natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Institutional capacity
Institucionalna sposobnost
The creation of a single market in energy and of the corresponding acquis started with the liberalisation of the 1990s.
Stvaranje jedinstvenoga energetskog tržišta i odgovarajućeg acquisa započelo je liberalizacijom 1990-ih.
In the first phase, transparent pricing was assured, and the access of third parties to the transport infrastructure was made possible.
U prvoj je fazi osigurana transparentnost cijena i omogućen pristup treće strane transportnoj infrastrukturi (tranzit).
The second phase of liberalisation started in 1993.
Druga je faza liberalizacije započela 1993.
This made possible the allotment of licenses for the construction of transport capacities on a non-discriminatory basis, which thus enabled competition.
U njoj je omogućeno dodjeljivanje dozvola za izgradnju transportnih kapaciteta na nediskriminirajućoj osnovi čime je omogućeno stvaranje konkurencije.
Vertically integrated firms separated the accounts of individual activities (generation, transmission, distribution) and the approach of third parties to the greatest consumers of electricity and gas was made possible.
Vertikalno integrirana poduzeća razdvojila su račune pojedinih djelatnosti (proizvodnje, prijenosa, distribucije) i uveden je pristup “trećoj strani” za najveće potrošače električne energije i plina.
In the third phase, which started in 1996, common rules for the electricity market were adopted (Directive 96/92) and for gas (Directive 98/30), and the preconditions for the free moment of electricity and gas in the area of the Union were created.
U trećoj su fazi, koja je započela 1996, usvojena zajednička pravila za tržišta električnom energijom (Smjernica 96/92) i plinom (Smjernica 98/30), te stvoreni preduvjeti za slobodno kretanje električne energije i plina na području Unije.
The progressive opening up of the national markets started in 1999 for electricity, when a minimum of 26% of the total annual consumption was opened up to foreign suppliers.
Progresivno otvaranje nacionalnih tržišta započelo je 1999. za električnu energiju, kada je minimalno 26% ukupne godišnje potrošnje otvoreno stranim dobavljačima.
In 2000 the opening of the gas market started, when 20% of consumption was opened.
Godine 2000. započelo je i otvaranje tržišta plinom, te je otvoreno 20% tržišta.
The market opening plan anticipated that in 2003 33% of the electricity market should be liberalised, after which, by 2006, there should be a further consideration of market opening.
Planom otvaranja tržišta predviđeno je da bi do 2003. godine 33% tržišta električnom energijom trebalo biti liberalizirano, nakon čega bi se, do 2006. godine, trebalo razmotriti daljnje otvaranje tržišta.
For gas, 28% of the market should be opened in a period of five and 33% in a period of 20 years.
Za plin bi se 28% tržišta trebalo otvoriti u roku pet, a 33% u roku 20 godina.
However, the European Council at its Lisbon summit (23-24 March, 2000) required gradual and total opening of the energy market.
Međutim, Europsko je vijeće na samitu u Lisabonu (23-24. ožujka 2000) zatražilo postupno i potpuno otvaranje energetskog tržišta.
For this reason the European Commission in March 2001 proposed amendments to the directives for electricity and gas (96/92 and 98/30) and the regulation on the conditions for access to the electricity network (for more see: European Commission, 2001; 2; European Commission 2001; 3; European Commission 2001; 4).
Stoga je Europska komisija u ožujku 2001. predložila amandmane na smjernice za električnu energiju i plin (96/92 i 98/30) te uredbu o uvjetima pristupa elektroenergetskoj mreži (više u: European Commission, 2001; 2, European Commission 2001;3, European Commission 2001;4).
Since for the adoption of these decisions the co-decision procedure process is applied, after the amendment by the European Parliament, the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee was obtained, and the acceptance of the directive by the Council, in June 2002 the European Commission published an amended proposal to the directive and the regulation (for more, see European Commission 2002; 1; European Commission 2002; 2).
Budući da se za usvajanje tih dokumenata primjenjuje postupak suodlučivanja, nakon amandmana Europskog parlamenta, pribavljenog mišljena Ekonomskoga i socijalnog vijeća te prihvaćanjem smjernica Vijeća, Komisija je u lipnju 2002. godine objavila dopunjeni prijedlog smjernice i uredbe (više u European Commission 2002;1, European Commission 2002;2).
The proposals allow for the opening of national markets to electricity and gas by 2005, the supply of all consumers and the creation of a single energy market instead of 15 open national markets.
Prijedlozi omogućuju otvaranje nacionalnih tržišta električnom energijom i plinom do 2005. godine, osiguranje opskrbe svih potrošača i stvaranje jedinstvenoga energetskog tržišta umjesto 15 otvorenih nacionalnih tržišta.
The opening of the market means that in 2005 consumers will be able to choose which supplier of electricity and gas they want.
Otvaranje tržišta znači da će 2005. godine potrošači moći birati svoje dobavljače električne energije i plina.
In order to strengthen competition and the creation of a single market, access to transmission and distribution networks will have to be assured without discrimination.
Radi jačanja konkurencije i stvaranja jedinstvenog tržišta mora se osigurati pristup prijenosnim i distribucijskim mrežama bez diskriminacije.
In turn, in order to achieve this goal it is necessary for the network to be managed by an independent body, completely detached from generation and sales; that the national regulatory body, which has to be set up in all member states, determine, publish and approve charges for access to the network before they come into force.
Za postizanje tog cilja nužno je da mrežom upravlja neovisno tijelo, potpuno odvojeno od proizvodnje i prodaje; da nacionalno regulativno tijelo, koje se mora uspostaviti u svim državama članicama, utvrdi, objavi i odobri naknade za pristup mreži prije njihova stupanja na snagu.
At the same time, the demand on the infrastructure is made that says the capacity of the transmission network to neighbouring countries must attain at least 10% of domestic generation.
Ujedno, postavlja se i infrastrukturni zahtjev kojim se određuje da kapacitet prijenosne mreže prema susjednim državama mora dosegnuti barem 10% domaće proizvodnje.
Although these proposals have not yet been adopted and are not applied in the EU, they could be looked upon as conditions for membership.
Iako navedeni prijedlozi još nisu usvojeni i ne primjenjuju se u EU, mogu se promatrati kao uvjeti za članstvo.
For the European Commission (2001) in the latest Regular Reports on Candidates' Progress towards Accession specifically states that during the implementation of reforms in the energy sector, adjustments must be carried out in such a way as to take into consideration the acquis that is in the making.
Naime, Europska komisija (2001) u najnovijem izvještaju o napretku kandidata u ispunjavanju uvjeta za članstvo eksplicitno navodi da se tijekom provedbi reformi u energetskom sektoru prilagodbe moraju provoditi uzimajući u obzir i acquis koji se priprema.
A similar provision is placed alongside the explanation of the amended proposal for the Directive and the regulation (European Commission, 2002), in which it is said that the new Directive and Regulation will be binding upon all new members, and that exceptions will be able to be approved only during the transitional period in justified cases.
Slična je odredba uvrštena i uz objašnjenje dopunjenog prijedloga smjernice i uredbe (Europska komisija, 2002), u kojoj se navodi da će nova smjernica i uredba biti obvezujuća i za nove članice, a da će se iznimke moći odobriti samo tijekom prijelaznog razdoblja u opravdanim slučajevima.
Heads of states and governments of EU members at the Barcelona Summit (March 2002) accepted the liberalisation plan and requested the European Parliament and Council to accept appropriate instruments as soon as possible, i.e., during 2002.
Čelnici država i vlada članica EU na samitu u Barceloni (ožujak 2002) prihvatili su plan liberalizacije i zatražili od Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća da prihvate odgovarajuće akte što prije, tj. tijekom 2002. godine.
The fulfilment of obligations and implementation of the directives about liberalisation of the energy market in member states is monitored by the European Commission.ii All the states in the area of electricity have liberalised their markets more than Directive 98/92 requires.
Ispunjavanje obveza i provedbu smjernica o liberalizaciji energetskog tržišta u državama članicama prati Europska komisija.ii Sve su države u području električne energije liberalizirale svoja tržišta više nego što Smjernica 98/92 zahtijeva.
In the area of the establishment of a single market for gas, progress is more tardy.
Na području uspostave jedinstvenog tržišta plinom napredak je sporiji.
First of all, Finland, Portugal and Greece have been given a transitional period until 2008, while France and Germany have not adopted the appropriate legal instruments.
Ponajprije, Finskoj, Portugalu i Grčkoj odobrena su prijelazna razdoblja do 2008, a Francuska i Njemačka nisu usvojile odgovarajuće pravne akte.
The main obstacles in the way of the liberalisation of the market (in the sense of limiting access to the market) are the same in both sectors.
Glavne prepreke liberalizaciji tržišta (u smislu ograničavanja pristupu tržištu) jednake su u oba sektora.
They are insufficient regulator power/delays, inadequate unbundling, high network tariffs, balancing regime, dominant incumbents, cross border issues.iii
To su nedostatak ovlasti regulativnog tijela, nedovoljno oštro razdvajanje pojedinih aktivnosti, visoke naknade za pristup mreži, režim uravnoteženja ponude i potražnje, dominantni položaj proizvodnih tvrtki te tranzitne naknade.iii
The applicants mainly successfully accept the basic principles of the EU system: transparency of market conditions and prices, guaranteed freedom of exchange of energy in the internal market and the opening of the electricity and gas market.
Kandidati uglavnom uspješno prihvaćaju osnovna načela sustava EU: transparentnost tržišnih uvjeta i cijena, zajamčeno slobodnu izmjenu energije na unutrašnjem tržištu i otvaranje tržišta električnom energijom i plinom.
For this reason negotiations about energy have been completed rapidly in all the applicant countries, except in Bulgaria and Romania, which, in the judgement of the Commission, will not be able to be included in the first round of EU enlargement.
Stoga su pregovori o energetici brzo dovršeni u svim zemljama kandidatkinjama, osim u Bugarskoj i Rumunjskoj, koje se, prema ocjenama Komisije, neće moći uključiti u prvi krug proširenja EU.
Nevertheless, the adoption and application of EU legislation in some applicant states is creating difficulties, and they have sought an extended transition period.
Ipak, usvajanje i primjena zakonodavstva EU u pojedinim državama kandidatkinjama stvara teškoće, pa su one zatražile produljenje prijelaznog razdoblja.
The Czech Republic has been allowed to put the gas directive into action by the end of 2004, and Estonia that for electricity by 2008.
Češkoj je odobrena provedba smjernice za plin do kraja 2004. godine, a Estoniji za električnu energiju do 2008. godine.
In the Republic of Croatia the EU principles have been formally accepted, while the bases for harmonisation with the EU system, including the most recent proposals for market liberalisation, were created by the package of energy laws of July 2001 (the Energy Law, the Law on the Electricity Market the Law on the Gas Market, the Law on the Oil and Oil Derivatives Market , the Law on the Regulation of Energy Activities (NN 68/01 and NN 109/91).
U RH su također formalno prihvaćena načela EU, a osnove za usklađivanje sa sustavom EU, uključujući i najnovije prijedloge liberalizacije tržišta, stvorene su usvajanjem “paketa” energetskih zakona u srpnju 2001. godine (Zakon o energiji, Zakon o tržištu električne energije, Zakon o tržištu plina, Zakon o tržištu naftom i naftnim derivatima, Zakon o regulaciji energetskih djelatnosti, NN 68/01 i NN 109/01).
These laws allow for the achievement of the preconditions that the Commission considers essential for market liberalisation: first, an independent regulatory body is formed; second, vertically integrated undertakings have to unbundle by 1 July 2002, and separate organisation of market and operation of the system from sales and production by 1 January 2002; thirdly, a transparent manner of defining transmission fee has to be defined in line with EU principles.
Ti zakoni omogućuju ostvarivanje preduvjeta koje Komisija smatra nužnima za liberalizaciju tržišta: prvo, stvara se neovisno regulativno tijelo; drugo, vertikalno integrirana poduzeća morala su se razdvojiti do 1. srpnja 2002. godine, a upravljanje tržištem odvojiti od prodaje i proizvodnje do 1. siječnja 2002; treće, definira se transparentni način utvrđivanja naknade za pristup mreži u skladu s načelima EU.
However, the laws only theoretically enable implementation of EU principles.
Međutim, zakoni samo teorijski omogućuju provedbu načela EU.
First of all, the Croatian Energy Regulatory Council (below: the Regulatory Council) is only formally independent.
Ponajprije, Vijeće za regulaciju energetskih djelatnosti (dalje: Vijeće za regulaciju), samo je formalo neovisno.
The Law on Regulation of Energy Activities (NN 68/01) explicitly states that the Regulatory Council is an independent legal entity (Art. 1).
Zakon o regulaciji energetskih djelatnosti (NN 68/01) eksplicitno navodi da je Vijeće za regulaciju neovisna pravna osoba (čl.
However, the Regulatory Council cannot choose its own staff, rather the government of Croatia defines an institution (a non-profit making legal entity) which will prepare for the Council proposals for instruments and carry out other technical matters.
Međutim, Vijeće za regulaciju ne može birati svoje osoblje nego Vlada RH određuje instituciju (neprofitnu pravnu osobu) koja će za Vijeće za regulaciju [MB2] pripremati prijedloge akata i obavljati druge stručne poslove.
However, EIHP is not a non-profit making legal person, rather a limited liability company.
Međutim, EIHP nije neprofitna pravna osoba nego društvo s ograničenom odgovornošću.
At the same time, the objective of the company is to carry out business for the Regulatory Council, but also, and among other things, for legal entities in the area of energy.
Ujedno, cilj je društva obavljati poslove za potrebe Vijeća za regulaciju, ali, između ostalih, i za potrebe pravnih osoba na području energetike.
Hence, one of the actual aims of the technical institution that prepares the decisions of the Council is the performance of matters that, with respect to members of the Council, are considered conflicts of interest.
Dakle, jedan od ciljeva stručne institucije koja priprema odluke Vijeća za regulaciju jest obavljanje poslova koji se za članove Vijeća za regulaciju smatraju sukobom interesa.
What is more, EIHP employees are also members of the managements and Supervisory Boards of INA and HEP, i.e., perform duties that with respect to members of the Council are considered conflicts of interest.
Usto, zaposlenici EIHP-a članovi su uprava i nadzornih odbora INA-e i HEP-a, tj. obavljaju dužnosti koje su za članove Vijeća za regulaciju sukob interesa.
Finally, through an amendment to the Law on the Regulation of Energy Activities (NN 109/01) the first period of office of the members of the Council has been cut from five to two years.
Konačno, dopunom Zakona o regulaciji energetskih djelatnosti (NN 109/01), smanjeno je trajanje prvog mandata članova Vijeća za regulaciju s pet na dvije godine.
The period of office of the first members runs out in December 2003, that is, immediately before the regular expiry of the period of office of the current government of the Republic of Croatia, which thus increases the exposure of members of the Council to political pressures.
Mandat prvih članova istječe u prosincu 2003. godine, dakle neposredno prije redovitog isteka mandata Vlade RH, čime se povećava izloženost članova Vijeća za regulaciju političkim pritiscima.
Secondly, the vertically integrated concerns should have unbundled up by 1 July 2002.
Drugo, vertikalno integrirana poduzeća morala su se razdvojiti do 1. srpnja 2002. godine.
In the area of electricity this first of all means separating the generating, transmission and distribution firms, i.e., electricity supply, and the separation of the operation of the electricity system from generation and sales.
Na području električne energije to ponajprije znači razdvajanje poduzeća za proizvodnju, prijenos i distribuciju, tj. opskrbu električnom energijom te odvajanje vođenja elektroenergetskog sustava od proizvodnje i prodaje.
Although the companies of the HEP group were founded within the statutory period, the unbundling did not take place.
Iako su društva HEP grupe osnovana u zakonskome roku, razdvajanje nije ostvareno.
That is, the new tariff system (NN 101/02) does not define the prices of individual activities, which makes the independence of the separate firms that are part of the HEP group impossible.
Naime, novi tarifni sustav (NN 101/02) ne definira cijene pojedinih djelatnosti, čime se onemogućuje neovisnost pojedinih društava u sastavu HEP grupe.
Hence it is still possible to shift resources from one activity to the other or to subsidise activities.
Dakle, i dalje je moguće prelijevanje sredstava i subvencioniranje među pojedinim djelatnostima.
In addition, in line with the Law on Electricity Market, a system operator has to be founded, independent of the generation and sales, and a market operator.
Usto, u skladu sa Zakonom o tržištu električne energije, morali su se osnovati operator sustava, neovisan o proizvodnji i prodaji, i operator tržišta.
Formally speaking, privileged consumers have the right to choose their electricity supplier.
Formalno, povlašteni kupci imaju pravo birati dobavljača električne energije.
However, they cannot put this right into practice, because there are no network rules that define conditions of access to the network nor the prices of the service of transmission.
Međutim, to pravo ne mogu ostvariti jer ne postoje mrežna pravila koja definiraju uvjete pristupa mreži niti cijene usluga prijenosa.
In the area of gas, the division has been carried out more effectively.
Na području plina razdvajanje je provedeno učinkovitije.
According to the Law on the Gas Market, transport is separated from production and supply.
Prema Zakonu o tržištu plina, transport je odvojen od proizvodnje i dobave.
In January 2002 a gas transport firm, Plinacro d.o.o. was founded, and in March ownership of Plinacro was transferred from INA to the government of the Republic of Croatia.
U siječnju 2002. osnovana je tvrtka za transport plina Plinacro d.o.o., a u ožujku je vlasništvo na Plinacrom preneseno s INA-e na Vladu RH.
Third party access is made impossible by the delay in the passing of the byelaws, and to a lesser extent by certainly statutory provisions.
Pristup trećoj strani onemogućuje kašnjenje u donošenju podzakonskih propisa, a u manjoj mjeri i neke zakonske odredbe.
First of all, the grid codes that define conditions of access to the network have not been defined for either gas or electricity.
Prvo, ni za struju ni za plin nisu definirana mrežna pravila koja bi definirala uvjete pristupa mreži.
In the area of electricity, as has already been stated, the transmission fee has not been defined.
U području električne energije, kao što je već navedeno, nisu definirane ni naknade za pristup mreži.
Secondly, the third party usually gets into the market through the construction of its own generating capacities so as to be able to satisfy the needs of the large or preferred consumers.
Drugo, treća strana obično na tržište ulazi izgradnjom vlastitih proizvodnih kapaciteta kako bi mogla zadovoljiti potrebe velikih (“povlaštenih”) potrošača.
In order to carry out this activity, the energy firm first of all has to obtain a license.
Za obavljanje takve aktivnosti energetski subjekt mora najprije dobiti dozvolu.
These conditions also apply to the construction of new capacities.
Navedeni se uvjeti primjenjuju i za izgradnju novih kapaciteta.
Thus, a new generating company must even before the beginning of construction employ a certain number of employees who will perform the activity only when the construction is concluded.
Dakle, novi proizvođač prije početka gradnje mora zaposliti određen broj radnika koji će obavljati djelatnost tek kad se izgradnja dovrši.
New firms are thus discriminated against with respect to current firms, i.e., additional costs are forced up on them.
Time se novi subjekti diskriminiraju u usporedbi s postojećima, tj. nameću im se dopunski troškovi.
Finally, the government of the Republic of Croatia and the Minister of the Economy should by March 2002iv have adopted the appropriate byelaws to make possible the implementation of the law (e.g., the programme for the implementation of the Energy Development Strategy, conditions for issuing licenses for undertaking energy activities, the General Conditions for the supply of energy).
Konačno, Vlada RH i ministar gospodarstva trebali su do ožujka 2002iv. donijeti odgovarajuće podzakonske propise koji omogućuju provedbu zakona (npr. program provedbe Strategije energetskog razvitka, uvjeti izdavanja dozvola za obavljanje energetskih djelatnosti, Opći uvjeti za opskrbu energije).
These regulations have not been adopted.
Ti propisi još nisu usvojeni.
Nor have measures enabling the implementation of international obligations identified in the government's Integration Activities Plan of 1999.
Nisu još usvojene ni mjere koje omogućuju provedbu međunarodnih obveza identificiranih još Planom integracijskih aktivnosti Vlade RH iz 1999. godine.
Technical capacity
Tehnička sposobnost
For the application of the energy acquis and for access to a single energy market the appropriate infrastructure is also necessary.
Za primjenu energetskog acquisa te za pristup jedinstvenome energetskom tržištu nužna je i odgovarajuća infrastruktura.
The basic energy infrastructure is made up of the oil and gas and the electrical systems.
Osnovnu energetsku infrastrukturu čine naftno-plinski sustav i elektroenergetski sustav.
Linking the systems together is necessary for the accomplishment of the single market, the creation of new jobs and the preservation of the competitiveness of the economy.
Povezivanje sustava nužno je za ostvarenje jedinstvenog tržišta, stvaranje novih radnih mjesta i očuvanje konkurentnosti gospodarstva.
Building up and linking together the energy infrastructure in the EU are regulated by the policy of the Trans-European energy networks (TEN-E) and the regulation concerning informing the Commission about investments of common interest in the energy sector (Council Regulation European Commission 736/96, 22 April 1996).
Izgradnja i povezivanje energetske infrastrukture u EU regulirani su politikom transeuropskih energetskih mreža (TEN-E) te uredbom o obavještavanju Komisije o investicijama sa zajedničkim interesom u energetskom sektoru (Council Regulation EC 736/96, 22. travnja 1996).
Seventy four projects were identified as being of common interest, and 18 billion euros were required for their implementation.
Identificirana su 74 projekta od zajedničkog interesa, za čiju je provedbu potrebno 18 mlrd. eura.