natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
If the mortality follows a concentration-response pattern, the parental mortality should be assigned as an effect of the test chemical and the replicates should not be excluded from the analysis of the test result.
detaljne informacije o hranjenju, uključujući količinu (u mg C/dafnija/dan) i raspored (npr. vrsta hrane, u slučaju algi i specifični naziv (vrsta) te, ako je poznato, subpopulacija, uvjeti uzgoja kulture),
Growth measurements are highly desirable since they provide information on possible sublethal effects which may be useful in addition to reproduction measures alone; the measurement of the length of the parent animals (i.e. body length excluding the anal spine) at the end of the test is recommended.
način pripreme matičnih otopina i učestalost obnavljanja (ako se upotrebljava otapalo ili dispergent, trebalo bi ga navesti zajedno s koncentracijom).
Other parameters that can be measured or calculated include time to production of first brood (and subsequent broods), number and size of broods per animal, number of aborted broods, presence of male neonates (OECD, 2008) or ephippia and possibly the intrinsic rate of population increase (see Appendix 1 for definition and Appendix 7 for the identification of the sex of neonates).
rezultati svih preliminarnih istraživanja stabilnosti ispitivane kemikalije,
Frequency of analytical determinations and measurements
potpuna evidencija o davanju živih potomaka tijekom ispitivanja za svaku roditeljsku životinju (vidjeti primjer obrasca za dostavu podataka u Dodatku 4.),
Oxygen concentration, temperature, hardness and pH values should be measured at least once a week, in fresh and old media, in the control(s) and in the highest test chemical concentration.
broj uginulih roditeljskih životinja i dan kada je smrt nastupila (vidjeti primjer obrasca za dostavu podataka u Dodatku 4.),
During the test, the concentrations of test chemical are determined at regular intervals.
koeficijent varijacije za kontrolnu reproduktivnu uspješnost (na temelju ukupnog broja živih potomaka po roditeljskoj životinji koja je živa na kraju ispitivanja),
In semi-static tests where the concentration of the test chemical is expected to remain within ± 20 per cent of the nominal (i.e. within the range 80 - 120 per cent- see paragraphs 6, 7 and 39), it is recommended that, as a minimum, the highest and lowest test concentrations be analysed when freshly prepared and at the time of renewal on one occasion during the first week of the test (i.e. analyses should be made on a sample from the same solution — when freshly prepared and at renewal).
grafički prikaz ukupnog broja živih potomaka po roditeljskoj životinji u svakom ponovljenom uzorku, isključujući sve slučajno ili nenamjerno uginule roditeljske životinje tijekom ispitivanja, u odnosu na koncentraciju ispitivane kemikalije,
These determinations should be repeated at least at weekly intervals thereafter.
ako je to potrebno, grafički prikaz ukupnog broja živih potomaka po preživjeloj roditeljskog životinji u svakom ponovljenom uzorku u odnosu na koncentraciju ispitivane kemikalije,
For tests where the concentration of the test chemical is not expected to remain within ± 20 per cent of the nominal, it is necessary to analyse all test concentrations, when freshly prepared and at renewal.
ako je to potrebno, najniža koncentracija s vidljivim učinkom (LOEC) za reprodukciju, uključujući opis primijenjenih statističkih postupaka i pokazatelj veličine učinka za koju se očekuje da će biti detektirana (u tu se svrhu može provesti analiza snage prije početka pokusa) i najviša koncentracija bez vidljivog učinka (NOEC) za reprodukciju, informacije o varijabli odgovora upotrijebljenoj za izračun vrijednosti LOEC-a i NOEC-a (kao ukupan broj živih potomaka po majčinskom organizmu koji nije uginuo slučajno ili nenamjerno tijekom ispitivanja ili kao ukupan broj živih potomaka po preživjelom majčinskom organizmu), ako je to potrebno, trebalo bi dokumentirati i LOEC i NOEC za smrtnost roditeljskih životinja,
However, for those tests where the measured initial concentration of the test chemical is not within ± 20 per cent of nominal but where sufficient evidence can be provided to show that the initial concentrations are repeatable and stable (i.e. within the range 80 - 120 per cent of initial concentrations), chemical determinations could be reduced in weeks 2 and 3 of the test to the highest and lowest test concentrations.
ako je to potrebno, ECx za reprodukciju i intervali pouzdanosti (npr.
In all cases, determination of test chemical concentrations prior to renewal need only be performed on one replicate vessel at each test concentration.
90 % ili 95 %) te grafikon prilagođenog modela primijenjenog za izračun, nagib krivulje odgovora na koncentraciju i njezina standardna pogreška,
If a flow-through test is used, a similar sampling regime to that described for semi-static tests is appropriate (but measurement of ‘old’ solutions is not applicable in this case).
drugi zapaženi biološki učinci ili mjerenja: treba dokumentirati sve druge zapažene ili izmjerene biološke učinke (npr. rast roditeljskih životinja), uključujući sva potrebna obrazloženja,
However, it may be advisable to increase the number of sampling occasions during the first week (e.g. three sets of measurements) to ensure that the test concentrations are remaining stable.
objašnjenje svih odstupanja od ispitne metode.
In these types of test, the flow-rate of diluent and test chemical should be checked daily.
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures, Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No.
If there is evidence that the concentration of the chemical being tested has been satisfactorily maintained within ± 20 per cent of the nominal or measured initial concentration throughout the test, then results can be based on nominal or measured initial values.
Za potrebe ove ispitne metode upotrebljavaju se sljedeće definicije.
If the deviation from the nominal or measured initial concentration is greater than ± 20 per cent, results should be expressed in terms of the time-weighted mean (see guidance for calculation in Appendix 6).
Slučajna smrtnost
The purpose of this test is to determine the effect of the test chemical on the reproductive output.
smrtnost koja nije povezana s kemikalijom i koja je uzrokovana slučajnim događajem (odnosno uzrok je poznat).
The total number of living offspring per parent animal should be calculated for each test vessel (i.e. replicate).
tvar ili smjesa.
In addition, the reproduction can be calculated based on the production of living offspring by the surviving parent organism.
koncentracija ispitivane kemikalije otopljene u vodi čija je posljedica x %-tno smanjenje reprodukcije dafnija unutar navedenog razdoblja izlaganja.
However, the ecologically most relevant response variable is the total number of living offspring produced per parent animal which does not die accidentally [58] or inadvertently [59] during the test.
Nenamjerna smrtnost
If the parent animal dies accidentally or inadvertently during the test, or turns out to be male, then the replicate is excluded from the analysis.
smrtnost koja nije povezana s kemikalijom i kojoj nije poznat uzrok.
The analysis will then be based on a reduced number of replicates.
Intrinzična stopa prirasta populacije
In summary, when LOEC and NOEC or ECx are being used to express the effects, it is recommended to calculate the effect on reproduction by the use of both response variables mentioned above i.e.
mjera rasta populacije kojom su objedinjene reproduktivna uspješnost i smrtnost specifična za dob (1., 2. i 3.).
as the total number of living offspring produced per parent animal which does not die accidentally or inadvertently during the test and;
Ona će kod populacija u stabilnom stanju biti jednaka nuli.
as the number of living offspring produced per surviving parental animal;
Kod rastućih populacija bit će pozitivna, a kod populacija koje se smanjuju negativna.
and then to use as the final result the lowest NOEC and LOEC or ECx value calculated by using either of these two response variables.
Jasno je da potonje nisu održive i da je konačan rezultat izumiranje.
Before employing the statistical analysis, e.g. ANOVA procedures, comparison of treatments to the control by Student t-test, Dunnett's test, Williams' test, or stepdown Jonckheere-Terpstra test, it is recommended to consider transformation of data if needed for meeting the requirements of the particular statistical test.
Granica detekcije
As non-parametric alternatives one can consider Dunn's or Mann-Whitney's tests.
najniža koncentracija koja se može detektirati, ali ne i kvantificirati.
95 % confidence intervals are calculated for individual treatment means.
Granica utvrđivanja
The number of surviving parents in the untreated controls is a validity criterion, and should be documented and reported.
najniža koncentracija koja se može kvantitativno izmjeriti.
Also all other detrimental effects, e.g. abnormal behavior and toxicological significant findings, should be reported in the final report as well.
Najniža koncentracija s vidljivim učinkom (LOEC)
ECx
najniža ispitana koncentracija pri kojoj je unutar navedenog razdoblja izlaganja zapažen statistički značajan učinak kemikalije na reprodukciju i smrtnost roditeljskih životinja (pri p < 0,05) u usporedbi s kontrolom.
ECx-values, including their associated lower and upper confidence limits, are calculated using appropriate statistical methods (e.g. logistic or Weibull function, trimmed Spearman-Karber method, or simple interpolation).
Ipak, sve ispitne koncentracije iznad LOEC-a trebale bi imati štetan učinak jednak onomu koji je zabilježen pri LOEC-u ili veći od njega.
To compute the EC10, EC50 or any other ECx, the complete data set should be subjected to regression analysis.
Ako ta dva uvjeta nisu ispunjena, treba detaljno obrazložiti kako je odabran LOEC (a prema tome i NOEC).
In general, adverse effects of the test chemical compared to the control are investigated using one-tailed hypothesis testing at p ≤ 0,05.
mlade dafnije dobivene od roditeljskih životinja u tijeku ispitivanja.
Normal distribution and variance homogeneity can be tested using an appropriate statistical test, e.g. the Shapiro-Wilk test and Levene test, respectively (p≤ 0,05).
Roditeljska životinja
One-way ANOVA and subsequent multi-comparison tests can be performed.
ženke dafnije koje su prisutne na početku ispitivanja i čija je reproduktivna uspješnost predmet istraživanja.
Multiple comparisons (e.g. Dunnett's test) or step-down trend tests (e.g. Williams' test, or stepdown Jonckheere-Terpstra test) can be used to calculate whether there are significant differences (p ≤ 0,05) between the controls and the various test chemical concentrations (selection of the recommended test according to OECD Guidance Document 54 (4)).
Reproduktivna uspješnost
Otherwise, non-parametric methods (e.g. Bonferroni-U-test according to Holm or Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test) could be used to determine the NOEC and the LOEC.
broj živih potomaka dobivenih od roditeljskih životinja tijekom razdoblja ispitivanja.
If a limit test (comparison of control and one treatment only) has been performed and the prerequisites of parametric test procedures (normality, homogeneity) are fulfilled, metric responses can be evaluated by the Student test (t-test).
sve tvari ili smjese koje se ispituju ovom ispitnom metodom.
An unequal-variance t-test (such as Welch test) or a non-parametric test such as the Mann-Whitney-U-test may be used, if these requirements are not fulfilled.
LITERATURA
To determine significant differences between the controls (control and solvent or dispersant control), the replicates of each control can be tested as described for the limit test.
PRIPREMA POTPUNO DEFINIRANIH MEDIJA ELENDT M7 I M4
If these tests do not detect significant differences, all control and solvent control replicates may be pooled.
Aklimatizacija na medije Elendt M7 i M4
Otherwise all treatments should be compared with the solvent control.
Neki su laboratoriji imali poteškoća s izravnim prijenosom dafnija u medije M4 (1.) i M7.
The test report includes the following:
Međutim, određeni je uspjeh postignut s postupnom aklimatizacijom, odnosno premještanjem iz vlastitog medija u 30 %-tni Elendt, zatim u 60 %-tni Elendt i zatim u 100 %-tni Elendt.
physical nature and relevant physicochemical properties;
Ponekad je potrebno razdoblje aklimatizacije i do mjesec dana.
chemical identification data, including purity.
Priprema
the clone (whether it has been genetically typed), supplier or source (if known) and the culture conditions used.
Elementi u tragovima
If a different species to Daphnia magna is used, this should be reported and justified.
Prvo se pripremaju odvojene matične otopine (I.) pojedinih elemenata u tragovima u vodi prikladne čistoće, npr. u deioniziranoj ili destiliranoj vodi ili vodi pročišćenoj obrnutom osmozom.
test procedure used (e.g. semi-static or flow-through, volume, loading in number of Daphnia per litre);
Iz tih različitih matičnih otopina (I.) priprema se druga pojedinačna matična otopina (II.) koja sadržava sve elemente u tragovima (kombinirana otopina) odnosno:
photoperiod and light intensity;
Matična otopina I.
test design (e.g. number of replicates, number of parents per replicate);
(pojedinačna tvar)
details of culture medium used;
Količina koja se dodaje u vodu
if used, additions of organic material including the composition, source, method of preparation, TOC/COD of stock preparations, estimation of resulting TOC/COD in test medium;
Koncentracija (u odnosu na medij M4)
detailed information on feeding, including amount (in mg C/daphnia/day) and schedule (e.g. type of food(s), including, for algae the specific name (species) and, if known, the strain, the culture conditions);
Za pripremu kombinirane matične otopine II. u vodu se dodaje sljedeća količina matične otopine I.
method of preparation of stock solutions and frequency of renewal (the solvent or dispersant and its concentration should be given, when used).
staro
results from any preliminary studies on the stability of the test chemical;
MnCl2 ߦ 4 H2O
the nominal test concentrations and the results of all analyses to determine the concentration of the test chemical in the test vessels (see example data sheets in Appendix 5); the recovery efficiency of the method and the limit of determination should also be reported; water quality within the test vessels (i.e. pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration, and TOC and/or COD and hardness where applicable) (see example data sheet in Appendix 4);
SrCl2 ߦ 6 H2O
the full record of the production of living offspring during the test by each parent animal (see example data sheet in Appendix 4);
Mo Na2O4 ߦ 2 H2O
the number of deaths among the parent animals and the day on which they occurred (see example data sheet in Appendix 4);
CuCl2 ߦ 2 H2O
the coefficient of variation for control reproductive output (based on total number of living offspring per parent animal alive at the end of the test);
CoCl2 ߦ 6 H2O
plot of total number of living offspring produced per parent animal in each replicate excluding any parent animal which may have accidentally or inadvertently died during the test vs. concentration of the test chemical;
EDTA ߦ 2 H2O
as appropriate plot of total number of living offspring produced per surviving parent animal in each replicate vs. concentration of the test chemical
FeSO4 ߦ 7 H2O
where appropriate, the ECx for reproduction and confidence intervals (e.g. 90 % or 95 %) and a graph of the fitted model used for its calculation, the slope of the concentration-response curve and its standard error;
Pritom nastaje:
other observed biological effects or measurements: report any other biological effects which were observed or measured (e.g. growth of parent animals) including any appropriate justification;
Otopina Fe-EDTA
an explanation for any deviation from the test method.
Mediji M4 i M7
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures, Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No. 23.
Mediji M4 i M7 pripremaju se uporabom matične otopine II., makronutrijenata i vitamina kako slijedi:
For the purposes of this test method the following definitions are used:
Količina matične otopine koja se dodaje za pripremu medija
Accidental mortality
Matična otopina II.
non chemical related mortality caused by an accidental incidence (i.e. known cause).
(kombinirani elementi u tragovima)
a substance or mixture.
Matična otopina makronutrijenata (pojedinačna tvar)
the concentration of the test chemical dissolved in water that results in a x per cent reduction in reproduction of Daphnia within a stated exposure period.
CaCl2 ߦ 2 H2O
Inadvertent mortality
MgSO4 ߦ 7 H2O
non chemical related mortality with no known cause.
SiO3 ߦ 9 H2O
Intrinsic rate of population increase
Kombinirana vitaminska matična otopina
a measure of population growth which integrates reproductive output and age-specific mortality (1) (2) (3).
Kombinirana vitaminska matična otopina priprema se dodavanjem triju vitamina u jednu litru vode kako je prikazano u nastavku:
In steady state populations it will be zero.
Tiamin hidroklorid
For growing populations it will be positive and for shrinking populations it will be negative.
Cijanokobalamin (B12)
Clearly the latter is not sustainable and ultimately will lead to extinction.
Biotin
Limit of detection
Kombinirana vitaminska matična otopina čuva se zamrznuta u malim alikvotima.
the lowest concentration that can be detected but not quantified.
Vitamini se dodaju mediju neposredno prije uporabe.
Limit of determination
Kako bi se izbjeglo taloženje soli kod pripreme potpunog medija, dodaju se alikvoti matičnih otopina u približno 500 – 800 ml deionizirane vode i zatim se nadopunjuje do jedne litre.
the lowest concentration that can be measured quantitatively.
Medij M4 prvi se put navodi u Elendt, B.P.
Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC)
ANALIZA UKUPNOG ORGANSKOG UGLJIKA (TOC) I IZRADA NOMOGRAMA SADRŽAJA TOC-a U HRANI OD ALGI
the lowest tested concentration at which the chemical is observed to have a statistically significant effect on reproduction and parent mortality (at p < 0,05) when compared with the control, within a stated exposure period.
TOC bi trebalo mjeriti visokotemperaturnom oksidacijom, a ne metodama oksidacije UV zračenjem ili persulfatom (za savjet vidjeti: The Instrumental Determination of Total Organic Carbon, Total Oxygen Demand and Related Determinands 1979, HMSO 1980; 49 High Holborn, London WC1V 6HB).
However, all test concentrations above the LOEC should have a harmful effect equal to or greater than those observed at the LOEC.
Za izradu nomograma alge bi trebalo odvojiti od medija za uzgoj kulture centrifugiranjem i resuspendiranjem u destiliranoj vodi.
When these two conditions cannot be satisfied, a full explanation should be given for how the LOEC (and hence the NOEC) has been selected.
U svakom se uzorku tri puta mjere zamjenski parametar i koncentracija TOC-a.
an animal is recorded as dead when it is immobile, i.e. when it is not able to swim, or if there is no observed movement of appendages or postabdomen, within 15 seconds after gentle agitation of the test container.
Trebalo bi analizirati slijepe probe s destiliranom vodom i oduzeti koncentraciju TOC-a od koncentracije TOC-a u uzorku algi.
(If another definition is used, this should be reported together with its reference).
Nomogrami bi trebali biti linearni unutar traženog raspona koncentracija ugljika.
No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC)
Primjeri su prikazani u nastavku.
the test concentration immediately below the LOEC, which when compared with the control, has no statistically significant effect (p < 0,05), within a stated exposure period.
Primjeri se ne bi trebali upotrebljavati za preračunavanje; važno je da laboratoriji izrade vlastite nomograme.
the young Daphnia produced by the parent animals in the course of the test.
Regresija mg/l suhe mase na mg C/1.
Parent Animals
Podaci iz koncentriranih suspenzija stanica uzgojenih u polukontinuiranim serijama, resuspendiranih u destiliranoj vodi.
those female Daphnia present at the start of the test and of which the reproductive output is the object of study.
X-os: mg C/1 koncentrirane hrane od algi
Reproductive output
Y-os: mg/1 suhe mase koncentrirane hrane od algi
the number of living offspring produced by parental animals within the test period
Korekcijski koeficijent – 0,980
any substance or mixture tested using this test method.
Regresija broja stanica na mg C/1.
LITERATURE
Y-os: Broj stanica/1 koncentrirane hrane od algi
PREPARATION OF FULLY DEFINED ELENDT M7 AND M4 MEDIA
Korekcijski koeficijent – 0,926
Acclimation to Elendt M7 and M4 media
Regresija apsorpcije na mg C/1 (duljina puta od 1 cm).
Some laboratories have experienced difficulty in directly transferring Daphnia to M4 (1) and M7 media.
Y-os: Apsorpcija koncentrirane hrane od algi razrijeđene u omjeru 1/10 pri 440 nm
However, some success has been achieved with gradual acclimation, i.e. moving from own medium to 30 % Elendt, then to 60 % Elendt and then to 100 % Elendt.
Korekcijski koeficijent – 0,998
The acclimation periods may need to be as long as one month.
PRIMJER OBRASCA ZA DOSTAVU PODATAKA O OBNAVLJANJU MEDIJA, FIZIČKO-KEMIJSKOM PRAĆENJU, HRANJENJU, REPRODUKCIJI DAFNIJA I SMRTNOSTI RODITELJSKIH ŽIVOTINJA
Preparation
Pokus br.:
Trace elements
Datum početka:
Separate stock solutions (I) of individual trace elements are first prepared in water of suitable purity, e.g. deionised, distilled or reverse osmosis.
Klon:
From these different stock solutions (I) a second single stock solution (II) is prepared, which contains all trace elements (combined solution), i.e:
Medij:
Stock solution(s) I
Vrsta hrane:
(single substance)
Ispitivana kemikalija:
Amount added to water
Nazivna koncentracija:
Concentration (related to medium M4)
dan
To prepare the combined stock-solution II add the following amount of stock solution I to water
Obnavljanje medija (označiti kvačicom)
old
novo
MnCl2 · 4 H2O
Hranjenje (označiti kvačicom)
SrCl2 · 6 H2O
Br. živih potomaka [2]
Mo Na2O4 · 2 H2O
Ukupno
CuCl2 · 2 H2O
Posuda 1.
CoCl2 · 6 H2O
Kumulativna smrtnost roditeljskih životinja [3]
EDTA · 2 H2O
Navesti koja je posuda upotrijebljena za pokus.
FeSO4 · 7 H2O
Upisati propala legla u odgovarajuće polje kao ‚AB’.
Both Na2EDTA and FeSO4 solutions are prepared singly, poured together and autoclaved immediately.
Upisati smrtnost svih roditeljskih životinja u odgovarajuće polje kao ‚M’.
This gives:
PRIMJER OBRASCA ZA DOSTAVU PODATAKA O REZULTATIMA KEMIJSKE ANALIZE
Fe-EDTA solution
Izmjerene koncentracije
M4 and M7 media
Nazivna koncentracija
M4 and M7 media are prepared using stock solution II, the macro-nutrients and vitamins as follows:
Uzorak iz prvog tjedna
Amount of stock solution added to prepare medium
Uzorak iz drugog tjedna
Stock solution II
Uzorak iz trećeg tjedna
(combined trace elements)
Svježe
Macro nutrient stock solutions (single substance)
Staro
CaCl2 · 2 H2O
Izmjerene koncentracije kao postotak nazivne koncentracije
MgSO4 · 7 H2O
IZRAČUN VREMENSKI PONDERIRANE SREDNJE VRIJEDNOSTI
SiO3 · 9 H2O
Vremenski ponderirana srednja vrijednost
Combined Vitamin stock
Budući da se koncentracija ispitivane kemikalije može smanjiti u razdoblju između obnavljanja medija, potrebno je razmotriti koju bi koncentraciju trebalo odabrati kao reprezentativnu za raspon koncentracija kojima su izložene roditeljske dafnije.
The combined vitamin stock solution is prepared by adding the 3 vitamins to 1 litre water, as shown below:
Odabir bi trebalo temeljiti na biološkim i statističkim čimbenicima.
Thiamine hydrochloride
Na primjer, ako se smatra da na reprodukciju najviše utječe vršna koncentracija, trebalo bi upotrijebiti maksimalnu koncentraciju.
Cyanocobalamine (B12)
Međutim, ako se smatra da je važniji akumulirani ili dugoročniji učinak toksične kemikalije, tada je relevantnija prosječna koncentracija.
Biotine
Prosječna koncentracija koju u tom slučaju treba upotrijebiti vremenski je ponderirana srednja koncentracija jer se njome uzima u obzir varijacija trenutačne koncentracije u određenom vremenu.