natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
One of the strategic options in attaining the aims of the agricultural development policy is the endeavour to get the Republic of Croatia into the currents of world and European trade and economic integration: WTO and CEFTA membership have been attained, and, over the longer run, association and membership of the EU are expected.
Jedna od strateških opcija u postizanju cilja politike razvoja poljoprivrede jest nastojanje za učlanjenjem RH u svjetske i europske trgovinske i ekonomske integracije: ostvareno uključivanje u WTO i CEFTA-u, a na dulji rok pridruživanje i članstvo u EU.
It is expected, then, that the consequences of associate membership in the EU will not be as negative as Croatian farmers fear, and technical and consultative assistance in efforts to improve and develop agriculture can be expected.
Očekuje se, stoga, da posljedice pridruženog članstva Hrvatske u EU neće biti tako negativne kako hrvatski poljoprivrednici strahuju, a može se očekivati tehnička i savjetodavna pomoć u naporima za unapređenje i razvoj poljoprivrede.
The SAA established the foundations for future cooperation in the agricultural and agribusiness sector, which will go to spur the modernisation and restructuring of domestic agriculture in line with EU standards.
SSP-om su postavljeni temelji buduće suradnje u poljoprivrednom i poljoprivredno-industrijskom sektoru kojom će se potaknuti modernizacija i restrukturiranje domaće poljoprivrede u skladu sa standardima u EU.
The fundamental principles of this cooperation are the encouragement of sustainable rural development and the development of forestry, and the harmonisation of veterinary and phytosanitary legislation with that of the EU.
Temeljna su načela suradnje poticanje održivoga ruralnog razvoja i razvoja šumarstva, te usklađivanje veterinarskoga i fitosanitarnog zakonodavstva sa zakonodavstvom EU.
Joining the EU can be achieved by total adoption of its entire legislation.
Pristup EU može se ostvariti potpunim preuzimanjem njezine ukupne legislative.
Taking into account the time and resources needed for the harmonisation, it can be expected that the main challenge while adopting the legislation will be more in the way of the adjustment of the administrative structures and the society as a whole to the conditions necessary for the legislation to work than the adjustment of the wording of the laws.
Uzimajući u obzir vrijeme i sredstva potrebna za prilagodbu, može se očekivati da će glavni izazov pri preuzimanju legislative više biti prilagodba upravnih struktura i društva kao cjeline uvjetima nužnim za djelovanje legislative negoli prilagodba zakonskih tekstova.
Croatia is only at the beginning of this process.
Hrvatska je tek na početku tog procesa.
The first steps have been taken in the adjustment of the legal, political and institutional measures, modelled on the CAP and the models that are adopted by Slovenia, because of the common heritage from the previous political system.
Učinjeni su prvi koraci u prilagodbi zakonskih, političkih i institucijskih mjera po uzoru na Zajedničku poljoprivrednu politiku i modele koje primjenjuje susjedna Slovenija, s obzirom na zajedničko naslijeđe bivšega političkog sustava.
The newly proposed system of incentives in agriculture provides for special treatment for viable agricultural businesses that will be encouraged by models of market price policy and capital investment, while the uncompetitive farms will have to go into a system characterised by a structural policy (income support, pensions, aid to programmes of rural development).
Novopredloženi sustav poticaja u poljoprivredi predviđa izdvajanje vitalnih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava koja će se poticati modelima tržišnocjenovne politike i kapitalnih ulaganja, dok bi nekonkurentna gospodarstva trebala ući u sustav koji ima obilježja strukturne politike (potpora dohotku, mirovine, potpore programima ruralnog razvoja).
Structural policy measures will have to be used to stimulate the entry of the young into farming, to give expert reinforcement to and systematically organised the training of young farmers, to introduce incentives for investment in farms/production and for adjustment to market needs, for the reduction of energy costs, improvement of product quality, better conditions for the life and work of farmers and their families, and for the preservation of the environment and the biological diversity of the ecosystem.
Mjerama strukturne politike potrebno je poticati ulazak mladih u poljoprivredu, stručno pojačati i sustavno urediti osposobljavanje poljoprivrednika, uvesti poticaje za ulaganja u poljoprivredna gospodarstva/proizvodnju za prilagodbu potrebama tržišta, za smanjenje troškova energije, za povećanje kakvoće proizvoda, boljih uvjeta rada i života poljoprivrednika i njihovih obitelji te za očuvanje okoliša i biološke raznovrsnost ekosustava.
Monetary aid should be given to areas where it is more difficult to make a living in agriculture, such as the highland and mountain areas, the islands, the areas of depopulation.
Novčanim potporama valja pomoći područjima s težim uvjetima gospodarenja u poljoprivredi, kao što su gorska, otočna, depopulacijska područja.
Also important is aid to combination and association, and mutual business link-ups of farmers with the activities that go alongside agriculture.
Važna je i potpora udruživanju i međusobnom poslovnom povezivanju poljoprivrednika i s djelatnostima koje prate poljoprivredu.
In the area of institutional support quite a lot has been done through the foundation of the agricultural consultation service, the market information system in agriculture, and the Agriculture Research Council.
U području institucijske potpore već je dosta učinjeno osnivanjem Poljoprivredne savjetodavne službe, Tržišnoga informacijskog sustava u poljoprivredi i Vijeća za istraživanja u poljoprivredi.
Since agriculture is one of the more sensitive sectors, in both the EU and in Croatia, local regulations governing the development of agriculture should be harmonised with those of the CAP in order to attain a common end: increased competitiveness of agricultural producers and agricultural products.
S obzirom na to da je poljoprivreda jedan od osjetljivijih sektora, kako u EU, tako i u Hrvatskoj, domaći propisi kojima se uređuje razvoj poljoprivrede trebali bi biti usklađeni s onima ZPP-a radi postizanja jedinstvenog cilja: povećanja konkurentnosti poljoprivrednih proizvođača i poljoprivrednih poduzeća.
For this reason, for the state, that is, for the government and the line ministry, the question of how to create the conditions for the achievement of competition still remains.
Stoga za državu, odnosno za Vladu i resorno ministarstvo ostaje pitanje kako stvoriti uvjete koji će omogućiti postizanje konkurentnosti.
The first analyses of possible scenarios for adjusting domestic agricultural policy to the demands of any future EU accession, or the consequences of trade liberalisation, do not reveal the need for any drastic changes in production, consumption or trade models; that is, the new economic environment will not in any essential way either increase or reduce the existing problems in the agricultural sector (A quantitative analysis of the effects of Croatian agrarian trade policy on the agrarian and food sector).
Prve analize mogućih scenarija prilagodbe domaće poljoprivredne politike zahtjevima budućeg pristupanja EU, odnosno posljedicama trgovinske liberalizacije, ne otkrivaju drastične promjene u proizvodnji, potrošnji i trgovinskim modelima, odnosno novo gospodarsko okruženje neće bitno ni povećati ni smanjiti postojeće probleme u poljoprivrednom sektoru (Kvantitativna analiza učinaka hrvatske politike agrarne trgovine na agrarno-prehrambeni sektor).
A continuation of trade liberalisation via bilateral free trade agreements is recommended, particularly in the Balkan region, while encouragement of competitiveness in the agricultural sector, in line with the results of the research into the competitiveness of domestic agriculture, should be achieved through the following measures.
Preporučuje se nastavak trgovinske liberalizacije putem bilateralnih sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini, poglavito u balkanskoj regiji, a poticanje konkurentnosti poljoprivrednog sektora, sukladno rezultatima istraživanja konkurentnosti domaće poljoprivrede, treba ostvariti sljedećim mjerama.
• Give teeth to the law about making contracts and encourage the respect for contractual conditions in business operations, without particular fears or privileges.
• Osnažiti zakon ugovaranja i poticati poštovanje ugovornih uvjeta u poslovanju, bez posebnih strahova ili povlastica.
• Make the passing of agrarian policy decisions more transparent and encourage them to be implemented in practice; set up an appropriate system of criteria for the payment of aid to agriculture; bring in a simpler system of direct payments in agriculture, thus stimulating farm income, and at the same time making possible a more powerful and freer impact of market prices and a more profitable use of natural and agricultural resources.
• Učiniti donošenje agrarnopolitičkih odluka transparentnima i poticati njihovu primjenu u praksi; ustanoviti prikladan sustav kriterija za isplatu potpora poljoprivredi; uvesti jednostavniji sustav izravnih plaćanja u poljoprivredi, čime bi se stimulirao dohodak poljoprivrednika, a istodobno omogućio snažniji i slobodniji utjecaj tržišnih cijena i profitabilnije iskorištavanje prirodnih i poljoprivrednih resursa.
• Adjust the customs system, which has already largely been done during the WTO accession process; further adjustment is necessary in order to reduce the costs of the protection of highly protected products for the sake of those products in which Croatia has comparative advantages.
• Prilagoditi carinski sustav, što je već dobrim dijelom učinjeno tijekom pristupanja WTO-u; daljnja je prilagodba potrebna kako bi se smanjili troškovi zaštite visokoštićenih proizvoda u korist proizvoda za koje Hrvatska ima poredbene prednosti.
• Put the agricultural land market in order, which would settle the question of collateral when loans are being made.
• Urediti tržište poljoprivrednim zemljištem, čime bi se riješilo pitanje jamstva pri odobravanju kredita.
• Improve economic capacity at the level of the farm - through further investment in development services, encouragement of the research and educational system in agriculture.
• Unaprijediti ekonomsku sposobnost na razini poljoprivrednoga gospodarstava - daljnjim ulaganjem u razvojne službe, poticanjem istraživanja i obrazovnog sustava u poljoprivredi.
The way to answers to which legal, political and institutional measures have to be taken and how they should be put into practice is still a long one.
Put do odgovora na pitanja koje sve zakonske, političke i institucionalne mjere treba poduzeti i kako ih ostvariti još je uvijek dug.
Through which instruments of economic and structural policy should one work on the income of agricultural producers, the protection of consumers, the development of the rural space and regional balance?
Kojim instrumentima ekonomske i strukturne politike djelovati na dohodak poljoprivrednih proizvođača, zaštitu potrošača, razvoj ruralnog prostora i regionalnu ravnotežu?
Is not Croatian agriculture, after all, so particular that a special way needs to be found for the adjustment of it to the developed economies?
Je li hrvatska poljoprivreda ipak toliko specifična da za njezinu prilagodbu razvijenim gospodarstvima treba pronaći neki poseban put?
The only thing certain is that the Croatian institutions responsible for negotiations with and convergence of Croatia on the EU must be very well prepared for the performance of their assignments, which means that it is necessary to go on providing for the specialisation of domestic experts within the administrative departments for the wellgrounded making of political decisions that are in harmony with EU practice.
Sigurno je samo to da se hrvatske ustanove odgovorne za pregovore i približavanje Hrvatske EU trebaju kvalitetno pripremiti za obavljanje svojih zadaća, što znači da je potrebno i nadalje osiguravati specijalizaciju domaćih stručnjaka u sklopu upravnih službi za utemeljeno donošenje političkih odluka u skladu s EU praksom.
i The CAP existed in a certain form from the conference of the six original members in 1958 in Stresa.
i Zajednička poljoprivredna politika postoji u određenom obliku od Konferencije šest izvornih članica godine 1958. u Stresi.
In more concreteform, this was carried out after the adoption of the First Mansholt Plan at the said Stresa conference.
U konkretnom obliku to je provedeno nakon donošenja Prvog Mansholtova plana na spomenutoj konferenciji u Stresi.
iii According to the document Croatia in the 21st century, Food, Office for the Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia, T. Zimbrek, leader of thefood section.
iii Prema dokumentu Hrvatska u 21. stoljeću - Prehrana, Ured za strategiju razvitka Republike Hrvatske, voditelj dionice Prehrana prof. dr. T. Zimbrek.
iv These indicators are: 1. nominal protection rate, NPR; 2. effective protection rate, EPR; 3. production subsidy equivalent, PSE; 4. effective rate of assistance, ERA (more in franic, 1999).
iv Ti su pokazatelji: 1. nominalna stopa zaštite (Nominal Protection Rate - NPR), 2. efektivna stopa zaštite (Effective Protection Rate - EPR), 3. prozvođački subvencijski ekvivalent PSE, 4. efektivna stopa pomoći (Effective Rate of Assistance - ERA) (detaljnije: Franić, 1999).
vi “A Strategy for Croatian Agriculture ”, Competitiveness in Agriculture and EU Accession.
vi DRCpokazateljem (Domestic Resource Cost), odnosno troškovima domaćih resursa u proizvodnji.
vii According to the document Croatia in the 21st century - Food.
vii “A Strategy for Croatian Agriculture ”, Competitiveness in Agriculture and EU Accession.
viii First Phase measures are the key measures of the harmonisation of the legislation of an applicant country as stated in the White Paper, and they relate to operations offundamental importance for other forms of supranational operations, such as the trade in goods and services.
viii Prema dokumentu Hrvatska u 21. stoljeću - Prehrana, Ured za strategiju razvitka Republike Hrvatske, voditelj dionice prof. dr. sc. T. Zimbrek; koordinator podloge Poljoprivredna politika - mr. sc. M. Božić, MPŠ, Zagreb, 2002.
Chapter 8
Poglavlje 8.
ENERGY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND IN CROATIA
ENERGETIKA U EUROPSKOJ UNIJI I HRVATSKOJ
The objective of this work is to determine the extent of the conformity of the Croatian energy sector with the conditions for membership in the EU.
Cilj je ovog rada utvrditi usklađenost energetskog sektora RH s uvjetima za članstvo u EU.
According to a comparative analysis an identification is made of the state of affairs in the energy sector in the EU, in the Republic of Croatia and in the applicant countries, the level at which the conditions for membership are fulfilled and the necessary measures that have to be implemented during the reform.
Na temelju komparativne analize stanja energetskog sektora u EU, RH i državama kandidatkinjama identificira se razina ispunjavanja uvjeta za članstvo i nužne mjere koje se moraju provesti tijekom reforme.
The main conclusion is that the legal system itself in the area of the Croatian energy system is already mainly harmonised with the EU system.
Glavni je zaključak da je pravni sustav na području energetskog sektora RH već uvelike usklađen sa sustavom EU.
However, concrete application of the rules departs from the way rules are applied in the EU.
Međutim, konkretna primjena pravila odudara od primjene u EU.
Since these rules obtain their final form only during application, and the manner of interpretation and application is much harder to change than the rules themselves, particular attention needs devoting to practice in the process of adjustment.
Budući da ta pravila dobivaju konačan oblik tek u primjeni, a način tumačenja i primjenu mnogo je teže mijenjati od samih pravila, u procesu prilagodbi osobitu važnost treba pridati praksi.
energy, market liberalisation, single energy market, criteria for membership, Croatia, applicants, EU
energetika, liberalizacija tržišta, jedinstveno energetsko tržište, kriteriji za članstvo, Hrvatska, kandidati, EU
* The views expressed herein are the standpoints of the author, are not binding upon the institution in which she works, and do not necessarily coincide with the official views of the Croatian Energy Regulatory Council (Croatian acronym: VRED)
* Iznesena stajališta osobna su mišljenja autorice, ničim ne obvezuju instituciju u kojoj je zaposlena i ne podudaraju se nužno sa službenim stavovima VRED-a.
Adaptation to the EU system is a process of the gradual acceptance of its rules and standards.
Prilagođavanje sustavu Europske unije (EU) proces je postupnog prihvaćanja njezinih pravila i standarda.
The membership criteria define the necessary level of harmonisation with the EU system that must be attained by applicant states.
Kriteriji za članstvo definiraju nužnu razinu usklađenosti sustavu EU koju države kandidatkinje moraju postići.
In an evaluation of fulfilment of membership criteria, the European Commission takes into account the conformity of the national political system as a whole (degree of democracy, effectiveness of the rule of law, establishment of market economy) and of individual sectors.
Pri procjeni ispunjavanja kriterija za članstvo Europska komisija vrednuje usklađenost državnog uređenja u cjelini (stupanj demokracije, djelotvornost pravne države, uspostavljeno tržišno gospodarstvo) i pojedinačnih sektora.
In the energy sector, during membership negotiations the EU first of all required from the applicants an increased level of nuclear safety.
Na području energetike EU je tijekom pregovora o članstvu od kandidata ponajprije zahtijevala povećanje razine nuklearne sigurnosti.
However, with reform and liberalisation of the energy sector, new requirements have been set up for states that wish to join.
Međutim, reformom i liberalizacijom energetskog sektora u EU postavljeni su novi zahtjevi državama koje se žele uključiti u EU.
In this paper, these requirements are identified, their implementation in the EU, in the applicant countries, and in the Republic of Croatia.
U ovom se radu identificiraju ti zahtjevi, njihova provedba u EU, u državama kandidatkinjama i u RH.
According to what has been achieved to date by certain groups of countries, the main difficulties in meeting EU demands and the measures that might help to solve them are identified.
Na temelju dosega pojedinih skupina zemalja identificiraju se glavne teškoće u ispunjavanju zahtjeva EU i mjere koje bi mogle pomoći u njihovu rješavanju.
MEMBERSHIP CRITERIA
KRITERIJI ZA ČLANSTVO
In each sector of the economy, fulfilment of the membership conditions is evaluated according to how much the economic and legal criteria for membership are met.
U svakom se sektoru gospodarstva ispunjavanje uvjeta za članstvo procjenjuje na temelju ispunjavanja gospodarskih i pravnih kriterija za članstvo.
The fulfilment of economic criteria for membership implies: a) the existence of a functioning market economy (liberalisation of prices and trade, demand and supply equilibrium established by market forces) and b) the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union.
Ispunjavanje gospodarskih kriterija za članstvo podrazumijeva: a) postojanje djelotvornoga tržišnoga gospodarstva (liberalizacija cijena i trgovine, ravnoteža ponude i potražnje uspostavljena tržišnim snagama) i b) sposobnost suočavanja s konkurencijskim pritiskom i tržišnim utjecajima u EU.
The fulfilment of the second criterion is evaluated, however, among other things, according to an estimation of whether the proper infrastructure exists.
Ispunjavanje drugog kriterija vrednuje se, između ostaloga, na temelju procjene postoji li dostatna infrastruktura.
The legal conditions imply the acceptance and application of the acquis communautaire.
Pravni uvjeti podrazumijevaju prihvaćanje i primjenu propisa EU, tzv. acquisa communautairea, odnosno, skraćeno, acquisa.
At the level of states members and at the level of the Union no effective market economy in energy has yet been set up.
Na razini država članica ni na razini Unije nije još uspostavljeno djelotvorno tržišno gospodarstvo u energetici.
For example, the system of market laws at EU level is only just developing (for more detail, see Pelkmans, 2001), and this is one of the elements for the estimation of whether there is an effective market economy.
Primjerice, sustav tržišnih zakona na razini EU tek se razvija (detaljnije npr. u Pelkmans, 2001), a to je jedan od elemenata za procjenu postoji li djelotvorno tržišno gospodarstvo.
For this reason, in the energy sector the level to which membership conditions has been fulfilled is monitored with respect to the degree of liberalisation achieved within the EU.
Stoga se na području energetike razina ispunjavanja uvjeta za članstvo prati uzimanjem u obzir razine liberalizacije postignute u EU.
Hence, fulfilment of conditions for membership in the energy sector is estimated above all according to the ability to accept and apply the acquis.
Dakle, ispunjavanje uvjeta za članstvo na području energetike procjenjuje se prije svega na temelju sposobnosti za prihvaćanje i primjenu acquisa.
• improve energy networks in order to create a real European market;
• unapređenje energetskih mreža radi stvaranja energetskog tržišta
• prepare for crisis situations, particularly through the constitution of 90 days of oil stocks;
• priprema za krizna stanja, osobito uspostavom pričuva nafte dovoljnih za 90-dnevnu opskrbu
• address the social, regional and environmental consequences of the restructuring of mines;
• rješavanje socijalnih, regionalnih i ekoloških posljedica restrukturiranja sektora
• waste less energy and increase the use of renewable energies such as wind, hydro, solar and biomass in their energy balance;
• povećanje učinkovitosti, smanjivanje gubitaka energije i poticanje uporabe obnovljivih izvora (hidroenergija, energija vjetra, solarna energija i energija biomase)
CURRENT LEVEL OF FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR MEMBERSHIP
SADAŠNJA RAZINA ISPUNJAVANJA UVJETA ZA ČLANSTVO
The current level of the fulfilment of membership conditions is evaluated according to a comparative analysis of energy in the Republic of Croatia, in the applicant countries and in the EU.
Sadašnja razina ispunjavanja uvjeta za članstvo procjenjuje se na temelju komparativne analize energetike u RH, zemljama kandidatkinjama i EU.
Elements for an evaluation of the state of affairs are bounded on key definitions for the evaluation of the conformity of the applicants with the acquis and the results of previous negotiations (Lithuania team, 2002, op. cit.,
Elementi za procjenu stanja temelje se na ključnim odrednicama za procjenu usklađenosti kandidata s acquisom Unije i rezultatima dosadašnjih pregovora (Lithuania team, 2002, op. Cit.,
European Commission, DG TREN, 2002).i
European Commission, DG TREN, 2002)3
Since during membership negotiations the capacity of an applicant to take part in the single market, adequacy of reserves and nuclear safety have been defined as key points, the analysis is focused on these determinants.
Budući da su tijekom pregovora o članstvu kao ključna pitanja utvrđena sposobnost kandidata da sudjeluju na jedinstvenom tržištu, dostatnost pričuva i nuklearna sigurnost, analiza je usredotočena na te odrednice.
Joining the single market
Uključivanje u jedinstveno tržište
The ability to take part in the single market is evaluated according to the institutional and technical capacities of a given country.
Sposobnost sudjelovanja na jedinstvenom tržištu procjenjuje se na temelju institucionalne i tehničke mogućnosti sudjelovanja neke zemlje na tržištu.
Institutional capacity implies the acceptance and implementation of that part of the acquis that makes possible the establishment of a market economy in energy and technical readiness assumes an appropriate infrastructure and interoperability of systems.
Institucionalna sposobnost podrazumijeva prihvaćanje i provedbu dijela acquisa koji omogućuje uspostavu tržišnoga gospodarstva u energetici, a tehnička spremnost podrazumijeva odgovarajuću infrastrukturu i interoperabilnost sustava.