natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
This is the logical result of the first and fundamentally mistaken law policy assessment: that enforcement can in its entirety or at least to a great part be successfully transferred to the notaries.
To je logičan rezultat prve i temeljne pogrešne pravnopolitičke procjene da se ovrha može u cijelosti ili djelomično uspješno prepustiti javnim bilježnicima.
It would seem that the drafters of the reform, blinded by the relative success that the notaries have had in their work to date, have overlooked that the logic of the functioning of the notaries is completely opposite to the logic that a successful bailiff needs to follow.
Čini se da su autori te ideje, zaslijepljeni relativnim uspjehom što su ga javni bilježnici imali u dosadašnjem području rada, previdjeli da je logika funkcioniranja bilježništva posve suprotna logici kojom se trebaju voditi uspješni ovršitelji.
Public notaries provide legal certainty, while bailiffs (enforcement agents) should provide efficiency; notaries operate by following abstract formal rules, while bailiffs have to be guided by the logic of economic rationality; public notaries carry out a sedentary office-bound job, while bailiffs have to be mobile and operational.
Javni bilježnici djeluju radi pravne sigurnosti - ovršitelji radi efikasnosti; javni bilježnici djeluju apstraktno i formalistički - ovršitelji se trebaju voditi logikom ekonomske racionalnosti; javni bilježnici obavljaju uredski i statički posao - ovršitelji bi trebali biti mobilni i operativni.
All in all, if these plans of reform are put into effect (which have been hurriedly and without any real discussion made law because of electoral promises to do something in this area, but with a delay that can call them at least partially into questionxvi), only negative results can be predicted.
Sve u svemu, ako se realiziraju predloženi planovi reforme (koji su u žurbi i bez prave rasprave ozakonjeni zbog predizbornih obećanja da će se nešto učiniti na tom području, i to brzo - no uz odgodu koja ih djelomično može dovesti u pitanjexvi), mogu se predvidjeti samo negativni rezultati.
The execution process might become even slower and more formalised than it has been so far, even more so because of the completely unnecessary shuffling of files from courts to notaries and back again.
Ovrha bi mogla postati još sporiji i formaliziraniji proces negoli do sada, a njezino bi se trajanje moglo dodatno produljiti zbog posve nepotrebnog cirkuliranja spisa od sudova do javnih bilježnika, i natrag.
If this scenario comes into being, the most likely outcome will be that the new amendments will follow the fate of some previous reforms that have been undertaken only to be repealed after a few months or years as unsuccessful.
Ako se ostvari taj scenarij, najvjerojatniji će ishod biti sličan nekim sadašnjim odredbama novih promjena, koje ukidaju promjene što su u međuvremenu poduzete zbog ocjene o njihovu neuspjehu.
Bankruptcy proceeding
Stečajni postupak
Reform of the bankruptcy procedure shares the fate of reform of enforcement procedure.
Reforma stečajnog postupka gotovo u cijelosti dijeli sudbinu reforme ovršnog postupka.
Bankruptcy proceedings in Croatia are also inefficient: their duration is excessive and it is difficult to achieve bankruptcy's basic functions - the liquidation of the insolvent debtor and the just satisfaction of his creditors.
I za stečajne je postupke dugo vremena vrijedila ocjena o neefikasnosti, dugotrajnosti, pa čak i neprovedivosti stečaja i njegove osnovne zadaće - eliminacije prezaduženog dužnika koji nije sposoban za ekonomski opstanak, te pravičnog namirenja njegovih vjerovnika.
In Croatia, bankruptcy law was for the first time radically reformed the same year as enforcement law, when a new law on bankruptcy was enacted.xvii After the old socialist legislation, the new law to a great extent mirrored the new German bankruptcy law.
Stečajno je pravo u Hrvatskoj prvi put korjenito reformirano iste godine kad i ovršno, donošenjem potpuno novog zakona.xvii Nakon staroga socijalističkog zakonodavstva, novi Stečajni zakon uvelike je slijedio novo njemačko stečajno pravo.
This, however, did not help to establish effective and just bankruptcy law.
To, međutim, nije mnogo pomoglo u stvarnom postizanju cilja - učinkovitoga i pravičnog stečajnog prava.
In the first five years of the application of the law, bankruptcies were seldom carried out, and if they were, it was with great difficulties.
U prvih pet godina primjene toga zakona, stečajevi su se provodili rijetko i teško.
Two sets of major amendments aimed at “contributing to the general functioning of the procedure” and the suppression of “undesirable tendencies in practice” did not help much either (Dika, 2001:4).
Nisu mnogo pomogle ni dvije veće novele koje su, između ostaloga, pokušale “pridonijeti općoj funkcionalizaciji procedure” te suzbijanju “neželjenih tendencija u praksi” (Dika, 2001:4).
The political environment played a great although not the only role in the inefficiency of the bankruptcy procedure.
Veliku, premda ne i jedinu ulogu u neefikasnosti stečajnog postupka imalo je političko okruženje.
The incapacity to put the law into effect in the area of bankruptcy led to attempts to solve the problem with further changes in the law.xviii The justification for the newest set of amendments, among other things, is based on the assessment that the procedures in bankruptcy were too complex because of the great number of bankruptcy bodies; that not even the given explicit duties that the law enjoined were actually respected; that the bankruptcy procedures were unnecessarily lengthy, that they were dragged out, that they became an end in themselves and that the bankrupt estate was often mainly spent on the costs of the procedure; that the secured creditors, particularly the banks, were often not interested in a rapid conduct of the bankruptcy proceeding, since very high interest continued to accrue to their secured claims; that some legal grounds for the refutation of the illicit transactions of the bankrupt debtor were too stringent and that it was difficult to prove them; that the position of the privileged creditors in the bankruptcy process was not defined clearly enough, particularly the relation between the enforcement proceedings filed to collect the secured claims and the bankruptcy proceedings; and so on.xix
Nesposobnost da se zakonska koncepcija provede u djelo i u području stečajnog prava dovelo je do toga da se problem nastojao riješiti daljnjim normativnim promjenama.xviii Njihovo se opravdanje, između ostaloga, temelji na ocjenama da je stečajna procedura presložena zbog prevelikog broja stečajnih tijela; da se čak ni određene eksplicitne dužnosti koje je nametnuo Stečajni zakon ne poštuju; da stečajni postupci nepotrebno dugo traju, da se razvlače, da postaju svrha sami sebi i da se velik dio stečajne mase često potroši za pokriće troškova stečajnoga postupka; da su razlučni vjerovnici, osobito banke, često nezainteresirani za brz završetak stečaja jer otvaranjem stečajnog postupka redovito vrlo visoke kamate i dalje teku na njihove osigurane tražbine; da su određene pretpostavke predviđene za pobijanje nekih pravnih radnji stečajnog dužnika nepotrebno prestrogo postavljene i da ih je teško dokazati; da nije dovoljno jasno uređen položaj razlučnih vjerovnika u stečaju, osobito odnos ovršnih postupaka koje oni radi namirenja svojih osiguranih tražbina pokreću i stečajnoga postupka itd.xix
In addition, the draft also foresees the setting of deadlines for making certain key decisions in the procedure and their implementationxx and makes minor adjustments, especially between the bankruptcy and the enforcement proceedings carried out to collect the secured debt.xxi For this reason, here too it is hard to expect that the state of inefficiency and/or self-sufficiency of bankruptcy proceedings from the assessment of the drafters of recent amendments will be changed in the near future.
Usto, predviđa se i postavljanje novih rokova za donošenje pojedinih ključnih odluka u postupku i njihovo provođenjexx te ostvarenje sitnijih usklađivanja, posebno između stečajnog postupka i postupka ovrhe koji se provodi radi ostvarenja osiguranih tražbina.xxi Zbog toga je i s tim u vezi teško očekivati da će se stanje razvlačenja i samodostatnosti stečajnog postupka iz ocjene autora nacrta u skoroj budućnosti promijeniti.
RECONCILING TO INEFFICIENCY?
POMIRENJE S NEEFIKASNOŠĆU?
NEW CONSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR AVOIDING APPLICATIONS TO THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
NOVI USTAVNI MEHANIZAM IZBJEGAVANJA POSTUPAKA PRED EUROPSKIM SUDOM ZA LJUDSKA PRAVA
The inefficiency of trials in Croatia had an epilogue in procedures before the ECHR in Strasbourg.
Neefikasnost suđenja u Hrvatskoj imala je svoj epilog i u postupcima pred Europskim sudom za ljudska prava u Strasbourgu.
The case of Rajak v. Croatia was filed with respect to a suit that was started in 1975 and was after 25 years practically at the place where it started.
Slučaj Rajakprotiv Hrvatske pokrenut je zbog parnice koja je započela 1975. godine i koja je nakon 25 godina, u 2000, praktički još uvijek bila na početku.
However, the greatest number of cases filed on this basis related to cases started before the beginning of the 1990s, which related to individual new areas that the courts were only painfully getting acquainted with, for example, “financial engineering” (i.e. financial fraud), damages directly or indirectly related to military operations or terrorist actions, the transformation of social into private property (with the ancillary questions of denationalisation and the fate of tenants' rights), rights of political succession and so on.
Najveći broj slučajeva pokrenutih po toj osnovi odnosio se ipak na predmete pokrenute početkom 1990-ih, koji su se odnosili na pojedina nova područja s kojima su se sudovi tek mukotrpno suočavali, npr. financijski inženjering, štete posredno ili neposredno vezane za vojne operacije i terorističko djelovanje, pretvorbu društvenog vlasništva u privatno (uz prateća pitanja denacionalizacije i sudbine stanarskih prava), državnopravnu sukcesiju i sl.
In most of such cases, the procedure at the time the case was referred to the ECHR was not started in the real sense of the word.
U većini tih predmeta postupak u doba podnošenja predmeta pred Europski sud za ljudska prava nije u punom smislu ni bio započeo.
Some other cases in which there was a violation of the right to a trial within reasonable time were not so long lasting but related to the sensitive area of family relations, and showed the inability of the courts to provide timely trials in cases that were legally proclaimed urgent and in which the legally protected interests required particular expeditiousness.xxii
Neki drugi slučajevi u kojima je utvrđena povreda prava na suđenje u razumnom roku nisu bili toliko dugotrajni, no odnosili su se na osjetljivo područje obiteljskih odnosa i pokazali su nesposobnost sudova da osiguraju promptno suđenje u predmetima koji su zakonski bili proglašavani hitnima i u kojima su pravno zaštićeni interesi zahtijevali posebnu ekspeditivnost.xxii
When it was seen that the length of court proceedings could bring down an avalanche of procedures against Croatia, comparable with the number of cases on the same basis against Italy, the state started to work on the problem with legal interventions.
Kada se uvidjelo da sporost suđenja može izazvati lavinu postupaka protiv Hrvatske, usporedivu s brojem postupaka po istoj osnovi protiv Italije, država je zakonskim intervencijama pokušala djelovati na taj problem.
Since the attempts to speed up procedure described above had to show effects only in long term, or did not show the expected success over the short term, an attempt was made to dampen the negative political consequences of the Strasbourg judgments.
Kako su sva opisana nastojanja za ubrzanjem postupka bila dugotrajnijeg karaktera ili nisu pokazivala očekivani uspjeh u kratkom roku, negativne političke posljedice presuda za kršenje ljudskih prava pokušale su se amortizirati na ustavnopravnoj razini.
This defence, however, did not at the beginning bear the desired result.
Ta obrana, međutim, u početku nije urodila željenim rezultatom.
The ECHR in the case of Horvatxxiii versus Croatia ruled that a constitutional complaint defined in this way was not an effective legal remedy for the protection of the right of the person making the application.
Europski sud za ljudska prava u slučaju Horvatxxiii utvrdio je da tako definirana ustavna tužba nije djelotvorno pravno sredstvo za zaštitu prava podnositelja zahtjeva.
It was found that the admissibility of this kind of complaints depended on the discretionary assessment of the Constitutional Court, which would allow the suit only “exceptionally”, applying its own understanding of the inadequately precisely determined legal standards such as “gross violation”, and “serious and irreparable consequences”.
Naime, utvrđeno je da dopuštenost takve tužbe ovisi o diskrecijskoj ocjeni Ustavnog suda, koji će tužbu dopustiti tek “iznimno”, primjenjujući pritom svoje shvaćanje nedovoljno precizno određenih pravnih standarda kao što su “teške povrede” i “teške i nepopravljive posljedice”.
The Constitutional Court also had no other sanctions available to it than a mere determination of a violation.
Ustavni sud također nije imao na raspolaganju druge sankcije izvan pukog utvrđivanja povrede.
For this reason, in this and in other similar cases applications regarding the violation of the right to a trial in a reasonable time would still be considered admissible, even without a procedure being concluded before the Constitutional Court.
Stoga su u ovome i drugim srodnim slučajevima zahtjevi po osnovi povrede prava na suđenje u razumnom roku i dalje bili smatrani dopuštenima i bez okončanja postupka pred Ustavnim sudom.
The discretionary elements in the decision-making were removed, and thus the possibility of assessing whether violations and consequences were “grave” or “irreparable”.
Diskrecijski elementi pri odlučivanju brisani su, pa tako i mogućnost procjene je li riječ o teškim povredama i njihovim posljedicama.
Even more, from the case of Nogolica on,xxvii the court has considered that this legal remedy has to be exhausted even in those cases that were filed in Strasbourg before the most recent amendments to the Constitutional Law.
63. UZUS-a djelotvorno pravno sredstvo te da stoga osoba koja podnosi zahtjev Sudu zbog povrede prava na suđenje u razumnom roku mora i to sredstvo iscrpiti.
In these decisions, which are in line with the efforts of the court in Strasbourg to limit the inflow of cases, there was a reference to the introduction of similar legal remedies in other countries, e.g. in Italy and Poland.xxviii
Štoviše, od slučaja Nogolicaxxvii Sud je smatrao da, iznimno, to pravno sredstvo mora biti iscrpljeno čak i u onim predmetima koji su na sudu u Strasbourgu bili pokrenuti prije posljednjih izmjena Ustavnog zakona.
Over the short term, the new practice of the ECHR will certainly lead to a fall in the number of Croatian cases submitted to the court in Strasbourg, which started to rise vigorously in 2002.
U tim odlukama, koje su na tragu nastojanja strasbourškog suda da i sam smanji priljev predmeta, upućivalo se na uvođenje sličnih pravnih sredstava u drugim zemljama, prije svega u Italiji i Poljskoj.xxviii
Namely, from the time of the entry into force of the Convention in Croatia until today, i.e. in the 1998-2001 period, 307 suits were filed against Croatia.
Na kraći rok novo će shvaćanje ESLJP-a sigurno dovesti do pada broja predmeta na sudu u Strasbourgu, koji je u 2002. godini počeo naglo rasti.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
ZAKLJUČAK I PREPORUKE
At the moment, the attempts to accelerate court proceedings in Croatia are going in many different directions, both at the organisational and at the procedural level.
Nastojanja za ubrzavanjem sudskog postupka trenutačno se u Hrvatskoj kreću u mnogo smjerova, kako na organizacijskome, tako i na procesnom planu.
The current plans for reforms, though they have the support in principle of both the government and international institutions, and are not wanting in resources, have little chance of real success, primarily because of the shortage of a clear vision and conception of the changes.
Sadašnje planirane reforme, premda imaju načelnu potporu Vlade i međunarodnih institucija, a ne oskudijevaju ni u sredstvima, imaju malo izgleda za uspjeh, prije svega zbog nedostatka jasne vizije i koncepcije promjena.
In part, this shortcoming is not so illogical - the absence of vision is partially just a symptom of the lack of any serious and sincere wish for fundamental reforms.
Jednim dijelom taj nedostatak možda i nije nelogičan - nedostatak vizije uvelike je tek simptom nedostatka ozbiljne i iskrene volje za temeljitim reformama.
The legal establishment and the ruling elites in good part are not ready at base for the shock that an efficient and well-functioning legal system might lead to, although all the power structures nominally swear by it.
Pravni establishment (a pretežit dio i vladajuće elite) u osnovi nisu spremni na šok do kojega bi moglo dovesti efikasno i kvalitetno funkcioniranje pravnog sustava u koje se nominalno zaklinju sve strukture moći.
Problems of adjustment of the legal system to the social structure that is based on the political principles of liberal democracy and market economy escape the sphere of the normative - they are of an institutional nature, starting off from the human resources and the social structure (as well as the structure of awareness) of all those who should see to it that the law is implemented.
Problemi prilagodbe pravnog sustava društvenom ustrojstvu koje se zasniva na političkim zasadama liberalne demokracije i tržišnoga gospodarstva nadilaze sferu normativnoga oni su institucionalne naravi, polazeći od kadrovske komponente i socijalne strukture (pa i strukture svijesti) onih koji trebaju osigurati ostvarenje pravnih normi.
These are primarily the legal professionals - the judges, attorneys, notaries and others who take part in the functioning of the judicial system.
To su ponajprije pravne profesije - suci, odvjetnici, javni bilježnici i drugi koji sudjeluju u oblikovanju i aktivnostima pravosuđa.
Their structure and psychology change slowly, and structural and institutional advances since the period of socialism are almost insignificant.
Njihova kadrovska struktura i psihologija sporo se mijenjaju, a značajniji strukturalni i institucionalni pomaci od razdoblja socijalizma gotovo i nisu ostvareni.
For the sake of achieving a level of efficiency in the legal system that would bring Croatia closer to European integrations, incidental legislative changes are not sufficient.
Proces postizanja dostatne razine efikasnosti pravnog sustava koja bi Hrvatsku dovela bliže europskim integracijama, ne može se zaustaviti samo na sporadičnim promjenama zakonskih tekstova.
• A stable legislation of high quality.
• Kvalitetno i stabilno zakonodavstvo.
To the extent that this is possible, the normative environment should be stable - frequent changes that introduce legal uncertainty and additionally contribute to lack of efficiency are to be avoided.
U mjeri u kojoj je to moguće, normativno okruženje treba biti stabilno - treba izbjegavati prečeste promjene koje unose pravnu nesigurnost i dodatno pridonose neefikasnosti.
• A competent and efficient judiciary.
• Kompetentno i efikasno pravosuđe.
Judicial institutions, in the first place the courts, should be to a high degree qualified to carry out the tasks assigned to them.
Pravosudne institucije, ponajprije sudovi, trebaju biti u velikoj mjeri osposobljeni za ostvarenje zadataka koje moraju ispunjavati.
Judicial officials and employees should have adequate education, capabilities and training, and the division ofjurisdiction; the organisation of work in the judicial institutions and the logistics should be appropriate.
Pravosudni dužnosnici i službenici trebaju imati adekvatno obrazovanje, sposobnosti i trening, a podjela ovlasti, organizacija posla u pravosudnim ustanovama i logističke pretpostavke trebaju biti primjereni.
Good and efficient work should also raise the degree of public trust in justice and the legal institutions in general.
Kvaliteta i učinkovit rad dodatno bi trebali podići i stupanj javnog povjerenja u pravosuđe i pravne ustanove uopće.
• Respect for the results of legal proceedings and efficient implementation of court and other decisions grounded in the law.
• Poštovanje rezultata postupka i efikasna provedba sudskih i drugih na zakonu zasnovanih odluka.
Efficiency of the legal system is illusory if the decisions made in the procedure prescribed by law are not effectively implemented.
Efikasnost pravnog sustava iluzorna je ako se odluke donesene u pravno propisanom postupku efikasno ne provode.
Irrespective of any possible political or social dissatisfaction with the consequences of the decisions made, which is inevitable in some cases (bankruptcies, for example), decisions founded on law have to be carried out effectively, because otherwise a dangerous legal inequality is created and the elementary principle of the government of the rule of law is called into question.
Bez obzira na eventualno političko ili socijalno nezadovoljstvo posljedicama donesenih odluka, što je u nekim situacijama neizbježno (npr. pri stečajevima), odluke zasnovane na zakonu moraju se dosljedno provoditi jer se u suprotnome kreira opasna pravna nejednakost i dovodi u pitanje elementarna mogućnost funkcioniranja pravne države.
In the list of recommendations below measures are proposed that should be undertaken for the achievement of these strategic objectives.
U idućoj listi preporuka predložene su mjere koje bi trebale biti poduzete radi postizanja tih strateških ciljeva.
Most of the measures proposed are linked with strategic objective number two, which is the centre of future endeavours, and is linked by synergy with the first and third: a well-functioning judiciary will more easily overcome the drawbacks and failings of the legislative process, and, with its integrity and the public trust in it, will contribute to the results of procedures being respected.
Najveći broj predloženih mjera povezan je s drugim strateškim ciljem koji je prepoznat kao središnje mjesto za buduća nastojanja, a usto je i sinergijski povezan s prvim i trećim ciljem: kvalitetno pravosuđe lakše će prevladati nedostatke zakonodavnog procesa, a svojim integritetom i javnim povjerenjem koje dobije pridonijet će da se rezultati postupka poštuju.
• Enabling strategic planning and action regarding the efficiency of the legal system.
• Stvaranje pretpostavaka za strateško planiranje i djelovanje na povećanju efikasnosti pravnog sustava.
A primary objective should be to establish reliable empirical methods of monitoring the problems in the judiciary.
Prije svega potrebno je empirijskom metodologijom uopće omogućiti pouzdano praćenje problema u pravosuđu.
For this reason the government and the non-governmental sector should support research into the problems of the functioning of the judiciary on a scientific and professional basis.
Stoga bi država, kao i nevladini sektor, trebali intenzivnije poduprijeti istraživanja problema funkcioniranja pravosuđa na stručnoj i znanstvenoj osnovi.
The monitoring of the work of the judicial system at qualitative and quantitative levels should be reformed, considering that today's statistics are not well adjusted to modern demands.
Također bi trebalo reformirati praćenje djelovanja pravosuđa na kvantitativnom i kvalitativnom planu s obzirom na to da su današnje statistike neprilagođene modernim zahtjevima.
Pursuant to a new methodology, it is necessary to define criteria for the efficient work and the evaluation of judicial services.
Nadalje, na temelju nove metodologije trebalo bi oblikovati kriterije učinkovitosti i evaluacije djelovanja pravosudnih službi.