natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The migration of the labour force, the free movement of goods, services and capital, and cross-border cooperation lead to new relations in the space, both negative and positive, and thus to new spatial structures, not only in the member states, but also in the neighbouring countriesi.
Migracija radne snage, slobodno kretanje roba, usluga i kapitala te prekogranična suradnja dovode do novih odnosa u prostoru, kako pozitivnih, tako i negativnih, a time i do novih prostornih struktura, ne samo u zemljama članicama već i u susjednim državama?
For this reason it is to be expected that the new enlargements of the EU will bring about changes in spatial relationships, for example, to gradual shifting of industrial and agricultural activities eastward.
Stoga se može očekivati da će i nova proširenja EU dovesti do promjena u prostornim odnosima, npr. do postupnog premještanja industrijske i poljoprivredne aktivnosti na istok Europe.
Although in public the process of the Croatian accession to the EU, as well as the enlargement of the EU, is justified and presented most often only from an economic or a political aspect, these processes have a major impact on the space, and hence lead to its transformation.
Iako se u javnosti proces pridruživanja Hrvatske EU, kao i proširenje EU, opravdava i prikazuje najčešće samo s političkog ili ekonomskog stajališta, ti procesi imaju velik utjecaj na prostor, a time i na njegovu transformaciju.
Since according to one of the scenarios from the Vision Planet study (2000), the gradual transfer of economic power to the eastern part of Europe is envisaged, it is to be expected that the area of Croatia will be exposed to powerful and long-term changes.
S obzirom na to da se prema jednom od scenarija iz studije Vision planet (2000) predviđa postupno premještanje ekonomske moći na istok Europe, može se očekivati da će prostor Hrvatske biti izložen snažnim i dugotrajnim promjenama.
It is not possible to state with any certainty how and to what extent the accession process and the recent enlargement of the EU will affect the territory of Croatia.
Nije moguće sa sigurnošću utvrditi kako će, i u kojoj mjeri, proces pridruživanja Hrvatske i nedavno proširenje EU utjecati na prostor Hrvatske.
But it is very clear that there will be certain changes, and that for these reasons, Croatia should be better acquainted with and more involved in all the activities related to spatial development at the EU level.
No sigurno je da će do određenih promjena doći, i zbog tih se razloga Hrvatska treba bolje upoznati i uključiti u sve aktivnosti prostornog razvoja na razini EU.
In order to be able to understand the importance of physical planning in the Croatian EU accession process, the remainder of this paper deals with three topics: the importance of physical planning in the EU, the EU requirements on candidate countries, and the situation visa-vis physical planning in Croatia.
Kako bi se shvatila važnost prostornog planiranja u postupku pridruživanja Hrvatske EU, u nastavku ovog teksta obrađene su tri teme: značenje prostornog planiranja u EU, zahtjevi EU prema zemljama kandidatkinjama i stanje prostornog planiranja u Hrvatskoj.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
ZNAČENJE PROSTORNOG RAZVOJA U EUROPSKOJ UNIJI
In order for the importance of “space” to be as clear as possible in the European context, this part of the paper will briefly introduce international physical planning activities in the EU.
Da bi bilo što jasnije značenje “prostora” u europskom kontekstu, u ovom dijelu rada ukratko se prikazuju međunarodne aktivnosti o prostornom planiranju u EU.
The interest for regional and physical planning in the European continent has appeared as a response to the need to reduce the consequences of the unbalanced development of individual regions, visible in the economic and social differences between the north and the south, or the division of the EU into centre and periphery.
Interes za regionalno i prostorno planiranje europskog kontinenta pojavljuje se kako bi se smanjile posljedice neravnomjernog razvoja pojedinih regija, koje se ogledaju u ekonomskim i socijalnim razlikama između Sjevera i Juga te u podjeli EU na središte i periferiju.
Such difficulties can be overcome only if the space is looked at as a whole and common objectives for spatial development are defined.
Takve je razlike moguće prevladati samo ako se prostor sagleda u cjelini i odrede zajednički ciljevi prostornog razvoja.
For this reason, from the European level, the space is considered not only within the confines of a single state, but also together with that of neighbouring countries, and after that as the space of a given region (for example, the Mediterranean space, or the Danubian, the Alpine or the Carpathian and so on), and finally as the space of the EU or indeed of the whole of the European continent.
Stoga se s europske razine prostor ne promatra samo unutar granica jedne države, već zajedno s prostorom susjednih zemalja, zatim kao prostor određene regije (npr. mediteranski prostor, podunavski prostor, alpski prostor ili karpatski prostor) i, napokon, kao prostor EU i cijelog europskog kontinenta.
Apart from this, because of the need to harmonise the different national visions of spatial development (transport, watercourses, water management, environmental protection, nature or culture conservation), at the European level various documents are adopted such as charters, recommendations, declarations or conventions in which the common orientations are defined in principle.
Osim toga, zbog potrebe usklađivanja različitih nacionalnih vizija prostornog razvoja (promet, riječni tokovi, gospodarenje vodama, zaštita okoliša, zaštita prirode ili zaštita kulture), na europskoj se razini usvajaju različiti dokumenti kao što su povelje, preporuke, deklaracije ili konvencije u kojima su načelno određena zajednička usmjerenja.
For this reason the EU puts a major onus for physical planning on the member states, which bind themselves to apply all these different documents in their national sectoral policies, strategies and plans.
Stoga veliku odgovornost za prostorno planiranje u EU imaju zemlje članice, jer se one obvezuju sve te različite dokumente primjenjivati u svojim nacionalnim sektorskim politikama, strategijama i planovima.
The following are some of the primary documents that have been adopted at ministerial conferences of the Council of Europe: The European Regional/Physical Planning Charter, better known as the Torremolinos Charter (CEMAT, 1983), The European Strategy for Regional/Physical Planning (CEMAT,1988) and Leading Principles for Sustainable Development of the European Continent (CEMAT, 2000).
Od brojnih dokumenata koji su usvojeni na ministarskim konferencijama Vijeća Europe ističu se: Europska povelja regionalnog/prostornog planiranja, poznatija pod nazivom Torremolinska povelja (CEMAT, 1983), Europska strategija regionalnog/prostornog planiranja (CEMAT, 1988), Vodeća načela za održivi prostorni razvoj europskog kontinenta (CEMAT, 2000).
The Torremolinos Charter and the European Strategy for Regional Planning required member states to endorse an equalised social and economic development of society within the regions of Europe, an improvement of the quality of life, accountable management of natural resources and environmental protection, as well as a rational land use.
Torremolinskom poveljom i Europskom strategijom regionalnog/prostornog planiranja zatraženo je od zemalja članica da se zalažu za ujednačeni socijalni i ekonomski razvoj društva unutar regija Europe, za poboljšanje kvalitete života, za odgovorno upravljanje prirodnim resursima i zaštitu okoliša te za racionalno korištenje zemljišta.
The documents officially acknowledged the importance of international collaboration in the area of physical planning and asked all the member states to accept “realistic European planning” in their documents.
Tim dokumentima službeno je prihvaćena međunarodna suradnja na području prostornog planiranja i od svih je zemalja članica zatraženo da u svojim dokumentima prihvate “realno europsko planiranje”.
By accepting the Guiding Principles for Sustainable Development the member states of the Council of Europe identified physical planning measures aimed at enabling all their citizens an acceptable living standard.
Prihvaćanjem Vodećih načela za održivi prostorni razvoj europskog kontinenta zemlje članice Vijeća Europe identificirale su prostornoplanske mjere kojima se želi svim građanima omogućiti prihvatljiv životni standard.
Since the principle of an acceptable standard of living is considered a precondition for the social cohesion and the stabilisation of democratic structures throughout Europe, these measures are of great importance.
Budući da se načelo prihvatljivog životnog standarda smatra osnovnim preduvjetom za provođenje socijalne povezanosti i stabilizaciju demokratskih struktura diljem Europe, te mjere imaju veliko značenje.
Guiding Principles also works as a basic signpost for the definition of land management policies at lower levels, so that practically all projects that are financed from such initiatives as Interreg, the Structural funds, Pre-accession and other funds are based on these principles.
Vodeća načela također služe kao temeljni orijentir za definiranje politike prostornog uređenja na nižim razinama, tako da se gotovo svi projekti koji se financiraju iz inicijativa poput Interreg-a, strukturnih fondova, pretpristupnih i drugih fondova baziraju na tim načelima.
An interest in patterns of regional development grew after, at the beginning of the nineties, the creation of the single market commenced.
Interes za modele regionalnog razvoja porastao je nakon što je početkom devedesetih godina započelo stvaranje jedinstvenog tržišta.
Kunzmann and Wegener (1991) published an influential article in which they argued for a polycentric system of cities as an alternative to the domination of just a few big centres, and the Dutch Agency for Physical Planning (Government of the Netherlands, 1991) created its report Perspectives in Europe, in which a concept of supranational physical planning was proposed, and an explanation was given of why national physical planning should take into account the European dimension of planning.
Kunzmann i Wegener (1991) objavljuju utjecajan članak u kojemu zagovaraju policentrični sustav gradova kao alternativu dominaciji nekoliko velikih centara, a nizozemska Agencija za prostorno planiranje (Government of the Netherlands, 1991) izrađuje izvještaj Perspektive u Europi, u kojemu je predložen koncept supranacionalnog prostornog planiranja i obrazloženo zašto nacionalno prostorno planiranje treba uzeti u obzir europsku dimenziju planiranja.
In an analysis of the state of affairs in physical planning, the European Commission (1991; 1994) identified the main pressures on the European space stemming from social and economic development, as well as from national and regional interventions, and interventions of the Community.
U analizi stanja prostornog planiranja Europska komisija (European Commission, 1991; 1994) identificira glavne pritiske na europski prostor koji proizlaze iz društvenog i ekonomskog razvoja, kao i iz nacionalnih i regionalnih intervencija te intervencija Zajednice.
Two important growth focuses were identified (Northwest Europe and the northern part of the south, i.e., a zone from Northeast Spain to North Italy and South Germany), and stronger collaboration in the field of physical planning in the whole area of Europe was sought.
Pri tome su identificirane dvije važne jezgre rasta (sjeverozapad Europe i sjeverni dio juga, tj. pojas od sjeveroistočne Španjolske do sjeverne Italije i južne Njemačke), pa je tražena jača suradnja u prostornom planiranju na području cijele Europe.
The next important step in the development of physical planning was the adoption of an integrated multi-sectoral strategy for the spatial development of the EU (European Spatial Development Perspective; ESDP, 1999).
Sljedeći značajan korak u razvoju prostornog planiranja bilo je usvajanje integralne multisektorske strategije prostornog razvoja EU (European Spatial Development Perspective; ESDP, 1999).
When the ESDP was adopted, territory gained in importance as a “new dimension of European politics”.
Usvajanjem ESDP-a prostor dobiva na značenju kao “nova dimenzija europske politike”.
Member states were recommended in the implementation of the policy of the Union to pay greater attention to spatial factors in order to obviate regional differentials and to set up more balanced development.
Zemljama članicama preporučeno je da u provedbi politika Unije veću pozornost pridaju prostornim činiteljima kako bi se izbjegle regionalne razlike i uspostavio uravnoteženiji razvoj.
The European Physical Planning Observation Network (ESPON) was launched; this is a joint European Commission and EU member-states programme the aim of which is to explore spatial structures, trends and impacts of spatial policies in the EU.
Pokrenut je i program European Spatial Planning Obvervation Network (ESPON) kao zajednički program zemalja članica EU i Europske komisije s ciljem istraživanja prostornih struktura, trendova i utjecaja prostornih politika u EU.
Member states are duty bound according to ESDP to adjust their national interests with European interests (vectors of development, main ports and international infrastructure); the management of water (navigation routes, construction of hydroelectric generating stations, flood protection, protection against pollution); ecological networks; and rural development (changes from agricultural to residential or recreational use).
Države članice dužne su na temelju ESDP-a usklađivati svoje nacionalne interese s europskim interesima (razvojne osi, glavne luke i međunarodna infrastruktura), kao što su: upravljanja vodama (plovni putovi, izgradnja hidroelektrana, zaštita od poplava, zaštita od onečišćenja), povezivanje u očuvanju okoliša i ruralni razvoj (promjena namjene zemljišta od poljoprivredne do stambene ili rekreacijske).
One example of such obligations is the case of the Czech thermonuclear generating station, Temelin, the planned enlargement of which was halted after negotiations between the Czech and Austrian governments, and numerous campaigns by NGOs.
Jedan primjer tih obveza jest češka termonuklearna elektrana Temelin, čije je planirano proširenje zaustavljeno nakon dogovora vlada Češke i Austrije te brojnih akcija nevladinih organizacija.
The enlargement of the EU has meant that a large number of metropolitan urban regions and small and medium-sized cities have been included into the spatial structure of the Union, as well as a heterogeneous rural space, mountain regions and islands.
Proširenjem EU u prostornu je strukturu Unije uključen velik broj novih metropolskih urbanih regija te malih i srednjih gradova, kao i raznolik ruralni prostor, planinske regije i otoci.
In many new member states the capital city has a dominant position in the national urban system.
U mnogim novim zemljama članicama glavni grad ima dominantnu poziciju u nacionalnom urbanom sustavu.
But Poland, for example, has many large cities, and so the centre of gravity of the enlarged EU is moving eastwards, although it is still located on German territory.
Poljska, na primjer, ima brojne velike gradove, tako da se centar gravitacije proširenog EU seli prema istoku, iako se još uvijek nalazi na njemačkom teritoriju.
After the enlargement, the EU has about 70 cities with populations of over 500,000 in which about 20% of the total population lives.
EU nakon proširenja ima oko 70 gradova s više od 500.000 stanovnika u kojima živi oko 20% ukupnog stanovništva.
Questions of spatial development are managed in the EU according to mutual cooperation, coordination and consensus, for the documents stated have the status of recommendations that do not necessarily have to be applied if they are not accepted in the national documents.
Pitanja prostornog razvoja u EU uređuju se na temelju međusobne suradnje, koordinacije i konsenzusa jer navedeni dokumenti imaju status preporuka koje se ne moraju nužno primijeniti ako nisu prihvaćene u nacionalnim dokumentima.
But since in the framework of targeted programmes such as ESPON and Interreg considerable financial resources have been earmarked, member states have a financial interest in applying the mentioned recommendations of the EU.
No budući da su u sklopu ciljanih programa poput ESPON-a i Interreg-a osigurana znatna financijska sredstva, zemlje članice imaju financijski interes za primjenu spomenutih preporuka EU.
EUROPEAN UNION REQUIREMENTS WITH RESPECT TO THE CANDIDATE STATES
ZAHTJEVI EUROPSKE UNIJE PREMA ZEMLJAMA KANDIDATKINJAMA
Because of its role in the strengthening of the objectives of economic and social cohesion, spatial development is an important element in the enlargement of the EU.
Zbog svoje uloge u jačanju ciljeva ekonomske i socijalne povezanosti prostorni razvoj čini važan element u proširenju EU.
At the same time, because of spatial, historical, cultural and natural diversities at the European level, there is no single set of comparable territorial data - member states have only in the last few years been able to agree on reliable criteria and indicators to be applicable in all countries of the EU.
Istodobno zbog prostorne, povijesne, kulturne i prirodne raznolikosti na razini Europe ne postoje jedinstveni usporedivi prostorni podaci - zemlje članice posljednjih godina tek pokušavaju dogovoriti pouzdane kriterije i pokazatelje koji bi bili primjenjivi u svim zemljama EU.
The concepts and legislation in the systems of physical planning of the member states have also never been brought into line with each other.vi Accordingly, there is no European spatial legislation, only spatial legislation at the level of the member states.
Pojmovi i zakonska regulativa iz sustava prostornog uređenja zemalja članica također nisu međusobno usklađeni.vi Stoga ne postoji “europsko” prostorno zakonodavstvo, već samo prostorno zakonodavstvo na razini država članica EU.
But in spite of this, inside the EU, there is a standard of management the with the aim of a long-term vision of the development of physical planning, brought into line with the orientations of the EU and other international organisations.
No usprkos tome, na području EU vrijedi normativno uređenje kojemu je cilj dugoročna vizija razvoja prostornog uređenja usklađena s usmjerenjima EU i drugih međunarodnih organizacija.
For the candidate states, this means that in the area of physical planning there is no direct obligation with respect to individual chapters of the acquis communautaire.
Za zemlje kandidatkinje to znači da na području prostornog uređenja ne postoje direktne obveze prema pojedinim poglavljima pravne stečevine Zajednice.
EU requirements relate primarily to the obligation of candidate countries to harmonise the policies and aims of their spatial development with the European objectives of spatial development, and to incorporate into the national legislation concerning physical planning certain mechanisms to harmonise the interests with the Union and other member states.
Zahtjevi EU ponajprije se odnose na obvezu da zemlje kandidatkinje politiku i ciljeve prostornog razvoja usklade s europskim ciljevima prostornog razvoja, te da u nacionalno zakonodavstvo o prostornom uređenju ugrade određene mehanizme za usklađivanje interesa s Unijom i drugim zemljama članicama.
One such mechanism is the obligation of the member states to base the preparation, drawing up and acceptance of physical planning documents at a national level on principles of law and order, the welfare state, financial justifiability and a democratic society.
Jedan takav mehanizam jest obveza zemalja članica da postupke pripreme, izrade i prihvaćanja dokumenata prostornog uređenja na nacionalnoj razini temelje na načelima pravne i socijalne države, financijske opravdanosti i demokratskog društva.
Another mechanism is that in the procedure of physical planning they respect international recommendations, directives, contracts and conventions, for example, from the area of the protection of the environment, the protection of the natural and cultural heritage, water management, the management of the coastline and the island areas.
Drugi je mehanizam da se u postupku prostornog planiranja poštuju međunarodne preporuke, direktive, ugovori i konvencije npr. iz područja zaštite okoliša, zaštite prirodne i kulturne baštine, gospodarenja vodama, upravljanja obalom i otočnim područjima.
Given that sectors like transport, which are related to physical planning matters, also have to respect international agreements and special guidelines and instruments of the EU (for example, from the area of agriculture) and run and orient the vision of the development of their activities at the national level.
Pojedini sektori, poput prometa, koji su vezani na poslove prostornog planiranja također su dužni poštovati međunarodne dogovore i posebna usmjerenja te akte EU (npr. iz područja poljoprivrede), kao i voditi i usmjeravati viziju razvoja svoje djelatnosti na državnoj razini.
During the association process, new members of the EU, such as the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia, had first of all to assess the state of affairs in the space, determine their own objectives and policy for spatial development, and finally had to harmonise these objectives and policies with the interests of the EU.
Nove članice EU poput Češke, Slovačke i Slovenije u procesu pridruživanja trebale su najprije ocijeniti stanje prostora, odrediti vlastite ciljeve i politiku prostornog razvoja te, napokon, te ciljeve i politiku uskladiti s interesima EU.
Thus in December 2001, Slovenia defined its new Policy of Physical Planning, and adopted its Assessment of the State of Affairs and Aspirations in Space, while it passed a new Physical Planning Law in 2002 (Zakon o urejanju prostora, UL 110/02).
Tako je Slovenija još u prosincu 2001. godine odredila novu Politiku prostornog uređenja i usvojila Ocjenu stanja i težnji u prostoru, dok je novi Zakon o prostornom uređenju usvojila 2002. godine (Zakon o urejanju prostora, UL 110/02).
The basic doctrine of the new system inhered in the adoption of the principle of sustainable and harmonised spatial development of urban and rural regions, and instruments of an active land policy were provided for, from both local government units and from the central government.
Kao osnovna doktrina novog sustava usvojeno je načelo održivog i usklađenog prostornog razvoja urbanih i ruralnih područja, a predviđeni su instrumenti aktivne zemljišne politike, kako lokalnih zajednica, tako i države.
New rules were established, and a new manner of being involved in the procedure for the preparation and acceptance of decisions about the space.
Uspostavljena su i nova pravila i način sudjelovanja svih zainteresiranih osoba u postupku pripreme i prihvaćanja prostornih odluka.
From this, it can be concluded that in the process of joining the EU Croatia will be required to incorporate the following three elements from the domain of physical planning into its legislation:
Stoga se može zaključiti da će i Hrvatska u procesu pridruživanja EU trebati osigurati i ugraditi sljedeća tri elementa u svoje zakonodavstvo s područja prostornog uređenja:
• To incorporate into its legislation a provision concerning the participation of the public in the procedure of the preparation of physical plans (at the moment, public participation is provided for only during the drawing up of, and not during the preparation of, the physical plans);
• Stvoriti uvjete da prostorni planovi budu izraz realnih mogućnosti društva, a ne samo vizije urbanista i arhitekata za koje ne postoji stvarna financijska opravdanost.
It would be easy to meet these requirements if the EU were to check out only the extent to which they are incorporated into the letter of domestic law.
Te bi zahtjeve bilo lako ispuniti kad bi EU provjeravao samo formalnopravnu ugrađenost u domaće zakonodavstvo.