natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Particularly marked was the bilateral collaboration with neighbouring countries in the area of water protection, regulated by a number of bilateral treaties (with Hungary, for example, 1994, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1996).
Osobito je izražena bilteralna suradnja sa susjednim zemljama u području zaštite voda, koju regulira niz bilateralnih sporazuma, npr. s Mađarskom (1994), Bosnom 1 Hercegovinom (1996).
The indicators are synthetic data that link the state of the environment, i.e. the consumption of natural assets, with social and economic development, such as the use of public as against private transport.
Indikatori su sintetizirani podaci koji stanje okoliša, tj. potrošnju prirodnih dobara povezuju sa socio-ekonomskim razvojem, npr. uporaba javnog prijevoza u usporedbi s osobnim prijevozom.
There are different proposals for setting up the indicators.
Postoje različiti prijedlozi za uspostavu indikatora.
One of them is Indicators of Sustainable Development Framework and Methodologies, UN, 1996.
Jedan od njih je i Indicators of Sustainable Development Framework and Metodologies (UN, 1996).
See NEAP, MZOPU 2002; C. 6.5; Environmental Education.
xvii Vidjeti NEAP, MZOPU 2002; poglavlje 6.5.
On this page only the first project of this kind is quoted (it was carried out in 2001).
Na toj strani naveden je samo prvi projekt tog tipa, proveden 2001. godine.
Since then three more relevant analyses of legal gaps have been carried out that are not mentioned here at all.
Od tada su provedene još tri relevantne analize pravnih praznina koje se uopće ne spominju.
The web site of this project does not contain a single relevant document.
Dalje nema ni jednoga relevantnog dokumenta na web stranicama iz tog projekta.
St Francis of Assisi, 1181-1226.
xx Sv. Franjo Asiški, 1181-1226. god.
THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE PROTECTION OF MINORITIES IN THE PROCESS OF STABILISATION AND ASSOCIATION
PRAVNI ASPEKTI ZAŠTITE MANJINA U PROCESU STABILIZACIJE I PRIDRUŽIVANJA
Among the main conditions for joining the European Union (EU) is the protection of human rights, particularly the protection of minority rights.
Među glavnim uvjetima za pristupanje Europskoj uniji (EU) jesu zaštita ljudskih prava, posebno prava manjina.
This paper will consider the protection of minority rights in Croatia since independence in 1991.
U ovom će se radu razmotriti zaštita manjinskih prava u Hrvatskoj od osamostaljenja 1991. do 2003.
In four chapters the paper analyses some of the essential segments of the protection of minorities in the international context as well as the obligations of Croatia in this context.
U četiri poglavlja članak analizira neke bitne segmente zaštite manjina u međunarodnopravnom okviru, kao i obveze Hrvatske u tom kontekstu.
The analysis centres on the Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities adopted in December 2002.
Okosnica analize je Ustavni zakon o pravima nacionalnih manjina usvojen u prosincu 2002.
The position of minorities before and after this law came into force is compared.
U članku se uspoređuje položaj manjina prije i nakon stupanja tog zakona na snagu.
human rights, ethnic minorities, ethnic origin, discrimination, equal opportunities, Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities, international community, European Union
ljudska prava, nacionalne/etničke manjine, nacionalno podrijetlo, diskriminacija, jednake mogućnosti, Ustavni zakon o pravima nacionalnih manjina, međunarodna zajednica, Europska unija
This article discusses the position and rights of the national minorities in Croatia.
Članak razrađuje položaj i prava nacionalnih manjina u Hrvatskoj.
In the light of the introductory remarks, it is necessary to limit the objective of the paper.
U svjetlu uvodnih napomena potrebno je ograničiti cilj ovog rada.
Four chapters will give a review and analysis from the legal aspect of the statutory approaches to minority affairs in Croatia since 1991.
U četiri poglavlja s pravnog će se aspekta dati prikaz i analiza zakonskih rješenja koja se odnose na manjinsko pitanje u Hrvatskoj od 1991. do 2003.
As well as a review of the protection of minorities in international law, the undertakings Croatia has given to the EU in the handling of minority matters and an analysis of current and previous statutory approaches, the article will also put forward a number of measures and recommendations for improvement of the legal position of minorities in Croatia.
Osim prikaza međunarodnopravne zaštite manjina, obveza Hrvatske prema EU u rješavanju manjinskog pitanja i analize dosadašnjih te trenutačno važećih normativnih rješenja, u članku će se iznijeti niz mjera i preporuka za poboljšanje pravnog položaja manjina u Hrvatskoj.
What is an ethnic (or national) minority, how it is defined and understood, has been the subject of many discussions in recent literature in the EU (Closa, 1995; Recital, 1997; Beenen, 2001; Bell, 2002).
O definiciji i shvaćanju pojma nacionalne, odnosno etničke manjine u EU postoje brojne rasprave u recentnoj literaturi (Closa, 1997; Recital, 1997; Beenen, 2001; Bell, 2002).
This dilemma requires a special place and a detailed analysis that this work cannot deal with.
Ta dilema zahtijeva posebno mjesto i detaljnu analizu kojom se ovaj članak ne bavi.
Since the Croatian constitution discusses ethnic equality and the prohibition of discrimination based on ethnic origin, minorities in this text are taken to mean ethnic minorities.
Budući da hrvatski Ustav govori o nacionalnoj ravnopravnosti i zabrani diskriminacije utemeljene na nacionalnom podrijetlu, pod manjinama se u ovom tekstu razumijevaju “nacionalne manjine”.
In Croatia the term national minority is commonly used, but the English version of this text will adhere to EU and international usage in referring to ethnic minorities.
Međunarodni dokumenti i pravo EU-a koriste se izrazom etničke manjine.
Croatia has undertaken to protect human rights by the very fact that it is a member of the UN, the most important institution in the pyramid of human rights protection.
Hrvatska je preuzela obvezu zaštite ljudskih prava već samom činjenicom da je članica UN-a, najvažnije organizacije u piramidi zaštite ljudskih prava.
The high standards of protection of human rights and the standards of treaties and the legislation of the EU impose the obligation to respect the rights of individuals, and within the framework of this, the rights of members of minority groups.
Visoki standardi zaštite ljudskih prava i norme međunarodnih ugovora te zakonodavstvo EU-a nameću obvezu poštovanja prava pojedinaca i u sklopu toga prava pripadnika manjinskih skupina.
1 Through the prism of minority rights in Croatia, in four chapters, the problem of minorities as a whole will be discussed, over the time since the proclamation of independence.
1 Kroz prizmu manjinskih prava u Hrvatskoj, u četiri poglavlja razradit će se problematika manjinskog pitanja u Hrvatskoj od dana proglašenja samostalnosti do danas.
The Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities will be at the centre of the comparison of the state before and after it came into force.
Ustavni zakon o pravima nacionalnih manjina bit će okosnica za usporedbu stanja prije i nakon njegova stupanja na snagu.
The new Constitutional Law was appended to the application for membership in the EU, in February 2003, and hence this Law is a foundation for an analysis of the before-and-after condition.
Novi Ustavni zakon priložen je uz kandidaturu za članstvo u EU u veljači 2003. godine pa je Ustavni zakon temelj za analizu stanja prije i nakon toga.
THE INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
MEĐUNARODNA PERSPEKTIVA
Protection of minorities in international law
Međunarodnopravna zaštita manjina
International protection of minorities started as far back as the 17th century with sporadic introduction of provisions about the protection of religious and ethnic minorities in treaties settling some of the basic European political and territorial matters.
Međunarodna zaštita manjina počinje još u 17. stoljeću sporadičnim unošenjem odredaba o zaštiti vjerskih i nacionalnih manjina u međunarodne ugovore koji rješavaju neka temeljna europska politička i teritorijalna pitanja.
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) is commonly held to be the first important treaty dealing with mutual tolerance of religious communities in Germany (Vukas, 2003).
Najčešće se kao prvi značajniji međunarodni ugovor spominje Westfalski mirovni ugovor (1648), kojim je ugovorena međusobna tolerancija vjerskih zajednica na njemačkom području (Vukas, 2003).
In terms of substance and space only the Treaty of Berlin, concluded in 1878, was more important.
Sadržajno i prostorno značajniji bio je tek Berlinski ugovor, zaključen 1878. godine.
Unlike the protection of human rights, the protection of minority rights is not mentioned in the UN Charter of 1945.
Za razliku od zaštite prava čovjeka, zaštita manjina ne spominje se u Povelji Ujedinjenih naroda (1945).
Still, in 1947 a Sub-Commission for the prevention of discrimination and the protection of minorities was set up.
Potkomisija je nastojala dati definiciju manjina, ali službena definicija do danas nije usvojena.”
The protection of minorities in international law culminated in 1992 with the adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National and Ethnic, Religious and Language Minorities.
Međunarodnopravna zaštita manjina kulminirala je 1992. godine usvajanjem Deklaracije o pravima osoba koje pripadaju nacionalnim ili etničkim, vjerskim i jezičnim manjinama.
In the declaration, member states of the UNO undertook to take the lawful interests of members of minorities into account in framing their national policies and programmes, as well as in international programmes of collaboration and assistance.
Države članice UN-a deklaracijom su preuzele obvezu da zakonite interese pripadnika manjina uzmu u obzir u svojim nacionalnim politikama i programima, kao i u međudržavnim programima suradnje i pomoći.
They also undertook to collaborate in furthering the rights of members of minorities set out in the Declaration.
Obvezale su se i da će surađivati u promicanju prava pripadnika manjina navedenih u Deklaraciji.
Members of minorities could exercise all their rights individually, but also with other members of their group, without any kind of discrimination.
Sva svoja prava pripadnici manjina bez ikakve diskriminacije mogu ostvarivati pojedinačno, ali i zajedno s ostalim članovima svoje skupine.
Since the protection of minority rights in the frame of international law was started in Europe, and at the time of the League of Nations a relatively effective system for the protection of minorities was created, a very great deal was expected from European regional organisations in connection with the development of international standards about minority protection in European states.
Kako je zaštita manjina unutar međunarodnog prava započeta u Europi, a u vrijeme Lige naroda stvoren je relativno efikasan sustav zaštite manjina, najveća očekivanja postavila su se pred europske regionalne organizacije u smislu razvoja međunarodnih normi o zaštiti manjina u europskim državama.
Although above all the Council of Europe was looked to, the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) has no special provisions about minority protection.
Iako se to prije svega očekivalo od Vijeća Europe, Europska konvencija o zaštiti prava čovjeka i temeljnih sloboda (1950) nema posebne odredbe o zaštiti manjina.
It is important to state that the previously mentioned documents are treaties that Croatia is a party to.
Važno je napomenuti da su prethodno spomenuti dokumenti međunarodni ugovori čija je potpisnica i Hrvatska.
As early as in the Helsinki Final Act, on August 1, 1975, within the framework of principles about human rights, specific guarantee is given of the rights and legal interests of persons who belong to ethnic minorities.
Već u završnom aktu Konferencije, potpisanome u Helsinkiju 1. kolovoza 1975, u sklopu načela o pravima čovjeka izričito se jamče prava i zakoniti interesi osoba koje pripadaju nacionalnim manjinama (više u Vukas, 2003).
Finally, in the Final Document of the CSCE meeting concerning the human dimension held in Copenhagen in 1990, a comprehensive chapter on minority rights was adopted (for more details see Vukas (2003)).
Konačno, u Zaključnom dokumentu sastanka KESS-a o ljudskoj dimenziji, održanoga u Kopenhagenu 1990, usvojeno je iscrpno poglavlje o pravima manjina (Vukas, 2003:291-307).
CSCE documents use the phrase national minorities as a generic name for all the minorities whose rights these documents refer to, that is, to minorities that are marked by special ethnic, cultural, linguistic or religious characteristics.
U dokumentima KESS-a izraz “nacionalne manjine” upotrebljava se kao generički naziv za sve manjine na čija se prava ti dokumenti odnose, dakle, na manjine koje obilježavaju posebne etničke, kulturne, jezične ili vjerske značajke.
By 1994, an instrument for the protection of minority rights within the Central European Initiative (CEI) had been composed; this contains one of the most exhaustive lists of minority rights to be found in international documents.
Već 1994. godine sastavljen je i usvojen instrument zaštite prava manjina unutar Srednjoeuropske inicijative (SEI) koji sadržava jednu od najiscrpnijih lista manjinskih prava što se može naći u međunarodnim dokumentima.
In this document the states of this group took over the essential already-existent rules of universal and European international law concerning the rights of minorities, and additional rules were put in corresponding to the particular features of Central Europe.
U tom dokumentu države te skupine preuzele su bitna, već postojeća pravila općega i europskoga međunarodnog prava o zaštiti manjina, a unesena su i dodatna pravila koja odgovaraju specifičnostima srednjoeuropskog područja.
Although this is not a treaty, it is important in that in it there is a definition of national minorities, which so far had not been found in documents adopted at the international level, only within the international legislation of some of the states.
Iako dokument nije međunarodni ugovor, važan je po tome što u njemu postoji definicija nacionalnih manjina, što se do tada nije moglo naći u dokumentima donesenim na međunarodnoj razini, već samo unutar internih zakonodavstava nekih država.
Within the CE, after many initiatives, a treaty concerning the protection of minority rights has at last been adopted, with the adoption of the Framework Convention on the Protection of Minority Rights, February 1, 1995.iv The main criticism of this document is that the scope of minority rights, according to the wording of the Convention, is fairly narrow.
Unutar Vijeća Europe, nakon mnogobrojnih inicijativa, ipak je donesen ugovor o zaštiti manjina usvajanjem Okvirne konvencije o zaštiti nacionalnih manjina 1. veljače 1995. godine.iv Glavna zamjerka tom dokumentu jest da je opseg prava pripadnika manjina, prema tekstu Konvencije, dosta ograničen.
However, it did help Croatia, as state member of the Council of Europe, to create its Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities.
Ipak, on je poslužio Hrvatskoj kao državi članici Vijeća Europe za stvaranje Ustavnog zakona o pravima nacionalnih manjina.
European Union and candidates
Europska unija i države kandidatkinje
Discrimination of minority groups has become one of the main problems that members of the EU and the candidates have to face.
Diskriminacija manjinskih skupina postala je jedan od glavnih problema s kojim se suočavaju države članice EU-a, ali i države kandidatkinje.
Matters of racial, ethnic and sexual discrimination have become one of the chief headaches of the heads of the Union, and hence it was decided to devote special care to the suppression of these forms of discrimination and protection of the rights of the victims.
Pitanja rasne, etničke i spolne diskriminacije postala su glavna briga čelnika Unije te je stoga odlučeno da se posebna pozornost usmjeri na suzbijanje navedenih oblika diskriminacije i zaštitu prava žrtava.
What is more, the matter and the degree of the protection of these rights became one of the main preconditions for states that aimed at becoming members of the Union in the future (Recital, 1997).
Štoviše, zaštita i razina prava postali su jedan od glavnih preduvjeta za države koje bi u budućnosti trebale postati članice Unije (Recital, 1997).
The present text and the form of the anti-discriminatory legislation in the EU, through experience to date, show that alongside the legislative framework there also has to be an effective strategy for the suppression of racial and ethnic discrimination (Directorate-General for Research, 2003).
Sadašnji tekst i oblik antidiskriminacijskog zakonodavstva u EU na temelju dosadašnjeg iskustva pokazuje da je osim zakonodavnih okvira nužna i učinkovita strategija u suzbijanju rasne i etničke diskriminacije.
Hence the EP has consistently highlighted the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the solution of these forms of discrimination.
v Stoga Europski parlament konzistentno naglašava potrebu multidisciplinarnog pristupa u rješavanju navedenih oblika diskriminacije.
Alongside multidisciplinary action, there is also the need for a better harmonisation among the various areas of EU politics to do with the promotion of equal minority opportunities.
Osim multidisciplinarnog djelovanja, postoji potreba za boljom usklađenosti različitih područja politike EU-a u promicanju jednakih mogućnosti za manjine.
The EU promotes this kind of policy not only inside but also beyond its frontiers.
Takvu politiku EU ne promiče samo unutar svojih granica već i izvan njih.
For this reason, current and future candidates for membership must meet the demands for protection against all forms of discrimination, particularly racial, ethnic, religious and gender.
Zato sadašnje i buduće kandidatkinje za članstvo u EU moraju ispuniti zahtjev za zaštitom od svih oblika diskriminacije, posebice rasne, etničke, vjerske i spolne.
Only by meeting these criteria will states be allowed to submit their candidature.
Tek ispunjavanjem tog kriterija države stječu mogućnost podnošenja kandidature.
Thus, the Croatian Constitutional Law is actually appended to the Croatian candidature for membership.
Tako je i hrvatski Ustavni zakon o pravima nacionalnih manjina priložen uz hrvatsku kandidaturu za članstvo u Uniji.
Today's candidate states, such as the Czech Republic and Romania, also have to face the problem of racial and ethnic intolerance.
S problemom rasne i etničke nesnošljivosti susreću se i današnje države kandidatkinje poput Češke i Rumunjske.
The most at-risk minority group in these states is that of the Romany (ELDR, 1997:13).
Najugroženija manjinska skupina u tim državama su Romi (ELDR, 1997:13).
In order to obviate racial and ethnic discrimination, at the level of member states of the EU, one idea was to establish the criterion of ratification of the UN Convention for the Abolition of Racial Discrimination (1969) as a condition for membership of the EU.
Kako bi se uklonila rasna i etnička diskriminacija na razini država članica EU-a jedna od ideja bila je postavljanje kriterija ratifikacije UN-ove Konvencije o uklanjanju rasne diskriminacije (1969) kao uvjeta za članstvo u EU.
This was also an unrealistic expectation.
To je također bilo nerealno očekivanje.
In addition, the Treaty of Amsterdam introduces the concept of European citizenship, which does not replace nationality or citizenship of a member state but is rather an attempt to create a European nation (Closa, 1995).
Osim toga, Ugovorom iz Amsterdama uvodi se koncept “europskoga građanstva” (European citizenship), koje ne zamjenjuje nacionalnost odnosno državljanstvo države članice već je pokušaj stvaranja “europskog naroda” (Closa, 1997).
The range of rights of European citizens guaranteed by the treaty is limited, and it is a matter of only political rights.
Ograničen je opseg prava europskog građanina zajamčen ugovorom, a riječ je o isključivo političkim pravima.
However, what is interesting is that the introduction of the concept set off a great many discussions on the definition and understanding of concepts such as nationality and citizenship (Beenen, 2001).
Međutim, ono što je zanimljivo jest činjenica da je uvođenje spomenutog koncepta pokrenulo brojne rasprave o definiranju i razumijevanju pojmova kao što su nacionalnost, državljanstvo, građanstvo (Beenen, 2001).
With the development of the concept of citizenship one might change the understanding and definition of the concept of minority, particularly after the accession of the countries of CEE to the EU.
Razvojem koncepta građanstva moglo bi se promijeniti shvaćanje i definiranje pojma manjina, posebice nakon priključenja država srednje i istočne Europe EU.
For the purposes of this paper, it is necessary to explain that the overall law of the European Community, whether contained in the Founding Treaty, in some instrument of an institution of the Community or in any other source, has a superior status vis-a-vis the whole of national law, including constitutional provisions (Capeta, 2002).
Za potrebe članka potrebno je objasniti da cjelokupno pravo Europske zajednice, bilo da je sadržano u Osnivačkom ugovoru, aktu institucije Zajednice ili bilo kojem drugom izvoru, ima nadređen status s obzirom na cjelokupno nacionalno pravo, uključujući i ustavne odredbe (Capeta, 2003).
The superiority of Community law is a condition to forestall the abolition or modification of the law of the Community against the will of all the member states, who are alone all together authorised to do this.
Nadređenost prava Zajednice uvjet je da se onemogući ukidanje ili izmjena prava Zajednice bez volje svih država članica koje su samo skupno za to ovlaštene.
Apart from that, the role of legislative bodies of the member states is, on accession to the EU, essentially reduced, because of the transfer of regulatory authority to the European bodies, the role of the national courts is increased because it is precisely on them that the real application of European law depends.
Osim toga, uloga zakonodavnih tijela država članica pristupanjem EU bitno je smanjena zbog prenošenja regulatornih ovlasti na europska tijela, a uloga nacionalnih sudova povećana je zbog toga što upravo o njima ovisi stvarna primjena europskog prava.
The national parliaments may not regulate matters that have been placed within the purview of the Union, and yet the courts are obliged not only to apply European laws but also by the method of excluding things that are unlawful, to prevent the application of national laws, even of a constitutional nature, if they are against European legal standards (Rodin, 1997).
Naime, nacionalni parlamenti ne smiju regulirati onu materiju koja je u području regulacije Unije, a sudovi su dužni ne samo primjenjivati europska pravna pravila, već i metodom izuzeća protuzakonitosti izuzimati iz primjene norme nacionalnog prava, pa i ustavnog karaktera ako su suprotne europskim pravnim normama (Rodin, 1997).
In addition, the directive defines for the first time direct and indirect discrimination, the definitions of which were later incorporated into the Equal Treatment Directive.
Svrha Direktive je postavljanje okvira za suzbijanje diskriminacije na temelju rasnoga i nacionalnog podrijetla, čime se u državama članicama ozakonjuje načelo jednakog postupanja.
Every incitement to discrimination is also considered discrimination in the sense of the Directive.
Svako poticanje na diskriminaciju također se smatra diskriminacijom u smislu Direktive.
The scope of application of the Directive will be expanded to cover private and public sectors, as well as area of employment, self-employment and further education, including the criteria employed during hiring, further education and promotion.
Opseg primjene Direktive proširit će se na javni i privatni sektor, kao i na područja zapošljavanja, samozapošljavanja i usavršavanja, uključujući i kriterije pri zapošljavanju, usavršavanju i napredovanju.