natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Number of measured working cycles of POTAIN 15/15C tower crane
Broj izmjerenih radnih ciklusa toranjske dizalice POTAIN 15/15C
t1 - filling bucket with fresh concrete [s]
t1 - punjenje posude svježim betonom [s] t2 - transport posude na mjesto ugradnje betona + vrijeme
t2 - transport of the full bucket to the position of concrete placing + handling time [s]
manevra [s] t3 - pražnjenje posude s betonom [s] t4 - transport prazne posude na mjesto punjenja betonom +
t3 - concrete bucket emptying [s]
vrijeme manevra [s]
tc - total time [s]
tc - ukupno vrijeme [s]
Selection from the statistical data
Statistički podaci za toranjsku dizalicu
Work activity of the tower crane
Aktivnost toranjske dizalice
Probability distribution
Distribucija vjerojatnosti
Filling bucket with fresh concrete (xt1)
Punjenje posude svježim betonom (xt1)
Poisson distribution
Poissonova distribucija
Transport of the full bucket to the position of concrete placing + handling time (xt2)
Transport napunjene posude do mjesta ugradnje betona + vrijeme manevra (xt2)
Hyper-geometric distribution
hipergeometrijska distribucija
Concrete bucket emptying (xt3)
Pražnjenje posude s betonom (xt3)
Binomial distribution
binomna distribucija
Transport of the empty bucket to place of filling + handling time (xt4)
Transport prazne posude do mjesta punjenja betonom + vrijeme manevra (xt4)
When comparing technical performance of the machine assembly specified through the deterministic approach (17.05 m3/h) with the technical performance of the machine assembly determined through the stochastic approach (17.50 m3/h), it can be concluded that the capacity utilization of the construction machine assembly was maximal just at the time of measurement.
Kada usporedimo tehnički učinak grupe strojeva koji je određen deterministički i iznosi 17,05 m3/h s tehničkim učinkom koji je dobiven primjenom stohastičkog pristupa koji iznosi 17,50 m3/h, možemo zaključiti da je iskoristivost grupe strojeva bila maksimalna u trenutku mjerenja.
As the mentioned value is related to the stochastic approach, the considered conditions of the construction machine assembly use copied the real on-site situation.
Budući da je vrijednost dobivena primjenom stohastičkog pristupa dala vrlo slične vrijednosti kao i determinističkim pristupom, uvjeti u kojima strojevi rade su isti kao na gradilištu.
Result of simulation: Frequency view of random variable for technical performance of machine assembly (including basic statistical characteristics) in Crystal Ball
Rezultati simulacije: frekvencije slučajne varijable za tehnički učinak grupe strojeva (uključujući statističke karakteristike) u računalnom programu Crystal Ball
Determination of machine-assembly operational performance using deterministic approach
Određivanje planiranog učinka grupe strojeva primjenom determinističkog pristupa
The technical performance of the machine assembly for a specific site, based on technical specifications of construction machinery used, taking into account specific conditions of construction activities, and determined by both approaches (deterministic and stochastic), is presented in previous sections of the paper.
Tehnički učinak grupe strojeva za spomenuto gradilište koji se temelji na tehničkim specifikacijama strojeva, a u obzir su uzeti posebni uvjeti građenja, određen je determinističkim i stohastičkim putem i prikazan je u prethodnom poglavlju.
In practice, the operational performance of construction machines is more important.
U praksi je planirani učinak građevinskih strojeva vrlo važan.
It includes all downtimes resulting from the machine operation.
On uključuje sve podatke vezane za rad stroja.
The selected tower-crane working cycles, disaggregated into individual work activities, including downtimes, are presented in Table 6.
U tablici 6. su prikazani radni ciklusi toranjske dizalice prema pojedinima aktivnostima, uključujući zastoje u radu.
The individual work operations (t1, t2, t3 and t4), including downtimes (td) are considered when determining the operational performance of the machine assembly.
Pri određivanju planiranog učinka grupe strojeva razmatraju se tri pojedinačne aktivnosti (t1, t2, t3 i t4) i zastoji u radu (td).
According to the deterministic approach, the operational performance of the machine assembly was calculated as an average value of tc (from Table 6).
Determinističkim pristupom izračunan je planirani učinak grupe strojeva primjenom prosječne vrijednosti tc (iz tablice 6).
In this case, it takes into account the downtimes (known as utilization coefficient, or the time use coefficient).
Uzeti su u obzir zastoji u radu (koeficijent iskoristivosti).
Based on the presented data, and according to the formula (1), the operational performance of the machine assembly is 11.17 m3/h.
Prema dostupnim podacima i primjenom formule 1 izračunan je planirani učinak grupe strojeva te iznosi 11,17 m3/h.
Determination of machine-assembly operational performance using stochastic approach
Određivanje planiranog učinka grupe strojeva primjenom stohastičkog pristupa
The determination of operational performance of the machine assembly through stochastic approach was made using the same settings of the Crystal Ball software.
Planirani učinak grupe strojeva određen je stohastički u računalnom programu Crystal Ball.
In this case, the probability distribution was assigned directly to tc values (see Figure 3).
U tom slučaju distribucija vjerojatnosti je provedena direktno na vrijednost tc (slika 3.).
- is the random variable of tc [s].
- slučajna varijabla tc [s].
The mean value of the machine-assembly operational performance, determined by simulation, is presented in Figure 4.
Srednja vrijednost planiranog učinka grupe strojeva je prikazana na slici 4., a iznosi 11,21 m3/h.
It amounts to 11.21 m3/h.
Radni ciklusi toranjske dizalice
Work activity of the tower crane
Broj mjerenih ciklusa toranjske dizalice POTAIN 15/15C
Number of measured working cycle of POTAIN 15/15C tower crane
t1 - punjenje posude svježim betonom [s] t2 - transport pune posude do mjesta ugradnje
t1 - filling bucket with fresh concrete [s]
betona + vrijeme manevra [s]
t2 - transport of the full bucket to the concrete placing position + handling time [s]
t3 - pražnjenje posude s betonom [s] t4 - transport prazne posude do mjesta punjenja +
td - downtimes [s]
td - zastoji u radu [s]
Selection from statistical data, including downtimes
Statistički podaci koji uključuju zastoje u radu
Probability distribution of random variable xtc in Crystal Ball software
Distribucija vjerojatnosti slučajne varijable xtc u računalnom programu Crystal Ball
Simulation result: Frequency view of random variable for operational performance of machine assembly (including basic statistical characteristics) in Crystal Ball software
Rezultati simulacije: frekvencija slučajne varijable planiranog učinka grupe strojeva (uključujući osnovne statističke karakteristike) u računalnom programu Crystal Ball
4. Comparison of approaches
4. Usporedba determinističkog i stohastičkog pristupa
In this context, construction companies can create databases showing performance of individual types of construction machines or assemblies.
Osim toga, predviđanje zastoja u radu je važna pretpostavka za uspješno upravljanje građevinskim strojevima i opremom.
These data are absolutely necessary to make adjustments to particular conditions prevailing on individual construction projects.
U tom kontekstu, građevinsko poduzeće može kreirati bazu učinaka za pojedine vrste građevinskih strojeva.
Comparison of performance values
Usporedba učinaka strojeva
When comparing the stochastic approach with the deterministic approach on this particular project, it can be stated that performance values of both approaches are nearly equivalent.
Uspoređujući stohastički pristup s determinističkim, možemo zaključiti da su vrijednosti učinaka gotovo jednake.
It can however be assumed that the statistical data sample is not large enough to exploit the advantages of Monte Carlo simulation.
Pretpostavka je da statistički podaci nisu dovoljno veliki da bi se iskoristile prednosti metode Monte Carlo.
Despite of this, the stochastic approach is more accurate and reflects better actual on-site conditions.
Unatoč tome, stohastički pristup je zanemarivo precizniji i prikazuje realnije rezultate.
In cases where formulas and relations between variables are more complicated, it can be supposed that the potential of the stochastic approach (specifically the Monte Carlo simulation) will fully be used.
U slučaju kada su odnosi među varijablama složeni, bolje je primijeniti stohastički pristup, a posebno metodu simulacije Monte Carlo.
Consequently, this approach can be applied in case of much more diverse input parameters, whereas the deterministic approach does not reflect randomness and probability of an event affecting performance of construction machines.
Prema tome, ovaj pristup se može primijeniti u slučaju kad imamo mnogo različitih ulaznih podataka, dok deterministički pristup ne obuhvaća slučajnost i vjerojatnost događaja koji utječu na rad građevinskih strojeva.
Performance
Pristup
Deterministic Stochastic
Učinak
Technical performance [m3/h]
Deterministički pristup
Operational performance [m3/h]
Stohastički pristup
Machine productivity.
Građevinar 7/2015
Hyben, I.: Machinery operator of the construction company (In Slovak: Mechanizátorstavebnejfirmy), B &Group, Martin, 2007.
Mária Kozlovská, Marek Krajňák, Lenka Sirochmanová, Renáta Bašková, Zuzana Struková
[10] Bezak, S., Linarić, Z.: Methodological approach to the calculation of machine work cost in civil engineering, GRADEVINAR, 61, (2009), 1, pp. 23-27.
[11] Dražić, J., Trivunić, M., Mučenski, V., Peško, I., Nikolić, A.: Optimization in the Choice of Building Mechanization, Conference proceedings of People, Buildings and Environment 2012, Lednice, Czech Republic, (2012), pp. 102-112.
[11] Dražić, J., Trivunić, M., Mučenski, V., Peško, I., Nikolić, A.: Optimization in the Choice of Building Mechanization, Conference proceedings of People, Buildings and Environment 2012, Lednice, Czech Republic, (2012), pp. 102-112.
[12] Izetbegović, J., Bezak, S.: Applying a Combined ChronometricSimulation Method for Optimizing Operation Management in Construction, Organization, Technology and Management in Construction, 2, (2010), 1, pp. 156-160.
[14] Cukrov, S.: Selection of machines for excavation of water main trenches, GRADEVINAR, 61, (2009), 4, pp. 339-345 [15] Struková, Z., Ištvánik, M.: Tools for mobile crane selecting and locating, International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, 2, (2011), pp. 69-74, http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/ IRASE.
[15] Struková, Z., Ištvánik, M.: Tools for mobile crane selecting and locating, International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering, 2, (2011), pp. 69-74, http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/ IRASE.
Evaluation of drought using standardised precipitation and flow indices and their correlations on an example of Sinjsko polje
Ocjena suše primjenom standardiziranog indeksa oborine i protoka te njihov odnos na primjeru Sinjskog polja
Sinjsko polje is a karst polje situated in the central part of the Cetina River.
Sinjsko polje je krško polje i nalazi se u središnjem dijelu rijeke Cetine.
Weather data for the Sinj Station, and hydrological data for the Han and Grab stations, collected in the period from 1981 to 2010, are considered.
Razmatrani su meterološki podaci sa stanice Sinj i hidrološki podaci sa postaja Han i Grab iz razdoblja 1981-2010.
The SPI and SFI values are used to define drought periods characterized by their duration, intensity, and magnitude.
Pomoću vrijednosti SPI i SSI određena su sušna razdoblja koja su izražena pripadnim trajanjem, intenzitetom i magnitudom.
Key words: karst field, drought, precipitation, streamflow, Cetina
Ključne riječi: krško polje, suša, oborina, protok, Cetina
Ocjena suše primjenom standardiziranog indeksa oborine i protoka te njihov odnos na primjeru Sinjskog polja
Evaluation of drought using standardised precipitation and flow indices and their correlations on an example of Sinjsko polje
Sinjsko polje je krško polje i nalazi se u središnjem dijelu rijeke Cetine.
Sinjsko field is a karst polje situated in the central part of the Cetina River.
Obuhvaća 62 km2, a većim je dijelom meliorirano s povoljnim uvjetima za poljoprivredu.
It occupies an area of 62 square kilometres and has mostly been ameliorated, thus presenting favourable conditions for agriculture.
Za analizu suše u ovome radu primijenjeni su standarizirani indeks oborine (SPI) i standardizirani indeks protoka (SSI).
The standardised precipitation index (SPI) and the standardised streamflow index (SSI) are used in this paper for drought analysis.
Razmatrani su meterološki podaci sa stanice Sinj i hidrološki podaci sa stanica Han i Grab iz razdoblja 1981-2010.
Meteorological data for the Sinj station, and hydrological data for the Han and Grab stations, collected in the period from 1981 to 2010, are used.
Pomoću vrijednosti SPI i SSI određena su sušna razdoblja koja su izražena pripadnim trajanjem, intenzitetom i magnitudom.
The SPI and SSI values are used to define drought periods characterized by their duration, intensity, and magnitude.
Ključne riječi: krško polje, suša, oborina, protok, Cetina
Key words: karst field, drought, precipitation, streamflow, Cetina
Aufgrund der SPI und SSI Werte wurden Trockenzeiten ermittelt sowie mit Dauer, Intensität und Magnitude beschrieben.
Aufgrund der SPI und SSI Werte wurden Dürren ermittelt sowie mit Dauer, Intensität und Magnitude beschrieben.
WATER DEVELOPMENT d.o.o iljubenkov@gmail.com
Igor Ljubenkov, dipl.ing.građ.
Ksenija Cindrić Kalin, MSc.
WATER DEVELOPMENT d.o.o iljubenkov@gmail.com
Sinjsko polje is one of the largest karst fields in the Croatian region of Dalmatia.
Sinjsko polje jedno je od najvećih kraških polja u Dalmaciji.
Agriculture has a long-standing tradition in this area.
U tom području poljoprivreda ima dugu tradiciju.
Therefore, extensive land-improvement works have been initiated in the second half of the 20th century to ensure favourable conditions for intensive agriculture.
Stoga su u drugoj polovini 20. stoljeća provedeni opsežni melioracijski radovi kako bi se osigurali povoljni uvjeti za intenzivnu poljoprivredu.
To the present date, the planned works have not been fully realized, and the crops are therefore exposed to periodic flooding in the rainy season, as well as to drought during summer.
Međutim, do današnjeg dana, planirani radovi nisu u potpunosti provedeni zbog čega su usjevi izloženi periodičnim poplavama u kišnoj sezoni, kao i suši tijekom ljeta.
A network of canals is used for the drainage and irrigation of the Sinjsko polje.
Za odvodnju i navodnjavanje Sinjskog polja koristi se kanalska mreža.
The existing canals are approximately 150 km in total length.
Ukupna je duljina postojećih kanala oko 150 km.
Although about 20 square kilometers could be irrigated based on the present amelioration system, only a quarter of this area, or about 5 sq. km, is systematically irrigated.
Dvadesetak četvornih kilometara može se navodnjavati direktno iz ovog melioracijskog sustava, ali se samo četvrtina tog područja sustavno navodnjava, što je oko 5 km2.
A part of the agricultural land located in peripheral zones is out of reach of water from irrigation canals, thus making the irrigation impossible.
Dio poljoprivrednog zemljišta koji se nalazi u perifernim zonama izvan dosega vode iz kanala, ne navodnjava se.
Also, cultivated land that is located outside the amelioration area can not be irrigated.
Također, ne navodnjava se ni obradivo zemljište koje se nalazi izvan melioracijskog područja.
Consequently, a significant part of the Sinjsko polje is irrigated exclusively in natural way i.e. by precipitation and by capillary action from the soil.
Dakle, znatan dio Sinjskog polja navodnjava se isključivo na prirodan način, tj. s oborinama i kapilarno iz podzemlja.
The corresponding yields primarily depend on precipitation regime.
Odgovarajući prinosi prije svega ovise o režimu oborina.
Therefore, drought has been declared a natural disaster in the Sinjsko polje on several occasions in the past 20 years (e.g. in 2000, 2003, and 2012).
Stoga je u zadnjih 20 godina prirodna katastrofa od suše u Sinjskom polju proglašena nekoliko puta (npr. 2000., 2003., 2012.).
In Split-Dalmatia County, in which the Sinjsko polje is located, drought is a significant natural hazard accounting for 19 % of economic losses, and is in this respect second only to the storm-generated losses (26 %).
U Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji, kojoj Sinjsko polje pripada, suša je druga prirodna opasnost koja uzrokuje velike ekonomske gubitke s udjelom od 19 % (nakon 26 % gubitaka zbog nevremena).
The third-ranking natural hazard is fire, i.e. forest fires that are usually triggered by long dry periods in the warm half of the year.
Treća prirodna opasnost s velikim štetama su šumski požari koji su obično povezani s dugim sušnim razdobljima u toploj polovini godine.
No soil moisture measurements have been made in the area although such information would be necessary to ensure relevant identification of agricultural drought.
Međutim, ona je uglavnom posljedica meteoroloških suša [2, 3], zbog čega smo u mogućnosti dati (samo) kvantitativnu procjenu poljoprivredne suše.
However, meteorological drought data [2, 3], enable (only) a quantitative estimation of agricultural droughts.
Štoviše, neki autori primjenjuju standardizirani indeks oborine (eng.
Moreover, some authors use the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) as an agricultural drought indicator, since it is strongly related to crop production [4].
Standardized Precipitation Index - SPI) kao indikator poljoprivredne suše, jer taj indeks ima snažnu korelaciju s poljoprivrednim prinosom [4].
In the present paper, the drought analysis is performed using the SPI, which is extensively applied in meteorological drought monitoring practices [5-15].
U ovom radu provedena je analiza suše pomoću SPI koji ima široku primjenu u meteorološkom praćenju suše [5-15].
A similar SPI calculation concept is also applied on the streamflow data using the Standardized Streamflow index (SSI).
Sličan koncept izračuna SPI je primijenjen i na podatke protoka pa je definiran standardizirani indeks protoka (eng.
The authors point out that drought should be analysed at different time scales.
Autori ističu da sušu treba analizirati na različitim vremenskim skalama.
They emphasize the need for testing usefulness of drought indicators to monitor different drought types prior to development of monitoring plans.
Naglasili su potrebu testiranja primjene indeksa suše za različite vrste suša prije izrade planova praćenja suše.
Finally, they conclude that future research is needed in other basins to determine the relationships between the time of response of hydrological variables to climatic characteristics and the water resources management.
Na kraju, zaključili su da je potrebno provesti daljnja istraživanja i u drugim slivovima kako bi se utvrdilo vrijeme odgovora hidroloških varijabli u odnosu na klimatske karakteristike i upravljanje vodnim resursima.
Similarly, Rimkus et al. [18] analyse hydrological and meteorological drought phenomena using the Standardized Precipitation Index on the Neman River (97,864 km2), which mostly influences the area of Lithuania, and the area of four neighbouring countries.
[18] analizirali su hidrološku i meteorološku sušu pomoću standardiziranog indeksa oborine na slivu rijeke Neman (97,864 km2), koji se najvećim dijelom nalazi na području Litve, a manjim dijelom na području četiriju susjednih država.
They use data from 21 meteorological and 15 hydrological stations, covering the period from 1961 to 2010.
Koristili su podatke s 21 meteorološke i 15 hidroloških postaja od 1961. do 2010.
In that period, no changes in the frequency of drought and its intensity were established.
U tom razdoblju nisu utvrđene promjene učestalosti i intenziteta suše.
The area occupied by the Neman River basin exceeds that of the Sinjsko polje by about 1,600 times.
Sliv rijeke Neman je znatno veći od Sinjskog polja, gotovo 1.600 puta.
Haslinger et al. [19] present a regional analysis of the link between meteorological drought indices and streamflow for different catchments in Austria, with areas ranging from 13 to 622 sq. km.
[19] proveli su regionalnu analizu povezanosti meteorološkog indeksa suše i protoka za različite slivove u Austriji čije su površine u rasponu od 13 do 622 km2.
They have established that a significant correlation exists between the meteorological data and streamflow, except for catchments where groundwater storage and snow processes are important.
Autori su otkrili značajnu korelaciju između meteoroloških podataka i protoka, osim za slivove s izraženim akumuliranjem podzemne vode i režimom snijega.
The main objectives of this study are the identification and quantification of meteorological and hydrological drought data, and the determination of their relationship in the karst field area of the Sinjsko polje.
Glavni su ciljevi ovog istraživanja identificirati i kvantificirati meteorološku i hidrološku sušu, kao i odrediti njihov odnos u krškom području tj. Sinjskom polju.
2. Study area
2. Područje razmatranja
The Cetina River, 105 km in length, runs in its entire course through the region of Dalmatia, itself situated in the southern part of Croatian littoral.
Rijeka Cetina ima duljinu toka 105 km te u cijelosti teče kroz Dalmaciju, hrvatsku južnu regiju.
To the downstream of Peruča Dam, the River passes through the Hrvatsko polje, and then through the Sinjsko polje, which is the largest karst field (polje) in the Cetina River catchment area.
Nizvodno od brane Peruča rijeka teče kroz Hrvatačko polje, a zatim kroz Sinjsko polje, koje je najveće krško polje u slivu rijeke Cetine.
In the most downstream reaches, the river runs through canyons, changes direction of flow to the west, and finally flows into the Adriatic Sea (at the town of Omiš).
U najnizvodnijem dijelu toka rijeka teče kroz kanjone, mijenja smjer toka prema zapadu i na kraju se ulijeva u Jadransko more (u gradu Omišu).
catchment (F = 1,650 sq. km).
a).
In this zone, the Cetina River flow is under the direct influence of the HEPP Peruča in operation since 1960, which is located about 13 km upstream of Han, and has a topographic catchment of 1,200 km2.
Sinjsko polje s površinom oko 62 km2 jedno je od najvećih krških polja u Dalmaciji, s duljinom oko 12 km i širinom oko 5-6 km.
The Sinj weather station, which started operating in 1949, is situated at the northwestern border of the field.
Okruženo je planinama Dinara, Svilaja i Kamešnica, kao i nižim brežuljcima triljskog područja.
b).
Građevinar 2/2016
An average annual temperature in the field is 12.9°C.
Prosječna godišnja temperatura zraka je 12,9°C.
The annual precipitation varies between 822 mm and 1,686 mm, with the average of 1,146 mm in the 1981-2010 period.
Godišnja količina oborine varira između 822 mm i 1686 mm, s prosjekom od 1146 mm u razdoblju 1981.-2010.
The lowest average precipitation values are registered in July (42 mm) and the highest in November (163 mm).
Najniže prosječne količine oborine su u srpnju (42 mm), a najviše u studenom (163 mm).
Two specific half-year periods are important from the agricultural standpoint: warm period (or vegetation period - from April to September) and cold period (from October to March).
S poljoprivrednog aspekta dva su polugodišnja perioda važna: topli dio (ili vegetacijsko razdoblje od travnja do rujna) i hladni dio (od listopada do ožujka).
On average, only 457 mm of precipitation, or about 40 % of the total annual precipitation, can be expected In the vegetation period, while the average value of 689 mm of precipitation can be expected in the cold period.
U vegetacijskom razdoblju prosječno se može očekivati samo 457 mm oborine, što je oko 40 % od ukupne godišnje količine, dok se u preostalom hladnom dijelu godine prosječno može očekivati 689 mm oborine.
Some general data for the two hydrological stations are given in Table 1.
Što se tiče karakteristika navedenih hidroloških postaja, neki opći podaci prikazani su u tablici 1.
The Han station is located on the downstream side of the bridge across the river (Figure 1.
Postaja Han se nalazi na nizvodnom dijelu mosta preko rijeke (slika 1.