natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Due to the subsidence of rubber crumbs, it is advisable to use the modified bitumen within four hours after production, which limits its transportability [7, 10].
Zbog taloženja gumenog granulata, preporučuje se primjena modificiranog bitumena u roku četiri sata od trenutka proizvodnje, pa se time ograničava transportna udaljenost [7, 10].
To handle the latter problem, mobile bitumen-mixing plants are used in the US to produce rubber modified bitumen, and the mixing is usually performed close to the road construction site.
Zbog toga se u SAD-u koriste mobilna postrojenja za proizvodnju bitumena modificiranog gumom, a proces proizvodnje se odvija u neposrednoj blizini mjesta ugradnje.
2. Chemically stabilized rubber bitumen (CSRB)
2. Bitumen modificiran gumenim granulatom (CSRB)
In recent times, after several years of research and development, the researchers from MOL and University of Pannonia have created a new type of asphalt binder, namely the chemically stabilized rubber bitumen (CSRB).
U novije vrijeme, nakon nekoliko godina istraživanja i razvoja, znanstvenici MOL-a i Panonskog sveučilišta osmislili su novu vrstu veziva za asfalt - to je bitumen modificiran gumenim granulatom-CSRB.
The CSRB was granted the National Technical Approval in 2008 for application in road construction (ÉME 13/2008 H1), and the product and the production process were patented in 2009 (HU 226481) [1315].
CSRB je 2008. godine dobio nacionalno tehničko odobrenje za primjenu u cestogradnji (ÉME 13/2008 H1), a sam proizvod i proizvodni proces su zaštićeni patentom 2009. godine (HU 226481) [13-15].
During this production process, in which disadvantages of the traditional wet process have been eliminated, a special kind of rubber modified bitumen is produced by incorporating bitumen and crumb rubber [7, 8].
Tijekom procesa proizvodnje, kojim se eliminiraju nedostatci tradicionalnog "mokrog" postupka, spajanjem bitumena i gumenog granulata dobiva se posebna vrsta gumom modificiranog bitumena [7, 8].
The CSRB is a binder made of bitumen (85 ± 2 m/m%), crumb rubber (15±2 m/m%), and a special multifunctional additive (0,3 ± 0,2 m/m%).
CSRB je vezivo koje se sastoji od bitumena (85 ± 2 m/m%), gumenog granulata (15 ± 2 m/m%) i posebnog multifunkcionalnog aditiva (0,3 ± 0,2 m/m%).
This additive partially reacts with crumb rubber and bitumen components resulting in an improved product quality (improved storage stability, reduced viscosity), while the applicability is similar to that of polymer modified bitumens.
Taj aditiv djelomično reagira s gumenim granulatom i ostalim sastojcima bitumena, što rezultira poboljšanjem kvalitete (poboljšava se stabilnost bitumena tijekom skladištenja te smanjuje viskoznost), a primjenjuje se slično kao polimerom modificirani bitumeni.
Due to its high molecular weight, this additive is not released from binder in vapour phase, even at the asphalt mixing temperature.
Zbog svoje velike molekularne težine, ovaj aditiv ne isparava iz veziva čak ni pri visokim temperaturama za vrijeme proizvodnje asfalta.
Elastic modulus of asphalt with chemically stabilized crumb rubber bitumen
Proizvod se može transportirati i skladištiti
The mass ratio of crumb rubber is accurately determined to achieve a constant chemical composition.
Maseni omjer gumenog granulata točno je određen kako bi se mogao odrediti konstantni kemijski sastav.
During the CSRB production, the reaction between the bitumen and crumb rubber can be controlled by the mixing temperature, and/or mixing time, and/or mixing intensity, in such a way that the crumb rubber will partially be dissolved in the bitumen.
Tijekom proizvodnje CSRB-a reakcija između bitumena i gumenog granulata kontrolira se pomoću temperature miješanja i/ili vremenom miješanja te intenzitetom miješanja, s ciljem da se gumeni granulat djelomično otopi u bitumenu.
Thus, some organic polymer components of the crumb rubber merge into the bitumen, modifying its quality.
Pojedini organski polimerni sastojci gumenog granulata se spajaju s bitumenom i na taj način modificiraju njegovu kvalitetu.
Crumb rubber mostly consists of a mixture of natural and synthetic rubber, and it also contains carbon black, oils (plasticizer components) and inorganic fillers.
Gumeni granulat se uglavnom sastoji od mješavine prirodne i sintetičke gume, a također sadrži čađu, ulja (komponente plastifikatora) te anorganska punila.
In less than 2 % by mass, the crumb rubber may contain other additives that are used in tyre production, such as sulphur and zinc oxide.
Gumeni granulat može sadržavati i druge aditive koji se koriste u proizvodnji automobilskih guma, poput sumpora i cinkovog oksida, čiji je udio manji od 2 % ukupne mase gumenog granulata.
The special characteristics of CSRB require certain modifications in the traditional process of asphalt production.
Posebne karakteristike CSRB-a zahtijevaju određene izmjene u tradicionalnom postupku proizvodnje asfalta.
The CSRB transported to the asphalt mixing plant is ready to be used, and its temperature must amount to no less than 170 °C.
Nakon dopremanja u asfaltnu bazu CSRB je spreman za upotrebu, a temperatura mu ne smije biti niža od 170 °C.
The asphalt mixing temperature is 175 to 190 °C.
Temperatura miješanja asfalta je između 175 i 190 °C.
The capacity of the bitumen metering pump and pipe dimensions should be fitted to the CSRB viscosity.
Kapacitet crpke i dimenzije cjevovoda za dovod veziva do miješalica treba odrediti s obzirom na viskoznost CSRB-a.
After production, the metering pump and the entire pipe network should be thoroughly cleaned with at least 150 l of 50/70 or 70/100 road bitumen.
Nakon proizvodnje asfalta,crpku i cijeli cjevovod treba temeljito očistiti pomoću najmanje 150 litara cestograđevnog bitumena tipa 50/70 ili 70/100.
In the case of batch mixers, this means mixing two or three portions of asphalt with road bitumen.
U slučaju sustava za miješanje po šaržama to podrazumijeva proizvodnju dvije ili tri šarže asfalta s cestograđevnim bitumenom.
Due to the current separation of components when stored, it is advisable to use the CSRB within 24 hours after its arrival to the asphalt mixing plant.
Zbog trenutačne separacije sastojaka tijekom skladištenja, preporučljivo je iskoristiti CSRB u roku 24 sata od njegove dopreme u asfaltnu bazu.
This requires precise scheduling of asphalt paving works and logistics.
Ova činjenica zahtijeva precizno planiranje asfalterskih radova i organizaciju logistike.
If the CSRB needs to be stored, then
Ako se
it should be done in a standing tank equipped with a mixing device, [13-15].
CSRB skladišti, onda je to potrebno napraviti u uspravnim spremnicima opremljenim uređajima za miješanje [13-15].
MOL has established a prototype factory that produces 5000 t of the CSRB per year in Zala Refinery, Hungary.
MOL je osnovao prototip tvornice koja proizvodi 5000 tona CSRB-a godišnje u rafineriji Zala u Mađarskoj.
The amount of the produced and built-in CSRB asphalt mixture has recently exceeded the quantity of 80000 t.
Količina proizvedene i ugrađene CSRB asfaltne mješavine u posljednjih nekoliko godina je veća od 45.000 tona.
The experience has also confirmed that the CSRB asphalt mixtures are compliant with all relevant requirements.
Iskustva pokazuju da asfaltne mješavine s CSRB-om zadovoljavaju sve relevantne zahtjeve.
Regulation
Propisi
After acknowledgment and acceptance of the product in Hungary, the professional body of the Hungarian Road Association issued design guidelines for the application of CSRB [16].
Nakon potvrde i prihvaćanja proizvoda u Mađarskoj, službeno tijelo Udruge mađarskih cesta oblikovalo je smjernice za primjenu CSRB-a [16].
These guidelines summarize product requirements for the use of CSRB in the construction and maintenance of roads and other transport surfaces, taking into consideration the transport and climatic conditions prevailing in Hungary.
Smjernice objedinjuju sve zahtjeve vezane uz primjenu CSRB-a prilikom izgradnje i održavanja cesta te ostalih prometnih površina, uzimajući u obzir prometno opterećenje i klimatske uvjete u Mađarskoj.
According to these guidelines, 10 to 20 percent by mass of crumb rubber should be used in the final modified bitumen product.
Prema tim smjernicama, upotrijebljena količina gumenog granulata u modificiranom bitumenu trebala bi iznositi 10 do 20 posto ukupne mase.
MOL uses crumb rubber concentration of 15±2 mass percent where the exact values depend on the milling granularity of the crumbs and the exact penetration value of bitumen used.
MOL koristi gumeni granulat u koncentraciji 15 ± 2 posto ukupne mase, a točna vrijednost ovisi o zrnatosti gumenog granulata i točnoj vrijednosti indeksa penetracije primijenjenog bitumena.
The crumb rubber used in the production of binder should be produced by grinding waste tyres at an ambient temperature or through a cryogenic grinding process, with the maximum grain size of 1,25 mm. The required granulation of crumbs is shown in Table 1.
Gumeni granulat upotrijebljen u proizvodnji veziva trebao bi se proizvesti mrvljenjem istrošenih automobilskih guma pri sobnoj temperaturi ili procesom kriogenskog mljevenja, pri čemu maksimalna veličina zrna iznosi 1,25 mm. Tražena granulacija gumenog granulata je prikazana u tablici 1.
Gradation requirements of crumb rubber Sieve
Svojstva raspodjele čestica usitnjene gume Otvor sita
Grading (Passing mass percent)
Prosijavanje (postotak prolaska kroz sito)
CSRB end product requirements
Svojstva konačnog proizvoda
Method
Norma
Penetration at 25°C 0.1 mm
Penetracija na 25°C 0.1mm
Softening point [°C]
Točka razmekšanja [°C]
Resistance to hardening (RTFO Test)
Otpornost na očvršćivanje (RTFO test)
Change of mass [m/m%]
Promjena mase [m/m%]
Retained penetration [m/m%]
Zadržana penetracija [m/m%]
Increase in softening point [°C]
Porast točke razmekšanja [°C]
Elastic recovery at 25 °C [%] (1)
Elastični povrat na 25 °C [%] (1)
Fraass breaking point [°C] (2)
Točka loma po Fraassu [°C] (2)
Storage stability difference in softening point [°C]
Stabilnost pri skladištenju Razlika u točki razmekšanja [°C]
Flash point [°C]
Točka paljenja [°C]
Dynamic viscosity at 180 °C [mPa·s]
Dinamička viskoznost pri 180 °C [mPa·s]
Note: 1 Elongation of the investigated RmB sample is 100 mm, 2 Storage period is 24 hours
Napomena: (1) Produljenje ispitivanog RmB uzorka je 100 mm, (2) Vrijeme skladištenja je 24 sata
Chemically stabilized crumb rubber bitumen (CSRB) requirements
Zahtjevi za bitumen modificiran gumenim granulatom
The crumb rubber used in the production of CSRB can only be made of waste tyres (from passenger cars and trucks), and must not contain crumbs of any other rubber products.
Gumeni granulat koji se koristi za proizvodnju CSRB-a proizvodi se isključivo od istrošenih automobilskih guma (od osobnih vozila i kamiona) i ne smije sadržavati čestice nikakvih drugih proizvoda od gume.
The crumb rubber must not contain any pollution substances, such as minerals, clay, etc., nor metal fibres used for tyres.
Gumeni granulat ne smije sadržavati nikakve štetne tvari poput minerala, gline itd., ili metalna vlakna koja služe za izradu automobilskih guma.
The textile content of crumb rubber must not exceed 0,1 mass percent.
Udio tekstila u gumenom granulatu može biti najviše 0,1 posto ukupne mase.
Requirements for the CSRB distributed in Hungary are shown in Table 2.
Zahtjevi za CSRB-e koji se primjenjuju u Mađarskoj prikazani su u tablici 2.
The product quality parameters should also be compliant with requirements contained in the relevant standard (MSZ 930 Bitumen and bituminous binder.
Parametri kvalitete proizvoda također trebaju biti u skladu sa zahtjevima propisanim mjerodavnom normom (MSZ 930 Bitumen and bituminous binder.
Rubber modified bitumen) issued by the Hungarian Standards Institution in December 2015.
Rubber modified bitumen), koju je objavio mađarski Institut za standardizaciju u prosincu 2015.
Binder tests
Ispitivanje veziva
The results are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
Rezultati su prikazani u tablicama 3. i 4.
Comparison of results for three binders
Usporedba rezultata ispitivanja triju veziva
Advantages
Prednosti
Advantages of the CSRB produced by MOL can be summarized as follows [13-15, 17-18]: - Due to the production technology applied, the crumb rubber does not serve as an inactive filler but approximately half of its quantity is dissolved in the bitumen, and thus it becomes a real modifier that improves the physical and chemical characteristics of the bitumen.
Prednosti CSRB-a, koji je proizveo MOL, su sljedeće [13-15, 1718]: - Zbog tehnologije primijenjene u procesu proizvodnje, otprilike polovica količine gumenog granulata se otopi u bitumenu i tako postaje stvarni modifikator koji poboljšava fizikalna i kemijska svojstva bitumena, tj. gumeni granulat nije neaktivno punilo .
- Technical characteristics of the CSRB are fundamentally influenced by crumb rubber.
- Gumeni granulat značajno utječe na tehnička svojstva CSRB-a.
The additive improves storage stability by dispersing the carbon black and inorganic fillers released after crumb rubber dissolution.
Aditiv također poboljšava stabilnost veziva pri skladištenju, zbog disperzije čađe i anorganskih punila koji ostaju nakon otapanja gumenog granulata.
At the same time this additive decreases the CSRB viscosity and so the viscosity value becomes similar to that of the polymer modified bitumens.
Istovremeno taj aditiv smanjuje viskoznost CSRB-a, vrijednost viskoznosti postaje slična onoj kod polimerom modificiranog bitumena.
- As the CSRB is produced in a closed production system, no dissolution gas is emitted into the atmosphere.
- CSRB se proizvodi u zatvorenom proizvodnom sustavu, pa nema otpuštanja štetnih plinova u atmosferu.
Dissolution and degradation gases have to be treated by the binder producer in accordance with relevant regulations.
Proizvođač veziva treba tretirati otopljene i razgrađene plinove u skladu s odgovarajućim propisima.
The CSRB has been tested in the scope of mechanical tests for asphalt, and has been used in pilot road construction projects.
CSRB je testiran u sklopu mehaničkih ispitivanja asfalta, a primjenjivao se kod pilot projekata kolničke konstrukcije.
The most significant project financed by Hungarian Infrastructure Developing Ltd was conducted in August-September 2014.
Najznačajniji takav projekt, koji je financirala Hungarian Infrastructure Developing Ltd,ostvaren je tijekom kolovoza i rujna 2014.
More than 900 tons of CSRB were used for 22000 tons of asphalt mixture production, and a new road was planned and constructed near Villány, in the south of Hungary.
Više od 900 tona CSRB-a iskorišteno je pri proizvodnji 22000 tona asfaltne mješavine za izgradnju nove ceste u blizini Villanya, na jugu Mađarske.
The length of this road is 4.4 km.
Ukupna duljina ceste je 4,4 km.
The experience gained on this project is also excellent.
Iskustva stečena ovim projektom su izvrsna.
Besides the highest volume of CSRB used until now, the importance of this project also lies in the fact that this road construction is the first project on which all three asphalt layers
Važnost ovog projekta, osim u dosada najvećoj primijenjenoj količini CSRB-a, ogleda se u činjenici da se za izradu svih asfaltnih slojeva (AC32 nosivi sloj, AC22 vezivni sloj, AC 16 habajući sloj) koristilo isključivo CSRB vezivo.
Original sample
Izvorni uzorak
G*/sinδ, at 58 °C [kPa] (min 1,0)
G*/sinδ, na 58 °C [kPa] (min 1,0)
After RTFOT
Nakon RTFOT
After RTFOT + PAV
Nakon RTFOT + PAV
G*sinδ at 22 °C [kPa] (max 5000) Stiffness at 12 °C [MPa] (max 300)
G*sinδ na 22 °C [kPa] (max 5000) Krutost na 12 °C [MPa] (max 300)
m-value at 12 °C (min 0,300) Performance grade (PG)
m-vrijednost na 12 °C (min 0,300) Klasa ponašanja (PG)
PG 84-22 * Evaluation was carried out according to Hungarian climatic conditions.
PG 84-22 * Ispitivanje je provedeno s obzirom na klimatske uvjete u Mađarskoj.
Based on it the Performance Grade (PG) 58-22 is the required grade in Hungary.
U Mađarskoj se zahtijeva klasa ponašanja bitumena (PG) 58-22.
Original and RTFOT aged samples were analysed at 58 oC.
Izvorni i RTFOT uzorci su ispitivani pri temperaturi od 58 oC.
After RTFOT+PAV aging, 22 oC and -12 oC are the test temperatures
Nakon RTFOT + PAV starenja, 22oC i -12 oC su temperature pri kojima se provodi ispitivanje.
Comparison of performance based results for three binders
Usporedba svojstava triju veziva
Elastic modulus of asphalt with chemically stabilized crumb rubber bitumen
Modul elastičnosti asfalta s bitumenom modificiranim gumenim granulatom kao vezivom
(AC 32 base course, AC 22 binder, and AC 16 wearing course) were mixed and constructed using this type of binder.
Rezultati su pokazali da je kvaliteta CSRB-a puno veća u odnosu na cestograđevne bitumene te da je njegova primjenjivost odlična.
The results have revealed that its quality is much higher compared to ordinary bitumen, and that its applicability is excellent.
Primjena CSRB-a produljuje uporabni vijek te povećava kvalitetu kolnika.
The application of CSRB improves the lifecycle and quality of roads by using waste materials, which is very valuable technically, economically and environmentally.
Korištenje recikliranih otpadnih materijala pri proizvodnji CSRB-a je pozitivno u smislu ekonomičnosti, zaštite okoliša i tehničkih aspekata.
Although current regulations enable widespread application of the CSRB, the thorough mechanical analysis of CSRB asphalt mixtures is in still process.
Iako sadašnji propisi omogućuju raširenu primjenu CSRB-a, temeljita mehanička analiza CSRB asfaltnih mješavina još uvijek traje.
This paper is a part of this process: it compares the dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures made of CSRB, polymer modified bitumen and normal, 50/70 road bitumen.
Ovaj rad je dio tog procesa,uspoređuje module elastičnosti asfaltnih mješavina proizvedenih s bitumenom modificiranim gumenim granulatom (CSRB), polimerom modificiranim bitumenom i cestograđevnim bitumenom 50/70.
3. Dynamic stiffness moduls of CSRB
3. Modul elastičnosti CSRB-a
Research plan
Plan istraživanja
Differences in mechanical characteristics of asphalts made of CSRB and asphalts made of conventional types of bitumen were analysed at the Department of Highway and Railway Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
Razlike u mehaničkim svojstvima asfaltnih mješavina proizvedenih s CSRB-om i asfaltnih mješavina s konvencionalnim vrstama bitumena istražene su na Zavodu za ceste i željeznice Sveučilišta za tehnologiju i ekonomiju u Budimpešti.
Three asphalt mixtures were compared in the scope of this research: - AC22 binder 50/70, as reference mixture - AC22 binder PmB 25/55-65, as reference mixture - AC22 binder RmB 45/80-55, as main investigation mixture
Tri asfaltne mješavine su uspoređene u okviru ovog istraživanja: - AC22 vezivo tip 50/70, kao referentna mješavina - AC22 vezivo tip PmB 25/55-65, kao referentna mješavina - AC22 vezivo tip RmB 45/80-55, kao glavna mješavina za
The designed
Tablice 5. i
granulation and compounds of mineral aggregates are shown in Tables 5 and 6.
6. prikazuju projektiranu raspodjelu čestica i spojeva prirodnog agregata.
The aim was to produce different asphalt mixtures with the same body density In order to set the quality of binder as the only variable parameter.
Cilj je bio proizvesti različite asfaltne mješavine s istom gustoćom kako bi kvaliteta veziva bila jedini promjenjivi parametar.
In order to provide the body density similar to the reference Marshall body density of the AC 22 binder 50/70 mixture, the modified-bitumen asphalt mixtures were compacted at different temperatures according to Japanese method [19].
Kako bi gustoća mješavina bila istovjetna referentnoj Marshallovoj gustoći mješavine AC 22 vezivo tip 50/70, asfaltne mješavine s modificiranim bitumenom su zbijane pri različitim temperaturama prema japanskoj metodi [19].
The results revealed the temperature values at which the body densities of the asphalts made of modified bitumen were approximately the same as the density of the asphalt made of normal bitumen.
Ispitivanjem su utvrđene vrijednosti temperatura pri kojima je gustoća asfalta s modificiranim bitumenom bila približno jednaka gustoći asfalta s cestograđevnim bitumenom.
In the research, the temperature of 185°C was applied for mixing and compacting the AC 22 binder PmB 25/55-65 mixture, while the temperatures of 175°C for mixing and 165°C for compacting were applied in the case of the AC 22 binder RmB 45/80-55 mixture.
Temperatura miješanja i zbijanja mješavine AC 22 vezivo tip PmB 25/55-65 iznosila je 175 °C, dok je mješavina AC 22 vezivo tip RmB 45/80-55 bila miješana pri temperaturi od 175 °C, a temperatura zbijanja je iznosila 165 °C.
Viscosity values for applied binders (displayed in Table 7) were provided by MOL.
Podatke o vrijednostima viskoznosti primijenjenih veziva ustupio je MOL, a prikazani su u tablici 7.
MOL provided the G* complex shearing modulus and the δ phase-offset angle of the three types of bitumen as well, measured by a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR).
MOL je ustupio i vrijednosti G* kompleksnog posmičnog modula i δ faznog kuta za tri vrste bitumena, određene dinamičkim reometrom (eng. dynamic shear rheometer - DSR).
Their temperature dependences are shown in Figure 1.
Njihove temperaturne ovisnosti su prikazane na slici 1.
These data provide information on the behaviour of bitumen at medium temperature (fatigue lifecycle) and at high temperature (susceptibility to plastic deformation).
Ti podaci pružaju informacije o ponašanju bitumena pri srednjim temperaturama (zamor materijala)i pri visokim temperaturama (osjetljivost na plastične deformacije).
Sieve [mm]
Otvor sita [mm]
Grading (Passing mass percent) [m/m%]
Prosijavanje (postotak prolaska kroz sito) [m/m%]
By specified values (e-UT 05.02.11:2010)
Specifične vrijednosti (e-UT 05.02.11:2010)
Filler 6,7
Punilo 6,7
Aggregate material Description
Sastav agregata Opis
ML. Limestone flour
ML. Vapnenačko brašno
NZ 0/4 Dolomite
NZ 0/4 Dolomit
Place of origin
Pozajmište
Proportion [%]
Udio [%]
Temperature dependence of G * / sinδ
Temperaturna ovisnost o G * / sinδ
Master curve of mixtures
Masterkrivulja mješavina
The additional information provided by the master curves of these mixtures was analysed in this research.
Dodatne informacije, koje pružaju masterkrivulje ovih mješavina, analizirane su u sklopu ovog istraživanja.
The complex modulus and phase angle of the mixtures were established by the Simple Performance Tester (SPT).
Kompleksni modul i fazni kut mješavine utvrđene su Simple Performance Testerom (SPT).
- frequencies: 0,1 Hz, 0,5 Hz, 1 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 25 Hz
Na temelju izmjerenih vrijednosti krutosti određeni su moduli elastičnosti prema Huet - Sayeghovom modelu [20].
The general formula of the model is (1):
Opća jednadžba modela je sljedeća (1):
E* - complex modulus [MPa]
E* - kompleksni modul [MPa]
for the Time Temperature Superposition Principle δ - dimensionless constant k, h - exponents such that 0 < k < h < 1.
prema načelu vremensko-temperaturne superpozicije δ - bezdimenzionalna konstanta k, h - eksponenti s obzirom na kriterij: 0 < k < h < 1.
The model uses the results of the tests carried out simultaneously at different temperatures and these values are taken into consideration by applying the so-called (τ) time decay constant.
Model koristi rezultate testova provedenih u isto vrijeme pri različitim temperaturama i ove vrijednosti su uzete u obzir primjenom takozvane (τ) time decay constant.
The application of the time decay constant is based on the superposition principle, and can be expressed by a quadratic relation as follows (2):
Primjena time decay constant temelji se na načelu superpozicije, a može se izraziti kvadratnim odnosom na sljedeći način (2):
The results for asphalt mixes containing the CSRB are shown in the following figures.
Huet-Sayeghov model je optimiziran primjenom Microsoft Excel Solver modula.
Comparison of measured and predicted Cole-Cole diagram
Usporedba izmjerenog i predviđenog Cole-Colevog dijagrama
Relation of the measured and predicted moduls
Odnos izmjerenih i predviđenih modula
s) Test temperature [°C]
Procijenjeni
PmB 25/55-65
Tablica 7.
Elastic modulus of asphalt with chemically stabilized crumb rubber bitumen
RmB 45/80-55