natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In the European Commission Report on Croatia (MEI, 2003c:5) the functioning of the judiciary and the inadequate implementation of the law are mentioned as serious problems.
U Izvješću Europske komisije za Hrvatsku (MEI, 2003c:5) kao ozbiljan problem navodi se funkcioniranje sudstva i neadekvatno provođenje zakona.
However, the 1,300,000-strong backlog of civil causes is still there.
Međutim, oko 1 300 000 nagomilanih građanskih parnica i dalje stoji.
According to the report of the Commission, the Croatian judiciary is short on personnel with appropriate qualifications, an appropriate system for professional training, and a proper distribution of judicial and administrative matters in the courts.
Prema izvješću Komisije, hrvatskom sudstvu nedostaju kadrovi s odgovarajućim kvalifikacijama, prikladan sustav stručne izobrazbe te bolja raspodjela sudskih i administrativnih poslova u sudovima.
Judges spend almost a quarter of their time on administrative matters.
Suci gotovo polovicu svoga vremena potroše na administrativne poslove.
Even the European Court of Human Rights has censured Croatia for the dilatoriness of the justice system.
Cak je i Europski sud za ljudska prava ukorio Hrvatsku zbog sporosti pravosudnog sustava.
All this is aggravated by the fact that the Justice Ministry cannot absorb the assistance provided within the CARDS programme context to solve the failures noted.
Sve to otežava činjenica da Ministarstvo pravosuđa ne može apsorbirati pomoć za rješavanje uočenih nedostataka pruženu u sklopu programa CARDS.
In order to acquire an insight into the relative position of Croatia vis-a-vis the EU and the candidate countries, in the sequel the indicators for the “protection of property rights” and aggregate indicators for the “rule of law” will be used.
Kako bi se stekao uvid u relativni položaj Hrvatske u odnosu prema EU i zemljama kandidatkinjama, u nastavku se navode pokazatelji “zaštita vlasničkih prava” i agregatni pokazatelj “vladavina prava”.
The Heritage Foundation has set up an index of economic freedom, a component part and indicator of which is “property rights”.
Organizacija Heritage Foundation formirala je indeks ekonomske slobode, čija je sastavnica i pokazatelj vlasničkih prava.
It starts out from the assumption that individuals who consider their property rights protected will be more prepared to save, to invest, to make long-term plans and hence contribute to economic growth.
Polazi se od pretpostavke da će pojedinci koji smatraju svoja vlasnička prava sigurnima biti spremniji štedjeti, ulagati, donositi dugoročne planove i time pridonositi ekonomskom rastu.
The indicator evaluates the degree of protection of private rights of ownership, implementation of the laws that protect these rights, the independence of the judiciary and corruption within the judiciary.
Pokazatelj vrednuje stupanj zaštite privatnih vlasničkih prava, provedbu zakona koji štite ta prava, nezavisnost sudstva i korupciju unutar sudstva.
The protection of property rights inside Croatia is considered poor, very distant indeed from the European average, worse than in all the candidate countries (Table 1).
Zaštita vlasničkih prava u Hrvatskoj ocijenjena je kao loša, vrlo daleko od europskog prosjeka, gora nego u svim zemljama kandidatkinjama (tabl.
Of the countries observed, only Romania has poorer results, and among the EU countries, Greece sticks out.
Od promatranih zemalja samo Rumunjska ima jednako slab rezultat, a među zemljama EU-a odudara Grčka.
The aggregate indicator “rule of law” evaluates the extent to which the rules of society are respected, and it includes a perception about the incidence of crime, the effectiveness of the courts and the enforceability of contracts.
Agregatnim pokazateljem vladavine prava procjenjuje se koliko se poštuju pravila društva, a uključuje percepcije o rasprostranjenosti zločina, djelotvornosti sudstva i provođenju ugovora.
From Graph 1 it can be seen quite clearly to what an extent Croatia lags behind the EU, even if it is in front of Bulgaria and Romania.
Iz slike 1. jasno je koliko mnogo Hrvatska zaostaje za EU-om, ali je ipak ispred Bugarske i Rumunjske.
The general evaluation of the European Commission for Croatia is that democratic institutions work well and that human rights and basic liberties are in general respected (MEI, 2003c:6).
Opća ocjena Europske komisije za Hrvatsku jest da demokratske institucije dobro rade te da se ljudska prava i osnovne slobode općenito poštuju (MEI, 2003c:6).
In the sequel there is a review of indicators that give an insight into how much respect there is for the principles of openness, civil participation in the running of policies, transparency and accountability.
U nastavku navodimo pokazatelje koji daju uvid u to koliko se poštuju načela otvorenosti, participacije građana u vođenju politike, transparentnosti i odgovornosti.
Freedom House evaluates these control mechanisms individually.
Organizacija Freedom House pojedinačno vrednuje te kontrolne mehanizme.
The political rights indicator assesses the ability of citizens to take a free part in the political process, and the indicator “civil liberty” includes freedoms of thought, expression, association and human rights, and the rule of law.
Pokazateljem političkih prava ocjenjuje se mogućnost građana da slobodno sudjeluju u političkom procesu, a pokazatelj građanskih sloboda uključuje slobodu mišljenja, izražavanja, udruživanja te ljudska prava i vladavinu prava.
Table 2 shows that Croatia is categorised as a “free” country, although as compared with EU countries and the candidate countries it lags where political rights are concerned.
Tablica 2. pokazuje da je Hrvatska kategorizirana kao “slobodna” zemlja, ali da u odnosu prema prosjeku EU-a i prema zemljama kandidatkinjama zaostaje kad su u pitanju politička prava.
However, here too an advance can be seen as compared with the 1993 to 2000 period, in which the country was classified as “partly free”.
Međutim, i u tome je uočljiv bitan pozitivni pomak s obzirom na razdoblje od 1993. do 2000. godine, u kojemu je zemlja bila rangirana kao “djelomično slobodna”.
In the group of less developed EU countries, Greece again stands out with a level of civil liberties below the EU average.
U skupini manje razvijenih zemalja EU-a ponovno odudara Grčka, s razinom građanskih sloboda nižom od prosjeka EU-a.
In order to obtain a distinct insight into the state of Croatian media, the indicator media freedom is used.
Kako bi se dobio zaseban uvid u stanje hrvatskih medija, koristi se pokazatelj slobode medija.
The criteria for the formation of this indicator are: the legal environment in which the media work, the degree to which media are independent of state ownership and influence, economic pressure on the contents of news and various limitations on press freedom.
Kriteriji za njegovo formiranje jesu: pravno okruženje u kojemu mediji djeluju, stupanj neovisnosti medija o državnom vlasništvu i utjecaju, ekonomski pritisci na sadržaj vijesti te različita ograničenja slobode novinara.
Table 3 shows that in 2002 the Croatian media were characterised as partially free, but again this was a considerable advance as against 1994.
Tablica 3. pokazuje da su hrvatski mediji i u 2002. godini obilježeni kao “djelomično slobodni”, ali opet uz znatan napredak u odnosu prema 1994. godini.
Among the candidate countries, Estonia, Poland and Slovenia are closest to the EU average.
Među zemljama kandidatkinjama prosjeku EU-a najbliže su Estonija, Poljska i Slovenija.
At the beginning of 2003 the European Commission emphasised that in Croatia a reform of the Media Law was important for progress in the area of freedom of speech.
Europska je komisija početkom 2003. naglasila kako je za unapređenje slobode govora u Hrvatskoj nužna reforma zakona o medijima.
This refers primarily to forestalling political meddling and to increasing transparency, in the sense that information in the possession of governmental bodies has to be accessible to the press, unless it is state secrets that are concerned.
To se ponajprije odnosilo na onemogućivanje političkog upletanja i povećanje transparentnosti u smislu da informacije koje posjeduju tijela vlasti moraju biti dostupne novinarima, osim ako je riječ o državnoj tajni.
This can best be seen in the example of the transition countries where some research has shown that corruption there is considered the second most important barrier to the work of investors (Brunetti et all.,
To se najbolje vidi na primjeru tranzicijskih zemalja u kojima neka istraživanja pokazuju da se u njima korupcija smatra drugom najvažnijom preprekom u poslovanju investitora (Brunetti i sur.,
The Transparency International Index (CPI) ranks countries according to the degree of the perception about the spread of corruption among members of the civil service.
Indeks organizacije Transparency Internationala (CPI) rangira zemlje po stupnju predodžbe o rasprostranjenosti korupcije među državnim službenicima i dužnosnicima.
Data for Croatia are available only for the 1990-2003 period; the results got better up to 2001, and after that declined (Table 4).
Podaci za Hrvatsku raspoloživi su samo za razdoblje od 1999. do 2003. godine; rezultat se popravlja do 2001. godine, a nakon toga slabi (tabl.
Romania had the highest perception of corruption.
Najvišu predodžbu o korupciji ima Rumunjska.
It is interesting that up to 2002 the corruption perception was rising in the Czech Republic as in Greece; and then, in 2003, both countries experienced a slight improvement.
Zanimljivo je da predodžba o korupciji do 2002. godine raste u Češkoj, kao i u Grčkoj, da bi u 2003. u obje zemlje došlo do malog poboljšanja.
Poland is the only country with a constant rise in the perception of corruption.
Poljska je jedina zemlja sa stalnim porastom predodžbe o korupciji.
Greece and Italy (CPI in 2003 was 5.3) best show that membership of the EU in no way eliminates the problem of corruption.
Grčka i Italija (CPI u 2003. je 5,3) najbolje pokazuju da članstvo u EU ne uklanja problem korupcije.
The European Commission Croatia Report (MEI, 2003c:5-6) concluded that opening shots had been fired in the fight against corruption, which comprehended all parts of the administration, but it was necessary to reinforce concrete measures for its suppression.
U izvješću Europske komisije za Hrvatsku (MEI, 2003c:5-6) konstatira se da su učinjeni početni napori u borbi protiv korupcije, koja zahvaća sve dijelove javne uprave, ali da je potrebno pojačati konkretne mjere za njezino suzbijanje.
The Parliament adopted a Programme for the Suppression of Corruption and a Law for the Office for the Suppression of Corruption and Organised Crime (commonly known by its abbreviations as USKOK)xvi and ratified the Criminal Law Convention of the Council of Europe.
Sabor je usvojio Program za suzbijanje korupcije i Zakon o Uredu za suzbijanje korupcije i organiziranog kriminala (USKOK)xvi, te ratificirao Konvenciju o kaznenom pravu Vijeća Europe.
Although the USKOK Law is harmonised with international standards, the problems of its enforcement remain.
Iako je zakon o USKOK-u usklađen s međunarodnim standardima, ostao je problem njegove provedbe.
Personnel problems have not been entirely settled, there is a shortage of funds and equipment, and there are not separate prosecutors for corruption cases.
Kadrovska pitanja nisu potpuno riješena, nedostaju sredstva i oprema, a nema ni posebnih tužitelja za slučajeve korupcije.
The effectiveness of USKOK has been in general low.
Učinkovitost USKOK-a općenito je slaba.
The national programme of the Republic of Croatia for the accession to the EU (Vlada RH, 2002) stressed the role of the Obligations and Rights of Government Officials Law (NN 101/98) in anti-corruption activities, because it defines the matter of private and business conflicts of interests.
Nacionalni program RH za pridruživanje EU (Vlada RH, 2002) naglašava ulogu Zakona o obvezama i pravima državnih dužnosnika (NN 101/98) u antikorupcijskim aktivnostima jer se njime definira pitanje privatno-poslovnog sukoba interesa.
And then in October 2003 the Prevention of Conflicts of Interests in the Performance of Public Office Law was passed (NN 163/03).
U listopadu 2003. donesen je i Zakon o sprječavanju sukoba interesa u obnašanju javnih dužnosti (NN 163/03).
The opposition vainly resisted a government amendment according to which an official does not have to transfer management rights in a firm if he or she has fewer than 25% of the shares or equity in the firm.
Pri tome se opozicija bezuspješno usprotivila usvajanju Vladina amandmana prema kojemu dužnosnik ne mora prenijeti upravljačka prava u poduzeću ako ima manje od 25 % dionica ili udjela u tom poduzeću.
Graph 3 shows that control of corruption in Croatia is much lower than in the EU, but that things are getting better, at least with respect to catching up with the CE5 countries.
Slika 3. pokazuje da je kontrola korupcije u Hrvatskoj daleko niža nego u EU, ali da se prilike mijenjaju nabolje, barem kad je posrijedi dosezanje CE5 zemalja.
When recruitment into the civil service depends on political connections, there is an increased danger of corruption, because the officials have a smaller incentive to stay clean.
Sa zapošljavanjem u javnoj upravi po političkim vezama raste opasnost od korupcije jer državni službenici imaju manje poticaja da “ostanu čisti”.
In this case it is essential to know “whom they serve” and not how successful they are in the performance of their work (Kaufman et all.,
Naime, u tom je slučaju bitno “kome služe”, a ne koliko su uspješni u obavljanju svog posla (Kaufmann i sur.,
Accordingly, meritocratic recruitment contributes to the suppression of corruption.
Prema tome, zapošljavanje po sposobnosti pridonosi suzbijanju korupcije.
This should be borne in mind in the case of Croatia because research has shown that political influence in recruitment to the civil service is greater in Croatia than in the CE countries, and even than in Bulgaria and Romania (Hellman et all.,
To bi trebalo imati na umu kad je riječ o Hrvatskoj jer je istraživanje pokazalo da je zapošljavanje u javnoj upravi po političkoj podobnosti u Hrvatskoj veće nego u zemljama središnje Europe, kao i od onoga u Bugarskoj i Rumunjskoj (Hellman i sur.,
This was particularly expressed in the early 1990s, when political criteria were crucial not only for hiring but also for promotion (Koprić, 2002:1288).
To je bilo osobito izraženo ranih 1990-ih godina, kad su politički kriteriji bili presudni ne samo za zapošljavanje već i za mogućnost napredovanja (Koprić, 2001:1288).
Pay rises in the civil service might reduce corruption, but to a limited extent.
Porast plaća u javnoj upravi može smanjiti korupciju, ali u ograničenoj mjeri.
The first line of defence has to be internal control together with the existence of an ethical code (Tanzi, 1998:575).
Prva linija obrane trebala bi biti unutarnja kontrola, uz postojanje etičkog kodeksa (Tanzi, 1998:575).
Of course, if leading officials do not set an example with their own behaviour, those employed in the civil service can hardly be expected to behave differently.
Naravno, ako vodeći državni dužnosnici nisu primjer svojim ponašanjem, teško je očekivati da će se zaposlenici u javnoj upravi ponašati drugačije.
Corruption is not a crime of passion, but a calculated act, the consequence of the conditions that have created the possibility for it to come into being.
Korupcija nije “zločin iz strasti”, već vrlo proračunati čin, posljedica prilika koje su omogućile njegov nastanak.
Incorrupt civil servants and citizens are not obtained by genetic engineering, by the much-touted change in mentality, but by the different definition of incentives within the system in which they work.
Nekorumpirani državni službenici i građani ne dobivaju se genetskim inženjeringom, toliko spominjanom promjenom mentaliteta, već drugačijim definiranjem poticaja unutar sustava u kojemu djeluju.
Political stability
Politička stabilnost
The political stability indicator is used by Kaufmann et all.
Pokazateljem političke stabilnosti, Kaufmann i sur.
(2003) to evaluate perceptions about the likelihood of destabilisation or the overthrow of the government in some unconstitutional or violent way.
(2003) ocjenjuju percepcije o vjerojatnosti destabilizacije ili svrgavanja vlade na neustavan i/ili nasilan način.
Changes in government can have a direct influence on political continuity, but in the same way can reduce the chance of citizens peacefully electing and changing those in power.
Promjene u vlasti mogu izravno utjecati na kontinuitet politike, ali također mogu smanjiti mogućnost građana da mirno biraju i mijenjaju one koji su na vlasti.
Political instability has a negative effect on economic growth because it increases the risk of investment.
Politička nestabilnost negativno utječe na ekonomski rast jer povećava rizik investiranja.
Graph 4 shows that political stability in Croatia is lower than in the EU, but that the gap is not all that great in comparison with other elements of governance.
Slika 4. pokazuje da je politička stabilnost u Hrvatskoj manja od one u EU, ali zaostajanje nije toliko veliko u usporedbi s ostalim elementima governancea.
Political stability can be looked at via the fragmentation of the political scene as well, the clarity with which the political parties are profiled.
Politička stabilnost može se promatrati i na temelju fragmentiranosti političke scene i jasnoće profila pojedinačnih stranaka.
From this point of view political stability in Croatia is quite small, and hence it is essential that there should be administrative stability, so that frequent changes of officials in power should not have too much effect on political continuity.
U tom je smislu politička stabilnost u Hrvatskoj relativno malena te je njeno poboljšanje nužno kako učestale promjene dužnosnika na vlasti ne bi utjecale na kontinuitet politike.
The state of affairs in the civil service
Stanje u javnoj upravi
The objective of this paper is not to give a comprehensive analysis of the Croatian public administration because this would exceed the constraints of the study.
Cilj ovog dijela rada nije sveobuhvatna analiza hrvatske javne uprave jer bi to nadilazilo granice zadane studijom.
Instead of this, a short comparison with other countries is offered and the points of vulnerability of the Croatian public administration are identified.
Umjesto toga, dajemo kratku usporedbu s ostalim zemljama te su identificirane točke ranjivosti hrvatske javne uprave.
The following can be stated as being within the purview of the Croatian public administration or civil service: direct enforcement of the law, carrying out administrative and inspection control and other administrative and professional matters (Vlada RH, 2002).
Kao poslovi javne (državne) uprave u Hrvatskoj navode se neposredna provedba zakona, obavljanje upravnoga i inspekcijskog nadzora te drugi upravni i stručni poslovi (Vlada RH, 2002).
The bodies of the public administration comprise the ministries, civil service organisations and county offices as well as the city offices of Zagreb.
Tijela javne uprave su ministarstva, državne upravne organizacije i županijski uredi te gradski uredi Grada Zagreba.
In these bodies, officials of the public administration and other employees attend to the matters of public administration.
Poslove hrvatske javne uprave u njezinim tijelima obavljaju državni službenici i namještenici.
The officials carry out the matters from the statutorily defined jurisdiction of the body in which they work, and other employees carry out ancillary and other matters.
Državni službenici obavljaju poslove iz zakonom utvrđenog djelokruga tijela u kojemu rade, a namještenici obavljaju prateće i pomoćne poslove.
The situation in the public administration at a local level requires a separate analysis and hence is not the subject of this paper.
Stanje u javnoj upravi na lokalnoj razini zahtijeva posebnu analizu i stoga nije predmet ovog rada.
Comparison with other European countries
Usporedba s drugim europskim zemljama
The degree of success of the public administration can be defined in numerous ways, but there is no single indicator to quantify it and thus make possible a comparison among different countries.
Uspješnost javne uprave može se definirati na brojne načine pa zato i ne postoji jedinstveni pokazatelj kojim bi se mjerila i koji bi omogućio usporedbu u različitim zemljama.
The given governance indicators cover the perception of the work of the public administration.
Pojedini pokazatelji governancea obuhvaćaju percepcije o radu javne uprave.
The problem here is that there is no conceptual distinction made among the terms: government, state, bureaucracy and public administration, the result being that the indicators are fairly confused.
Problem je u tome što se pojmovno ne radi razlika između države, birokracije, vlade i javne uprave tako da su ti pokazatelji prilično konfuzni.
Thus, for example, the indicator “effectiveness of government” combines perceptions about the quality of the provision of public services, the quality of the bureaucracy, the competence of civil servants, the independence of the civil service from political pressures and the credibility of the state in carrying out its policies (Kaufmann et all.,
Tako pokazatelj djelotvornosti države kombinira percepcije o kvaliteti pružanja javnih usluga, kvaliteti birokracije, sposobnosti državnih službenika, neovisnosti državne službe o političkim pritiscima i vjerodostojnosti države u provođenju politike (Kaufmann i sur.,
In Graph 3 the big gap between the countries of CE Europe and the EU can be seen; Croatia itself is in a slightly better position than Bulgaria and Romania, with the provision that progress over the years has been little and even negative.
Na slici 5. vidi se veliko zaostajanje svih zemalja središnje i istočne Europe za EU-om, a Hrvatska se nalazi u nešto boljem položaju od Bugarske i Rumunjske, s tim da su pomaci u kvaliteti tijekom vremena maleni, čak i negativni.
The commercial agency Political Risk Services Group formulated an indicator called “quality of bureaucracy” that assesses the expertise and competence of governance without drastic changes in policy, independence of political pressure and the existence of a regular mechanism for hiring and further training (PRS, 2003).
Komercijalna agencija Political Risk Services Group formirala je pokazatelj kvalitete birokracije kojim se ocjenjuje stručnost i sposobnost vladanja bez drastičnih promjena u politici, neovisnost o političkim pritiscima te postojanje afirmiranog mehanizma zapošljavanja i stručnog usavršavanja (PRS, 2003).
According to this indicator, Croatia is ranked fairly high vis-a-vis the EU, but has to be taken with a deal of caution because these are monthly data involved (Graph 6), and it is at odds with the results of the earlier mentioned research about recruitment in terms of political acceptability.
Prema tom pokazatelju Hrvatska je rangirana prilično visoko u odnosu prema EU, ali se to mora uzeti s posebnim oprezom jer je riječ o mjesečnim podacima (slika 6), a i kosi se s rezultatima već spomenutog istraživanja o zapošljavanju po političkoj podobnosti.
Vulnerability of the Croatian public administration
Točke ranjivosti hrvatske javne uprave
Modern societies assume a public administration that is professional, socially accountable, independent from political influences, open to the public and effective.
Moderna društva pretpostavljaju javnu upravu koja je profesionalna, društveno odgovorna, neovisna o političkom utjecaju, otvorena prema građanima i djelotvorna.
The Croatian public administration is not perceived as such.
Hrvatska javna uprava ne doživljava se tako.
“Citizens consider the administration distant, formal and corrupted, the media subject it to constant criticism.
“Građani upravu smatraju otuđenom, formalnom i korumpiranom, mediji je podvrgavaju stalnoj kritici.
It is not perceived as professional and unbiased, but riddled with connections and the exchange of friendly services.
Ne doživljava se profesionalnom i nepristranom, već isprepletenom vezama i razmjenom prijateljskih usluga.
It is expensive.
Skupa je.