natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the medium.
demineralizirana (tj. destilirana ili deionizirana) voda.
The relevant amounts of the test chemical may be added to the test medium before it is added to the test vessels.
Nije dostupna vrijednost za 20 °C, ali se može pretpostaviti da je varijabilnost rezultata mjerenja veća od očekivane temperaturne ovisnosti
Alternatively, the test chemical may be introduced into the medium after it has been added to the test vessels.
Uredba (EZ) br. 1907/2006 Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 18. prosinca 2006. o registraciji, evaluaciji, autorizaciji i ograničavanju kemikalija (REACH) i osnivanju Europske agencije za kemikalije te o izmjeni Direktive 1999/45/EZ i stavljanju izvan snage Uredbe Vijeća (EEZ) br. 793/93 i Uredbe Komisije (EZ) br. 1488/94 kao i Direktive Vijeća 76/769/EEZ i direktiva Komisije 91/155/EEZ, 93/67/EEZ, 93/105/EZ i 2000/21/EZ.
In this case, care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical is homogeneously distributed throughout the test system without disturbing the sediment.
OJ L 304, 22.11.2007., str. 1.
In all cases, the appearance (e.g. clear, cloudy, etc.) of the test media is recorded at test initiation.
The US Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (Međuagencijski koordinacijski odbor SAD-a za validaciju alternativnih metoda)
Exposure via sediment
Područje zamućenosti rožnice treba zabilježiti.
Spiked sediments of the chosen concentration are prepared by addition of a solution of the test chemical directly to fresh sediment.
Za primjenu integrirane strategije ispitivanja nadražujućeg djelovanja tvari na oči u skladu s Uredbom REACH vidjeti i ECHA-ine Smjernice o zahtjevima obavješćivanja i procjeni kemijske sigurnosti, poglavlje R.7a: Smjernice o pojedinim krajnjim točkama http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_r7a_en.pdf
A stock solution of the test chemical dissolved in deionised water is mixed with the formulated sediment by rolling mill, feed mixer or hand mixing.
Uredba (EZ) br. 1272/2008 Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 16. prosinca 2008. o razvrstavanju, označivanju i pakiranju tvari i smjesa, o izmjeni i stavljanju izvan snage Direktive 67/548/EEZ i Direktive 1999/45/EZ te o izmjeni Uredbe (EZ) br. 1907/2006, SL L 353, 31.12.2008, str. 1.
If poorly soluble in water, the test chemical can be dissolved in as small a volume as possible of a suitable organic solvent (e.g. hexane, acetone or chloroform).
Najveća srednja vrijednost zapažena u bilo kojoj vremenskoj točki.
This solution is then mixed with ca.
Maksimalna srednja vrijednost zapažena u bilo kojoj vremenskoj točki (na temelju vrijednosti zamućenja definiranih u tablici 1.).
10 g of fine quartz sand for one test vessel.
Na temelju vrijednosti definiranih u tablici 2.
The solvent is allowed to evaporate and the sand is then mixed with the suitable amount of sediment per test beaker.
Kombinacije koje se rjeđe javljaju.
Only agents that volatilise readily can be used to solubilise, disperse or emulsify the test chemical.
U cijelom ovom dokumentu pojam ‚srednja vrijednost’ znači aritmetička sredina.
It should be borne in mind that the volume/weight of sand spiked with the test chemical has to be taken into account in the final preparation of the sediment (i.e. the sediment should thus be prepared with less sand).
Brojevi se odnose na statistički dobivene granične vrijednosti i nisu povezani s preciznošću mjerenja.
Care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical added to sediment is thoroughly and evenly distributed within the sediment.
Predviđanje na temelju metode DPRA trebalo bi razmatrati u okviru IATA-e te u skladu s odredbama stavaka 9. i 12.
The spiked sediment is filled into the pots (as described above).
Uredba (EZ) br. 1272/2008 Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 16. prosinca 2008. o razvrstavanju, označivanju i pakiranju tvari i smjesa, o izmjeni i stavljanju izvan snage Direktive 67/548/EEZ i Direktive 1999/45/EZ te o izmjeni Uredbe (EZ) br. 1907/2006, SL L 353, 31.12.2008, str. 1.
Plants, selected for uniformity and an adequate root system, are removed from the pots used during the establishment phase and transplanted into the spiked sediment as described above.
Definicije i jedinice navedene su u Dodatku 1.
Pots are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
Ponekad označena oznakom POW; utvrđuje se metodom protresanja tikvice u ispitnoj metodi A.8.
Smart and Barko medium is then added carefully (i.e. using a funnel) in order to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
(4.), metodom HPLC u ispitnoj metodi A.24.
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the media.
i metodom sporog miješanja u ispitnoj metodi A.23.
Maintenance of water levels over the test duration
(6.).
The final water volume must be recorded and the water level marked on each test vessel.
Tehnika generatorskih kolona ponekad se upotrebljava za utvrđivanje vrijednosti log KOW.
If water evaporates during the test by more than 10 %, the water level should be adjusted with distilled water.
Dostupan je ograničen broj studija u kojima je upotrijebljena ta tehnika, prije svega za klorirane bifenile i dibenzodioksine (npr.
If necessary, beakers may be loosely covered by a transparent cover such as transparent plastic lids to minimise evaporation and contamination with algal spores.
Li i Doucette, 1993.) (3.).
Warm and/or cool white fluorescent lighting are used to provide light irradiance in the range of about 140 (± 20) μE·m–2 s–1 when measured as a photosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nm) at the water surface and using a light:dark ratio of 16:8 h.
Za tvari koje mogu ionizirati, vrijednost log KOW trebala bi se odnositi na neionizirani oblik.
Any differences from the selected light irradiance over the test area should not exceed the range of ± 15 %.
Definicije i jedinice navedene su u Dodatku 1.
The temperature in the test vessels is 20 ± 2 °C.
TLC: tankoslojna kromatografija; HPLC: visokotlačna tekućinska kromatografija; GC: plinska kromatografija
The pH of the control medium should not increase by more than 1,5 units during the test.
U određenim bi regulatornim okvirima mogla biti moguća obveza analize metabolita ako su ispunjeni određeni uvjeti (vidjeti stavak 65.).
However, deviation of more than 1,5 units would not invalidate the test when it can be shown that the validity criteria specified previously are met.
Općenito bi izmjerene koncentracije u vodi tijekom faze apsorpcije trebale biti barem za jedan red veličine iznad ograničenja kvantifikacije kako bi se u fazi izlučivanja u okviru ispitivanja moglo izmjeriti više od jednog poluvijeka tjelesnog opterećenja.
Test duration
Kod većine ispitivanih tvari u idealnim uvjetima ne bi trebalo doći do detekcije u kontrolnoj vodi.
The exposure period is 14 days.
Pozadinske koncentracije trebale bi biti relevantne samo za materijale koji se javljaju prirodno (npr. određene metale) i tvari koje su sveprisutne u okolišu.
After the establishment phase and immediately prior to treatment (i.e. on Day 0), spare plants from five randomly selected pots for the three plants per pot design or 15 pots for the one plant per pot design, are harvested for assessment of shoot length and fresh and dry weight as described below.
Ako je očito da opaženo ne slijedi kinetiku prvog reda, treba primijeniti složenije metode (vidjeti literaturu u Dodatku 5.) i potražiti savjet biostatističara.
For plants transferred into the exposure phase, the following assessments are made as shown in Table 1:
Apsorpcija može biti ograničena niskom koncentracijom izlaganja zbog niske topljivosti u vodi u ispitivanju biokoncentracije, dok je daleko više koncentracije pri izlaganju moguće postići ispitivanjem kroz hranu.
Assessments of main shoot length, side shoot number and side shoot length are recorded at least at the end of the exposure period (e.g. on day 14).
Kad je riječ o tvarima s više sastojaka, UVCB-ovima i smjesama, trebalo bi razmotriti topljivost u vodi svakog relevantnog sastojka radi utvrđivanja odgovarajućih koncentracija pri izlaganju.
Visual assessments of plant health are recorded at least three times during the exposure period (e.g. on days 0, 7 and 14).
TOC uključuje organski ugljik iz čestica i otopljenog organskog ugljika, odnosno TOC = POC + DOC.
Assessments of shoot fresh weight and dry weight are made at the end of the test (i.e. on Day 14).
Iako se to uglavnom ne preporučuje, ako se upotrebljava otapalo ili otapajuće sredstvo, organski ugljik koji proizlazi iz tog sredstva trebalo bi dodati organskom ugljiku iz ispitivane tvari radi procjene koncentracije organskog ugljika u ispitnim posudama.
Shoot length is determined using a ruler.
Ako se sadržaj lipida ne analizira kod istih riba kao i ispitivana tvar, ribe bi trebale biti barem iste mase i (prema potrebi) istog spola.
If side shoots are present, their numbers and length should also be measured.
Ta je druga mogućnost moguća samo ako se ribe u svim ispitnim skupinama drži u sličnim veličinama skupine, uklanja ih se u skladu s istim obrascem i hrani na isti način.
Visual assessments of plant health are made by recording the appearance of plants and the general condition of the test medium.
Time se osigurava da rast riba u svim ispitnim skupinama bude sličan ako je ispitna koncentracija ispod toksične razine.
Observations to be noted include:
Ako je rast sličan, očekuje se da će i sadržaj lipida biti sličan.
Necrosis, chlorosis or other discoloration such as excessive reddening relative to control plants.
Različit rast u kontrolnoj skupini ukazivao bi na učinak tvari i učinio ispitivanje nevaljanim.
Development of bacterial or algal contamination;
Uz masu trebalo bi evidentirati i ukupnu dužinu jer je usporedba mjere u kojoj je došlo do povećanja dužine tijekom ispitivanja dobar pokazatelj toga je li došlo do štetnog učinka.
Growth abnormalities such as stunting, altered internodal length, distorted shoots/leaves, the proliferation of side shoots, leaf loss, loss of turgor and stem fragmentation.
Na konstantama brzine rasta moguće je izvršiti t-test kako bi se ispitalo razlikuje li se rast između kontrolnih i ispitnih skupina, odnosno F-test u slučaju analize varijance.
Visual assessments of root health are made at test termination, by carefully washing sediment from roots to enable observation of the root system.
Prema potrebi, moguće je upotrijebiti F-test ili test omjera vjerojatnosti radi lakšeg odabiranja odgovarajućeg modela rasta (Monografija OECD-a br. 54, literatura (32.)).
few roots
CI interval pouzdanosti (ako ga je moguće procijeniti)
moderate root development
SD standardna devijacija (ako ju je moguće procijeniti)
very good root development, similar to controls.
Skraćeno bi se ispitivanje zapravo moglo upotrijebiti za dokazivanje brzog metaboliziranja kad je poznato da bi do njega moglo doći.
Assessments of fresh weight are made at the beginning and end of the test by cutting the shoot at sediment level and then blotting dry prior to weighing.
Ako se mjere samo dvije podatkovne točke, moguće je procijeniti granice pouzdanosti za vrijednost BCFKm upotrebom metode samodopunjavanja (‚bootstrap’).
Care should be taken to remove sediment particles that may adhere to the base of the shoot.
Ako su dostupne i srednje podatkovne točke, granice pouzdanosti za vrijednost BCF Km moguće je izračunati kao u potpunom ispitivanju.
Shoot material is then placed in a drying oven at ca.
Za potrebe Uredbe (EZ) br. 1907/2006 o registraciji, evaluaciji, autorizaciji i ograničavanju kemikalija (REACH) (SL L 396, 30.12.2006., str. 1.), to je pitanje uključeno u ‚Smjernice o zahtjevima obavješćivanja i procjeni kemijske sigurnosti’, poglavlja R.7c, R.7.10.3.1. i R.7.10.4.1. i slika R7.10-2.
60 °C and dried to a constant weight, prior to re-weighing and recording the dry weight.
Budući da je BMF definiran kao omjer koncentracije tvari u organizmu u odnosu na koncentraciju u hrani kojom se hrani organizam pri stabilnom stanju, lipide se uzima u obzir ispravljanjem vrijednosti u odnosu na sadržaj lipida u organizmu i u hrani te se stoga točnije opisuje kao ‚ispravljanje’.
A summary of the minimum biological assessments required over the test duration is provided in Table 1.
Taj se pristup razlikuje od ‚normiranja’ na određeni sadržaj lipida u organizmu koji se primjenjuje u ispitivanju biokoncentracije vodenim izlaganjem.
Assessment schedule
Tijekom ispitivanja trebalo bi evidentirati i ukupnu dužinu jer je ona dobar pokazatelj toga je li došlo do štetnog učinka.
indicates that measurements are not required.
Uredbi (EZ) br. 850/2004 o postojanim organskim onečišćujućim tvarima (SL L 158, 30.4.2004., str. 7.).
(DAT)
U ispitivanju vodenim izlaganjem 14-dnevni poluvijek odgovarao bi vrijednosti BCF-a od oko 10000 L/kg uz upotrebu ribe od 1 g, s odgovarajućom brzinom apsorpcije od oko 500 L/kg/dan (u skladu s jednadžbom Sijm et al (46)).
Visual assessment of shoots
Zbog izlučivanja riba ili ispiranja iz hrane možda neće biti moguće u potpunosti izbjeći prisutnost ispitivane tvari u ispitnom mediju.
Shoot fresh and dry weight,
Stoga je jedna od mogućnosti mjerenje koncentracije tvari u vodi na kraju razdoblja apsorpcije, posebno ako se upotrebljava polustatički postav, kako bi se omogućilo utvrđivanje toga je li došlo do vodenog izlaganja.
Visual assessment of roots
Taj je pristup specifičan za ispitivanje kroz hranu, a razlikuje se od postupka koji se primjenjuje u vodenom izlaganju te je zato radi izbjegavanja zabune upotrijebljen izraz ‚ispravljanje’, a ne ‚normiranje’, vidjeti i bilješku u stavku 106.
Frequency of measurements and analytical determinations
Tehnika analize hrane u pogledu sadržaja proteina, lipida, sirovih vlakana i pepela; te je informacije uobičajeno moguće dobiti od dobavljača hrane.
The temperature of the medium in a supplementary vessel held under the same conditions in the growth chamber, incubator or room should be recorded at least daily (or continuously with a data logger).
CI interval pouzdanosti (ako ga je moguće procijeniti)
The pH and dissolved oxygen concentration of the test medium should be checked at test initiation, at least once during the study and at the end of the study in all replicate vessels.
SD standardna devijacija (ako ju je moguće procijeniti)
On each occasion, measurements should be taken at the same time of the day.
Mogu se upotrebljavati i druge vrste dafnija pod uvjetom da su ispunjeni odgovarajući kriteriji valjanosti (kriterij valjanosti koji se odnosi na reproduktivnu uspješnost u kontrolama trebao bi biti relevantan za sve vrste).
If bulk solutions are used to prepare all replicates at each test concentration, then a single measurement of each bulk solution is acceptable on Day 0.
Ako se upotrebljavaju druge dafnije, one bi trebale biti jasno utvrđene, a njihova bi uporaba trebala biti opravdana.
Irradiance should be measured in the growth chamber, incubator or room at points equivalent to level of the water surface.
Slučajna smrtnost: smrtnost koja nije povezana s kemikalijom i koja je uzrokovana slučajnim događajem (odnosno uzrok je poznat).
Measurements should be made at least once at test initiation or during the test.
Nenamjerna smrtnost: smrtnost koja nije povezana s kemikalijom i kojoj nije poznat uzrok.
The method of light detection and measurement, in particular the type of sensor, will affect the measured value.
Ispitna otopina određuje se titracijom standardnom otopinom baze ili kiseline, ovisno o slučaju, pri čemu se nakon svakog dodavanja titranta mjeri pH.
Analytical measurements of test chemical
Potrebno je izvršiti najmanje deset dodavanja prije točke ekvivalencije.
Water samples should be collected for test chemical analysis shortly after test initiation (i.e. on the day of application for stable test chemicals or one hour after application for chemicals that are not stable) and at test termination for all test concentrations.
Moraju se poduzeti mjere opreza kako bi se isključio CO2.
Concentrations in sediment and sediment pore-water should be determined at test initiation and test termination, at least in the highest test concentration, unless the test chemicals are known to be stable in water (> 80 % of nominal).
Albert, A. & Sergeant, E.P.: Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases, Wiley, Inc., New York, 1962.
Sampling of sediment at test initiation is likely to disrupt the test system.
3, II, str.
Similarly, where intermediate assessments are considered necessary, i.e. on day 7, and analyses require large samples of sediment that cannot be easily removed from the test system, analytical determinations should be performed using additional test vessels treated in the same way as those used for biological assessments.
(1969).
However, if the test chemical is demonstrated not to absorb to filters, filtration may also be acceptable.
Standard Method 242.
Alternatively, the test solutions of all replicates for each concentration may be pooled for analyses.
Anestetici i analgetici
However, if there is evidence that the concentration has declined (i.e. is not maintained within 20 % of the nominal or measured initial concentration in the treated compartment) throughout the test, then analysis of the results should be based on the geometric mean concentration during exposure or models describing the decline of the concentration of the test chemical in the treated compartment (11).
Worth A.P. and Fentem J.H.
DATA EVALUATION
Neun, D.J.
In cases where use of a solvent / dispersant is required, data from solvent and untreated controls may be pooled for the purposes of statistical analyses provided that the responses of the solvent and untreated controls are not statistically significantly different.
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation.
The purpose of the test is to determine the effects of the test chemical on the vegetative growth of the test species, using two response variables, average specific growth rate and yield, as follows:
Wright EM, Marcella KL, Woodson JF.
This response variable is based on changes in the logarithms of total shoot length, total shoot fresh weight and total shoot dry weight, over time in the controls and each treatment group.
National Research Council (NRC) (2008), Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
This variable is calculated for each replicate of each control and treatment group.
National Research Council (NRC) (2009), Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
The mean length and weight of the three plants per test vessel (replicate) and, subsequently, the growth rate for each replicate, should be calculated using the following formula:
ICCVAM (2010), ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Report: Recommendations for Routine Use of Topical Anesthetics, Systemic Analgesics, and Humane Endpoints to Avoid or Minimize Pain and Distress in Ocular Safety Testing, NIH Publication No. 10-7514, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
From the replicate responses, a mean value for growth rate along with variance estimates should be calculated for each treatment and control group.
OECD (2006), Test No. 435: In vitro Membrane Barrier Test Method for Skin corrosion, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4, OECD Paris.
μC mean value for μin the control
UN (2011), Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Fourth revised edition, New York & Geneva: United Nations Publications.
μT mean value for μin the treatment group
ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R.7a: Endpoint specific guidance.
percent reduction in yield
Kemikalija koja uzrokuje oštećenje očnog tkiva koje nije reverzibilno unutar 21 dana od primjene ili uzrokuje ozbiljno fizičko pogoršanje vida; (b) Kemikalije koje su razvrstane kao tvari nadražujuće za oči 1. kategorije GHS-a ili I. kategorije EPA-e ili 1. kategorije EU-a (17., 18., 19.).
final biomass minus starting biomass in the treatment group
OECD (1998) Harmonized Integrated Hazard Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Effects of Chemical Substances, as endorsed by the 28th Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, studeni 1998. (http://www.oecd.org/ehs/Class/HCL6.htm).
Estimates of the ECx (e.g. EC50) should be based upon both average specific growth rate (ErCx) and yield (EyCx), each of which should in turn be based upon total shoot fresh weight, total shoot dry weight and total shoot length.
Young, J.R., How, M.J., Walker, A.P., Worth W.M.H.
It is possible to use a weighted linear regression after having performed a linearising transformation of the response data, for instance into probit or logit or Weibull units (13), but non-linear regression procedures are preferred techniques that better handle unavoidable data irregularities and deviations from smooth distributions.
Fentem, J.H., Archer, G.E.B., Balls, M., Botham, P.A., Curren, R.D., Earl, L.K., Edsail, D.J., Holzhutter, H.G. and Liebsch, M. (1998) The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for skin corrosivity.
Specific procedures for determination of ECx values from continuous data can be found in (14) (15) (16) (17).
CAS br.
estimates and confidence limits may also be obtained using linear interpolation with bootstrapping (18), if available regression models/methods are unsuitable for the data.
Galloway, S.M. et al.
It is necessary to assess whether the ANOVA assumption of normal distribution (ND) and variance homogeneity (VH) of variance holds.
10, str.
If heterogeneity of variance and/or deviation from ND is extreme and cannot be corrected by transformation, analysis by methods such as Bonferroni-Welch-t-test, step-down Jonkheere Terpstra test and Bonferroni-Median-Test should be considered.
(2008), ‚Improving dose selection and identification of aneugens in the in vitro chromosome aberration test by integration of flow cytometry-based methods’, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Additional guidance on determining the NOEC can be found in (16).
49/4, str. 318.
The test report includes the following details:
Scott, D. et al.
scientific name and source.
(1991).
duration and conditions of establishment phase;
A report from ICPEMC Task Group 9, Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology, Vol.
test procedure used (static, semi-static, pulsed);
257/2, str. 147. – 204.
test medium, i.e. sediment and liquid nutrient medium;
(1992).
description of the experimental design: growth chamber/room or laboratory, test vessels and covers, solution volumes, length and weight of test plants per test vessel at the beginning of the test, ratio of sediment surface to water surface, sediment and water volume ratio;
Brusick, D. (1986), Genotoxic effects in cultured mammalian cells produced by low pH treatment conditions and increased ion concentrations, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
test concentrations (nominal and measured as appropriate) and number of replicates per concentration;
8/6, str. 789. – 886.
light source, irradiance (μE·m–2 s–1)
Nesslany, F. et al.
pH values of the test and control media as well as appearance of test media at test initiation and end;
(2008).
oxygen concentrations;
Galloway, S. (2000), Cytotoxicity and chromosome aberrations in vitro: Experience in industry and the case for an upper limit on toxicity in the aberration assay, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
the method of analysis with appropriate quality assessment data (validation studies, standard deviations or confidence limits of analyses);
35/3, str. 191. – 201.
methods for determination of measurement variables, e.g., length, dry weight, fresh weight;
I: Sensitivity, specificity and relative predictivity, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
all deviations from this test method.
584/1-2, str. 1. – 256.