natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The use of administered prices in Croatia is limited to agricultural products, energy and transport.
Primjena upravljanih cijena u Hrvatskoj ograničena je na poljoprivredne proizvode, energiju i promet.
This level of price liberalisation, according to the criteria of the European Commission, is considered advanced, and is comparable with applicant countries that meet the criteria for the existence of an effective market economic (European Commission, 2002e).
Ta se razina liberalizacije cijena, prema mjerilima Europske komisije, procjenjuje naprednom, te je usporediva sa zemljama kandidatkinjama koji ispunjavaju kriterij postojanja djelotvornoga tržišnoga gospodarstva (European Commission, 2002e).
Trade liberalisation
Liberalizacija trgovine
Liberalisation of trade in the Republic of Croatia to date is a reflection of membership in the WTO and the conclusion of free trade agreements (bilateral™ and with EFTA) and the intention to join the EU.
Dosadašnja liberalizacija trgovine RH odraz je učlanjenja u Svjetsku trgovinsku organizaciju (WTO) i zaključivanja sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini (bilateralnihxii i EFTA-e) te namjere pristupanja EU.
By joining the WTO, Croatia bound itself to gradually reduce its customs duties on industrial and agricultural products to the level that is applied in OECD countries by the year 2005.
Priključivanjem WTO-u Hrvatska se obvezala postupno, do 2005. godine, smanjiti carine na industrijske i poljoprivredne proizvode na razinu koja se primjenjuje u državama OECD-a.
Export and quantitative restrictions or measures that have a similar effect have been abolished.
Uklonjena su izvozna i kvantitativna ograničenja ili mjere s ekvivalentnim učinkom.
Trade with the EU is regulated by the Interim Agreement that enables application of the commercial provisions of the SAA until the process of ratification is completed.
Trgovina s EU regulirana je Privremenim sporazumom koji omogućuje primjenu komercijalnih odredbi Sporazuma o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju (SSP) dok se ne dovrši proces njegove ratifikacije.
The Interim Agreement contractually regulates trade preferences somewhat more favourably than those that were applied to Croatia from the collapse of the SFRY onwards.
Privremeni sporazum ugovorno regulira trgovinske preferencijale nešto povoljnije od onih koji su se primjenjivali na Hrvatsku od raspada SFRJ.
That is, the institutional links between Croatia and the European Community were regulated up to 1992 by the same instruments that were joining the SFRY and the Community.
Naime, institucionalne veze Hrvatske s EZ regulirale su se do 1992. godine instrumentima što su povezivali SFRJ i Zajednicu.
Pursuant to the Cooperation Agreement Croatia had preferential access to the market of the European Community, and also a preferential position vis-a-vis other states in the region (cf. Samardžija, 1994; 160-169).
Hrvatska je na temelju Sporazuma o suradnji imala preferencijalni pristup tržištu Europske zajednice, kao i povlašteni položaj u odnosu prema drugim zemljama regije (više u: Samardžija, 1994; 160-169).
According to the currently valid Interim Agreement, Croatian industrial products, all processed agricultural products, apart from wine, baby-beef and beef products, have duty-free access to the EU market without any quantitative restrictions.
Na temelju važećega Privremenog sporazuma hrvatski industrijski proizvodi, svi prerađeni poljoprivredni proizvodi i poljoprivredni proizvodi osim vina, teletine i goveđih prerađevina imaju bescarinski pristup tržištu EU bez količinskih ograničenja.
Croatia bound itself to liberalise access to its market gradually, over a period of six years; since 1 January 2002, about 77% of trade in industrial products has been liberalised; trade in textile and steel products will gradually be liberalised by 1 January 2006, and by 1 January 2007 trade in all other industrial products.
Hrvatska se pak obvezala liberalizirati pristup svojem tržištu postupno, tijekom šest godina: od 1. siječnja 2002. liberalizirano je oko 77% trgovine industrijskim proizvodima, trgovina tekstilnim i čeličnim proizvodima postupno će se liberalizirati do 1. siječnja 2006, a do 1. siječnja 2007. i trgovina svim ostalim industrijskim proizvodima.
With respect to agricultural products, 75% of the trade will be liberalised by 1 January 2006, 41% by the abolition of customs duties and 34% by preferential treatment covering traditional trade.
Za poljoprivredne proizvode 75% trgovine liberalizirat će se do 1. siječnja 2006, i to 41% ukidanjem carina i 34% primjenom jednakih trgovinskih povlastica kao i za industrijske proizvode.
By the end of the transitional period, trade in processed agricultural and fish products will have been totally liberalised (European Commission, 2002e).
Do kraja prijelaznog razdoblja potpuno će se liberalizirati i trgovina prerađenim poljoprivrednim i ribljim proizvodima (European Commission, 2002e).
States that are applicants for membership liberalised their trade with the EU in line with the provisions of the Europe Agreements by 1 January 2002.
Države kandidatkinje za članstvo liberalizirale su trgovinu s EU u skladu s odredbama europskih sporazuma do 1. siječnja 2002. godine.
To reach this level of integration with the EU, in line with the provisions of the SAA, Croatia will need another five years.
Za postizanje te razine integracije s EU Hrvatskoj će, u skladu s odredbama SSP-a, trebati još pet godina.
Along with liberalisation of trade with the EU and attempts to enter CEFTA, Croatia has bound itself to join in regional free trade zones in the west Balkans.
Uz liberalizaciju trgovine prema EU i nastojanja da uđe u CEFTA-u, Hrvatska se obvezala uključiti i u regionalne zone slobodne trgovine na području zapadnoga Balkana.
The establishment of regional cooperation became a standard provision of agreements between the EU and third countries (e.g., the European Agreements, the Euro-Mediterranean Agreements concerning associated membership, the Cotonou Conventionxiii, for more see below).
Uspostava regionalne suradnje postala je klasična odredba sporazuma između EU i trećih zemalja (npr. europski sporazumi, euromediteranski sporazumi o pridruženom članstvu, Cotonou konvencijexiii, v. opširnije u nastavku).
This form of cooperation was achieved by applicants by the creation of CEFTA, and completion of negotiations about a free trade agreement with FRY and Albania is awaiting Croatia, and perhaps the making of the bilateral free trade agreements multilateral.
Takav oblik suradnje kandidati su postigli stvaranjem CEFTA-e, a Hrvatsku očekuje dovršetak pregovora o sporazumu o slobodnoj trgovini s Albanijom i SRJ, te eventualna multilaterizacija bilateralnih sporazuma o slobodnoj trgovini.
The system of trade laws
Sustav tržišnih zakona
The basis of the EU is a single market, in which, in conditions of free competition, there is a free movement of goods, services, capital and people.
Temelj EU jedinstveno je tržište, na kojemu se u uvjetima tržišnog natjecanja slobodno razmjenjuje roba, usluge, kapital i ljudi.
Hence, for convergence with the EU, application of the rule of market competition on the one hand, and transparent, limited state aid on the other, are crucial.
Stoga je za približavanje EU ključna primjena pravila tržišnog natjecanja s jedne, te transparentne, ograničene državne potpore s druge strane.
Like the states of CEE, Croatia is faced with difficulties in the establishment and implementation of a legislative and institutional framework necessary to set up an effective market economy.
Kao i države središnje i istočne Europe, Hrvatska se suočava s teškoćama u uspostavi i provedbi pravnoga i institucionalnog okvira nužnog za uspostavu djelotvornoga tržišnoga gospodarstva.
Most applicants, in this area, have to develop or adjust their rules about the allotment of state aid and step up provisions for the prevention of the restriction of competition and the abuse of a dominant position on the market.
Većina kandidata na tom području treba razviti ili uskladiti pravila o dodjeli državne potpore i ojačati odredbe za sprečavanje ograničenja konkurencije i zloupotrebu dominantnog položaja na tržištu.
For the sake of a satisfactory implementation of the SAA, Croatia ought by the end of 2002 to have set up an independent agency for state aid, and an agency for the protection of market competition should have been expanded and be able to control mergers.
Hrvatska bi, radi zadovoljavajuće provedbe SSP-a, do kraja 2002. godine morala osnovati neovisnu agenciju za državne potpore, a Agencija za zaštitu tržišnog natjecanja morala bi se proširiti i kontrolirati spajanja.
Preparation for integration into the internal market
Prilagodbe pristupu unutarnjem tržištu
Since through the Europe Agreements the applicants set up free trade zones with the EU, further liberalisation measures mainly relate to integration into the single European market.
Budući da kandidati europskim sporazumima uspostavljaju zone slobodne trgovine s EU, daljnje se mjere liberalizacije ponajprije odnose na integraciju u jedinstveno europsko tržište.
Future measures will relate to the abolition of border non-tariff barriers: physical, technical and fiscal.
Buduće se mjere odnose na uklanjanje graničnih necarinskih barijera: fizičkih, tehničkih i fiskalnih.
The further integration of candidates takes for granted the adjustment of economic policy with that of the current member states and the acceptance of the standards and rules of the Union (the acquis).
Daljnja integracija kandidata podrazumijeva usklađivanje gospodarske politike sa sadašnjim državama članicama te prihvaćanje normi i pravila Unije (acquis).
Gradual adoption of EU legislation in the area of standardisation, metering, certification and accreditation is an obligation that Croatia took upon itself by signing the SAA.
Postupno usvajanje zakonodavstva EU na području standardizacije, mjeriteljstva i akreditacije obveza je koju je Hrvatska preuzela potpisivanjem SSP-a.
The State Bureau for Standardisation and Metering, in cooperation with the Ministry for European Integration and the Legislation Office, is drawing up a national strategy for the adoption of the technical legislation, while the application of standards is not obligatory.
Državni zavod za normizaciju i mjeriteljstvo s Ministarstvom za europske integracije i Uredom za zakonodavstvo razrađuje nacionalnu strategiju usklađivanja tehničkog zakonodavstva, a primjena standarda nije obvezna.
It took Austria, Sweden and Denmark three years before joining the EU to adopt measures of this kind (Baldwin; Francois, Portes, 1997).
Za usvajanje takvih mjera Austriji, Švedskoj i Danskoj prije pristupanja EU bile su potrebne tri godine (Baldwin; Francois, Portes, 1997).
EU trade policy
Trgovinska politika EU
The current common trade policy of the Union is mostly beyond the control of the member states (although the effects of the policy have of course a direct effect on their economies).
Sadašnja zajednička trgovinska politika Unije najvećim je dijelom izvan kontrole vlada zemalja članica (premda se učinci politike dakako osjete izravno u njihovim ekonomijama)xiv.
™ Following the principle of creating “an open market economy with free market competition” the policy has a different effect on the member economies with different economic structures and various degrees of dependence on trade with the world (for more detail, cf. Messerlin, 2001).
Slijedeći načelo ostvarivanja “otvorene tržišne ekonomije sa slobodnim tržišnim natjecanjem”, politika ima drugačiji utjecaj na ekonomije članica s različitom privrednom strukturom i različitim stupnjem ovisnosti o razmjeni sa svijetom (v. detaljnije u: Messerlin, 2001).
The common trade policy can be analysed from several aspects: the level of protection that is afforded to member states, its use for the purposes of other Union policies (agriculture, industry, development, competition, foreign policy), the preferential nature of the policy and so on.
Zajednička trgovinska politika može se analizirati s nekoliko aspekata: razine zaštite koju pruža zemljama članicama, korištenja u svrhe ostalih politika Unije (npr. poljoprivredne, industrijske, razvojne, konkurentske, vanjske politike), preferencijalnog karaktera politike i sl.
Although all aspects of trade policy are very important for applicant states, here we shall deal only with the nature of trade policy towards non-member countries as well as with the possibility that applicant countries make an impact on adjustment of this regime to meet their goals and strategies in the current round of negotiations within the WTO.
Iako su za zemlje kandidatkinje svi aspekti trgovinske politike vrlo važni, ovdje ćemo se pozabaviti samo karakterom trgovinske politike prema zemljama nečlanicama te mogućnošću utjecaja zemalja kandidatkinja na prilagodu tog režima njihovim ciljevima i strategijama u sadašnjem krugu pregovora u sklopu WTO-a.
The widely-popularised characteristic of Union trade policy is dependence on discriminatory or preferential trade agreements that started to develop as early as the Treaty of Rome.
Široko popularizirano obilježje trgovinske politike Unije jest ovisnost o diskriminirajućim odnosno preferencijalnim trgovinskim sporazumima koja se počela razvijati već od Rimskog sporazuma.
A particular feature of these agreements is their differentiated levels of preference, which has become known as the trade preferences pyramid.
Posebnost tih sporazuma njihova je diversificiranost na razini povlastica koja je postala poznata pod nazivom “piramida trgovinskih preferencija”.
At the same time, the character of the regime was changed, and no longer had dominantly non-reciprocal preferences but instead it had dominantly reciprocal preferences (except for the least developed countries - with no time limit, and for ACP starting in 2008 with a 12 year transition period) consistent with WTO rules.xvi
Usto, karakter režima promijenjen je s dominantno nerecipročnih povlastica na recipročne povlastice (osim za najmanje razvijene države - trajno, te ACP s početkom u 2008. s 12-godišnjim razdobljem tranzicije) konzistentne s WTO pravilima.xvi
Notwithstanding the “promotion” in their trade status, the candidate countries are faced with very high costs (related to the static effects of liberalisation on the creation and diversion of trade) for two reasons.
Bez obzira na “promociju” u trgovinskom statusu, zemlje kandidatkinje suočene su s visokim troškovima (vezanim za statičke učinke liberalizacije na stvaranje i skretanje trgovine) zbog dvaju razloga.
Firstly, the real improvement in preferential treatment (difference between the MFN customs rate and the 0% rate) is not particularly important, because a large number of such countries already had a relatively free approach to the EU market for non-sensitive products.
Prvo, stvarno poboljšanje u preferencijalnom tretmanu (razlika između MFN carinske stope i stope od 0%) i nije osobito važno jer je velik broj tih zemalja i prije imao relativno slobodan pristup europskom tržištu za neosjetljive proizvode.
One exception, of course, is textile products and clothing, which for six central European countries have since 1997/987 been exempt from customs and quotas.
Iznimka su, dakako, tekstilni proizvodi i odjeća koji su za šest srednjoeuropskih zemalja od 1997/98. oslobođeni carina i kvantitativnih ograničenja.
Candidates, that is, have reduced trade barriers against EU member states (and against other candidates in their trade with each other) but have often compensated for this by increasing the level of protection vis-a-vis countries that are not members of the EU.
Kandidati su, naime, smanjili trgovinske barijere prema zemljama članicama EU (i u međusobnoj trgovini s ostalim kandidatima), ali su to često kompenzirale povećanjem razine zaštite u odnosu prema zemljama nečlanicama EU.
Since the likelihood of the trade diversion effect is thus increased, this approach to liberalisation does clearly not have to have a positive effect on the welfare of the candidates.
Kako se time povećava vjerojatnost učinka skretanja trgovine, jasno je da takva liberalizacija ne mora bezuvjetno pozitivno djelovati na blagostanje kandidata.xviii
For this reason it is in the interest of the current members to make sure that new agreements within the WTO include provisions which assure the accomplishment of their objectives in the future, provisions that do not necessarily suit the candidates.
Stoga je u interesu sadašnjih članica da u nove sporazume unutar WTO-a unesu odredbe koje osiguravaju ostvarenje njihovih ciljeva u budućnosti, a koje možda ne odgovaraju kandidatima.
For this reason one has to consider how much does the stance of the candidates with respect to multilateralism and the functioning of the WTO coincide with that of the EU.
Stoga treba razmotriti koliko se stav kandidata u odnosu prema multilateralizmu i funkcioniranju WTO-a podudara sa stavom EU.
If the degree of concurrence is not great, to what extent can the candidates have an impact on the modification of the European position?
Ako stupanj podudaranja nije visok, u kojem opsegu kandidati mogu utjecati na modificiranje europskog stajališta?
An EU delegation went to the ministerial meeting in Doha (November 2001) with clearly delineated objectives for the new round of negotiations within the WTO.
Delegacija EU otišla je na Ministarski sastanak u Dohu (studeni 2001) s jasno zacrtanim ciljevima za novi krug pregovora u sklopu WTO-a.
These, put most concisely, include (cf. European Commission, 2000) further liberalisation of and access to the market for goods and services not relying on a sectoral approach, improvement of WTO rules by the inclusion of new areas such as investment, competition and advancement of trade, promotion of sustainable development and the more direct regulation of matters that arouse public interest, such as the effect of trade on the environment.
Oni, najkraće rečeno, obuhvaćaju (cf. EC, 2000) daljnju liberalizaciju i pristup tržištu roba i usluga ne oslanjajući se na sektorski pristup, unapređenje pravila WTO-a uključivanjem novih područja kao što su investicije, konkurencija i unapređenje trgovine, promoviranje održivog razvoja, te neposrednije reguliranje pitanja koji izazivaju javni interes kao što je učinak trgovine na okruženje.
Unlike the EU, the candidate countries (including Croatia) did not have in Doha any formal common position (except informally, e.g., CEFTA plus).
Nasuprot EU, zemlje kandidatkinje (uključujući i Hrvatsku) u Dohi nisu imale formalnu zajedničku poziciju (osim neformalno, npr. CEFTA plus).
From the published positions of each individual country (www.wto.org) it would appear that their goals in the new round of negotiations are close to EU objectives.
Iz objavljenih stavova (www.wto.org) svake pojedine zemlje proizlazi da su njihovi ciljevi o novom krugu pridruživanja bliski ciljevima EU.
Taking into account the very different levels of development and of economic structures of the candidates as compared to the EU mean, this relative overlap of goals shows that the candidates are not ready, or are not powerful enough, to initiate questions in a multilateral forum that are in their interests and might be against the stated aims of the EU (for instance, in the area of investment, TRIPS and so on).xix From a review of the trade policies of the candidates, it would seem that they are trying to replicate EU trade policy not only in the area of protective instruments but also in forming bilateral preferential arrangements (as against relying on multilateral liberalisation).
Uzimajući u obzir vrlo različite stupnjeve razvijenosti i ekonomske strukture kandidata s obzirom na prosjek EU, to relativno podudaranje ciljeva pokazuje da kandidati nisu spremni (ili nisu dovoljno snažni) pokrenuti pitanja u multilateralnom forumu koja su u njihovu interesu a mogla bi biti u suprotnosti s iskazanim ciljevima EU (npr. na području investicija, Trade Related Intelectual Property Rights, TRIPs-a i sl.).xix Iz pregleda trgovinskih politika zemalja kandidatkinja čini se da one pokušavaju replicirati trgovinsku politiku EU (ne samo na području instrumenata zaštite) već i u izgradnji bilateralnih preferencijalnih aranžmana (nasuprot ovisnosti o multilateralnoj liberalizaciji).
The level of protection, though, is not in agreement with the EU level (although similar, they are on average very different for individual groups of products).
Razina zaštite, pak, nije usuglašena s razinom EU (iako slične, one se u prosjeku znatno razlikuju u pojedinim grupama proizvoda).
When the level of protection in the candidate country is higher than in the EU, a good strategy in this round of negotiations would be to approximate to a lower EU level.
Kada je razina zaštite u zemlji kandidatkinji viša nego u EU, dobra bi strategija u tom krugu pregovora bila približiti se nižoj razini EU.
If the candidate already has protection equal to or lower than the EU, the question arises of whether the candidates can “force” the EU, while negotiation the accession, to come down to their level of protection, or leave it the option of paying compensation to WTO members when acceding candidates will have to adopt the higher level of the EU protection.
Ako kandidat već ima jednaku ili nižu zaštitu od EU, otvara se pitanje mogu li kandidati pregovorima “prisiliti” EU da se spusti na njihovu razinu zaštite ili će joj prepustiti opciju davanja kompenzacije člancima WTO-a kada pri pristupu kandidati usvoje višu zaštitu EU?
CHALLENGES IN ADJUSTMENT TO THE EU
IZAZOVI U PRILAGODBAMA EU
The preceding analysis leads to the conclusion that Croatia is slower than the other applicants in carrying out reforms necessary for accession to the EU.
Prethodna analiza upućuje na zaključak da je Hrvatska sporija od ostalih kandidata u provođenju reformi nužnih za pristup EU.
From this analysis it also derives that the EU is a “natural” market for Croatia and that it, like the candidates, is not willing at the moment to carry out any particularly different trade policy than that being run by the EU.
Iz analize također proizlazi da je EU “prirodno” tržište za Hrvatsku te da ona, slično kandidatima, nije voljna trenutačno provoditi posebno drugačiju trgovinsku politiku od one koju vodi EU.
For this reason we shall identify the factors that might positively or negatively affect the further convergence of Croatia to the EU.
Stoga identificiramo činitelje koji mogu pozitivno ili negativno utjecati na daljnje približavanje Hrvatske EU.
The imminent process of EU enlargement is very important.
Na važnom je mjestu neposredni proces proširenja EU.
Although it is not clear what the EU will be like after this enlargement, one of the possible scenarios is that the willingness of a new EU with 20 members for new enlargement will be much smaller.
Iako je neizvjesno kakav će EU biti nakon tog proširenja, jedan od mogućih scenarija jest da se spremnost novog EU sa 20 članica više znatno smanji za daljnje širenje.
Taking this scenario as a possible one could well reduce Croatian motivation for the implementation of reforms already provided for.
Prihvaćanje tog scenarija kao vjerojatnoga moglo bi smanjiti motivaciju Hrvatske za provedbu već predviđenih reformi.
In addition, the most marked comparative advantages of producers in Croatia lie in the production of traditional products (fisheries, wood and textile products), in which the competition will be increased with the accession of new transitional members.
Nadalje, najizraženije komparativne prednosti proizvođača iz Hrvatske jest proizvodnja tradicionalnih proizvoda (ribarstvo te drvni i tekstilni proizvodi), u čemu će se konkurencija pristupom novih, tranzicijskih članica povećati.
For this reason, during the period of adjustment to the EU, it is necessary to consider adjustments to an enlarged EU, i.e., an EU of 20 to 28 members, and of acceding to this much larger union when the conditions are met.
Stoga se tijekom prilagodbi EU mora razmišljati o prilagodbama proširenom EU, tj. EU od 20-28 država članica te o pristupanju takvom proširenom EU kad se za to steknu uvjeti.