natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In spite of the high possible costs of integration (restructuring costs), the establishment and consistent implementation of obligations taken on can help in the creation of favourable investment conditions.
Usprkos mogućim visokim troškovima integracije (troškovima restrukturiranja), uspostava i dosljedno provođenje preuzetih obveza može pomoći u stvaranju povoljnih uvjeta za investicije.
The establishment of free trade zones in the region will make it possible for transitional economies to prepare to face the competitive pressures on the EU market.
Uspostava zona slobodne trgovine u regiji omogućuje tranzicijskim gospodarstvima pripremu za suočavanje s konkurencijskim pritiskom na tržištu EU.
The strengthening of inter-regional trade can make specialisation possible and facilitate its heading in the direction of activities with greater value added.
Jačanje međuregionalne trgovine može omogućiti specijalizaciju te je olakšati u smjeru aktivnosti s većom dodanom vrijednošću.
Although access to the EU market is unlimited and duty-free for most of the Croatian products, this kind of regime of access to the EU market does not make it possible to adjust the export structure of the Republic of Croatia in accordance with its comparative advantages.
Iako je pristup tržištu EU za većinu hrvatskih proizvoda neograničen i bescarinski, takav režim pristupa tržištu EU ne omogućuje usklađivanje izvozne strukture RH s njezinim komparativnim prednostima.
That is, Croatian producers have their greatest comparative advantages in sectors in which access to the EU market is limited.
Naime, proizvođači iz Hrvatske najveće komparativne prednosti imaju u sektorima u kojima je pristup tržištu EU ograničen.
These are fisheries and the production of tobacco products.
To su ribarstvo i proizvodnja duhanskih proizvoda.
Regional cooperation, which Croatia is obliged to carry out by the SAA, can help in the process of restructuring.
Regionalna suradnja na koju se Hrvatska obvezala SSP-om može pomoći u procesu restrukturiranja.
At the same time, the introduction of the regular reports made by the European Commission enables unbiased and consistent monitoring of the implementation of reforms.
Ujedno, uvođenje redovitih izvještaja koje podnosi Komisija omogućuje nepristrano i konzistentno praćenje provedbe reformi.
• Work on the achievement of status of full member as fast as possible, because this will minimise the static costs that derive from partial liberalisation through implementation of the SAA.
• Raditi na što bržoj transformaciji u punopravnog člana jer će se tako minimizirati statički troškovi koji proizlaze iz parcijalne liberalizacije provedbom SSP-a.
The proviso is that the implementation of the SAA and other international obligations and reforms already launched is a necessary condition for transformation.
Pri tome je provedba SSP-a i drugih međunarodnih obveza te već pokrenutih reformi nužan uvjet preobrazbe.
• As opposed to the position of Croatia in Doha, not to enter into numerous bilateral preferential arrangements, especially if each of them has separate rules of origin - this only increases the transaction costs and trading costs.
• Suprotno poziciji Hrvatske u Dohi, ne ulaziti u bezbroj bilateralnih preferencijalnih aranžmana, posebno ako svaki ima zasebna pravila o podrijetlu robe - time se samo povećavaju transakcijski troškovi i troškovi trgovine.
Existing bilateral agreements could be made multilateral, which would reduce the administrative costs of implementing and monitoring them.
Postojeći bilateralni sporazumi mogli bi se “multilateralizirati” čime bi se smanjili administrativni troškovi njihove provedbe i praćenja.
• If the trade policy of the EU is accepted, it should be used, as in the member states, as a support for development, industrial and competition policies and not as a merely passive protection policy.
• U slučaju prihvaćanja trgovinske politike EU, ona se treba koristiti kao i u državama članicama, kao potpora razvojnoj, industrijskoj i konkurentskoj politici, a ne samo kao pasivna zaštitna politika.
i The basic agreements are those of trade in goods (GATT), in services (GATS), the protection of intellectual rights (TRIPS) and the settlement of disputes (DSM).
i Osnovni su sporazumi onaj o trgovini robom (GATT), uslugama (GATS), zaštiti intelektualnih prava (TRIPs) te rješavanju sporova (DSM).
iii Of course, by associating, an applicant country obliges itself gradually to create a free trade zone and adjust its trade policy with the common trade policy of the Union.
iii Dakako, pridruživanjem se zemlja kandidatkinja obvezuje na postupno stvaranje zone slobodne trgovine i usklađivanje trgovinske politike sa zajedničkom trgovinskom politikom Zajednice.
The adjustment of applicants to the EU trade policy is monitored in the context of the general legal adjustments.
Prilagodbe kandidata trgovinskoj politici EU prate se u sklopu pravnih prilagodbi.
Accession negotiations progress according to the pace of harmonisation to the acquis.
Pregovori o članstvu napreduju ovisno o usklađenosti kandidata sa zakonodavstvom Zajednice.
Acceptance and implementation of the acquis implies that the applicant has developed the ability to take on the obligations that arise from membership.
Prihvaćanje i primjena pravila Zajednice (acquis communautaire, skraćeno acquis) podrazumijeva da je kandidat razvio sposobnost preuzimanja obveza koje proizlaze iz članstva.
The negotiation chapters that relate to trade are: the free movement of goods (Chapter 1), the free movement of services (Chapter 3), the free movement of capital (part of Chapter 4), the negotiations of some states about the protection of intellectual property (TRIPS, Chapter 5), and the establishment of the customs union (Chapter 25).
Pregovaračka poglavlja koja se odnose na trgovinu jesu: slobodno kretanje robe (poglavlje 1), slobodno kretanje usluga (poglavlje 3), slobodno kretanje kapitala (dio poglavlja 4), pregovori nekih država o zaštiti intelektualnog vlasništva (TRIPS, poglavlje 5), te uspostavi carinske unije (poglavlje 25).
Most of the applicants have provisionally completed negotiations about these chapters, which means that they will in the event that they do join the EU, be involved in the single market and apply the common customs tariff with respect to third countries, i.e., they will become a member of the customs union.
Većina kandidata provizorno je dovršila pregovore o tim poglavljima, što podrazumijeva da će se u slučaju pristupanja EU uključiti u jedinstveno tržište i primjenjivati zajedničku carinsku tarifu prema trećim zemljama, tj. da će postati članom carinske unije.
v Other elements according to which the European Commission evaluates the effectiveness of a market economy are: the equilibrium between supply and demand established by the free interplay of market forces; absence of significant barriers to market entry (establishment of new firms) ond exit (bankruptcies, liquidations); the legal system, including the regulation of property rights ; macroeconomic stability achieved, including price stability, sustainable public finances and external accounts; the existence of a broad consensus about the essentials of economic policy, and a sufficiently developed financial sector to channel savings towards productive investment.
v Ostali elementi na temelju kojih Europska komisija ocjenjuje djelotvornost tržišnoga gospodarstva jesu postojanje ravnoteže ponude i potražnje zbog slobodnog djelovanja tržišnih snaga; uklanjanje većih zapreka za ulazak i izlazak s tržišta (u smislu otvaranja novih poduzeća ili stečaja postojećih); regulativa vlasničkih odnosa; postignuta makroekonomska stabilnost, uključujući odgovarajuću cjenovnu stabilnost, održive javne financije i bilanca plaćanja s inozemstvom; postojanje konsenzusa o ključnim pitanjima gospodarske politike zemlje i dovoljno razvijen financijski sektor koji može usmjeriti štednju prema proizvodnom ulaganju.
vi The other elements according to which the capacity to cope with competitive pressures within the Union are evaluated are the sufficiency of available resources with acceptable costs (human potential, capital and infrastructure) with the possibility of their being developed and built upon (education, research), as well as a considerable proportion of SMEs being involved in EU trade, because according to experience to day, such companies tend to benefit more from improved market access, and partly because a dominance of large firms could indicate a greater reluctance to adjust.
vi Ostali elementi na temelju kojih se procjenjuje sposobnost suočavanja s konkurentskim pritiskom unutar Unije jesu dostatnost raspoloživih resursa uz prihvatljive troškove (ljudski potencijal, kapital i infrastruktura) uz mogućnost njihova razvoja i izgradnje (obrazovanje, istraživanje) te znatan udio malih i srednjih poduzeća u razmjeni s EU jer takva poduzeća prema dosadašnjem iskustvu imaju veće koristi od boljeg pristupa tržištu (European Commission, 1997).
viii This index, for some industrial product or economic activity “i”, is usually defined as GLi= 1 - [IExi-Imil / (Exi+ Im)] where Ex indicators exports and Im imports.
viii Taj se indeks za neki proizvod ili ekonomsku aktivnost “i ” obično definira kao GLi = 1 - [1Exi-Imi1 / (Exi+ Imi)], gdje Ex obilježava izvoz, a Im uvoz.
The closer the index is to 1, the greater the level of intra-industry trade.
Što je indeks bliži vrijednosti 1, to je razina intraindustrijske trgovine veća.
ix Relative trade deficit is defined as (x-m)/(x+m), where x is exports, and m is imports, expressed in percentages.
ix Relativni trgovinski deficit definira se kao (x-m)/(x+m), pri čemu je x - izvoz, a m - uvoz i izražava se postocima.
x Trade diversion is expressed as the cost for a country that, because of the existence of a formal trade agreement, diverts imports from a country that produces them efficiently to a member country that is less efficient , and at the same time ceasing to charge import duties therefore forgoing import tariff revenue.
x Skretanje trgovine odražava se kao trošak za zemlju koja zbog postojanja formalnoga trgovinskog sporazuma “skreće ” uvoz iz zemlje koja ga uspješno ostvaruje u zemlju članicu koja je manje uspješna, a pri tome prestaje naplaćivati uvoznu carinu pa gubi carinske prihode.
xi More about the model used and the econometric results of the test available from the authors.
xi Više o korištenome modelu i ekonometrijski rezultati testa raspoloživi od autora.
xii In spite of the fact that bilateral agreements have not been ratified, the following agreements are being provisionally applied: with BH (from 1 January 2001), Macedonia (1 July 2002), Slovenia (1 July 2002), Hungary (1 April 2001), Czech R (1 January 2002), Slovakia (1 January 2002) and EU member countries (from 1 January 2002).
xii Usprkos činjenici da bilateralni sporazumi još nisu ratificirani, privremeno se primjenjuju sporazumi s BiH (od 1. siječnja 2001), Makedonijom (od 1. srpnja 2002), Slovenijom (1. srpnja 2002), Mađarskom (1. travnja 2001), Češkom (1. siječnja 2002), Slovačkom (1. siječnja 2002) i državama članicama EU (od 1. siječnja 2002).
Agreements have been signed with Turkey and Poland, and negotiations with Albania, FRY and Romania are under way.
Potpisan je sporazum s Turskom i Poljskom, a pregovori s Albanijom, SRJ i Rumunjskom su u tijeku.
xiii In 2000, the IV Lome Convention ceased to exist, and the EU signed a new agreement, the Cotonou Partnership Agreement, with African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries.
xiii U 2000. prestala je vrijediti IV Lome konvencija, a EU je afričkim, karipskim i pacifičkim (ACP) zemljama potpisao novi sporazum - Cotonou Partnership Agreement.
xiv Trade policy, in line with the Treaty Establishing the European Community, consolidated version after the Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997, OJC 340/173 or europa.eu.int.eurlex/en.treaties/dat/ec_cons-treaty-en-pdf is considered one of the forms of commercial policy and is clearly defined with respect to wider commercial policy.
xiv Tj. trgovinska se politka, u skladu s Ugovorom o EU (Treaty Establishing the European Community - konsolidirana verzija nakon Ugovora iz Amsterdama, 1997, OJ C 340/173 ili Internet europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/treaties/dat/ec_cons-treaty-en.pdf), smatra jednim od oblika komercijalne politike i jasno je definirana s obzirom na sivu komercijalnu politiku.
Control of trade policy is within the jurisdiction of the Union, i.e., member states do not have a direct control over it.
Kontrola trgovinske politike u djelokrugu Unije, tj. države članice nemaju direktnu kontrolu nad njom.
EU institutions can carry out trade policy measures independently without consulting the member states , and trade agreements are ratified only at the level of the Union (there is no need for members to ratify them).
Instituticije EU mogu samostalno provoditi mjere trgovinske politike bez konzultiranja država članica, a trgovinski se sporazumi ratificiraju samo na razini Unije (nije potrebna ratifikacija država članica).
As against this, control of commercial policy is divided between the Union and the member states, which have more freedom in the area of regulation commercial presence and trends in production factors (cf. Messerlin 2001 Chapters 4 and 5).
Nasuprot tome, kontrola komercijalne politike dijeli se između Unije i država članica koje imaju više slobode u području reguliranja komercijalne prisutnosti i kretanja faktora proizvodnje (cf Messerlin, 2001, pog.
The ACP developing countries were given trade preferences within the context of the EU development policy.
Afričkim, karipskim i pacifičkim (ACP) državama u razvoju EU je dodijelila trgovinske povlastice u sklopu razvojne politike.
xvi The transformation of the regime, from non-reciprocal to reciprocal preferences, is based upon the formation of new bilateral or regional preferential arrangements consistent with WTO rules (especially Article 24).
xvi Tranformacija tog režima iz nerecipročnih u recipročne povlastice temelji se na stvaranju novih bilateralnih ili regionalnih preferencijalnih aranžmana konzistetnih za WTO (posebno čl 24).
xvii For example, it is sometimes cheaper to pay a tariff than to bear the costs ofproving the origin of the goods (Mayhew, 1998).
xvii Primjerice, pokatkad je jeftinije platiti carinu nego podnijeti trošak dokazivanja podrijetla robe (Mahyew, 1998).
xviii The level of protection against non-members of the EU may rise because of the process of joining the EU.
xviii Razina zaštite prema nečlanicama EU može rasti i zbog procesa pristupanja EU.
For example, when Slovenia joins the EU, the provisions of the free trade agreement between Croatia and Slovenia that enable the duty free and unlimited imports of wine from Croatia into Slovenia will have to be abolished .
Primjerice, pri uključivanju Slovenije u EU morale bi se povuci odredbe sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini između Hrvatske i Slovenije koje omogućuju bescarinski i neograničeni izvoz vina iz Hrvatske u Sloveniju.
xix This is a judgement that still needs support in a more thorough analysis, which alas could not be included in this paper.
xix To je sud koji tek treba dobiti potporu temeljitijom analizom koja nažalost nije mogla biti obuhvaćena ovim radom.
Chapter 7
Poglavlje 7.
PREMISES FOR THE INCLUSION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE PROCESS OF CROATIAN ACCESSION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
PRETPOSTAVKE ZA UKLJUČIVANJE POLJOPRIVREDE U PROCES PRIDRUŽIVANJA HRVATSKE EUROPSKOJ UNIJI
Faculty of Agriculture Zagreb
Agronomski fakultet Zagreb
The Republic of Croatia, in comparison with most other transitional countries, is late with its preparations for future accession to the EU.
Republika Hrvatska, u usporedbi s većinom drugih tranzicijskih zemalja, kasni s pripremama za buduće priključenje Europskoj uniji (EU).
The causes of this kind of situation are objectively grounded, the recent historical circumstances, as well as subjective in nature, the slowness and lack of political will to cope with this option.
Uzroci takvom stanju jesu objektivne, nedavne povijesne okolnosti, ali i subjektivna spora politička (ne)opredijeljenost za tu opciju.
In recent times, particularly after the signing of the SAA, activity has been stepped up.
U novije doba, a posebice nakon potpisivanja Sporazuma o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju (SSP-a) aktivnosti su se pojačale.
In the adjustment process, Croatia will accept liberalisation of EU products and endeavour to retain certain privileges, depending on the sensitivity of the particular product.
Hrvatska će u procesu prilagodbe prihvatiti liberalizaciju uvoza proizvoda iz EU i nastojati zadržati određene povlastice, ovisno o osjetljivosti pojedinih proizvoda.
Further harmonisation of the agriculture legislation is required, although the major part of Croatian law relating to agriculture contains conditions and key measures found in the secondary legislation of the EU.
Potrebna je i daljnja prilagodba poljoprivrednog zakonodavstva, premda najveći dio hrvatskih poljoprivrednih zakona sadržava uvjete i ključne mjere zastupljene u sekundarnoj legislativi EU.
In the paper, with the use of the methods of economic analysis and indicators of state intervention in agriculture and the costs of domestic resources, an evaluation is made of the advantages and limitations of Croatian agriculture.
Primjenom metoda ekonomske analize te pokazatelja državne intervencije u poljoprivredi i troškova domaćih resursa, u radu su ocijenjene prednosti i ograničenja hrvatske poljoprivrede.
The results of comparative analysis give a more objective image of the domestic agricultural sector in the international environment.
Rezultati komparativne analize daju objektivniju sliku domaćega poljoprivrednog sektora u međunarodnom okruženju.
Adjustment of agrarian policy should lead to an improvement in the competitiveness of domestic agriculture and at the same time to a preservation of domestic natural resources.
Prilagodbom agrarne politike treba poboljšati konkurentnost domaće poljoprivrede, a istodobno sačuvati domaće prirodne resurse.
agriculture, resources, agrarian structure, family farms, agrarian policy, rural development, economic integration
poljoprivreda, resursi, agrarna struktura, obiteljska poljoprivredna gospodarstva, agrarna politika, ruralni razvoj, gospodarske integracije
As compared with most other transitional countries, the Republic of Croatia is late with preparations for joining the EU at some future time.
RH u usporedbi s većinom drugih tranzicijskih zemalja kasni s pripremama za buduće priključenje EU.
The causes of this state of affairs are both objective - the Homeland War - and subjective - the slowness in coming to a political decision to go in for this option.
Uzroci takvom stanju su objektivni - nedavne povijesne okolnosti (Domovinski rat), ali i subjektivni - spora politička (ne)opredijeljenost za tu opciju.
In more recent times, especially after signing the SAA, activities, formal decisions and individual agreements with the EU have taken on speed, although Croatia still needs to put in a good deal of effort to catch up with the level of the countries in the first round for joining.
U novije doba, a posebice nakon potpisivanja SSP-a, aktivnosti, formalne odluke i pojedini sporazumi s EU ubrzali su se, premda Hrvatsku očekuje još dosta napora kako bi dosegnula razinu zemalja koje su u prvom krugu priključenja EU.
The ultimate outcome for these countries, and for Croatia too, in the current mood of problems surrounding the enlargement depends more on the EU itself than on future entrant countries.
Konačni ishod za te zemlje pa i za Hrvatsku, u sadašnjem ozračju problematiziranja proširenja ovisi više o samom EU nego o zemljama budućim pristupnicama.
In this context, a special consideration is given to the economic sectors of these countries and of Croatia that are of greater sensitivity and on which the shocks of integration will have a more profound and debilitating effect.
U tom kontekstu posebno se razmatraju sektori gospodarstva tih zemalja i Hrvatske koji su osjetljiviji i na koje će integracijski potresi snažnije i “pogubnije” djelovati.
Historically looked at, from the pre-accession experiences of the current members of the EU, it can be seen that the food and agriculture sector/s require a very sensitive analysis of the possible consequences of any future integration.
Povijesno promatrajući, iz iskustva priključenja sadašnjih članica EU, vidljivo je da poljoprivredni (i prehrambeni) sektor zahtijeva vrlo senzibilne analize mogućih posljedica budućeg integriranja.
For this reason in the paper, along with a depiction of the conditions imposed by the EU for new member states to join, a diagnosis is offered of agriculture from the sense of the farm production indicators (and comparisons of them with those from the countries of CEE), as well as of the state of affairs in legislation and economic policy in these activities.
Stoga se u radu, uz prikaz uvjeta koje postavlja EU za pridruživanje novih zemalja članica, daje “dijagnoza” poljoprivrede u smislu proizvodno-gospodarskih pokazatelja (i njihove usporedbe sa zemljama središnje i istočne Europe), ali i stanje zakonodavstva i gospodarske politike u toj djelatnosti.
Essential components of the discussion appear to be the matter of competitiveness, restrictions on increasing it, rural development, sustainable farm management and environmental protection, and the social aspects that make the farm sector incomparable with other economic sectors.
Kao bitna sastavnica nameće se pitanje konkurentnosti, ograničenja njezina povećanja, ruralnog razvoja, održivog gospodarenja u poljoprivredi i zaštiti okoliša, te se ističu društveni aspekti u poljoprivredi po kojima je ona neusporediva s drugim gospodarskim sektorima.
According to this review, the diagnosis of the vulnerability and an explanation of current limitations, in the conclusion a “view forward” is given, according to the currently known determinants of the EU, and a list is given of recommendations of things that need addressing in order for Croatian agriculture to converge on the conditions for membership set it by the EU.
Na temelju tih prikaza, “dijagnoze” ranjivosti i obrazloženja aktualnih ograničenja, zaključno se naznačuje “pogled unaprijed”, prema zasada poznatim odrednicama EU, te navodi lista nužnih provedbenih preporuka kako bi se hrvatska poljoprivreda približila uvjetima za pridruživanje koje joj postavlja EU.
ANALYSIS OF CONDITIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU
ANALIZA UVJETA ZA PRIDRUŽIVANJE NOVIH ČLANICA EU
Today's European agricultural policy is marked by the many years of impacts made upon it not only by European but also by world political and economic events.
Današnja europska poljoprivredna politika oblikovana je pod dugogodišnjim utjecajima što su ih izazvali ne samo europski, već i svjetski politički i gospodarski događaji.
In the 1970s it seemed that a global food shortage was imminent, the result being that politicians stimulated the production of food.
Sedamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća prijetila je globalna nestašica hrane, a rezultat je bio to da su političari poticali proizvodnju hrane.
Internal markets were protected, and subsidies rose.
Unutrašnja su se tržišta štitila, a subvencije rasle.
The situation changed in the early 1980s when the threatened shortages did not materialise.
Stanje se promijenilo ranih osamdesetih, kada se prijeteća nestašica hrane nije ostvarila.
On the contrary, in international trade in farm products, the consequences of increasingly large stocks began to be observed, with falls in prices, high export incentives and increasingly numerous trade restrictions.
Naprotiv, u međunarodnoj trgovini poljoprivrednim proizvodima počele su se primjećivati posljedice sve većih zaliha, pada cijena, visokih izvoznih poticaja i sve brojnijih trgovinskih ograničenja.
There was an endeavour to find a solution in a new round of multilateral trade negotiations within GATT.
Rješenje se pokušalo naći u novom krugu višestranih trgovinskih pregovora u okviru GATT-a.
In 1986 a new round of talks began, the Uruguay Round, as it was called, but the inclusion of agriculture into the talks was one of the most contentious of issues.
Godine 1986. započinje novi, tzv. Urugvajski krug pregovora, a uključivanje poljoprivrede u pregovore bilo je jedno od najspornijih pitanja.