natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Acceptance of this initiative necessarily involves the facilitation of the development of the regional market by 2006; customers should have the ability to choose suppliers by 2005, the network rules should be adopted by June 2003, and UCTE standards by 2003.
Prihvaćanje te inicijative podrazumijeva omogućivanje razvoja regionalnog tržišta do 2006. godine: kupci bi morali imati mogućnost izbora dobavljača do 2005. godine, mrežna pravila trebala bi biti usvojena do lipnja 2003, a UCTE norme do 2003.
Accomplishment of this cooperation will make it possible to meet the regional cooperation obligation, which Croatia has bound itself to in the SAA as precondition for further rapprochement with the EU and acceptance of EU demands, thus making fulfilment of membership conditions possible.
Ostvarenje te suradnje omogućuje ispunjavanje obveza regionalne suradnje, na što se Hrvatska obvezala SSP-om kao preduvjetom za daljnje približavanje EU i prihvaćanje zahtjeva EU, čime se omogućuje ispunjavanje uvjeta za članstvo.
In adjustments to EU membership conditions, as well as formal, real conformity with EU regulations is essential.
U prilagodbama uvjetima EU za članstvo osim formalne, nužna je i stvarna usklađenost s propisima EU.
Croatia has achieved a relatively high level of formal conformity with EU regulations, but implementation of these regulations is late.
Hrvatska je postigla relativno visoku razinu formalne usklađenosti s propisima EU, ali provedba tih propisa kasni.
Participation in regional initiatives can make a contribution to the fulfilment of the conditions for accession.
Sudjelovanje u regionalnim inicijativama može pridonijeti ispunjavanju uvjeta za članstvo.
For example, joining in a regional electricity market will make possible acceptance of EU rules by 2005, and the actual establishment of regional cooperation.
Primjerice, pristupanje regionalnom tržištu električne energije omogućuje prihvaćanje pravila EU do 2005. te uspostavu regionalne suradnje.
Since regional cooperation is a prerequisite for further convergence on the EU, and adoption of the acquis is necessary for joining the EU, this form of regional cooperation can be considered a measure that facilitates integration into the EU.
Budući da je regionalna suradnja preduvjet za daljnje približavanje EU, a usvajanje acquisa nužno za uključivanje u EU, takav se oblik regionalne suradnje može smatrati mjerom koja olakšava integraciju u EU.
In addition, the possibility of financing regional projects makes modernisation of the infrastructure easier, which is also necessary before EU accession.
Usto, mogućnost financiranja regionalnih projekata olakšava modernizaciju infrastrukture, što je također nužno prije pristupanja EU.
However, assistance is conditional upon strict respect for deadlines and obligations undertaken.
Međutim, pomoć je uvjetovana strogim poštovanjem rokova i preuzetih obveza.
It is necessary, then, to work out concrete implementation plans, with deadlines and clear divisions of authority and responsibility.
Dakle, potrebno je izraditi konkretne planove provedbe, s rokovima i jasnim podjelama ovlasti i zaduženja.
Since the energy sector is state owned, and will, until EU accession, remain mainly state ownedix, it is mainly state or governmental bodies that are charged with implementation of the reform.
Budući da je energetski sektor u državnom vlasništvu te da će do pristupanja EU ostati u pretežito državnom vlasništvuix, za provedbu reforme zadužena su ponajprije državna tijela.
For this reason, for successful reform of the energy sector, a successful state administration is also required, i.e., it has to be reformed, or some of its authorities have to be transferred to independent bodies.
Stoga je za uspješnost reforme energetskog sektora nužna i uspješna državna uprava, tj. njezina reforma ili transfer dijela ovlasti neovisnim tijelima.
From this point of view it is necessary clearly to define jurisdictions and procedural criteria.
U tom je smislu potrebno jasno definirati djelokrug i kriterije postupanja.
In line with the laws, part of the authority has been transferred from the state to the Energy Activities Regulation Council.
U skladu s važećim zakonima, dio se ovlasti s države prenosi na Vijeće za regulaciju energetskih djelatnosti.
However, the jurisdiction and rules of procedure, the definition of which the government and the Economy Ministry are primarily charged with, are still not defined, and the authorities of the Council are restricted.
Međutim, djelokrug i pravila postupanja, za čije su definiranje zaduženi ponajprije Vlada i Ministarstvo gospodarstva, još nisu definirana, a ovlasti Vijeća su ograničene.
Thus the main challenge in the area of the reform of energy is an augmentation of the efficacy of the public administration.
Dakle, glavni je izazov na području reforme energetike povećanje učinkovitosti državne uprave.
Finally, the EU enlargement plan includes states neighbouring on the Republic of Croatia, and these states will have to implement EU regulations after accession.
Konačno, budući da su planom proširenja EU obuhvaćene susjedne države RH, te će države nakon pristupa morati primjenjivati pravila EU.
For this reason the acceptance and implementation of such regulations here is necessary not only for the sake of Croatia being able to join the EU, but also to make possible trade with the neighbouring states after the EU enlargement.
Stoga je njihovo prihvaćanje i provedba nužnost ne samo radi uključivanja Hrvatske u EU, nego i radi omogućivanja trgovine sa susjednim državama nakon proširenja EU.
i These elements derive from the classical Copenhagen criteria.
i Ti elementi proizlaze iz “klasičnih”kriterija iz Kopenhagena.
A review of fulfilment for the energy sector of Croatia before the signing of the SAA and the launching of energy sector reforms is contained in: Republic of Croatia Government, Plan of integration activities of the Republic of Croatia, Zagreb, 1999, pp. 550-551.
Pregled njihova ispunjavanja za energetski sektor RH prije potpisivanja Sporazuma o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju (SSP) i pokretanja reforme energetskog sektora sadržan je u: Vlada RH, 1999.
ii Directives are a legal instrument to which it is hardest to adjust internal law.
ii Smjernice su pravni instrumenti kojim je najteže uskladiti interno pravo.
That is, they give the objective of the standardisation that is obligatory for a member state, but the state itself can select the appropriate method for the accomplishment of this objective within internal law.
Naime, one daju cilj normiranja koji je obvezujući za državu članicu, ali država može sama izabrati prikladnu metodu za ostvarivanje tog cilja u internom pravu.
Sometimes the directives can give exhaustive instructions, but sometimes they hardly mention them at all.
Pokatkad smjernice daju iscrpne upute, ali kadšto ih gotovo uopće nema.
iii The obstacles are put in order of importance, in line with the report of the European Commission “Completing the internal energy market ” (European Commission, 2001;1).
iii Prepreke su svrstane prema važnosti, u skladu s izvještajem Europske komisije o uspostavi jedinstvenog tržišta električnom energijom i plinom (European Commission, 2001;1).
iv That is, within a period of six months from the time the package of laws came into force, that is, up to 26 February 2002.
iv To znači u roku šest mjeseci od stupanja na snagu paketa zakona, tj. do 26. veljače 2002.
In this paper, however, whenever there is mention of this period, March 2002 will be stated as the time.
Za potrebe ovog rada, kad god je riječ o tom roku, navodi se ožujak 2002.
v The implementation of these obligations is necessary for adjustment to the EU system as well.
v Provedba tih obveza nužna je i radi usklađivanja sa sustavom EU.
For example, the acceptance of the rules defined in Directive 94/22 OJ L 164, 30 June 1994 concerning the transparency of rules for the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons coincides with the rules about non-discrimination and national treatment that derive from the European Energy Charter Treaty.
Primjerice, prihvaćanje pravila definiranih Smjernicom 94/22, OJL 164, 30. lipnja 1994. o transparentnosti pravila za istraživanje i iskorištavanje ugljikohidrata podudara se s pravilima o nediskriminaciji i nacionalnom tretmanu koji proizlazi iz Ugovora o Europskoj energetskoj povelji.
In accordance with EU regulations and the European Energy Charter Treaty, it is necessary to provide access to the infrastructure for transit.
U skladu s pravilima EU i Ugovorom o Europskoj energetskoj povelji, nužno je osigurati pristup infrastrukturi za tranzit.
vi At the moment, in the EU area, about 8% of domestic production is swapped.
vi Trenutačno se na području EU razmjenjuje oko 8% domaće proizvodnje.
HEP considers its capacities confidential.
HEP svoje kapacitete smatra poslovnom tajnom.
vii The proposal of the Energy Development Strategy of 1999 contained a review of the necessary infrastructure projects, covering the following: the gasification of the Republic of Croatia; the Italy-Pula-Karlovac-GEA transport system project; ZagrebKarlovac; Zagreb-Kutina-Slavonski Brod-Donji Miholjac; Vrbovsko-Split; BenkovacZadar, and minor transport gas lines; increase of the gas storage capacities (Okoli/Bokšić); development of a distribution network; development of equipment and energy users at the consumers; revitalisation and construction of new secondary refinery capacities; linking JANAF with other international oil pipelines; development of small cogeneration facilities (up to 2030 with a capacity of 1TWh of electricity); bringing two gas-fired generating stations of 300 MW on line (up to 2010); bringing the hydroelectricity generating states of Lešće, Podsused, Drenje on line; construction of a transit and distribution electricity network.
vii Prijedlog strategije energetskog razvoja iz 1999. godine sadržavao je pregled potrebnih infrastrukturnih projekata koji je obuhvaćao ove projekte: Plinifikacja RH; Transportni sustav Italija-Pula-Karlovac-GEA projekt; Zagreb-Karlovac; Zagreb-KutinaSlavonski Brod-Donji Miholjac; Vrbosko-Split; Benkovac-Zadar, te manji transportni plinovodi; Povećanje skladišnog kapaciteta za plin (Okoli/Bokšić); Razvoj distribucijske mreže; Razvoj opreme i trošila kod potrošača; Revitalizacija i izgradnja novih sekundarnih rafinerijskih kapaciteta; Povezivanje JANAF-a s drugim međunardonim naftovodima; Razvoj malih termoelektrana-toplana (do 2030. s kapacitetom 1TWh električne energije); Puštanje u pogon dvije plinske elektrane po 300 MW svaka (do 2010); Puštanje u pogon hidroelektrana Lešće, Podsused, Drenje; Izgradnja prijenosne i distrubucijske elektroenergetske mreže.
viii The deadline for adopting these regulations ran out in March 2002, and at the moment (October 2002) the working text of a new law about commodity reserves is being agreed on.
viii Rok za donošenje tih propisa istekao je u ožujku 2002, a u tijeku je (listopad 2002) usuglašavanje radnog teksta novog zakona o robnim pričuvama.
ix The Law on privatisation of INA - Industrija Nafte d.d. (NN 32/02) foresees that the Republic of Croatia will retain at least 25% plus 1 share until Croatia is received into the EU, and the HEP d.d. Privatisation Law (NN 32/02) that the Republic of Croatia will retain ownership of 51% of the shares of HEP until Croatia joins the EU.
ix Zakon o privatizaciji INA - Industrije nafte d.d. (NN 32/02) predviđa da će RH zadržati najmanje 25% + 1 dionicu do prijama Hrvatske u članstvo EU, a Zakon oprivatizaciji Hrvatske elektroprivrede d.d. (NN 32/02) da će RH zadržati vlasništvo nad 51% dionica HEP-a d.d. do ulaska Hrvatske u članstvo EU.
Chapter 9
Poglavlje 9.
UNEMPLOYMENT AND EMPLOYMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
(NE)ZAPOSLENOST U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ
The paper will detail EU activities connected with employment, analyse the labour market and measures for reducing unemployment in the Republic of Croatia, and propose some ways in which the labour market might be improved.
U članku ćemo izložiti aktivnosti EU u vezi sa zapošljavanjem, analizirati tržište rada i mjere smanjivanja nezaposlenosti u RH te predložiti mogućnosti poboljšanja tržišta rada.
Key words:
Kljucne riječi:
employment, unemployment, labour relations, labour market, Republic of Croatia, EU
zaposlenost, nezaposlenost, radni odnosi, tržište rada, RH, EU.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
UVOD
It can be sensed intuitively that over the long run unemployment, the regulation of labour relations and the situation in the labour market will not create a very great obstacle for the Republic of Croatia to achieve convergence with and join the European Union.
Intuitivno se može ocijeniti da nezaposlenost, regulacija radnih odnosa i stanje na tržištu rada dugoročno neće biti (prevelika) zapreka približavanja i priključenja RH Europskoj uniji.
Croatia is a small country, and although there is a large number of unemployed people, this should not affect the trends in the EU labour market, while the geographical mobility of the unemployed is limited by language and cultural barriers.
Hrvatska je mala zemlja, pa velik broj nezaposlenih neće utjecati na kretanja na tržištu rada EU, a i prostorna je pokretljivost nezaposlenih ograničena jezičnim i kulturološkim zaprekama.
Still, trends in the labour market could well be short-term and medium-term hurdles to Croatia's joining the EU.
Ipak, kretanja na tržištu rada mogu biti kratkoročna i srednjoročna zapreka uključivanju RH u EU.
The most important reason is to be found in the relatively high payouts for welfare policy in the broader sense of the word, payments which are mainly channelled towards the poor.
Najvažniji su razlog relativno velika izdvajanja za socijalnu politiku u širem smislu te za socijalnu skrb, koja su pretežito usmjerena siromašnima.
While the number of clients for various kinds of welfare transfers is increasing, the amount available for each individual is diminishing appreciably.
Dok se broj korisnika raznovrsnih oblika socijalnih transfera povećava, raspoloživi iznos po pojedincu znatno se smanjio.
According to the World Bank Study on Social Vulnerability and Welfare Study, the unemployed in Croatia, along with inactive people, are the most affected by long-term poverty.
Prema Studiji o ekonomskoj ranjivosti i socijalnom blagostanju Svjetske banke, nezaposleni u Hrvatskoj, uz neaktivne osobei, najpogođeniji su dugotrajnim siromaštvom.
Legislative solutions and political figures in the Republic of Croatia are more inclined to extend the lives of unprofitable firms than to stimulate the creation of new and sound businesses.
Zakonodavna rješenja i politički subjekti u RH skloniji su produženju života nerentabilnih tvrtki umjesto poticanju stvaranja novih i zdravih poslovnih subjekata.
This persistent, and exaggerated, maintenance of current employment produces the diametrically opposite result from that desired, and the uncompetitiveness and inflexibility of the labour market have resulted in a reduction of the number of existing jobs, and at the same time restricted the space for new employment.
To uporno (bolje reći pretjerano) čuvanje postojeće zaposlenosti proizvodi posve suprotan učinak od željenoga, pa nekonkurentnost i nefleksibilnost tržišta rada utječu na smanjenje broja postojećih radnih mjesta, a sužava se i prostor za novo zapošljavanje.
Thus there is a polarisation of society into the relatively safe (though, with respect to the cost of living, underpaid) employed (the insiders) and the unemployed (the outsiders), a very considerable number of whom are long-term unemployed with very slight chances and likelihood of finding work.
Tako dolazi do polarizacije društva na (relativno sigurne, iako s obzirom na troškove života nedovoljno plaćene) zaposlene (insidere) i nezaposlene (outsidere) od kojih je znatan dio dugotrajno nezaposleno i vrlo malih mogućnosti i vjerojatnost zaposlenja.
This shows a total failure to understand (or even to know) the trends to greater flexibility that mark both the global and the regional EU economy, in which the emphasis is not upon saving jobs, but on creating the conditions for employability.
Time se pokazuje potpuno nerazumijevanje (ili nepoznavanje) procesa fleksibilizacije koji obilježavaju globalnu i regionalnu ekonomiju EU, u kojemu je naglasak ne na očuvanju radnog mjesta, već na stvaranju uvjeta zapošljivosti.
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND EMPLOYMENT
EUROPSKA UNIJA I ZAPOŠLJAVANJE
When the EEC was set up in the 1950s, its most important goals were to create the conditions for the free movement of goods, services, capital and manpower.
Kada je 1950-ih osnivana Europska ekonomska zajednica (EEZ), njezini su najvažniji ciljevi bili ostvariti slobodno kretanje roba, usluga, kapitala i ljudi.
Although there was some tendency to bring the populations of the member countries closer together, the practical ambitions of the EEC were economic rather than social, and activities such as equal opportunities were believed to be an integral part of the free market system and economic competition.
Iako se težilo međusobnom približavanju stanovnika zemalja članica, praktične su ambicije EEZ-a više bile gospodarske nego socijalne, a za aktivnosti poput stvaranja jednakih mogucnosti vjerovalo se da čine sastavni dio slobodnoga tržišnog sustava i gospodarske utakmice.
Nevertheless, over the years, the EEC, and later the EU, acquired increasingly extensive authorities in the determination of social policy and action.
Ipak, tijekom godina EEZ, a kasnije i EU, dobiva sve veće ovlasti i u određivanju socijalne politike i djelovanja.
In this policy, employment and the reduction of unemployment formed an important component of a successful struggle against poverty and social exclusion.
U toj politici zapošljavanje i smanjivanje nezaposlenosti čine važnu sastavnicu uspješne borbe protiv siromaštva i društvene isključenosti.
In the last two decades, the policy of employment has become an essential determinant of the production of synergy between economic and social developmental goals, and in the attainment of equality and the creation of the opportunities for total participation in civil rights.
U protekla je dva desetljeća politika zapošljavanja postala bitna odrednica ostvarivanja sinergije gospodarskih i socijalnih razvojnih ciljeva, te u dosezanju jednakosti i stvaranju mogućnosti za potpuno sudjelovanje u građanskim pravima.
Much of this was contained in the Social Protocol of the Maastricht Treaty adopted in 1992.
Mnogo od navedenoga sadržano je u Socijalnom protokolu Ugovora iz Maastrichta, usvojenom 1992. godine.
This document states the objectives to be attained, and includes the obviation of social exclusion on the labour market and in society as a whole, draws attention to the existence of discrimination in the labour market, the lack of opportunities for training and further training, inadequate protection of minorities, a lower level of social protection and restrictions on freedom of movement.
Taj dokument navodi ciljeve koji se žele postići, a obuhvaća suzbijanje socijalne isključivosti na tržištu rada i u društvu općenito, upozorava na postojanje diskriminacije u svijetu rada, nedostatak mogućnosti obrazovanja i usavršavanja, nedovoljne zaštite manjina, nisku razinu socijalne zaštite i ograničenu slobodu kretanja.
The condition of employment or the lack of it and the solutions for it vary from country to country within the EU.
Stanje (ne)zaposlenosti i njezino rješavanje u pojedinim se zemljama članicama EU uvelike razlikuje.
Esping-Andersen (1990) distinguishes three basic models of social policy, and hence of employment policies.
Esping-Andersen (1990) razlikuje tri osnovna modela socijalne politike, pa slijedom toga i politike zapošljavanja.
The first is the neoliberal, in which the emphasis is on the effectiveness of the market, a restrictive assistance policy in which there is great social stratification (e.g., in the UK).
Prvi je neoliberalni, u kojemu je naglasak na učinkovitosti tržišta, restriktivnoj politici pomoći i velikoj društvenoj stratifikaciji (npr. Velika Britanija).
The second is the social-democratic, in which there is little stratification, the public welfare system is very developed, the state provides direct protection or financially assists members of society at risk and attempts to improve their quality of life and enable them to participate fully in the labour market or to have security during times of unemployment (the Scandinavian countries, for example).
Drugi je socijalnodemokratski, u kojemu je stratifikacija malena, sustav javne socijalne skrbi vrlo razvijen, država pruža neposrednu zaštitu ili financijski pomaže ugroženim članovima društva te nastoji poboljšati kvalitetu njihova života i omogućiti im puno sudjelovanje na tržištu rada odnosno osiguranje za vrijeme nezaposlenosti (npr. skandinavske zemlje).
The third is the corporate model, in which there is also high stratification, while government intervention is provided via market regulation or financial assistance (for example, France and Germany).
Treći je model korporatistički, i u njemu je visoka stratifikacija, a državna se intervencija ostvaruje reguliranjem tržišta ili financijskom pomoći (npr. Njemačka i Francuska).
There are considerable differences in unemployment rates from country to country, as well as of unemployment structure, average length of unemployment and attitude to the unemployed, and it is hard to speak of any average situation in the EU.
U pojedinim zemljama članicama znatno se razlikuju stope zaposlenosti i nezaposlenosti, struktura nezaposlenih, prosječno trajanje nezaposlenosti i odnos prema nezaposlenima, pa se stoga teško može govoriti oprosječnom stanju u EU.
In principle, the countries that we have termed social-democratic and that are systematically carrying out an active employment policy (mostly via further training, retraining and professional qualifications for the unemployed, as well as joint financing of the difficult to employ) have lower rates of unemployment (at the end of the 90s, about 6% in Sweden and Denmark).
Načelno, zemlje koje smo svrstali u socijalno - demokratske i koje sustavno provode aktivnu politiku zapošljavanja (ponajviše putem dokvalifikacije, prekvalifikacije i stručnog osposobljavanja nezaposlenih, te sufinanciranjem zapošljavanja teže zapošljivih) imaju i niže stope nezaposlenosti (krajem 90-ih Švedska i Danska oko 6%).
The neoliberal group also has a low rate of unemployment (UK - 6%), while the corporate countries have on the whole a greater rate of unemployment (Germany and France from 9% to 12%).
Neoliberalna skupina zemalja također bilježi niže stope nezaposlenosti (Velika Britanija 6%), dok korporatističke zemlje uglavnom imaju veću nezaposlenost (Njemačka i Francuska od 9 do 12%).
However, of all the EU member countries, traditionally the highest rate of unemployment obtains in a fourth group - the Mediterranean lands, and the unemployment rate at the end of the 90s in Italy, Spain and Greece was as high as 16%.
Ipak, od članica EU tradicionalno najviše stope nezaposlenosti bilježi četvrta skupina - mediteranske zemlje, te su stope nezaposlenosti krajem 1990-ih u Španjolskoj, Italiji i Grčkoj iznosile čak do 16%.
Monetary benefits and assistance during a time of unemployment, apart from providing material security for the unemployed, are also important labour market regulation mechanisms.
Novčane naknade i pomoći za vrijeme nezaposlenosti osim što trebaju pružiti nezaposlenima materijalno osiguranje, važne su i kao mehanizam regulacije tržišta rada.
The attitude towards them in the EU, from the point of view of their compass, length and amount, is fairly similar to the views about the active employment policy.
Odnos prema njima u EU, u smislu njihova obuhvata, trajanja i visine, približno je sličan odnosu prema aktivnoj politici zapošljavanja.