natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In this way the outflow side remains mainly closed, irrespective of the asymmetry that such a solution might create in the currency market (a possible structural excess in the supply of foreign currency), while functioning in a liberalised environment has been deferred to the moment when such liberalisation will be irreversible. 
Ovako odljevna strana ostaje i dalje uglavnom zatvorena, bez obzira na asimetriju koju takvo rješenje može stvoriti na deviznom tržištu (mogući strukturni višak ponude deviza), a funkcioniranje u liberaliziranom okruženju odgođeno je do trenutka kada će takva liberalizacija biti nepovratna.
We are perhaps missing a chance to get ready now for the total liberalisation that awaits us on entry into the EU. 
Možda propuštamo priliku da se pripremimo za potpunu liberalizaciju koja nas očekuje pri ulasku u EU.
Croatia can be satisfied with its tempo of convergence on the EU to do with the narrowly defined monetary indicators: inflation, interest rates and exchange rate. 
Hrvatska može biti zadovoljna tempom približavanja EU kada je riječ o usko definiranim monetarnim pokazateljima: inflaciji, kamatnim stopama i tečaju.
However, there is ground for concern in the indicators of the financial deficit that takes us essentially away from EU standards. 
Međutim, zabrinjavaju pokazatelji fiskalnoga deficita koji nas bitno udaljavaju od EU normi.
The structure of the banking system, which is seen in interest margins and in the internationalisation of the ownership structure, is very suitable for EU accession, and this evaluation can also be applied to the other financial services providers, which are integrated into the systems of international financial conglomerates. 
Struktura bankovnoga sustava, koja se očituje kamatnim maržama i internacionaliziranom vlasničkom strukturom, vrlo je povoljna za pridruživanje EU, a takva se ocjena proširuje i na ostale financijske posrednike koji su integrirani u sustave međunarodnih financijskih konglomerata.
Nevertheless, the share market is worrying undeveloped in Croatia, and can in the long run be a serious developmental handicap which will limit the competitiveness of the Croatian economy in the EU. 
Međutim, tržište dioničkog kapitala u Hrvatskoj ostaje zabrinjavajuće nerazvijeno, što se dugoročno može pokazati ozbiljnim razvojnim nedostatkom koji će ograničiti konkurentnost hrvatskoga gospodarstva u EU.
For this reason the creators of economic policy must undertake urgent actions in this area. 
Stoga kreatori ekonomske politike moraju poduzeti hitne akcije na tom području.
In this area a minimum of progress has been recorded since the emergence from the former Yugoslavia, and the draft of the new foreign currency law has let slip the opportunity for convergence with EU standards. 
Na tom je području zabilježen minimalan napredak još od izlaska iz bivše Jugoslavije, a prijedlogom novoga Zakona o deviznom poslovanju propuštena je prilika za konvergenciju prema standardima EU.
The economic and financial systems will have gradually to adapt themselves to functioning in a liberalised environment. 
Ekonomski i financijski sustavi moraju se postupno prilagođavati funkcioniranju u liberaliziranom okruženju.
The retention of restrictive regulations to the last moment marks this area as the key area of vulnerability on the way to the EU. 
Zadržavanje restriktivnih pravila do zadnjega trenutka obilježava to područje kao ključno područje ranjivosti na putu prema EU.
• Make use of the introduction of Basel II for the adjustment of byelaws and regulations governing banking operations to the standards of the EU. 
• Iskoristiti uvođenje standarda Basel II. radi što boljeg usklađenja podzakonskih akata i propisa koji uređuju bankovno poslovanje s normama EU.
• Continue to affirm the independence of the central bank as an incontestable standard, and resist any unnecessary attempt to encroach upon it with the aim of diminishing central bank independence. 
• Dalje afirmirati neovisnost središnje banke kao neupitnu normu i suzdržavati se od svakog nepotrebnog pokušaja zadiranja u nju s ciljem smanjenja neovisnosti središnje banke.
• Essentially step up the activities of the Republic of Croatia Securities Commission in the area of the European action plan for financial services and the introduction of international standards into the funds industry (GIPS, for example, the Global Investment Performance Standard). 
• Bitno povećati aktivnost Komisije za vrijednosne papire Republike Hrvatske na području praćenja europskog Akcijskog plana za financijske usluge i uvođenja međunarodnih standarda u industriju fondova (npr. GIPS - Global Investment Performance Standard).
• Design and implement measure for a more rapid development of the share capital market. 
• Osmisliti i provesti mjere za brži razvoj tržišta dioničkog kapitala.
• Liberalise international capital flows, while retaining the possibility to restrict them in exceptional crisis conditions, instead of the current conception, according to which actual restrictions on international capital flows are retained. 
• Liberalizirati međunarodne tokove kapitala, uz zadržavanje mogućnosti njihove restrikcije u iznimnim kriznim uvjetima, umjesto sadašnje koncepcije, prema kojoj se zadržavaju ograničenja međunarodnim tokovima kapitala.
Chapter 4 
Poglavlje 4.
COMPARISON AND HARMONISATION OF THE CROATIAN TAX SYSTEM WITH THE TAX SYSTEMS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 
USPOREDBA I USKLAĐIVANJE HRVATSKOGA POREZNOG SUSTAVA S POREZNIM SUSTAVIMA EUROPSKE UNIJE
Faculty of Law Zagreb 
Pravni fakultet Zagreb
This paper analyses the EU tax system and its main components qua conditions for the accession of the Croatia to the European Union as well as the current degree of adjustment of Croatian taxation regulations with the corresponding regulations in the EU. 
U radu su analizirani porezni sustav EU i njegove glavne sastavnice kao uvjeti za pristup Hrvatske Uniji te sadašnje stanje usklađenosti hrvatskih poreznih propisa s odgovarajućim propisima EU.
As a result of this analysis, proposals for further procedures on the part of the creators of taxation policy in Croatia are made. 
Na temelju analize formulirani su prijedlozi za daljnje postupanje kreatora porezne politike u Hrvatskoj.
After the tax reforms started in the 1990s, after the achievement of independence, the Croatian tax system was comparable with the tax systems of EU member countries. 
Hrvatski je porezni sustav nakon reformi započetih u 90-ima, nakon osamostaljenja RH, usporediv s poreznim sustavima članica EU.
All the essential taxes correspond conceptually to the same kinds of taxes in EU countries. 
Svi bitni porezi koncepcijski odgovaraju istovrsnim porezima u zemljama EU.
However, there is still space for further adjustment, above all in connection with value added tax, and it is desirable that this should be carried out as soon as possible. 
Prostora za prilagodbe, međutim, još ima, prije svega poreza na dodanu vrijednost, a poželjno ih je provesti što prije.
However, adjustments in the area of profit tax and adjustments of some rates of excise duties should be put off until the moment when they will have to be done for the sake of joining the Union, because the maintenance of the current situation, which is not in line with the provisions of European regulations, but nevertheless not in contravention of general rules regulating the area of taxation, is in the interests of Croatia. 
Međutim, usklađenja na području poreza na dobit, te usklađenja nekih stopa trošarina treba odgoditi do trenutka kad će se ona radi pristupa Uniji morati izvršiti jer je održanje sadašnjeg stanja, neusuglašenog s odredbama europskih propisa, ali ne i suprotnoga općim pravilima reguliranja na području poreza, u interesu Hrvatske.
In the area of the taxation of income no adjustment or coordination is needed, for members are allowed to settle the taxation of income in their countries independently, as long as the fundamental principles of the single market are not threatened (the free movement of goods, people, services and capital). 
Na području oporezivanja dohotka nije potrebno usklađivanje ni koordinacija nego je prepušteno članicama da oporezivanje dohotka neovisno uređuju u svojim zemljama, ali da pri tome ne ugrožavaju temeljna načela zajedničkog tržišta (slobodno kretanje dobara, ljudi, usluga i kapitala).
European Union, Croatia, taxes, profit tax, income tax, value added tax, excise duties, adjustment, harmonisation 
Europska unija, Hrvatska, porezi, porez na dobit, porez na dohodak, porez na dodanu vrijednost, trošarina, usklađivanje
From its outset, the EU has been founded on the four freedoms, as they are called, the free movement of people, goods, services and capital, essential conditions for the existence and successful operation of the united European economic area. 
Od svog nastanka Europska unija (EU) zasnovana je na tzv. četiri slobode - slobodi kretanja ljudi, dobara, usluga i kapitala - kao bitnim uvjetima postojanja i uspješnog djelovanja jedinstvenoga europskog ekonomskog prostora.
For this reason the basic tasks of the taxation policy of the EU in recent years have been tightly connected with the development of the internal market, the reinforcement of monetary union and economic integration. 
Stoga su osnovni zadaci porezne politike EU posljednjih godina usko vezani za razvoj unutarnjeg tržišta, jačanje monetarne unije i ekonomske integracije.
As far back as the early 1990s, the regulation of the internal market led to a definition of the legal framework for the area of indirect taxes (value added tax and excise duties) while in the area of direct taxes (income and profit tax) no legal background was clearly defined. 
Reguliranjem unutarnjeg tržišta već ranih 1990-ih godina određen je pravni okvir za područje izravnih poreza (za porez na dodanu vrijednost i trošarine) dok za područje neizravnih poreza (porez na dohodak i porez na dobit) nije jasno određena pravna podloga.
For the improvement of the coordination and harmonisation of tax policy among the member countries, in 1997 the basic directions of tax policies were set out (COM (97) 495); these should encourage the stabilisation of member states' tax revenues, the obviation of difficulties in the functioning of the internal market, employment. 
Radi poboljšanja koordinacije i usklađivanja porezne politike između zemalja članica, 1997. detaljnije se utvrđuju osnovni smjerovi porezne politike (COM (97) 495) koji trebaju poticati stabilizaciju poreznih prihoda zemalja članica, uklanjanje teškoća u funkcioniranju unutarnjeg tržišta, zapošljavanje.
However, the disparateness of tax systems was a constant roadblock in the way of full accomplishment of these objectives, the solution of which has to be attained via continued harmonisation of the tax systems of the member countries. 
Međutim, različitosti poreznih sustava bile su stalna prepreka punom ostvarenju tih ciljeva, čije se rješenje treba ostvariti kontinuiranim usklađivanjem poreznih sustava zemalja članica.
It has turned out, however, that this kind of harmonisation is very difficult to achieve in the area of taxation as a whole. 
Pokazalo se, međutim, da je takvo usklađenje vrlo teško postići na području oporezivanja u cjelini.
Nevertheless, fairly significant results in the harmonisation of the diverse systems have been obtained in the area of indirect taxes. 
Ipak, znatniji rezultati u usklađivanju različitih sustava ostvareni su na području neizravnih poreza.
Within the framework of direct taxes, the effects have been much weaker. 
Unutar izravnih poreza učinci su znatno slabiji.
Certain aspects in the area of the taxation of income are not anyway subject to harmonisation and every member has the discretionary right to regulate it in its own way, while certain results have been obtained in the area of profit tax. 
Određeni aspekti na području oporezivanje dohotka i nisu predmetom harmonizacije te svaka članica ima diskrecijsko pravo vlastitog reguliranja, dok su određeni rezultati postignuti na području poreza na dobit.
The legal instruments for harmonisation among the members in the area of taxation are the directives. 
Pravni instrument usklađivanja na području oporezivanja među članicama jesu smjernice.
They are used to prescribe the settlement of certain relations, and members are obliged to put into their legislation provisions through which to achieve the objectives defined in the directives can be attained. 
Njima se propisuje uređenje određenih odnosa, a članice su obvezne u svoja zakonodavstva unijeti odredbe kojima se postižu ciljevi određeni smjernicama.
In the process of the approach to fully-fledged EU membership, Croatia should harmonise its legislation with that of the EU. 
Hrvatska bi trebala u procesu približavanja punopravnome članstvu EU uskladiti svoje zakonodavstvo sa zakonodavstvom EU.
For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to sketch out, in the most important lines, what happened in the 1990s with the tax systems of the EU, to what extent Croatia has already made adjustments to these changes, and what remains to be done. 
Stoga je namjena ovog rada u najvažnijim crtama prikazati što se 1990-ih godina događalo s poreznim sustavima EU, kako se Hrvatska prilagodila tim promjenama i što se još treba napraviti.
This work is composed of six parts. 
Rad je sastavljen od šest dijelova.
After the introduction, in the second part the situation and trends in taxation in the EU and in Croatia are presented, in the third profit tax is discussed, in the fourth VAT, in the fifth excise duties, and the sixth part offers conclusions and recommendations. 
Nakon uvoda, u drugom se dijelu prikazuju stanje i trendovi u oporezivanju u EU i u Hrvatskoj, u trećem se obrađuje porez na dobit, u četvrtom PDV, u petom trošarine, a u šestom se nude zaključci i preporuke.
TAXATION IN THE EU AND IN CROATIA: 
OPOREZIVANJE U EU I HRVATSKOJ:
THE CURRENT SITUATION AND THE TRENDS 
STANJE I TRENDOVI
Tax revenue as a percentage of GDP 
Udio poreznih prihoda u BDP-u
The objective of this paper is to offer a general overview of the basic trends of development and the current state of the tax systems of EU members. 
Cilj je ovog dijela rada pružiti opći uvid u osnovne trendove razvoja i u trenutačno stanje poreznih sustava članica EU.
For example tax revenue collected rose from 39% of GDP in 1990 to almost 42% of GDP in 1999 (Table 1). 
Prikupljeni porezni prihodi, primjerice, rastu s 39% BDP-a u 1990. na gotovo 42% BDP-a u 1999. godine (tabl.
Also mentioned as causes for this increase are a rise in the interest rates, which means outgoings for the public debt, increased governmental aid for government owned corporations and the implementation of major public infrastructure projects (Joumard, 2001: 7). 
Kao razlozi povećanja poreza spominju se i porast javnog duga, pojačana državna pomoć državnim trgovačkim društvima te provođenje velikih javnih infrastrukturnih radova (Joumard, 2001:7).
As against the clear picture of growth of total tax revenue as percentage of GDP in the EU countries, a glance at Graph 1 will not give a simple answer to the question about what was happening at the same time with total tax revenues as a percentage of GDP in Croatia. 
Nasuprot jasnoj slici porasta ukupnih poreznih prihoda kao postotka BDP-a u zemljama EU, pogled na sliku 1. ne daje jednoznačan odgovor na pitanje što se istodobno događalo s udjelom ukupnih poreznih prihoda u BDP-u u Hrvatskoj.
It is clear only that there was a large jump in the growth of tax revenue as percentage of GDP in 1998, when VAT was introduced. 
Jasno je samo da porast udjela poreza u BDP-u bilježi velik skok 1998. godine, kada je uveden PDV.
The introduction of VAT, that is, because of the expansion of the tax base and the reduction of tax evasion, led to a relatively large rise in the tax revenue expressed as a proportion of GDP. 
Naime, uvođenje PDV-a zbog proširenja porezne osnovice i smanjenja porezne evazije, dovelo je do relativno velikog rasta udjela poreznih prihoda u BDP-u.
From 1994 to 1999, tax revenues in Croatia came on average to about 44.3% of GDP. 
Od 1994. do 1999. godine porezni su prihodi u Hrvatskoj prosječno iznosili 44,3% BDP-a.
After a comparison of data for Croatia with equivalent data for the EU it can be said that throughout the whole of the period up to 1999, the total tax burden was greater in Croatia than in the countries of the EU. 
Nakon usporedbe podataka za Hrvatsku s odgovarajućim podacima za EU može se reći da je u cijelom razdoblju do 1999. godine ukupni porezni teret u Hrvatskoj bio veći nego u zemljama EU.
Tax structure 
Porezna struktura
Messere (1997) states that in most industrial countries at the end of the 1980s and at the beginning of the 1990s, tax policy was mainly redirected from the taxation of income and profit to the taxation of consumption. 
Messere (1997) navodi kako se u većini industrijskih zemalja potkraj 1980-ih i početkom 1990-ih godina porezna politika uglavnom preusmjerila s oporezivanja dohotka i dobiti na oporezivanje potrošnje.
For this reason a comparison of Croatia with the countries of the EU and the OECD, shown clearly in Graph 2, demonstrates that Croatia too is keeping up with this trend. 
Stoga usporedba Hrvatske sa zemljama EU i OECD-a, što je slikovito prikazano slikom 2, pokazuje da i Hrvatska prati navedeni trend.
In Croatia much less revenue is collected from income tax and profit tax and much more from sales tax. 
U Hrvatskoj se ubire mnogo manje prihoda od poreza na dohodak i poreza na dobit, a mnogo više od poreza na promet.
For example, in 1999 Croatia collected as much as 18.5% of GDP from turnover tax, and only 7.6% of GDP from income and profit tax. 
Primjerice Hrvatska 1999. godine ubire čak 18,5% BDP porezom na promet, a samo 7,6% BDP-a porezom na dobit i dohodak.
It does not fit in with the trend towards redirecting taxation towards consumption only because Croatia collects the greatest amount via contributions: 13.6% of GDP in 1999 as against 11.4% in the EU in 1998. 
Međutim problem je što Hrvatska, za razliku od navedenih zemlja, ubire velik postotak BDP-a doprinosima: 13,6% 1999. godine nasuprot 11,4% u EU 1998. godine.
But from the beginning of the implementation of reforms in retirement and healthcare insurance, it is expected that obligatory contributions as share of GDP will start to fall (Kesner-Škreb, Kuliš, 2001). 
S početkom provedbe mirovinske i zdravstvene reforme očekuje se da će se udio obveznih doprinosa u BDP-u početi smanjivati (Kesner-Škreb, Kuliš, 2001).
Income tax 
Porez na dohodak
The results of reducing the highest rates of income tax and the reduction of the number of brackets in the taxation of natural persons in 2002 are shown in Table 2. 
Rezultati sniženja najviših stopa poreza na dohodak te smanjenja broja razreda pri oporezivanju dohotka fizičkih osoba u 2002. godini prikazani su u tablici 2.
The same table shows what the situation was in Croatia in 2002. 
Ista tablica pokazuje i kakvo je bilo stanje u Hrvatskoj 2002. godine.
Since a basic objective of the EU is the longterm reduction of the tax burden (European Commission, 2002b: 25), and in comparison with the unweighted average of EU countries Croatia has the lowest maximum rate of tax on income and the smallest number of tax brackets, it may be concluded that the rates and the number of income tax brackets in Croatia are thus harmonised with the aims of the EU. 
Kako je osnovni cilj EU dugoročno smanjenje poreznog tereta (European Commision, 2002b:25), a u odnosu prema neponderiranom prosjeku zemalja EU Hrvatska ima nižu najvišu stopu poreza na dohodak te manji broj poreznih razreda, može se zaključiti da su stope i broj poreznih razreda poreza na dohodak u Hrvatskoj u skladu s ciljevima EU.
Profit tax 
Porez na dobit
Messere (1998) says that in the 1990s a broadening of the tax base was seen in the area of profit tax. 
Messere (1998) navodi kako je 1990-ih u EU i na području poreza na dobit zamijećeno širenje porezne osnovice.
The reason for this was in the abolition and reduction of the number of tax incentives, and the reduction of the basic rate of profit tax in most of the EU countries. 
Razlog tome su ukidanja i smanjenja pojedinih poreznih poticaja, te smanjenja osnovne stope poreza na dobit.
In the short period in which the new tax system has existed, from 1994 until the present day, the profit tax rate has been reduced in Croatia, from 35 to 20%. 
U kratkom razdoblju postojanja novoga poreznog sustava, od 1994. godine do danas, i u Hrvatskoj su smanjene stope poreza na dobit (s 35 na 20%).
From Table 3 it can be seen that in 2002 only Ireland within the EU had a lower rate of profit tax than Croatia. 
Iz tablice 3. razvidno je i da 2002. godine samo Irska u EU ima nižu stopu poreza na dobit od Hrvatske.
Since the basic objective of the EU is the long-term reduction of the tax burden, it would seem that, at least as far as the rate of profit tax is concerned, Croatia has achieved this objective better than most countries in the EU, and even before becoming a member. 
Budući da je osnovni cilj EU dugoročno smanjenje poreznog tereta, čini se da je taj cilj, barem kad je riječ o stopi poreza na dobit, Hrvatska ostvarila bolje od većine zemalja EU i prije nego je postala njezinom članicom.
Value added tax 
Porez na dodanu vrijednost
During the 1990s there was a practically universal increase in the standard rates of VAT (Messere, 1998). 
Tijekom 1990-ih gotovo se univerzalno povisuje standardna stopa PDV-a (Messere, 1998).
VAT was introduced in Croatia in 1998 and there has been no change in the amount of the standard rate. 
PDV je u Hrvatskoj uveden 1998. godine te promjena u visini standardne stope nije bilo.
However, there were changes in zero rate taxation (Ott et al., 2001). 
Međutim, bilo je promjena u oporezivanju nultom stopom (Ott i sur.
Table 4 shows that in 2002 the standard rate of VAT in Croatia (22%) was greater than the unweighted average for the 15 countries of the EU (19.47%). 
Tablica 4. pokazuje da je 2002. godine standardna stopa PDV-a u Hrvatskoj (22%) veća od neponderiranog prosjeka za 15 zemalja EU (19,47%).
In conclusion, it can be stated that in the period from 1994 to 1999 the total tax burden in Croatia was greater than in the countries of the EU. 
Zaključno se može utvrditi da je u razdoblju od 1994. do 1999. godine ukupan porezni teret u Hrvatskoj veći nego u zemljama EU.
For this reason it needs reducing, through reductions in contributions, which were greater in Croatia than the OECD countries. 
Dakle, trebalo bi ga smanjiti i to smanjenjem doprinosa, koji su u Hrvatskoj veći nego u EU ili u zemljama OECD-a.
In the area of income tax and profit tax, the Croatian tax system is harmonised with the tax changes in the EU. 
Na području poreza na dohodak i dobit hrvatski je porezni sustav usklađen s poreznim promjenama u EU.
Only for VAT are changes necessary in connection with tax exemptions. 
Samo su za PDV nužne promjene u vezi s poreznim oslobođenjima.
PROFIT TAX 
POREZ NA DOBIT
This section presents the state of the harmonisation of the tax systems of members in the area of profit tax, the particular problems of corporate taxation. 
U ovom je dijelu prikazano stanje usklađenosti poreznih sustava članica u području poreza na dobit, i to u vezi sa specifičnim problemima oporezivanja trgovačkih društava.
One problem lies in the fact that dividends that a subsidiary firm from one member country of the EU pays to the main company in another EU member are taxed twice. 
Jedan od tih problema jest činjenica da se dividenda koju zavisno društvo iz jedne zemlje članice EU isplaćuje svome matičnom društvu u drugoj članici EU dva puta oporezuje, jer tu dividendu oporezuju obje spomenute države.
The parent - subsidiary directive 
Smjernica o matičnim i zavisnim društvima
When a subsidiary firm in a given state pays a dividend to its parent firm in a second state, two tax situations can arise in consequence: 
Kada zavisno trgovačko društvo u jednoj državi plaća dividendu svom matičnom društvu u drugoj državi, može doći do dvostrukog opterećenja te dividende, i to na sljedeći način:
• the dividend is subject to taxation in the state in which the subsidiary firm that pays out the dividend is located; 
• dividenda je podvrgnuta oporezivanju u državi u kojoj se nalazi zavisno društvo koje isplaćuje dividendu;