natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
For Croatia, at the level of legal theory, what started to develop in Europe with the teaching of Rudolph von Ihering and his rejection of the dogmatic approach is very relevant (Ihering, 1872); this created the ideological premises for the creation of a “new European legal culture” that, as Hesselink says, is positivist (because it is occupied with positive law here and now) and dogmatic (for it is based on the assumption that a legal system is coherent and integrated, and that for a given legal question there is only one proper answer).
Na pravnoteoretskom planu za Hrvatsku je danas relevantno ono što se u Europi počelo razvijati učenjem Rudolpha von Iheringa i njegova odbacivanja dogmatskog pristupa (Jhering, 1872), što je stvorilo ideološke pretpostavke za stvaranje “nove europske pravne kulture”, koja je, kako navodi Hesselink, pozitivistička (jer je zaokupljena pozitivnim pravom ovdje i sada) i dogmatska (jer se temelji na pretpostavci da je pravni sustav koherentan i cjelovit, te da na određeno pravno pitanje postoji samo jedan pravi odgovor).
Under the impact of European legal standards, traditional culture was transformed and became informed by substantial elements, analytic, interdisciplinary, critical (Hesselink, 2001).
Pod utjecajem europskih pravnih normi tradicionalna se kultura transformira i postaje informirana supstancijalnim elementima, analitička, interdisciplinarna, kritička (Hesselink, 2001).
In the USA a similar process started to develop with the work of Oliver Wendell Holmes, begetter of the school of legal realism.
U SAD-u se sličan proces počeo razvijati djelovanjem Olivera Wendella Holmesa, rodonačelnika škole pravnog realizma.
Characteristics of both processes are a break with the way of thinking connected with the forms of law, directed at legal concepts that ignore the reality, and a down to earth approach to legal problems, which is best expressed, perhaps, in the famed sentence of Holmes that in studying law we do not study any kind of mystery, but a well known profession.
Obilježja obaju procesa su raskid s pravnoformalnim načinom razmišljanja usmjerenim na pravne koncepte koje zanemaruje realitet i down to earth pristup pravnim problemima, koji je možda najbolje izražen u znamenitoj Holmesovoj rečenici kako studirajući pravo ne studiramo nikakav misterij već dobro poznatu profesiju.
The break with traditional legal culture on both sides of the Atlantic has enabled a convergence with analysis of standards with that of economics, society and institutions; it is precisely this radical break that will turn out to be the key assignment of Croatian legal theory and practice in the modernisation of the legal system.
Raskid s tradicionalnom pravnom kulturom na obje strane Atlantika omogućio je konvergenciju normativne analize s ekonomskom, socijalnom i institucionalnom, te će se upravo taj radikalni raskid pokazati ključnim zadatkom hrvatske pravne teorije i prakse u modernizaciji pravnog sustava.
Traditional legal culture in Croatia has made possible the inveterate acceptance of the understanding that since, after all, the Croatian legal system is founded upon the fine traditions of Roman law, of Austro-Hungarian, Germanic, Central European and who knows what other traditions, that for its harmonisation with the demands of Europe it is only necessary to accept a given number, true, a very large number, of legal rules; this is, after all, a merely technical task.
Tradicionalna pravna kultura u Hrvatskoj omogućila je široko prihvaćanje shvaćanja da je, eto, hrvatski pravni sustav utemeljen na dobrim rimskopravnim, austrougarskim, germanskim, srednjoeuropskim i tko zna kakvim još drugim tradicijama, te kako je za njegovu prilagodbu europskim zahtjevima potrebno tek prihvatiti određeni, doduše, velik broj pravnih pravila što je ipak samo tehnički zadatak.
This kind of legal optimism has contributed to the flood of legal institutes for which there is often no real social grounding, and no opposed interests in the settlement of which the legal rules should be made concrete, to do with which legal doctrine should be developed.
Takav normativni optimizam pridonosi nekritičkom bujanju pravnih instituta za koje često ne postoji stvarna društvena podloga, kao ni sukobljeni interesi u čijem bi se razrješavanju trebala konkretizirati pravna pravila i razvijati pravna doktrina.
Quite the opposite to such an understanding, in the context of meeting the criteria for membership in the EU, the measure of conformity and adjustment of the legal system will be seen in its fruits, that is, the political, economic and social substances that are governed by these legal standards, and this need to be determined empirically.
Upravo suprotno takvom shvaćanju, u kontekstu ispunjavanja kriterija za članstvo u EU, mjerilo prilagođenosti pravnog sustava bit će njegov rezultat, dakle politički, gospodarski i socijalni sadržaj koji se uređuje pravnim normama, a njega je potrebno empirijski utvrditi.
Chapter 11
Poglavlje 11.
THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL SECTOR AND THE GOVERNMENT:
NEVLADIN SEKTOR I VLADA:
A DIALOGUE FOR EUROPE
DIJALOG ZA EUROPU
Igor Vidacak
Igor Vidačak
Institute for International Relations Zagreb
Institut za međunarodne odnose Zagreb
This paper discusses the opportunities for and obstacles in the way of a dialogue between the Croatian government and the non-governmental sector within the context of the European integration process.
Tekst problematizira mogućnosti i prepreke za uspostavljanje dijaloga hrvatske Vlade i nevladinoga sektora u sklopu europskoga integracijskog procesa.
Although the development of civil society, the building of institutional and administrative capacities and the strengthening of cross-sectoral dialogue are fundamental preconditions for the implementation of the overall adjustment to the EU, there is no clear list of priorities and demands on the basis of which it might be possible to monitor the progress made in this area by candidate and potential applicant countries for membership.
Iako su razvoj civilnog društva, izgradnja institucionalnih i administrativnih kapaciteta te jačanje međusektorskog dijaloga temeljni preduvjeti za provedbu ukupnih prilagodbi EU, ne postoji jasna lista prioriteta i zahtjeva na osnovi kojih bi se mogao na tim područjima pratiti napredak država kandidatkinja i potencijalnih kandidatkinja za članstvo.
Because of the lack of any clearly defined acquis, several strategic documents of the European institutions and the existing literature about the advances made by applicant states will be used as a point of departure for the analysis.
Zbog nedostatka jasno definiranog acquisa kao polazište za analizu poslužit će nekoliko strateških dokumenata europskih institucija te postojeća literatura o napretku država kandidatkinja za pristupanje EU.
The main guidelines for and obstacles to reform in this area in Croatia will be picked out in the light of the European criteria of good governance and the relevant experience of applicant countries.
U svjetlu opisanih europskih kriterija dobrog upravljanja te relevantnih iskustava država kandidata za članstvo, bit će izdvojene glavne smjernice i preporuke za reforme na tom području u Hrvatskoj.
civil dialogue, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the third sector, the government, Croatia, the EU, SAA
civilni dijalog, nevladine organizacije (NVO), treći sektor, Vlada, Hrvatska, EU, SSP
Civil dialogue, that is, a dialogue with non-governmental organisations (NGOs)i has in the last few years become a very important EU topic.
Civilni dijalog odnosno dijalog s nevladinim organizacijama (NVO) proteklih je nekoliko godina postao vrlo važna tema u EU.
The non-governmental sector has grown into an identifiable social, political and increasingly an economic factor in the whole of the EU.
Nevladin sektor izrastao je u prepoznatljivi društveni, politički te, sve više, i gospodarski čimbenik u cijelome EU.
One of the reasons for the increasing importance of a dialogue with the NGOs in the Union should be sought in part in the worrying results of public opinion polls which show a low level of understanding on the part of citizens of EU member states of the complex structures and mechanisms in which the European institutions work.
Jedan od razloga sve veće važnosti dijaloga s NVO-ima u Uniji treba djelomice tražiti i u zabrinjavajućim rezultatima ispitivanja javnog mnijenja koji pokazuju nisku razinu razumijevanja kompleksnih struktura i mehanizama djelovanja europskih institucija među građanima država članica EU.
This lack of understanding is directly manifested, for example, in the increasingly poor turn-out of voters at elections for MEPs, while not long ago this was reflected in the Irish voters at a recent referendum turning down support for ratification of the Treaty of Nice, thus bringing into question the future enlargement of the Union.
Takvo nerazumijevanje izravno se očituje primjerice u sve nižem odazivu građana na izbore zastupnika za Europski parlament, a nedavno se očitovalo i odbijanjem irskih građana da na referendumu daju potporu ratifikaciji Sporazuma iz Nice, čime je dovedeno u pitanje buduće proširenje Unije.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the quality of the dialogue between the Croatian government and the non-governmental sector” in the light of the standards of good governance that have been developed, or are still being developed, at the EU level, and in the light of the experience of chosen applicant countries for Union membership.
Svrha je ovoga rada ocijeniti kvalitetu dijaloga hrvatske Vlade s nevladinim sektoromii u svjetlu standarda dobrog upravljanja koji su razvijeni ili se još uvijek razvijaju na razini EU, te u svjetlu iskustava odabranih država kandidata za članstvo u Uniji.
The process of the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) between Croatia and the EU will be analysed as a potential catalyst for the strengthening of the culture of dialogue and consultation, first of all at a national and then at regional and local levels.iii
Proces provedbe Sporazuma o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju (SSP) Hrvatske EU bit će analiziran kao potencijalni katalizator jačanja kulture dijaloga i savjetovanja ponajprije na nacionalnoj, te postupno i na regionalnim i lokalnim razinamaiii.
EU POLICY TOWARDS THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL SECTOR
POLITIKA EU PREMA NEVLADINU SEKTORU
In official EU documents the non-governmental sector started being mentioned no earlier than the eighties.
U službenim se dokumentima EU nevladin sektor počinje spominjati tek sredinom osamdesetih godina.
During the almost thirty years from the signing of the Treaties of Rome, collaboration with the NGOs was looked at exclusively as part of the sphere of competence of the member states, and the only European initiatives in the area were related to the work of EU agencies for aid to developing countries (Kendal, Anheier, 1999).
Tijekom gotovo trideset godina od potpisivanja Rimskih ugovora, suradnja s NVO-ima promatrala se kao isključivi djelokrug država članica, pa su jedine europske inicijative na tom području bile vezane za rad agencija EU za pomoć zemljama u razvoju (Kendall, Anheier, 1999).
At the beginning of the nineties, thanks mainly to the new institutional and symbolic framework given by the Treaty of Maastricht and the concept of a Europe of citizens, there was a sudden rise in the number of NGO networks actively involved in lobbying and in a dialogue with European institutions, and a move to a gradual explicit acknowledgement of their role in EU strategic documents.
Početkom devedesetih godina, zahvaljujući ponajprije novom institucionalnom i simboličkom okviru što su ga dali Ugovor iz Maastrichta i koncept Europe građana, dolazi do naglog porasta broja mreža NVO-a aktivno uključenih u lobiranje i u dijalog s europskim institucijama, te do postupnoga ekplicitnog priznavanja njihove uloge u strateškim dokumentima EU.
The development of EU policy vis-a-vis the third sector is linked with a number of difficulties.
Razvoj politike EU prema trećem sektoru povezan je s nizom teškoća.
Firstly, though most member states of the EU have a very long tradition of civil society and democratic culture, there are considerable differences among them in the modalities of relations with non-governmental associations and the circumstances accompanying the development of this sector.
Prvo, iako većina država članica EU ima vrlo dugu tradiciju civilnog društva i demokratske kulture, među njima postoje znatne razlike u modalitetima odnosa s nevladinim udrugama te okolnostima koje su pratile razvoj samoga sektora.
Secondly, the activities of the European NGOs were mostly concentrated in areas that were traditionally in the sphere of competence of the member states, and not the EU (Kendall, 2001).
Drugo, aktivnosti europskih NVO-a najvećim su dijelom koncentrirane u područjima koja su tradicionalno u djelokrugu država članica, a ne EU (Kendall, 2001).
Thirdly, the nongovernmental sector within each one of the member states is highly heterogeneous and composed of organisations of very different aims and structures, which makes it much more difficult to construct a common and all-encompassing policy.
Treće, nevladin je sektor unutar svake od država članica iznimno heterogen i sastavljen od organizacija vrlo različitih ciljeva i struktura, što otežava izgradnju zajedničke, sveobuhvatne politike.
The next difficulty is related to the absence of a common definition of the scope and significance of the concept of a non-governmental association, and the consequence of this is quite often an uneven employment of the vocabulary inside EU documents.
Sljedeća je teškoća vezana za nedostatak zajedničke definicije opsega i značenja pojma nevladine organizacije, a posljedica toga nerijetko je neujednačena uporaba vokabulara u dokumentima EU.
Finally, because of the so-called horizontaliv nature of policy towards the NGOs, which does not fit into a single one of the traditional vertical sectors or interests related to them, it is hard to provide appropriate institutional and financial capacities for the development of such a policy, which is, after all, a problem that the member states have to face at their national levels as well.
Napokon, zbog tzv. horizontalneiv prirode politike prema NVO-ima koja se ne uklapa ni u jedan tradicionalni vertikalni sektor i s njim povezane interese, teško je osigurati odgovarajuće institucionalne i financijske kapacitete za razvoj te politike, što je uostalom i problem s kojim se države članice suočavaju na nacionalnim razinama.
These difficulties have been manifested in recent years, particularly in the context of the frequent unsuccessful attempts at adopting the socalled charter of European associations in the Council of Ministers, the acceptance of which would make it much easier for NGOs to work across borders.
Spomenute su se teškoće očitovale proteklih godina, osobito u kontekstu višekratnih neuspjelih pokušaja usvajanja tzv. statuta europskih udruga u Vijeću ministara čijim bi se prihvaćanjem olakšale prekogranične aktivnosti NVO-a.
Although it is not codified in the Amsterdam Treaty, nor is it a part of the acquis, the legal patrimony of the EU, EU policy with respect to the third sector has in time gained in importance in a number of strategic EU documents.
Iako nije kodificirana u Amsterdamskom sporazumu niti je dio acquisa, pravne stečevine EU, politika EU prema trećem sektoru s vremenom je dobila na važnosti u nizu stateških dokumenata Unije.
Among the first rather important documents to lay down the principles on which the European institutions should work with the NGOs was the European Commission communication of 1997 entitled Promotion of the Role of Volunteer Organisations and Foundations in Europe (COM/1997/241 final).
Među prvim važnijim dokumentima što utvrđuju načela na kojima se treba temeljiti suradnja europskih institucija s NVO-ima jest Obavijest Europske komisije objavljena 1997. godine pod nazivom Promicanje uloge volonterskih organizacija i zaklada u Europi (COM /1997/241 final).
This document defines the reason for setting up a powerful civil dialogue at the European level, alongside the existing political dialogue with the national state bodies and the dialogue with the social partners.
Tim se dokumentom utvrđuje cilj uspostave snažnoga civilnog dijaloga na europskoj razini, uz već postojeći politički dijalog s nacionalnim državnim tijelima i dijalog sa socijalnim partnerima.
The aim of this document is to illustrate the increasingly large importance of third-sector organisations within the EU, to draw attention to the problems and challenges these organisations have to face, and to improve their ability to make an even more active contribution to European integrative processes.
Cilj je dokumenta ilustrirati sve veću važnost organizacija trećeg sektora unutar EU, upozoriti na probleme i izazove s kojima se te organizacije suočavaju te poboljšati njihovu sposobnost da aktivnije pridonesu europskim integracijskim procesima.
Not three years after this announcement came a European Commission discussion paper called The Commission and NGOs: Building a Stronger Partnership (COM/2000/11 final).
Nepune tri godine nakon spomenute Obavijesti uslijedio je dokument za javnu raspravu (discussion paper) Europske komisije pod nazivom Komisija i NVO-i: Izgradnja snažnijeg partnerstva (COM /2000/11 final).
This document proposes measures to beef up the relations between the Commission and NGOs; the common features of NGOs are defined and concrete proposals formulated for an improvement of the existing dialogue with the associations.
Tim se dokumentom predlažu mjere kojima bi se ojačali odnosi između Komisije i NVO-a, definiraju se zajednička obilježja NVO-a te formuliraju konkretne preporuke za poboljšanje postojećeg dijaloga s udrugama.
The impact of this document has been underlined by the particularly large number of reactions to it which have arrived from both member states and candidate states.
Utjecaj tog dokumenta potvrđuju osobito brojne reakcije na taj dokument koje su stigle od država članica, kao i država kandidatkinja za članstvovi.
As answer to the results of public opinion surveys in member states that show a very low level of citizen support for and informedness about the work of European institutions, in mid-2001 the European Commission published a white paper about European governance (COM/2001/428 final).
Kao odgovor na rezultate istraživanja javnoga mnijenja u državama članicama koji pokazuju vrlo nisku razinu potpore i informiranosti građana o radu europskih institucija, Komisija je sredinom 2001. godine objavila Bijelu knjigu o europskom upravljanju (COM/2001 /428 final).
The white paper lays down the ground for a reform of the system of governance at all levels, from European to national and local levels, and defines the principles and guidelines for the strengthening of relations between European institutions and the non-governmental sector, and for bringing the NGOs more actively into the process of defining and implementing EU policyvii via numerous consultative mechanisms.
Bijelom se knjigom utvrđuje podloga za reformu sustava upravljanja na svim razinama, od europske do nacionalnih i lokalnih razina, te se definiraju načela i smjernice za jačanje odnosa europskih institucija s nevladinim sektorom, te za aktivno uključivanje NVO-a u proces oblikovanja i provedbe politike EUvii putem brojnih savjetodavnih mehanizama.
CONSULTATIVE MECHANISMS WITH THE NON-GOVERNMENTAL SECTOR AT THE EU LEVEL
SAVJETODAVNI MEHANIZMI S NEVLADINIM SEKTOROM NA RAZINI EU
The difference in the level of development of dialogue among some of the EU institutions and the non-governmental sector is linked directly with the degree of supra-nationality in their work.
Razlika u razini razvijenosti dijaloga između pojedinih institucija EU i nevladina sektora povezana je izravno sa stupnjem nadnacionalnosti u njihovu radu.
In other words, institutions in which disparate national interests are represented, such as the Council of Ministers, the European Council, or the Committee of Permanent Representatives of Member States - COREPER, because coordination among the member states is more difficult, are in a much less propitious position for the development of dialogue with associations than, for example, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee of the EU.
Drugim riječima, institucije u kojima je izraženo zastupanje raznorodnih nacionalnih interesa poput Vijeća ministara, Europskog vijeća ili Odbora stalnih predstavnika država članica (Comitee of Permanent Representatives of Member States - COREPER), zbog otežane su koordinacije među državama članicama u mnogo nepovoljnijem položaju za razvoj dijaloga s udrugama od, primjerice, Europske komisije, Europskog parlamenta te Ekonomskoga i socijalnog odbora EU.
Of all the institutions, the European Commission has made the most progress in formalising and institutionalising consultation and dialogue with the non-governmental associations.
Od svih institucija Europska je komisija ostvarila najveći napredak u formaliziranju i institucionaliziranju savjetovanja i dijaloga s nevladinim udrugama.
The European Commission has over time developed two kinds of consultative mechanisms with the NGOs: the open and the so-called focused consultative mechanism.
Komisija je s vremenom razvila dvije vrste savjetodavnih mehanizama s NVO-ima: otvorena i tzv. fokusirana savjetovanja.
Open consultative activities are carried out via a number of official documents calling for public debate about individual proposals of new Union policies.
Otvorena savjetovanja provode se putem niza službenih dokumenata kojima se poziva na javnu raspravu o pojedinim prijedlozima novih politika Unije.
Since such documents give rise to a large number of reactions not easy to process in a reasonable time, in 2001 the European Commission launched its so-called Interactive Policy-Making Initiative - IAPM), in which, via the Internet, the reactions of the very general public to the process of making decisions and policies at the level of the EU can be collected and analysed (C/2001/1014).
Budući da takvi dokumenti izazivaju velik broj reakcija koje je teško procesuirati u razumnom roku, Komisija je u 2001. godini pokrenula tzv. Interaktivnu inicijativu za oblikovanje politika (Interactive policy-making initiative - IAPM) u sklopu koje će se putem Interneta skupljati i analizirati reakcije najšire javnosti na proces donošenja odluka i politika na razini EU (C/2001/1014).
Focused consultations are done via formal consultative forums and committees that the Commission founds formally, and also via the work of various ad hoc consultative bodies with invited representatives of relevant sectoral interest groups.
Fokusirana savjetovanja ostvaruju se putem formalnih savjetodavnih foruma i odbora što ih je Komisija službeno osnovala, kao i djelovanjem ad hoc savjetodavnih tijela s pozvanim predstavnicima relevantnih sektorskih interesnih skupina.
For the sake of greater transparency in the work of the said consultative bodies, the Commission has founded a database on the Internet entitled CONECCS (Consultation, European Commission and Civil Society) which contains information about the composition and working methods of the consultative forums and other bodies via which the Commission consults with NGOs and, in general, with the organisations of civil society in a formal and structured manner, as well as a directory of such organisations at the EU level.viii
Radi veće transparentnosti rada spomenutih savjetodavnih tijela, Komisija je utemeljila bazu podataka na Internetu pod nazivom CONECCSviii (Consultation, European Commission and Civil Society) koja sadrži informacije o sastavu i radnim metodama savjetodavnih foruma i drugih tijela putem kojih se Komisija savjetuje s NVO-ima te, općenito, s organizacijama civilnog društva na formalan i stukturirani način, kao i direktorij tih organizacija aktivnih na razini EU.
The general principles for consultation with NGOs are taken from the White Paper on European governance, and they are: participation, openness, accountability, effectiveness and coherence.
Opća načela za savjetovanje s NVO-ima preuzeta su iz Bijele knjige o europskom upravljanju, a to su sudjelovanje, otvorenost, odgovornost, učinkovitost i koherentnost.