natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The objective of the talks was to achieve greater freedom in the trade in agricultural products by a reduction of import barriers and export incentives, limitation of agricultural subsides and the unification of sanitary and phytosanitary regulations in international agreements.
Cilj pregovora bilo je postizanje veće slobode u poljoprivrednoj trgovini smanjivanjem uvoznih prepreka i izvoznih poticaja, ograničavanjem poljoprivrednih potpora i ujednačavanjem sanitarnih i fitosanitarnih propisa u međunarodnim sporazumima.
Such decisions became the foundation for the adjustment of agrarian policy measures in Europe and worldwide in recent times.
Takve su odluke postale temelj prilagodbe agrarnopolitičkih mjera u Europi i svijetu u novijem razdoblju.
There are endeavours to make up for the limitations in the market price policy by alternative incentives for the adjustment of the agrarian structure and for the development of rural areas and the preservation of the environment, because at the same time the deleterious consequences of the encouragement of intensive agriculture on the environment have been noticed, particularly in the more advanced countries.
Ograničenja u tržišnocjenovnoj politici nastoje se nadoknaditi alternativnim poticajima za prilagodbu agrarne strukture te za razvoj ruralnih sredina i očuvanje okoliša, jer su istodobno uočene i loše posljedice poticanja intenzivne poljoprivrede na okoliš, poglavito u razvijenim zemljama.
The Common Agricultural Policy
Zajednička poljoprivredna politika
The Treaty of Rome (1957), which founded the EEC more than 45 years ago, set forward the central place of agriculture in this start made to Western European integration.
Rimski ugovor (1957. g.), koji je prije više od 45 godina utemeljio Europsku ekonomsku zajednicu (EEZ), naznačio je središnje mjesto poljoprivrede u toj zapadnoeuropskoj integraciji.
The common market for farm products required the passing of the CAP, because agriculture, along with transportation, is one of the two sectors in the EU for which there is a single united policy.
Zajedničko tržište za poljoprivredne proizvode zahtijevalo je donošenje Zajedničke poljoprivredne politike (ZPP) jer je poljoprivreda (uz promet) jedan od dva sektora u EU za koji postoji jedinstvena politikai.
The basic policy instruments through which these goals are accomplished include price support, direct payments to farmers and control of supply.
Osnovni politički instrumenti kojima se ti ciljevi postižu obuhvaćaju cjenovnu potporu, izravna plaćanja poljoprivrednicima i nadzor ponude.
The current system is the outcome of two reforms.
Sadašnji je sustav posljedica dviju reformi.
The first started in 1992 with a change in aid, from price support to direct payments; maintained prices were dropped, the appropriate direct compensations were designed and new measures for controlling supply were brought in.
Prva je počela 1992. godine promjenom potpore od cjenovne na izravna plaćanja: snižene su podržavane cijene, osmišljene odgovarajuće izravne naknade i uvedene nove mjere nadzora ponude.
Later changes included the transformation of variable import dues into customs equivalents, and they were employed in 1995 as part of the obligations of the EU within the Agriculture Agreement of the Uruguay Round.
Kasnije su promjene uključivale pretvorbu promjenjivih uvoznih pristojbi u carinske ekvivalente, a primijenjene su 1995. godine kao dio obveza EU u sklopu Sporazuma o poljoprivredi iz Urugvajskog kruga pregovora.
The second reform of the CAP, Agenda 2000, was adopted in 1999, and started to be implemented in early 2000.
Druga reforma ZPP-a, Agenda 2000, usvojena je 1999. godine i počela se primjenjivati početkom 2000. godine.
This meant a turnabout in the EU, from price support to direct payments and the adjustment of measure for the control of supply.
Označila je zaokret EU od cjenovne potpore izravnim plaćanjima te prilagodbu mjera za nadzor ponude.
Up to its reform in 1992, the CAP was primarily a system of price arrangements supporting the incomes of EU farmers in two ways: 1, the government would buy up supply surpluses when there was a danger that market prices might fall below an agreed minimum (the intervention price) and 2, customs were applied at EU borders, the consequence being that imported goods with a high degree of price support could not be sold in the EU below the desired internal price set by the EU.
ZPP je do reforme 1992. godine ponajprije bio sustav cjenovnih uređenja kojima se podržavao dohodak EU poljoprivrednika na dva načina: 1. vlast je otkupljivala viškove ponude kada je postojala opasnost da tržišne cijene padnu ispod dogovorenog minimuma (intervencijske cijene); 2. primjenjivane su carine na granicama EU, tako da se uvezena roba visoko podržavane cijene nije mogla u EU prodati ispod poželjne unutrašnje cijene koju je određivao EU.
Although political reforms cut the price support for some farm products, the EU still applies a relatively high border protection for some products, such as milk, sugar and beef.
Iako su političke reforme snizile cjenovnu potporu za neke poljoprivredne proizvode, EU još uvijek za neke proizvode (mlijeko, šećer, goveđe meso) primjenjuje relativno visoku graničnu zaštitu.
After the reform of 1992, along with price support, direct payments to producers were provided for in order to support their incomes.
Nakon reforme 1992. godine, uz cjenovnu potporu osigurane su i izravne isplate proizvođačima kako bi se podržao njihov dohodak.
These compensatory payments were established as part of the 1992 package and are based on the volume of production, but are given to farmers on the basis of their productive acreage in areas in which a certain yield is traditionally obtained.
Nadoknađujuća plaćanja ustanovljena su kao dio paketa iz 1992. godine i temelje se na opsegu proizvodnje, no daju se poljoprivrednicima i na osnovi proizvodnih površina u područjima u kojima se tradicijski postiže određeni prinos.
Agriculture support programmes mean earmarking considerable sums of money from the EU budget.
Izdaci za poljoprivredu porasli su s oko 5 mlrd.
About 49% of the EU budget is set aside for CAP measures^, and in previous years this share had been as much as 70%.
Za mjere ZPP-a izdvaja se oko 49% proračuna EU (1998. g.)ii, a prijašnjih je godina taj udio dosezao čak 70%.
High budgetary expenditure for agriculture in fact brought about a budgetary crisis, and hence led to several political reforms for reining in the considerable outlays on farming.
Visoki proračunski troškovi za poljoprivredu doveli su do više proračunskih kriza, odnosno do više političkih reformi za obuzdavanje znatnih izdataka za poljoprivredu.
Measures of agricultural policy affect the functioning of the agricultural market of the EU.
Mjere poljoprivredne politike utječu na funkcioniranje poljoprivrednog tržišta EU.
Within the set of the legislative provisions for the competitiveness of the market they work via transactions between private buyers and producers.
U sklopu zakonskih odredaba konkurentna tržišta djeluju putem transakcija između privatnih kupaca i prodavača.
As WTO member the EU has agreed to reduce its export incentives and its customs duties, as well as to limit the level of its domestic aid.
Kao član WTO-a EU je dogovorio smanjenje svojih izvoznih poticaja i carina, kao i ograničavanje razine svoje domaće potpore.
Such restrictions have a powerful effect on agricultural policy, the level of agricultural supports, and the methods in which support is given.
Takva ograničenja snažno djeluju na poljoprivrednu politiku, razinu poljoprivredne potpore, i na metode pružanja potpore.
It can be expected that the next round of WTO talks will result in additional demands for CAP reforms.
Može se očekivati da će sljedeći krug pregovora unutar WTO-a rezultirati dodatnim zahtjevima za reformom ZPP-a.
The enlargement of the EU will also have a powerful effect on agricultural policy, because the budgetary costs will become too large for it to be maintained.
Proširivanje EU također će imati snažan učinak na poljoprivrednu politiku jer će proračunski troškovi za njezino održavanje biti preveliki.
Instead of by market price supports, the farm sector will be aided by direct payments, most likely tied to natural resources (the environment) or the level of agricultural income, and not to actual farm production.
Umjesto tržišnocjenovne potpore, poljoprivredni će se sektor podupirati izravnim plaćanjima, što će se najvjerojatnije vezati za prirodne resurse (okoliš) ili za razinu poljoprivrednog dohotka, a ne uz poljoprivredne proizvode.
Nor can the current form of payment according to acreage of productive land be a lasting solution.
Ni sadašnji oblik plaćanja prema proizvodnim površinama nije trajno rješenje.
In the EU it is increasingly obvious that the health of the agricultural sector depends on the chances of people finding employment in the non-farm sector, starting off the process of the desirable structural changes.
U EU postaje sve očitije kako “zdravlje” poljoprivrednog sektora ovisi o mogućnostima zapošljavanja u nepoljoprivrednom sektoru, čime započinje proces poželjnih strukturnih promjena.
The legal provisions in this area refer to the great many special programmes, wide in scope, such as for irrigation, afforestation and regional programmes of incentives to agriculture in the underdeveloped areas.
Zakonske odredbe u tom području odnose se na mnoštvo posebnih programa širokog opsega kao što su programi irigacije, pošumljivanja ili regionalni programi poticanja poljoprivrede u nerazvijenim područjima.
This particularly refers to the economic and social linkage of EU objectives to diminish the differences between regions, to aid to areas in which making a living in farming is more difficult, to areas of depopulation and so on.
Posebice se to odnosi na gospodarsku i društvenu povezanost ciljeva EU kojima bi se smanjile razlike između regija, na potpore područjima s težim uvjetima gospodarenja u poljoprivredi, depopulacijskim područjima i sl.
Increasing attention is attracted by the question of environmental protection, that is, the need to integrate concern for the environment into the agricultural policy of the EU.
Sve veću pozornost privlače pitanja zaštite okoliša, odnosno potreba integriranja brige za okoliš u poljoprivrednu politiku EU.
This can also be said of issues of rural development, and it is believed that in the future the CAP will develop into the Common Rural Policy for Europe ( Zimbrek et al., 1999).
To se može reći i za pitanja ruralnog razvoja, pa se vjeruje da će u budućnosti ZPP prerasti u Zajedničku ruralnu politiku za Europu (Zimbrek i sur.,
The European Union
Europska unija
The land area of the fifteen EU members abounds in varied environments and is marked by great geological, relief and climate differences, which make possible the production of a broad-ranging supply of plant and animal products; the centuries-old inherited practices, together with the social and economic characteristics, have set their marks on the numerous production systems.
Područje petnaest zemalja članica EU obiluje raznolikim okolišem i obilježeno je velikim geološkim, orografskim i klimatskim razlikama, što omogućuje proizvodnju široke ponude biljnih i stočarskih proizvoda, a stoljetno naslijeđe, društvene i gospodarske značajke obilježavaju brojne proizvodne sustave.
In the EU, 135 million hectares of agricultural land are cultivated.
U EU se obrađuje 135 mil. ha poljoprivrednog zemljišta.
About 80% of this area lies in only five countries: Spain, France, the UK, Germany and Italy.
Oko 80% tih površina nalazi se na području pet država: Španjolske, Francuske, Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, Njemačke i Italije.
Production too is concentrated in a limited number of countries, with 80% of all production being accounted for by six countries (France, Italy, Germany, Spain, the UK and Holland).
I proizvodnja je koncentrirana u ograničenom broju država, tako da se 80% vrijednosti proizvodnje ostvaruje u samo šest zemalja (Francuskoj, Italiji, Njemačkoj, Španjolskoj, Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu i Nizozemskoj).
In terms of monetary value, animal husbandry leads (40%) followed by fruit and vegetables (16%) and cereals (9%).
Po vrijednosti proizvodnje prednjači stočarska proizvodnja (40%), proizvodnja voća i povrća (16%) te proizvodi od žita (9%).
Within the EU there are considerable differences in the levels of farm income, both in given countries, and regionally.
Unutar EU znatne su razlike u razinama poljoprivrednog dohotka, kako u pojedinim zemljama, tako i regionalno.
Farm economies are structurally very diverse.
Poljoprivredna su gospodarstva strukturno vrlo različita.
At base, two types of agriculture can be distinguished (Corvino and Mariani, 1999): the southern European model, in which there are small holdings run by mostly older farmers (most of them in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain) and the northern European model, with mainly medium-sized and large businesses (the UK, Germany, Denmark, France and Ireland).
U osnovi se razlikuju dva tipa poljoprivrede (Covino i Mariani, 1999): južnoeuropski model, u kojemu prevladavaju sitna gospodarstva kojima upravljaju uglavnom stariji poljoprivrednici (većinom u Grčkoj, Italiji, Portugalu i Španjolskoj), te sjevernoeuropski model poljoprivrede, s pretežito srednjim i velikim gospodarstvima (u UK, Njemačkoj, Danskoj, Francuskoj i Irskoj).
Particularly large farms, of more than 200 ha, are to be found in what used to be the DDR.
Osobito velika gospodarstva, s više od 200 ha, nalaze se na području bivše Njemačke Demokratske Republike.
These have developed on the base of the great collective farms of the socialist era, and they are run, mainly, by young farmers.
Nastala su od velikih kolektiviziranih imanja tijekom socijalizma, a vode ih uglavnom mladi poljoprivrednici.
The countries of Central and Eastern Europe
Zemlje središnje i istočne Europe
In the countries of CEE, agriculture is relatively more important than in the EU countries with respect to land use, proportion in GDP and, particularly, in its share in overall employment (Table 1).
U zemljama središnje i istočne Europe (SIE), poljoprivreda je razmjerno važnija nego u zemljama EU s obzirom na poljoprivredno zemljište, doprinos BDP-u te, poglavito, u udjelu u ukupnoj zaposlenosti (tabl.
In most of these countries the private ownership of farms, land and equipment was dominant, with the proviso that most of the new landowners were small farmers.
U većini tih zemalja uvelike je prevladavalo privatno vlasništvo poljoprivrednih gospodarstava, zemljišta i opreme, s tim da su većina novih zemljovlasnika bili sitni poljoprivrednici.
Many studies have shown that it is these small farms that are a major limitation in the way of the development of the agriculture of these countries.
Brojne studije upravo ta sitna gospodarstva ističu kao bitno ograničenje razvoja poljoprivrede tih zemalja.
Difficulties in the transformation of the economic systems of the CEE countries, taking them from being centrally planned to market oriented economies, have overshadowed the real capacities of the agricultural sector.
Teškoće u pretvorbi gospodarskih sustava zemalja SIE iz centralnoplanskih u tržišno usmjerena, zasjenile su stvarne mogućnosti poljoprivrednog sektora.
The consequences of rejecting the command economy and bringing in price, production and trade liberalisation have led to a drastic fall in incomes, and hence a fall in the consumption of most food items.
Posljedice odbacivanja centralnoplanskoga gospodarstva i uvođenje liberalizacije cijena, proizvodnje i trgovine prouzročile su drastičan pad dohotka, te time i pad potrošnje većine prehrambenih dobara.
The decline in demand, together with the growing input prices, has reduced the production in most of the candidate countries well below the level of before the transformation.
Smanjena potražnja, zajedno s rastućim cijenama inputa, smanjuju proizvodnju u većini zemalja kandidatkinja znatno ispod razine prije pretvorbe.
One important corollary of market reform in these countries is a deterioration in the balance of trade with the EU.
Važna posljedica tržišne reforme u tim zemljama jest pogoršanje trgovinske bilance prema EU.
A considerable fall in farm output has reduced the possibilities of exports to the EU, which is, for most of the entrant countries, the most important trade partner.
Znatan pad poljoprivredne proizvodnje smanjio je mogućnosti izvoza u EU, za većinu zemalja pristupnica najvažnijega trgovinskog partnera.
At the same time, the import of these products from the EU has gone up, partially because of changes in consumer demands with respect to products like tropical or western-style processed food (Josling and Babinard, 1999).
Istodobno se povećao uvoz tih proizvoda iz EU, dijelom zbog promjene potrošačkih zahtjevnosti prema nekim proizvodima poput tropskih ili zapadnjački prerađene hrane (Josling i Babinard, 1999).
Although aid to agriculture has gone up slightly in the CEE countries, because of intervention and foreign trade measures, in most cases the supported prices are still lower than those in the EU.
Premda je potpora poljoprivredi u zemljama SIE blago porasla zbog intervencijskih i vanjskotrgovinskih mjera, u većini slučajeva podržavane su cijene još uvijek niže od onih u EU.
What is more, the prices at the level of the farm (production prices) are, in the candidate countries, mostly considerably lower than those in the EU (according to data from 1995, producer prices in these countries ranged in the area of from 40 to 80% of the level of prices in the EU).
Štoviše, cijene na razini poljoprivrednog gospodarstva (proizvođačke cijene) u zemljama pristupnicama uglavnom su znatno niže od onih u EU (prema podacima iz 1995. godine, proizvođačke cijene u tim zemljama kretale su se od 40 do 80% razine cijena u EU).
With the enlargement of the EU, the total area of agricultural land, with the new members, would by increased by 60 million ha, and would come to almost 200 million hectares.
Proširenjem EU poljoprivredna bi se površina s novim članicama povećala za 60 mil. ha, odnosno iznosila bi gotovo 200 mil. ha.
The number of people employed would double, from the current ca 6.6 million, and the average area of available agricultural land per person employed in farming would come to 9 ha as against the 21 ha in the current EU.
Broj zaposlenih udvostručio bi se sa sadašnjih oko 6,6 mil., a prosječna bi raspoloživa poljoprivredna površina po zaposleniku u zemljama pristupnicama iznosila oko 9 ha u usporedbi s 21 ha u sadašnjem EU.
Inclusion of the CEE countries in the EU would considerably increase the proportion of the overall economy represented by the farm sector.
Uključivanje zemalja SIE u EU povećalo bi znatno udio poljoprivrednog sektora u ukupnom gospodarstvu.
In the years to come, it is expected that the big differences that exist between the candidate countries and the EU - in the relations in level of protection, the discrepancies in farm prices, legislation and application of internal market requirements - will make it difficult for these countries to implement the acquis unless transitional measures in some form are employed.
U idućim godinama očekuje se da će velike razlike koje postoje između zemalja pristupnica i EU - u odnosima razine zaštite, nesklada poljoprivrednih cijena, zakonodavstvu i primjeni zahtjeva unutrašnjeg tržišta EU - otežati tim zemljama primjenu pravnog reda (acquis communautaire) ako se ne primijeni neki oblik tranzicijskih mjera.
A considerable pressure towards adjustment will be forced on these countries when they adopt CAP criteria, as well as on EU countries, which will have to find the financing resources in competition with the agricultural sector of the new members.
Znatan pritisak za prilagodbom nameće se tim zemljama kada usvoje kriterije ZPP-a, kao i članicama EU koje će trebati naći sredstva za financiranje u natjecanju s poljoprivrednim sektorom novoučlanjenih zemalja.
The attitude of the EU towards the candidate countries
Odnos EU prema zemljama pristupnicama
This relates primarily to pre-accession aid, not only from the PHARE programme (1.5 billion ECU a year), but also to aid for agricultural development (5 billion ECU a year) and structural reform (1 billion ECU a year).
To se prije svega odnosi na sredstva pristupne pomoći (pre-accession aid), ne samo iz PHARE programa (1,5 mlrd.
The allotment of these resources will be grounded on the following criteria: the farm population, the agricultural area, per capita GDP, purchasing power and the specific situation of a given region.
Pomoć se odnosi na razdoblje pristupa EU i u skladu je s Odredbom Europskog vijeća od 21. lipnja 1999. godine (SAPARD).
Pursuant to these plans, the European Commission will approve agriculture and rural development programmes for each of the countries, the basic objective being assistance in the preparation of the agricultural sector for full participation in the CAP and the EU internal market.
Na temelju tih planova Povjerenstvo će odobravati programe poljoprivrednog i ruralnog razvoja svakoj od tih zemalja, s osnovnim ciljem pomoći u pripremi poljoprivrednog sektora za puno sudjelovanje u ZPP-u i unutrašnjem tržištu EU.
The agricultural sector in Croatia
Poljoprivredni sektor u Hrvatskoj
Trends in the agricultural land of CEE in the transformation period are almost precisely the same as those in the agriculture of Croatia.
Trendovi u poljoprivredi zemalja SIE u razdoblju pretvorbe gotovo su identični s kretanjima u poljoprivredi Hrvatske.
Certain differences in the characteristics of the domestic agricultural sector derive from the particular heritage of Croatia, which from a social and economic point of view differed quite a lot from the model of the CEE countries (particularly in the agricultural sector, considering ownership structure), as well as because of the aggression of the nineties that marked that period.
Određene razlike u obilježjima domaćeg poljoprivrednog sektora proizlaze iz specifičnog naslijeđa Hrvatske koje se u društveno-gospodarskom smislu podosta razlikovalo od modela zemalja SIE (osobito u poljoprivrednom sektoru, s obzirom na vlasničku strukturu), ali i zbog agresije devedesetih godina, koja je obilježila to razdoblje.
About two thirds of all agricultural land is owned by family farms, and the remaining third is accounted for by state-owned land.
Oko dvije trećine ukupnog poljoprivrednog zemljišta u vlasništvu je obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava, a preostalu trećinu čini državno zemljište.
More than 70% of these holdings have less than 3 ha, and as a rule this is made up of very small fields; the level of technology is low; and there are very few vital and market-oriented farms capable of standing up to the competition of imports.
Više od 70% tih gospodarstava ima manje od 3 ha, i to po pravilu vrlo usitnjenih poljoprivrednih površina, niske razine tehnologije, te je malo vitalnih i tržišno usmjerenih gospodarstava koja bi se mogla ravnopravno nositi s uvoznom konkurencijom.
The shock of the transition to a market economy in the agriculture and food industry too resulted in a fall of production and employment, indebtedness, technological backwardness, a deterioration in the balance of payments, and insolvency.
Tranzicijski šok prijelaza na tržišno gospodarstvo i u poljoprivredno-prehrambenom kompleksu rezultirao je padom proizvodnje i zaposlenosti, zaduženošću, tehnološkim zaostajanjem, pogoršanjem bilance trgovinske razmjene i nelikvidnošću.
Deferral of necessary policy reforms in certain areas and of stronger economic integration can partially be justified by the war.
Odgađanje nužne reforme politike u pojedinim područjima i jačega gospodarskog integriranja, djelomice se mogu opravdati ratom u Hrvatskoj.
Alas, the cessation of the war brought no turnabout in the implementation of economic policy with respect to the countryside and agricultural producers, in line with their strategic importance.
Nažalost, prestanak rata nije donio zaokret u provedbi gospodarske politike prema selu i poljoprivrednim proizvođačima, u skladu s njihovim strateškim značenjem.