natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
However, negotiations about accession are held primarily about the conditions under which the candidate countries will apply and administratively and legally put through solutions in a given area accepted at the European level.
Međutim, pregovori o članstvu u EU vode se ponajprije o uvjetima uz koje će zemlje kandidatkinje primjenjivati te administrativno i zakonski provoditi rješenja prihvaćena na pojedinom području na europskoj razini.
The next chapter will discuss the unfortunately unsatisfactory state of affairs in the practice of physical planning in Croatia.
Sljedeće poglavlje upozorava na, nažalost, nezadovoljavajuću praksu prostornog planiranja u Hrvatskoj.
PHYSICAL PLANNING IN CROATIA
PROSTORNO UREĐENJE U HRVATSKOJ
This chapter will attempt to describe the existing state of physical planning in Croatia and compare it with the demands of the EU.
Ovo poglavlje pokušaj je opisa postojećeg stanja prostornog uređenja u Hrvatskoj i njegove usporedbe sa zahtjevima EU.
At the beginning of the nineties there were expectations that Croatia, as an independent state, would start off its spatial development on new grounds and with new objectives, as compared with the former system and state.
Početkom devedesetih godina očekivalo se da će Hrvatska kao samostalna država započeti prostorni razvoj na novim temeljima i s novim ciljevima u odnosu prema bivšem sustavu i državi.
Considering the long-term experience in physical planning, it was expected that the government administration would be mature enough to cope with new tasks in the domain.
S obzirom na dugogodišnje iskustvo u prostornom uređenju, očekivalo se da je državna uprava dovoljno zrela za nove zadatke iz tog područja.
Not only were there home-grown examples of physical planning, but the experiences of highly developed countries in Europe were studied.
Osim vlastitih primjera prostornog uređenja, proučavana su i iskustva iz visokorazvijenih zemalja Europe.
Unfortunately, because of the poor working of the bodies of the government administration and the many social, political, economic and cultural changes, the physical planning system set off in a direction different than had been anticipated, and the planned development went much more slowly than had been predicted.
Nažalost, zbog slabijeg funkcioniranja tijela državne uprave i brojnih društveno-političkih, ekonomskih i kulturnih promjena, sustav prostornog uređenja razvijao se u drukčijem smjeru od očekivanoga, a planirani razvoj odvijao se sporije nego što se predviđalo.
War damage, the introduction of parliamentary democracy, the strengthening of private property, the transition to a market economy, the new territorial organisation, the processes of European integration and globalisation all had the unpredictable consequence of a value-system crisis in physical planning, and a profound neglect of common and long-term interests in the space.
Ratna razaranja, uvođenje parlamentarne demokracije, jačanje privatnog vlasništva, prijelaz na tržišno gospodarstvo, novo teritorijalno ustrojstvo, europski integracijski procesi i globalizacija imali su kao nepredviđenu posljedicu krizu sustava vrijednosti prostornog uređenja te zanemarivanje zajedničkih i dugoročnih interesa u prostoru.
What problems are concerned here precisely?
O kojim se konkretno problemima radi?
The new units of local self-government and administration were not full prepared to take over, in addition to other matters, the tasks of planning their own space.
Nove jedinice lokalne samouprave i uprave nisu bile potpuno spremne preuzeti, između ostalih poslova, i poslove upravljanja svojim prostorom.
In the greatest number of cases, units of local self-government adopted the physical plans from the old system, which were not adjusted to the new property rights, and hence to the interests of individuals or the community.
U najvećem broju slučajeva jedinice lokalne samouprave preuzele su prostorne planove iz starog sustava koji nisu bili prilagođeni novim vlasničkim pravima, a time ni interesima pojedinaca i zajednice.
Property title began to be equated with the absolute right over real estate without any respect for the ensuring or protection of public interests.
Pravo nad nekretninom počelo se izjednačavati s apsolutnim pravom nad nekretninom, bez poštovanja osiguranja i zaštite javnog interesa.
Because of the mistaken understanding of legal title to real estate, the number of illegal buildings and other operations in the space increased, and requirements of common interests, such as technical and social infrastructure, were neglected.
Zbog pogrešnog shvaćanja prava vlasništva nad nekretninama povećan je broj bespravnih gradnji i drugih zahvata u prostoru, a zanemareni su zahtjevi od zajedničkog interesa, poput tehničke i društvene infrastrukture.
The system of physical planning should contain harmonised plans of the entire state, of regions, municipalities and cities.
Sustav prostornog uređenja treba sadržavati usklađene planove države, regija, općina i gradova.
Finally, the local level (municipality or city) is responsible for the spatial plans of interest to itself, that is, for the determination of the use of the space.
Napokon, lokalna (općinska ili gradska) razina odgovorna je za prostorne planove od interesa za općinu odnosno grad, tj. za određivanje namjene prostora.
In conjunction with physical planning so structured, there is a need for complex horizontal and vertical sectoral coordination.
Uz tako strukturirano prostorno uređenje pojavljuje se potreba za složenom vertikalnom i horizontalnom sektorskom koordinacijom.
In principle, all planning levels should be independent, but interlinked via collaboration, coordination and consensus.
U načelu bi sve razine planiranja trebale biti neovisne, ali međusobno povezane suradnjom, koordinacijom i konsenzusom.
However, this kind of planning in Croatia in its current condition meets with enormous difficulties.
Međutim, u Hrvatskoj u sadašnjim uvjetima takav način planiranja nailazi na velike teškoće.
When the new territorial organisation of 1992 came into being, some settlements that had previously been part of a larger municipality became independent and were eligible to form bodies of local self-government.
Novim teritorijalnim ustrojem 1992. godine neka naselja koja su bila objedinjena u sastav općine postala su samostalna i dobila su mogućnost osnivanja tijela lokalne samouprave.
In this manner the democratic processes were continued at the local level, and units of regional and local self-government obtained the right and obligation to plan their own territory, and hence the preservation of their own identities.
Na taj su način nastavljeni demokratski procesi na lokalnoj razini, a jedinice regionalne i lokalne samouprave dobile su pravo i obvezu gospodarenja vlastitim prostorom, a time i očuvanja vlastitog identiteta.
However, as many as 547 units of local selfgovernment were set up (123 cities and 424 municipalities), many of them, because of shortfalls in their revenues, being unable to finance their own current requirements.
Međutim, ustrojeno je čak 547 jedinica lokalne samouprave (123 grada i 424 općine), od kojih mnoge zbog niskih prihoda nisu mogle financirati vlastite tekuće potrebe.
For this reason the financing of development plans, spatial plans or projects for the development of individual sectors constituted obligations that could hardly be realised.
Zbog toga je financiranje razvojnih planova, prostornih planova ili projekata razvoja pojedinih sektora mnogim općinama bila teško ostvariva obveza.
But there are also other problems that suggest the conclusion that at the level of local self-government, there is no quality communal economy, land and spatial policy concerned with the social, economic, cultural and ecological values of the space.
No postoje i drugi problemi koji upućuju na zaključak da se na razini lokalne samouprave ne vodi kvalitetna komunalna, zemljišna i prostorna politika kojom bi se štitile socijalne, ekonomske, kulturne i ekološke vrijednosti prostora.
One of these problems is that the physical plans of the municipalities and cities in most cases remain at the level of determining building zones.
Jedan od tih problema jest to što prostorni planovi uređenja općina i gradova u većini slučajeva ostaju na stupnju određivanja građevinskih područja.
Here sight is often lost of the important consequence of dividing the space into building (i.e., land that is already built up or developed and which is planned for building development in the future) and non-building areas of the spatial plan.
Pri tome se zanemaruju katkad značajne posljedice podjele prostora na građevinsko (tj. prostor koji je izgrađen i koji je planiran za građenje) i izvangrađevinsko područje prostornog plana.
For example, it is common for the development of family farms to be held up.
Primjerice, čest je slučaj kočenja razvoja obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava.
The physical plans of municipalities and cities also often do not have a clearly determined purpose for the space (tourist, industrial, areas of exploitation); sometimes the interrelated impacts of different uses of the space are not well-enough analysed (for example, the diminution of market value because of noise or the nearness of a source of pollution).
Prostorni planovi općina i gradova također često nemaju jasno određene namjene prostora (turističku, industrijsku, eksploatacijska polja), ili nisu dovoljno analizirani međusobni utjecaji različitih namjena prostora (npr. smanjenje tržišne vrijednosti zbog buke ili blizine izvora onečišćenja).
Since the value of land is greater if it is defined as building land, the aim of almost every owner is that his plot of land should be declared building land.
Budući da je vrijednost zemljišta veća ako je određeno kao građevinsko, cilj je gotovo svakog vlasnika da njegovo zemljište bude određeno kao građevinsko.
Since the determination of the building zones is in the competence of local self-management, the surface areas set aside for building are often larger than is needed by the settlement, as compared with its capacity.
S obzirom na to da je određivanje građevinskog područja u nadležnosti lokalne samouprave, često su površine određene za gradnju veće od potreba naselja u odnosu prema njihovim mogućnostima.
Although there are guidelines from the line ministry concerning rational procedures with land, as an important resource, during the definition of building zones, these guidelines are evaded, and the competent ministry has no legal authority to reduce the building area.
Iako postoje smjernice nadležnog ministarstva o racionalnom postupanju sa zemljištem kao važnim resursom, prilikom određivanja građevinskog područja navedene se smjernice izbjegavaju, a nadležno ministarstvo nema zakonske ovlasti smanjivati građevinsko područje.
For this reason the surface area of building zones tends to increase in the space management plans of the municipalities at the expense of the natural space.
Stoga se i dalje povećava površina građevinskih područja u prostornim planovima uređenja općina na štetu prirodnog prostora.
A second problem at the local level is that in a large number of cases the physical plans are ill-adapted to contemporary requirements.
Drugi problem na lokalnoj razini jest to da su mnogi prostorni planovi zastarjeli.
Many of them are, for example, based on the principles of socialist-style development, which is of course not suitable for the current trends in society and the economy, such as the development of private enterprise and a real-estate market.
Mnogi su npr. zasnovani na načelima društvene izgradnje, koja, naravno, nije primjerena aktualnim društveno-ekonomskim trendovima poput razvoja privatnog poduzetništva i tržišta nekretnina.
This disproportion is particularly clearly marked on the coast of the Adriatic, which has become an extremely attractive area for development and hence for real-estate investment (see Mihaljek, 2005).
Taj nesklad osobito se očituje na jadranskoj obali, koja je postala izuzetno atraktivan prostor za gradnju, a time i za ulaganje u nekretnine (v. Mihaljek, 2005).
For example, for the purpose of incentives to the development of tourism, the Ministry of Tourism encourages the construction of tourist industry facilities via the provision of bank loans.
Na primjer, radi poticanja razvoja turizma, Ministarstvo turizma putem bankarskih kredita stimulira izgradnju turističkih objekata.
This initiative, however, has not been accompanied by appropriate physical plans.
Ta inicijativa, međutim, nije praćena primjerenim prostornim planovima.
Although authority to manage their own space have been conferred on local authorities, many of them do not have the technology, the finance and the expertise for this.
Iako su jedinicama lokalne samouprave dane ovlasti da same gospodare svojim prostorom, mnoge za to nemaju financijske, tehničke ni stručne mogućnosti.
The third problem at the local level is that in the spatial plans of municipalities and cities, most frequently potential or explored areas for the deposition or storage of waste are not defined.
Treći problem na lokalnoj razini jest činjenica da se u prostornim planovima općina i gradova najčešće ne određuju potencijalne ili istražene lokacije za odlaganje odnosno zbrinjavanje otpada.
The reasons for which this question is ignored are mostly the unclear rights of ownership to the land, the lack of prompt planning, and the lack of expertise in the solution of complex waste-disposal issues.
Razlozi zbog kojih se to pitanje zanemaruje najčešće su nesređena prava vlasništva nad zemljištem, nepravodobno planiranje i nedovoljna stručnost u rješavanju složenih pitanja zbrinjavanja otpada.
Fourthly, a building zone on the whole tends to spread along the existing asphalted roads, without enough concern being devoted to the planned construction of the necessary technical infrastructure (for example, pavements, water supply grids and drainage).
Četvrto, građevinsko područje uglavnom se širi uz postojeće asfaltirane prometnice, a da se pri tome ne vodi dovoljna briga o planskoj gradnji potrebne tehničke infrastrukture (primjerice pješačkih nogostupa, vodoopskrbne mreže ili odvodnje).
Although possession of main services increases the economic worth of real estate, during the drawing up of plans not enough attention is devoted to the planning of the technical and social infrastructure.
Iako komunalna opremljenost povećava ekonomsku vrijednost nekretnina, još se prilikom izrade planova ne pridaje dovoljno pažnje planiranju tehničke i društvene infrastrukture.
When settlements develop along the existing roads, their original form is lost.
Širenjem naselja uz postojeće prometnice gubi se njihov prvobitni oblik.
Similar problems appear at the county level too.
Slični se problemi pojavljuju i na razini županija.
In accordance with the provisions of the Physical Planning Law, spatial plans have been drawn up and adopted for all the counties.
Sukladno odredbama Zakona o prostornom uređenju, za sve su županije izrađeni i usvojeni prostorni planovi.
However, these plans have not been harmonised with sectoral development plans (for example of agriculture, forestry, tourism, mining, culture and roads) at the county level (which have often not been actually laid down), and so the development of individual sectors will tend to be held up.
Međutim, ti planovi nisu usklađeni sa sektorskim planovima razvoja (npr. poljoprivrede, šumarstva, turizma, rudarstva, kulture ili prometnica) na županijskoj razini (koji često i nisu propisani), tako da dolazi do kočenja razvoja pojedinih sektora.
As compared with the municipalities and counties, not even the competent ministry for physical planning issues is in a more favourable situation when it is in charge of drawing up special-feature spatial plans.
S obzirom na općine i županije, ni nadležno Ministarstvo nije u povoljnijoj situaciji kada je nositelj izrade prostornih planova posebnih obilježja.
The biggest obstacles in such situations are absence of or disunity among sectoral databases, unclear titles, geodetic plans that have not been brought up to date, an ignorance about sectoral plans, and a poor understanding of the interdependence of sectoral plans.
Najveće prepreke u takvim situacijama jesu nedostatak ili neobjedinjenost sektorskih baza podataka, nesređena vlasnička pitanja, neažurirane geodetske podloge, nepoznavanje sektorskih planova i slabo poznavanje međusobne ovisnosti sektorskih planova.
Because solutions to these essential problems are slow in coming, there is even more delay in the handling of the complex relationships of physical planning.
Zbog sporog rješavanja tih bitnih problema još se više kasni u rješavanju složenih odnosa prostornog planiranja.
Pursuant to the spatial plans that have been drawn up, the competent institutions in Croatia should be able to take part in the implementation of international projects, since at the European level, this kind of collaboration is actually an international obligation.
Na temelju izrađenih prostornih planova nadležne bi institucije iz Hrvatske trebale sudjelovati i u provođenju međunarodnih projekata jer je na europskoj razini takva suradnja međunarodna obveza.
However, domestic and international projects are often interrupted and Croatia has thus no united, continuous and long-term projects for spatial development at all levels, and mutually harmonised high-quality sectoral databases.
Međutim, domaći i međunarodni projekti često se prekidaju, tako da Hrvatska nema objedinjenih, kontinuiranih i dugoročnih projekata za prostorni razvoj na svim razinama, kao ni međusobno usklađenih kvalitetnih sektorskih baza podataka.
Projects are terminated because of the change in the political leadership or because of the departure of people who have no political position and yet nevertheless actually conceived the project.
Projekti se prekidaju zbog promjene vladajuće garniture ili zbog odlaska s radnog mjesta osoba koje nemaju političku poziciju ali su osmislile projekt.
A frequent reason for projects being aborted is the reorganisation of some body of the government administration.
Cesto je uzrok prekida projekta i reorganizacija tijela državne uprave.
Here too come the unsolved problems about the demarcation of competencies among ministries.
Među takve razloge pripadaju i neriješeni odnosi u utvrđivanju nadležnosti između ministarstava.
The consequences of such a situation is that sometimes projects are financed that are not actually within the remit of given sectors.
Posljedica takvog stanja jest to da se pokatkad financiraju projekti koji nisu u nadležnosti pojedinih sektora.
Thus for example the Ministry of Tourism finances the project for the restoration of rural houses named “Under Centuries-Old Roofs”, although according to competence, this project should be financed by the Ministry of Culture.
Tako Ministarstvo turizma financira projekt obnove seoskih kuća Pod stoljetnim krovovima, iako bi po nadležnosti takav projekt trebalo financirati Ministarstvo kulture.
But the cause of projects being abandoned or collapsing is not just in the problem area of competence for the implementation of the project.
No, uzrok prekida (ili neuspjeha) pojedinih projekata nije samo u problematičnoj nadležnosti provedbe projekata.
Quite often projects have not been thought up with a sufficiently high-quality methodology and are not planned for the long term, and financial resources for their implementation have not been committed.
Cesto projekti nisu kvalitetno metodološki osmišljeni i ne planiraju se za dugoročno razdoblje, pa nisu ni osigurana financijska sredstva za njihovu provedbu.
Furthermore, during the drawing up of projects, sometimes not all the relevant sectors take part. Most often just those who devise the project participate, while, for example, the departments that have jurisdiction in the field of conservation of the natural or cultural heritage are insufficiently involved.
Nadalje, u izradi projekata katkad ne sudjeluju svi relevantni sektori, već najčešće oni koji su projekt zamislili, dok npr. nadležne službe za zaštitu prirodnog i kulturnog naslijeđa nedovoljno sudjeluju.
These errors have been corrected in recent times, because those responsible for many projects became more aware of the importance of the protection of the natural and cultural inheritance.
Te se greške u posljednje vrijeme ispravljaju jer su nositelji mnogih projekata postali svjesniji značenja zaštite prirodnog i kulturnog naslijeđa.
But still, no appropriate services to coordinate and run spatial development projects have been established, at either central government or lower level.
No odgovarajuće službe koje bi koordinirale i vodile projekte prostornog razvoja, kako na državnoj razini, tako i na nižim razinama, još uvijek nisu uspostavljene.
To what extent is the existing system of physical planning in Croatia in harmony with the Guiding Principles for Sustainable Development of the European Continent?
Koliko je postojeći sustav prostornog uređenja u Hrvatskoj usklađen s Vodećim načelima za održivi razvoj europskog kontinenta?
At a formal level, it cannot be denied that there is a certain degree of harmonisation.
Na formalnoj razini ne može se poreći određeni stupanj usklađenosti.
In accordance with the provisions of the Physical Planning Law of 1994, the Strategy of Physical Planning of the Republic of Croatia (1997) and the Programme of Physical Planning of the Republic of Croatia (1999) were drawn up.
Sukladno odredbama Zakona o prostornom uređenju iz 1994. godine, na državnoj su razini izrađeni Strategija prostornog uređenja Republike Hrvatske (1997. godine) i Program prostornog uređenja Republike Hrvatske (1999. godine).
In harmony with the Guiding Principles, these documents define problem units that have features in common: areas alongside the national borders; rural areas and villages; the rural area of hill and mountain country; the islands of the Croatian Adriatic; and, which form a distinctive and individual unit, the war-torn areas.
U skladu s Vodećim načelima za održivi prostorni razvoj europskog kontinenta, u tim su dokumentima određene problemske cjeline zajedničkih obilježja: područja uz državnu granicu, ruralni prostor i selo, brdsko-gorsko ruralno područje, otoci hrvatskog Jadrana i, kao specifična cjelina, ratom zahvaćena područja.
So that the problems of these areas should be handled as effectively as possible, the areas so defined also have their own legislation.
Kako bi se što uspješnije rješavala njihova problematika, ta područja prati i zakonska regulativa.”
And in accordance with the laws, sectoral strategies programmes and plans are drawn up.
1 A sukladno tim zakonima, izrađuju se sektorske strategije, programi i planovi.
Although physical planning is not an expressly defined task of the EU, the financial obligations of the EU to the candidate countries clearly show the competence of the EU in the harmonisation of spatial policy matters (European Spatial Planning, 1999).
Iako prostorno uređenje nije izričito definirana zadaća EU, financijske obveze EU prema zemljama kandidatkinjama jasno upućuju na nadležnost EU u usklađivanju mjera prostorne politike (ESDP, 1999).
In Croatia, there is partial harmonisation with the democratic principles of public participation in the adoption of physical planning documents.
U Hrvatskoj postoji djelomična usklađenost s demokratskim načelima sudjelovanja javnosti u donošenju dokumenata prostornog uređenja.
For example, according to the Physical Planning Law, the public can be involved during the procedure in which spatial plans are drawn up through the institutions of public scrutiny and public debate.
Primjerice, odredbama Zakona o prostornom uređenju javnost sudjeluje tijekom postupka izrade prostornih planova putem institucija javnog uvida i javne rasprave.
However, as yet the public in Croatia does not have any part to play in the process of preparing documents of physical planning.
Međutim, u Hrvatskoj javnost još ne sudjeluje u procesu pripreme dokumenata prostornog uređenja.
In harmony with general regulation of standards, there is also lack of legislative harmony in issues of the financial cogency of spatial development plans.
U skladu s općim normativnim uređenjem, neusklađenost zakonodavstva postoji i u pitanjima financijske opravdanosti planova prostornog razvoja.