis was performed for the worst-case scenario: panels operating at full heating power (in the morning) and with the highest inlet water temperature (38.6 °C). 
Analiza temperature obavljena je za najgori scenarij: kada paneli rade pri punoj snazi grijanja (ujutro) te pri najvišoj ulaznoj temperaturi vode (38,6 °C).
The average temperature, based on measured surface temperatures recorded with the IR camera, which included the entire ceiling surface (60 % panels, 40 % concrete slab), amounted to 27.7 °C. 
Prosječna temperatura bazirana na izmjerenim površinskim temperaturama zabilježenima pomoću kamere s infracrvenim zračenjem iznosila je 27,7 °C, a obuhvaćena je čitava površina stropa (60 % panela, 40 % betonske ploče).
The floor temperature measurements revealed floor temperatures of 22 °C, which resulted in a warm ceiling radiant temperature asymmetry of less than 7K, thus corresponding to Category C according to SIST EN ISO 7730 [19]. 
Mjerenjem temperature poda dobivena je vrijednost od 22 °C, što je dovelo do asimetrije u isijavanju topline na strop za manje od 7 K, a to odgovara kategoriji C prema normi SIST EN ISO 7730 [19].
Figure 6. a) screenshot of thermographic recording of activated ceiling panels in heating mode; b) photo of the same section 
Slika 6. a) Ekranski prikaz termografskog snimanja aktiviranih stropnih panela u postupku grijanja i b) fotografija istog dijela stropa
Operational performance of ceiling panels 
Radna učinkovitost stropnih panela
The thermal response of the ceiling panels managing system and of the panels themselves was very good. 
Toplinski odziv sustava za upravljanje stropnim panelima, isto kao i odziv samih panela, bio je jako dobar.
The panels reacted well to air temperature oscillations and provided the necessary heat or cold (according to heating/cooling mode) to the rooms. 
Paneli su dobro reagirali na oscilacije temperature zraka i u prostorije su unosili potrebnu toplinu ili hladnoću (ovisno o tome je li korišten sustav grijanja ili hlađenja).
The impacts on indoor air temperatures can, for instance, occur due to the occupants opening the windows, additional internal gains caused by devices, or due to solar gains, etc. An example of the relationship between the measured indoor air temperature (blue line), pre-set cooling temperature (violet line), and cooling capacity of panels (green line) is shown in Figure 7. 
Na unutarnju temperaturu zraka može na primjer utjecati otvaranje prozora, dodatni unutarnji dobici uslijed djelovanja uređaja, solarni dobici itd. Na slici 7. daje se primjer odnosa između izmjerene unutarnje temperature zraka (plava linija), unaprijed podešene temperature hlađenja (ljubičasta linija) i kapaciteta hlađenja panela (zelena linija).
By opening the window in the morning, the occupants could increase the air exchange rate between indoor and outdoor air and consequently lower the indoor air temperature. 
Ako ujutro otvore prozor, korisnici mogu povećati razmjenu unutarnjeg i vanjskog zraka te bitno smanjiti temperaturu unutarnjeg zraka.
Two typical situations can be 
Tablica 4.
Temperature T [°C] at: 
Temperatura T [°C] pri:
Temperature difference, max [K] 
Maksimalna temperaturna razlika [K]
Temperature difference, average [K] 
Prosječna temperaturna razlika [K]
seen in Figure 7: on 23rd April, the indoor air temperature was low enough (below the set temperature), and consequently the panels did not need to cool; on 24th April, the windows were not opened and the indoor air temperature exceeded the temperature set for cooling and, hence, the system started to cool. 
Na slici 7. vidimo dvije tipične situacije: 23. travnja unutarnja temperatura zraka bila je dovoljno niska (spustila se ispod zadane temperature) pa zato paneli nisu trebali hladiti; 24. travnja prozori nisu bili otvarani pa je unutarnja temperatura zraka bila viša od temperature na koju je bilo podešeno hlađenje, pa je stoga sustav počeo hladiti.
Thermal response of ceiling panel system to indoor air temperature oscillations due to window opening observed over two days during cooling season 
Toplinski odziv sustava stropnih ploča na oscilacije unutarnje temperature zraka zbog otvaranja prozora, zabilježeno tijekom dva dana za vrijeme sezone hlađenja
Heating and cooling energy consumption at pilot offices 
Potrošnja toplinske i rashladne energije u piloturedima
The heating/cooling ceiling panels of each office were equipped with calorimeters measuring the amount of energy delivered for the heating or cooling of a particular office. 
Stropni paneli za grijanje i hlađenje, koji su se nalazili u svakom od analiziranih ureda, bili su opremljeni kalorimetrima za mjerenje energije potrebne za grijanje tj. hlađenje uredskih prostorija.
The supporting mechanical ventilation system was designed to provide tempered air and thereby a part of the energy to the offices. 
U prostorijama se nalazio i dodatni ventilacijski sustav za temperiranje zraka, pa je i na taj način dobiven dio energije potrebne za urede.
The mechanical ventilation system inlets and outlets, provided in each room, were therefore equipped with electronic volume regulators and temperature sensors measuring the air temperature and air volume delivered to and extracted from the rooms. 
Ulazi u sustav i izlazi iz sustava za mehaničku ventilaciju, instalirani u svakoj prostoriji, bili su opremljeni elektronskim regulatorima volumena i temperaturnim senzorima za mjerenje temperature i volumena zraka koji se unosio u prostorije, tj. izbacivao iz prostorija.
In 2013, the total energy consumption for heating and cooling all four offices amounted to less than 4900 kWh/a. The consumed energy, calculated per area unit of the analysed office area, was 24 kWh/m2 for heating, and 21 kWh/m2 for cooling. 
U 2013. godini ukupna je potrošnja energije za grijanje i hlađenje sva četiri ureda iznosila manje od 4900 kWh/a. Potrošnja analiziranih ureda iskazana po jedinici površine iznosila je 24 kWh/m2 za grijanje, tj. 21 kWh/m2 za hlađenje.
The monthly consumption of energy for tempering the offices in 2013 is presented in Figure 8. 
Mjesečna potrošnja energije potrebne za temperiranje uredskih prostorija u 2013. godini prikazana je na slici 8.
As the offices were not identical, differing primarily in their equipment and occupancy, the investigation continued by assessing the consumption of heating and cooling energy in individual offices (Figure 9). 
Kako uredi nisu bili jednaki, tj. razlikovali su se najviše po opremi i namjeni, u nastavku istraživanja mjerena je i potrošnja toplinske i rashladne energije u svakom uredu (slika 9.).
This assessment was conducted considering the internal gains, which were based on the evaluation of recorded presence of employees, their estimated time of presence in the rooms, and their mainly sedentary 
Ocjena o tome dobivena je uzimajući u obzir interne dobitke koji su se bazirali na ocjeni zabilježene prisutnosti zaposlenika, njihovog vremena boravka u prostorijama te njihovim aktivnostima
activities [19], as well as on the electricity consumption measurements (see Table 5). 
koje su uglavnom bile sjedilačke [19], isto kao i na mjerenjima potrošnje električne energije (tablica 5.).
Internal gains per area unit of pilot offices in 2013 
Interni dobici po m2 pilot-ureda u 2013.
Heating and cooling energy released to pilot offices in 2013 
Energija potrebna za grijanje i hlađenje pilot-ureda u 2013.
Monthly presentation of heating and cooling energy consumption in 2013 per area unit of individual offices 
Mjesečni prikaz potrošnje energije za grijanje i hlađenje ureda u 2013., po jedinici površine
Observed periods 
Promatrana razdoblja
Internal gains [kWh/m2] 
Interni dobici [kWh/m2]
Heating period Cooling period 
Razdoblje grijanja 20,5
Građevinar 2/2016 
Razdoblje hlađenja 13,2
Once all planned measures and data have been included, the calculated energy losses were almost 60 kWh/m2a (71 % transmission, 29 % ventilation losses), while the energy gains were calculated as 35 kWh/m2a (35 % solar, 65 % internal gains). 
Nakon uključivanja svih planiranih mjera i podataka, izračunani gubici energije iznosili su gotovo 60 kWh/m2a (71 % prijenos, 29 % ventilacijski gubici), a izračunani dobici energije iznosili su 35 kWh/m2a (35 % solarni a 65 % interni dobici).
The total heating energy consumption after the retrofit was therefore estimated at 25 kWh/m2a. 
Stoga je procijenjeno da ukupna potrošnja energije grijanja nakon obnove iznosi 25 kWh/m2a.
The energy consumption before the retrofit was not measured. 
Potrošnja energije nije mjerena prije obnove.
It was calculated for the heating period only. 
Ta je potrošnja izračunana samo za razdoblje grijanja.
There was natural ventilation in the offices and the airtightness level was poor. 
U uredima se koristila prirodna ventilacija a stupanj zrakopropusnosti nije bio zadovoljavajući.