natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In all these activities, a proper significance should be given to an intensive collaboration between the designer and the client so that the final goal with regard to energy savings can be achieved.
U svemu spomenutom veliko značenje ima intenzivna suradnja između projektanta i investitora kako bi se konačni cilj koji se želi postići u pogledu uštede energije mogao ostvariti.
The first step is to study weather characteristics in the microlocation based on real-life data obtained from relevant meteorological and hydrological services.
Prvi korak je upoznavanje s klimatskim karakteristikama mikrolokacije prema dobivenim stvarnim podacima iz hidrometeorološkog zavoda.
As the analysed houses are situated in Sarajevo and Gostivar, the data were gathered from the meteorological station located in Sarajevo - Bjelave, and the meteorological station in Gostivar.
Kako se analiziraju građevine u Sarajevu i Gostivaru, podaci su preuzeti iz meteorološke stanice Sarajevo - Bjelave i meteorološke stanice u Gostivaru.
The following data were analysed: average minimum and maximum air temperatures, annual insolation, and the quality and frequency of winds over the past three years.
Analizirane su prosječne najniže i najviše temperature zraka, godišnja insolacija te kvaliteta i učestalost vjetrova u posljednje tri godine.
The objective was to obtain the highest accuracy data which were then entered in the program for calculation of external conditions in which the residential houses will be built.
Cilj je bio dobiti što preciznije ulazne podatke koji se unose u program za proračun vanjskih uvjeta u kojima će se stambene zgrade graditi.
The facts are in favour of the incentive to increase the design external air temperature from -20°C to a higher value.
Činjenice govore da je moguće projektantsku temperaturu vanjskog zraka od -20°C povećati na veću vrijednost.
Thus, the external air temperature of -12°C was adopted for the first weather zone to which the town of Sarajevo belongs, and used in calculations made by means of the mentioned two computer programs.
U proračunu primjenom dva računalna programa uzeta je temperatura vanjskog zraka -12°C za prvu
Similar changes were
Građevinar 8/2013
Design process for energy-efficient residential buildings
klimatsku zonu kojoj grad Sarajevo pripada.
In the town of Gostivar, an average temperature is somewhat lower, and hence the heating season is longer.
Slične promjene za grad Gostivar su evidentirane, te je također provedena promjena projektantske temperature za zimski period.
The information about solar radiation points to a relatively high solar energy potential.
Dobivene informacije o sunčanom zračenju govore o velikom potencijalu sunčane energije.
The solar potential is reflected in a number of completely sunny days in a year (in Sarajevo it ranges from 19% to 40%), and in summer period it is almost equivalent to geographic areas such as the north of Spain, and south of France or Italy.
Sunčev potencijal se ogleda po broju potpuno sunčanih dana u godini, a u ljetnom je periodu gotovo ekvivalentan geografskim područjima poput sjeverne Španjolske, južne Francuske ili Italije.
The process of creating a form of an energy-efficient house implies continuous confrontation of key components of the mentioned process with the final objective, which is to create a satisfactory architectural shaping of a high quality interior space, with desired energy efficiency and CO2 emission parameters.
Proces stvaranja jednog od oblika energetski učinkovite građevine podrazumijeva stalno sučeljavanje ključnih komponenti spomenutog procesa s konačnim ciljem da se napravi zadovoljavajuće arhitektonsko oblikovanje visoko kvalitetnog unutrašnjeg prostora, sa željenim parametrima energetske učinkovitosti i emisije CO2.
3. Examples of energy-efficient architecture in B&H and Macedonia
3. Primjeri energetski učinkovite arhitekture u BiH i Makedoniji
Residential family house "Kromolj" in Sarajevo
Stambena obiteljska zgrada "Kromolj" u Sarajevu
ground storey + first storey (with the ground storey half buried on the north side).
To je samostalna stambena građevina, katnosti P+1 (prizemlje predstavlja poluukopanu etažu sa
Along most of its longer side, the house plot is oriented toward the east, and partly toward the south.
Parcela je većim dijelom svoje duže strane orijentirana prema istoku te djelomično i prema jugu.
The plot can be accessed via a local road from the south, and is equipped with some infrastructure facilities, such as the electricity and water, while gas installations run about 80 m away from the plot.
Pristup na parcelu je s lokalne ceste, a parcela posjeduje određeni nivo infrastrukture, kao što su električna energija i vodovod, dok su plinske instalacije udaljene 80 m od parcele.
The altitude is 695 m, and its geographic position is: latitude: 43°53'23.08" N, longitude: 18°24'38.56" W.
Nadmorska visina je 695 m, a zemljopisni položaj je: sjeverna geografska širina 43°53′23.08", istočna geografska dužina 18°24′38.56".
As the plot is situated at a relatively high level, snowfall is abundant in winter, and the snow cover lingers on until early spring.
Budući da se radi o relativno visokoj nadmorskoj visini, u zimskom je periodu obilniji snježni pokrivač koji se zadržava i tijekom ranog proljetnog perioda.
The form and content are the result of a well targeted creation of an energyefficient architecture, with passive protection against excessive solar gains in summer period, by shielding the glazed areas with an overhanging reinforced-concrete structure.
Oblik i sadržaj rezultat su ciljanog stvaranja energetski učinkovite arhitekture s pasivnom zaštitom od prevelikih sunčevih dobitaka energije u ljetnom periodu gdje su staklene plohe prekrivene prepustima armiranobetonske horizontalne strukture.
Tall vegetation dominates on the north and party west sides, which creates in summer period a natural shade, and prevents excessive heating of the house envelope from the west side.
Sa sjeverne i djelomično zapadne strane dominira visoko raslinje koje u ljetnom periodu stvara prirodnu sjenu na građevinu i sprečava pregrijavanje ovojnice zgrade sa zapadne strane.
The visualisation of the residential family house Kromolj is shown in Figure 3.
Vizualizacija stambene obiteljske zgrade Kromolj prikazana je na slici 3.
Average temperatures in Sarajevo for the period 2002-2012
Prosječne najniže temperature u Sarajevu za period 2002. - 2012.
Visualisation of the Kromolj House
Vizualizacija stambene obiteljske zgrade Kromolj
Location of the ‘'Kromolj'' House in Sarajevo
Lokacija stambene obiteljske zgrade‚"Kromolj" u Sarajevu
Basic data about the Kromolj House
Podaci o stambenoj obiteljskoj zgradi "Kromolj"
The relationship between individual parameters that characterize the house is shown in Table 1.
U tablici 1. prikazan je odnos pojedinih parametara koji karakteriziraju građevinu.
The shape of the house depends on several input data such as, for instance, the client's requirements that are the basis for forming the terms of reference, specific visual identity parameters, and topographic survey map serving as basis for designing the house.
Oblikovanje građevine je rezultat nekoliko ulaznih podataka, kao što su npr. želje investitora prema kojima je definiran projektni zadatak i određeni parametri vizualnog identiteta te geodetska podloga na kojoj je trebalo projektirati građevinu.
The architectural concept is presented through the play of full and empty areas the aim being to create the best possible visual contact between the house's interior and the surrounding landscape.
Arhitektonski koncept je prezentiran kroz igru punih i praznih ploha s ciljem stvaranja što boljeg vizualnog kontakta unutrašnjeg prostora s okolnim krajolikom.
The total area of the external envelope amounts to 580.99 m2.
Ukupna ploština vanjske ovojnice zgrade je 580,99 m2.
House envelope structure (limits between heated and unheated areas)
Struktura kompletne ovojnice (granice između grijanog i negrijanog prostora) fasade
The envelope has been designed in such a way that it has approximately similar U values in all areas, with the following relationships: the U value amounts to 0.13 W/m2K for the flat roof, it amounts to 0.15 W/m2K for external walls, and to 0.25 W/m2K for the floor areas, as can be seen in Table 2.
Ovojnica je projektirana tako da ima približno jednake U vrijednosti na svim plohama u sljedećim omjerima: U vrijednost ravnog krova je najniža 0.13 W/m2K, vanjskog zida 0.15 W/m2K i poda 0.26 W/m2K, što je vidljivo u tablici 2.
Heat transfer coefficients could have been even lower, but that would increase investment costs with small effect on the reduction on the heating requirement, unless external openings with the passive house certificate were to be installed.
Koeficijenti prolaska topline kroz slojeve ogradne plohe mogli su biti još niži, ali bi to povećalo investiciju uz mali učinak na smanjenje potrebne energije za grijanje, osim ako se na zgradi ne bi ugradili vanjski otvori s certifikatom pasivne kuće.
According to this certificate for external openings the Uw value for the entire external openings should not exceed Uw = 0.8 W/m2.
Taj certifikat za vanjske otvore propisuje u svojim standardima daje Uw vrijednost, w je indeks cjelokupne pozicije vanjskih otvora ne smije biti veći od Uw=0,8 W/m2.
This has not been achieved, and so the envelope could be considered as a very-low energy element.
Koncept ovojnice je zamišljen da bude "pasivno" aktivan u pogledu kontroliranja kretanja energije u oba smjera.
282 m2
Površina grijanog dijela (A)
Area of the external house envelope (Ae)
Površina vanjske ovojnice zgrade (Ae)
House shape factor (Ae/V)
Faktor prozora (Aw/A)x100 Faktor oblika zgrade
Characteristics of the house envelope Description
Karakteristike ovojnice zgrade Naziv
U factor [W/m2K]
U faktor [W/m2K]
Area [m2]
Ploština [m2]
1 External wall type 1, reinforced-concrete and rock wool
1 Vanjski zid tip 1, armirani beton i kamena vuna
2 External wall type 2, thermal block and rock wool 3 External wall, wall in soil, reinforced concrete and XPS 4 External openings, entrance door, solid wood 5 External openings, Windows, Rehau Geneo system, triple glazing,
2 Vanjski zid tip 2, termo blok i kamena vuna 3 Vanjski zid, zid u tlu, armirani beton i XPS 4 Vanjski otvori, ulazna vrata, puno drvo 5 Vanjski otvori, Prozori, Rehau Geneo sistem, trostruko
Low-e, g=0,50
ostakljenje, Low-e, g=0,50
6 Floor on soil
6 Pod na tlu
9 Inclined roof
9 Kosi krov
Total area of the envelope: 580,99 m2
Ukupna ploština ovojnice: 580,99 m2
The thermal stability of the structure in summer months has been fully ensured through two parameters, namely a very low heat transfer coefficient (U value) and wall mass per m2 ranging from 650 to 720 kg/m2, which classifies this envelope among massive structural systems [2].
Toplinska stabilnost konstrukcije u ljetnom režimu u potpunosti je zadovoljena kroz dva parametra, a to su vrlo nizak koeficijent prolaska topline (U vrijednost) i masa zida po m2 od 650 do 720 kg/m2, što ovu ovojnicu svrstava u masivne konstrukcijske sustave gradnje [2].
The ventilation system is not mechanical but rather the ventilation was resolved using controlled openings on the ground floor and on a part of the sloped roof, so as to enable circulation of air through internal spaced based on the difference in atmospheric pressure and opposite positioning.
Sustav ventilacije nije mehanički, nego je ventiliranje koncipirano pomoću kontroliranih otvora u etaži prizemlja i dijelu kosog krova, koji bi na osnovi razlike u atmosferskom tlaku i suprotnog pozicioniranja provodili cirkuliranje zraka kroz unutrašnji prostor.
Due to geographic positioning of the house (characteristics of the micro-location), it is not necessary to plan a controlled cooling system in summer period.
S obzirom na položaj građevine na predmetnoj lokaciji (karakteristika mikrolokacije), nije potrebno planirati kontrolirani sustav rashlađivanja u ljetnom periodu.
Here the question of absolute control of fresh air entry into the house was opened, which was not accepted by the client, and so this possibility was left as a possible alternative.
Pitanje koje se ovdje otvorilo jest apsolutna kontrola ulaska svježeg zraka u zgradu, što nije prihvatio investitor, pa je ova varijanta ostavljena kao alternativa.
The calculation of energy needed by the house was made using both of the above mentioned computer programs and it was established that the energy requirement is 21.3 kWh/m2/year for heating, which is an excellent result.
Proračunom potrebne energije za ovu građevinu s oba navedena računalna programa došlo se do postignuća od 21,3 kWh/m2/god (slika 7.), što je odličan rezultat.
The following factors were taken into account during calculation of the total energy requirement: ventilation losses, design temperature, number of air exchanges, thermal bridges, internal energy gains, and energy gains from solar power.
Unutar obračuna za konačne energetske potrebe, uzeti su u obzir sljedeći faktori: ventilacijski gubitci, projektirana temperatura, broj izmjena zraka, termički mostovi, unutarnji dobitci energije i dobitci energije od sunca.
The factor of safety should be taken into account so as to ensure that:
Faktor sigurnosti treba uzeti u obzir iz više razloga:
a) the installation of elements along the house envelope
a) hoće li ugradnja elemenata na ovojnici građevine (slojevi
(external wall layers and external openings) is compliant with
u strukturi vanjskih zidova i vanjski otvori) zadovljiti
quality requirements,
kvalitetom,
b) the power source entering the house is of appropriate quality.
b) hoće li energent koji ulazi u građevinu biti primjerene
Hot water is prepared by means of solar panels and electric heaters (for additional heating).
Iako je kalkulacija investicije već znatno povećana sa spomenutom kvalitetom ovojnice, u ovom segmentu veličina ukupne investicije dolazi još više do izražaja.
The mentioned quantity of thermal energy should be supplied to the house, and adequately transferred to appropriate areas within
Suvremena tehnologija je pružila velik broj različitih modaliteta energetski učinkovite proizvodnje i raspodjele energije, pa je danas složen zadatak odabrati
Graphical presentation of the water vapour flow (external wall detail - thermal block
Grafički prikaz proračuna protoka vodene pare (detalj vanjskog zida - termoblok)
Graphical presentation of the water vapour flow (external wall detail - reinforced concrete
Grafički prikaz proračuna protoka vodene pare (detalj vanjskog zida - armirani beton)
the house.
Haris Bradić
That is why a special attention was paid to the technical solution.
koncept i tvrtku koja će na najbolji način pratiti projekt.
Although the sum of the investment had already been significantly increased by the mentioned improvement of the house envelope, an increase in total investment is even more pronounced in this segment.
Na osnovi dobivenih rezultata mikroklime, sastava tla na mjestu gradnje i pristupa lokalitetu došlo se do zaključka da bi, dugoročno gledano ugradnja dizalice topline bilo jedno od najboljih rješenja.
The modern technology offers a great variety of possibilities for an energy efficient production and distribution of energy, which is why it was quite difficult to select the concept and the company that would prove most suitable for the project.
Izabran je sustav dizalice topline "zrak-voda" (tip: Stiebel Eltron, WPL 18 E, izlazna snaga pri temperaturi vanjskog zraka 10°C je 13,40 kWh, a pri -15°C 8,2 kWh), koji danas omogućava primjenu sustava čak i do temperature vanjskog zraka -20°C.
Based on the information gathered about the micro-climate, local soil composition, and access to the site, it was concluded that, in the long run, one of the best solutions would be to install a heat pump.
Na taj bi se način potrošnja energije za grijanje mogla smanjiti dva do tri puta, čime bi jedan od prvotno postavljenih ciljeva bio ostvaren.
Finally, the total energy requirement would be reduced from 43.2 kWh/m2 to 19.4 kWh/m2/year, which would be a great result for the time and space in which this project was conceived and realized.
Na osnovi predočenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se u ovom primjeru radi o izrazito dobro koncipiranom projektu, naročito onom dijelu koji se odnosi na projekt ovojnice čime su energetske potrebe dovedene na minimum, a time i investiciju koja je potrebna za spomenuti sustav grijanja tople vode.
Economic parameters relating to this project show that the total investment into the heating and hot water preparation system would amount to € 23,500.00, while the money invested in solar collectors and heat pump would be reimbursed within eight years.
Tijekom izrade ovog projekta napravljen je još jedan model, a to je dizalica topline zemlja-voda s dvije dubinske sonde od minimalnih 100 m dubine.
The initial four-century old house was a typical example of family house architecture in Sarajevo from the times of the Ottoman Empire.
Stanje koje je zatečeno prilikom prvoga posjeta gradilištu bilo je takvo da je građevina konstrukcijski završena, slika 10.
The house is situated at 611 m of altitude, and its geographic position is: latitude: 43°51'58.46" N, longitude: 18°24'45.72" E,
Katnost građevine je Po+Pri+K1+Pt, svijetle visine etaža su između 2,6 i 2,9 m, što je u konačnici rezultiralo dosta velikim volumenom unutrašnjeg
Heating energy requirement (residential house Kromolj, ENSI software
Energetska potreba za grijanjem (stambena zgrada Kromolj, program ENSI)
Diagram showning the total energy requirement (residential house Kromolj, ENSI software)
Dijagram ukupnih energetskih potreba (stambena zgrada Kromolj, program ENSI)
which is quite similar to the previous example, with a minor difference in altitude.
zraka, koji je potrebno tretirati (zagrijati, odnosno ohladiti).
A considerable quantity of heating and cooling energy is required for treating the interior space.
To je naknadno bilo nemoguće jednostavnim postupcima otkloniti, pa je ta pozicija zadržana, slika 13.
In the initial phase of design, errors were made in the realization of the external walls from the aspect of thermodynamics and water vapour diffusion, which was subsequently impossible to correct by simple procedures, and so this position was adopted, Figure 13.
Ovo je dosta mali udio, jer su dvije strane građevine morale zadržati prijašni izgled s prvotnim brojem i oblikom vanjskih otvora, s obzirom na to da se radi o građevini koja je pod zaštitom Zavoda za zaštitu kulturnog, povijesnog i prirodnog naslijeđa Kantona Sarajevo.
It can be seen from Table 3 that the window factor amounts to 20.3 and is lower than in the preceding example, which is why an adequate
U granicama između grijanog i negrijanog prostora elementi vanjskih otvora su uvijek najskuplji segmenti, pa samim time i predmet rasprava na relaciji investitor
General layout of the family house "Vrbanjuša" in Sarajevo, with plan view of the yard and ground floor
Lokacija stambene obiteljske zgrade "Vrbanjuša" u Sarajevu s prikazom tlocrta dvorišta i prizemlja
First phase of works at the Vrbanjuša House (2012.)
Prikaz prve faze radova na stambenoj zgradi Vrbanjuša (2012.)
Visualisation of the Vrbanjuša House reshaping design
Vizualizacija stambene obiteljske zgrade Vrbanjuša
Data about the Vrbanjuša House Area of the heated part of the house (A)
Podaci o stambenoj obiteljskoj zgradi "Vrbanjuša" Površina grijanog dijela (A)
Volume of the heated part of the house (V)
Volumen grijanog dijela (V)
Area of openings along the external house envelope (Aw)
Površina otvora na vanjskoj ovojnici zgrade (Aw)
Window factor (Aw/A)x100 House shape factor (Ae/V)
Faktor prozora (Aw/A)x100 Faktor oblika zgrade
realization of external walls is highly significant.
projektant.
An average U value of the entire envelope amounts to 0.40 W/m2K, which is a low value for traditional construction practices, but it is considered high for low energy or passive houses.
Srednja U vrijednost cjelokupne ovojnice je 0,40 W/m2K, što predstavlja nisku vrijednost za uobičajene načine gradnje, ali ako govorimo o niskoenergetskoj ili pasivnoj zgradi onda je to relativno visoka vrijednost.
Structure of the entire envelope
Struktura kompletne ovojnice - fasade
As already mentioned, an inadequate material was selected for external walls (type 1, wrong selection of thermal insulation in the wall structure), which in fact takes up 15% of the total area of the envelope (Figure 12).
U prethodnom dijelu rada spomenut je pogrešan način odabira materijala vanjskog zida (tip 1) koji zauzima 15 % od ukupne površine fasade zgrade (slika 12.).
The zone in which the problem occurs is shown in Figure 13: although the value of U=0.326w/ m2k is satisfactory, the diagrams point to the presence of condensation within wall layers.
Slika 13. prikazuje gdje dolazi do problema: iako je vrijednost U = 0,326 W/ m2K zadovoljavajuća, prikazani dijagrami upućuju na pojavu kondenzacije unutar slojeva zida.
The only correct solution is to install the thermal insulation from the external side of the envelope.
Jedino pravilno rješenje bilo bi da se toplinska izolacija ugradila s vanjske strane građevnog dijela.
The following interventions were proposed: installation of additional thermal insulation layers 5.0 cm in thickness from the external side, or installation of the vapour barrier from the inside, prior to final plastering.
Predlagani su neki od oblika intervencije, a to su: ugradnja dodatnih termoizolacijskih slojeva s vanjske strane debljine 5,0 cm, ili da se prije ugradnje završne žbuke s unutrašnje strane ugradi parna brana.
It was finally concluded that the wall should be left as it is as the vapour drying period is less than 30 days, and so this item was disregarded.
Zaključak je donesen da se zid ostavi onakav kakav jest, jer period isušivanja vlage je kraći od 30 dana, pa je stavka zanemarena.
A positive example in the selection of material can be seen at the flat roof where the system of inverted flat roof was applied, Figure 14.
Vidljiv je pozitivan primjer u odabiru materijala ravnog krova, gdje je primijenjen sustav obrnutog ravnog krova, slika 14.
The utilisation of the mentioned system is especially important in weather conditions prevailing in Sarajevo due to very high temperature difference at external layer, which may amount to +100°C and -30°C.
Primjena spomenutog sustava posebno je važna u klimatskim uvjetima kakvi su u Sarajevu zbog izrazito velike temperaturne razlike na vanjskim slojevima, koje mogu iznositi i do +100°C i -30°C.
An extreme temperature influence on waterproofing layers was avoided by selection of the inverted flat roof, and thus excessive temperature expansion of materials during the year was avoided.
Izborom obrnutog ravnog krova izbjegava se ekstremni temperaturni utjecaj na slojeve hidroizolacije, što sprječava prevelike temperaturne dilatacije materijala tijekom godine.
If more attention had been paid at the beginning of the project to the selection of materials and to the envelope concept, a house will a lower energy requirement could have been obtained.
Proračun pokazuje da stvarna energetska potreba s prezentiranom ovojnicom iznosi 52 kWh/m2/god za grijanje, a za pripremu tople vode za kućanstvo 13,7 kWh/m2/god.
The analysis shows that the real energy requirement with the presented envelope amounts to 52 kWh/m2/year for heating, and to 13.7 kWh/m2/year for hot water.
Ukupna potreba za energijom svih potrošača u zgradi je 75,7 kWh/m2/god, što je dosta velika vrijednost za energetski učinkoviti koncept gradnje.
10 Pitched roof
Tablica 4.
11 Floor on soil
Struktura kompletne ovojnice s termičkim karakteristikama Naziv
Total envelope area: 723 m2
U faktor [W/m2K]
Građevinar 8/2013
Ploština [m2]
W mK
11 Pod na tlu
si
Ukupna ploština ovojnice: 723 m2
se
Građevinar 8/2013
According to former JUS standards, the U value of walls should not exceed 0.8 W/m2K [2], while present-day regulations for passive houses specify that the U
Izrazom (2) se proračunava kvaliteta vanjske ovojnice, jer daje podatke o protoku vodene pare kroz slojeve građevnog dijela zgrade, a svjesni smo da je ovo pitanje danas u velikoj mjeri zanemareno, što u konačnici daje apsolutno zatvorene građevine s aspekta difuzije vodene pare.