natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The progressive rate structure's discrimination between retailers based on their size notably results in Poland waiving tax revenue it would otherwise have been entitled to collect from retail undertakings that operate under a franchise model as compared to retail undertaking that operate under a holding company model.
Prije svega i kao odgovor na tvrdnju Poljske kojom je odgovorila na odluku o pokretanju postupka da se porez u trgovini na malo odnosi na mjeru izravnog oporezivanja i da stoga Komisija izvršavanjem svoje nadležnost u područje državnih potpora neopravdano ograničava autonomiju Poljske u razvoju njezine fiskalne politike, Komisija podsjeća da, iako se smatra da su države članice autonomne u području izravnog oporezivanja, svaka fiskalna mjera koju država članica donese mora biti usklađena s člankom 107.
By renouncing those revenues, the retail tax gives rise to a loss of State resources within the meaning of Article 107(1) of the Treaty.
Ugovora.
Advantage
Postojanje potpore
According to the case law of the Union Courts, the notion of aid embraces not only positive benefits, but also measures which, in various forms, mitigate the charges which are normally included in the budget of an undertaking.
U skladu s člankom 107. stavkom 1.
An advantage may be granted through different types of reduction in a company's tax burden and, in particular, through a reduction in the applicable tax rate, taxable base or in the amount of tax due.
Ugovora svaka potpora koju dodijeli država članica ili koja se dodjeljuje putem državnih sredstava u bilo kojem obliku koja narušava ili prijeti da će narušiti tržišno natjecanje stavljanjem određenih poduzetnika ili proizvodnje određene robe u povoljniji položaj, nespojiva je s unutarnjim tržištem u mjeri u kojoj utječe na trgovinu među državama članicama.
A measure that entails a reduction of a tax or a levy gives rise to an advantage because it places the undertakings to which it applies in a more favourable financial position than other taxpayers and results in a loss of income to the State.
Kako bi se mjera smatrala potporom u smislu članka 107. stavka 1., moraju biti ispunjeni svi uvjeti iz te odredbe.
The Act lays down a progressive rate structure that applies to all undertakings subject to the retail tax and the tax burden carried by each retailer depends on the brackets into which its turnover falls.
Stoga je čvrsto određeno da, kako bi se mjera smatrala državnom potporom, najprije mora postojati intervencija države ili iz državnih sredstava; drugo, ta intervencija mora biti takva da može utjecati na trgovinu među državama članicama; treće, njome se mora davati selektivna prednost poduzetniku i, četvrto, njome se mora narušavati ili prijetiti da će se narušiti tržišno natjecanje.
The progressive character of the tax has the effect that not only the amount of tax but also the average percentage of the tax levied on a retailer's turnover from retail sales increases when its turnover increases and reaches the next upper bracket.
Državna sredstava i mogućnost njihova pripisivanja državi
As a result, retailers with low turnover are either not subject to the retail tax or subject to the tax at substantially lower average effective rates than retailers with high turnover, thereby reducing the charges that undertakings with low turnover have to bear as compared to undertakings with high turnover.
Kako bi je se smatralo državnom potporom, mjera mora biti pripisiva državi i mora se financirati iz državnih sredstava.
Since the amount of turnover achieved by an undertaking correlates to a certain extent with the size of that undertaking, the progressive rate structure under the Act can be said to confer an economic advantage on smaller retailers to the detriment of larger retailers in the form of a reduction of their tax burden and a reduction in the average effective tax rate to which those undertakings are subject.
Budući da porez u trgovini na malo proizlazi iz zakona koji je donio poljski parlament, on se jasno može pripisati poljskoj državi.
Indeed, the cost represented by the tax at the end of the month for each PLN 100 turnover will be zero for undertakings with total turnovers not exceeding PLN 17 million; will progressively increase towards 0,8 % for retailers with total turnovers above PLN 17 million but not exceeding PLN 170 million; and further increase towards 1,4 % for retailers with total turnovers in excess of PLN 170 million as illustrated in the table below:
U pogledu financiranja mjere državnim sredstvima, prema ustaljenoj sudskoj praksi Suda, mjera kojom javna tijela određenim poduzetnicima odobravaju oslobođenje od poreza kojim se, iako ono ne obuhvaća pozitivan prijenos državnih sredstava, osobe na koje se primjenjuje stavlja u povoljniji financijski položaj u odnosu na druge porezne obveznike čini državnu potporu.
Turnover (PLN)
U uvodnim izjavama od 37. do 60.
Marginal rate (%)
Komisija će dokazati da progresivna struktura stope poreza u trgovini na malo, opisana u uvodnim izjavama 15. i 16., dovodi do toga da se Poljska odriče prihoda od poreza koji bi u suprotnom imala pravo prikupljati od subjekata u trgovini na malo s nižom razinom prometa (a time i manjih trgovaca na malo) da su oni podlijegali istoj prosječnoj efektivnoj poreznoj stopi u trgovini na malo kao i subjekti u trgovini na malo s višom razinom prometa (a time i većih trgovaca na malo).
Tax (PLN)
Diskriminacija trgovaca na malo na osnovi njihove veličine koja proizlazi iz progresivne strukture stope osobito dovodi do toga da se Poljska odriče prihoda od poreza koji bi u suprotnom imala pravo ubirati od poduzeća u trgovini na malo koji posluju u obliku franšizne mreže u usporedbi s poduzećima u trgovini na malo koji posluju u obliku holding društava.
Tax/Turnover (%)
Budući da podrazumijeva odricanje od tih prihoda, porez u trgovini na malo dovodi do gubitka državnih sredstava u smislu članka 107. stavka 1.
The progressive rate structure's discrimination between retailers based on their size also means that individual retailers operating as franchisees under a franchise model are granted an advantage, since their tax burden is determined on the basis of their individual stores' monthly turnover from retail sales, rather than on the basis of the entire chain's monthly turnover from retail sales as is the case for retail chains operating under a holding company model.
Ugovora.
Selectivity
Prednost
A measure is selective if it favours certain undertakings or the production of certain goods within the meaning of Article 107(1) of the Treaty.
U skladu sa sudskom praksom sudova Unije pojmom potpore nisu obuhvaćene samo pozitivne koristi, nego i mjere kojima se u različitim oblicima smanjuju troškovi koji su obično uključeni u proračun poduzeća.
For aid schemes, the Court of Justice has established that the selectivity of the measure should in principle be assessed by means of a three-step analysis.
Prednost može proizlaziti iz različitih vrsta smanjenja poreznog opterećenja određenog društva i, osobito, smanjenja primjenjive porezne stope, oporezive osnovice ili iznosa dospjelog poreza.
First, the common or normal tax regime applicable in the Member State is identified: ‘the reference system’.
Mjerom koja obuhvaća smanjenje poreza ili pristojbe omogućuje se prednost jer se njome poduzeća na koje se ta mjera primjenjuje stavlja u povoljniji financijski položaj od ostalih poreznih obveznika i dovodi do gubitka prihoda za državu.
Second, it should be determined whether a given measure constitutes a derogation from that system insofar as it differentiates between economic operators who, in light of the objectives intrinsic to the system, are in a comparable factual and legal situation.
Zakonom se utvrđuje progresivna struktura stope koja se primjenjuje na sva poduzeća koja podliježu porezu u trgovini na malo, a porezno opterećenje koje snosi svaki trgovac na malo ovisi o kategoriji kojoj pripada promet koji ostvaruje.
If the measure in question does not constitute a derogation from the reference system, it is not selective.
Učinak je progresivne prirode poreza taj da se s povećanjem prometa trgovca na malo ostvarenog od prodaje u trgovini na malo i uvrštavanjem u sljedeću višu kategoriju ne povećava samo iznos poreza nego i prosječni postotak poreza obračunatog na promet trgovca na malo ostvarenog od prodaje u trgovini na malo.
If it does (and therefore is prima facie selective), it must be established, in the third step of the analysis, whether the derogatory measure is justified by the nature or the general scheme of the reference tax system.
Kao posljedica toga, trgovci na malo s malim prometom ne podliježu porezu u trgovini na malo ili mu podliježu po znatno nižim prosječnim efektivnim stopama od trgovaca s velikim prometom, čime se smanjuju troškovi koje moraju snositi poduzeća s malim prometom u usporedbi s poduzećima s velikim prometom.
If a prima facie selective measure is justified by the nature or the general scheme of the system, it will not be considered selective and it will thus fall outside the scope of Article 107(1) of the Treaty.
Budući da je iznos ostvarenog prometa poduzeća u određenoj mjeri povezan s njegovom veličinom, može se reći da se progresivnom strukturom stope na temelju Zakonu daje ekonomska prednost manjim trgovcima na malo na štetu većih trgovaca na malo u obliku smanjenja njihova poreznog opterećenja i smanjenja prosječne efektivne porezne stope kojoj ta poduzeća podliježu.
System of reference
Trošak koji čini porez na kraju mjeseca za svakih 100 PLN prometa bit će nula za poduzeća s ukupnim prometom koji ne prelazi 17 milijuna PLN, progresivno će se povećavati prema 0,8 % za trgovce na malo s ukupnim prometom većim od 17 milijuna PLN i manjim od 170 milijuna PLN i dalje će se povećati prema 1,4 % za trgovce s ukupnim prometom većim od 170 milijuna PLN, kako je prikazano u tablici u nastavku:
The reference system is composed of a consistent set of rules that generally apply on the basis of objective criteria to all undertakings falling within its scope as defined by its objective.
Promet (PLN)
Contrary to what Poland claims, the objective of the retail tax cannot be said to be to finance budget expenditure under the Family 500+ child benefit programme.
Granična stopa (%)
Poland confirmed that tax revenues cannot be allocated wholly and exclusively to finance a predetermined type of expenditure, so that an alleged link between child care and the retail sector has not been established, nor an alleged link between the cost of the child care programme and the size of the turnover of retail operators.
Porez (PLN)
The financing of the Family 500+ child benefit programme cannot be regarded as an objective intrinsic to the retail tax.
Porez/promet (%)
Rather, the objective of the retail tax is to tax the turnover of all economic operators involved in the sale of goods to natural person consumers.
Diskriminacija trgovaca na malo na osnovi njihove veličine koja proizlazi iz progresivne strukture stope znači i da se daje prednost pojedinačnim trgovcima na malo koji posluju kao korisnici franšize u obliku franšizne mreže jer se njihovo porezno opterećenje određuje na osnovi mjesečnog prometa koji pojedinačna trgovina ostvari od prodaje u trgovini na malo, a ne na osnovi mjesečnog prometa cijelog lanca kao što je slučaj kod maloprodajnih lanaca koji posluju u obliku holding društva.
In the light of that objective, all undertakings deriving turnover from the sale of goods to natural persons should be considered to be in a similar factual and legal situation.
Selektivnost
The Commission therefore considers the reference system to be the retail tax applicable to the turnover of undertakings engaged in the retail sale of all sorts of goods in Poland.
Mjera je selektivna ako se njome određeni poduzetnici ili proizvodnja određene robe stavljaju u povoljniji položaj u smislu članka 107. stavka 1.
Contrary to what Poland claims, the reference system should not be limited only to undertakings with turnover above PLN 17 million on account of the fact that the monthly turnover from retail sales generated by undertakings not exceeding PLN 17 million is not subject to tax under the Act.
Ugovora.
That exclusion is applied to all undertakings that derive turnover from the sale of retail goods regardless of whether they achieve a turnover exceeding or not exceeding PLN 17 million.
Za programe potpora Sud je utvrdio da bi selektivnost mjere u načelu trebalo ocijeniti analizom od tri koraka.
The Commission also does not consider that the progressive tax rate structure laid down by the Act forms a part of the reference system.
Prvo, utvrđuje se je li uobičajeni ili normalni porezni režim primjenjiv u državi članici: „referentni sustav”.
The Court of Justice has specified that it is not always sufficient to confine the selectivity analysis to whether the measure derogates from the reference system as defined by the Member State.
Drugo, trebalo bi utvrditi odstupa li određena mjera od tog sustava na način da se njome razlikuju gospodarski subjekti koji su s obzirom na ciljeve svojstvene sustavu u usporedivoj činjeničnoj i pravnoj situaciji.
It is also necessary to evaluate whether the boundaries of that system have been designed by the Member State in a consistent manner or, conversely, in a clearly arbitrary or biased way, so as to favour certain undertakings over others.
Ako predmetna mjera ne odstupa od referentnog sustava, nije selektivna.
Otherwise, instead of laying down general rules applying to all undertakings from which a derogation is made for certain undertakings, the Member State could achieve the same result, side stepping the State aid rules, by adjusting and combining its rules in such a way that their very application results in a different burden for different undertakings.
Ako odstupa (i time je selektivna prima facie), mora se utvrditi, u trećem koraku analize, je li odstupajuća mjera opravdana prirodom ili općom strukturom referentnog poreznog sustava.
It is particularly important to recall in that respect that the Court of Justice has consistently held that Article 107(1) of the Treaty does not distinguish between measures of State intervention by reference to their causes or their aims, but defines them in relation to their effects, and thus independently of the techniques used.
Ako je prima facie selektivna mjera opravdana prirodom ili općom strukturom sustava, neće je se smatrati selektivnom i stoga neće biti obuhvaćena područjem primjene članka 107. stavka 1.
The result of the progressive rate structure laid down by the Act is that undertakings with low turnover from retail sales are either not subject to the retail tax or subject to the tax at substantially lower average effective rates – i.e. for each zloty of monthly turnover generated – than undertakings with high turnover, thereby reducing the charges that undertakings with low turnover have to bear as compared to undertakings with high turnover.
Ugovora.
Because each company is taxed at a different average effective tax rate, it is not possible for the Commission to identify one single reference rate.
Referentni sustav
Poland has also not presented any specific rate as the reference rate or ‘normal’ rate and also did not explain why a higher rate would be justified by exceptional circumstances for retail operators with a high level of turnover, or why lower rates should apply to operators with lower levels of turnovers.
Referentni sustav sastoji se od dosljednog skupa pravila koja se općenito primjenjuju na temelju objektivnih kriterija na sva poduzeća unutar područja primjene definiranog ciljem sustava.
The effect of the progressive rate structure of the tax is therefore that different undertakings pay different effective taxation rates depending on their monthly turnover and, consequently, on their size and the operating model.
Suprotno tvrdnjama Poljske, ne može se reći da je cilj poreza u trgovini na malo financiranje rashoda proračuna u okviru programa dječjeg doplatka Obitelj 500+.
Consequently, the progressive tax rate structure introduced by the Act can be said to be specifically designed to favour smaller retailers over larger ones by applying different tax rates to the monthly turnover generated by undertakings involved in the sale of goods to natural person consumers and thereby subjecting undertakings with lower turnover to a lower average effective tax rate than undertakings with a higher turnover, which also tend to be foreign-owned, although both types of undertaking are engaged in the same activity.
Poljska je potvrdila da se prihodi od poreza ne mogu u potpunosti i isključivo dodijeliti za financiranje unaprijed utvrđene vrste rashoda, tako da nije uspostavljena navodna veza između skrbi za djecu i sektora trgovine na malo ni navodna veza između troška programa za skrb o djeci i veličine prometa subjekata u trgovini na malo.
The progressive rate structure's discrimination of retailers based on their size can also be said to favour retailers operating under a franchise model or independently (as company of civil law for instance) as compared to those operating under a holding company model.
Financiranje programa dječjeg doplatka Obitelj 500+ ne može se smatrati ciljem svojstvenim porezu u trgovini na malo.
Since Poland has designed the tax in such a manner so as to favour certain undertakings (namely retailers with low levels of turnover – smaller retailers – and retailers operating under a franchise model or independently (not within a chain)), and disadvantage others (namely retailers with high levels of turnover – larger retailers – and retail chains operating under a holding company model), the reference system is selective by design in a way that is not justified in light of the objective of the tax, which is to tax the turnover of all retail operators.
Umjesto toga, cilj je poreza u trgovini na malo uvesti porez na promet svih gospodarskih subjekata uključenih u prodaju robe potrošačima koji su fizičke osobe.
Consequently, the Commission considers the appropriate reference system in the present case to be the imposition of a single (flat) rate tax on the monthly turnover generated from retail sales, without the progressive tax structure being a part of that system.
S obzirom na taj cilj, trebalo bi smatrati da se sva poduzeća koja ostvaruju promet od prodaje robe fizičkim osobama nalaze u sličnoj činjeničnoj i pravnoj situaciji.
Derogation from the system of reference
Komisija stoga smatra da je referentni sustav porez u trgovini na malo koji se primjenjuje na promet poduzeća koja se bave prodajom svih vrsta robe u trgovini na malo u Poljskoj.
As a second step, it is necessary to determine whether the measure derogates from the application of the rules of reference in favour of certain undertakings which are in a similar factual and legal situation in light of the intrinsic objective of the system of reference.
Suprotno tvrdnjama Poljske, referentni sustav ne bi trebalo ograničiti samo na poduzeća s prometom većim od 17 milijuna PLN zbog činjenice da mjesečni promet od prodaje u trgovini na malo koji ostvaruju poduzeća i koji ne prelazi 17 milijuna PLN ne podliježe oporezivanju na temelju Zakona.
Under Article 6(1) the Act, no tax is levied on the part of the retailer's monthly turnover from retail sales not exceeding PLN 17 million.
Isključenje se primjenjuje na sva poduzeća koja ostvaruju promet od prodaje robe u trgovini na malo neovisno o tome ostvaruju li promet koji je veći ili manji od 17 milijuna PLN.
For a significant number of retailers, notably in the grocery subsector, that exemption means that they are entirely exempt from any taxation on the turnover they derive from their retail sales, since their monthly turnover derived from that activity falls below PLN 17 million.
Komisija također smatra da progresivna struktura porezne stope utvrđena Zakonom ne čini dio referentnog sustava.
According to publically available data, 109 tax declarations establishing the amount of tax due on the retail sales were emitted for the month of September 2016, whereas according to estimates of the Polish Ministry of Finance there are approximately 200000 retail operators operating in Poland.
Sud je utvrdio da nije uvijek dovoljno ograničiti analizu selektivnosti na to odstupa li mjera od referentnog sustava koji je utvrdila država članica.
Consequently, the vast majority of undertakings operating on the grocery subsector of the retail sector in Poland fall below the threshold established by Article 6(1) and pay no retail tax.
Nužno je i ocijeniti je li država članica osmislila granice tog sustava na dosljedan način ili, suprotno tomu, na očito proizvoljan ili pristran način kako bi se određene poduzetnike stavilo u povoljniji položaj od drugih.
As regards retailers that achieve a monthly turnover in excess of PLN 17 million: their monthly turnover below that threshold is exempted from taxation; their monthly turnover above PLN 17 million but not exceeding PLN 170 million is subject to a tax rate of 0,8 %; and the part of their turnover that exceeds PLN 170 million is taxed at a rate of 1,4 %.
Inače bi, umjesto utvrđivanja općih pravila koja se primjenjuju na sve poduzetnike i u pogledu kojih se za određene poduzetnike utvrđuju odstupanja, država članica mogla ostvariti isti rezultat, ne uzimajući u obzir pravila o državnim potporama, prilagodbom i kombiniranjem svojih pravila na način da se samom njihovom primjenom različiti poduzetnici opterećuju u različitoj mjeri.
Poland makes a distinction between ‘bracketed progressivity’ and ‘global progressivity’ and claims that, since all tax rates (i.e. the tax exemption equivalent to a 0 % rate, and the 1,4 % and 0,8 % rates) are applied on the same terms to all undertakings, there is no derogation from the reference system.
Posebno je važno u tom pogledu podsjetiti na to da Sud dosljedno tvrdi da se u članku 107. stavku 1.
However, both types of progressive taxation lead to different average effective rates being applied to different companies based on their turnover – which is the object of taxation – and ultimately their size.
Ugovora ne razlikuju mjere intervencije države upućivanjem na njihove uzroke ili ciljeve, već ih se definira s obzirom na njihove učinke, a time i neovisno o upotrijebljenim tehnikama.
As the following example of three retailers (taxable persons) generating monthly turnovers of respectively PLN 10 million, PLN 100 million and PLN 750 million illustrates, although all retailers are subjected to the same tax rates and although the same portion of their income falls within the same three brackets, their effective average tax rates differ considerably.
Posljedica je progresivne strukture stope utvrđene Zakonom to da poduzeća s malim prometom od prodaje u trgovini na malo ne podliježu porezu u trgovini na malo ili mu podliježu po znatno nižim prosječnim efektivnim stopama (tj. za svaki zlot ostvarenog mjesečnog prometa) od poduzeća s velikim prometom, čime se smanjuju troškovi koje moraju snositi poduzeća s malim prometom u usporedbi s poduzećima s velikim prometom.
Indeed for each PLN 100 of turnover generated, Retailer 1 bears no tax, Retailer 2 bears an amount of tax of around PLN 0,7 and Retailer 3 an amount of tax of around PLN 1,2.
Budući da se svako društvo oporezuje po drugačijoj prosječnoj efektivnoj stopi, Komisija ne može utvrditi jedinstvenu referentnu stopu.
Monthly revenue from retail sales
Poljska nije navela nijednu određenu stopu kao referentnu ili „normalnu” stopu i nije objasnila zašto bi viša stopa bila opravdana iznimnim okolnostima za subjekte u trgovini na malo s visokom razinom prometa niti zašto bi se niže stope trebale primjenjivati na subjekte s nižim razinama prometa.
Retailer 1
Stoga je učinak progresivne strukture porezne stope taj da različita poduzeća plaćaju različite efektivne porezne stope ovisno o njihovu mjesečnom prometu, a time i njihovoj veličini i obliku poslovanja.