natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Higher income households are more likely to have or have had a debt for the year 2002. 
Kućanstva s većim dohotkom u 2002. godini pokazala su veću vjerojatnost da će imati ili već imaju dug.
This again stems from the fact that income is an important criterion used by lending institutions for granting a loan/mortgage. 
To također proizlazi iz činjenice da je dohodak bitan kriterij kojim se koriste kreditne institucije pri odobravanju zajma/hipoteke.
For each unit of increase on income code, the probability of having or ever having had a debt increases by 0.035. 
Za svaku jedinicu porasta u dohodovnoj kategoriji vjerojatnost zaduživanja povećava se za 0,035.
Besides the variable Age2, the Employment Status and the General Attitude varia 
Osim varijable ‘Age#2', i varijable ‘Employment' i ‘gen_atti' negativno utječu na vje
The negative influence of the Employment status indicates that households who have the most trouble getting a loan are pensioners, unemployed and others (including students). 
Negativan utjecaj radnog statusa upućuje na to da su kućanstva koja imaju najviše problema s dobivanjem zajma umirovljenici, nezaposleni i ostali (uključujući studente).
A student does not have the need or the resources (house), to have a mortgage. 
Studenti nemaju ni potrebe ni mogućnosti (npr. kuću) za hipoteku.
Also an unemployed person does not have the resources to secure a loan. 
Nezaposleni također nemaju mogućnosti osiguranja kredita.
As far as retired households are concerned, the result makes sense given that retired individuals would most probably own a house and do not have the need for a mortgage. 
Za kućanstva umirovljenika taj rezultat ima smisla jer umirovljeni pojedinci najvjerojatnije već imaju kuću i nemaju potrebu za hipotekom.
Finally the negative influence of the General Attitude indicates that the chance of one having a loan is affected by his/her attitude towards credit. 
Konačno, negativan utjecaj varijable općeg shvaćanja pokazuje da na vjerojatnost posjedovanja duga utječe nečiji odnos prema kreditu.
In other words those who feel that it is a bad idea for someone to buy on credit are less willing or hesitant to secure a loan. 
Drugim riječima, oni koji smatraju da je kupovanje na kredit loša ideja manje su spremni za nj, odnosno neodlučni su u svojim pokušajima osiguranja zajma.
For logistic diagnostics we focused on specification errors and the issue of colline 
Za logičku dijagnostiku usredotočili smo se na specifikaciju pogrešaka i na pitanje
As a result a correlation analysis was performed among all variables included into the analysis. 
Rezultati ne daju dokaze postojanja problematičnih učinaka poput pristranih koeficijenata ili neučinkovitih procjena.
The other matter investigated was the issue of collinearity which is associated with 
Provedena korelacijska analiza i relativno male procjene koeficijenata pokazuju da ne postoji ozbiljan problem kolinerarnosti.
For a formal evaluation of the collinearity, the tolerance statistic was evaluated in order to measure the amount of overlap between each independent variable and all other variables. 
nu procjenu kolinearnosti procijenjen je pokazatelj tolerantnosti, koji odražava količinu preklapanja između svake nezavisne i svih ostalih varijabli.
The tolerance statistic was evaluated for all variables used in the analysis as well as for those variables included in the final selected model and it was found to be over 0.60 in all cases indicating a low level of collinearity. 
Taj smo pokazatelj procijenili za sve varijable upotrijebljene u analizi, kao i za varijable upotrijebljene u konačno odabranome modelu, a u svim je slučajevima iznosio više od 0,60, što upućuje na nisku razinu kolinearnosti.
The analysis reveals differences between the determinants of participation and those of asset shares. 
Analiza otkriva razlike u odrednicama participacije i udjela različite vrste imovine.
The median value of beforetax income remained stable, around 13,000 CY pounds. 
Medijalna vrijednost dohotka prije oporezivanja ostala je stabilna, na oko 13.000 ciparskih funti.
On the other hand, the proportion of low income families (between 5000 and 15000 CY pounds) dropped from 47% in 1999 to 40% in 2002. 
Međutim, udio obitelji s niskim dohotkom (između 5.000 i 15.000 ciparskih funti) pao je s 47% u 1999. na 40% u 2002.
Furthermore, there are some clear life-cycle patterns in the portfolios of assets and liabilities held by households, with younger households acquiring homes, businesses and all types of debts, and older households getting rid of them. 
Nadalje, postoje neki jasni uzorci životnog ciklusa u portfelju imovine i obveza kućanstava: mlađa kućanstva kupuju kuće, pokreću poslove i odlučuju se za sve vrste duga, dok starija kućanstva zaziru od toga.
Some general conclusions regarding the investing behavior of the Cypriot house 
U nastavku navodimo neke opće zaključke o načinima investiranja ciparskih kućan
On the other hand, singles invest in the stock market in huge amounts. 
Što je veći dohodak kućanstva, to je ono konzervativnije u smislu direktnog dioničarstva.
What Does the Survey of Consumer Finances Say? 
Velike iznose ulažu kućanstva koja unajmljuju svoje domove.
One of the policy implications of the results presented in this work is that portfolios 
Jedna od implikacija za provedbu ekonomske politike rezultata ovog rada jest to da
differ considerably across the income or the wealth distribution. 
se portfelji značajno razlikuju s obzirom na distribuciju dohotka ili bogatstva.
As a result changes or simply variations in the key asset prices like the interest rates or the prices in the stock market may result in different implications on families of different types. 
Stoga promjene ili samo varijacije cijena ključnih tipova imovine, poput kamatnih stopa ili cijena na burzi, mogu rezultirati različitim implikacijama za različite obitelji.
Furthermore, although age is often considered the main factor in portfolio choices, other characteristics like employment status or family size or even behavioural characteristics may play their own roles in asset markets. 
Nadalje, iako se godine često smatraju glavnim činiteljem pri odabiru portfelja, ostala obilježja, kao što je radni status ili veličina obitelji, pa čak i karakteristike ponašanja, mogu imati važnu ulogu na tržištima imovine.
Conference of the Internation 
Conference of the Internatio
al Association for Research in Income and Wealth, Sweden. 
nal Association for Research in Income and Wealth, Sweden.
sa: University of Cyprus, Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics. 
University of Cyprus, Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics.
national Debt and the Developing Countries. 
Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical proce
Croatian Public Sector Identity and EU Standards 
Identitet hrvatskog javnog sektora i EU standardi
Croatian approaching to Europe emphasizes the need for strengthening of these processes. 
Ubrzano približavanje Hrvatske Europi još više naglašava potrebu za jačanjem ovih procesa.
With the purpose of approximation of the public sector to the EU standards arises the need to research its identity on the one hand and compatibility with EU standards on the other hand in order to determine the necessary changes in Croatian public sector. 
Upravo s ciljem približavanja javnog sektora standardima EU javlja se i potreba istraživanja njegovog identiteta s jedne strane, i sukladnosti s EU standardima s druge strane kako bi se utvrdile potrebne promjene domaćeg javnog sektora.
The intent is to show how important it is to achieve the compatibility of certain parts of public sector with EU standards. 
Namjera je pokazati koliko je važno postizanje usaglašenosti pojedinih dijelova javnog sektora sa standardima EU.
Compatibility with the determinants of acquis communautaire as a part of negotiations on accession to the EU will have a substantial impact on the size and the structure of public sector. 
Usaglašenje s odrednicama pravne stečevine EU u okviru pregovora o pristupanju EU bitno će utjecati na veličinu i strukturu javnog sektora.
It is expected that the work should result in: 
Očekuje se da bi se tijekom rada došlo do sljedećih rezultata:
Building a tax model according to the EU standards. 
Započelo bi se s izgradnjom poreznog modela prema EU standardima.
Determining relative competitiveness of certain regions in comparison to the other regions in Croatia but also regions of other countries. 
Odrediti relativnu konkurentnost pojedinih regija u odnosu na druge regije u Hrvatskoj, ali i regije drugih zemalja.
Analysis of effects of fiscal decentralization that would incite a discussion and analysis of this topic, relevant for regional development and would facilitate the creation of a quality developing regional strategy. 
Analizom učinaka fiskalne decentralizacije potaknula bi se stručna rasprava i analiza ove teme važne za regionalni razvoj, te bi se olakšala izrada kvalitetne razvojne regionalne strategije.
The chapter on state aid that would require implementation of some of the methods of measuring effects as a part of a pilot project and it would result in recommendations in measuring effects of state aid. 
U dionici o državnim potporama primijenile bi se neke od metoda mjerenja učinaka u okviru pilot projekta, te bi se razradile preporuke u mjerenju učinaka državnih potpora.
Analysis of tax expenditures that would determine the losses in the state budget because of existence of many incentives and abatements in the tax system and it would provide recommendations for reduction of losses in the state budget caused by tax expenditures. 
Analizom poreznih izdataka utvrdili bi se gubici državnog proračuna zbog postojanja brojnih olakšica i oslobođenja u poreznom sustavu te bi se dale preporuke za smanjenje gubitaka državnog proračuna uslijed njihova postojanja.
The proposed research would be particularly useful to the Ministry of Finance (but also other parts of executive government) in charge of financing, management and control of public sector and its harmonization with the EU. 
Predloženo istraživanje posebno je korisno Ministarstvu financija (ali i drugim dijelovima izvršne vlasti) koje je zaduženo za financiranje, upravljanje i kontrolu javnog sektora, te njegovo usklađivanje s EU.
EXCHANGE MARKET PRESSURE ON THE CROATIAN KUNA 
INDEKS PRITISAKA DEVIZNOG TRŽIŠTA NA KUNU
Institute of Public Finance, Zagreb and 
Institut za javne financije, Zagreb
University of Amsterdam 
i Sveučilište u Amsterdamu
Currency crises exert strong pressure on currencies often causing costly economic 
Tijekom valutnih kriza dolazi do jakog pritiska na valute, što često dovodi do skupih
A measure of exchange market pressure (EMP) gauges the severity of such tensions. 
Indeks pritisaka na deviznom tržištu (IPDT) odražava jačinu takvih pritisaka.
Measuring EMP is important for monetary authorities that manage exchange rates. 
Mjerenje IPDT-a važno je monetarnim vlastima koje upravljaju valutama.
It is also relevant in academic research that studies currency crises. 
Također je bitan u znanstvenim istraživanjima u kojima se proučavaju valutne krize.
A precise EMP measure is therefore important and this paper re-examines the measurement of EMP on the Croatian kuna. 
Stoga je precizni IPDT važan, te se u ovom radu preispituje mjerenje IPDT-a na hrvatsku kunu.
It improves it by considering intervention data and thresholds that account for the EMP distribution. 
Moguće ga je poboljšati uzimajući u obzir podatke o deviznim intervencijama te primjenjujući pragove s obzirom na distribuciju IPDT-a.
It also tests the robustness of weights. 
Također se testira robusnost pondera.
A discussion of the results demonstrates a modest improvement over the previous measure and concludes that the new EMP on the Croatian kuna should be used in future research. 
Analiza rezultata upućuje na umjereno poboljšanje u usporedbi s prethodnim mjerenjem i zaključuje se da bi se novi indeks IPDT-a na kunu trebao primjenjivati u budućim istraživanjima.
Key words: exchange market pressure, currency crisis, Croatia 
Ključne riječi: pritisci na deviznom tržištu, valutna kriza, Hrvatska
In an era of increasing globalization and economic interdependence, fixed and pegged 
U doba rastuće globalizacije i gospodarske ovisnosti o njoj, fiksni i polufiksni valut
exchange rate regimes are ever more exposed to the danger of currency crises. 
ni režimi sve su izloženiji opasnosti valutnih kriza.
Integrated financial markets have enabled speculators to execute attacks more swiftly and deliver devastating blows to individual economies. 
Integrirana financijska tržišta omogućila su špekulantima sve brže špekulativne napade, čime su doveli pojedine zemlje do gospodarskog kraha.
They occur when there is an abnormally large international excess supply of a currency which forces monetary authorities to take strong counter-measures (Weymark, 1998). 
Napadi se događaju kada postoji nenormalno velika međunarodna ponuda domaće valute s obzirom na devize, što tjera monetarne vlasti na primjenu jakih protumjera (Weymark, 1998).
The EMS crisis of 1992/93 and the Asian crisis of 1997/98 are prominent historical examples. 
Kriza europskog monetarnog sustava iz 1992/93. te azijska kriza iz 1997/98. poznati su takvi primjeri.
In a freely floating regime all pressure is reflected in the exchange rate change. 
IPDT odražava promjenu tečaja koja bi se dogodila kad ne bi bilo intervencije vlasti.
Thus, a measure of such activity gauges the severity of pressure in an exchange rate regime. 
Dakle, mjera takve aktivnosti pokazuje jačinu valutnih pritisaka u tečajnom režimu.
Measuring EMP is important for two reasons. 
Mjerenje IPDT-a bitno je zbog dva razloga.
Firstly, it is relevant for monetary au 
Ponajprije, IPDT je relevantan monetar
thorities that pursue some form of exchange rate management. 
nim vlastima koje u nekom obliku upravljaju tečajem.
EMP on neighboring countries' currencies might indicate how much pressure monetary authorities could expect on their own currency due to contagion. 
IPDT na valute susjednih zemalja može pokazati koliki pritisak monetarne vlasti mogu očekivati na vlastitoj valuti kao posljedicu “zaraze” (engl. contagion).
In a similar vein, an EMP measure can be used in assessing whether specific policy instruments were successful in removing pressure. 
Jednako tako, IPDT-om se može procjenjivati uspješnost pojedinih instrumenata u uklanjanju pritisaka na deviznom tržištu.
Furthermore, EMP is also relevant for a country's credit ratings especially if a large portion of the country's debt is foreign currency-denominated as was the case with Latvia's recent downgrading (Klaassen and Jager, 2008: 4). 
Nadalje, IPDT je bitan za kreditni rejting neke zemlje, pogotovo ako je velik udio duga denominiran u stranoj valuti, što ilustrira nedavni primjer smanjenja rejtinga Latvije (Klaassen i Jager, 2008:4).
Secondly, a measure of EMP is relevant in research. 
Kao drugo, IPDT je važan za istraživanje.
Van Poeck et al. (2007) examine whether the new EU members' fundamentals are strong enough to participate in ERM II and Frankel and Wei (2008) use EMP to classify exhange rate regimes. 
Van Poeck, Vanneste i Veiner (2007) ispituju jesu li temeljne varijable novih članica EU dovoljno snažne za pristup ERM-u II, a Frankel i Wei (2008) IPDT-om se koriste za klasifikaciju tečajnih režima.
In Croatia, a small, open and highly euroized economy, EMP is definitely relevant. 
U malome, otvorenom i vrlo euroiziranom gospodarstvu poput hrvatskoga, IPDT je
Croatian research that aims to develop early warning indicators of a currency crisis such as Ahec-Šonje and Babić (2002) and Krznar (2004) uses EMP to identify crises. 
Istraživanja u Hrvatskoj, čiji je cilj razviti sustave ranog upozorenja na valutnu krizu, poput istraživanja Ahec-Šonje i Babić (2002) te Krznar (2004), koriste se IPDT-om za prepoznavanje valutnih kriza.
In this respect, it is paramount to capture EMP as precisely as possible. 
U tom smislu izuzetno je bitno što preciznije izmjeriti IPDT na kunu.
However, the measure of EMP on the Croatian kuna used in the literature has some drawbacks. 
Međutim, IPDT na hrvatsku kunu, koji je dosad korišten u literaturi, ima nekoliko nedostataka.
This paper will, therefore, attempt to improve the measurement of EMP on the Croatian kuna. 
Dakle, namjera je ovog članka pokušati poboljšati preciznost IPDT-a na kunu.
It will analyze EMP composition with respect to the latest theoretical advances and the structural aspects of the Croatian economy. 
Rad će analizirati kompoziciju IPDT-a u kontekstu najnovijih teoretskih napredaka i strukturnih aspekata hrvatskoga gospodarstva.
The revised EMP measure will offer a new perspective on the last ten years of EMP on the kuna. 
Revidirani indeks ponudit će nove poglede na posljednjih deset godina IPDT-a na kunu.
It will also be empirically compared to the current measure and its impact on EMP measurement will be assessed. 
Jednako će tako revidirani IPDT biti empirijski uspoređen s dosadašnjim indeksom u literaturi i bit će ocijenjen njegov utjecaj na mjerenje valutnih pritisaka.
III will then present and explain the measure especially in the context of Croatian mone 
U tu se svrhu u drugom dijelu rada daje pregled svih relevantnih pristupa u mjerenju
Section V will then conclude. 
Peti dio članka donosi zaključak.
EMP measures the exchange rate change that would have occurred in the absence of involvement by the authorities. 
IPDT mjeri promjenu u tečaju koja bi se dogodila da nema intervencije vlasti.
It is intuitive but inherently unobservable. 
Ta je promjena intuitivna, ali i po prirodi nevidljiva.
Consequently, it must be approximated through a combination of variables. 
Stoga mora biti procijenjena kombinacijom ekonomskih varijabli.
To derive and measure EMP, researchers have pursued a structural approach, an ad hoc approach and have recently proposed a model-free EMP measure. 
U derivaciji i mjerenju IPDT-a istraživači su se koristili strukturnim pristupom, ad hoc pristupom te su nedavno predložili neovisni IPDT model.
Girton and Roper (1977) pioneered the EMP concept by using a structural monetary model while in a related theoretical article Roper and Turnovsky (1980) used an IS-LM framework to measure EMP. 
Girton i Roper (1977) prvi su razvili IPDT koncept upotrebljavajući strukturni monetarni model, dok su u povezanoj studiji Roper i Turnovsky (1980) primijenili IS-LM model da izmjere IPDT.
Weymark (1995; 1998) derived EMP through a small open economy model and established a model-free definition of EMP. 
Weymark je (1995; 1998) izvela IPDT iz modela maloga otvorenoga gospodarstva i uspostavila definiciju IPDT-a neovisno o temeljnome modelu.
Weymark defined EMP as: 
Weymark definira IPDT kao:
“... the total excess demand for a currency in international markets as the exchange rate that would have been required to remove this excess demand in the absence of exchange market intervention, given the expectations generated by the exchange rate policy actually implemented” (Weymark, 1995:278) 
“...ukupni višak potražnje pojedine valute na međunarodnim tržištima kao vrijednost tečaja potrebnoga da zadovolji taj višak potražnje u slučaju da vlasti ne interveniraju, uz zadana očekivanja uspostavljena provedenom tečajnom politikom” (Weymark, 1995: 278).
She stressed that EMP is not synonymous with the exchange rate that would have 
Ona naglašava da IPDT nije isto što i promjena tečaja koja bi se dogodila u režimu
This model-free definition of EMP became generally adopted in the EMP literature. 
Navedena definicija IPDT-a neovisna je o temeljnomu modelu te je općeprihvaćena u literaturi.
However, Weymark (1998) also concluded that structural EMP measures remain model specific and, thus, suffer from the limitations of the underlying model. 
Međutim, Weymark je (1998) zaključila da strukturni IPDT indeksi ostaju vezani za temeljne modele te da stoga imaju i njihove nedostatke.
They constructed their composite EMP measure by using the exchange rate change, reserve changes and also the interest rate differential. 
Stvorili su svoj kompozitni IPDT koristeći se promjenom tečaja, promjenama deviznih pričuva, ali i kamatnim diferencijalom.
They pointed to the “tenuous connection between the exchange rate and economic fundamentals” as a primary justification for the ad hoc measure (1996:16). 
Eichengreen, Rose i Wyplosz istaknuli su “slabu vezu između tečaja i ekonomskih varijabli” kao glavno opravdanje za ad hoc pristup (1996:16).
However, a critique of their approach is that the choice of fundamental variables is arbitrary and subject to judgment. 
Međutim, kritika njihova pristupa upućena je na to da je izbor fundamentalnih varijabli arbitraran i podložan subjektivnoj procjeni.
Eichengreen et al also mention the importance of accounting for capital controls but do not measure their influence due to a lack of satisfactory data and the inability to quantify it. 
Eichengreen, Rose i Wyplosz spominju važnost utjecaja kapitalnih ograničenja na IPDT, ali ih zbog nedostatka zadovoljavajućih podataka te problema njihove kvantifikacije ne mjere.
Klaassen and Jager (2008), reconcile the structural and ad hoc approaches by prov 
Klaassen i Jager (2008) usklađuju strukturne i ad hoc pristupe dokazujući kako se nji
ing that their EMP can be derived under weak assumptions from any underlying exchange rate model. 
hov IPDT može, uz slabe pretpostavke, izvući iz bilo kojega temeljnog modela tečaja.
These assumptions are variable differentiability and constancy of weights. 
Te su pretpostavke diferencijabilnost varijabli i konstantnost pondera.
Thus, Klaassen and Jager's EMP employs the change in the exchange rate, central bank's foreign exchange rate demand scaled by foreign exchange turnover on that day and the real interest rate differential but in level form. 
Dakle, u Klaassenovu i Jagerovu IPDT-u primjenjuje se promjena tečaja, devizna potražnja središnje banke razmjerna volumenu trgovanja na deviznom tržištu na taj dan i diferencijal realnih kamatnih stopa, ali u obliku razina (engl. level form).
Pressure is shown by the difference between the actual real interest rate and the one the central bank would set in the absence of ex 
Pritisak je prikazan kao razlika između stvarne, realne kamatne stope i one koju bi središnja banka postavila ne uzimajući u obzir
Authors approximate the desired real interest rate as the foreign real interest rate corrected for the inflation differential. 
Klaassen i Jager procjenjuju željenu realnu kamatnu stopu kao stranu realnu kamatnu stopu prilagođenu razlici u inflaciji.
While their proposed EMP measure is novel in many aspects, Klaassen and Jager do not address how to measure capital controls, a topic still unaddressed in the literature. 
Dok njihov predloženi IPDT donosi mnoge novosti, Klaassen i Jager ne bave se mjerenjem utjecaja kapitalnih ograničenja, pa ta tema još uvijek ostaje nerazrađena u literaturi.
The specification of EMP has varied over the past few decades resulting in structural 
Specifikacija IPDT indeksa mijenjala se posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća, a rezultirala
Recently, there has also been a proposal for a new model-free EMP measure. 
Nedavno je predložen novi IPDT koji je neovisan o temeljnomu modelu.
Nonetheless, consensus does not yet exist and each approach has its shortcomings. 
Međutim, konsenzus još uvijek ne postoji i svaki pristup ima neke nedostatke.
However, the theoretical advances of EMP do offer useful insights for its application on the Croatian kuna. 
Ipak, teoretski napredak u literaturi o IPDT-u nudi zanimljive uvide važne za mjerenje pritiska na kunu na deviznom tržištu.
Measuring EMP on the Croatian kuna 
Mjerenje indeksa pritisaka na deviznom tržištu na kunama
Since no empirical model of Croatia's economy exists, EMP a la Weymark is not possible. 
Budući da empirijski model hrvatskoga gospodarstva zasad još ne postoji, IPDT a la Weymark nije moguć.
Their formula will be modified to reflect the properties of Croatia's economy but the final measure will not account for capital controls or the role of expectations. 
Njihova će formula biti prilagođena obilježjima hrvatskoga gospodarstva, ali konačan indeks ipak neće odražavati utjecaj kapitalnih ograničenja te ulogu očekivanja tržišta.