natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
A theoretical basis for defining baseline productivity was developed on the basis of masonry works data, using linear regression methods.
U radu [13] analizirana je produktivnost radnika istraživanjem koje je provedeno na uzorku od 23 projekta zidarskih radova, 8 projekata radova na oplatama i 11 projekata radova na čeličnim konstrukcijama.
The baseline productivity is defined as the productivity realized within 10 % of all workdays in which the best productivity is achieved.
Na temelju baze podataka za zidarske radove, statističkim metodama linearne regresije, razvijena je teorijska osnova za definiranje osnovne produktivnosti (eng. baseline productivity).
Such productivity tables are shown in the paper for some specific works.
Osnovna produktivnost je definirana kao produktivnost ostvarena tijekom 10 posto svih radnih dana koji su imali najbolju produktivnost.
The results of CV calculation: 11.5 for masonry works, 9.3 for formwork assembly works, and 10.6 for steel structure works.
Koeficijent varijacije - CV (eng. coefficient of variation) definiran je kao odnos srednje pogreške procjene produktivnosti i procijenjene osnovne produktivnosti.
The hypothesis that a more complex design actually results in the reduction of productivity was confirmed.
Na temelju baze podataka za zidarske radove postavljene su hipoteze koje su ispitivane preko druge dvije baze podataka.
It was also confirmed that a higher coefficient of variation indicates a higher variability of management of human resources in civil engineering.
Potvrđena je hipoteza da složeniji projekt utječe na smanjenje produktivnosti, kao i da veći koeficijent varijacije upućuje na veću varijabilnost upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima u građevinarstvu.
A lower coefficient of variation points to a more consistent implementation of technology and higher ability of workers [13].
Niži koeficijent varijacije pokazuje na dosljedniju primjenu tehnologije i veću sposobnost radnika [13].
Dunlop and Smith [15] analyse productivity of concreting based on the data acquired from a sample of 202 concreting activities at three construction sites of a wastewater treatment facility in Scotland.
Dunlop i Smith [15] su analizirali produktivnost betoniranja na temelju podataka prikupljenih na uzorku od 202 betoniranja na tri gradilišta postrojenja za otpadne vode u Škotskoj.
The recorded data refer to the slabs, walls and columns, and the mean productivity per element amounts to 13.6 m3/h.
Prikupljene su vrijednosti za ploče, zidove i stupove te je dobivena srednja ostvarena produktivnost koja je iznosila 13,6 m3/h po elementu.
A regression model is proposed for predicting productivity of all elements: slabs, columns,
Predložen je regresijski model za prognoziranje
and walls [14].
produktivnosti za sve elemente (ploče, stupove i zidove) [14].
A regression model for predicting productivity was formed in Egypt on the basis of 418 recorded concreting operations for columns, walls, slabs and beams.
Na temelju podataka prikupljenih tijekom 418 betoniranja stupova, zidova, ploča i greda osmišljen je regresijski model za procjenu produktivnosti u Egiptu.
Concrete was transported using a crane, and the data were registered on ten construction sites.
Podaci su prikupljeni na ukupno 10 gradilišta.
The average quantity of concrete per construction site and per each concreting was 35,24 m3, and the achieved productivity amounted to 11 m3/h [15].
Beton je transportiran dizalicom, a prosječna količina betona po gradilištu po jednom betoniranju iznosila je 35,24 m3,dok je ostvarena produktivnost iznosila 11 m3/h.
In Nigeria, the workforce productivity was examined (h/m3) based on the sample of 26 concreting positions of foundation walls, columns, slabs and beams, where concrete was transported using dumper tracks.
U Nigeriji je ispitivana produktivnost radnika (h/m3) na temelju podataka prikupljenih tijekom 26 betoniranja temeljnih zidova, stupova, ploča i greda, a beton je transportiran damperima.
Such form of transport, although limited to foundation concreting works, is very popular in this country because of the manoeuvrability of these vehicles and unloading method, and it is implemented on 50 % of construction sites.
Takav je oblik transporta betona u toj zemlji popularan zbog manevarskih mogućnosti dampera i načina istovara, a primjenjuje se na približno polovini svih gradilišta u toj zemlji, iako je ograničen na betoniranje temelja.
An average amount of concrete was 17,17 m3, and the achieved productivity amounted to 8,53 m3/h [16].
Prosječna količina betona iznosila je 17,17 m3, a ostvarena produktivnost 8,53 m3/h [16].
Anson and Wang (1998) analysed the concreting productivity in Hong Kong for various building technologies: by crane, pump, wheelbarrows and funnels.
Anson i Wang [17] su analizirali produktivnost betoniranja u Hong Kongu za različite tehnologije izvođenja radova: dizalicom, autopumpom, kolicima i lijevkom.
Neural networks were implemented in Great Britain for predicting concreting productivity using ready-made concrete [7].
Primjenjene su i druge relativno nove metode: metoda zaključivanja na osnovi slučajeva (eng.
In the paper by Labban [11], a Discrete Event Method is used to present the asphalt paving process.
U radu Labbana [11] obrađena je metoda diskretnih događaja za prikaz procesa asfaltiranja.
Zankoul and Khoury [12] investigated potential for combining the Discrete Event Method and Agent Based Simulation in the simulation of earthworks.
Zankoul i Khoury [12] istražuju mogućnost kombinacije metode diskretnih događaja i metode koja se temelji na agentima (eng.
A model for predicting productivity of the slab-concreting process is proposed based on the data from various construction sites on which building structures have been constructed by various contractors using services of various concrete suppliers.
Predložen je model za procjenu produktivnosti procesa betoniranja ploča na temelju podataka prikupljenih na različitim gradilištima objekata visokogradnje, s različitim izvođačima radova i različitim betonarama.
This goal was accomplished through production of a model for predicting the concreting process, using multiple linear regression methods.
U radu je prikazan model za procjenu produktivnosti betoniranja primjenom metoda višestruke linearne regresije.
The technology of concreting works discussed in this paper comprises concrete production in a concrete plant, transport to the construction site using concrete mixer trucks, transfer to the placing location using large truck pumps, and use of immersion vibrators for placing and compaction.
Tehnologije izvođenja betonskih radova koje su primijenjene u istraživanju podrazumijevaju pripremu betona u betonari, prijevoz betona automiješalicama do gradilišta, dopremu autopumpom do mjesta ugrađivanja te ugradnju betona perivibratorima.
2. Collected data
2. Prikupljeni podaci
The research on the productivity of concreting process by monitoring concrete works was conducted at various construction sites in the city of Niš.
Istraživanje o produktivnosti procesa betoniranja praćenjem betonskih radova na gradilištima provedeno je na području grada Niša.
The data were collected by recording the concreting process at eight construction sites (four residential buildings, containing basement (B) + ground floor (GF) + 6 floors (F), two residential buildings containing B+GF+5F+Att (Attic), one dormitory B+GF+11+Att, and one health care building B+GF+5+Att.
Prikupljeni su podaci procesa betoniranja na osam gradilišta (četiri stambena objekta Po+P+VI, dva stambena objekta Po+P+5+Pk, jednog studentskog doma Po+P+11+Pk i jednog objekta zdravstvene zaštite Po+P+5+Pk).
All these buildings were constructed using skeletal construction system.
Sve su zgrade izgrađene prema skeletnom sustavu građenja.
141 concreting operations, involving foundation slabs, floor slabs, and beams, columns and walls, were recorded over a twenty month period.
Tijekom 20 mjeseci izvršeno je 141 snimanje betoniranja ploča, međukatnih konstrukcija, greda, stupova i zidova.
The total amount of placed concrete is 12 799 m3 and the total time used is 648 work hours.
Ukupna ugrađena količina betona iznosila je 12,799 m3, a za to je bilo potrebno 648 radnih sati.
The process recording was performed using photo-reviewing, by entering appropriate data into the corresponding forms.
Podaci postupka betoniranja zabilježeni su metodom fotopregleda, i to zapisivanjem odgovarajućih podataka u specijalizirane obrasce.
The following times, events and other significant parameters were recorded and measured at the constructions sites: start of concreting, arrival of mixer truck, mixer truck positioning into the unloading position, start of unloading, washing of mixer truck funnel after unloading, mixer truck departure, waiting for the pump if there is no concrete at the construction site, mixer truck waiting in queue, various justifiable and unjustifiable interruptions (meal breaks, machinery malfunctions, adverse weather, interruptions due to organizational issues, etc.), number of workers engaged in concreting operations, number of mixer trucks in the cycle, total number of mixer trucks, intervals between arrivals of mixer trucks, quantity of placed concrete, number of pump relocations to different positions and time required for relocations, waiting of the pump for ultimate mixer truck load (addition).
Na gradilištima su izmjereni sljedeći podaci: početak betoniranja, dolazak automiješalice, pozicioniranje automiješalice u položaj za istovar, početak istovara, pranje lijevka automiješalice poslije istovara, odlazak automiješalice, čekanje autopumpe ako nema betona na gradilištu, čekanje automiješalice u redu, razni opravdani i neopravdani zastoji (stanke za obrok, kvar mehanizacije, vremenske neprilike, zastoj organizacijske prirode, itd.), broj radnika na betoniranju, broj automiješalica u ciklusu, ukupan broj automiješalica, vrijeme između dolazaka automiješalica, količina ugrađenog betona, broj premještanja pumpe u drugi položaj i vrijeme potrebno za premještanje, čekanje pumpe na zadnju automiješalicu (dopuna).
The mixer truck bills of lading were used to obtain the following parameters: number of the bill, type and class of concrete, quantity of concrete per mixer truck, time of truck departure from concrete plant, distance of concrete plant from construction site.
S otpremnica automiješalica zabilježne su sljedeće vrijednosti: broj otpremnice, vrsta i razred betona, količina betona po automiješalici, vrijeme polaska automiješalice iz betonare, udaljenost betonare od gradilišta.
The data collected from three concrete factories (based on interviews with factory engineers) are: Concrete plant characteristics (mixer capacity, cycle duration, concreting method, mixer truck loading method, truck pump characteristics (theoretical performance, pipeline length, number of segments, hose length, potential for increasing range using extensions, number of extensions, length of extensions, reception-silo capacity, year of production).
Podaci prikupljeni iz tri betonare (na temelju razgovora s inženjerima zaposlenima u njima) su: karakteristike betonare (zapremina miješalice, trajanje ciklusa, način pripreme betona, način utovara automiješalice), karakteristike autobetonskih pumpi (teoretski učinak, duljina cijevi, broj sekcija, duljina crijeva, mogućnost povećanja dometa autopumpe nastavcima, broj nastavaka, duljina nastavaka, zapremina prijamnog silosa, godina proizvodnje).
For the purposes of this paper, a sample was singled out, which consists of slab concreting (foundation and floor slabs) in order to obtain a representative with homogenous data.
Za potrebe ovog istraživanja razmotren je uzorak koji čine betoniranja ploča (kontraploče i međukatne konstrukcije) kako bi se dobio reprezentativniji model zbog homogenosti podataka.
This sample contains 81 concreting (7 foundation slabs and 74 floor structures); with the amount of placed concrete of 11.951 m3 (93 % from the total quantity of the entire sample), and the total consumed work time is 503 hours.
Ovaj uzorak ima veličinu od 81 betoniranja (7 kontraploča i 74 međukatne konstrukcije); s količinom ugrađenog betona od 11.951 m3 (93 % od ukupne količine u cijelom uzorku), a bila su potrebna 503 radna sata.
To analyse the collected data and form a productivity prediction model, a statistic data processing was conducted using the MS Excel XLSTAT 2014 software add-ins.
Statistička obrada podataka provedena je pomoću programa XLSTAT 2014 (programskog dodatka Excelu) kako bi se prikupili potrebni podaci i oblikovao model za procjenu produktivnosti.
After testing the action of outliers using the Grubs' test, it was established that the sample size amounts to 78 elements.
Nakon što su ispitane izuzetne vrijednosti (eng. outlier) pomoću Grubsovog testa, uzorak se sastojao od 78 elemenata.
A descriptive statistics was
Prosječna ostvarena
An average productivity achieved on each of the eight construction sites (obtained as a mean value of all productivities as related to the number of concreting activities on a given constructions site, not including outliers) is presented in Table 1.
produktivnost na svakom od osam gradilišta (dobivena kao srednja vrijednost svih produktivnosti u odnosu na broj betoniranja na zadanom gradilištu, osim izuzetnih vrijednosti) prikazana je u tablici 1.
Average values of interruptions were calculated by measuring the time the pump waits for the arrival of concrete, and the waiting time of mixer trucks in queue to unload concrete.
Prosječne vrijednosti tih zastoja u radu dobivene su mjerenjem vremena čekanja autopumpe na dopremanje betona, kao i čekanje automiješalice u redu za istovar betona.
Based on the price the contractor must additionally pay for waiting time of the pump and/or mixer per hour (that is obtained from the concrete factories), the collected data demonstrate that the concrete pump waits for concrete 37.8 minutes or 15 % of the total concreting time, which causes the waiting costs of around 1.5 €/m3 of placed concrete.
S obzirom na ocjenu prema kojoj izvođač mora naknadno platiti čekanje autopumpe i/ ili automiješalice po satu (podaci prikupljeni iz betonara), podaci su pokazali da autopumpa čeka na beton u prosjeku 37.8 minuta ili 15 posto ukupnog vremena betoniranja, što znači da su troškovi čekanja približno 1,5 €/m3 ugrađenog betona.
All mixer trucks engaged on one concreting task spend on an average 161 minutes or 62.5 % of the total time waiting in line at the construction site, which causes additional cost of around 1 €/ m3 of placed concrete.
Sve automiješalice koje sudjeluju u jednom betoniranju provedu u prosjeku 161 minutu ili 62,5 posto ukupnog vremena betoniranja čekajući na gradilištu, što stvara dodatne troškove koji iznose približno 1 €/m3 ugrađenog betona.
On an average, an individual mixer waits 13 minutes to unload concrete at the construction site.
Automiješalica čeka na istovar betona na gradilištu u prosjeku 13 minuta.
In case the quantity of concrete is large, these interruption costs may be regarded as a considerable item within the total concreting costs.
Za veće količine radova ti troškovi zastoja mogu biti značajna stavka u ukupnim troškovima betoniranja.
3. Impact factors
3. Utjecajni faktori
The study of productivity comprises analysis of all impact factors, both positive and negative.
Proučavanje produktivnosti podrazumijeva analizu svih faktora koji imaju pozitivan i/ili negativan utjecaj.
Although it is clear that there is a large number of impact factors, it is important to identify and single out the most significant ones.
Postoji velik broj utjecajnih faktora, ali važno je uočiti i izdvojiti one najznačajnije.
Also, it is important to consider the factors with a negative impact on work productivity, and to eliminate and control them or find a way to divert them towards positive outcomes.
Također, važno je razmotriti i one faktore koji su imali negativno djelovanje na ostvarenje produktivnosti rada, pa ih eliminirati, kontrolirati ili otkriti mogućnosti preusmjeravanja njihovog djelovanja u pozitivnom smjeru utjecaja.
The factors that have a positive effect on productivity should be emphasized and utilized.
Faktore koji su imali pozitivan utjecaj na produktivnost treba istaknuti i iskoristiti.
Knowing all factors that affect productivity facilitates a more accurate estimation of deadlines and project costs.
Kada su poznati svi faktori koji utječu na produktivnost, mogu se točnije procijeniti rokovi i troškovi projekta.
Proposal of input parameters for regression analysis
Prijedlog ulaznih parametara za regresijsku analizu
The proposed variables were selected as the long-term experience on construction sites has shown that they have a significant impact on concreting process.
Predložene varijable su odabrane zbog činjenice da je temeljem dugogodišnjeg praćenja radova na gradilištu zaključeno da pri izvođenju betonskih radova te varijable imaju značajan utjecaj.
The independent variables are classified into two groups: quantitative and qualitative, based on their characteristics and units in which they are expressed.
Nezavisne varijable su razvrstane u dvije grupe: kvantitativne i kvalitativne, na temelju njihovih karakteristika i jedinica kojima su izražene.
The quantitative variables (group B1) are discrete or continuous variables that can be measured, while quantitative variables (group B2) are descriptive.
Kvantitativne varijable (grupa B1) diskretne su ili kontinuirane promjenjive veličine koje su mjerljive, a kvalitativne su varijable (grupa B2) opisane.
1. Productivity of concreting process - P (m3/h)
A - zavisne varijable:
the completion of the upper slab surface.
B1 - nezavisne kvantitativne varijable:
B1 - independent quantitative variables:
1. Količina betona - Q (m3)
In many cases the value given in the bill of quantities is not or cannot be accurate, which is why an approximate quantity is ordered and, eventually, additional quantity is ordered based on the assessment or measurement and calculation of remaining quantities.
Često se događa da izračunana vrijednost u predmjeri radova nije ili ne može biti precizna zbog čega se naručuje približna količina betona, a onda na kraju dopuna na osnovi procjene ili računanjem preostale potrebne količine.
The number of vehicles in one cycle depends on the concrete plant performance, transport distance to construction site, and capacity of mixer trucks.
Treba odrediti optimalan broj vozila tako da uvijek ima dovoljnih količina betona na gradilištu, ali i da se čekanje automiješalica svede na minimum.
No. concreting Floor
Kat
Quantity of concrete per concreting
Količina betona po betoniranju
Concreting time
Trajanje betoniranja
Productivity Postv
Ostvarena produktivnost Postv
3. Average quantity of concrete per mixer truck - Qpr.
3. Prosječna količina betona po automiješalici - Qpr.
m (m3/ mixer truck)
m (m3/ automiješalici)
Due to various capacities of mixer trucks, an average
Zbog različitih kapaciteta automiješalica, prosječna količina
quantity of concrete per mixer truck is a quotient between
betona po automiješalici predstavlja kvocijent između
the total quantity and total number of mixer trucks.
ukupne količine i ukupnog broja automiješalica.
4. Number of workers - Br (units)
4. Broj radnika - Br (komada)
The number of workers engaged in a concreting activity.
Broj radnika angažiranih na betoniranju.
In
Kod betoniranja
Two workers are needed to
9 radnika.
hold and direct the pump hose, one or two workers place
Dva radnika drže i usmjeravaju crijevo pumpe,
the concrete using the immersion vibrator (depending on
jedan do dva radnika izvode ugrađivanje pervibratorom
the number of immersion vibrators), two to three workers
(ovisno o broju pervibratora), dva do tri radnika rade na
In special circumstances,
gornje površine ploče.
a larger number of workers may be required, for instance,
U posebnim uvjetima kada je domet
when the range of the pump is insufficient, and the hose
pumpe nedovoljan, pa je crijevo oslonjeno na oslonce,
is supported on stands, and when scaffolds, or chutes, are
skele ili se pomoću posuda ugrađuje na poziciju, može biti
used to assist in concreting operations.
potreban i veći broj radnika.
5. Theoretical pump performance - Ut,p (m3/h)
5. Teoretski učinak pumpe - Ut,p (m3/h)
This factor must be introduced to take into account the
Zbog sudjelovanja nekoliko različitih vrsta autopumpi,
use of several different pumps.
potrebno je uvesti i taj faktor.
Theoretical performance is
Predložen je teoretski učinak
proposed, expressing the pump capacity.
kojim će se iskazati sposobnost pumpe.
6. Pump age - SP (years)
Starost pumpe - SP (godina)
Represents the number of years since the time the pump
Predstavlja broj godina od proizvodnje pumpe do trenutka
was manufactured.
upotrebe.
With an increase in age of the machinery,
Povećanjem starosti mehanizacije, povećava
the incidence of wear and tear of parts also increases, and
se istrošenost i dotrajalost dijelova, pa je mehanizacija
the pump is therefore more susceptible to malfunction and
podložnija kvarovima, a stoga je manji učinak.
The pump range expresses the length of the boom (4 or
Dometom autopumpe je iskazana dužina strijele (4 ili 5
5 sections) together with the rubber hose at the end.
sekcija) zajedno s gumenim crijevom na kraju.
The
Povećanje
extension of range is possible by adding extensions that
dometa je moguće dodavanjem nastavaka koji su isti kao
serve at the same as hose extensions and are 4 to 5 m long.
crijevo na kraju dužine 4 do 5 m.
8. Pump relocation - PP (number)
7. Premještanje autopumpe - PP (broj)
Depending on the pump range, dimensions of the building,
Ovisno o dometu autopumpe, dimenziji objekta, visini
height at which the concreting is performed, and possibility
na kojoj se izvodi betoniranje, pristupačnosti za prilaz
of pump access to the building, it is sometimes necessary to
pumpe do objekta, nekada je potrebno tijekom betoniranja
set the pump in several positions.
postavljati autopumpu u više položaja.
The number of relocations
Broj premještanja je
is designated as 0 if concreting is performed from only one
označen nulom ako se betoniranje obavlja iz samo jednog
of the pump (two positions) and 2 if the pump is relocated
brojem 2 ako se autopumpa premješta dva puta (ima tri
twice (there are three positions).
položaja).
heights are taken from the design - V (m)
vrijednosti su preuzete iz projekata.
10. Slab thickness - dp (m)
9. Debljina ploče - dp (m)
Slab thickness for solid slabs is a true number while for slabs
Kod ploča je zadana njihova debljina, a kod ploča koje
containing high beams the solid slab is an average thickness
sadrže i grede s većom visinom zadana je prosječna debljina
calculated based on individual proportions in surface area.
određena na temelju postotnog površinskog udjela.
kilometres.
kilometrima.
B2 - independent quality variables:
su praktični učinci betonare.
13. Slab type- TP
B2 - nezavisne kvalitativne varijable:
They are divided into two groups: slabs marked with TP-P only, and slabl with beams and lattice-concrete joists marked as TP-PG.
Podijeljene su u dvije grupe: prvu grupu čine samo ploče označene oznakom TP-P i drugu grupu čine ploče koje sadrže grede i "fert" međukatne konstrukcije u oznaci TPPG.
14. Availability of concrete plant - RasB
13. Raspoloživost betonare - RasB
Delay n concrete delivery may be experienced if a concrete plant delivers concrete for several construction sites simultaneously, or for its own production (prefabricated structural elements, for instance).
Ako betonara u isto vrijeme ispoučuje beton za veći broj gradilišta ili priprema beton za svoje potrebe (npr. proizvodnja montažnih elemenata i dr.), to može dovesti do čekanja na isporuku betona.
According to the sequence of bills of lading, it can be concluded whether the concrete plant supplies concrete to the considered construction site only -marked with 0, or if it supplies concrete to other construction sites as well - marked with 1.
Prema redoslijedu otpremnica može se zaključiti isporučuje li se beton samo na promatranom gradilištu - u tom je slučaju oznaka 0, ili se isporučuje i na drugim gradilištima - u tom je slučaju oznaka 1.
4. Regression analysis
4. Regresijska analiza