natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Any lack of clarity during the planning and evaluation processes may result in sub-optimisation, i.e. something that may have a positive impact in one aspect may prove to be negative in another aspect, or from a general standpoint [13].
U slučaju nejasnoće tijekom procesa planiranja i procjene, moguća je pojava suboptimizacije, odnosno nešto što djeluje pozitivno s nekog aspekta može biti negativno s nekog drugog aspekta ili općeg stajališta [13].
Proper selection of an evaluation method in the identification and resolution of conflicts may be very helpful, but it is important that the method enables analysis of impacts in relation to different social sectors [14].
Dobar odabir metode procjene u identificiranju i rješavanju sukoba može biti od velike pomoći, pri čemu je važno da metoda omogućuje analizu utjecaja u odnosu na društvene sektore [14].
If evaluation is to be used in compliance with modern management principles and regulations, then such evaluation must be rational, logical and
Da bi se procjene mogle upotrebljavati na način koji zahtijevaju suvremeni principi upravljanja i zakonska regulativa, metode
coherent, and should also be flexible so that it can be used - easily and transparently - in different decision making contexts.
procjene moraju biti racionalne, logične i koherentne i moraju biti prilagodljive za upotrebu u različitim kontekstima odlučivanja na jasan i jednostavan način.
Vested with such properties, evaluation methods may appropriately be used in the management of complex quantitative, qualitative, and often unreliable data.
Zbog ovih značajki, metode procjene se mogu primjenjivati u upravljanju kompleksnim kvantitativnim, kvalitativnim i često nepouzdanim podacima.
Characteristics of evaluation models are dependent on the situation, availability of data, complexity, and available time, but also on the level and the objective of the decision (strategic or implemental decision-making level) [15].
Karakteristike modela procjene ovise o situaciji, dostupnosti podataka, složenosti i raspoloživom vremena, ali i o razini i cilju odluke (strateška ili provedbena razina odlučivanja) [15].
That is why characteristics such as modularity, understandability, clarity and flexibility [16] are important for an efficient use of evaluation methods.
Zbog toga su karakteristike kao što su modularnost, razumljivost, jasnoća i fleksibilnost [16] važne za učinkovitu upotrebu metoda procjene.
During the processes conducted to find solutions (technological, civil engineering, planning, etc.), appropriate alternatives are prepared and are compared to one another in order to find the alternative that meets the required criteria.
U procesima izrade rješenja (tehnoloških, građevinskih, prostornih) izrađuju se alternative među kojima se, bira ona alternativa koja zadovoljava tražene uvjete.
In spatial planning, alternatives are expressed through preparation of alternative scenarios representing space in a more distant future.
U prostornom planiranju, alternative se izražavaju izradom alternativnih scenarija koji predstavljaju prostor u daljoj budućnosti.
Indicators that describe a scenario must express complexity of space showing identity features, differences, morphologies, typologies, public spaces, architectural perceptions, social and functional differences, and a balance between the role of public administration and private sector [17].
Pokazatelji (indikatori) koji opisuju scenarij moraju izražavati složenost prostora iskazujući obilježja identiteta, različitosti, morfologije, tipologije, javnih prostora, percepcije arhitekture, društvene i funkcionalne različitosti, ravnoteže između uloge javne administracije i privatnog sektora [17].
Indicators should also reflect the structure of social values, as it is only the acceptance of process values that will lead to acceptance of process results [18].
Pokazatelji bi također trebali odražavati društvenu konstrukciju vrijednosti, jer jedino prihvaćanje vrijednosti procesa može rezultirati prihvaćanjem rezultata procesa [18].
A valuable evaluation is a procedure that "enables determination of the priority list of alternatives by means of arguments" [19], contributes to improvement of procedural rationality and process quality, assists in forming new alternatives, encourages participation of various social sectors, and enables control during implementation of the selected alternative.
Valjana procjena predstavlja "proceduru koja omogućuje utvrđivanje liste prioriteta alternativa korištenjem argumenata" [19], pridonosi poboljšanju proceduralne racionalnosti i kvaliteti procesa, pomaže pri formiranju novih alternativa, potiče sudjelovanje raznih sektora javnosti i omogućuje kontrolu tijekom izvršavanja odabrane alternative.
For instance, Voogd [14] presents characteristics of a good evaluation method: adequacy (the method creates information that is helpful In decision making), credibility (the method is logically coherent, i.e. care is taken about measures or the sign of an influence), usability (the method can be used with available resources and in the given time frame), acceptability (the method is clearly understandable to decision-makers and planners, but also to the public; the method is transparent and its validity has already been proven).
Voogd [14], primjerice, navodi karakteristike dobre metode procjene: prikladnost (metoda stvara informacije koje pomažu u odlučivanju), vjerodostojnost (metoda je logički koherentna, npr. vodi se računa o mjerama ili predznaku utjecaja), uporabljivost (metoda se može upotrijebiti s postojećim resursima i u zadanom vremenom), prihvatljivost (metoda je razumljiva onom tko odlučuje, planeru, ali i javnosti; metoda je jasna i već dokazano valjana).
The importance of selecting an appropriate use of the heritage has also been the theme of numerous international documents.
Važnost izbora odgovarajuće namjene baštine jest i tema mnogobrojnih međunarodnih dokumenata.
Evaluation tools are significant components of the decision-aid tools used in decision making processes.
procesu očuvanja baštine dobiva integracija metoda procjene kulturnih i društvenih vrijednosti u sam proces prostornog planiranja [3].
Evaluation tools can help in determining: existing situation in physical space (analysis), determination of objectives, gap between the existing situation and objectives (diagnosis), strategies for reaching the objectives, evaluation of alternatives and monitoring.
Metode procjene su važan dio alata pomoći pri odlučivanju, koji mogu pomoći pri utvrđivanju: postojećeg stanja prostora (analiza), utvrđivanju ciljeva, udaljenosti postojećeg stanja od ciljeva (dijagnoza), strategija za približavanje ciljevima, procjene alternativa i promatranja (eng. monitoring).
Although representing a simplified reality, scientific models should not be devoid of significant aspects of reality.
Znanstveni modeli, iako predstavljaju pojednostavljenu stvarnost, ne smiju izgubiti značajke stvarnosti.
Evaluation models aimed at estimating complex relationships and multilayered interactions must be based, just like in management of cultural built heritage, on understanding of the concepts of sustainable development, cultural assets, and physical space.
Modeli procjene namijenjeni procjenjivanju složenih odnosa i slojevitosti, kao kod upravljanja kulturnom graditeljskom baštinom, moraju se temeljiti na shvaćanju koncepata održivog razvoja, kulturnih dobara i prostora.
As creation of heritage is a social product, i.e. a fluid social and political process [1, 23], the analysis and evaluation of heritage must reflect its complexity.
Kako je stvaranje baštine društveni proizvod, fluidni društveni i politički proces [1, 23], analiza i procjena baštine trebaju odražavati njegovu složenost.
Evaluations help in understanding underlying opportunities and external effects (private and public), management methods, and influence exerted by legislation [24].
Procjene pomažu u sagledavanju prilika i vanjskih učinaka (privatnih i društvenih), načina upravljanja i utjecaja zakonodavstva [24].
3. Development of evaluation methods
3. Razvoj metoda procjene
Methods for evaluation of values expressed in monetary terms
Metode procjene novčano izraženih vrijednosti
Evaluation methods, such as the cost-benefit analysis, are used to evaluate values that can directly be expressed in monetary terms, but also those that can not be directly be expressed in monetary terms, through their market value.
Metode procjene kao što je analiza koristi i troškova (eng. cost-benefit analysis) procjenjuju vrijednosti koje se mogu direktno izraziti u novcu, ali i one koje se ne mogu direktno izraziti putem novčane vrijednosti na tržištu.
Values expressible in money comprise a whole array of values, from those that are relatively easy to determine (e.g. market value or exchange value, client's earnings, purchase costs, etc.) to those that are more difficult to estimate (e.g. a multiplying effect of an investment).
Novčano iskazive vrijednosti obuhvaćaju čitavu paletu vrijednosti, od onih koje se relativno jednostavno utvrđuju (npr. tržišna vrijednost ili vrijednost razmjene, zarada investitora, troškovi nabave i slično), pa do onih koje je teže procijeniti (npr. multiplicirajući efekt neke investicije).
However, the evaluation of non-monetary values calls for additional indirect methods, i.e. for contingent evaluation methods [4, 25-27].
No procjena vrijednosti koje nisu novčane zahtijeva dodatne metode kojima se utvrđuje njihova vrijednost, odnosno zahtijeva neizravne metode (contingent evaluation) [4, 25, 26, 27].
The result is the sum of costs that is equal to the lowest value of the item that is evaluated.
Rezultat je zbroj troškova koji rezultiraju iznosom koji je jednak najmanjoj vrijednosti objekta procjene.
This method does not determine the total value but informs us that something is worth "not less than" the amount corresponding to the sum of the costs considered in the analysis.
Ova metoda ne utvrđuje ukupnu vrijednost nego nas informira o tome da nešto vrijedi "najmanje toliko" koliko iznosi zbroj podnesenih troškova.
When forming the sum, the method uses precisely defined questionnaires, statistical evaluation, and a long evaluation period of, for instance, twenty years [4].
Pri formiranju zbroja koriste se precizno definirani upitnici, statistička procjena i dugi rok procjene, npr. 20 godina [4].
The Willingness to Pay (WTP) and the Willingness to Accept (WTA) methods are contingent evaluation methods that are used to estimate the value of an item through expression of
Metoda spremnosti na plaćanje (eng. willingness to pay, WTP) i metoda spremnosti na prihvaćanje (eng. willingness to accept, WTA) jesu metode neizravne procjene vrijednosti neke građevine putem izražavanja spremnosti određenog plaćanja da bi se dobio neki željeni cilj (npr. očuvanje spomenika) ili
the willingness to pay for such item (e.g., preservation of a monument), or willingness to accept a payment so as to accept the loss of such an item (e.g. monument).
spremnosti na prihvaćanje određene sume kako bi se odrekli neke željene građevine (npr. spomenika).
These values are expressed through responses given in a survey, rather than through actual incurred costs.
Ove vrijednosti su iskazane kroz odgovore na upitnik, a ne kroz stvarno podnesene troškove.
It is typical for this type of evaluations to depend on the financial situation of respondents, and on whether the question is put as a willingness to pay or willingness to accept, where the willingness to accept results in a higher rating due to the renunciation effect which is rated higher than the effect of gain [25, 27].
Karakteristično za ovaj tip procjena je to da ovise o financijskoj situaciji ispitanika i o tome da li se postavlja pitanje kao spremnost na plaćanje ili spremnost na prihvaćanje, gdje spremnost na prihvaćanje rezultira višom procjenom zbog efekta odricanja koji se procjenjuje višom vrijednosti nego dobivanje [25, 27].
This method has, for instance, been used when estimating costs and benefits of renewal of the historic core of the town of Split, in the World Bank study prepared in late 1990s [28, 29].
Ova metoda upotrijebljena je, primjerice, pri procjeni koristi i troškova obnove povijesne jezgre grada Splita, u studiji Svjetske banke izrađene krajem 90-ih godina 20. stoljeća [28, 29].
In the Value for Money (VFM) method real costs are compared with subjective satisfaction.
Metoda vrijednosti za novac (eng.
The downside of the method is that it is very difficult to define which costs can be included in the costs of the use of a facility (e.g. visit to archaeological site includes costs of travel or entrance fee only, etc.) [4].
Value for Money) uspoređuje stvarne troškove i subjektivno zadovoljstvo, no vrlo je problematično definiranje koji troškovi čine troškove nekog korištenja (npr. posjeta arheološkom nalazištu uključuje troškove putovanja ili samo ulaza) [4].
The value of cultural heritage is a complex value that is composed of the direct use value, indirect use value, option value, existence value, and cultural legacy value [15].
Vrijednost kulturne baštine je složena vrijednost koja se sastoji od direktne vrijednosti korištenja, indirektne vrijednosti korištenja, vrijednosti opcije, vrijednosti postojanja i vrijednosti ostavštine kulturne baštine [15].
According to Throsby [21], the cultural value is a multi-dimensionally complex value and it contains: aesthetic, spiritual, social, historical, symbolic value and the authenticity value.
Kulturna vrijednost, prema Throsbyu [21], višedimenzionalno je složena vrijednost i sadrži: estetsku, duhovnu, društvenu, povijesnu, simboličku vrijednost i vrijednost autentičnosti.
Determination of these complex values requires evaluation methods that are able to express both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of heritage, and to do so in a way that enables evaluation of individual aspects as well as an overall evaluation.
Određivanje ovih složenih vrijednosti zahtijeva metode procjene koje mogu izraziti kako kvantitativne tako i kvalitativne karakteristike baštine, i to na način koji omogućuje procjenu pojedinačnih aspekata i zajedničku procjenu.
Methods for evaluating values in non-monetary terms
Metode procjene nenovčano izraženih vrijednosti
Representation of reality by means of models enables rational examination of complex information systems and this by reducing the complexity of the problem [33].
Prikazivanje stvarnosti putem modela omogućava racionalno proučavanje složenih sustava informacija smanjivanjem složenosti problema [33].
Initial bases of multicriteria evaluations can be found in the Pareto efficiency concept (Pareto optimum in the distribution of resources is obtained when the situation of one subject can not be improved without worsening the situation of the other subject) in which a non-dominated alternative is sought [15, 34].
Idejne osnove višekriterijskih procjena mogu se naći u konceptu Paretove učinkovitosti (Paretov optimum u raspodjeli resursa postiže se onda kad nije moguće poboljšati situaciju jednog subjekta bez pogoršanja situacije drugog subjekta) gdje se pokušava naći nedominirana alternativa [15, 34].
This principle is the basis of most modern hierarchyanalysis methods.
Ovaj princip je osnova i za većinu suvremenih metoda proračuna hijerarhija.
By development of value-focused thinking [35], which is the link between creative thinking and structured decision making, the evaluation has enabled identification of decisionmaking opportunities instead of the mere evaluation of existing alternatives.
Razvojem razmišljanja orijentiranog vrijednostima (eng. value-focused thinking) [35] koje predstavlja poveznicu kreativnog razmišljanja i strukturiranog odlučivanja, procjena omogućuje identificiranje prilika za odlučivanje, umjesto samog procjenjivanja postojećih alternativa.
Thus, evaluation models can be used to determine the current condition of an object, but also its distance from an ideal condition (making a diagnosis), and can also compare alternatives with respect to individual criteria (analysis of alternatives).
Modeli procjene tako mogu odrediti procjenu postojećeg stanja nekog objekta, ali i njegovu udaljenost od idealnog stanja (postavljanje dijagnoze) i omogućiti usporedbu alternativa u odnosu na pojedine kriterije (odlučivanje između alternativa).
This way of understanding the role of evaluation is of crucial significance as it enables conduct of an interactive process during which new alternativescloser to the desired situation - are created, instead of simply deciding between two (or more) alternatives, all of which may be unsatisfactory [15, 34].
Ovakav je način shvaćanja uloge procjena od iznimne važnosti jer omogućuje interaktivni proces tijekom kojeg se stvaraju nove alternative koje su bliže željenom stanju umjesto da se procjena provodi između dvije (ili više) alternative, koje su možda nezadovoljavajuće [15, 34].
Figure 1 shows in a synthetic way how alternatives and ideal points move based on value-focused thinking and communication.
Slika 1. prikazuje na sintetski način pomicanje alternativa i idealne točke na osnovi razmišljanja orijentiranog vrijednostima i komunikacije.
After evaluation (in the sense of analysis and diagnosis) and communication, a new ideal point marked by somewhat higher requirements may be identified.
Nakon procjene (u smislu analize i dijagnoze) i komunikacije može se identificirati nova idealna točka koja je obilježena nešto većim zahtjevima.
The zone between the existing alternatives and an ideal point is then created (zone of creative alternatives after evaluation) in which new alternatives necessitating consideration desired values are sought.
Između postojećih alternativa i idealne točke formira se područje (zona kreativne alternative nakon procjene) u kojem se mogu tražiti nove alternative koje zahtijevaju razmišljanje o vrijednostima koje se žele prihvatiti.
Alternatives formed in this way meet higher criteria when compared to initial alternatives.
Ovako stvorene alternative zadovoljavaju više kriterije od početnih alternativa.
In this way, evaluation methods become valuable instruments of rational planning [14].
Na taj su način metode procjene instrumenti racionalnog planiranja [14].
their characteristics have already been fully defined and when only measures for moderating unfavourable characteristics can be proposed, because substantial improvements can not be made at this final stage.
Na žalost, procjena se često ostavlja kao posljednji trenutak u odlučivanju (ako se uopće koristi), kada su alternative i njihove karakteristike već u potpunosti definirane pa se poboljšanje prijedloga alternativa ne provodi u temeljnim karakteristikama, već se samo predlažu mjere ublažavanja nepoželjnih karakteristika.
The reason behind the use of such inadequate practices most often lies in the dynamics and steps applied in bureaucratic procedures, and in restrictive nature of decision-making processes which are closed or inaccessible to non-institutional stakeholders such as the general public [14].
Razlog ovakvog pristupa u praksi su, najčešće, dinamika i praksa birokratskih procedura i zatvorenosti procesa odlučivanja u odnosu na neinstitucionalne dionike (eng. stakeholders) kao što je javnost [14].
Change of ideal point during the decision making processsynthesized presentation according to [34]
Promjena idealne točke tijekom procesa odlučivanjasintetizirani prikaz prema [34]
Taking into account the above mentioned situation, Zeleny [34] identifies three ways in which alternatives can be created: creation or introduction of a new strategy, change of strategy to achieve a new goal, and formation or introduction of new goals or criteria.
Zbog navedenog, Zeleny [34] identificira tri načina stvaranja alternativa: stvaranje ili uvođenje nove strategije, promjena strategija radi postizanja novog cilja i formiranje ili uvođenje novih ciljeva ili kriterija.
The evaluation of alternatives implies at least two mutually exclusive alternatives, and their creation has to be continued until possibilities for creating different alternatives are fully exhausted.
Procjena alternativa zahtijeva najmanje dvije alternative i to međusobno isključive, a njihovo kreiranje se treba nastaviti dok god se ne iscrpe mogućnosti za stvaranje različitih alternativa.
It is important to check whether alternatives are coherent with presented values, and it is especially significant to analyse alternatives that are not evident at first glance.
Uvijek treba provjeriti jesu li alternative koherentne s iskazanim vrijednostima, a posebno je važno istražiti alternative koje nisu odmah očite.
Evaluation of social value in space planning and public participation
Procjena društvene vrijednosti u prostornom planiranju i sudjelovanju javnosti
The first known example of multicriteria evaluation is Benjamin Franklin's letter to his friend Joseph Priestley, written in 1772.
Prvi poznati primjer višekriterijske procjene nalaze se u pismu Benjamina Franklina prijatelju Josephu Priestleyu 1772. u kojem opisuje svoju moralnu ili opreznu algebru (eng.
In this letter, he describes his Moral or Prudential Algebra which is based on presentation of positive and negative aspects and different weights of a decision.
Moral or Prudential Algebra) koja se temelji na navođenju pozitivnih i negativnih aspekata te različitih težina neke odluke.
In the twentieth century, various forms of multicriteria analyses (MCA) were developed through complex decision-making procedures in the scope of organisation of military operation or big companies.
Tijekom 20. stoljeća razni se oblici višekriterijskih analiza razvijaju kroz kompleksne procedure odlučivanja u sklopu organizacija ratnih operacija i velikih kompanija.
Although some know mathematicians considered conflict problems soon after the Second World War (e.g. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern), multicriteria analyses were mostly considered by engineers working in big companies, and this primarily from the aspect of computer programming.
Iako se poneki poznati matematičari tijekom i ubrzo nakon II. svjetskog rata bave konfliktnim problemima (npr. John von Neumann i Oskar Morgenstern), višekriterijskom analizom se većinom bave inženjeri velikih kompanija, i to ponajviše s aspekta računalnog programiranja.
Probably the most important evaluation model, which has become the basis for most of subsequently developed models, is the Leopold matrix model described in 1971 [36].
Vjerojatno najvažniji model procjene, koji je postao osnova za većinu naknadno razvijenih modela, jest Leopoldov matrični model opisan 1971. godine [36].
This model is based on multicriteria matrix in which planned interventions and environmental components are presented.
Taj model koristi višekriterijske matrice u kojima su navedeni planirani zahvati i sastavnice okoliša.
Thus the data about the intervention and environment are introduced into the matrix, and significant impacts, positive and negative signs, evaluations, and weights, are marked.
U matricu se uvode aspekti zahvata i okoliša, označavaju se značajni utjecaji, pozitivni i negativni predznak te ocjene i težine.
It has been established that the matrix evaluation method is especially favourable for the detailed determination of environmental impact, in both the scope of assessment of environmental impacts of projects, and the strategic evaluation of the impacts various plans and programs have on the environment and nature, as the method enables structured verification of a wide array of impacts exerted on ecosystems [8].
Matrični način procjene pokazao se posebno povoljan za detaljno utvrđivanje utjecaja zahvata na okoliš u procedurama procjene utjecaja zahvata na okoliš i strateških procjena utjecaja planova i programa na okoliš te utjecaja na prirodu jer omogućuje strukturiranu provjeru široke palete utjecaja na ekosustave [8].
By acceptance of European directives, environmental impact evaluations have also become obligatory in Croatian legislation.
Uvođenjem europskih direktiva, procjene utjecaja na okoliš postale su obavezne i u hrvatskom zakonodavstvu.