natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Moneo owners might be able to carry fewer bank cards, especially if credit card and debit card functions are also included in the electronic purse card; owners will feel more secure, and solve the exact change problem (Gerald, 1996). 
Vlasnici Moneo kartica trebaju nositi manje bankovnih kartica, posebno ako se uključe funkcionalnosti debitnih i kreditnih kartica, a usto bi se osjećali sigurnije (Gerald, 1996).
Benefits to merchants include receiving cash in advance of the delivery of goods and services, increased loyalty, potentially faster payment processing at the point of sale, and potentially lower payment processing costs. 
Trgovci bi dobili gotovinu prije nego što bi uistinu dostavili dobra ili usluge, povećala bi se lojalnost kupaca, ubrzao bi se proces plaćanja na mjestu kupnje te bi se smanjili troškovi procesuiranja same transakcije.
Note that if the benefit to the retailer is greater than the cost, the retailer may “pay” customers to purchase and use its prepaid card (Chakravorti and Victor, 2006). 
Ako bi korist od korištenja Moneo sustavom bila veća od troškova, trgovci bi mogli platiti kupcima da se koriste takvom karticom (Chakravorti i Victor, 2006).
dit cards are not efficient for micro-payment because the transaction related-cost is high for both consumer and merchant, electronic money can be use at a low cost. 
ce nisu baš efikasan način plaćanja transakcija male vrijednosti jer troškovi vezani za transakciju postaju visoki za trgovca i kupca, elektronički se novac može koristiti uz mnogo niže troškove.
As table 4 shows, payment with e-money is costless compared to other means of payment, notably debit and credit cards. 
Kao što se vidi u tablici 4, plaćanje e-novcem praćeno je mnogo nižim troškovima od drugih načina plaćanja, prije svega od kreditnih i debitnih kartica.
Another argument in favour of the Moneo card is that the purse contains a new encryption technology that reinforces its security and limits fraud. 
Drugi argument koji ide u prilog Moneo kartici jest da ona ima noviju tehnologiju enkripcije u usporedbi s drugim karticama, što povećava sigurnost i ograničava mogućnosti prevara.
In addition, payment with Moneo further reduces transaction costs since it does not require authorisation or customer identification. 
Jednako tako, plaćanje Moneo karticom dodatno smanjuje transakcijske troškove jer ne zahtijeva nikakvu autorizaciju ni identifikaciju kupca.
The new technologies will enable people to acquire the goods they want without hol 
Nasreću, nove tehnologije omogućuju kupnju dobara bez držanja gotovine, tj. imo
In the future, trade will be executed by instantaneous and simultaneous debiting and crediting of liquid-wealth accounts, held by both banking and non-banking institutions. 
U budućnosti će se trgovina ostvarivati tako da će se računi u bankama i nebankarskim institucijama uvećavati i smanjivati trenutačno i simultano.
Carrying out payments on the classical money market requires at least one seller and 
Plaćanja na klasičnom tržištu novca zahtijevaju najmanje jednog kupca i jednog pro
one buyer, both in contact with banks interconnected via a clearing house. 
davatelja, a oba moraju imati račune u bankama koje su povezane preko klirinške kuće.
The final payment using a traditional instrument, like cheques or bank transfers, requires the intervention of a third party called financial intermediaries such as banks. 
Plaćanja tradicionalnim instrumentima kao što su čekovi ili bankovni nalozi zahtijevaju intervenciju financijskih posrednika poput banke.
Payment with e-money reproduces the traditional scheme: that means the two actors 
Plaćanje e-novcem slično je tradicionalnoj shemi - postoje dvije stranke te jedna ili
Once the chip is charged, the user does not incur travelling expenses to look for money or lose time in providing the right change. 
Jednom kada je čip napunjen, korisnik nema potrebu tražiti bankomat ili točan iznos gotovog novca.
In addition problems of theft or loss of money are reduced to the minimum. 
Dodatno, problem krađe ili gubitka novca smanjen je na minimum.
A transaction with e-money does not immediately need any intermediary because the money is transferred electronically as units (called bits) from the payer to the payee. 
Za transakciju e-novcem trenutačno nije potreban posrednik jer se novac putem jedinica (koje se zovu bitovi) transferira elektronički od kupca prodavatelju.
When the amount of the consumer transaction made with electronic purse is stored in the merchant's terminal it will then be transferred to his account at a financial institution from time to time through on-line transactions. 
Iznos novca koji je plaćen spremljen je na terminalu prodavatelja te se s vremena na vrijeme online prenese na njegov račun u financijskoj instituciji.
The particularity of payment with e-money is the fall in transaction cost and gain in 
Plaćanjem e-novcem smanjuju se transakcijski troškovi, a vrijeme se skraćuje u uspo
time as compared to other forms of payment. 
redbi s drugim oblicima plaćanja.
Beyond the two reasons quoted at the top of the paper (the supply-side and the de 
Osim dvaju razloga koje smo naveli na početku rada (argumenti iz pozicije ponude
The extent of the spread of e-money will depend on the incentives for issuers, consumers and merchants to use it (BIS, 1996:3). 
Koliko će se e-novac upotrebljavati, najviše ovisi o motivaciji koju imaju njegovi izdavatelji, potrošači i trgovci (BIS, 1996:3).
• The demand by consumers for e-money will depend on how the schemes compare with other payment methods in terms of the fees (if any) charged by issuers, the perceived security and privacy of e-money, the ease with which the e-money devices can be used, and the willingness of merchants to accept e-money. 
• Potražnja potrošača ovisit će o prednostima i nedostacima e-novca u obliku plaćanja naknada izdavateljima, sigurnosti što je potrošači osjećaju pri korištenju e-novcem, o lakoći korištenja te spremnosti trgovaca da prihvate e-novac.
• Potential incentives for issuers include the revenues from any fees charged to consumers and merchants, revenues from the investment of the outstanding balances and, for bank issuers, cost savings from reduced cash handling (to the extent that e-money replaces cash). 
• Motivacija za izdavatelje obuhvaća prihode od naknada naplaćenih korisnicima kartice (trgovcima i potrošačima), prihode od ulaganja preostalog iznosa novca te, za banke-izdavatelje, uštede od manjeg držanja gotovine (u opsegu u kojemu e-novac zamijeni gotovinu).
Acting as a possible disincentive could be the cost of meeting any existing or expected future regulation. 
Potencijalni nedostatak za izdavatelje mogu biti očekivani troškovi buduće regulacije.
As far as both consumers and merchants are concerned, a key factor will be their willingness to adopt new technology. 
Za potrošače i trgovce ključni će čimbenik biti njihova spremnost da prihvate nove tehnologije.
Most observers seem to believe that the spread of e-money products will be moderate in the short and medium term but could become more extensive in the longer run. 
Većina istraživača vjeruje da će upotreba e-novca biti umjerena u kratkom i srednjem roku, dok u dugom roku e-novac može postati široko rasprostranjen.
Scrip money is settled via inter-bank payment systems. 
Pojam mrežne eksternalije odnosi se na pojavu da proizvod ili usluga dobivaju veću
cted, directly or indirectly by a set of links. 
Navedeni se koncept još naziva rastućim prinosima ili po
The term ‘network externality' refers to the phenomenon whereby a service beco 
Skripturalni se novac transferira putem međubankarskih sustava plaćanja.
Telephones, fax machines and computer operating systems are examples. 
Telefoni, faks uređaji i operativni sustavi na računalima slični su primjeri.
Its success is due to compatibility and conformity issues, not that the product or technology may be superior or inferior to the competition. 
Njihov je uspjeh rezultat njihove kompatibilnosti s drugim proizvodima ili ugodnosti korištenja, ali ne i superiorne ili inferiorne tehnologije u usporedbi s drugim konkurentima.
In discussing the Internet, the concept of network externalities has been popularized 
Vezano za Internet, koncept mrežnih eksternalija populariziran je u načelu nazva
Farrell and Saloner (1985) and Katz and Shapiro (1986) provide early analyses of 
Farrell i Saloner (1985) te Katz i Shapiro (1986) prvi prikazuju ekonomsku analizu
Direct network externalities exist when an increase in the size of a network increases the number of others with whom one can “communicate” directly. 
Direktne mrežne eksternalije postoje kada povećanje veličine mreže povećava broj drugih korisnika s kojima se može izravno “komunicirati”.
In this sort of network there is a kind of interaction and there are complementarities between users of the same product or service. 
U takvoj mreži postoji interakcija i komplementarnost među korisnicima istog proizvoda ili usluge.
Indirect network externalities exist when an increase in the size of a network expands the range of complementary products available to the members of the network. 
Indirektne mrežne eksternalije postoje kada povećanje veličine mreže povećava ponudu proizvoda ili usluga dostupnih korisnicima mreže.
Firms have incentives to invest in building proprietary networks from which they can earn rents. 
Potrošač pri odluci o ulasku u mrežu mora uzeti u obzir buduću veličinu mreže.
Markets that experience network effects are prone to become more effective as more 
Poduzeća su motivirana ulagati u izgradnju mreža od kojih mogu kasnije zarađivati rente.
However an economic actor accepts using a new currency, such as e-money, if he has confidence in it and that this money is generally accepted by other people. 
Kriterij prihvaćanja e-novca temeljni je uvjet njegova uspjeha te objašnjava njegovu važnost u ekonomiji.
The general acceptability of money is a fundamental criterion of its success; it explains the importance of this institution (money) in the economy. 
Prema tome, iz analize karakteristika prihvaćanja novca proizlazi da se novac upotrebljava jer pojedinci vjeruju (anticipiraju) da će se i drugi njime koristiti.
‘money' the event has in the first place the effect of substantially increasing their originally high saleableness. 
Menger navodi: “Tek kada su najviše tražena dobra mogla postati novac, ta je činjenica povećala inicijalno veliku tržnu vrijednost tih dobara.
As the Figure 1 shows, acceptability, confidence and anticipation are fundamental 
Kao što prikazuje slika 1, prihvaćanje, pouzdanost i anticipacija osnovni su razlozi
But they are not sufficient, because the network size needs also an interdependency of demand, which means that the market for a network good must reach a minimum size before a sustainable equilibrium can 
Međutim, navedeni razlozi nisu dovoljni jer veličina mreže također zahtijeva međuovisnost potražnje, što znači da mreža mora dosegnuti minimalnu potrebnu veličinu prije nego što dospije u ravnotežu.
Consumers and producers can coordinate to reach any one of them (Economides and Himmelberg, 1995:7). 
Potrošači i proizvođači mogu se koordinirati kako bi dospjeli u jednu od ravnoteža (Economides i Himmelberg, 1995:7).
Electronic money cards, like other innovations that involve the creation of networks 
Kartice elektroničkog novca, kao i druge inovacije koje podrazumijevaju stvaranje
This interesting literature explains that the development of a payment instrument largely depends on two types of externalities related to adoption and use. 
Literatura s tog zanimljivog područja objašnjava da razvoj instrumenata plaćanja ponajprije ovisi o dvije vrste eksternalija vezane za njihovu primjenu i uporabu.
Those conditions are essential because the average consumer's benefit from using a money innovation in transactions depends on how many other consumers and businesses are using the same medium. 
Mrežne eksternalije postoje jer prosječni potrošač ima koristi od takvog instrumenta samo ako se i drugi potrošači i trgovci koriste istim instrumentom plaćanja.
In addition, the total benefit associated with the use of e-money cards exceeds the benefit accruing directly to an individual consumer. 
Dodatno, ukupna korist od upotrebe kartice e-novca premašuje koristi koje izravno ostvaruje pojedinačni potrošač.
By extending the network, one person's participation also increases the benefit to others. 
Pristupanjem jednog korisnika mreži povećava se korist za druge korisnike.
The externality consumption conducts to a complicated paradox which means that in 
Paradoks se odnosi na činjenicu da je u početku potrebno uložiti velike iznose novca
Thus use and spread of electronic money as a network good is complex and ambiguous because interdependence of demand will remain an obstacle11 until the innovation achieves a critical mass, either in its own time or with the authorities' help. 
Prema tome, korištenje i rasprostranjenost mreže e-novca kompleksno je pitanje upravo zato što će međuovisnost potražnje ostati prepreka11 sve dok mreža ne dosegne kritičnu masu, i to samostalno ili uz pomoć regulatora.
According to Katz and Shapiro (1986) analysis, the growth of a network can be self-fulfilling in nature. 
Prema analizi Katza i Shapira (1986), rast mreže po svojoj prirodi može biti samoispunjavajući.
In the payment area, the slow adoption of e-money schemes serves again as a good example. 
Spora primjena instrumenata e-novca ponovno je dobar primjer koji potvrđuje tu analizu.
Is it easy to achieve a critical mass in the use of e-money? 
Je li lako ostvariti kritičnu masu u korištenju e-novcem?
The answer is no because 
Odgovor je negativan jer je
The essence of the problem is thus to convince a large number of users to adopt e-money innovations. 
Stoga je srž problema uvjeriti velik broj korisnika da počnu upotrebljavati e-novac.
One reason why it is difficult for people to use a new payment instrument that has 
Jedan od razloga zašto se ljudi malo koriste novim instrumentima plaćanja, koji je
not been highlighted in the literature is the ingrained habit of using cash and cheques for retail transactions. 
često u literaturi zanemarivan, jest navika upotrebe gotovine i čekova za maloprodajne transakcije.
For instance, in some countries such as France, payment with cheques has over the years become a part of the cultural heritage. 
Na primjer, u nekim zemljama kao što je Francuska plaćanje čekom postalo je dijelom kulturnog naslijeđa.
As a result, changing the habit of paying with cheques is very difficult. 
Stoga će se navika plaćanja čekovima teško promijeniti.
The spread of earlier payment innovations has also been slow. 
Slično je bilo s dosadašnjim inovacijama na području instrumenata plaćanja.
If one compares the current situation to these historical experiences, one could conclude that we may have to wait for a while to see the effects of a more widespread use of e-money innovations. 
Usporedimo li trenutačnu situaciju s e-novcem s navedenim povijesnim iskustvima, možemo zaključiti da ćemo trebati pričekati neko vrijeme kako bismo vidjeli veći broj korisnika elektroničkog novca.
One reason why the use of e-money could spread faster than in the past in the future is that the habit persistence problem can be more easily overcome in a knowledge-based, digital economy and society. 
Međutim, u današnje vrijeme e-novac bi se mogao brže razviti upravo zbog činjenice da se problem postojanosti navika može lakše prebroditi u digitalnoj ekonomiji i društvu znanja.
The cashless society might therefore not be far away from us. 
Prema tome, ekonomija bez gotovine možda i nije tako daleko.
Advances in information and communications technology have enabled the appea 
Napredak u informacijskim i komunikacijskim tehnologijama omogućili su razvoj
rance of new methods of electronic payment in the real world (card-based products) and the virtual world (software-card product). 
novih oblika elektroničkih plaćanja, kako u realnom svijetu (kartičnih proizvoda), tako i u virtualnom svijetu (softverskih proizvoda).
The reason for the spread of these products has been their greater effectiveness compared with the traditional payment systems. 
Razlog sve veće rasprostranjenosti navedenih proizvoda jest njihova veća učinkovitost u usporedbi s tradicionalnim sustavima plaćanja.
However, statistics on payment systems indicate that electronic money development is still at an early stage of development and that cash continues to be the most important means of payment for retail transactions. 
Međutim, statistike potvrđuju da je razvoj elektroničkog novca u početnoj fazi te da je gotovina još uvijek najvažniji oblik plaćanja pri maloprodajnim transakcijama.
Thus, contrary to some early expectations, cash has not been yet replaced by electronic money. 
Prema tome, protivno nekim očekivanjima, gotovinu još uvijek nije zamijenio nijedan oblik elektroničkog novca.
This paper has tried to explain why electronic money has been not been in widespre 
Ovaj je rad pokušao odgovoriti zašto se upotreba elektroničkog novca nije znatnije
One reason is that e-money is a fairly sophisticated form of money: its use requires investment in new payment technology by the retailers, and investment in the acquisition of new skills by the consumers. 
Jedan od razloga jest činjenica da je e-novac prilično sofisticiran oblik plaćanja te zahtijeva investicije u nove tehnologije kod trgovaca, kao i razvijanje novih vještina u korisnika.
This paper has highlighted two additional reasons. 
U radu su istaknuta dva dodatna razloga.
Survey of developments in electronic money and internet and mobile pa 
Survey of developments in electronic money and internet and mobile pay
“Economics of Networks.” 
International Journal of Industri
“Cash, Paper, and Electronic Payments: 
a Cross-Country Analysis”.
“Realizing the Gains from Electro 
“Realizing the Gains from Electronic
nic Payments: Costs, Pricing and Payment Choice”. 
Payments: Costs, Pricing and Payment Choice”.
“Network Externalities: The Catch-22 of Retail 
“Network Externalities: The Catch-22 of Re
ed. The Future of Money in the Information Age. 
to identify the different factors hindering its growth.
PUBLIC FINANCES OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS 
JAVNE FINANCIJE LOKALNIH JEDINICA VLASTI
Anto Bajo and Dubravka Jurlina Alibegović, 2008, Školska knjiga, The Institute of Economics and The Institute of Public Finance, Zagreb, 299 p. 
Anto Bajo i Dubravka Jurlina Alibegović, 2008, Školska knjiga, Ekonomski institut i Institut za javne financije, Zagreb, 299 str.
Every year we pay more and more money in the budget of local government units 
U proračune lokalnih jedinica (općina, gradova i županija) svake godine uplaćujemo
Did the local government units have enough their own money in the period from 2000 to 2006 or were they additionally helped by the central government? 
Jesu li lokalne jedinice u razdoblju od 2000. do 2006. godine imale dovoljno novca ili im je središnja država dodatno financijski pomagala?
Did they run into debts and in what way? 
Jesu li se zaduživale i na koji način?
Under what terms? 
Uz koje uvjete?
What is the total debt of all local government units? 
Koliki je ukupni dug svih lokalnih jedinica?
What is the status of public utility companies within the local government units? 
Kakav je status komunalnih poduzeća unutar lokalnih jedinica?
Are their expenditures a part of expenditures of the local budgets or the public utility companies have their own budgets? 
Čine li njihovi rashodi dio rashoda lokalnih proračuna ili komunalna poduzeća imaju svoje zasebne proračune?
How is the budget process in the local government units done? 
Kako teče proračunski proces u lokalnim jedinicama?
Can you perhaps take part in it at a certain stage? 
Možete li se i vi u nekoj fazi možda uključiti u nj?
What are the possibilities of financing the local government units from the European Union budget? 
Koje mogućnosti financiranja iz proračuna Europske Unije stoje na raspolaganju lokalnim jedinicama u Hrvatskoj?
This book offers the answers to these and many more similar and interesting questions from theory and current practice of the Croatian local government units. 
Odgovor na navedena pitanja i još mnogo sličnih i zanimljivih pitanja iz teorije i današnje prakse lokalnih jedinica u Hrvatskoj naći ćete u ovoj knjizi.
The book -writen in Croatian language is divided in eight sections and ends with a 
Knjiga je podijeljena na osam dijelova, a na kraju knjige nalazi se popis literature,
reference list, useful websites and an index. 
korisne internetske adrese te kazalo pojmova.
Each of eight sections is divided in two separate chapters which discuss theoretical insights on a certain subject as well as practices in Croatia. 
Svaki od osam dijelova knjige podijeljen je na dva zasebna poglavlja u kojima se obrađuju teorijske spoznaje o određenoj temi te praksa u Hrvatskoj.
The book has been written by two young, but already very experienced authors who have excellent theoretical knowledge of public finance and practices in Croatia. 
Knjigu su napisali dvoje mladih, ali već vrlo iskusnih autora koji odlično poznaju područje javnih financija lokalnih jedinica u teoriji i u hrvatskoj praksi.
Dubravka Jurlina Alibegović has been employed as a researcher at The Institute of Economics. 
Dubravka Jurlina Alibegović zaposlena je kao znanstvena suradnica u Ekonomskom institutu.
Anto Bajo has been employed as a researcher at The Institute for Public Finance and as a senior lecturer at The Faculty of Economics and Business Zagreb where he lectures Public Finance, Local Finance, Public Debt Management and Management of Public Sector Finance. 
Anto Bajo znanstveni je suradnik u Institutu za javne financije, a na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Zagrebu radi kao docent i predaje predmete Javne financije, Lokalne financije, Upravljanje javnim dugom i Upravljanje financijama u javnom sektoru.
The second section offers a detailed explanation of the distribution of public functions between the central government and the local government units. 
U drugom se dijelu pobliže objašnjava raspodjela javnih funkcija između središnje države i lokalnih jedinica.
It explains which level of fiscal authority is theoretically best suited for performing a certain function and which functions the local government units in Croatia carry out. 
Obrazlaže se koja je razina fiskalne vlasti teoretski najpogodnija za obavljanje određene funkcije, te koje funkcije obavljaju lokalne jedinice u Hrvatskoj.
The third section talks about the sources of finance of the local government units in theory and the financing sources of the local government units in Croatia. 
U trećem se dijelu govori o izvorima prihoda lokalnih jedinica vlasti u teoriji te o izvorima prihoda lokalnih jedinica vlasti u Hrvatskoj.
The fourth section discusses the theory of fiscal equalization and fiscal equalization in Croatia. 
Četvrti dio knjige obrađuje teoriju fiskalnog izravnanja te fiskalno izravnanje u Hrvatskoj.
It explains fiscal equalization - transfer of funds from the central government to all or some local government units which do not have enough income for financing their expenditures. 
Objašnjava se fiskalno izravnanje - prijenos novčanih sredstava od središnje države svim ili nekim lokalnim jedinicama koje nemaju dovoljno prihoda za financiranje svojih rashoda.
Advantages and disadvantages of the existing Croatian model of fiscal equalization are analyzed next. 
Potom se istražuju prednosti i nedostaci postojećega hrvatskog modela fiskalnog izravnanja.
The fifth section analyzes debt and borrowing of the local government units. 
U petom dijelu knjige analizira se dug i zaduživanje lokalnih jedinica vlasti.
It gives answers to the questions about the basic characteristics and purpose of the borrowing of the local government units and about the main instruments and practice of borrowing in developed countries and in Croatia. 
Odgovara se na pitanja koja su osnovna obilježja i namjena zaduživanja lokalnih jedinica te glavni instrumenti i praksa zaduživanja u razvijenim zemljama i u Hrvatskoj.
The sixth section analyzes other sources of finance of the local government units. 
U šestom se dijelu analiziraju ostali izvori financiranja lokalnih jedinica vlasti.