natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Relevance incorporates consideration of the accuracy (concordance) of a test method (8).
izvedena koncentracija u ribi u nultom vremenu faze izlučivanja (mg kg– 1);
When tested with a concurrent negative control, this sample also demonstrates whether the solvent or vehicle interacts with the test system.
Brzina hranjenja ispravljena u odnosu na rast, Ig (g hrane g– 1 ribe dan– 1), koju treba upotrijebiti umjesto I u slučaju brzog rasta tijekom faze apsorpcije, može se tada izračunati kao:
The proportion of all negative/inactive chemicals that are correctly classified by the test.
Sijm D.T.H.M., Verberne M.E., Part P. and Opperhuizen A. (1994), Experimentally determined blood and water flow limitations for uptake of hydrophobic compounds using perfused gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Allometric applications.
It is a measure of accuracy for a test method that produces categorical results and is an important consideration in assessing the relevance of a test method.
Barber M.C.
Substance
Opperhuizen A. (1986), Bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals in fish, in Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate, STP 921, Poston, T.M. and Purdy, R., Editors.
Tiered testing strategy
Crookes M. and Brooke D. (2010), Estimation of fish bioconcentration factor (BCF) from depuration data.
If the irritancy potential of a test chemical cannot be assigned based on the existing information, a step-wise sequential animal testing procedure is performed until an unequivocal classification can be made.
Gobas F. and Morrison H. (2000), Bioconcentration and biomagnification in the aquatic environment, in Handbook of property estimation methods for chemicals, Boethling, R.S. and Mackay, D., Editors.
However careful consideration should be given to the logistics involved in tissue sampling for comet analysis alongside the requirements of tissue sampling for other types of toxicological assessments.
kakvoća vode u ispitnim posudama (odnosno pH-vrijednost, temperatura i koncentracija otopljenog kisika, TOC i/ili KPK i tvrdoća ako je to primjenjivo) (vidjeti primjer obrasca za dostavu podataka u Dodatku 4.),
Harvest 24 hours after the last dose, which is typical of a general toxicity study, is not appropriate in most cases (see paragraph 40 on sampling time).
OECD Test Guidelines Programme.
For each sample (per tissue per animal), at least 150 cells (excluding hedgehogs — see paragraph 56) should be analysed.
OECD (1997).
Scoring 150 cells per animal in at least 5 animals per dose (less in the concurrent positive control — see paragraph 29) provides adequate statistical power according to the analysis of Smith et al., 2008 (5).
OECD (2006).
Changes in clinical chemistry measures (e.g. AST, ALT), can also provide useful information on tissue damage and additional indicators such as caspase activation, TUNEL stain, Annexin V stain, etc. may also be considered.
Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: A Guidance to Application, OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications (EHS), Series on Testing and Assessment, No.
However, there are limited published data where the latter have been used for in vivo studies and some may be less reliable than others.
Baird, D.J., et al.
Kirkland, D., G. Speit (2008), Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens III.
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EPA (2002).
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11.04; ASTM E729 – 96 (2007) American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
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Rand, G.M. and S.R.
Strauss (1995), The single cell gel electrophoresis/Comet assay: a potential tool for detecting radiation-induced DNA damage in humans, Stem Cells, Vol.
Dijagram toka za procjenu vrijednosti ECx za srednju vrijednost dužine, težine ili udjela valjenja iz jajašaca ili smrtnosti ličinaka u ponovljenom uzorku; vidjeti tekst za više podataka.
13/1, pp. 207-14.
Bruce-Versteegov model,
Collins, A.R (2004), The Comet assay for DNA damage and repair: principles, applications, and limitations, Molecular Biotechnology, Vol.
Michaelis-Menten,
26/3, pp. 249-61.
Hillov model.
723/2, pp. 108-20.
Apsorbancija u tim slijepim probama trebala bi biti manja od 5 % maksimalne apsorbancije pri standardnoj kalibraciji.
Kushwaha, S. et al.
94, Pariz.
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Androgenic and estrogenic effects of the synthetic androgen 17alpha-methyltestosterone on sexual development and reproductive performance in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) determined using the gonadal recrudescence assay.
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Evaluation of the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole in a short-term reproduction assay with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).
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(2004).
25/2, pp. 187-99.
VTG,
7/2, pp. 240-9.
11/10, str. 1485-1494.
742/1-2, pp. 26-30.
Akvariji se prozračuju i drže na temperaturi od 15 °C s brzinom protoka od 200 do 300 μmol m– 2 s– 1 16 sati dnevno.
Wang, A. et al.
Biljne kulture u akvariju mogu se držati kao rezervni izvor biljaka u slučaju da sterilne biljne kulture budu uništene zbog mehaničkih neispravnosti u odjeljku za uzgoj kulture, zbog kontaminacije, ili iz drugih razloga.
, Measurement of DNA damage in rat urinary bladder transitional cells: improved selective harvest of transitional cells and detailed Comet assay protocols, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
Biljke koje se uzgajaju u akvariju nisu sterilne i sterilne kulture ne mogu se držati u šaržnom sustavu za uzgoj kultura.
634/ 1-2, pp. 51-9.
Za sterilizaciju kulture biljke se uklanjaju iz akvarija i ispiru u tekućoj deioniziranoj vodi oko pola sata.
Fourth International Workgroup on Genotoxicity testing: results of the in vivo Comet assay workgroup, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
Zatim se dezinficiraju u aseptičkim uvjetima u komorama sa laminarnim protokom zraka manje od 20 minuta (dok većina biljnog tkiva ne izbijeli i samo vrh koji raste ostane zelen) u otopini s masenim udjelom natrijeva hipoklorita od 3 % i s 0,01 % odgovarajuće površinski aktivne tvari.
627/1, pp. 31-5.
Dezinfekcijsko sredstvo i biljni materijal se miješaju.
Jackson, P. et al.
Segmenti s više nodija prenose se u sterilne epruvete za uzgoj kultura koje sadržavaju po 45 ml steriliziranoga modificiranog Andrewsova medija i začepljene su jednostavnim čepovima za epruvete.
Olive (1997), Influence of oxygen on radiation-induced DNA damage in testicular cells of C3H mice, International Journal of Radiation Biology, Vol.
29/2, str. 93-96.
71/3, pp. 275-282.
Detaljne pojedinosti o postupku, mjerama opreza i izračunu navedene su u standardnim ispitivanjima, npr. u literaturi 1., 2., 3., 4.
Cordelli, E. et al.
Spektrofotometrijska metoda
, Evaluation of DNA damage in different stages of mouse spermatogenesis after testicular X irradiation, Journal of Radiation Research, Vol. 160/4, pp. 443-451.
To se može postići dodavanjem koncentrirane kiseline (baze) u relativno velik volumen otopine tvari u višekomponentnom puferu, počevši pri visokoj (niskoj) pH-vrijednosti (literatura 5.), ili dodavanjem jednakih količina matične otopine tvari, npr. u vodi ili metanolu, u stalne volumene različitih puferskih otopina kojima je obuhvaćen željeni raspon pH-vrijednosti.
Merk, O., G. Speit (1999), Detection of crosslinks with the Comet assay in relationship to genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Iz pH-vrijednosti i vrijednosti apsorbancije na izabranoj valnoj duljini izračunava se dovoljan broj vrijednosti za pKa, pri čemu se upotrebljavaju podaci dobiveni za najmanje pet pH-vrijednosti pri kojima stupanj ionizacije tvari iznosi najmanje 10 %, a manje od 90 %.
Wolf (1996), Detection of DNA-crosslinking agents with the alkaline Comet assay, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
STRATEGIJA SEKVENCIJSKOG ISPITIVANJA NADRAŽIVANJA I NAGRIZANJA OKA
27/3, pp. 196-201.
Genotoxicity of a Freshwater Cyanotoxin,Cylindrospermopsin, in Two Human Cell Lines: Caco-2 and HepaRG.
Jha (2006), Reliable Comet assay measurements for detecting DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation and chemicals, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, Vol.
Odmah nakon uklanjanja ispitivanih i kontrolnih kemikalija dodaje se u umetke (npr.
605(1-2), pp. 7-16.
Millicell-HA) 400 μl otopine natrijevog fluoresceina u koncentraciji od 0,1 mg/ml (0,01 % (w/v) u HBSS-u s kalcijem [u koncentraciji od 1,0 do 1,8 mM] bez fenolnog crvenila.
, Fourth International Workgroup on Genotoxicity Testing: result of the in vivo Comet assay workgroup, Mutation Research, Vol.627/1, pp. 31-5.
Kulture se drže 30 minuta na sobnoj temperaturi.
Kumaravel, T.S. et al.
Na kraju inkubacije s fluoresceinom umetci se pažljivo vade iz jažica.
, Comet Assay measurements: a perspective, Cell Biology and Toxicology, Vol.
Svaki se filter vizualno pregledava te se bilježi svako eventualno oštećenje nastalo tijekom rukovanja.
Møller, P. et al.
tSS = 6,54 · 10 – 3 · 104 + 55,31 = 121 sati
Forchhammer, L. et al.
J. Chem.
, Variation in the measurement of DNA damage by Comet assay measured by the ECVAG inter-laboratory validation trial, Mutagenesis, Vol.
Eng.
724/1-2, pp. 41-45.
ASTM (1988), Standard Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests with Fishes.
, Compilation and use of genetic toxicity historical control data, Mutation Research, Vol.
USEPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C.
723/2, pp. 87-90.
Oris, J.T., S.C.
Appendix A of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123)
McClave, J.T., J.H.
Blakey, D.H., G.R.
Jednostavnije rečeno, pri mjerenju se isključuje dužina repne peraje (www.fishbase.org).
Douglas (1984), Transient DNA lesions induced by benzo[a]pyrene in Chinese hamster ovary cells, Mutation Research, Vol.
IUPAC: Međunarodna unija za čistu i primijenjenu kemiju.
, Recommendations for conducting the in vivo alkaline Comet assay, Mutagenesis, Vol.18/1, pp.45–51.
(2004).
Box G.E.P.
Braunbeck, T., Böttcher, M., Hollert, H., Kosmehl, T., Lammer, E., Leist, E., Rudolf, M. and Seitz, N. (2005) Towards an alternative for the acute fish LC50 test in chemical assessment: The fish embryo toxicity test goes multi-species-an update.
Doncaster, C.P.
Bachmann, J. (2002) Development and validation of a teratogenicity screening test with embryos of the zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Mead, R. (1990) The Design of Experiments.
Knöbel, M., Busser, F.J.M., Rico-Rico, A., Kramer, N.I., Hermens, J.L.M., Hafner, C., Tanneberger, K., Schirmer, K., Scholz, S. (2012).
Montgomery D.C.
Belanger, S. E., Rawlings J. M. and Carr G. J. (2013).
Winer, B.J.
Lammer, E., Carr, G. J., Wendler, K., Rawlings, J. M., Belanger, S. E., Braunbeck, T. (2009) Is the fish embryo toxicity test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) a potential alternative for the fish acute toxicity test?
Wu, C.F.J & Hamada, M.S.
Weigt, S., Huebler, N., Strecker, R., Braunbeck, T., Broschard, T.H.
Guerard, M., C. Marchand, U. Plappert-Helbig (2014), Influence of Experimental Conditions on Data Variability in the Liver Comet Assay, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
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Kubota, A., Stegeman, J.J., Woodin, B.R., Iwanaga, T., Harano, R., Peterson, R.E., Hiraga, T., Teraoka, H. (2011) Role of zebrafish cytochrome P450 CYP1C genes in the reduced mesencephalic vein blood flow caused by activation of AHR2.
, Comparison of Comet assay dose-response for ethyl methanesulfonate using freshly prepared versus cryopreserved tissues, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
Canadian Council on Animal Care (2005) Guidelines on: the Care and Use of Fish in Research, Teaching and Testing, ISBN: 0-919087-43-4 http://www.ccac.ca/Documents/Standards/Guidelines/Fish.pdf.
The concentration of the test substance is below its limit of solubility in water, taking into account the effect that the test water may have on effective solubility [30]; The mortality or other adverse effects/disease in both control and treated fish is less than 10 % at the end of the test; where the test is extended over several weeks or months, death or other adverse effects in both sets of fish should be less than 5 % per month and not exceed 30 % in all.
Weil, M., Scholz, S., Zimmer, M., Sacher, F., Duis, K. (2009) Gene expression analysis in zebrafish embryos: a potential approach to predict effect conentrations in the fish early life stage test.
If the BCF for the whole fish in terms of total radiolabelled residues is ≥ 500, it may be advisable — and for certain categories of substances such as pesticides strongly recommended — identifying and quantifying major metabolites.
ISO (2006) International Standard.
Quantification of such metabolites may be required by some regulatory authorities.
OECD (2006) Guidance Document on Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application.
Tabulated test substance concentration data in fish (Cf, linked to individual fish) and water (Cw) (with mean values for test group and control, standard deviation and range, if appropriate) for all sampling times (Cf expressed in mg/kg wet weight of whole body or specified tissues thereof, e.g. lipid, and Cw in mg/l).
Braunbeck, T., Lammer, E., 2006.
Cw values for the control series (background should also be reported).
Maltby, L. et al.
This alternative test allows the dietary exposure pathway to be directly investigated under controlled laboratory conditions.
> 55
This method allows the determination of the substance-specific half-life (t1/2, from the depuration rate constant, k2), the assimilation efficiency (absorption across the gut; a), the kinetic dietary biomagnification factor (BMFK), the growth-corrected kinetic dietary biomagnification factor (BMFKg), and the lipid-corrected [45] kinetic dietary biomagnification factor (BMF KL) (and/or the growth- and lipid-corrected kinetic dietary biomagnification factor, BMFKgL) for the test substance in fish.
ICE ispitna metoda jest in vitro ispitna metoda koja se u određenim okolnostima i uz posebna ograničenja opisana u stavcima 8. i 10. može primjenjivati za razvrstavanje i označivanje kemikalija s obzirom na opasnosti za oko.
As for the aqueous exposure method, increase in fish mass during the test will result in dilution of test substance in growing fish and thus the (kinetic) BMF will be underestimated if not corrected for growth (cf .paragraphs 162 and 163).
Mutation Research, Vol.
In addition, if it is estimated that steady-state was reached in the uptake phase an indicative steady-state BMF can be calculated.
372/2, 211–219.
Approaches are available that make it feasible to estimate a kinetic bioconcentration factor (BCFK) from data generated in the dietary study (e.g. (44) (45) (46) (47) (48).
The application of the micronucleus test in Chinese hamster V79 cells to detect drug-induced photogenotoxicity.
Pros and cons of such approaches are discussed in Appendix 8.
Validation study of the in vitro micronucleus test in a Chinese hamster lung cell line (CHL/IU).
The test was designed primarily for poorly soluble non-polar organic substances that follow approximately first order uptake and depuration kinetics in fish.
Archives of Toxicology 85:367–485.
For the periodic use of a reference substance (cf. paragraph 25), it is preferable that concentrations are measured in the test group at the end of uptake and at all depuration times specified for the test substance (whole fish); concentrations need only be analysed in the control group at end of uptake (whole fish).
Toxicological Sciences 81:332–343.
In certain circumstances (for example if analysis techniques for test substance and reference substance are incompatible, such that additional fish would be needed to follow the sampling schedule) another approach may be used as follows to minimise the number of additional fish required.
Toxicological Sciences 97:417–427.
Concentrations of the reference substance are measured during depuration only on days 1, 3 and two further sampling points, selected such that reliable estimations of time zero concentration (C0,d) and k2 can be made for the reference substance.
Journal of Applied Toxicology, objavljeno na internetu 14. svibnja 2013., DOI: 10.1002/jat.2869.
If possible the lipid content of the individual fish should be determined on each sampling occasion, or at least at the start and end of the uptake phase and at the end of the depuration phase.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 63: 489–504.
Li A, Doucette W.J.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 60:389–400.
Environ Toxicol Chem 12: 2031-2035
Journal of Experimental Medicine 64:625–639.
(OECD (1997), OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment Number 7: Guidance Document on Direct Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water OCDE/GD(97)21.
Journal of Applied Toxicology, objavljeno na internetu 9. travnja 2013., DOI:10.1002/jat.2868.
Connell D.W.
186. http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/international/naftatwg/guidance/qsar-guidance.pdf
102: 117-156.
Dostupno na: http://www.oecd.org/document/54/0,3746,en_2649_34379_42923638_1_1_1_1,00.html.
Bintein S., Devillers J. and Karcher W.
U nekim ispitivanjima može postojati izrazita razlika između izvedene vrijednosti u nultom vremenu, C0,d, i srednje izmjerene koncentracije u nultom vremenu, C0,m (vidjeti zadnju alineju stavka 159. ove ispitne metode).
OECD (2011), QSAR Toolbox 2.1.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC. www.epa.gov/waterscience/methods.
Brown R.S., Akhtar P., Åkerman J., Hampel L., Kozin I.S., Villerius L.A. and Klamer H.J.C.
54, OECD Publishing, Pariz.
35: 4097-4102.
Dunn O. J. (1964); Multiple Comparisons Using Rank Sums, Technometrics 6, 241-252.
OECD (2000), OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment No. 23: Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures ENV/JM/MONO(2000)6.
Assessment of the genotoxic potential of indirect chemical mutagens in HepaRG cellsby the comet and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays.
US-EPA (1994), Great Lake water quality initiative technical support document for the procedure to determine bioaccumulation factors 822-R-94-002.
The long term maintenance of Daphnia magna Straus for use in ecotoxicological tests; problems and prospects.
37: 911-917.
Development of an ELISA for vitellogenin in whole body homogenate of zebrafish (Danio rerio).
OECD (2006), OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment No. 54: Current approaches in the statistical analysis of ecotoxicity data: a guidance to application.
Report from the In Vitro Micronucleus Assay Working Group.
Part II — Additional Report including comparative analysis of trout and carp results ENV/JM/MONO(2012)20.
An improved system for exposure of cultured mammalian cells to gaseous compounds in the chromosomal aberration assay.
20 – 25
Comparison of different methods for an accurate assessment of cytotoxicity in the in vitro micronucleus test.
(63 – 126) [10] [11]
BSN, hrana u listićima (ili praživotinje ili kolnjaci)
When k1/k2 is substituted by BCF (cf.
Galloway, S.M. et al.
Equation A5.4) in Equation A5.25 and Equation A5.26, the standard error and 95 % CI of the BCF can be estimated as well.
(1987), Chromosomal aberration and sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells: Evaluation of 108 chemicals, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, Vol.
This is especially useful when comparing different estimates due to data transformation.
10/suppl.
[Equation A5.28]
(1992), Report of British Toxicology Society/UK Environmental Mutagen Society Working Group.
The growth rate constant derived for a dietary study is used in Equation A7.5 to calculate the growth corrected BMFKg (cf.
Lovell, D.P. et al.
Appendix 7).
(1989), ‚Statistical Analysis of in vivo Cytogenetic Assays’, u Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data.
Mass based method for growth correction
Hayashi, M. et al.
An alternative to the above “growth rate constant subtraction method” that avoids the need to correct for growth can be used as follows.
(2007), in vivo erythrocyte micronucleus assay III.
The principle is to use depuration data on a mass basis per whole fish rather than on a concentration basis.
MacGregor, J.T. et al.
Convert depuration phase tissue concentrations (mass of test substance/unit mass of fish) into mass of test substance/fish: match concentrations and individual fish weights in tabular form (e.g. using a computer spreadsheet) and multiply each concentration by the total fish weight for that measurement to give a set of mass test substance/fish for all depuration phase samples.
(2006), Flow cytometric analysis of micronuclei in peripheral blood reticulocytes: II.
For the aqueous exposure method, derive the uptake rate constant routinely (see sections 4 and 6) note that the “normal” k2 value should be used in the curve fitting equations for k1) and derive the depuration rate constant from the above data.
(2000), in vivo rodent erythrocyte micronucleus assay.
Konemann H. and van Leeuwen K. (1980), Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation and elimination of six chlorobenzenes by guppies.
Hutchinson T.H., et al.
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OECD (2006).
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ASTM.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) (2012).
Mc Graw Hill Series in Population Biology, New York, p 532.
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175/1, str.
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108.–20.
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15-35 [5]
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Compare models using AICc criteria or professional judgement and select best fit
Wang, A. et al.
Draper, N.R. and Smith, H. (1999); Applied Regression Analysis, third edition.
517/1-2, str.
Sumpter J.P. and S. Jobling (1995).
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Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment.
25/2, str.
Photoperiod (dawn / dusk transitions are optional, however not considered necessary)
Trajanje faze apsorpcije i vrijeme potrebno da se postigne stabilno stanje može se predvidjeti uz pomoć jednadžbi iz Dodatka 5.