natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The European approach is marked by bureaucratic and technocratic nature of the evaluation process (the evaluation is normally conducted by public administration, and the voice of general public is accepted only in the smallest legally accepted proportion), while the American approach is more oriented toward communication with the general public.
Europski pristup obilježava birokratska i tehnokratska priroda procjene (voditelj procjene je obično javna uprava, a javnost je prihvaćena samo u najmanjem zakonski određenom omjeru), dok je američki pristup više okrenut komunikaciji s javnošću.
The idea of "impact" implies unidirectional effect of a project on the environment, and not the converse, which points to the separate nature of the design and evaluation processes.
Ideja "utjecaja" govori o jednosmjernom djelovanju zahvata na okoliš, a ne i obrnuto, što upućuje na odvojenost procesa projektiranja i procjene.
Evaluation should be made in initial phases so that various alternatives can be created in the design process [37].
Kako bi procjena dovela do formiranja različitih alternativa tijekom projektiranja, trebala bi se provoditi u početnim fazama [37].
Based on stated preferences and mathematically complex methods, these methods determine an appropriate priority scale.
Te metode utvrđuju, na osnovi izrečenih preferencija i koristeći matematički kompleksne metode, skalu prioriteta.
These tools provide highly summarized results but, because of such condensed data, it is difficult to use them in discussions with stakeholders.
Procjene korištenjem ovih alata daju vrlo sažete rezultate, ali zbog tako kondenziranih podataka, teško se koriste u raspravama s dionicima.
This way of spatial distribution analysis directly relies on the Mc Harg analysis by the Map-overlay technique which, until recently, had to be conducted manually.
U izradi alternativnih scenarija značajna je i upotreba GIS alata u kombinaciji sa satelitskim snimanjem i modelima predviđanja na temelju staničnog automata [22].
This method identifies goals of each sector, defines impacts on each sector based on the predefined goal, and determines probability and significance of impacts.
ciljeve svakog sektora, definira utjecaje na svaki sektor prema izraženom cilju, vjerojatnost i značajnost utjecaja.
The analysis concentrates on various social sectors (land owners in construction area, other land owners, investors, local self-rule, state, users, etc.), types of project impacts on individual sectors (increase in land value, higher tax income, creation of new urban values, etc.), and on the type of data needed for evaluation (monetary and non-monetary values).
Analiziraju se različiti društveni sektori (vlasnici zemljišta u građevinskom području, ostali vlasnici zemljišta, investitori, lokalna samouprava, država, korisnici), vrste utjecaja zahvata na pojedine sektore (povećanje vrijednosti zemljišta, povećanje prihoda od oporezivanja, stvaranje novih urbanih vrijednosti) te vrste podataka potrebnih za procjenu (novčane i nenovčane vrijednosti).
The model synthesizes different evaluations (financial, social, environmental) and efficiently shows distribution of influences of individual proposals on various social sectors.
Model sintetizira različite procjene (financijsku, društvenu, okolišnu) i učinkovito prikazuje raspored utjecaja pojedinih prijedloga na različite društvene sektore.
The determination of costs and benefits by social sectors enables planning of project compensations and improvements.
Utvrđivanje distribucije koristi i troškova prema društvenim sektorima omogućuje planiranje kompenzacija i poboljšanja zahvata.
This method has been developed for conducting evaluations in complex situations, such as in urban environments with the presence of various sectors and with complex aspects of the project or plan.
Ova metoda je razvijena za procjenu u složenim uvjetima, kao što je to gradski okoliš s prisutnošću različitih sektora i kompleksnim aspektima projekta ili plana.
This analysis has inter alia been used in the Program of Sustainable Development for the islands of Krk, Rab, Sv. Grgur, Goli, and Dolin, prepared by the Physical Space Planning Department of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County.
Ta je analiza upotrijebljena, naprimjer, pri izradi Programa održivog razvoja otoka Krka i otoka Rab, Sv. Grugur, Goli i Dolin JU Zavoda za prostorno planiranje Primorsko-goranske županije.
The cobweb method [15, 39] is a graphic presentation of scenarios which enables an efficient and clear comparison of scenarios based on previously selected criteria.
Paukova mreža [15, 39] metoda je grafičke prezentacije scenarija koja omogućava učinkovit i jasan prikaz usporedbe scenarija prema odabranim kriterijima.
The method is efficient for communication with the public in the first phases of the decisionmaking process.
Metoda je učinkovita za komunikaciju s javnošću u prvim fazama odlučivanja.
The choice of evaluation method depends on the context, but also on the planned objective of the evaluation [40].
Izbor metode procjene ovisi o kontekstu, ali i o cilju procjene [40].
The "panoramic" methods that structure the information have been proven in practice as more adequate than the mathematically more complex hierarchical definition methods, although the latter method are also often in use.
U praksi su se pokazale prikladnijima "panoramske" metode koje strukturiraju informacije, nego matematički kompleksne metode hijerarhijske definicije, iako se i te metode često primjenjuju.
4. Methods for evaluation of cultural heritage
4. Metode procjene kulturne baštine
As heritage is a social product [1, 23, 41], the analysis and evaluation of heritage must express the complexity of analysed elements.
Kako je baština društveni proizvod [1, 23, 41], analiza i procjena baštine moraju izražavati složenost analiziranih elemenata.
The objectives of economic and social sustainability in the management of heritage are manifested as analyses of the effects on population, externalities on various social sectors, and on the definition of the heritage management objective.
Ciljevi ekonomske i društvene održivosti u upravljanju baštinom očituju se u analizama o utjecajima na stanovništvo, vanjskim utjecajima na različite društvene sektore i na definiciju cilja upravljanja baštinom.
In examples of space with a pronounced presence of heritage, analyses comprise geological, biological, morphological and landscape properties.
U primjerima prostora s visokom prisutnosti baštine, analize obuhvaćaju geološka, biološka, morfološka i krajobrazna obilježja.
In fact, modern space planning (since the introduction of zoning) treats space as an Euclidean pure space [21] (monocultural or post-Fordean conception of space [42]).
Naime, suvremeno prostorno planiranje (od pojave zoning-a) tretira prostor kao euklidski čisti prostor [21] (monokulturno ili posfordovsko poimanje prostora [42]).
The multicriteria evaluation models contain evaluations from different disciplines, and these evaluations should preferably be articulated as special modules.
Modeli višekriterijskih procjena sadrže procjene iz različitih disciplina koje je poželjno artikulirati kao posebne module.
The evaluation of heritage requires special analyses and techniques, e.g. relating to architecture or landscape and, in these models, the aspects of analysis and evaluation can not often be differentiated from one another.
Procjena baštine zahtijeva posebne analize i tehnike, npr. arhitekture ili krajolika, a aspekti analize i procjene u tim modelima često nisu razlučivi.
The models for evaluation of individual elements of built heritage consider a single element (or a complex), while evaluations focusing on landscape comprise all significant characteristics of landscape (hydrological systems, space enclosing elements, trees, animals, etc.).
Modeli procjene pojedinog elementa graditeljskog naslijeđa razmatraju jedan element (ili kompleks), a procjene krajolika obuhvaćaju sve značajne karakteristike krajolika (hidrološke sustave, elemente ograđivanja prostora, stabla, životinje…).
Thus landscape evaluation models analyse various features of heritage: obsolescence, duration, scarcity, artistic creativity, connection with historic persons or events, recognition, registration, conservation, interpretation, loss, and passage of time [43].
Modeli procjene krajolika tako analiziraju obilježja baštine: zastarijevanje, trajanje, rijetkost, umjetničku kreativnost, povezanost s povijesnim osobama ili događanjima, prepoznavanje, upis, konzervaciju, interpretaciju, gubitak i tijek vremena [43].
Kalman's method [40, 44] is based on the prepared table with indicators and sub-indicators, which are attributed appropriate values in accordance with a predefined scale.
Kalmanova metoda [40, 44] se temelji na izrađenoj tablici gdje su izraženi pokazatelji i potpokazatelji, kojima se dodjeljuju vrijednosti prema predviđenoj skali.
These indicators are: architecture (with sub-indicators: style, construction, age, architect, design, interior), history (with sub-indicators: person, event, context), environment (with sub-indicators: continuity, setting, landmark), usability (with sub-indicators: compatibility, adaptability, public, services, cost), integrity (with sub-indicators: site, alterations, condition).
Pokazatelji su: arhitektura (s potpokazateljima: stil, konstrukcija, starost, arhitekt, projekt, interijer), povijest (s potpokazateljima: osoba, događaj, kontekst), okoliš (s potpokazateljima: kontinuitet, smještaj, obilježje), korištenje (s potpokazateljima: kompatibilnosti, prenamjenjivost, javnost, usluge, troškovi), cjelovitost (s potpokazateljima: objekt, promjene, stanje).
The same cards can be used for the analysis of the extant, for evaluation of the designed state (including comparison with other projects), and for monitoring.
Iste kartice se mogu koristiti za analizu postojećeg stanja, za procjenu projektiranog stanja (uključujući usporedbu s drugim projektima) i za promatranje.
The model is based on multicriteria analysis where data about space are grouped according to "qualities" and "damage" within the matrix model, and then the type of project is definedconservation, valorisation, preservation, renewal, regulated use, new use.
Model se temelji na višekriterijskoj analizi gdje se podaci o prostoru grupiranju prema "kvalitetama" i "štetama" prostora unutar matričnog modela, a zatim se određuje tip zahvata - konzervacija, valorizacija, očuvanje, obnova, regulirano korištenje, nova namjena.
This model enables synthetic approach to the issue of heritage.
Taj model omogućuje sintetski pristup razmatranju baštine.
Lichfield defines the approach called "heritage value for money" [38], which is based on the analysis of costs and benefits.
Lichfield definira pristup "vrijednost baštine za novac" ("heritage value for money") [38] koji se temelji na analizi koristi i troškova.
Project effects and efficiency are identified and priority activities are defined taking into account the budget allocated for the project.
Identificiraju se učinci i djelotvornost zahvata te se određuju prioritetni zahvati s obzirom na zadani budžet.
The method is used to analyse distribution of benefits and costs throughout the life cycle of a structure/facility, discount rate, loan costs and distribution of impacts on social sectors.
Metoda analizira distribuciju koristi i troškova tijekom životnog ciklusa građevine, diskontnu stopu, troškove kreditiranja i distribuciju utjecaja na društvene sektore.
The method comprises data about individual cultural assets and is especially efficient when used with other types of evaluations that estimate features of heritage.
Metoda obuhvaća podatke o pojedinom kulturnom dobru i posebno je učinkovita kada se koristi s drugim vrstama procjene koje procjenjuju obilježja baštine.
The model involving the entrepreneur approach [46] briefly describes activities that can be made with respect to heritage, taking into account the existing resources.
Model poduzetničkog pristupa [46] opisuje na sažet način zahvate na baštini koje je moguće izvesti s obzirom na postojeće resurse.
This approach makes use of a table organised in fields such as cost (small, medium, and high cost) and type of intervention (maintenance, renewal, and change of use).
Ovaj pristup koristi tablicu organiziranu u polja troškova (najmanji, srednji, viski troškovi) i načina zahvata (održavanje, obnova i promjena namjene).
For each combination of resources and intervention type, the approach gives indications about possible interventions (valorisation, maintenance, forming minimum conditions for subsequent interventions, change of use for innovative initiatives, etc.).
Za svaku kombinaciju resursa i vrste zahvata daje indicije o mogućim zahvatima (valorizacija, održavanje, formiranje minimalnih uvjeta za naknadne zahvate, prenamjena za inovativne inicijative).
Although the characteristic part of the evaluation is synthetic, in a part of the analysis this model checks different financial resources, social needs, results of services, market and context, management methods, financial sustainability both in the initial phase and during use.
Iako je karakteristični dio ove procjene sintetski, u dijelu analize ovaj model provjerava različite financijske resurse, društvene potrebe, ishode usluga, tržište i kontekst, metode upravljanja, financijsku održivost u početnoj fazi i tijekom korištenja.
The model is based on economic analysis, but is specially adjusted to heritage evaluation.
Model je baziran na ekonomskoj analizi, ali je posebno prilagođen procjeni baštine.
The landscape evaluation method is developed by Canadian national parks (Parks Canada) [47].
Metodu procjene krajolika razvijaju kanadski nacionalni parkovi (Parks Canada [47]).
As Kalman is the (co-) author of this method as well, it is not surprising that it is very similar to the method for evaluation of architectural heritage.
Kako je Kalman (ko)autor i ove metode, ne čudi da je vrlo slična metodi za procjenu arhitektonske baštine.
Indicators (and sub-indicators) are a historical association (with the theme, people/events, local development), architecture (aesthetic design - proportions, scale, details; functional design - materials, availability, building methods; artisanship and materials; architect - representativeness), environment (site - integrity, relation of building to landscape; context - influence of the building on the area; monumentnature of the building and the community).
Pokazatelji (i potpokazatelji) su: povijesna poveznica (s temom, ljudima/događajima, lokalnim razvojem), arhitektura (estetika dizajnaproporcije, mjerilo, detalji; funkcionalni dizajn - materijali, raspoloživost, građevinski materijali; zanatstvo i materijali; arhitekt - reprezentativnost), okoliš (građevina - cjelovitost, odnos izgradnje i krajolika; kontekst - utjecaj zgrade na područje; spomenik - priroda zgrade i zajednice).
Each sub-indicator is allocated one of the predefined ratings.
Svakom potpokazatelju daje se jedna od predviđenih ocjena.
The model for evaluation of archaeological impact developed by Campeol and Pizzinato [48] is based on analyses of characteristics of archaeological sites and includes weights for archaeological features.
Model procjene arheološkog utjecaja Campeola i Pizzinato [48] temelji se na analizama karakteristika arheoloških nalazišta i uključuje težine arheoloških obilježja.
The model first determines sensitivity of the area with respect to the presence and character of the site (uniqueness, age, rarity, level of conservation, and artistic level of the site) and defines in this way the hierarchy of significance of individual sites.
Model prvo određuje osjetljivost prostora s obzirom na prisutnost i karakter nalazišta (jedinstvenost, starost, rijetkost, razina očuvanja i umjetnička razina nalaza) i tako određuje hijerarhiju važnosti nalazišta.
The model then observes risks from environment and defines the total risk for individual sites, as well as interventions that are needed to protect the site.
Model zatim promatra rizike iz okoliša i definira ukupni rizik za pojedina nalazišta te zahvate potrebne za zaštitu nalazišta.
The strategies model [49] was developed on the basis of the analysed models (pyramidal model in particular) and on the landscape analysis.
Model strategija [49] razvijen je na temelju analiziranih modela (posebno piramidalnog modela) i analiza krajolika.
The model uses the matrix approach adapted for the evaluation of heritage, and the final result is synthesized in cards that combine the matrix estimation, SWOT analysis, detailed indications for the use of heritage and evaluation of the "heritage value for money".
Model koristi matrični pristup prilagođen procjeni baštine, a završni rezultat je sintetiziran u karticama koje kombiniraju matričnu procjenu, SWOT analizu, detaljne indicije za korištenje baštine i procjenu vrijednosti baštine za novac.
The scenario created in this way can be compared with scenarios created in relation to an objective, e.g. basic maintenance only, or with the scenario "do nothing".
Arhitektonski kompleksi mogu se razmatrati putem tipološko-funkcionalnih analiza, analiza konstrukcije, slojeva, faza konstrukcije i drugima pristupima koji omogućuju shvaćanje obilježja arhitektonskog kompleksa.
The data needed for the use of various evaluation methods are obtained by analyzing characteristics of the space, landscape, and
Povijesni pristup koristi pisane izvore, povijesne nacrte, slike, grafičke prikaze, skulpture i fotografije proučavanog područja.
heritage (e.g. by morphological-historical analysis, by analyzing dynamics of urban development, by urban morphology analysis, etc.).
Grafički materijali su posebno korisni ako se mogu služiti za usporedbu povijesnih i sadašnjeg stanja.
Architectural complexes can be analyzed by means of typologicalfunctional analyses, by analyzing the structure, layers, and construction phases, and by other approaches that enable us to understand features of an architectural complex.
Model analize krajolika, koji razvijaju Giaoutzi i Frantzi [50], promatra strukturu krajolika i formalne međuodnose elemenata krajolika (visine, barijere, mikrojedinice prostora, boju, teksturu, društvene karakteristike prostora).
The landscape analysis model developed by Giaoutzi and Frantzi [50] focuses on the structure of the landscape, and also on formal correlations between landscape elements (heights, barriers, microunits of space, colour, texture, social characteristics of space, etc.).
Tehnike analize koje se koriste su: mapiranje sustava, preklapanje tematskih grafičkih prikaza podataka o prirodnim i kulturnim sastavnicama (npr. područja rizika, područja problematičnog razvoja, prirodna i kulturna područja).
An important part of information can be obtained by analysis of visual influence using intervisibility maps or by simulating the change of perception over time.
Važan dio informacija se može dobiti analizama vizualnog utjecaja koristeći mape međusobnog pogleda (eng. intervisibility maps) ili simuliranjem promjena percepcije u vremenu.
The analyses are made on the built and natural heritage, and the following aspects are considered: vegetation, animals, natural systems, use of areas, man-built water management infrastructure, vista points, buildings and other structures/facilities, gardens, fields, rural and urban areas, archaeological sites, demolished structures, and other elements (water tanks, irrigation elements, land enclosing elements, walkways, transport facilities).
Analize se provode na izgrađenom i prirodnom naslijeđu i promatraju: vegetaciju, životinje, prirodne sustave, korištenje površina, izgrađene infrastrukture vodnog gospodarstva, vizure, zgrade i ostale građevine, vrtove, polja, ruralna i urbana područja, arheološka nalazišta, srušene objekte te ostale elemente (cisterne, elemente navodnjavanja, elemente ograđivanja zemljišta, šetnice, prometnice).
Elements are evaluated by means of qualitative ratings: contribute to the landscape identity, do not contribute to the landscape identity, support landscape identity, missing, belong to an non-determined period.
Elementi se ocjenjuju kvalitativnim ocjenama: pridonose identitetu krajolika, ne pridonose identitetu krajolika, podržavaju identitet krajolika, nedostaju, pripadaju neodređenom periodu.
5. Discussion
5. Diskusija
It can be seen that the indicators are related not only to cultural but also to social properties of heritage and, in case of landscape evaluation, the indicators include natural and artificial landscape elements, but also the living world.
Može se uočiti da se pokazatelji odnose na kulturna, ali i društvena svojstva baštine, a kod procjene krajolika pokazatelji uključuju prirodne i umjetne elemente krajolika, ali i živi svijet.
Direct costs are related to the private or third sector (revenues from the visitors, donations and sponsorships, etc.), while the public sector obtains a great part of income through indirect revenues (e.g. taxation), but also through concessions, ownership rights, and copyrights (research related to biodiversity, local products, etc.).
Direktni prihodi su vezani za privatni ili treći sektor (zarada od potrošnje posjetitelja, donacije i sponzorstvo), javni sektor dobiva veliki dio prihoda putem indirektnih prihoda (npr. porezom), ali i koncesija i upravljanja pravom vlasništva i autorskim pravima (istraživanja u bioraznolikosti, lokalnih proizvoda i drugo).
The sustainability of heritage management can be expressed through indicators such as the number of products with the controlled origin, and also through quality of new workplaces.
Održivost upravljanja baštinom može se iskazati kroz pokazatelje kao što su broj proizvoda s kontroliranim podrijetlom, ali i kvalitetom otvorenih radnih mjesta.
In order to generate real economic effects through the use of a heritage asset, it is precisely these segments that require negotiations and the decision-making procedure involving (local) general public and various social sectors.
Kako bi korištenje baštine imalo stvarne ekonomske učinke, upravo su ti segmenti koji zahtijevaju pregovore i način odlučivanja koje uključuje (lokalnu) javnost i različite društvene sektore.
Some of the analysed evaluation models are best suited for the first synthetic evaluation of space and heritage (such as the SWOT analysis, cobweb model, flag model, pyramidal model), while others are appropriate for synthetic analysis of detailed data (entrepreneur model, Kalman method, landscape analysis or archaeological impact model, hierarchical models).
Neki od analiziranih modela procjene su primjereni prvoj sintetičkoj procjeni prostora i baštine (kao što su: SWOT analiza, model paukove mreže, model zastave, piramidalni model), a drugi su namijenjeni sintetskoj obradi detaljnih podataka (poduzetnički model, Kalmanova metoda, analiza krajolika ili model arheološkog utjecaja, hijerarhijski modeli).
Basic features and intended use of some frequently used evaluation methods are synthetically presented in Table 3.
U tablici 3. sintetski su prikazana osnovna obilježja i namjena pojedinih češće korištenih vrsta procjena.
Although only some of the evaluation models have been developed specifically for heritage assessment (entrepreneur model, pyramidal model, Kalman method, landscape analysis, archaeological impact model, heritage value for money, strategies model), most other models can also be used for the evaluation of heritage if they are integrated with heritage analyses.
Iako su samo neki modeli procjene razvijeni posebno za procjenu baštine (poduzetnički model, piramidalni model, Kalmanova metoda, analiza krajolika, model arheološkog utjecaja, vrijednost baštine za novac, model strategija), većina ostalih modela se može koristiti za procjenu baštine ako se integriraju analizama baštine.
The synthetic presentation of data is usually preceded by a detailed analysis of heritage using numerous specific analytical techniques.
Sintetskom prikazu podataka obično prethodi detaljna analiza baštine brojnim specifičnim analitičkim tehnikama.