natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Objective poverty analysis can help to put poverty issues in an adequate place on the political priority list, at both a national and a local level.
Nepristrane analize o siromaštvu trebale bi pomoći da pitanja siromaštva dobiju odgovarajuće mjesto na listi političkih prioriteta na nacionalnoj i lokalnoj razini.
Poverty indicators can be a good base for defining and shaping different measures of social policy.
Pokazatelji o siromaštvu mogu biti dobra osnovica za utvrđivanje i oblikovanje različitih mjera socijalne politike.
Monitoring the effects of a social programme is also one of the purposes of these indicators.
Jedan od ciljeva tih pokazatelja jest i praćenje učinaka socijalnog programa.
Finally, one should recommend that some effort be invested in improving the quality, range and frequency of collecting data, information and social statistics as well as in enhancing research about poverty, economic inequality and social exclusion.
Na kraju bismo željeli preporučiti da se poboljša kakvoća, opseg i učestalost statistike koja obuhvaća sustav socijalne skrbi te da se potaknu istraživanja o siromaštvu, ekonomskoj nejednakosti i socijalnoj isključenosti.
Such information and research are required for social planning and for the formulation of appropriate policies.
Informacije i istraživanja o tome nužne su za socijalno planiranje te za određivanje odgovarajuće politike.
If the objective is for safety nets to reach the poor, information is required on who the poor are and where they are located, and how much of the benefits from the programme are reaching this target group.
Ako je cilj to da socijalne sigurnosne mreže postanu dostupne siromašnima, potrebne su spoznaje o tome tko su siromašni, gdje se oni nalaze te koliki dio pomoći dolazi do ciljne skupine.
In most cases, (especially transitional) countries spend significant resources on safety nets but fail to collect data and monitor who receives the benefits and how they were affected by them.
U većini zemalja (pogotovo tranzicijskih) značajna se sredstva troše na socijalne sigurnosne mreže, ali ne prikupljaju se podaci i ne prati se dovoljno tko prima pomoć, te kolika je korist od nje.
Such information should also be made available to the research community and general public.
Te bi informacije trebale biti dostupne istraživačkoj zajednici i javnosti.
These two steps will help to make government at all levels more accountable to the electorate, by providing voters with more information about the impact of government policies, which should also raise the quality of public debate and increase the participation of citizens in the political decision-making process.
Ta bi dva koraka povećala odgovornost državne vlasti svih razina prema izbornom tijelu, a birači bi dobili više informacija o državnoj politici, što bi također poboljšalo kakvoću javne rasprave i povećalo sudjelovanje građana u donošenju političkih odluka.
Details about all summits and related documents can be found on http://europa.eu.int.
I Pojedinosti o svim sastancima i odgovarajućim dokumentima mogu se naći na http://europa.eu.int.
iii The concentration coefficient shows inner inequality in distribution of particular income, but also its correlation with total income.
III Koeficijent koncentracije sadržava unutarnju nejednakost u raspodjeli određene vrste dohotka, ali i njegovu korelaciju s ukupnim dohotkom.
The coefficient ranges from -1, when the entire income source is received by the poorest (by income) recipient; through 0, when all recipients receive the same amount; to 1, when the entire income source is received by the richest recipients.
Taj koeficijent može poprimiti vrijednost od -1, ako cjelokupni iznos određene komponente dohotka prima najsiromašnija osoba u raspodjeli ukupnog dohotka, 0 ako sve osobe primaju jednaki iznos, do 1, kada taj cjelokupni iznos prima ukupno najbogatija osoba.
A concentration coefficient's negative (or positive) value shows that a given source is negatively (or positively) correlated with overall income (Milanovic, 1998:16).
Negativna (pozitivna) vrijednost koeficijenta koncentracije pokazuje daje dohodak iz promatranog izvora negativno (pozitivno) povezan s ukupnim dohotkom (Milanovic, 1998:16).
THE RULE OF LAW AND THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM: COURT DELAYS AS A BARRIER TO ACCESSION
VLADAVINA PRAVA I PRAVOSUDNI SUSTAV: SPOROST PRAVOSUĐA KAO PREPREKA PRIDRUŽIVANJU
An efficient system for the protection of civil and human rights is essential for the achievement of the ideals that are a precondition for joining the European Union (EU).
Efikasan sustav zaštite građanskih i ljudskih prava nužan je za ostvarenje ideala koji su pretpostavka za pridruživanje Europskoj uniji (EU).
This paper analyses the origins of the crisis of the Croatian judicial system and the factors that have brought the length of court proceedings into the centre of professional and political debates.
U radu se analiziraju ishodišta krize hrvatskoga pravosudnog sustava i aspekti koji su trajanje sudskih postupaka doveli u središte stručnih i političkih rasprava.
Strategies for accelerating civil proceedings featured in current attempts at reform are presented, with an emphasis on the ongoing procedural reforms in litigation, enforcement and bankruptcy proceedings.
Iznose se strategije za ubrzanje suđenja koje su dio aktualnih reformskih pokušaja, s naglaskom na aktualnim reformama sudskih postupaka (parničnoga, ovršnoga i stečajnoga).
At the end doubts are expressed about whether it is possible to make any important advances with the operations planned.
Zaključno se izražavaju dvojbe u vezi s mogućnosti da se planiranim zahvatima ostvare značajniji pomaci.
Without an efficient judiciary, however, it is impossible to have a complete transition to the model of the democratic liberal state, and a dysfunctional judicial system can bring the implementation of economic reforms into question as well.
Bez učinkovitog sudstva, međutim, nije moguća ni cjelovita tranzicija prema modelu demokratske liberalne države, a disfunkcionalnost pravosudnog sustava može dovesti u pitanje i provedivost ekonomskih reformi.
To this extent, then, a thoroughgoing reform is of first-rate importance for the creation of the preconditions necessary for EU membership.
Utoliko korjenita pravosudna reforma ima prvorazredno značenje za ostvarenje pretpostavaka nužnih za članstvo u EU.
justice, length of court proceedings, Croatia, accession, European Union
pravosuđe, trajanje sudskih postupaka, Hrvatska, pridruživanje, Europska unija
It is universally held that the length of court proceedings is one of the fundamental and most important symptoms of the crisis in justice in Croatia.
Prema općoj ocjeni, duljina trajanja sudskih postupaka smatra se jednim od temeljnih i najvažnijih simptoma krize pravosuđa u Hrvatskoj.
In Croatian justice, however, there are some other if less obvious and less quantifiable dysfunctions, from lack of experience and knowledge in trials that result in poor-quality results to difficulties with the possibility of providing unbiased and just adjudication for some categories of parties and types of cases.
U hrvatskom pravosuđu postoje, međutim, i druge, manje očite i manje mjerljive disfunkcionalnosti, od nedostatka iskustva i znanja u suđenju, koje rezultira odlukama slabe kvalitete, do teškoća s mogućnošću osiguranja nepristranoga i pravičnog suđenja za pojedine kategorije stranaka i tipove slučajeva.
Nevertheless, the problem of providing for fair trials in reasonable time has, at the beginning of the third millennium, come to the surface as the most concrete and most striking problem on the way to creating a state of law and order, and the rule of law.
Ipak, problem osiguranja suđenja u razumnom roku na početku trećega tisućljeća isplivao je na površinu kao najkonkretniji i najeklatantniji problem na putu punog ostvarenja pravne države i vladavine prava.
The EU enlargement process assumes the inclusion of new states that have to the greatest extent overcome the difficulties of the transition, among which is the creation of an effective system for the protection of rights granted to citizens.
Proces proširenja članstva u EU pretpostavlja uključivanje novih država koje su u najvećoj mjeri prevladale tranzicijske teškoće, među kojima je i ostvarenje učinkovitog sustava zaštite ljudskih i građanskih prava.
A functioning judiciary is a precondition for the accomplishment of the political and legal ideals on which the EU is based - the ideals of the rule of law.
Funkcionirajuće pravosuđe pretpostavka je za ostvarenje političkih i pravnih ideala na kojima se temelji i EU - ideala pravne države i vladavine prava.
As community of not only economic but also political and cultural values, the EU assumes that its member states have the ability to implement proclaimed political views, and that the rights granted by the law of the Community can, if necessary, be effectively protected in the courts of the member states.
Kao zajednica ne samo ekonomskih, već i političkih i kulturnih vrijednosti, EU pretpostavlja da se deklarirana politička stajališta provode u djelo, i da se supstancijalna prava što ih pravo Zajednice priznaje građanima EU-a mogu, ako ustreba, efikasno ostvariti sudskim putem.
Since the harmonisation of EU law is based on the principle that the legal instruments of the Community are by and large being implemented by the national courts, the functioning of these courts is a sine qua non for the functioning of the legal system of the Community in the territories of the new members.
Kako je usklađivanje prava u EU utemeljeno na načelu da pravne akte Zajednice uglavnom provode u djelo nacionalni sudovi, funkcioniranje upravo tih sudova postaje conditio sine qua non da bi se uopće moglo govoriti o mogućnosti funkcioniranja pravnog poretka Zajednice na teritoriju novih članica.
THE ROLE OF NATIONAL JUDICATURES
ULOGA NACIONALNOG PRAVOSUĐA U OSTVARENJU UVJETA ZA PRIDRUŽIVANJE
Although the EU is increasingly taking on characteristics that, if it were not for certain resistances and historical sensitivities, could well publicly be labelled as “federalism”, its legal order is to a great extent put into life through the national institutions, primarily the national courts.
Premda EU sve više poprima obilježja koja bi se, da nema nekih otpora i povijesnih osjetljivosti, i javno mogla nazivati federalizmom, njezin se pravni poredak pretežito ostvaruje putem nacionalnih institucija, prije svega u nacionalnim sudovima.
Integration processes in the EU so far have not negated specific features of organisation and procedure of national justice systems.
Integracijski procesi u EU nisu do sada negirali organizacijske i procesne specifičnosti.
In principle, national procedural autonomy has been acknowledged for each state - that is, the right to organise its own judicial system in the manner it considers most appropriate.
U načelu, svakoj se državi do sada priznavala nacionalna procesna autonomija - pravo da organizira svoj pravosudni sustav na način na koji smatra najprikladnijim.
The importance of harmonisation at the level of the results of procedures, irrespective of the organisational and procedural differences of the national systems, is heightened by the fact that all the countries of the Union participate in a universal system of reciprocal recognition of judgements and other final decisions made in other member states, so that a judgment made in Lisbon can without any double-check be simply acknowledged in Berlin as a judgement of value equal to those of the German courts and vice versa.
Važnost usklađivanja na razini rezultata postupaka, i bez obzira na organizacijske i proceduralne razlike nacionalnih sustava, potencirana je činjenicom da su sve zemlje Unije obuhvaćene univerzalnim sustavom uzajamnog priznavanja presuda i drugih odluka donesenih u drugim državama članicama EU-a, tako da presuda donesena u Lisabonu može bez preispitivanja njezine ispravnosti biti jednostavno priznata u Berlinu kao presuda jednakovrijedna presudama njemačkih sudova i vice versa.
In addition, every EU citizen has to be provided with a roughly equal level of protection of his rights wherever he or she might happen to be in the EU, irrespective of which court it is that is determining his or her rights.
K tome, svakom građaninu EU-a potrebno je omogućiti načelno jednaku razinu pravne zaštite gdje god se nalazio u EU, bez obzira na to koji sud odlučivao o njegovim pravima.
For this reason, one of the postulates of European integration is that in all the countries of the EU an equal or maximally equivalent degree of protection of subjective rights should gradually be attained.
Stoga je jedan od postulata europskih integracija to da se u svim zemljama EU-a postupno ostvari jednaka (ili maksimalno ekvivalentna) razina zaštite subjektivnih prava.
As for countries with aspirations to be EU members, the question of the capacity and effectiveness of the judiciary appears additionally at a much more elementary level - at the level of meeting the basic political criteria that demand future members to be stable democracies with institutions capable of guaranteeing fundamental human rights and putting into effect the principle of the rule of law.
U odnosu prema zemljama koje računaju na buduće članstvo u EU, pitanje sposobnosti i djelotvornosti pravosudnog sustava pojavljuje se dodatno i na mnogo elementarnijoj razini - na razini udovoljavanja temeljnim političkim kriterijima koji zahtijevaju da buduće članice imaju stabilne demokracije čije institucije mogu zajamčiti temeljna ljudska prava i u djelo provesti načelo vladavine prava.
Thus in the process of the accession of those countries that will join the EU in the first wave, an important role was assigned to the reform of their judiciaries, and at the local and the international level their progress in the creation of a competent and independent judiciary was monitored most attentively.
Tako je u procesu pridruživanja onih zemalja koje će u prvome valu pristupiti EU važna uloga bila pridana reformi pravosudnih sustava, a na lokalnoj i međunarodnoj razini pozorno se pratio njihov napredak u ostvarenju kompetentnoga i neovisnog pravosuđa.
One of the indicators of the degree of the readiness of national judicial institutions for full membership is contained in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Strasbourg with respect to the candidate countries.
Jedan od pokazatelja stupnja spremnosti nacionalnih pravosudnih institucija za punopravno članstvo sadržan je i u praksi Europskog suda za ljudska prava u Strasbourgu (ESLJP) u odnosu prema državama kandidatkinjama.
As a kind of political entrance lobby to further integration, the Council of Europe (CoE) has so far covered practically all the potential candidates for membership in the future, and the jurisdiction of the ECHR for individual applications with respect to CoE members has enabled a comparison, among other things, of the level of protection of human rights that is attained by the national judiciaries.
Naime, kao svojevrsno političko predvorje za daljnje integracije, Vijeće Europe (VE) do sada je obuhvatilo praktički sve potencijalne kandidate za članstvo u EU u budućnosti, a jurisdikcija ESLJP-a i pravo na individualne zahtjeve u odnosu prema članicama VE-a omogućili su usporedbu, između ostaloga, i razine zaštite ljudskih prava koje ostvaruju njihovi nacionalni pravosudni sustavi.
To the political importance of the practice of the ECHR in the future another, strictly legal element may be added, for the EU is seriously considering the possibility of acceding to the European Convention as a separate entity.
Političkoj važnosti prakse ESLJP-a može se u budućnosti pridodati i strogo pravni element, jer EU ozbiljno razmatra mogućnost da kao zasebni entitet pristupi EK-u.
In any event, the integration process even within the current membership of the EU is increasing the importance of having a highly competent and effective judicial system.
U svakom slučaju, integracijski procesi i unutar sadašnjeg članstva EU-a sve više potenciraju važnost kvalitetnog i učinkovitog pravosuđa.
With the Amsterdam Treaty of 1999, home and justice affairs were shifted from the third to the first pillar of the Union, that is, into an area that is of immediate concern to the Union.
Ugovorom iz Amsterdama iz 1999. godine građansko je pravosuđe (home and justice affairs) prebačeno iz trećega u prvi stup Unije, dakle u područje koje je od izravnog interesa Unije.
Implementing this shift, the Tampere Summit of 1999 provided for concrete measures by which the EU should be made “an area of liberty, security and justice” by May 2004.
Radi provedbe takvog opredjeljenja, samit održan u Tampereu u listopadu 1999. godine predvidio je konkretne mjere koje bi EU trebale do svibnja 2004. godine učiniti “područjem slobode, sigurnosti i pravde”.
Cooperation in the area of home and justice affairs is thus made a matter of common European concern, and the political priorities have set the deadlines for harmonisation that will run out in the not very far future.
Suradnja na području građanskog pravosuđa time je europeizirana, a politički su prioriteti postavili i rokove za usklađivanje koji će isteći u ne tako dalekoj budućnosti.
THE LENGTH OF COURT PROCEEDINGS IN CROATIA
DUGOTRAJNOST SUDSKIH POSTUPAKA U HRVATSKOJ
As candidate country for EU membership, Croatia too will have to attend very carefully to the challenges of harmonisation in the judicial area.
Kao kandidatkinja za članstvo u EU, i Hrvatska će se morati vrlo pozorno pozabaviti izazovima usklađivanja u području pravosuđa.
It is beyond any doubt that the administration of justice in Croatia is currently burdened with a series of grave problems.
Potpuno je nesporno da je sustav pravosuđa u Hrvatskoj opterećen nizom teških problema.
In this paper we shall deal in particular with the problem of the length of judicial proceedings that, in spite of all the other problems, has assumed a highly prominent position.
U ovom radu posebno ćemo se baviti dugotrajnošću sudskih postupaka koja je uz sve ostale probleme iskočila u prvi plan.
The reasons for taking up the topic of the length of judicial proceedings in public discourse were completely independent of the process of joining the EU, motivated in the first place by a number of inherent reasons and incentives, the most obvious of which we shall give in succinct form.
Indikativno je da su razlozi tematiziranja trajanja sudskih postupaka u javnom diskursu bili razmatrani posve neovisno o procesu pridruživanja EU, motivirani ponajprije nizom intrinzičnih razloga i poticaja, od kojih u sažetom obliku navodimo samo neke najočitije.
Several sets of judicial statistics published in the nineties indicated that the number of unsettled cases, alongside a constant influx, had more than doubled.
Više pravosudnih statistika objavljenih u devedesetima pokazalo je da se broj neriješenih slučajeva, uz konstantan priljev novih, više nego udvostručio.
Putting the duration of procedures at the centre of interest not only may easily create an appearance of serious reform, but can also serve as argument for redistribution of the social product to the benefit of some classes (by claiming larger investments in the judiciary, particularly in the wages of judges and the quantitative enlargement of judiciary personnel).
Stavljanje trajanja postupaka u središte pozornosti ne samo što lako može stvoriti privid ozbiljne reforme, nego može poslužiti kao argument za preraspodjelu društvenog proizvoda u korist pojedinih klasa (inzistiranje na ulaganja u pravosuđe, posebno na ulaganje u plaće sudaca i kvantitativno povećavanje pravosudnog osoblja).
This brief catalogue of arguments shows that the current public interest in the problems of length of court proceedings is in essence somewhat superficial.
Ovaj kratak katalog argumenata pokazuje da je trenutačni javni interes za probleme dugotrajnosti postupaka u biti donekle površan.
This will also be shown by the analysis in this paper, by pointing out that the reforms that are undertaken are only partial, and the will to put them into effect is questionable at the very least, even among those who consider themselves inveterate reformists.
To će pokazati i analiza u ovom radu time što će uputiti na činjenicu da su i reforme koje se poduzimaju tek polovične, a volja za njihovo provođenje upitna, čak i među onima koji se smatraju zagriženim reformistima.
The fundamental problems of the lack of efficiency in the justice system - setting up a political system in which the citizens will have confidence in the judiciary as warrant for their personal, political and economic rightsix are mainly absent from discussions about accelerating judicial proceedings.
Temeljni problemi neefikasnosti pravosuđa - uspostavljanje političkog sustava u kojemu građani imaju povjerenja u sudstvo kao jamac njihovih osobnih, političkih i ekonomskih prava”1 - u diskusijama o ubrzanju postupka uglavnom izostaju.
But irrespective of this, the length of proceedings is a serious problem, which we shall deal with in this paper, while other judicial problems in the creation of the rule of law will be touched on only incidentally.
No bez obzira na to, trajanje postupaka ozbiljan je problem kojim ćemo se pozabaviti u nastavku ovoga teksta, dok će drugi pravosudni problemi u ostvarenju načela vladavine prava ovom prilikom tek uzgredno biti dotaknuti.
COMPARISON OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEMS
USPOREDBA PRAVOSUDNIH SUSTAVA
It is no easy matter to compare judiciaries in terms of their level of efficiency and quality.
Uspoređivati pravosudne sustave prema njihovoj razini efikasnosti i kvalitete nije jednostavan zadatak.
Because of the already mentioned national procedural autonomy both within and without the EU, organisation, competence and procedural rules of courts show such a degree of diversity that it is almost impossible to subject them to a simple methodology of comparison.
Zbog već spomenute nacionalne procesne autonomije i unutar EU-a i izvan njega, organizacija, djelokrug i procesna pravila sudova iskazuju toliki stupanj različitosti da ih je gotovo nemoguće podvrgnuti jedinstvenoj metodologiji usporedbe.
Judicial statistics are adjusted to national specificities, and it is therefore very difficult to compare them even if they relate to countries of the same legal and cultural sphere.
Pravosudne statistike prilagođene su nacionalnim posebnostima, pa ih je vrlo teško smisleno uspoređivati čak i ako se odnose na zemlje istoga pravnog i kulturnog kruga.
As a result, only an indirect assessment of the current situation is possible, from some indirect indicators and isolated examples.
Stoga se može reći da je prosudba aktualnog stanja moguća tek na posredan način, iz pojedinih neizravnih pokazatelja i izoliranih primjera.
For this reason, such an assessment is necessarily subjective, and may become the subject of political appraisal and political negotiations.
Ona je stoga nužno subjektivna, te utoliko lakše postaje i predmet političke ocjene, pa i političkih pregovora.
At a professional level, it is broadly accepted that, at the beginning of the third millennium, the degree of harmonisation of the procedural rules and the organisation of the judiciary even with respect to the current members of the EU is at a fairly low level.
Na stručnoj razini nesporno je da je i na početku trećeg tisućljeća stupanj usklađivanja procesnih pravila i pravosudnog djelovanja i u odnosu prema sadašnjim članicama EU-a još uvijek razmjerno nizak.
The harmonisation of procedures - for the moment only at the level of rapprochement - is achieved only indirectly and in marginal areas.
Usklađivanje procesa - za sada tek na razini tendencijskog približavanja - postiže se tek neizravno i na marginalnim područjima.
Admittedly, the Amsterdam Treaty has transferred cooperation in the area of justice and home affairs from the third to the first pillar of the Community, stressing the need for uniformity in the EU as area of “liberty, security and justice”.
Ugovorom iz Amsterdama suradnja na području građanskog pravosuđa prenesena je, doduše, iz trećega u prvi stup Zajednice, čime je naglašena potreba za uniformnošću područja EU-a kao područja “slobode, sigurnosti i pravde”.