natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
It is understandable that the productivity decreases with an increase in height at which concrete is placed, and that pump age, its relocation, and the fact that concrete plant simultaneously serves other construction sites as well, leads to interruptions and hence results in lower productivity. 
Logično je da se povećanjem visine na kojoj se izvodi ugrađivanje betona smanjuje produktivnost, kao i da starost autopumpe, njeno premještanje i ako betonara istovremno isporučuje beton za druga gradilišta dolazi do zastoja i smanjenja produktivnosti.
Based on the obtained model (2), it can be concluded that the following variables have a higher impact on the change of productivity: slab thickness, pump relocation, availability of concrete plant and slab type. 
Na osnovi dobivenog modela (2) može se zaključiti da veći utjecaj na promjenu produktivnosti imaju varijable: debljina ploče, premještanje autopumpe, raspoloživost betonare i vrsta ploče.
If all other variables are kept constant, and the slab thickness is increased by 10 cm, the productivity will decrease by 1,73 m3/h. 
Ako sve ostale varijable imaju konstantne vrijednosti, a debljina ploče se poveća za 10 cm, produktivnost se smanjuje za 1,73 m3/h.
This is not an expected impact because concrete placing into elements with a higher quantity of concrete per unit of measurement - m3, should be shorter, and thus lead to higher productivity. 
Ovo nije očekivani utjecaj, s obzirom na to da bi ugrađivanje betona u elemente s većom količinom betona po jedinici mjere (m3) trebalo imati kraće trajanje i veću produktivnost.
However, this could be due to the fact that the high-thickness slabs (thicker than 20 
Svako premještanje autopumpe smanjuje produktivnost za približno 3 m3/h, odnosno, ako se izvodi betoniranje AB pune ploče
If VIF>10 the multi-collinearity problem is present [19]. 
Poslije prvog koraka backward regresijom su određeni parametri modela za procjenu produktivnosti (tablica 3.).
It is assumed that number of workers variable has no impact, because the working gang was always formed with an appropriate, sufficient number of workers for the process, i.e. there were no interruptions and productivity decrease for these reasons. 
Varijabla domet pumpe nije statistički značajna zbog činjenice što domet pumpe na pojedinim dijelovima ploče nije bio dovoljan, pa se pumpa morala premještati ili su umetnuti nastavci pomoću gumenih crijeva što nije značajno utjecalo na produktivnost.
Also, practical performance of concrete plant and slab type with beams did not have any impact on the change in productivity. 
U tablici 4. prikazani su regresijski koeficijenti, a matematički oblik modela prikazan je pomoću izraza (2).
The final model has ten independent variables and it amounts to: 
gdje izraz Pprog označava prognoziranu produktivnost (m3/h).
Model P parameters (final model) Source 
Parametri modela P (konačan model) Izvor
Standard error 
Standardna pogreška
cm) were not concreted in 15 cm thick layers, as stipulated in standards, so that the filling and vibrating time was longer. 
bez greda, produktivnost je veća za približno 4,7 m3/h, a ako betonara u isto vrijeme opskrbljuje i druga gradilišta, produktivnost se smanjuje za 4,5 m3/h, itd.
A high value of this coefficient points to a good quality of the model. 
Taj koeficijent ima prilično visoku vrijednost, što pokazuje na zadovoljavajuću kvalitetu modela.
A higher coefficient of determination means a higher capacity of the model to explain the regression function and to predict the dependent variable with greater accuracy. 
Veći koeficijent determinacije označava veće značenje modela u objašnjavanju regresijske funkcije i preciznije predviđanje zavisne promjenjive varijable.
In the same table, the value of the Durbin-Watson statistic, DW=1,733 confirms that the requirement of non-existing autocorrelation has been fulfilled. 
U istoj tablici, vrijednost statistike Durbin-Watson, DW = 1,733 potvrđuje ispunjen uvjet o nepostojanju autokorelacije.
The DW statistic value ranges between 0 and 4, with 2 as the median value. 
Vrijednost statistike DW je u granicama od 0 do 4.
If the value is around 2 or lower, there is no linear connection between any two terms εi and εj [19]. 
Ako je ta vrijednost 2 ili manja, to znači da ne postoji linearna veza između bilo koja dva člana εi i εj [19].
Evaluation of model P quality 
Ocjena kvalitete modela P
In order to justify the use of regression equation for prediction, it should be determined whether the explaining variables are important for behaviour of the dependent variable. 
Da bi primjena regresijske jednadžbe bila opravdana prilikom procjene, treba utvrditi jesu li objašnjavajuće promjenjive varijable značajne za ponašanje zavisne promjenjive varijable.
The F-test is used in this testing: if F > Fkr, the coefficients are different from the basic hypothesis, which is renounced and an alternative hypothesis is accepted. 
Za to se ispitivanje koristi F-test: ako je F > Fkr, koeficijenti su različiti od nule, odbacuje se nulta hipoteza i prihvaća alternativna hipoteza.
The agreement of the achieved productivity values and the values predicted based on the proposed model is shown in diagram presented in Figure 1. 
Na dijagramu (slika 1.) prikazano je slaganje ostvarenih vrijednosti produktivnosti i procijenjenih vrijednosti na temelju predloženog modela.
The dispersion diagram shows that most of the points are situated around the straight line 1:1 (fitted line) within the confidence interval of 95 %. 
Dijagram raspršenosti pokazuje da se većina točki nalazi oko pravca nagiba 1:1 (eng.
It can be observed that 
Fitted line) u okviru intervala povjerenja od 95 posto.
only three points are outside the range, or in border areas, which amounts to only 3,8 % of the total number of points. 
Može se uočiti da su samo tri točke izvan ili na granici, što čini samo 3,8 posto od ukupnog broja točki.
Agreement of achieved and predicted concreting process productivity values 
Raspodjela ostvarene i procijenjene produktivnosti betoniranja
If it is assumed that the variance is constant is true, then residuals have a normal distribution. 
Ako je točna pretpostavka da je varijacija konstantna, tada reziduali imaju normalnu raspodjelu.
For the formed model, the standardized residuals of predicted productivity form a random distribution, which is confirmed by the diagram in Figure 2. 
Za predloženi model standardizirani reziduali prognozirane produktivnosti oblikuju slučajan raspored, što potvrđuje dijagram na slici 2.
Standardized residuals of model P 
Standardizirani reziduali modela P
Model for predicting duration of concreting process 
Model za prognoziranje trajanja betoniranja
The analysis was conducted in the same way as for the model for predicting productivity (model P), and a new model was 
Na isti način kao i za model za prognoziranje produktivnosti (model P), provedena je analiza i izrađen model za procjenu trajanja betoniranja ploča (model T).
Sum of squares 
Prilagođeni R2 MSE RMSE DW
Mean squares 
Izvor
Model 
Zbroj kvadrata
Error Corrected Total 
Pr > F
Table 6. 
Model
Građevinar 7/2017 
Pogreška Ispravljeno ukupno
After three steps, the backward regression yielded a model shown in expression (3). 
Regresijski model za procjenu produktivnosti betoniranja armiranobetonskih ploča
where Tprog means the predicted time of concreting (h). 
gdje Tprog označava procjenjeno vrijeme betoniranja (h).
The coefficient of determination R2 amounts to 0.943 which means that 94.3 % of variability of the dependent variable T is explained with the proposed ten independent variables. 
Koeficijent determinacije R2 iznosi 0,943, što znači da je 94,3 posto varijabinosti zavisne promjenjive varijable T objašnjeno s predloženih deset nezavisnih promjenjivih varijabli.
The F-test statistics (F=111.266) indicates that the use of the proposed model in the prediction of concreting duration is justified. 
Statistika F-testa (F = 111,266) pokazuje opravdanost primjene predloženog modela za procjenu trajanja betoniranja.
Figure 3 shows agreement of the achieved and predicted concreting duration values based on the proposed model. 
Na slici 3. prikazano je slaganje ostvarenog i procijenjenog trajanja betoniranja na osnovi predloženog modela.
Agreement of achieved and predicted concreting duration values 
Raspodjela ostvarenog i procijenjenog trajanja betoniranja
6. Discussion of proposed models 
6. Rasprava o predloženim modelima
The variable of practical performance of concrete plant occurs in model T, but is not included in model P. The values of determination coefficients R2 are quite high, which confirms the quality of the model. 
Varijabla praktični učinak betonare se pojavljuje kod modela T, a ne pojavljuje kod modela P. Koeficijenti determinacije R2 imaju dosta visoke vrijednosti što pokazuje na kvalitetu modela.
Even though the determination coefficient for model T is higher, the higher percentage of mean absolute error has been registered. 
Iako je koeficijent determinacije za model T veći, javlja se veći postotak srednje apsolutne pogreške.
Achieved and predicted concreting process productivity values 
Ostvarena i procijenjena produktivnost betoniranja
Achieved and predicted concreting process duration values 
Ostvareno i procijenjeno trajanje betoniranja
The recorded concreting processes were divided into seven groups according to productivity, as follows: up to 10, 10-15; 15-20; 20-25; 25-30; 30-35, and in excess of 35 m3/h. 
Snimljeni procesi betoniranja podijeljeni su u sedam grupa prema ostvarenoj produktivnosti i to: procesi s ostvarenom produktivnošću do 10, 10-15; 15-20; 20-25; 25-30; 30-35 i više od 35 m3/h.
Absolute errors were divided into four groups: up to 10; 10-25; 25-50 and in excess of 50 %. 
Apsolutne pogreške su podijeljene u četiri grupe: do 10; 10-25; 25-50 i više od 50 posto.
It was established that 62 % of the results have an absolute productivity prediction error of less than 10 %, i.e. 95 % of all results were predicted with an error of up to 25 %. 
Istraživanje je pokazalo da 62 posto rezultata ima apsolutnu pogrešku pri procjeni produktivnosti manju od 10 posto, odnosno 95 posto svih rezultata je procijenjeno s pogreškom do 25 posto.
Higher deviations occurred in only 5 % of the results, with an error of up to 50 %. 
Veća odstupanja javila su se u samo 5 posto rezultata i to s pogreškom do 50 posto.
There were no errors higher than 50 % between the achieved and predicted productivity results. 
Pogreške između ostvarene i procijenjenje produktivnosti veće od 50 posto nisu zabilježene.
On this basis, it 
Građevinar 7/2017
Histogram of productivity achieved according to APE 
Histogram ostvarene produktivnosti prema APE
Thus, the recorded concreting processes were classified into four groups according to duration: up to 4 h; 4-8 h; 8-12 h, and in excess of 12 h. 
Snimljeni procesi betoniranja podijeljeni su u četiri grupe prema ostvarenom trajanju i to: procesi s trajanjem do 4; 4-8; 8-12 i s trajanjem dužim od 12 sati.
Absolute percentage errors were classified into four groups: up to 10 %; 10-25 %; 25-50 %, and in excess of 50 %. 
Apsolutne pogreške su podijeljene u četiri grupe: do 10; 10-25; 25-50 i više od 50 posto.
Histogram of duration according to APE 
Histogram ostvarenog trajanja prema APE
The model T yields better results for concreting lasting in excess of 4 hours. 
Model T daje bolje rezultate za betoniranja koja traju dulje od 4 sata.
All the errors over 25 % occurred in the cases when concreting lasted less than 4 hours. 
Sve pogreške veće od 25 posto pojavile su se u slučaju kada je trajanje betoniranja kraće od 4 sata.
The model quality analysis was performed in relation to the quantity of concrete. 
Provedena je analiza kvalitete modela u odnosu na količine betona.
For that purpose, the percentage error (PE) was calculated so as to easier assess the quantity of concrete for which productivity (duration) was overestimated 
U tom cilju radi lakšeg razmatranja količina betona za koje je precijenjenja ili podcijenjena produktivnost (trajanje) izačunana je postotna pogreška PE (eng.
or underestimated. 
Percentage Error).
For instance, concreting was slower due to unfinished formwork or reinforcement, or due to poor batch of concrete that had to be returned to the concrete plant. 
Zabilježen je proces sporog betoniranja zbog nedovršene oplate, armature ili lošeg betona.
The productivity with the positive PE value of +28,79 % occurred in the case when concreting was performed during snowfall. 
Produktivnost s pozitivnim PE = +28,79 posto se javila u slučaju betoniranja po snijegu.
Since weather conditions were not taken into consideration during regression analysis here, obviously, the impact of snow had a positive effect on productivity: the work was faster as efforts were made to complete the work sooner than under usual circumstances. 
Budući da vremenski uvjeti nisu uzeti u obzir u regresijskoj analizi, ovdje je utjecaj snijega očito imao pozitivan utjecaj na produktivnost, rad je bio brži kako bi se prije završio cijeli proces.
In addition, Figure 8 also shows that small deviations between the achieved and predicted productivities occurred in case of larger quantities of concrete, especially for quantities in excess of 100 
Na slici 8, također se može vidjeti da se javljaju manja odstupanja između ostvarenih i procijenjenih produktivnosti za veće količine betona, prije svega za količine čije vrijednosti prelaze 100 m3.
This model is also better in predicting duration for larger quantities of concrete, in excess of 100 m3. 
Taj je model bolji u procjeni trajanja za veće količine betona (više od 100 m3).
It was established that productivity of the concreting process is higher for larger quantities of concrete, in excess of 200 m3. 
Za veće količine betona (više od 200 m3) ostvarene su veće produktivnosti betoniranja.
This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the work is taken more seriously in case of larger concreting operations, since they take a longer time to finish. 
To se može objasniti činjenicom da je za veće količine radova, budući da je potrebno i duže vrijeme, radi se ozbiljnije, betonara priprema beton samo za određeno gradilište, stoga je i smanjeno vrijeme čekanja betona.
In addition, the concrete plant makes concrete for the designated construction site only, and so the time spent in waiting for the concrete is shorter. 
Zbog dužeg očekivanog vremena, rad je brži, bez zastoja i radi bržeg završetka, produktivnost je veća.
Because the work is expected to last longer, the actual work is faster, without interruptions, as the effort is made to finish the work sooner, which increases the productivity. 
Također, veća produktivnost se može postići zbog činjenice da se tijekom dužeg trajanja betoniranja mogu nadoknaditi neka manja, pojedinačna kašnjenja i druga ometanja, koja bi se mogla pojaviti tijekom dužeg radnog procesa.
Also, higher productivity can be achieved due to the fact that some smaller individual delays and other disruptions can be compensated for during the protracted working process. 
Predloženi modeli za procjenu produktivnosti procesa betoniranja (model P) i procjenu trajanja betoniranja (model T) mogu biti korisni alati u fazi planiranja radova.
These models allow a more accurate prediction of activity duration during concreting works, which enables a more efficient management and guidance of the concreting process. 
U radu su prikazani i argumentirani predloženi regresijski modeli za procjenu produktivnosti i trajanja betoniranja armiranobetonskih ploča pomoću autopumpi za beton.
Both models were found satisfactory, based on criteria investigated to analyse their quality. 
Može se zaključiti to da model T ima blagu prednost
It can be said that model T has a mild advantage for implementation because, due to a slightly higher determination coefficient, R2 and F statistics, it is considered to be more representative. 
u odnosu na model P, jer ima veći koeficijent determinacije, R2 i F statistikom je reprezentativniji.
Model P exhibits a better prediction capability for productivities higher than 20 m3/h, i.e. while model T is favoured for durations in excess of 4 hours. 
Model P se pokazao pouzdanijim za produktivnosti veće od 20 m3/h, odnosno model T za trajanja dulja od 4 sata.
As to the quantity of concrete, model P exhibits a better prediction power (smaller deviations) when the quantities exceed 100 m3 but, in case of higher quantities, the predicted values are mostly underestimated. 
U odnosu na količine betona, bolja pouzdanost procjene (manja odstupanja) modela P je zabilježena za količine betona veće od 100 m3, ali za veće količine procijenjene vrijednosti su uglavnom podcijenjene.
With regard to the quantity of concrete, model T also provides better results for quantities in excess of 100 m3, while for higher quantities it mostly predicts longer durations than the achieved ones. 
Model T, s obzirom na količinu betona, također daje bolje rezultate za količine veće od 100 m3, a za veće količine uglavnom procjenjuje duža trajanja od ostvarenih.
This can be explained by the fact that a bigger quantity requires a longer time, and so the organization of the process is better, and there are less interruptions and unnecessary losses. 
To se može objasniti time da veća količina zahtijeva i duže vrijeme, pa je organizacija procesa bolja i manje je zastoja i nepotrebnih gubitaka.
The proposed models can be useful in the planning phase, as they enable a more accurate prediction of activity duration when performing concreting works. 
Predloženi modeli mogu biti korisni u fazi planiranja i omogućiti točniju procjenu trajanja aktivnosti pri izvođenju betonskih radova.
By predicting productivity and duration of concreting, one can improve the decision making, the work flow, and the concreting process management, all aimed at increasing productivity, shortening concreting time, and reducing costs. 
Procjenom produktivnosti i trajanja betoniranja utječe se na donošenje odluka, procjenu tijeka radova i bolje upravljanje procesom betoniranja s ciljem povećanja produktivnosti, skraćenja trajanja i smanjenja troškova.
The recommendations for further research can involve a sample increase by including a greater number of construction sites, and the existing database expansion by measuring at construction sites in multiple cities, as some characteristics of the contractors and concrete makers registered in a certain area can have a certain effect on the results. 
Preporuke za daljnja istraživanja mogu biti vezana za povećanje uzoraka uključivanjem većeg broja gradilišta, kao i proširenje baze podataka rezultatima mjerenja na gradilištima u više gradova s obzirom na to da neke karakteristike izvođača radova i proizvođača betona koji se pojavljuju na određenom području mogu imati određeni utjecaj na rezultate.
Simultaneously, process recording both in the concrete plant and at construction site would allow a more realistic analysis of the entire process. 
Istovremeno snimanje procesa u betonari i na gradilištu omogućilo bi realniji pristup cjelokupnom procesu.
Inclusion of new variables, their analysis, and testing of their impact, could also contribute to the production of a model that can predict productivity with a greater accuracy. 
Uključivanje novih varijabli, analiza i ispitivanje njihovog utjecaja, također bi moglo pridonijeti izradi modela s boljom preciznošću za prognoziranje produktivnosti.
Also, the research can be expanded to other concreting technologies, such as, transport of concrete by crane. 
Osim toga, istraživanje se može proširiti na neke druge tehnologije betoniranja, kao što je na primjer prijenos betona dizalicom.
Impact of speed limit method on motorway safety 
Utjecaj primjene metode ograničenja brzine na sigurnost autocesta
Ključne riječi: motorway safety, road network, performance, simulation, VISSIM, SSAM 
Ključne riječi: sigurnost autocesta, cestovna mreža, učinkovitost, simulacija, VISSIM, SSAM
Utjecaj primjene metode ograničenja brzine na sigurnost autocesta 
Impact of speed limit method on motorway safety
U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja primjene različitih metoda ograničenja brzine: jednolike, diferencijalne i metode pojedinačnog prometnog traka. 
Results obtained during the study of various speed limit methods, including uniform, differential, and lane-based methods, are presented in this paper.
Rezultati pokazuju da metoda LBSL ima 20 % bolje rezultate od ostalih metoda s obzirom na kriterij sigurnosti, no za kriterij prometne učinkovitosti rezultati su 16 % slabiji od rezultata ostalih metoda. 
The results show that the LBSL strategy is by 20 % better than other methods when safety is considered, while its traffic performance is by almost 16 % lower compared to other methods.
Štoviše, rezultati pokazuju da su zbog smanjenja dopuštene brzine sa 130 km/h na 100 km/h, prometni pokazatelji lošiji za 19 %, no sigurnost autoceste je povećana 20 %. 
The results also show that traffic performance decreases approximately by 19 %, but safety increases roughly by 20 %, if the speed limit is reduced from 130 km/h to 100 km/h.
Ključne riječi: sigurnost autocesta, cestovna mreža, učinkovitost, simulacija, VISSIM, SSAM 
Ključne riječi: motorway safety, road network, performance, simulation, VISSIM, SSAM
Mostafa Adresi, PhD 
Doktorand Mostafa Adresi, dipl.ing.građ.
University of Science and Technology, Tehran Faculty of Civil Engineering ali.baghalishahi@yahoo.com 
Sveučilište za znanost i tehnologiju, Teheran Građevinski fakultet ali.baghalishahi@yahoo.com
Tarbiat Modares University 
Maryam Zeini, dipl.ing.građ.
Abolfazl Khishdari, PhD student 
Abolfazl Khishdari, student
Yazd University, Yazd Department of Civil Engineering abolfazl_khishdari@yahoo.com 
Sveučilište Yazd, Yazd Građevinski fakultet abolfazl_khishdari@yahoo.com
The terms road safety and road network performance play a crucial role in each and every kind of road. 
Sigurnost ceste i kvaliteta odvijanja prometnog toka ključni su faktori za bilo koju vrstu prometnica.
The assurance of transportation safety has become even more important with an increase in road facilities such as freeways, and with rapid development in transportation technologies. 
Zbog povećane izgradnje prometnica, prije svega autocesta te ubrzanog razvoja tehnologije transporta, sigurnost prometa je postala vrlo važan čimbenik.
Due to high cost of accidents, speed limits and related strategies have become important topics, particularly when regarded as factors affecting safety. 
S obzirom na visoke troškove prometnih nesreća, ograničenje brzine i s tim povezane metode postali su nezaobilazne teme i faktori koji utječu na sigurnost cesta.
A number of researchers, such as Evans [1] and Elvik [2], claim that speed is the single most contributing factor affecting the frequency and severity of highway accidents. 
Brojni su istraživači, poput Evansa [1] i Elvika [2], tvrdili da je brzina najvažniji faktor koji utječe na učestalost i težinu nesreća na autocestama.
In the USL strategy, all vehicles regardless of their type (light and heavy), have the same speed limit, whereas in the DSL strategy, different vehicles have different speed limits. 
Prema USL metodi, sva vozila bez obzira na vrstu (lagana ili teška), imaju isto ograničenje brzine dok u DSL strategiji, svaka vrsta vozila ima posebno ograničenje brzine.
Naturally, the speed limit for heavy vehicles is lower than that for light vehicles (Figure 1). 
Naravno, ograničenje brzine za teška vozila je manje nego za osobna vozila (slika 1.).
Lane based speed limit (LBSL), expressed in km/h 
Ograničenje brzine prema prometnim trakovima (LBSL metoda), brzine su izražene u km/h
The DSL normally sets the maximum speeds for trucks in such a way that they are by about 10-15 km/h lower than the speed limits for cars in the same conditions. 
U DSL strategiji maksimalna brzina kamiona je 10 do 15 km/h manja nego za automobile u istim uvjetima.
Another speed limit strategy, totally different and known as the lane-based speed limit (LBSL), is practiced in 
Stoga su ove metode ograničenja brzine okarakterizirane kao metode temeljene na vrsti vozila (eng. vehicle based - VB strategies).
some countries, like Iran. 
Postoji još jedna metoda