natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
However, the aspiration towards uniform standards has so far been limited to the area of the mutual recognition and execution of judicial decisions, i.e., to facilitating the access to the court for those EU citizens that are in the territory of other members, with the ultimate intention that every EU citizen can have equal access to bodies of state power everywhere in Europe, as if it were to do with his or her own national bodies.
Međutim, težnja za jedinstvenim standardima do sada se zadržavala na području uzajamnog izvršavanja sudskih odluka, tj. na olakšanju pristupu sudu građanima EU-a koji se nalaze na teritoriju drugih članica, s namjerom da konačno svaki građanin EU-a može jednako lako doprijeti do tijela vlasti bilo gdje u Europi kao da je riječ o njegovim vlastitim, nacionalnim tijelima.
With all these activities, judicial practice, procedural style and in particular the degree of efficiency of the machinery of justice are all still very different in the countries of the EU.
Uza sve te aktivnosti, pravosudna praksa, procesni stil, a posebno i stupanj učinkovitosti pravosudnog aparata, i dalje su vrlo divergentni u zemljama EU-a.
If we stick only to a general evaluation of the speed and user-friendliness of procedures, extremes can be found in the EU as well, from the rapid and simple procedure in e.g. Germany to the complex and lengthy procedures of Italy.
Ako se zadržimo samo na općoj ocjeni brzine i jednostavnosti postupka, mogu se i u EU pronaći krajnosti, od brzoga i jednostavnog postupka npr. u Njemačkoj, do složenoga i dugotrajnog postupka u Italiji.
In particular with regard to Italy, the problem of length of court proceedings is still far from being settled, and the number of cases in which Italy has been found liable for infringements of the right to a trial within a reasonable time at the ECHR is alarming.
Posebno je u talijanskom pravosuđu problem trajanja još daleko od konačnog rješenja, a broj osuda Italije zbog kršenja prava na postupak u razumnom roku pri Europskom sudu za ljudska prava (ESLJP) alarmantan je.
As far as the state of justice systems of the candidate countries is concerned, here the assessments are also divergent, but on the whole not very good.
Što se tiče stanja u zemljama kandidatkinjama, ocjene državnog pravosuđa se razlikuju, no u globalu nisu blistave.
A study of judicial capacity in the first ten candidate countries resulted in the collective evaluation that “in any country judicial reform is bound to be fraught with obstacles, difficulties and delays - and more so in Central and Eastern European countries, after half a century of communist rule during which courts and the law itself were debased and used as mere instruments of power” (Monitoring EU Accession: Judicial Capacity (2002:7).
Studija sudačke sposobnosti u deset prvih zemalja kandidatkinja rezultirala je ukupnom ocjenom o tome da je “u svakoj zemlji reforma pravosuđa povezana s preprekama, teškoćama i odugovlačenjem - osobito u zemljama središnje i istočne Europe, u kojima je pola stoljeća komunističke vladavine svelo sudove, pa i samo pravo, na puke instrumente političke moći” (Monitoring EU Accession: Judicial Capacity (2002:7).
As for the assessment of reforms, it is pointed out that evaluations from national reports reveal
U vezi s ocjenom reformi, upozorava se da ocjene iz nacionalnih izvješća otkrivaju...
“...a vivid illustration of a number of paradoxes: profound structural reforms are needed in all these countries in order to provide the judicial system with the capacity to fulfil its constitutional mission according to the requirements of a democratic society.
“... živahnu ilustraciju niza paradoksa: u svim tim zemljama potrebne su duboke strukturalne reforme da bi se pravosudnom sustavu osigurala sposobnost da ispunjava svoju ustavnu misiju u skladu sa zahtjevima demokratskog društva.
Such reforms require a strong and lasting political will from Governments and Parliaments - but one may ask if such a will really exists, or even how consistent the EU itself has been in calling for such commitment”.xi
Takve reforme traže snažnu i trajnu političku volju parlamenata i vlada - no možemo se pitati postoji li takva volja uopće, pa čak i koliko je EU bio konzistentan kada je pozivao na preuzimanje takvih obveza”.xi
The fact that Croatian problems with the judiciary are not unique is not in itself consolatory.
Činjenica da hrvatski pravosudni problemi nisu usamljeni nije sama po sebi utješna.
Even when it is compared with countries in which judicial problems rank high, the Croatian judiciary is bringing up the rear, vividly shown by the results of public opinion research that have shown that only in Croatia do the courts occupy the last place regarding public trust in social institutions.
Naime, čak i kada se usporedi sa zemljama u kojima su pravosudni problemi visoko na popisu nedostataka, hrvatsko je pravosuđe na začelju, što zorno pokazuju već citirani rezultati istraživanja javnoga mnijenja koji su potvrdili da se jedino u Hrvatskoj sudovi nalaze na samom začelju povjerenja u institucije.
™ This is also shown by recent surveys carried out at the request of Transparency International, in which to the question “from which institutions would you first of all eradicate corruption” respondents placed health care first, and the courts immediately afterwards.
™ Slično potvrđuju i nedavna ispitivanja provedena na zahtjev Transparency Internationala, u kojima su ispitanici na pitanje iz kojih bi institucija najprije iskorijenili korupciju na prvo mjesto stavili zdravstvo, a odmah iza njega sudstvo.
Seventy percent of citizens involved in the survey had the impression that corruption is to be found in the judiciary.
Dojam o tome da u pravosuđu postoji korupcija u tom je ispitivanju imalo 70% ispitanika.
Recently it became public that the national budget has already paid out over a million kuna in damages to parties for violations of the human right to a fair trial within reasonable time (of this about 110,000 euros because of decisions of the ECHR and about 200,000 kuna as a result of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the RC).
Kada je riječ o efikasnosti pravosuđa, nedavno je objavljen podatak da je samo za naknade strankama zbog povrede ljudskog prava na postupak u razumnom roku iz državnog proračuna već isplaćeno više od milijun kuna (od toga oko 110 000 eura prema odlukama ESLJP-a, a oko 200 000 kuna prema odlukama Ustavnog suda RH).
PROJECTS FOR ACCELERATING COURT PROCEEDINGS IN CIVIL MATTERS
PROJEKTI NAMIJENJENI UBRZANJU GRAĐANSKOGA SUDSKOG POSTUPKA
Acceleration of court proceedings is as a rule just as complex as every other far-reaching reform in the judicial system.
Ubrzavanje postupka po pravilu je jednako toliko složeno kao i svaka druga dalekosežna reforma u pravosuđu.
Simple and unilateral interventions are not adequate where long-lasting and fundamental problems are concerned.
Jednostavni i jednostrani zahvati nisu dostatni ondje gdje je riječ o dugotrajnim i temeljnim problemima.
We would hence attempt to group the heterogeneous acceleration projects into six strategies, which would, in our opinion, be identifiable in current initiatives.
Raznovrsne projekte na tom području pokušali bismo stoga grupirati u šest strategija za ubrzanje postupaka koji bi se, prema našem mišljenju, mogli prepoznati u aktualnim inicijativama.
• procedural reforms (modification of court procedures and dispute resolution routines for the sake of their streamlining and simplification);
• reforma postupovnih odredaba (promjena postupaka i ustaljenih rutina u rješavanju sudskih predmeta radi njihova pojednostavnjenja i skraćenja)
• transfer of assignments currently carried out by the courts to other state and social services and private professions (particularly to the notaries), and transfer of assignments which are not at the centre of the judicial function to other persons inside or outside the court;
• prenošenje zadataka koje trenutačno obavljaju sudovi na druge državne i društvene službe i privatne profesije (posebno na javne bilježnike), kao i prenošenje zadataka koji nisu u središtu sudačke funkcije na druge osobe unutar suda ili izvan njega
• encouraging parties to resolve their disputes by arbitration or by settlement reached either through direct negotiations or with the help of mediators;
• stimuliranje stranaka da svoje sporove rješavaju samostalno, i to nagodbama postignutima samostalno, uz pomoć trećih osoba (medijatora) ili arbitražom
• changes in the organisational structure of the justice system at the national level (the system of jurisdiction) and at the level of individual courts (reorganisation of the court administration);
• promjenama organizacijskog ustrojstva pravosuđa na nacionalnoj razini (sustav sudske nadležnosti) i na razini pojedinog suda (reorganizacija funkcioniranja sudske uprave)
• technical and logistic improvements (introducing new technologies, particularly IT; reorganisation of the delivery and register departments);
• tehnička i logistička poboljšanja (uvođenje novih, posebno informacijskih tehnologija, reorganizacija službe dostavljanja i sudskih registara)
• programmes for improving the quality of judicial personnel (tightening up the quality criteria during recruitment, a system of on-going education and professional further training).
• programi kadrovskog usavršavanja (zaoštravanje kriterija kvalitete pri regrutaciji osoblja u pravosuđu, sustav trajnog obrazovanja i stručnog usavršavanja).
This fairly extensive list in essence more or less covers all the possible ways in which a given country might oppose the problems of inefficiency in its justice system.
Ta dosta opsežna lista u osnovi gotovo pokriva sve načine na koje bi se određena zemlja mogla suprotstaviti problemima nedostatne efikasnosti svoga pravosuđa.
In the following paragraphs, we shall devote particular attention to strategies that relate to attempts to speed up the civil proceedings in the narrow sense (current and heralded reforms of procedural codes applicable to litigation, execution and bankruptcy laws).
U idućem tekstu posebnu ćemo pozornost pridati strategijama koje se odnose na pokušaje ubrzavanja građanskoga sudskog postupka u užem smislu (aktualne i najavljene reforme parničnoga, ovršnoga i stečajnog prava).
A presentation and assessment of changes in relation to other types of procedure (criminal, administrative and so on) are not the subject of this paper, while the organisational, personnel and other aspects have also been partially dealt with in other works (Uzelac, 2002a, 2002b), and partially contained in an expanded version of this paper (Uzelac, 2003).
Prikaz i ocjena promjena s obzirom na druge tipove postupka (kazneni, upravni i sl.) nisu predmet ovoga rada, dok su organizacijski, kadrovski i drugi aspekti dijelom već obrađeni u drugim radovima (Uzelac, 2002a, 2002b), a dijelom sadržani u proširenoj verziji ovoga rada (Uzelac, 2003).
A REFORM WITHOUT A REFORM:
REFORMA BEZ REFORME:
CURRENT DIRECTIONS OF CHANGE IN PROCEDURAL LEGISLATION
AKTUALNI SMJEROVI PROMJENE PROCESNOG ZAKONODAVSTVA
Changes aimed at accelerating court procedures in Croatia are concerned most of all with three large procedural codes: the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP), the Law on Enforcement, and the Bankruptcy Law.
Promjene koje se odnose na ubrzanje postupka u Hrvatskoj odnose se ponajviše na tri velika procesna sistemska zakona: Zakon o parničnom postupku, Ovršni zakon i Stečajni zakon.
As stated earlier, the process of amending these laws was not completely logical and expected.
Kako je već navedeno, pristup izmjenama tih zakona nije bio sasvim logičan i očekivan.
Only in autumn 2002 was this draft sent to parliamentary procedure, and finally adopted in July 2003 (NN 117/03).
Tek 2002. godine u jesen taj je nacrt bio upućen u parlamentarnu proceduru, da bi konačno bio usvojen u srpnju 2003.
Nor were they modified much earlier than the CCP, but completely new legislation was passed - as early as 1996 the Law on Enforcement (NN 57/96, 29/99, 42/00) replaced the Execution Procedure Law, and the Bankruptcy Law (44/96, 161/98, 29/99, 129/00) the Act on Forced Settlement, Liquidation and Bankruptcy.
Ne samo da su izmijenjeni mnogo prije nego ZPP, već su bili doneseni i sasvim novi propisi - još 1996. godine Ovršni zakon (NN 57/96, 29/99 i 42/00) zamijenio je Zakon o izvršnom postupku, a Stečajni zakon (44/96, 161/98, 29/99 i 129/00) Zakon o prisilnoj nagodbi, likvidaciji i stečaju.
Both new laws were again essentially amended only two or three years after their enactment, and another round of amendments - which partially consist of the abandonment of some features introduced by preceding amendments - are part of a new package of laws that were passed by the Parliament in 2003 in the last months before the elections.
Oba su zakona bila bitnije mijenjana u novelama jedva dvije-tri godine nakon donošenja, a još jedna runda izmjena - koje se dijelom sastoje i u odbacivanju nekih sasvim recentnih izmjena dio su novog paketa zakona koje je u posljednjim mjesecima prije izbora donio Sabor u 2003. godini.
All in all, it would seem that the changes in procedural legislation in the last ten years are affected by a hopeless chaos.
Sve u svemu, čini se da u promjenama procesnog zakonodavstva u proteklih desetak godina vlada beznadni kaos.
There is a wide awareness that court procedures fail to satisfy the needs of the citizens for efficient and timely protection of their rights.
Vrlo je uvriježena svijest o tome da način postupanja sudova nije ni približno u skladu s potrebama građana za efikasnom i pravodobnom pravnom zaštitom.
But in spite of many announcements of reforms, in spite of the flood of new legislative drafts and new legal provisions, or even the whole new laws, the basic routines and basic structures have hardly been changed.
No unatoč mnogobrojnim najavama, unatoč poplavi novih nacrta i novih pravila pa i cijelih novih zakona, temeljna se pravila i temeljne strukture gotovo i nisu promijenile.
To back up this claim, we shall attempt to pick out some of the basic tendencies of past and future reforms.
Kao potkrjepu te teze pokušat ćemo izdvojiti neke od temeljnih pravaca bivših i budućih reformi.
The purpose of this survey is limited to the most important elements of the numerous normative changes, because irrelevant details may stand in the way of an integral picture of the essential.
Svrha sljedećeg prikaza ograničena je na najvažnije elemente inače brojnih normativnih zahvata, u kojima nije rijetkost da nebitni detalji često onemogućuju cjelovitu sliku o onome bitnome.
And this essential might be summed up as follows: numerous legislative changes, tentatively called a “reform”, have not yet led to a real and fundamental reform capable of bringing about a system of justice appropriate to the needs of modern liberal democracies in the foreseeable future.
A konstanta bi se, evaluirajući ono što će biti izneseno, mogla sažeti u tezu da mnogobrojni zahvati, tentativno naznačeni kao “reforma”, još ni približno ne dovode do prave, fundamentalne reforme koja bi mogla u dogledno vrijeme obećati sustav pravosuđa primjeren potrebama modernih liberalnih demokracija.
Litigation procedure
Parnicni postupak
The underlying intention of the reform of civil proceedings was to achieve acceleration of the litigation procedure by tightening up measures to enhance procedural discipline, i.e., to put an end to strategies of procedural abuses.
Osnovne odrednice reforme (koja je u vrijeme pisanja ovoga rada još u zakonodavnom postupku) pokušaj su da se ubrzanje postupka ostvari zaoštravanjem mjera kojima bi se u postupku trebala zaoštriti tzv. procesna disciplina, tj. da se suzbiju strategije koje se opisuju kao “zlouporabe procesnih ovlaštenja”.
Although both concepts - of abuse of the procedural rights and procedural discipline - are controversial,™1 it would seem that a good part of the changes rests on the administrative and apparently paternalistic logic, according to which the problem of court delays can be mostly blamed on the behaviour of the parties, and hence the solution should be in increasing the amount of the penalties that the court can hand down during the process if it considers that some action of the participants is aimed at delaying or blocking the procedure.
Iako su oba pojma - zlouporabe prava i procesna disciplina - kontroverznixiii, čini se da se velik dio promjena temelji na administrativnoj i paternalističkoj logici prema kojoj se problem odugovlačenja može uglavnom prevaliti na ponašanje stranaka, pa se stoga rješenje može naći u povećanju visine kazni koje bi u postupku mogao izricati sud ako ocijeni da je neka od radnji sudionika usmjerena na zavlačenje i blokiranje postupka.
The most far-reaching structural change in the context of speeding up proceedings is somewhat ambivalent, and partly contrary to other changes that give the court more authorities in the procedure.
Najdalekosežnija strukturalna promjena u kontekstu je ubrzanja postupka pomalo ambivalentnog karaktera, k tome i suprotna prethodnoj promjeni koja sudu daje veće ovlasti u postupku.
For the sake of accelerating the proceedings and reinforcing the liability of the parties (and their counsel), the judges are generally deprived of the authority to order evidence ex officio.xiv This abandons the previous inquisitorial principle in evidence taking, and limits the process of factfinding to the evidence submitted (or requested) by the parties.
Naime, u ime ubrzanja postupka i jačanja odgovornosti stranaka (i njihovih zastupnika), sudu se oduzimaju njegove dosadašnje ovlasti da dokaze utvrđuje po službenoj dužnosti.xiv Time se napušta dosadašnje istražno načelo i ograničava sud na one dokaze koje stranke ponude.
It is somewhat paradoxical that the reform attempts to achieve acceleration by means opposite to those that are commonly used in similar reforms for this purpose - most trends in other countries endeavour to speed up procedures by strengthening and not by limiting judicial activism.
Pomalo je paradoksalno da se ubrzanje postupka nastoji ostvariti sredstvima potpuno suprotnima onima koja se uobičajeno primjenjuju u reformama koje se u tu svrhu čine - u drugim se zemljama većinom nastoji ubrzati postupak jačanjem, a ne ograničavanjem sudačkog aktivizma.
Many other changes from the voluminous draft of the new CCP are mainly of a partial nature.
I mnoge druge promjene iz voluminoznog nacrta novele ZPP-a uglavnom su polovične.
The concentration of the hearing at the trial stage will not easily be put into effect if it is left to the optional financial sanctions and possibility of reimbursement of costs caused by postponing hearings.
Koncentracija rasprava u prvostupanjskom postupku teško će se ostvariti ako bude prepuštena tek opcijskim novčanim sankcijama i mogućnošću naknade troškova uzrokovanih odgađanjem ročišta.
The power to pronounce a default judgment is strengthened only in cases when the defendant failed to submit within the time limit a written statement in reply, when a new default judgement (presuda zbog ogluhe) may be made.
Donošenje negativnih meritornih odluka zbog izostanaka stranaka osnaženo je tek mogućnošću da se novi default judgment (arhaično nazvan presudom zbog ogluhe) donese ako tuženik propusti u roku podnijeti pisani odgovor na tužbu.
Later failing of parties to appear at the hearings will continue, it would seem, to be unsanctioned.
Kasniji izostanci stranaka s ročišta i dalje će, čini se, ostati nesankcionirani.
Since the judges of the superior courts particularly took part in the shaping of the final draft, it is not unusual that the smallest changes were made precisely with respect to the appellate procedure.
Kako su u oblikovanju konačnog teksta nacrta posebno sudjelovali suci viših sudova, nije neobično da su najmanje promjene učinjene upravo u području žalbenog postupka.
For the sake of procedural discipline, the possibility of invoking new facts and evidence on appeal will be limited.
Radi discipline, ograničit će se mogućnost pozivanja na nove činjenice i dokaze u žalbenom postupku.
But apart from that, there is hardly any change: decisions on appeals will still be made in camera, without the regular presence of the parties and their counsel.
No osim toga, promjena jedva i ima: o žalbama će se i dalje odlučivati in camera, bez obvezatne nazočnosti stranaka i njihovih zastupnika.
The legal possibility, so far unused in practice, of carrying out a second instance public hearing, instead of being reaffirmed, has been deleted from the text of the law.
Dosadašnja, u praksi nekorištena mogućnost provođenja drugostupanjske rasprave, umjesto njezine praktične reafirmacije izbrisana je iz zakona.
The possibility of the multiple striking of judgements in the same case and sending them back for retrial - without any final solution by the second instance - will not be changed.
Mogućnost višestrukog ukidanja donesenih presuda i njihova vraćanja na ponovno suđenje - bez konačnog rješenja druge instancije - neće se promijeniti.
Overall, it would seem that the so-called reform of litigation procedure will just be a step in the continuity, and not a discontinuity with the generally dissatisfactory practice.
Ukupno, čini se da će tzv. reforma parničnog postupka biti tek korak kontinuiteta, a ne diskontinuiteta s općenito nezadovoljavajućom praksom.
Some dozen years earlier perhaps it would have been enough as a first step.
Desetak godina prije to bi možda bilo i dovoljno kao prvi i polazni korak.
Today, one can express the fear that disturbance and destabilisation of the system that three hundred articles of amendments may bring will outweigh the benefits.
Danas se može izraziti bojazan da će tristotinjak članaka izmjena i dopuna dovesti do više pomutnje i destabilizacije sustava negoli što će unijeti bitnije sistemske pomake.
One of the likely scenarios - that we nevertheless hope will not happen - is that after a certain period of time in which the degree of legal certainty and efficiency in the justice system will be even lower than hitherto, the courts will find a manner to go back to their present routines, including their earlier perception about the appropriate length of proceedings.
Jedan od vjerojatnih scenarija - za koji se ipak nadamo da se neće dogoditi - jest da će nakon određenog razdoblja, u kojemu će stupanj pravne sigurnosti i učinkovitosti biti čak i manji nego dosad, sudovi pronaći način da se vrate dosadašnjim rutinama, uključujući i dosadašnje predodžbe o “primjerenom” trajanju postupka.
Enforcement procedure
Ovršni postupak
Current plans for reforms of the enforcement procedure™ show an acute absence of any clear vision, even one regarding the diagnosis of the origins of the problems.
Aktualni planovi reforme ovršnog postupkaxv pokazuju akutni nedostatak jasne vizije, čak i u smislu dijagnoze ishodišta problema.
Instead of deformalising complex procedures and reinforcing some of the most important enforcement methods - above all, the enforcement on movable property, traditionally and statistically most important - current plans look to a completely different scenario.
Umjesto deformalizacije postupka i jačanja pojedinih najvažnijih metoda provedbe sudskih odluka - prije svega ovrhe na pokretninama kao tradicionalno i statistički najvažnije i najbrojnije, sadašnji planovi predviđaju sasvim drugačiji scenarij.
The current plan of reform provides for a kind of “outsourcing” of the enforcement from courts to other services.
Osnovne crte aktualnog plana reforme predviđaju svojevrstan outsourcing ovršnog postupka.
Although the idea of taking the caseload of the courts and shifting some of their tasks in execution of their judgments to other actors and private services is a step in the right direction, almost everything else in the intended reform is bewildering.
Iako je ideja rasterećenja sudova i prebacivanja nekih njihovih aktualnih poslova u ovrsi na druge aktere i privatne službe korak u dobrom smjeru, gotovo je sve ostalo u namjeravanoj reformi zbunjujuće.
On the other hand, the area in which the inefficiency of enforcement was the greatest remains untouched.
Osim toga, ono područje u kojemu je neefikasnost ovrhe bila najveća ostaje nedirnuto.