natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Physical properties of rubber enable this material to behave as an absorber of internal stress due to hydrostatic pressure of water during the freezing and thawing cycle, which may be positive during the freezing cycle when the volume of water increases during conversion into ice [22].
Fizikalna svojstva gume omogućavaju da se ponaša kao amortizer nastalih unutarnjih naprezanja uslijed hidrostatičkog tlaka vode tijekom ciklusa smrzavanja i odmrzavanja, što može biti pozitivno tijekom ciklusa smrzavanja kada dolazi do povećanja volumena vode pri prelasku u led [22].
Structure of concrete without rubber: a) and when 10 % of aggregate is replaced with rubber; b) after exposure to freezing and thawing cycles with deicing salt [23]
Struktura betona: a) bez gume; b) 10 % agregata zamijenjeno recikliranom gumom nakon izlaganja ciklusima smrzavanja i odmrzavanja uz soli za odmrzavanje [23]
Example of an innovative construction productnoise barrier
Primjer inovativnoga građevnog proizvodabarijere za zaštitu od buke
As can be seen in regulations and directives applicable in the field of environmental protection, an exceptional importance is presently accorded to noise protection during design of transport infrastructure [25, 26].
U skladu sa sadašnjim propisima i direktivama u području zaštite okoliša iznimno je važno znati tijekom projektiranja prometne infrastrukture kakva će biti zaštita od buke [25,
In addition, the production itself requires a certain quantity of energy, which is further complicated by emission of greenhouse gases.
Apsorbirajuće betonske barijere se na području Hrvatske najčešće proizvode uz dodatak ekspandirane gline.
In addition to these environmental problems, it should be noted that Croatia does not have its own production of expanded clay, which represents an additional economic burden to barrier manufacturers.
Prilikom proizvodnje ekspandirane gline dolazi do bespovratnog trošenja prirodnih resursa, ostavljajući pri tome ogoljen i devastiran okoliš te sama proizvodnja zahtijeva određenu količinu energije i otpušta stakleničke plinove.
In its absorptive layer, RUCONBAR contains 40 percent of rubber granulates (Figure 5) obtained through a waste tyre recycling process, which is an innovative solution in the production of noise barriers, and is protected by patent rights granted by the State Intellectual Property Office of the Republic of Croatia (P20100483A).
RUCONBAR u strukturi svojeg apsorbirajućeg sloja sadrži 40 % gumenog granulata (slika 5.), dobivenog recikliranjem otpadnih guma i kao takav predstavlja inovativno rješenje u proizvodnji barijera za zaštitu od buke te je za njega provedena patentna zaštita pri Državnom zavodu za intelektualno vlasništvo Republike Hrvatske (P20100483A).
Cross-section of the innovative RUCONBAR solution [28]
Poprečni presjek inovativnog rješenja RUCONBAR [28]
The most important feature of the described noise barriers is their sound absorption property.
Najvažnija odlika opisanih barijera za zaštitu od buke jest njihovo svojstvo apsorpcije zvuka.
In order to compare the sound absorption capability of the innovative material used for the development of RUCONBAR, appropriate laboratory samples were tested using the Kundt's tube, and real samples 10.0 m2 in area were used to conduct reverberation room tests (Figure 6) [29] in accordance with standards HRN EN ISO 354:2004 and HRN EN 1793-1:1999.
Kako bi se usporedila sposobnost inovativnog materijala korištenog za pripremu RUCONBAR-a za apsorpciju zvuka, provedena su istraživanja na laboratorijskim uzorcima uz pomoć Kundtove cijevi, a onda su na realnim uzorcima površine 10.0 m2 provedena ispitivanja u ječnoj komori (slika 6.) [29] u skladu s normama HRN EN ISO 354:2004 i HRN EN 1793-1:1999.
The significance of concrete barriers for noise protection, with an absorbing layer of recycled rubber, has also been recognised by the European Union.
Betonske barijere za zaštitu od buke s apsorbirajućim slojem od reciklirane gume prepoznate su i u Europskoj uniji.
Thus the RUCONBAR project is co-financed by the EU in the scope of the ECO innovation initiative, via the European Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (EACI).
Projekt RUCONBAR sufinancira Europska unija u sklopu inicijative CIP Eko Inovacije, Izvršne agencije za konkurentnost i inovacijeEACI.
The RUCONBAR project, formed of Croatian partners only, is based on two companies, Gumiimpex GRP, which produces the rubber recyclate, and Beton Lučko, which produces the RUCONBAR barriers.
Projekt RUCONBAR, sastavljen isključivo od hrvatskih partnera, oslanja se na dvije tvrtke: Gumiimpex GRP, koja je zadužena za proizvodnju gumenih reciklata, i Beton Lučko, koja je zadužena za proizvodnju barijera RUCONBAR.
The company Institut IGH, in its capacity as partner, tests sound and insulation properties of the barrier, as well as other properties that are significant for the durability and bearing capacity of RUCONBAR barriers.
Partner Institut IGH zadužen je za ispitivanje zvučnih i izolacijskih svojstava barijere, ali i ostalih bitnih svojstava za osiguravanje trajnosti i nosivosti barijere RUCONBAR.
The objective is to form a manufacturing line for the production of noise barriers containing recycled rubber granules, and to successfully establish RUCONBAR barriers on the noise barrier market.
Cilj projekta je razviti proizvodnu liniju pripremljenu s recikliranim gumenim granulama, gdje će se uspješno proizvoditi barijere RUCONBAR, ali i osigurati da one što prije nađu svoje mjesto na tržištu.
Acoustic testing on small specimens
Akustička ispitivanja malih uzoraka
3. Fibre reinforced concrete with recycled steel fibres
3. Mikroarmirani betoni s recikliranim čeličnim vlaknima
Influence of steel fibres on concrete properties
Utjecaj recikliranih vlakana na svojstva betona
When added to concrete, steel fibres improve its quality by increasing its energy absorption capacity.
Dodatak čeličnih vlakana u betonu osigurava poboljšana svojstva betona jer se povećava sposobnost apsorpcije energije.
Thanks to the capacity of these fibres to transfer load from the damaged to undamaged parts of the cross section, the fibre reinforced concrete is characterised by lower brittleness compared to ordinary concrete [30].
Mikroarmirani beton, s obzirom na sposobnost na vlakana da osiguraju prijenos opterećenja s oštećenoga na neoštećeni presjek, utječe na smanjenu krhkost u odnosu na obični beton [30].
The capacity of fibres to limit propagation of cracks is the basic parameter that extends the structure's life span and cuts down maintenance costs simply because the occurrence of cracks on the concrete surface exposed to weather and other impacts greatly affects life span of concrete structures.
Sposobnost vlakana da ograniče širenje pukotina osnovni je parametar u osiguranju produljene trajnosti i smanjenja troškova održavanja konstrukcija s obzirom na to da pojava pukotina na površini betona izloženog okolišnim opterećenjima utječe na dužinu uporabljivosti konstrukcije.
Steel and textile fibres of various dimensions and quality are formed during recycling of waste tyres.
Reciklažom otpadnih guma nastaju čelična i tekstilna vlakna različitih dimenzija i kvalitete.
Steel and textile fibres obtained by waste tyre recycling are presently used to a lesser extent compared to the recycled tyre itself.
Čelična i tekstilna vlakna dobivena reciklažom otpadnih guma danas se primjenjuju u manjoj mjeri u odnosu na recikliranu gumu.
Recycles steel fibres (Figure 7) can for instance be used in civil engineering as a less
Reciklirana čelična vlakna (slika 7.) svoju primjenu u građevinarstvu mogu pronaći primjerice kao ekonomski isplativija zamjena za industrijska čelična vlakna: u predgotovljenim elementima,
costly alternative to industrial steel fibres: in prefabricated elements, shotcrete used for protecting excavation of steep slopes and underground works, airport runways, and industrial floor systems.
mlaznim betonima za osiguranje iskopa strmih pokosa i podzemnih radova, aerodromskim pistama, industrijskim podovima.
Despite its good characteristics, the fibre reinforced concrete occupies a very small fragment of the market namely because the demanding fibre production technology greatly increases the price per cubic metre of concrete.
Mikroarmirani beton trenutačno, unatoč dobrim karakteristikama, ima vrlo malo tržište jer zbog zahtjevne tehnologije proizvodnje vlakna znatno podižu cijenu kubičnog metra betona.
Currently the price of industrial fibres is almost 10 times as great as price of recycled fibres.
Trenutačno je cijena industrijskih vlakana gotovo 10 puta veća od cijene recikliranih vlakana.
Based on the data from 2004 [31], and assuming a uniform growth of the market, the quantity of recycled fibres from waste tyres is more than sufficient for meeting the needs of the market.
Uzimajući u obzir podatke iz 2004. [31] i pretpostavljajući jednolik rast tržišta, količina recikliranih vlakana iz otpadnih guma više je nego dovoljna da zadovolji potrebe tržišta.
Studies conducted so far to define possibilities for the use of steel fibres from waste tyres have revealed several positive features of this material [32, 33, 34].
Dosadašnja istraživanja o mogućnosti primjene čeličnih vlakana iz otpadnih guma pokazuju višestruke pozitivne karakteristike primjene toga materijala [32, 33, 34].
If recycled steel fibres are used in the amount of two percent of the total mass of the composite, this results in significant improvement of the resistance to fatigue, when compared to ordinary concrete [39].
Upotrebom 2 % recikliranih čeličnih vlakana na ukupnu masu kompozita, postiže se znatno poboljšanje ponašanja materijala pri zamoru u usporedbi s običnim betonom [39].
Working diagram of fibre reinforced concretes containing different types and quantities of steel fibres during ductility testing
Radni dijagram mikroarmiranih betona s različitim vrstama i količinama čeličnih vlakana pri ispitivanju žilavosti
A comparison of fibre reinforced concrete containing industrial fibres, with fibre reinforced concrete containing the same and higher quantity of recycled fibres obtained by automobile tyre recycling, is presented in form of diagram in Figure 8.
Na dijagramu (slika 8.) prikazan je usporedno radni dijagram mikroarmiranog betona pripremljenog s industrijskim vlaknima te mikroarmiranih betona pripremljenih s istom i povećanom količinom recikliranih vlakana dobivenih recikliranjem automobilskih guma.
This diagram shows that the design of mixes with recycled fibres results in properties that are similar to those of mixes prepared with industrial fibres.
Iz dijagrama je vidljivo da se projektiranjem mješavina s recikliranim vlaknima mogu postići jednaka svojstva kao kod mješavina pripremljenih s industrijskim vlaknima.
In addition to its influence of ductility, the introduction of steel fibres in fibre reinforced concrete can result in some other benefits.
Osim utjecaja na žilavost, dodavanje recikliranih čeličnih vlakana u mikroarmirane betone može imati i druge pozitivne utjecaje.
Preliminary research (Figure 9) has revealed that fibre reinforced concrete mixes prepared with cleaned steel fibres are characterized by lower incidence of scaling when subjected to freezing and thawing cycles [33].
Preliminarna istraživanja (slika 9.) pokazala su da mješavine mikroarmiranih betona pripremljene s očišćenim čeličnim vlaknima imaju smanjeno ljuštenje prilikom djelovanja ciklusa smrzavanja i odmrzavanja [33].
In addition, it was established that such fibre reinforced concrete is less susceptible to wearing and corrosion when exposed to aggressive marine environment [35, 36].
Također je pokazano da je kod takvih mikroarmiranih betona smanjen utjecaj habanja te utjecaj korozije prilikom izlaganja agresivnom morskom okolišu [35, 36].
Mass of material scaled when concrete containing different types of fibres was exposed to freezing and thawing cycles
Masa oljuštenog materijala prilikom ciklusa smrzavanja i odmrzavanja mikroarmiranih betona s različitim vrstama vlakana
Example of an innovative construction producthybrid fibre reinforced concrete
Primjer inovativnoga građevnog proizvodahibridni mikroarmirani betoni
Fibre reinforced concrete can also extensively be used for fabrication of a number of prefabricated elements in cases where a considerable resistance to bending, and also to dynamic and impact load, is required.
Mikroarmirani betoni imaju veliku mogućnost primjene i kod niza predgotovljenih elemenata kod kojih se zahtijeva velika otpornost na savojna statička, ali i dinamička i udarna opterećenja.
Građevinar 9/2013
betonskoj podlozi [37].
the mix is placed and cured, may greatly define occurrence of cracks during subsequent use of such elements.
Kvaliteta projektirane mješavine te način izvođenja i njegovanja znatno mogu utjecati na pojavu oštećenja tijekom uporabe.
It is also very significant to take into account the shrinkage of concrete.
Vrlo je važno uzeti u obzir i skupljanje betona.
Considerable shrinkage of concrete may result in cracking after realization of the track (Figure 10 a).
Veće skupljanje betona može dovesti do pukotina nakon izvedbe kolosijeka (slika 10.
Such fracturing occurs due to long-term stress during use of the tracks (Figure 10 b).
Takva puknuća nastaju uslijed dugotrajnih naprezanja koja se javljaju tijekom uporabe (slika 10.
Degradation on rail tracks: a) cracking due to concrete shrinkage; b) damage to rail supports, [42]
Degradacije na kolosijecima: a) Pukotine uslijed skupljanja betona, b) Oštećenja ležajnih mjesta tračnica, [42]
An extensive research of possible uses of recycled steel fibres in production of the hybrid fibre reinforced concrete HMAB, [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48] has been conducted in the scope of the ECOTRACK project - Track on concrete bedding.
U sklopu projekta ECOTRACK - Kolosijek na betonskoj podlozi, provedena su opsežna istraživanja mogućnosti primjene recikliranih čeličnih vlakana za proizvodnju hibridnog mikroarmiranog betona, HMAB, [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48].
In cooperation with partners from the industry, i.e. Viadukt d.d. (TBP Pojatno) and Gumiimpex-GRP d.o.o., and with financial backing from the BICRO (Business Innovation Croatian Agency), the total of twenty concrete mixtures were analysed and, at that, sixteen mechanical and durability properties of HMAB were tested on more than 1200 samples.
U suradnji s industrijskim partnerima, tvrtkama Viadukt d.d. (TBP Pojatno) i Gumiimpex-GRP d.o.o. te uz financijsku potporu agencije BICRO - Poslovno inovacijski centar RH,provedeno je istraživanje na ukupno 20 betonskih mješavina, pri čemu je ispitano 16 različitih mehaničkih i trajnosnih svojstava HMAB na ukupno više od 1200 uzoraka.
Conceptual prototype of Ecotrack [41]
Konceptualni prototip Ecotrack-a [41]
ECOTRACK is an innovative environmental product consisting of a modern railway track on concrete bedding without ballast (Figure 11).
ECOTRACK je inovativni ekološki proizvod suvremenog željezničkog kolosijeka na betonskoj podlozi bez zastora (slika 11.).
The product is composed of twin concrete sleepers installed in the concrete bedding, and so the two form a solid concrete track structure.
Proizvod se sastoji od dvodijelnih betonskih pragova ugrađenih u betonsku ploču te zajedno čine čvrstu betonsku kolosiječnu konstrukciju.
The innovativeness of the product lies in the use of a waste tyre recycling product in the concrete of twin sleepers and the load bearing concrete bedding, as a replacement for a part of natural raw materials.
Inovativnost proizvoda uključuje primjenu sastojaka reciklaže otpadnih guma u betonu dvodijelnih pragova i nosive betonske podloge kao zamjene dijela prirodnih sirovina.
In this case, recycled fibres would prevent transition of micro-cracks into midsize cracks and would contribute, together with industrial fibres, to the prevention of transition from midsize cracks into macrocracks.
U tom bi slučaju reciklirana vlakna sprječavala napredovanje mikropukotina u mezopukotine, te bi istodobno uz industrijska vlakna doprinijela sprječavanju napredovanja mezopukotina u makropukotine.
Even if macro-cracks should occur, the transfer of load from the damaged to the undamaged part of the cross-section would be ensured by industrial fibres.
U slučaju kad se i ako se pojave makropukotine, prijenos opterećenja s oštećena na neoštećeni presjek osigurala bi industrijska vlakna.
The contribution of individual types of fibres to concrete properties was quantified by varying recycled steel fibre proportions (0 %, 50 %, and 100 %) without changing the total quantity of fibres (30 kg/m3) in concrete.
Variranjem udjela recikliranih čeličnih vlakana (0 %, 50 % i 100 %) bez promjene ukupne količine vlakana (30 kg/m3) u betonu omogućena je kvantifikacija doprinosa pojedine vrste vlakana svojstvima betona.
An irregular shape and size of recycled fibres contributes to a lower energy absorption capability but, at the same time, the synergy of the two types of fibres was registered in that the hybrid composites behave mch better after the first occurrence of cracks, when compared to the composite consisting of recycled fibres only (Figure 12).
Nepravilan oblik i dimenzije recikliranih vlakana utječu na manju sposobnost apsorpcije energije, ali je istodobno zamijećena sinergija dviju vrsta vlakana gdje hibridni kompoziti pokazuju izrazito poboljšano ponašanje poslije prve pukotine u odnosu na kompozit s isključivo recikliranim vlaknima (slika 12.).
Influence of the recycled steel fibre content on the resistance of concrete to bending load
Utjecaj udjela recikliranih čeličnih vlakana na ponašanje betona pri savojnom opterećenju
Influence of the recycled steel fibre content on the compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus
Utjecaj udjela recikliranih čeličnih vlakana na svojstvo tlačne i vlačne čvrstoće te modula elastičnosti
As the replacement of industrial fibres with recycled fibres does not affect other mechanical properties of fibre reinforced concrete, such as the compressive strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus (Figure 13), while the post-cracking behaviour of concrete actually improves with such replacement, it can be concluded that recycled fibres can be used, in an appropriate proportion, as a welcome alternative to the industrially produced fibres.
S obzirom na to da zamjena industrijskih vlakana s reciklirania ne utječe negativno na ostala mehanička svojstva mikroarmiranih betona, poput tlačne i vlačne čvrstoće i modula elastičnosti (slika 13.), a poboljšava postpukotinsko ponašanje betona, smatra se da u odgovarajućem udjelu reciklirana vlakna mogu biti adekvatna primjerena industrijski proizvedenim vlaknima.
4. Textile fibres
4. Tekstilna vlakna
Influence of recycled textile fibres on concrete properties
Utjecaj recikliranih tekstilnih vlakana na svojstva betona
The last product of waste tyre recycling are textile fibres (Figure 14 a).
Zadnji produkt reciklaže otpadnih guma su tekstilna vlakna (slika 14.
As dimensions of textile fibres obtained by waste tyre recycling are similar to dimensions of polypropylene fibres, a concept involving replacement of industrial fibres with fibres obtained by waste tire recycling has been developed.
Budući da su tekstilna vlakna dobivena reciklažom otpadnih guma sličnih dimenzija kao i polipropilenska vlakna, došlo se do spoznaje o zamjeni industrijskih vlakana vlaknima dobivenim reciklažom otpadnih guma.
Types of polymer fibres: a) recycled textile fibres from car tyres; b) industrial polypropylene fibres
Vrste polimernih vlakana: a) reciklirana tekstilna vlakna iz automobilskih guma, b) industrijska polipropilenska vlakna
Preliminary research has shown that the influence of recycled textile fibres on the reduction of shrinkage due to drying is similar to that of industrial polypropylene fibres (Figure 15) [48].
Preliminarna istraživanja pokazuju da reciklirana tekstilna vlakna imaju sličan utjecaj na smanjenje skupljanja uslijed sušenja kao industrijska polipropilenska vlakna (slika 15.) [48].
If an increase in deformation due to concrete drying is compared with values for the same concrete without fibres, calculated according
Usporedi li se povećanje deformacije uslijed sušenja betona s vrijednostima za isti beton bez vlakana proračunanim prema Eurokodu 2, vidljivo
to Eurocode 2, it can be seen that the reduced shrinkage can be observed in the first days of the concrete matrix hardening process.
je smanjeno skupljanje u prvim danima očvršćavanja matrice betona.
Micro-cracking most often occurs precisely in these first days and so proper cure is of crucial significance in this period.
Upravo u tim prvim danima presudno je njegovanje i najčešće dolazi do pojave mikropukotina.
When such recycled fibres are used, the concrete shrinkage is visibly reduced, and hence the risk of cracking due to improper or insufficient curing is also lowered.
Primjenom takvih recikliranih vlakana vidljivo se smanjuje skupljanje betona, a samim time se očekuje i smanjen rizik pojave pukotina zbog nepravilnog ili nedovoljnog njegovanja.
Shrinkage due to drying calculated according to Eurocode 2 for ordinary concrete, and measured for the same concrete prepared with different proportions of textile fibres
Skupljanje uslijed sušenja proračunano prema Eurokodu 2 za običan beton te izmjereno za isti beton pripremljen s različitim volumenskim udjelima tekstilnih vlakana
In addition to reduced shrinkage due to drying, the recycled textile fibres have also some other positive influences on concrete durability.
Osim smanjenja skupljanja uslijed sušenja, reciklirana tekstilna vlakna imaju dodatne pozitivne utjecaje na trajnosna svojstva betona.
The research conducted at the Faculty of Civil Engineering shows that the concrete prepared with recycled polymer fibres has a higher resistance to penetration of chlorides and a reduced penetration of water (Figure 16) [48].
Istraživanja provedena na Građevinskom fakultetu pokazuju da betoni pripremljeni s recikliranim polimernim vlaknima imaju povećanu otpornost na prodor klorida te smanjeni prodor vode (slika 16.) [48].
These results show that recycled textile fibres obtained from waste automobile tyres can be used for the preparation of concrete.
Ovakvi rezultati dokaz su mogućnosti upotrebe recikliranih tekstilnih vlakana dobivenih iz otpadnih automobilskih guma za pripremu betona.
It would especially be interesting to use such fibres for preparation of repair mortars, where it is extremely important to prevent occurrence of micro-cracks and penetration of aggressive substances, so as to meet the planned and specified durability requirements set for existing structures.
Posebno zanimljiva upotreba može biti u pripremi sanacijskih mortova, kod kojih je od presudne važnosti spriječiti pojavu mikropukotina i prodor agresivnih tvari, a sve kako bi se osigurala projektirana i zahtijevana trajnost postojećih građevina.
In addition to this use, the oncoming research will be oriented toward possible use of this type of concrete in the industry of prefabricated elements.
Daljnja istraživanja, osim što će se baviti upotrebom, bit će na to da se takva vrsta betona primijeni u industriji predgotovljenih elemenata.
Penetration of water under pressure and chloride penetration coefficient for concrete prepared with different volume proportions of textile fibres
Prodor vode pod tlakom i koeficijent prodora klorida za beton pripremljen s različitim volumenskim udjelima tekstilnih vlakana
Three types of materials are obtained in the waste tyre recycling process: rubber granulates, steel fibres, and polymer fibres.
Prilikom recikliranja otpadnih guma dobivaju se tri vrste materijala: gumeni granulati, čelična vlakna i polimerna vlakna.
The way in which concrete properties are influenced by each of these materials, when used as secondary raw materials, is explained in the paper.
U radu je prikazano kako svaki od tih materijala, upotrijebljen kao sekundarna sirovina, utječe na svojstva betona.
Rubber granules reduce compressive strength of concrete but, at the same time, they increase resistance to freezing and thawing, and the sound absorption capability.
Gumene granule smanjuju tlačnu čvrstoću betona, ali ujedno povećavaju otpornost prema smrzavanju i odmrzavanju te imaju sposobnost apsorpcije zvuka.