natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Normal exploitation force in column for some regulations, in kN 
Vrijednosti normalne sile u stupu prema pojedinim propisima izražene u kN
ACI 318-02 СНиП 2,04,01-84 Proposed procedure 
ACI 318-02 СНиП 2.04.01-84 Predloženi postupak
EC2 based on ECP [25] 
EC2 na osnovu ECP [25]
Proposed procedure 
Predloženi postupak
Measured 
Rezultati ispitivanja
However, here it should be noted that there is still room for improvement of the proposed method, as the influence of the percentage of reinforcement on the punching bearing capacity has not been considered in the experimental research. 
i ovdje treba imati na umu da postoji prostor za poboljšanje predloženog postupka, s obzirom na to da u provedenim eksperimentalnim istraživanjima nije razmatran utjecaj postotka armiranja na nosivost temelja na proboj.
The results would be even more accurate it this parameter were introduced. 
Njegovim uvođenjem dobili bi se pouzdaniji rezultati.
7. Final remarks and conclusions 
7. Zaključak
Based on the analysis presented in the paper, it can be concluded that all current regulations give conservative results, and that the most rational result is provided by EC 2, when the procedure proposed in the ECP is used [25]. 
Na osnovi provedene analize može se zaključiti da svi sadašnji propisi daju konzervativne rezultate, a među njima je najracionalniji EC 2 uz upotrebu postupka predloženog u ECP [25].
The results clearly point to the need for improvement - corrections to existing regulations - because the footing bearing capacity values based on these regulations are significantly underestimated, and so the actual coefficients Fss go up to 7,55. 
Rezultati jasno upućuju na potrebu unapređenja - korigiranja postojećih propisa jer su u njima određene vrijednosti nosivosti temelja značajno podcijenjene, pa su vrijednosti stvarnih koeficijenata sigurnosti Fss dobiveni čak do 7,55.
The impact of various parameters used in the calculation of punching capacity of footings must therefore be reexamined, and the stress concentration factor must be introduced into the calculation. 
Zbog toga je potrebno preispitati utjecaj pojedinih parametara u proračunu nosivosti temelja na proboj i uvesti u proračun koeficijent koncentracije napona.
The necessity of introducing this parameter in the punching calculation is further evidenced by the measurement of contact pressures in this and in previous experiments. 
Nužnost uvođenja ovog parametra u proračun proboja je nesporna što pokazuju mjerenja kontaktnih pritisaka u ovom ekperimentu kao i u prijašnjima.
The number of footings tested on real soil is too small to formulate general conclusions. 
Broj ispitivanih temelja na realnom tlu je mali da bi se formulirali opći zaključci.
Therefore, a more detailed parametric study must be conducted to determine the influence of the stress concentration factor and other parameters that are introduced in calculation of the punching bearing capacity of footings. 
Zato bi bilo potrebno provesti detaljnije parametarske studije o utjecaju koeficijenta koncentracije i ostalih parametara koji se uvode u proračun nosivosti na proboj temelja.
This opens an ample space for further experimental research in this area. 
To ostavlja širok prostor za daljnja eksperimentalna istraživanja u ovom smjeru.
Following the analysis of tests presented in available literature, it is proposed that an approximate angle of 45° be adopted for punching through the footing. 
Uzimanjem u obzir procjene pokusa iz literature predloženo je da se aproksimativno može usvojiti da je kut loma kroz temeljnu ploču oko 450.
In paper [3] the authors conclude that the density of sand does not affect distribution of contact stresses under the footing, and that the adoption of their uniform distribution provides a sufficient safety against column punching through footing. 
U radu [3] zaključeno je da zbijenost pijeska ne utječe na raspodjelu kontaktnih naprezanja ispod temelja i da usvajanje njihove ravnomjerne raspodjele osigurava dovoljnu sigurnost od proboja stupa kroz ploču temelja.
A probabilistic approach to punching analysis is adopted in some studies. 
Tako je vjerojatnost loma AB ploče temelja samca proučena
Since in practice the safety factor 3 is used for load, it is recommended that this factor be increased to 4 so that the probability of column punching through the plate can be less than 1,35 x 10-3. 
Budući da se u praksi koristi koeficijent sigurnosti za nosivost 3, preporučeno je da on bude povećan na 4 kako bi vjerojatnost loma (proboja) stupa kroz ploču bila manja od 1.35x10-3.
The stress concentration factor Fc depends on the effective depth of the footing, and it is higher for lower effective depth values, and vice versa. 
Koeficijent koncentracije naprezanja Fc ovisi o statičkoj visini temelja i veći je za temelje manje statičke visine, i obratno.
This factor is also dependent on the intensity of the applied force, and it tends to increase as the punching load is approached. 
Taj koeficijent ovisi i o veličini primijenjene sile pa je utoliko veći ukoliko se približavamo sili loma.
It is also dependent on the type of soil. 
Također, on ovisi i o vrsti tla.
Although the experiment was conducted on the gravel subgrade, it would also be appropriate to find out how the factor Fc changes when other subgrade types are used: sand, silt and clay. 
U ovom radu pokus je proveden rađen na podlozi od šljunka, ali bi trebalo istražiti kako se koeficijent Fc mijenja kada su u pitanju ostale vrste podloge: pijesak, prašina i glina.
A larger number of experiments should be conducted on gravel subgrade so that the values of this factor could be considered relevant. 
Svakako bi i na podlozi od šljunka trebalo napraviti veći broj eksperimenata kako bi dobivene vrijednosti ovog koeficijenta bile mjerodavne.
Therefore, a larger number of experiments and appropriate analyses should be made in order to determine the value of this factor with greater accuracy. 
Dakle, radi određivanja preciznije vrijednosti ovog koeficijenta potrebno je napraviti veći broj eksperimenata i odgovarajućih analiza.
It is only then that adequate values of parameters for different soil types and different footing characteristics would be obtained, and these values could then be used in the design process. 
Tek nakon toga mogle bi se odrediti mjerodavne vrijednosti ovog parametra za različite vrste tla i različite karakteristike temelja koje bi se kasnije mogle koristiti pri projektiranju.
This parameter is not further analysed in this paper; it is in fact given as an arithmetic mean obtained on the tested footings. 
U ovom radu nije detaljnije analiziran taj parametar već je on dan kao aritmetička sredina dobivena na ispitivanim temeljima.
Theoretical models should be developed in further research, but with verification based on experimental results. 
U daljnjim istraživanjima potrebno je razviti teorijske modele, ali uz verifikaciju na osnovi rezultata eksperimentalnih istraživanja.
The study of plates with a small shear span ratio is of special interest. 
Posebno je važno ispitivanje ploča s malim odnosom raspona posmika i visine.
The application of high strength concrete in foundations involves examination of impact of the concrete compressive strength at punching [30]. 
Primjena betona visokih čvrstoća u temeljima iziskuje ispitivanje utjecaja njihove tlačne čvrstoće na ponašanje pri proboju [30].
The authors extend their thanks to professor Verka Prolović, professor Dragan Lukic, and Nebojsa Davidovic M.Sc., for their valuable assistance during experimental research conducted in the scope of the paper [18]. 
Autori rada zahvaljuju profesorima Verki Prolović i Draganu Lukiću i magistru Nebojši Davidoviću na svesrdnoj pomoći tijekom eksperimentalnih istraživanja u okviru rada [18].
The paper is the result of research conducted within projects TR 36028 and TR 36048, as financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. 
Rad je nastao kao rezultat istraživanja na projektima TR 36028 i TR 36048 koje financira Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije.
[18] Bonić, Z.: A contribution to the failure calculation theory by punching shear of column footings resting on deformable subgrade soil, PhD thesis, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Niš, Serbia, 2011, p. 182 (in Serbian). 
[7] Sacramento, P.V.P, Ferreira, M.P., Oliveira, D.R.C., Melo, G.S.S.A.: Punching strength of reinforced concrete flat slabs without
[19] ACI Committee 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) and Commentary (318R-02). 
shear reinforcement, IBRACON Estruturas e Materials, Vol. 5,
Cement & Concrete Composites 24, 2002, p. 509-521. 
under Concentrated Loads.
[22] Eurocode 2 (EN 1992): Design of Concrete Structures, Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, Brussels, 2004, 226 pp. 
Proboj temelja samaca - usporedba proračuna i eksperimenta [9] Hegger, J., Ricker, M., Sheriff, A.G.: Punching strength of
[23] SNiP 2.03.01-84: Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Structures 
reinforced concrete footings, ACI Structural Journal, September
Design Codes, Moscow, 1985, 77 pp. (in Russian). 
October 2009, p. 706-716.
M.: 
L.:
Journal of Advanced Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, February 2008, pp. 
Transverse Reinforcement, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 106, No.
[29] Lu, W.Y.: Failure probabilities of reinforced concrete column 
4, July-August, 2009, p. 485-494.
footings, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, Vol. 29, 
[17] fib (International Federation for Structural Concrete)-Model
N0. 4, 2006, pp. 733-739. 
Code 2010-Draft, Bulletins 55 and 56, 2010.
[6] Hallgren, M., Kinnunen, S., Nylander, B.: Punching shear tests on column footings, Nordic Concrete Research 21(1), 1998, p.1-24. 
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2002, 443 pp. [20] Theodorakopoulos, D.D., Swamy, R.N.: Ultimate punching shear strength analysis of slab-column connections.
under Concentrated Loads. 
Design Codes, Moscow, 1985, 77 pp. (in Russian).
Research and Development Bulletin 
[24] CEB -FIP Model Code 1990.
D47, Illinois, 1913. 
Comite Euro-International du beton,
[11] Staller, M.A.: Analytical studies and numerical analysis of punching shear failure in reinforced concrete slabs, 
[28] Hamada, S., Yang, Q., Mao, M.: Evaluation of punching shear strength of reinforced concrete slabs based on database,
Int. Workshop on Punching Shear Capacity of RC Slabs, Stockholm 
Journal of Advanced Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, February 2008, pp.
[16] Fernadez, R.M., Muttoni, A.: Applications of the critical shear crack theory to punching of Reinforced Concrete Slabs with 
[30] Ozden, S., Ersoy, U., Ozturan, T.: Punching shear tests of normaland high-strength concrete flat plates.
Models for estimating uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus 
Modeli za procjenu jednoosne tlačne čvrstoće i modula elastičnosti
University of Zagreb 
Zlatko Briševac, dipl. ing. rud.
Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering zlatko.brisevac@rgn.hr 
Sveučilište u Zagrebu Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet zlatko.brisevac@rgn.hr
Prof. Petar Hrženjak, PhD. Min. 
Petar Hrženjak, dipl. ing. rud.
Renato Buljan, PhD. Geol. 
Renato Buljan, dipl. ing. geol.
Croatian Geological Surveyt renato.buljan@hgi-cgs.hr 
Hrvatski geološki institut renato.buljan@hgi-cgs.hr
Key words: estimation, uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus, intact rock material 
Ključne riječi: procjena, jednoosna tlačna čvrstoća, Yangov modul elastičnosti, intaktni stijenski materijal
Modeli za procjenu jednoosne tlačne čvrstoće i modula elastičnosti 
Models for estimating uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus
U ovom radu ukratko je izložen pregled najznačajnijih metoda za procjenu jednoosne tlačne čvrstoće i Yangovog modula elastičnosti intaktnog stijenskog materijala koje su nastale u okviru mnogobrojnih istraživanja. 
The most significant methods for estimating the uniaxial compressive strength and Young's modulus of intact rock material, formulated in the scope of numerous previous studies, are briefly presented in the paper.
Iznesen je prijedlog podjele metoda prema kojemu se one u osnovi mogu podijeliti na jednostavne i složene metode. 
The proposal for classification of these methods, according to which they can generally be divided into simple and complex methods, is also presented.
Jednostavne metode uključuju različite dijagrame i tablice te primjenu jednadžbi jednostruke regresije, a složene metode uključuju primjene jednadžbi višestruke regresije, modela neizrazite logike, neuronskih mreža, evolucijskog programiranja i regresijskog stabla. 
Simple methods include various diagrams and tables and the use of simple regression equations, while complex methods comprise the use of multiple regression equations, fuzzy logic models, neural networks, evolutionary programming, and regression trees.
Ključne riječi: procjena, jednoosna tlačna čvrstoća, Yangov modul elastičnosti, intaktni stijenski materijal 
Key words: estimation, uniaxial compressive strength, Young's modulus, intact rock material
At that, and in addition to the density of materials, one of the most often defined properties is the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and the Young's modulus of elasticity (E). 
Pri tome je, uz gustoću materijala, jedna od najodređivanijih značajki upravo jednoosna tlačna čvrstoća (UCS), a zatim i Youngov modul elastičnosti (E).
However, it often occurs that samples of the dimensions required for laboratory testing can not be extracted from such materials. 
Međutim, čest je slučaj da iz takvih sredina nije moguće pripremiti uzorke odgovarajućih dimenzija za provedbu laboratorijskih ispitivanja.
That is why the need arose already at early stages of development of rock mechanics to determine the correlation of various physicomechanical properties of materials, so that one property can be estimated based of the value of another one. 
Zbog toga se već u samim počecima razvoja mehanike stijena pojavila potreba za utvrđivanjem međuovisnosti između različitih fizikalno-mehaničkih značajki materijala kako bi se mogla provesti procjena jedne značajke na temelju vrijednosti druge.
These interdependencies have proven to be very useful in preliminary stages of the planning and design activities. 
Te međuovisnosti pokazale su se vrlo korisnima u preliminarnim fazama planiranja i projektiranja.
2. Estimate models 
2. Modeli procjene
Tables and diagrams 
Tablice i dijagrami
The strength index determined by point load test can assist in this estimate. 
Dijagram međuovisnosti UCS s gustoćom poroznosti i brzinom prolaska ultrazvučnih valova za vapnence, [2]
Field identification 
Terenska identifikacija
Rock types 
Primjeri
> 10 Specimen can only be pull apart by a geological hammer 
> 10 Komad materijala je moguće otkinuti jedino uz pomoć geološkog čekića.
fresh basalt, chert, diabase, gneiss, granite, and quartzite 
svježi bazalt, čert, dijabaz, gnajs, granit, kvarc
amphibiolite, sandstone, basalt, gabbro, gneiss, granodiorite, limestone, marble, rhyolite, and tuff 
anfibolit, pješčenjak, bazalt, gabro, gnajs, tuf, grandiorit, peridotit, riolit
limestone, marble, sandstone, and schist 
vapnenac, mramor, pješčenjak, škriljavac
Medium strong rock 25 - 50 1 - 2 
Srednje čvrsta
Cannot be scraped or peeled with a pocket knife; specimen can be fractured with a single firm blow of a geological hammer. 
Materijal se ne može zagrepsti ili ljuštiti džepnim nožićem, jedino ga je moguće razlomiti jednim udarcem geološkog čekića.
phyllite, schist, siltstone 
filit, škriljavac, prahovnjak
Weak rock 5 - 25 
Slaba
Can be peeled by a pocket knife with difficulty; shallow indentations made by firm blow with a point of geological hammer. 
Materijal se može ljuštiti džepnim nožem, a čvrstim udarcem vrhom geološkog čekića nastaju plitke udubine.
chalk, rock salt, claystone, marl, siltstone, schist 
kreda, glinjak, lapor, prahovnjak, škriljavac, kamena sol
Weak rok 
Vrlo slaba
- Crumbles under firm blows with point of geological hammer; can be peeled by pocket knife 
- Materijal se mrvi uslijed jakog udarca geološkim čekićem, može ga se ljuštiti džepnim nožem.
highly weathered or altered rock, schist 
jako istrošene ili alterirane stijene, škriljavac
Extremely weak rock 0,25 - 1 
Ekstremno slaba
- Indented by thumbnail. 
- Materijal se može grepsti i udubljivati noktom.
stiff fault gouge 
tvrda ispuna diskontinuiteta
UCS - uniaxial compressive strength [MPa]; IS(50) - strength index [MPa] 
UCS - jednoosna tlačna čvrstoća [MPa]; IS(50) - indeks čvrstoće [MPa]
Determination of uniaxial compressive strength by hand held accessories 
Procjena vrijednosti jednoosne tlačne čvrstoće priručnim pokusom
Figure 2 UCS to E ratio, [3] 
Dijagram međuovisnost E sa UCS, [3]
Schmidt hardness and UCS ratio, [4] 
Dijagram međuovisnosti između Schmidtove tvrdoće i UCS, [4]
The diagram published in Miller's dissertation [4] (Figure 3) can be used to estimate the UCS value of intact rock based on the Schmidt hardness (SRH) and unit weight of rock, regardless of rock type that is being tested. 
Dijagramom (slika 3.) objavljenim u Millerovoj disertaciji [4] može se obaviti procjena UCS intaktne stijene na temelju Schmidtove tvrdoće (SRH) i jedinične težine stijene bez obzira na vrstu stijene koja se ispituje.
Simple regression equations 
Jednadžbe jednostruke regresije
Simple regression equations comprise relations defined for the estimation of UCS and E values as dependent variables based on the tested value of another property that constitutes an independent variable. 
U jednadžbe jednostruke regresije ubrajaju se utvrđene relacije za procjenu vrijednosti UCS i E kao zavisnih varijabli na osnovi ispitane vrijednosti neke druge značajke koja predstavlja nezavisnu varijablu.
Uniaxial regression equations with porosity 
Jednadžbe jednostruke regresije s poroznosti
Simple regression equations with strength index 
Jednadžbe jednostruke regresije s indeksom čvrstoće
Equation 
Jednadžba
Type of rock Authors 
Vrsta stijene Autori
UCS = 183 - 16,55 n granite 
UCS = 183 - 16,55 n granit
Turgul and Zarif, 1999. 
Turgul i Zarif, 1999.
UCS = 195,0 e -0,21 n 
Tugrul, 2004.
[10] UCS - unconfined compressive strength [MPa]; E - elastic modulus [GPa]; n - porosity [%] 
UCS - jednoosna tlačna čvrstoća [MPa]; E - modul elastičnosti [GPa]; n - poroznost [%]
Type of rock 
Vrsta stijene Autori
D'Andrea, and ost., 
D'Andrea, i ost.,
sedimentary rocks 
sedimentne stijene
UCS = (20 to 25) IS(50) 
UCS = (20 do 25) IS(50)
all rocks 
sve stijene
weak rocks 
slabe stijene
limestone, sandstone, marl 
vapnenac, lapor. vapnenac, pješčenjak, lapor
UCS = 24,8 IS(50) - 39,6 rocks with n < 1 %Kahraman and ost., 
UCS = 24,8 IS(50) - 39,6 stijene s n<1% Kahraman i ost.,
UCS = 10,2 IS(50) + 23,4 rocks with n > 1 % UCS = 10,58 IS(50) 
UCS = 10,2 IS(50) + 23,4 stijene s n>1% UCS = 10,58 IS(50)
Tsallas and ost., 
Tsallas i ost.,
igneous rocks 
magmatske stijena
metamorphic rocks 
metamorfne stijene
UCS - unconfined compressive strength ([MPa]; IS(50) - strength index [MPa] 
UCS - jednoosna tlačna čvrstoća ([MPa]; IS(50) - indeks čvrstoće [MPa]
The determination of strength index IS(50) by point load test is an index test that has been developing from the very start for the very purpose of estimating the UCS value, so that there are many papers in which the corresponding equations are published. 
Određivanje indeksa čvrstoće IS(50) postupkom opterećenja u točki indeksno je ispitivanje koje se od početka razvijalo upravo radi procjene UCS, tako da postoje brojni radovi u kojima su objavljene jednadžbe s tom svrhom.
The most significant equations for estimating the UCS value of various rocks similar to those found in Croatia are presented in Table 3. 
U tablici 3. prikazane su najznačajnije jednadžbe kojima se procjenjuju vrijednosti UCS različitih stijena koje su slične onima u Hrvatskoj.
It should be noted with regard to Table 3 that exponential equations are more accurate than linear-form equations for almost all rock types, except for metamorphic rocks where linear equation has proven to be slightly more accurate [18]. 
Vezano uz tablicu 3. važno je naglasiti kako su eksponencijalne jednadžbe točnije od linearnog oblika jednadžbi za gotovo sve vrste stijena, osim metamorfnih stijena kod kojih se linearna jednadžba pokazala malo točnijom [18].
Other than the strength index, the hardness of materials determined by Schmidt hammer has also often been used in these estimations. 
Osim indeksa čvrstoće, veliku primjenu u procjenama našla je tvrdoća materijala koja se određuje pomoću Schmidtovog čekića.
Local experience in the UCS and E estimation [19], gained during intensive motorway infrastructure development in Croatia, when 518 boreholes over 7000 m in total length were analysed, reveal that the dependence between the UCS and Schmidt hardness greatly deviates in [4, 20, 21] from correlations presented in this paper. 
Domaća iskustva u istraživanju UCS i E [19] provedena za vrijeme intenzivne infrastrukturne izgradnje mreže autocesta u Hrvatskoj, kada je analizirano 518 bušotina ukupne duljine jezgrovanja preko 7000 m, pokazuju kako međuovisnosti UCS sa Schmidtovom tvrdoćom značajno odstupaju od korelacijskih odnosa koji su ovdje prikazani prema radovima [4, 20, 21].
Simple regression equations with Schmidt hardness 
Jednadžbe jednostruke regresije sa Schmidtovom tvrdoćom
Simple regression equations with P-wave velocities 
Jednadžbe jednostruke regresije s brzinom prolaska P-vala
Simple regression equations that were used to estimate the UCS and E values were linear and nonlinear in form. 
Nelinearni oblici poput jednadžbe opće potencije ili eksponencijalne jednadžbe pokazali su bolju uspješnost procjene.
It was established that better estimates were obtained with nonlinear forms such as general power equations or exponential equations. 
Valja naglasiti kako se u znanstvenim radovima modeli jednostruke regresije često ocjenjuju preko koeficijenta korelacije i/ili koeficijentom determinacije.
It should be noted that simple regression models are often evaluated in research papers through correlation coefficients and/or coefficients of determination. 
U nekim radovima ističu se gotovo idealne vrijednosti pa koeficijent determinacije za E iznosi čak 0,99 [21], a 0,98 za UCS [22].
Almost ideal values have been obtained by some authors, and so the coefficients of determination for E and UCS amount to as much as 0.99 [21] and 0.98 [22], respectively. 
To može zavarati jer bi upotreba rigoroznije metode ocjene poput prilagođenog koeficijenta determinacije (engl. adjusted R-squared), korijena srednje kvadratne pogreške (engl.
Practical usability of a model where complex sample preparation is required for the independent variable determination, such as in VP determination, is questionable. 
Upitna je praktična iskoristivost modela gdje određivanje nezavisne varijable zahtijeva složenu pripremu uzoraka, kako je to slučaj s određivanjem vP.
Multiple regression equations 
Jednadžbe višestruke regresije
The multiple linear regression is generally presented with equation (1): 
Općenito uzevši, višestruka linearna regresija predstavlja se izrazom (1)
where is: Y 
gdje je Y
- dependent variable X1, X2, …, Xk - independent variables 
- zavisna varijabla X1, X2, …, Xk - nezavisne varijable
- denotes contribution of the independent variable Xi 
- određuje doprinos nezavisne varijable Xi
- random error [27]. 
- slučajna pogreška [27].
Models presented below are the models made for rock material similar to that prevailing in Croatia, and the UCS estimation is given in MPa, while E is determined in GPa. 
U nastavku su predstavljeni modeli koji su načinjeni za stijenski materijal sličan onome u Hrvatskoj te daju procjenu UCS u MPa, a E u GPa.
Thus Alvarez Grimaa and Babuška [28] prepared a multiple regression model (2) based on test results for materials classified as sandstones, limestones, dolomites, granites, and granodiorites. 
Tako su Alvarez Grimaa i Babuška [28] izradili višestruki regresijski model (2) na temelju rezultata ispitivanja materijala koji su pripadali pješčenjacima, vapnencima, dolomitima, granitima i grandioritima.
The multiple regression model is presented as follows: 
Višestruki regresijski model dan je izrazom:
where is: 
gdje je: