natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The share of the employed who had completed secondary school, which at the beginning of the 1980s was less than 50% of all employed persons, in 1996 was more than a half of all employees.
Udio zaposlenih sa srednjom školom, koji je početkom 1980-ih bio manji od 50% svih zaposlenih, činio je 1996. više od polovice zaposlenih.
There was a particularly considerable rise in the share of persons with some form of tertiary level education, which increased by almost a half (from 12% in 1981 to 17% in 1996).
Pogotovo je znatan porast udjela osoba s višom i visokom naobrazbom koji se povećao gotovo za polovicu (s 12% u 1981. na 17% u 1996. godini).
On the basis of development to date, of the further education of the population and the employees, registered vacancies^ (jobs available as reported) and of the educational structure of employees in developed countries, we may expect a further decline in the number of employees who have not completed elementary education, a stagnation in the number of employees with junior college level tertiary education, a slight rise in persons with degrees and a considerable increase in the number of persons who have completed secondary education in the employed category.
Na temelju dosadašnjeg razvoja, daljnjeg školovanja stanovništva i zaposlenih, iskazanih potreba gospodarskih subjekata za radnicimaiii (prijavljena slobodna radna mjesta) kao i obrazovne strukture zaposlenih u razvijenim zemljama, možemo očekivati daljnje smanjivanje porasta zaposlenih s nezavršenom osnovnom školom, stagniranje broja zaposlenih višom školom, blagi porast zaposlenih osoba s visokim obrazovanjem te znatno povećanje udjela osoba sa završenom srednjom školom u kategoriji zaposlenih.
In comparison with the employed, in the educational structure of the unemployed there is a higher percentage of persons with secondary education, and a considerably smaller percentage of those with some level of tertiary education, which is actually in contradiction of the widely held opinion that the educational structure of the unemployed is better than that of the employed.
U usporedbi sa zaposlenima, obrazovnoj strukturi nezaposlenih bilježi se veći udio osoba sa srednjom školom, a znatno je niži udio osoba s višom školom i visokoobrazovanih, što je upravo suprotno od uvriježenog vjerovanja kako je obrazovna struktura nezaposlenih bolja od strukture zaposlenih.
Educational level is a really essential determinant of employability.
Razina obrazovanja vrlo je bitna odrednica mogućnosti zapošljavanja.
Apart from needs for employees with tertiary education being greater than their percentage in total current employment, unemployed persons with this level of education wait for a job on average a shorter time.
Osim što su potrebe za zaposlenima s višim i visokim obrazovanjem veće nego njihov udio u ukupnoj zaposlenosti, nezaposleni te obrazovne razine prosječno kraće čekaju posao.
Unemployment in Croatia is mainly structural in nature; i.e., it is the consequence of maladjustment between supply of and demand for labour with respect to the occupations, education, knowledge and skills of job seekers and the requirements of existing jobs.
Nezaposlenost je u Hrvatskoj uglavnom strukturalne prirode, odnosno posljedica je neusklađenosti ponude i potražnje zaposlenja s obzirom na zanimanje, obrazovanje, znanja i stručnost tražitelja zaposlenja i zahtjeva postojećih radnih mjesta.
The dynamics of transition from employment, unemployment and inactivity are very weak.
Vrlo je slaba dinamika prelaska između stanja zaposlenosti, nezaposlenosti i neaktivnosti.
When someone has once lost a job, the chances of reemployment are slight.
Jednom kada se ostane bez posla, male su mogućnosti ponovnog zaposlenja.
This is exacerbated by the inappropriate education and qualification structure of the unemployed, that is, their failure to have the knowledge and expertise being sought and limited opportunities for relocating to areas where there are certain possibilities of employment.
To je pojačano neodgovarajućom obrazovnom i kvalifikacijskom strukturom nezaposlenih, odnosno neraspolaganjem traženim znanjima i stručnosti, te ograničenim mogućnostima smještaja na područjima gdje postoje određene mogućnosti zapošljavanja.
In addition, there are other labour market restrictions conditioned by the relatively small difference (and certainty of reception of) the lowest wages and the various benefits in the welfare system (which does not provide adequate stimulus to active job-seeking), a highly developed underground economy and psychological barriers (such as indecisiveness and incapacity for employment because of long-term unemployment and lack of preparedness for education, the acceptance and application of new knowledge).
Nadalje, postoje i druga ograničenja tržišta rada uvjetovana relativno malom razlikom (i sigurnošću primanja) između najnižih plaća i raznovrsnih naknada u sustavu socijalne skrbi (što ne potiče dovoljno na aktivno traženje zaposlenja), rašireno neslužbeno gospodarstvo te psihološke barijere (poput neodlučnosti ili nesposobnosti za zaposlenje zbog dugotrajne nezaposlenosti i nespremnosti na učenje, prihvaćanje i primjenu novih znanja).
In addition, labour in the Republic of Croatia is expensive because there are few who pay taxes and contributions, and a large number of beneficiaries of various forms of welfare transfers.
Također, rad je u RH skup jer je malo onih koji plaćaju poreze i doprinose, a velik je broj korisnika različitih oblika socijalnih transfera.
There are two sources of indicators of employment and unemployment in Croatia.
U RH postoje dva izvora statističkih pokazatelja o zaposlenosti odnosno nezaposlenosti.
Firstly, there are the data about registered unemployment processed by the Croatian Employment Service (CES).
Prvo, to su podaci o evidentiranoj nezaposlenosti koje obrađuje Hrvatski zavod za zapošljavanje (HZZ).
The other indicators derive from the LFS (Labour Force Survey), which has been carried out each year since 1996 by the CBS [Central Bureau of Statistics], the methodology of which has been brought into line with the rules and instructions of the ILO and Eurostat, comparability with research in EU countries thus being assured.
Drugi su pokazatelji oni iz ankete o radnoj snazi (ARS) koju od 1996. godine provodi Državni zavod za statistiku, a čija je metodologija usklađena s pravilima i uputama Međunarodne organizacije rada (MOR-a) te Europskog ureda za statistiku (Eurostata), čime se osigurava metodološka usporedivost s istraživanjima u zemljama EU.
According to CES figures, in the given period, from 1991 to 2000, the number of unemployed increased by more than 100,000 or about 41%.
Prema podacima HZZ-a broj nezaposlenih u promatranom razdoblju, od 1991. do 2000. godine, povećao se za više od 100 000 ili oko 41%.
A particularly high rise was recorded in 1991 (almost 60%), when the number of unemployed reached the level of 254,000.
Osobito visok porast (gotovo 60%) zbio se u 1991. godini, kada je broj nezaposlenih dosegao razinu od 254 000.
A certain revival of economic activities in the second half of the nineties (GDP rose in 1996 by 6% and in 1997 by as much as 6.5%) was not accompanied by increased and more rapid hiring; instead, the number of unemployed went on rising considerably.
Određeno oživljavanje gospodarske aktivnosti u drugoj polovici 1990-ih (BDP je 1996. godine porastao za 6%; a 1997. za čak 6,5%) nije praćeno povećanim i bržim zapošljavanjem već se broj nezaposlenih i dalje znatno povećavao.
Average registered unemployment in 2000 was 358,000.
Prosjek registrirane nezaposlenosti bio je 2000. godine 358 000.
After a great fall in the number of reported vacancies (which in some years of the 1980s came to more than 230,000iv, and during the 1990s no more than 130,000, with the lowest level being attained in 1991 - about 79,000) in 2001 a considerable rise in the number of reported vacancies was recorded, and it came to 203,000.
Nakon velikog pada broja prijavljenih potreba za radnicima (koji je u pojedinim godinama tijekom 1980-ih iznosio i više od 230 000iv, a tijekom 1990-ih tek oko 130 000, uz najnižu razinu u 1991. godini oko 79 000) u 2001. godini zabilježen je znatan porast broja prijavljenih potreba te je taj broj iznosio 203 000.
The increase in the number of available vacancies did not lead to a reduction in the number of unemployed (the number had grown to 395,000 by the end of 2001), but the rise in the growth of unemployment was slowed down; thus the annual rise of 11% seen in 2000 was almost halved in 2001, when it came to 6%.
Povećanje broja prijavljenih po treba za radnicima nije pridonijelo smanjivanju broja nezaposlenih (njihov je broj krajem 2001. godine narastao već na 395 000), ali je usporen porast nezaposlenosti tako da je godišnji porast od 11% u 2000. godini gotovo prepolovljen pa je u 2001. godini iznosio 6%.
The number of unemployed according to ILO criteria is lower than the number of registered unemployed, because the criteria are more stringent than those for the monitoring of registered employment.
Broj nezaposlenih prema kriterijima MOR-a manji je od broja evidentiranih nezaposlenih jer su ti kriteriji stroži od kriterija praćenja registrirane zaposlenosti.
Hence this research shows a considerably larger number of employed and a smaller number of unemployed.
Stoga takvo istraživanje pokazuje znatno veći broj zaposlenih te manji broj nezaposlenih osoba.
For this reason there is a difference in the rate of unemployment in these two sources of more than 5%, unemployment in 2000 according to the CES coming to 21% and according to the LFS to 16%.
Stoga se očitujerazlika u stopi nezaposlenosti između ta dva izvora za više od 5%, pri čemu je nezaposlenost u 2000. godini prema HZZ-u iznosila 21%, a prema ARS-u 16%.
According to civil service records, more than a fifth of the active population was unemployed, while the LFS suggests a smaller problem, because the average number of unemployed in this system of measurement was smaller by almost 80,000.
Prema administrativnoj evidenciji, nezaposleno je bilo više od petine aktivnoga stanovništva, dok ARS upućuje na manji problem jer je prosječan broj nezaposlenih bio manji za gotovo 80 000 osoba.
v Approximately since the beginning of 1999, the differences between registered unemployment and the figures from the LFS have been shrinking, since unemployment according to ILO criteria has been rising dynamically.
v Približno se od početka 1999. godine smanjuje razlika između podataka o evidentiranoj nezaposlenosti i onih iz ARS-a jer nezaposlenost prema kriterijima MOR-a bilježi dinamičniji porast.
The LFS unemployment level of 16% is not unusual in the transitional countries.
Navedena razina nezaposlenosti od 16% prema ARS-u nije bila neuobičajena u tranzicijskim zemljama.
The highest rates of unemployment have been recorded in Slovakia and Bulgaria, 19%, while in Poland the rate came to 17%.
Najviše stope nezaposlenosti od 19% imale su Slovačka i Bugarska, dok je u Poljskoj stopa iznosila 17%.
Not only is there a high level, but unemployment in the Republic of Croatia is characterised by an average long period of waiting for employment.
Osim tako visoke razine, nezaposlenost u RH obilježava prosječno dugo razdoblje čekanja zaposlenja.
Half of the unemployed wait for a job for more than a year, and as many as about 30% are unemployed for longer than two years.
Naime, polovica nezaposlenih čeka posao više od godinu dana, a približno čak 30% nezaposleno je dulje od dvije godine.
While in 1991 9% of the unemployed waited for more than three years, in 2000, on average more than a fifth of all unemployed waited this long for a job.
Dok je 1991. godine 9% nezaposlenih prosječno čekalo zaposlenje više od tri godine, u 2000. godini posao je jednako dugo čekalo više od petine nezaposlenih.
More than half of the unemployed in the Republic of Croatia waited over a year for a job.
Više od polovice nezaposlenih u RH čekalo je zaposlenje dulje od godine dana.
Important features of the alleviation of poverty during periods of unemployment are the existence, duration and amount of benefits and other rights for the unemployed, which the EU has clearly made a condition for future and current member countries.
Važna odrednica ublažavanja siromaštva za vrijeme nezaposlenosti jest postojanje, trajanje i iznos novčanih naknada i drugih prava za nezaposlene, što EU jasno postavlja kao uvjet sadašnjim i budućim članicama.
Material security consists of the right to financial benefit and assistance, rights to reimbursement of costs during training, the right to travel and moving costs, and the right to health and pensions insurance.
Materijalno osiguranje sastoji se od prava na novčanu naknadu i pomoć, prava na naknadu troškova za vrijeme obrazovanja, prava na naknadu putnih i selidbenih troškova te prava na mirovinsko i zdravstveno osiguranje.
The unemployed can also claim other rights, such as social assistance (maintenance assistance, housing costs assistance, various one-off forms of assistance); exemption from the payment of participation in health care; child benefit; tax relief; exemption from payment of court fees; extended pensions insurance; rented housing; free school books and school meals; subsidy for part of the costs at kindergartens, and other things.
Nezaposleni ostvaruju i druga prava, poput socijalne pomoći (pomoć za uzdržavanje, pomoć u plaćanju troškova stanovanja, svi oblici jednokratne pomoći); oslobođenje od plaćanja participacije u zdravstvu; doplatak za djecu; poreznih olakšica; oslobođenja od plaćanja sudskih pristojbi; produljeno mirovinsko osiguranje; dobivanje stana u najam; besplatne školske knjige te prehrana u školi; subvencije plaćanja dijela troškova u vrtiću i dr.
Although unemployment benefit is small in absolute terms (from 741.40 to 900 kuna p.m.) and does not last very long (from 78 to 312 days), which is shorter than the average in other countries, the amount given does have a ratio to the average salary similar to that obtaining in the developed industrial countries.
Iako je novčana naknada za vrijeme nezaposlenosti malena u apsolutnom iznosu (od 741,40 do 900 kn) i trajanju (od 78 do 312 dana), a to je u prosjeku kraće nego u drugim zemljama, navedeni odnos prema prosječnoj plaći odgovara udjelu što ga novčana naknada ima u razvijenim industrijskim zemljama.
We can say that the system of monetary benefits in the Republic of Croatia does provide its clients a certain protection, however limited by the capacities of the country, and at the same time does not create disincentives with respect to active job-seeking.
Možemo procijeniti da sustav novčanih naknada u RH pruža korisnicima određenu, mogućnostima društva ograničenu zaštitu i zbog skromnog iznosa ne destimulira aktivno traženje zaposlenja.
If the amount of the benefit were much bigger, this would be likely to create negative motivation for job-seeking and thus promote the unemployment trap.
Ako bi iznos novčane naknade bio znatno viši, to bi moglo stvoriti negativnu motivaciju za traženje zaposlenja i time potaknuti “stupicu nezaposlenosti”.
Irrespective of the considerable differences in the data about employment and unemployment, unemployment is a burning social and political topic in the Republic of Croatia; apart from there being a large number of unemployed, the long period people have to wait for a job is also a cause for concern.
Bez obzira na značajne razlike u podacima o zaposlenosti i nezaposlenosti, nezaposlenost je goruća društvena i politička tema u RH, s tim da osim velikog broja nezaposlenih, posebno zabrinjava i dugo čekanje na zaposlenje.
MEASURES FOR REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT IN CROATIA
MJERE I NAČINI SMANJENJA NEZAPOSLENOSTI U RH
As a result of this programme, the Croatian Employment Service (CES) developed a series of active labour market measures, among which were: incentives for self-employment, loans for small and medium firms and public works.
Slijedom tog programa, Hrvatski zavod za zapošljavanje (HZZ) razvio je niz mjera aktivne politike tržišta rada, među kojima su: poticanje samozapošljavanja, krediti malim i srednjim tvrtkama te javni radovi.
Some of the measures were directed towards speeding up the hiring of young and highly qualified persons with the co-financing of at least 60% of gross pay for the first year and an undefined period subsequently.
Neke od mjera usmjerene su na pospješivanje zapošljavanja mladih i visokoobrazovanih ljudi sufinanciranjem najmanje 60% bruto plaće za prvu godinu i s neodređenim razdobljem nakon toga.
At the same time, for any people with degree-level education taken on, an employer would receive a grant of 1,000 euros if the employment was extended for more than a year and became permanent.
Ujedno, poslodavac za osobe s visokim obrazovanjem dobiva subvenciju od 1 000 eura ako se radni odnos produlji na više od godine dana i postane stalan.
Such incentives are a considerable advance on the common bureaucratic provision of agency services in hiring, and mean a shift directed at users, and are better adjusted with the contemporary activities of the state such as giving monetary benefits, social services and regional development.
Takvi su poticaji sigurno značajan odmak od uobičajenoga birokratskog pružanja usluga u posredovanju pri zapošljavanju, te znače pomak usmjeren na korisnika i znatno usklađeniji sa suvremenim djelatnostima države poput odobravanja novčanih naknada, socijalnih usluga i regionalnog razvoja.
Still, there is some uncertainty whether these measures for the hiring of the young and the well educated are well targeted, for they do after all have above-average advantages in finding jobs.
Ipak, postoje određene sumnje u to jesu li mjere za zapošljavanje mladih i visokoobrazovanih ljudi dobro ciljane jer oni ipak imaju natprosječne vjerojatnosti u nalaženju posla.
As for other measures, one can mention the need to bring the Programme for the Encouragement of Self-Employment on stream, the aim of which is to bring unreported economic activities determined to be the main source of income for a considerable number of registered unemployed within the law.
Od ostalih mjera može se navesti potreba oživljavanja Programa za poticanje samozapošljavanja čiji je cilj ozakonjivanje neprijavljene ekonomske djelatnosti za koju je utvrđeno da je glavni izvor dohotka znatnog broja evidentiranih nezaposlenih osoba.
It is true that the Labour Act does stipulate the protection of the more weakly represented gender, but the experience and attitude of social partners show that the existing regulation is inappropriate and does not produce any effects.
Istina, Zakon o radu regulira zaštitu slabije zastupljenog spola, no iskustva i stav socijalnih partnera pokazuju da je postojeća regulacija neprikladna te ostaje bez rezultata.
At the same time, the integration of all categories of worker that are hard to activate on the labour market should be encouraged.
Ujedno, trebalo bi poticati integracije svih kategorija radnika koje se teško aktiviraju na tržištu rada.
There have been many awkward or not properly adjusted approaches in social and labour legislation.
U radnom i socijalnom zakonodavstvu bilo je i mnogo nespretnih (ili neusklađenih) rješenja.
Until the adoption of recent regulations (The Rights of Croatian Veterans of the Homeland War and Their Families Law, NN, 94/01), disabled veterans of the Homeland War had no incentive to work because a Croatian veteran as unemployed disabled person received 100% of the wage of active members of the armed forces.
Na primjer, do donošenja novih propisa (Zakona o pravima hrvatskih branitelja iz Domovinskog rata i članova njihovih obitelji, NN 94/01) invalidi Domovinskog rata nisu bili stimulirani za rad jer je hrvatski branitelj kao nezaposleni invalid primao 100%-tnu plaću pripadnika djelatnog sustava HV-a, a kao zaposleni invalid samo razliku između plaće koju je ostvario radeći i plaće pripadnika djelatnog sustava HV-a.
In this way, an employed invalid of the War had the same rights as those who were unemployed (Office for Social Partnership in the Republic of Croatia, 2002b).
Na taj je način zaposleni invalid Domovinskog rata ostvario ista prava kao i nezaposleni (Ured za socijalno partnerstvo u RH, 2002b).
Croatia has witnessed the phenomenon of the simultaneous rise in wages and a fall in the rate of employment (or a rise in unemployment), which is indirect evidence of the rigidity of the labour market.
U Hrvatskoj je zabilježena pojava istodobnog porasta plaća i smanjivanja zaposlenosti (odnosno porasta nezaposlenosti), što je jedan od neizravnih dokaza rigidnosti tržišta rada.
Such trends are characteristic of states in which the legislation provides a high degree of protection for the employed, thus making competition in the labour market impossible.
Takva su kretanja svojstvena državama u kojima zakonodavstvo u visokom stupnju štiti postojeća zaposlenja, čime se onemogućuje konkurencija na tržištu rada.
The rigidity of the labour market can be seen in the long, complex and expensive system involved in dismissals (including the cancellation of the employment contract, the legally set notice period and amount of severance pay).
Rigidnost tržišta rada očituje se u složenome, dugotrajnome i skupom sustavu otpuštanja radnika (što prije svega obuhvaća otkazivanje ugovora o radu, zakonski utvrđeni otkazni rok i visinu otpremnine).
This makes turnover in the labour force much more expensive, and the high level of protection for employment reduces the flows in the labour market, and lengthens the average duration of employment™.
Time se poskupljuje obrtaj radne snage, a visoka razina zaštite zaposlenja smanjuje tokove na tržištu rada, odnosno produljuje prosječno trajanje zaposlenjavii.
The reason for this is that the complex and expensive laying-off process means that the employer will not take on workers if he does not really believe that their work will be long-lasting and productive enough to cover the high costs incurred (Bertola et al., 2001).
Razlog je to što složeno i skupo otpuštanje potiče poslodavca da ne zapošljava radnike ako ne vjeruje da će njihov rad biti dovoljno trajan i produktivan da može pokriti tako nastale visoke troškove (Bertola i sur.,
Also for the sake of making severance easier, most newly-employed workers (almost 80%) are taken on for fixed-time contracts, this kind of work thus becoming the rule and not the exception; it is used, without any control at all, in a way completely opposite to the intention of the regulations of the Labour Act, which is a further proof of the rigidity of the regulation of labour relationships.
Jednako se tako radi jednostavnijeg prekida rada većina novozaposlenih radnika (gotovo 80%) zapošljava u radnom odnosu na određeno vrijeme, čime taj rad postaje pravilo, a ne iznimka, a koristi se, posve nekontrolirano, suprotno smislu regulacije Zakona o radu, što je daljnji dokaz rigidnosti regulacije radnih odnosa.
In addition, in connection with labour market rigidity, it is also worth mentioning problems related to claims of rights arising from labour relations, which is a result not only of the regulation of these relationships, but the problem of the clogged and inefficient judiciary.
Nadalje, u vezi s rigidnošću tržišta rada valja spomenuti i probleme vezane za ostvarivanje prava koja proizlaze iz radnih odnosa, što je rezultat ne samo regulacije radnih odnosa, već i problem nedovoljne učinkovitosti i zagušenosti pravosudnog sustava.
In line with the Programme for employment stimulation, the Republic of Croatia is carrying out several active hiring policy measures while the rigidity of the labour legislation acts as a brake, tending to work against further employment.
U skladu s Programom poticanja zapošljavanja, RH na tržištu rada provodi više mjera aktivne politike zapošljavanja, a kočnica većem zapošljavanju vjerojatno je rigidnost radnog zakonodavstva.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE LABOUR MARKET IN CROATIA
MOGUĆA RJEŠENJA ZA POBOLJŠANJE TRŽIŠTA RADA U RH