natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
They consisted of four office rooms on the 5th floor of the building with the 15°SW orientation (Figure 1).
Radi se o četiri uredske prostorije smještene na petom katu zgrade, a orijentirane su u smjeru 15° JZ (slika 1.).
The entrance office was the Office No. 3 with 19.7 m2.
Ulazni ured je ured broj 3 s površinom od 19,7 m2.
Then there were two large offices, Office No. 2 and Office No. 4, with the net floor areas of 36.2 m2 and 37.8 m2, respectively.
Nakon njega slijede dva velika ureda, ured broj 2 (36,2 m2) i ured broj 4 (37,8 m2).
The smallest office was the Office No. 1 with 14.4 m2.
Najmanji je ured broj 1 kojem ukupna podna površina iznosi 14,4 m2.
The height of the offices from the floor level to the ceiling slab was about 3.2 m. The structure of the walls was quite diverse in composition, and it included plastered brick walls, lightweight gypsum walls, plastered concrete walls, and
Visina ureda od poda do stropne ploče otprilike je 3,2 m. Zidovi su po sastavu dosta različiti, pa tako imamo žbukane zidove od opeke, lake gipsane
the ceiling (Figure 1).
zidove, žbukane betonske zidove i stropnu konstrukciju (slika 1.).
Parts of the building structure parallel to the façade are two large load-bearing concrete pillars.
Paralelno s pročeljem smještena su dva velika nosiva betonska stupa.
In each office, a part of the window area was fixed, covering roughly 70 % of the total window area.
U svakom je uredu gotovo 70 % ostakljene površine fiksno, a preostali se dijelovi mogu otvarati (tablica 1.).
Window surfaces
Ukupna površina pročelja
Offices
[m2]
Total façade area
Ukupna površina prozora
Total window area
Površina fiksnih prozora
Fixed window area
Površina otvorivih prozora
Openable window area
Udio prozora u površini pročelja
Office 2
Ured br.
Average
Ukupno
Table 1.
Prosjek
Description of main building elements Building element
Opis osnovnih elemenata zgrade Element zgrade
U-value
[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]
STARA U-vrijednost
OLD U-value
[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]
1 Vanjski zid (pročelje)
1 External wall (facade)
Betonski zid 20 cm, toplinska izolacija 12 cm
7 Window frame
6 Unutarnji pod
High insulation aluminium frame
7 Prozorski okvir
8 Window glazing
Visoko izolacijski aluminijski okvir
Overall U-value
Ukupna U-vrijednost
OLD overall U-value
STARA ukupna U-vrijednost
Structural elements facing external/unheated environment
Konstrukcijski elementi prema vanjskoj/negrijanoj okolini
In the analysed year 2013, the offices were in full operation; altogether seven people worked in the rooms.
Uredi su bili u punom pogonu 2013. godine kada je provedena ova analiza.
There were four occupants in the office No. 2, while offices 1, 3, and 4 each had one occupant.
U njima je radilo ukupno sedam osoba i to od ponedjeljka do petka, od osam ujutro do pet poslijepodne.
Building envelope of pilot offices
Vanjski omotač zgrade u zoni pilot-ureda
Taking into account the existing limitations, all appropriate measures were implemented when retrofitting the old building envelope, initially built in 1982.
Imajući na umu postojeća ograničenja, poduzete su odgovarajuće mjere da bi se obnovio vanjski omotač te zgrade izgrađene 1982. godine.
According to the new concept, reasonably low U-values were needed for the pilot envelope; the existing façade was improved with 4 cm of additional thermal insulation, which gave a total thermal insulation layer 12 cm in thickness.
Prema novoj koncepciji, za omotač u zoni pilot-ureda trebale su se predvidjeti prilično niske U-vrijednosti.
The description and thermal characteristics of the new building envelope elements are given in Table 2.
Opis toplinskih karakteristika novih elemenata vanjskog omotača zgrade prikazan je u tablici 2.
During most of the summer, a projecting roof above the façade served as fixed shading for the windows.
U većem dijelu ljeta izbočeni krov iznad pročelja poslužio je kao fiksna zašita prozora od sunca.
Nevertheless, new external manually adjustable motorized venetian blinds were installed to enable an effective year-round control of solar radiation.
Bez obzira na to, instalirane su nove vanjske ručno podesive žaluzine na motorni pogon da bi se ulazak sunčanih zraka mogao djelotvorno kontrolirati tijekom čitave godine.
At the inner side of the windows, manually operated roller blinds were mounted in order to protect occupants from glare.
S unutrašnje strane prozora montirane su platnene rolete na ručno upravljanje da bi se korisnici zaštitili od pretjeranog bliještanja sunčanih zraka.
A particular attention was paid to the improvement of the pilot offices envelope by lowering the air exchange rate.
Posebna pozornost usredotočena je na poboljšanje obodnih dijelova pilot-ureda smanjivanjem stope izmjene zraka.
After completion of the retrofit, the indoor to outdoor air exchange rate was measured according to the standardized measuring procedure [16] at pressure differences of 50 Pa. The measured value of 1.6h-1 is compliant with requirements set by Slovenian legislation, which calls for 2.0 h-1 or less for buildings with mechanical ventilation with an air exchange rate greater than 0.7 [17-18].
Nakon dovršetka adaptacije, stopa izmjene unutarnjeg/vanjskog zraka izmjerena je primjenom standardnog mjernog postupka [16] pri razlikama tlaka od 50 Pa. Izmjerena vrijednost od 1,6 h-1 u skladu je sa zahtjevima koji su propisani u slovenskoj regulativi, prema kojima se traži 2,0 h-1 ili manje za zgrade s mehaničkom ventilacijom te sa stopom izmjene zraka većom od 0,7 [17, 18].
The measured air exchange rate of the pilot offices can thus be evaluated as very good, taking into account the fact that the pilot offices are a renovation rather than a new building.
Može se dakle ustvrditi da je izmjerena stopa izmjene zraka vrlo dobra, uzimajući u obzir činjenicu da su pilot-uredi obnovljeni a ne novoizgrađeni prostori.
HVAC and control systems of pilot offices
Sustav grijanja, hlađenja, ventilacije i klimatizacije (GVK sustav) te kontrolni sustavi pilot-ureda
In order to achieve comfortable indoor air temperatures of around 22 °C, the pilot offices were equipped with water-filled ceiling panels for indoor environment heating and cooling.
Da bi se postigla ugodna temperatura unutarnjeg zraka od približno 22 °C, pilot-uredi opremljeni su vodom ispunjenim stropnim pločama za grijanje i hlađenje unutarnjeg prostora.
The system was supported by mechanical ventilation, with inlets and outlets at a level close to the ceiling (Figure 2).
Podrška tom sustavu je bila i mehanička ventilacija, s ulazima i izlazima u blizini stropa (slika 2.).
These locations were chosen because, in the case of displacement ventilation and chilled ceiling applications, it has been shown that, when internal gains are moderately high, the impact of the
Ta pozicija u blizini stropa odabrana je zato jer je dokazano da je u slučaju potisne ventilacije i rashladnih stropova utjecaj
ceiling surface temperature on the level of mixing and on the magnitude of temperature gradient is of secondary importance [8].
temperature na površini stropa na razinu miješanja i veličinu temperaturnog gradijenta od sekundarnog značenja kada su interni dobici srednje visoki [8].
Typical elevation view with main building elements (described in Table 2) showing radiation ceiling panels, air inlets/outlets of mechanical ventilation system, and vertically positioned air temperature sensors (V1-V5)
Tipičan presjek kroz glavne elemente zgrade (opisane u tablici 2.) na kojem se vide isijavajuće stropne ploče, ulazi/izlazi zraka kao dijelovi sustava mehaničke ventilacije, te vertikalno postavljeni senzori za mjerenje temperature zraka (V1-V5)
The energy needed for the heating and cooling of ceiling panels in the pilot offices was provided by the specially designed energy system for the solar energy capturing, transforming and storing (surface area of solar thermal collectors was approximately 30 m2).
Energija potrebna za grijanje i hlađenje stropnih panela u piloturedima dobiva se pomoću posebno projektiranog energetskog sustava za prihvat, preradu i pohranjivanje Sunčeve energije (površina termalnih kolektora iznosi otprilike 30 m2).
The media of the system was water.
U sustavu se kao medij koristi voda.
The heat was stored in a large storage tank (3 m3) to be used directly for heating the offices when operating in the heating mode.
Toplina se pohranjuje u veliki spremnik (3 m3) koji se koristi izravno za grijanje ureda kada radi u postupku grijanja.
In the cooling mode, the heat was transformed into the cold via an adsorption chiller (8 kW in nominal cooling power) and a cooling tower, and was then stored in a separate storage tank (1 m3).
U postupku hlađenja toplina se pretvara u hladnoću pomoću adsorpcijskog rashladnika (8 kW nominalne snage hlađenja) i rashladnog tornja nakon čega se pohranjuje u zaseban spremnik (1 m3).
The natural free cooling for cooling water during the night-time was also used.
Također se koristi i energija prirodnog hlađenja vode noću.
Two conventional energy backups were predicted for the system in the case of lack of solar energy: the district heating in the heating mode, and the compressor chiller in the cooling mode.
Dva tradicionalna pomoćna izvora energije predviđena su za rad sustava u slučaju manjka solarne energije: grijanje iz toplane u postupku grijanja, te primjena kompresorskog rashladnika u postupku hlađenja.
The initial operating temperatures for heating and cooling were determined considering the basic geometrical and physical characteristics of the pilot offices: boundary conditions, heating/cooling load, characteristics of the heating/cooling system and supplementary devices, and indoor requirements.
Početne radne temperature grijanja i hlađenja određene su na bazi osnovnih geometrijskih i fizikalnih karakteristika pilot-ureda, a to su: rubni uvjeti, toplinsko/rashladno opterećenje, karakteristike toplinskog/rashladnog sustava i dodatnih uređaja, te zahtjevi u pogledu unutarnjeg prostora.
The latter were based on parameters such as the allowed room humidity, assumed level of activity of occupants, calculated humidity production per person, and dimensioned air flow rate for ventilation per person.
Ti potonji zahtjevi temelje se na parametrima kao što su dopušteni stupanj vlage u prostoriji, pretpostavljena razina aktivnosti korisnika prostora, izračunana proizvodnja vlage po osobi te proračunska stopa protoka zraka za ventilaciju po osobi.
The panels were designed as large flat plate metal sheets over the copper piping, covering 60 % of each office ceiling slab.
Paneli su projektirani kao veliki ravni metalni limovi smješteni iznad bakrenih cijevi, a prostiru se na 60 % površine stropne ploče svakog ureda.
The piping was fastened to the ceiling slab with aluminium profiles.
Cijevi su pričvršćene na stropnu ploču pomoću aluminijskih profila.
All radiant ceiling panels were always operating in the same mode, either heating or cooling the rooms.
Svi su stropni isijavajući paneli uvijek radili u istom postupku, tj. u svrhu grijanja ili hlađenja analiziranih prostorija.
The product specification was given in W/m2 per temperature difference (linear function) between an average surface temperature of a panel and an average air temperature in a room.
Proizvodna specifikacija izražena je u W/m2 na temelju razlike u temperaturi (linearna funkcija) između prosječne temperature na površini panela i prosječne temperature zraka u prostoriji.
The cooling power was specified as 80-90 W/m2 per 10 K of temperature difference, whereas the heating power was 60-70 W/m2 per 10 K of temperature difference.
Zadana snaga hlađenja iznosila je 80-90 W/m2 po 10 K temperaturne razlike, dok je snaga grijanja iznosila 60-70 W/m2 po 10 K razlike u temperaturi.
In the pilot offices the temperature difference can reach up to 7K in the cooling mode, and up to 14K in the heating mode.
U pilot-uredima razlika je u temperaturi iznosila do 7 K u postupku hlađenja, tj. do 14 K u postupku grijanja.
Consequently, the power of the panels in the cooling mode can be as high as 63 W/m2, while in the heating mode it can raise up to 90 W/m2.
Stoga je snaga panela u postupku hlađenja mogla iznositi čak i do 63 W/m2, dok je u postupku grijanja mogla dosezati i do 90 W/m2.
Indoor environment in retrofitted offices equipped with radiant ceiling panels
Unutarnja okolina renoviranig ureda opremljenih stropnim isijavajućim pločama
Operating at relatively low heating temperatures in the heating season, and at relatively high cooling temperatures in the cooling season, this kind of system is considered to be highly energy efficient, and able to provide a good level of thermal comfort.
Kako funkcionira pri relativno niskim temperaturama grijanja u sezoni grijanja, te pri relativno visokim temperaturama hlađenja u sezoni hlađenja, ovaj se sustav smatra izrazito energetski učinkovitim, te može pružiti visoku razinu toplinske ugode.
In the heating season, the air temperature of the rooms was set to 22 °C (with local adjustment of ±2 K).
U sezoni grijanja temperatura zraka se u prostorijama namještala na 22 °C (s lokalnim korekcijama od ±2K).
The inlet temperature of the water for ceiling panels ranged from 35 °C to 38 °C in the heating mode, while the outlet temperature was by about 5K lower.
Ulazna temperatura vode za stropne panele varirala je od 35 °C do 38 °C u postupku grijanja, dok je izlazna temperatura bila za otprilike 5 K niža.
The air temperature of the rooms was set to 24-25 °C in the cooling season (local adjustment of ±2K at room regulators).
Temperatura zraka u prostorijama bila je namještena na 24-25 °C u sezoni hlađenja (lokalna korekcija od ±2 K na sobnom regulatoru).
The cooling was provided to the offices by cold water in the temperature range of 18-20 °C.
Hlađenje prostorija provodilo se pomoću hladne vode u rasponu temperatura od 18-20 °C.
In the cooling mode, water temperatures in the ceiling panels were controlled very carefully to avoid the risk of condensation.
U postupku hlađenja temperatura se vode u stropnim panelima brižljivo kontrolirala da ne dođe do kondenzacija.
This was achieved by an automatically controlled rise of the medium cooling temperature if the sensors detected a certain increase in the air humidity.
To je postignuto automatskom kontrolom podizanja srednje temperature hlađenja čim bi senzori utvrdili određeni stupanj porasta vlage u zraku.
If a window was opened, the system would stop operating (only in the cooling mode).
Sustav bi se isključio ako se ostavi otvoren prozor (samo u postupku hlađenja).
In the heating mode, the radiant ceiling system was running without interruption, with a night-time temperature (from 5 p.m. until 7 a.m.) reduced by 1K, and a weekend temperature reduced by 2 K.
U postupku grijanja, stropni isijavajući sustav radio je bez prekida, s tim da se po noći (tj. od 5 sati poslijepodne do 7 ujutro) temperatura smanjivala za 1 K, a tijekom vikenda za 2K.
In the cooling mode, the system was running continuously with a temperature increase throughout the day depending on rise of the outdoor temperature (i.e. there is a linear temperature compensation depending on the outdoor temperature).
U postupku hlađenja sustav je stalno radio uz porast temperature tijekom dana ovisno o porastu vanjske temperature (tj. provođena je linearna kompenzacija temperature ovisno o vanjskoj temperaturi).
With the relatively small night-time and weekend temperature reductions in the heating mode, the energy consumption was somewhat lower.
Nešto niža potrošnja energije ostvarena je zbog relativno malog smanjenja temperature tijekom noći i vikendom u postupku grijanja.
It was possible to turn down the system completely during nights/weekends and start it the next morning (or Monday morning), but this would not considerably reduce the energy consumption.
Postojala je i mogućnost potpunog isključenja sustava noću ili tijekom vikenda i aktiviranja sustava sljedećeg jutra (tj. u ponedjeljak ujutro), ali to ne bi bitno smanjilo potrošnju energije.
At the same time, the influence on the thermal comfort at the beginning of the working days/weeks would be significant.
Istodobno bi takav postupak bitno utjecao na toplinsku ugodu korisnika na početku radog dana tj. tjedna.
The newly installed mechanical ventilation system was providing fresh, tempered air into the offices through channels and nozzles.
Novoinstalirani sustav mehaničke ventilacije dovodio je svjež temperirani zrak u urede pomoću odgovarajućih kanala i mlaznica.
In offices 2 and 4, which had a larger volume, two inlets were integrated close to the partition wall, and two outlets close to the window area.
U većim uredima 2 i 4, dva su ulaza smještena blizu pregradnog zida, dok se dva izlaza nalaze blizu zone prozora.
In Offices 1 and 3, smaller in volume, one inlet was installed close to the partition wall and one outlet close to the window area.
U manjim uredima 1 i 3 jedan je ulaz instaliran u blizini pregradnog zida, a jedan izlaz pored zone prozora.
The ventilation air was always pretreated in the air conditioning unit (with a recuperation rate of 70-80 %) to the set temperature and humidity.
Ventilacijom uneseni zrak uvijek je prethodno tretiran u klima-uređaju (sa stopom rekuperacije od 70-80 %) da bi se postigla zadana temperatura i količina vlage.
In the first half of 2013 (when the system started), the mechanical ventilation system operated during working hours only.
U prvoj polovici 2013. godine (kada je sustav uveden), sustav mehaničke ventilacije bio je u pogonu samo u radno vrijeme.
After some complaints by occupants about the air quality, the system was set to run continuously, i.e. during the night as well.
Nakon što su se korisnici počeli žaliti na kvalitetu zraka, odlučeno je da sustav radi kontinuirano, čak i po noći.
The energy efficient lighting was achieved via fluorescent dimming lamps.
Energetski učinkovita rasvjeta postignuta je uvođenjem fluorescentnih lampi s podešavanjem jačine svjetla.
Manual switches were installed to switch the lights on, and to set the desired illuminance level.
Instalirani su ručni prekidači kojima se palilo svjetlo i podešavala jačina rasvjete.
Each room was equipped with a sensor-controlled switch-off system.
U svakoj je prostoriji instaliran senzorima kontroliran sustav za automatsko gašenje svjetla.
The HVAC system and room automation were managed by the building management system (BMS).
Za upravljanje sustavom GVK i za automatizaciju prostora korišten je sustav upravljanja zgradama (engl.
BMS was also designed to enable data exchange between the data acquisition system, control system, automation stations, and the room automation elements.
Sustav BMS također je omogućavao razmjenu podataka između sustava za prikupljanje podataka, kontrolnog sustava, stanica za automatizaciju i elemenata za automatizaciju procesa u prostorijama.
3. Analysis of measurement results
3. Analiza izmjerenih rezultata
Time oscillations of indoor air temperatures
Oscilacije temperatura unutarnjeg zraka
The system was regulated by room regulators placed on the inner office walls, which measured indoor air temperatures.
Regulacija sustava obavljala se pomoću sobnih regulatora postavljenih na unutarnje zidove ureda, a oni su služili za mjerenje sobne temperature.
Air temperature measurements were performed at different heights of the offices in order to assess the air temperature distribution in the cooling and heating modes (including both, the panels and mechanical ventilation).
Temperature zraka mjerene su na raznim visinama da bi se odredio raspored temperatura zraka u postupku hlađenja i u postupku grijanja (što uključuje i panele i mehaničku ventilaciju).
The range of air temperature oscillations and the radiant indoor temperature asymmetry received considerable attention.
Posebno se brinulo o oscilacijama temperature zraka i asimetričnom rasporedu temperatura dobivenih isijavanjem.
Oscillations temperature in individual offices during heating and cooling
Oscilacije temperatura u pojedinim uredima tijekom grijanja i hlađenja
Office 1 Office 2 Office 3 Office 4
Ured 1 Ured 2 Ured 3 Ured 4
11th - 16th February
Od 11. do 16. veljače
Daily max temperature oscillation [K] Daily max temperature difference during working hours [K]
maksimalne dnevne oscilacije temperatura [K] maksimalna dnevna temperaturna razlika tijekom radnog vremena [K] 1,1
29th July - 3rd August
Od 29. srpnja do 3. kolovoza
Maximum temperature oscillations of mean indoor air temperature calculated at sensors (V1-V5) at 5 levels
Maksimalne oscilacije srednjih unutarnjih temperatura zraka zabilježene na senzorima (V1-V5) na 5 razina
There were no major daily temperature oscillations of mean indoor air temperatures in any of the four offices (Figure 3).
zabilježene velike dnevne oscilacije srednjih temperatura zraka (slika 3.).
Mean daily air temperature oscillations between the highest and the lowest values were minimal.
Razmatrano u rasponu od najviših do najnižih vrijednosti, srednje dnevne oscilacije temperatura zraka bile su minimalne.
Table 3 shows the maximum calculated mean daily air temperature oscillations in individual offices for representative heating and cooling weeks.
Maksimalne izračunane srednje dnevne oscilacije temperatura zraka u pojedinim uredima prikazane su u tablici 3. za reprezentativne tjedne hlađenja tj. grijanja.
Vertical indoor air temperature differences
Razlike vertikalnih unutarnjih temperatura zraka
The time-dependent temperature differences in the Office No. 4 for a typical heating working week in February 2013 (Figure 4.
ovisne temperaturne razlike zabilježene u uredu 4 tijekom tipičnog radnog tjedna s uključenim grijanjem u veljači 2013. godine prikazane su na slici 4.
a), and for a typical cooling working week in July/August 2013 (Figure 4.
a, dok su tijekom tipičnog radnog tjedna s hlađenjem u srpnju i kolovozu 2013. prikazane na slici 4.
b), are shown in Figure 4.
b.
On an average, the temperature difference values never exceeded 0.8 K (heating period) and 0.3 K (cooling period) in the studied offices (Table 4).
1. U prosjeku, temperaturne razlike u analiziranim uredima nikada nisu bile veće od 0,8 K (u sezoni grijanja), tj. 0,3 K (u sezoni hlađenja) (tablica 4.).
Mean hourly temperatures, Tm, of verticals (V1-V5) in relation to outdoor temperature measured for a) 10 days in winter; b) 10 days in summer
Srednje satne temperature (Tm) vertikala (V1-V5) u odnosu na vanjsku temperaturu izmjerene za: a) 10 dana u zimi; b) za 10 dana u ljeti
Indoor air temperatures in cross-section of Office 4 at 6 a.m., 12 a.m., 6 p.m., and 12 p.m. for a: a) typical heating working week; b) typical cooling working week
Temperature unutarnjeg zraka u presjeku ureda 4 u 6.00, 12.00, 18.00 i 24.00 sata za: a) tipični radni tjedan grijanja; b) tipični radni tjedan hlađenja
The measured air temperature difference between V1 (0.25 m) and V3 (1.20 m) above the floor of the offices was less than 0.5 K in the cooling mode, and less than 1.3 K in the heating mode.
Izmjerena razlika u temperaturi zraka između V1 (0,25 m) i V3 (1,20 m) iznad poda u uredima bila je manja od 0,5 K u postupku hlađenja, tj. manja od 1,3 K u postupku grijanja.
According to SIST EN ISO 7730, the recommended value for the local thermal comfort level of the vertical air temperature difference, measured 0.1 m and 1.0 m above the floor level (sitting person), in the highest category, Category A, amounts to < 2 K [19].
Prema normi SIST EN ISO 7730, preporučena vrijednost lokalne toplinske ugode za vertikalnu razliku u temperaturi zraka, mjereno 0,1 m i 1,0 m iznad razine poda (osoba koja sjedi) iznosi < 2 K za najvišu kategoriju tj. kategoriju A [19].
Radiant indoor temperature asymmetry
Asimetrično isijavanje topline u unutarnjem prostoru
Radiant temperature asymmetry in rooms can cause discomfort to room occupants.
Osobe koje koriste prostoriju mogu osjećati neugodu zbog asimetričnog isijavanja topline u unutarnjim prostorima.
It is known that people are more sensitive to radiant asymmetry caused by warm ceiling than they are by cold ceiling [19].
Poznato je da su ljudi osjetljiviji na asimetrično isijavanje uzrokovano toplim stropom nego hladnim stropom [19].