natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
At the beginning of the 90's, these countries were suddenly in the situation of having too few and too many civil servants.
Na samom početku 90-ih te su se zemlje odjednom našle u situaciji da istodobno imaju i premalo i previše državnih službenika.
On the one hand they were hampered by the communist heritage of the bureaucratic machinery, and on the other the need for the development of a modern administration had arisen.
Kočilo ih je komunističko naslijeđe birokratskog aparata, a istodobno se razvijala potreba za formiranjem moderne državne službe.
This kind of civil service needed to be different from the inherited structure in that it was freed from external influences - political parties, business and regional lobbies, and had a transparent hiring system.
Takva bi se državna služba od dotadašnje organizacijske strukture trebala razlikovati po tome što je oslobođena vanjskih utjecaja - političkih stranaka, poslovnih i regionalnih lobija itd., i što ima transparentan sustav zapošljavanja.
The basic problems of the public administrations of the transition countries are the following:
Može se reći da su temeljni problemi javnih uprava tranzicijskih zemalja ovi:
• the legislative framework is centred too much on details and has retained the bad structure of promotion based mainly on years of work experience;
• zakonodavni okvir za državnu službu previše je fokusiran na detalje i zadržava lošu strukturu napredovanja utemeljenu uglavnom na godinama radnog iskustva
• not enough attention is devoted to ethics;
• nedovoljno je pozornosti pridano etici
• it is not clear who is charged with surveillance of the public administration;
• nije jasno tko je zadužen za nadzor javne uprave
• pay policy is such that many employees went off into the private sector; in Estonia and Czech Republic, for example, highly positioned managers earn 6 to 10 times the amount in the private sector than in the civil service (Nunberg, 2000:13);
• politika plaća je takva da mnogo zaposlenika odlazi u privatni sektor; npr. u Estoniji i Češkoj visokopozicionirani su menadžeri zarađivali 6 do 10 puta više u privatnom sektoru nego u državnoj službi (Nunberg, 2000:13)
• there is not a precise enough recruitment system;
• nije dovoljno preciziran sustav zapošljavanja
• the countries do not have an education system to apply to the whole of the public administration, and not only to the part of it that is in charge the most for European integration.
• zemlje nemaju strategiju obrazovanja koja će se odnositi na cijelu javnu upravu, a ne samo njezin dio najbliži europskim integracijama.
According to research into the opinions of civil servants and politicians in Estonia, Lithuania, Poland and the Czech Republic, the first step in the reform should have been depoliticisation - the separation of the administration from politics (King et all.,
Prema istraživanju mišljenja državnih službenika i političara u Estoniji, Litvi, Poljskoj i Češkoj, prvi korak reforme trebala bi biti depolitizacija - odvajanje državne službe od politike (King i sur.,
Poland adopted a public administration law back in 1997, according to which some of the places in the public administration were defined as the civil service.
Poljska je usvojila još 1997. godine zakon o državnoj službi, prema kojemu su neka mjesta u javnoj upravi definirana kao državna služba.
For the transition, certain qualifications and examinations were required.
Za prijelaz su bile potrebne određene kvalifikacije i ispiti.
The new version of the law was adopted in 1998 (after the change of government), and it has to be said that on paper it looks good because it contains the elements that should lead to improvements in the work of civil servants (O'Dwyer, 2002:29).
Nova verzija zakona usvojena je već 1998. (nakon promjene vlasti) i može se reći da na papiru izgleda dobro jer sadržava elemente koji bi trebali dovesti do poboljšanja rada državnih službenika (O'Dwyer, 2002:29).
However, from the time the second law was passed, only 560 of the 110,000 employees employed in the public administration met the conditions to be part of the civil service.
Međutim, od usvajanja drugog zakona tek je 560 (od 110 000) zaposlenih u javnoj upravi zadovoljilo uvjete da postanu dio državne službe.
The rest are part of the newly formed “state body”, which is nothing but a change of name and a leaving of the opportunity for protection in employment and promotion.
Ostatak njih dio su novoformiranog “državnog tijela”, što nije ništa nego promjena imena i ostavljanje mogućnosti za protekcionizam u zapošljavanju i napredovanju.
Most do not want to go to the civil service, because the advantages are slight and the dangers unknown.
Većina zapravo ne želi prijeći u državnu službu jer su prednosti neznatne, a opasnosti nepoznate.
Alongside this law, in 1991 Poland formed the National School of the Public Administration.xxvii At the beginning it excited great interest and enthusiasm but in time it lost its character and its influence was minimal.
Osim tog zakona, u Poljskoj je 1991. godine otvorena Nacionalna škola javne uprave.xxvii U početku je izazvala velik interes i oduševljenje, ali s vremenom joj se profil srozao, a utjecaj postao minimalan.
Too few people graduated from it for them to be able to bring about any changes, only 400 of them in 10 years.
Naime, iz nje je izašao premalen broj ljudi da bi mogao ostvariti neku promjenu, samo njih 400 za 10 godina.
In addition, the ability to get employed in the public administration depended on various politicians.
Osim toga, mogućnost zapošljavanja u javnoj upravi ovisila je o pojedinim političarima.
The biggest problem was the inimical attitude of the remainder of the service, which perceived them as a threat, as outsiders who belonged nowhere.
Najveći je problem bilo neprijateljsko stajalište ostatka javne uprave koji ih je doživljavao kao prijetnju, “outsidere koji nikome ne pripadaju”.
The example of Poland best shows that laws are not enough if political pressures are not eliminated.
Primjer Poljske najbolje pokazuje da zakoni nisu dovoljni ako se ne uklone politički pritisci.
In Slovakia the law on the civil service was adopted in 2001, but from talks with those employed in the public administration the opinion emerges that this law was only a formality necessary for satisfying EU requirements.
U Slovačkoj je zakon o državnoj službi usvojen 2001. godine, ali iz razgovora sa zaposlenima u javnoj upravi proizlazi da je taj zakon samo formalnost potrebna za zadovoljenje zahtjeva EU-a.
That is, the law only fixed the existing positions of those employed in the public administration and institutionalised protectionism (O'Dwyer, 2002:31).
Naime, zakon je samo “cementirao” postojeće položaje zaposlenih u javnoj upravi te institucionalizirao protekcionizam (O'Dwyer, 2002:31).
In the Czech Republic the many necessary steps have not been taken, but at least the situation has not deteriorated because of badly implemented reforms.
U Češkoj nisu napravljeni brojni potrebni koraci, ali barem stanje nije pogoršano loše provedenim reformama.
The law on the civil service is about to be passed; they are thinking about setting up an Institute for public administration and local self-governmentxxviii and an ethical code is being worked out (EPF, 2002).
Zakon o državnoj službi je pred donošenjem; razmišlja se o osnivanju Instituta za javnu upravu i lokalnu samoupravuxxviii, a razrađuje se i etički kodeks (EPF, 2002).
Nevertheless, there are still regular complaints from the European Commission about the public administration in the Czech Republic.
Bilo kako bilo, prigovori Europske komisije na javnu upravu u Češkoj redoviti su.
The comparison of the quality of governance in Croatia, the EU and in selected candidate countries shows, unfortunately, that governance constitutes a considerable barrier in the accession of Croatia to the EU, as well as to the achievement of economic and social development.
Usporedba kvalitete governancea u Hrvatskoj, EU i odabranim zemljama kandidatkinjama, nažalost, pokazuje da je on znatna prepreka u pridruživanju Hrvatske EU, ali i u ostvarivanju održivoga ekonomskog i društvenog razvoja.
In terms of all the selected governance indicators, Croatia lags behind the average of the EU and the CE5 countries; this is particularly prominent in the area of rule of law.
Prema svim odabranim pokazateljima governancea Hrvatska zaostaje za prosjekom EU-a i CE5 zemalja, što se osobito očituje na području vladavine prava.
However, what is positive is that all the indicators have been slowly improving in the last few years; the only suspect element of governance in this point of view is government effectiveness.
Međutim, pozitivno je to što se svi pokazatelji u posljednjih nekoliko godina polako popravljaju; jedini je “sumnjivi” element governancea u tom smislu djelotvornost države.
This just shows that it is necessary to fix one's gaze on the public administration as one of the potentially weakest links in the institutional development of the country.
To samo dokazuje da je potrebno posebno paziti na javnu upravu kao jednu od potencijalno najslabijih karika u institucionalnom razvoju zemlje.
A poor public administration in combination with a low level of rule of law is probably one of the greatest hurdles in the way of European integration.
Loša javna uprava u kombinaciji s niskom razinom vladavine prava vjerojatno je jedna od najvećih prepreka u procesu europskih integracija.
If certain rules and standards that will encourage civil servants of whatever rank to achieve the general aims and limit them in their arbitrary actions do not exist, they will become increasingly opportunistic.
Naime, ako ne postoje određena pravila i norme koje će poticati državne službenike i namještenike u ostvarivanju općih ciljeva, a ograničiti ih u arbitrarnom djelovanju, njihov će oportunizam rasti.
Without the rule of law, primarily of an effective judiciary, it is impossible to exercise surveillance over those in charge of policy, there is no legal framework necessary for the development of civil society, and a setting is created that does not promote economic development.
Bez vladavine prava, prije svega bez efikasnog sudstva, onemogućen je nadzor nositelja politike, nedostaje pravni okvir potreban za razvoj civilnog društva, stvara se okruženje koje ne pogoduje ekonomskom razvoju.
The aim is not to create a given structure for the public administration and then to cement it.
Cilj nije stvaranje određene strukture javne uprave i zatim njezino cementiranje.
The experience of highly developed countries with good civil services shows that reforms are going on all the time.
Iskustvo visokorazvijenih zemalja s dobrim javnim upravama pokazuje da se reforme stalno provode.
Reform of the public administration cannot be separated from reform of the government, its role and function.
Reforma javne uprave ne može biti odvojena od reforme države, njezine uloge i funkcija.
There is bound to be resistance from threatened interest groups, but it is possible to handle it with good public support for the reforms.
Otpor ugroženih interesnih skupina sigurno će se pojaviti, ali ga nije nemoguće riješiti uz veću javnu potporu reformama.
• Strengthening the rule of law.
• Jačanje vladavine prava.
On this depends the success of all other reforms.
O jačanju vladavine prava ovisi uspjeh svih ostalih reformi.
It is necessary to put into action the recently adopted judicial reform strategy with the assistance of a concrete action plan and to reduce the number of backlogged cases; to carry out a problem for training the judges and prosecutors and other court personnel.
Potrebno je provesti nedavno usvojenu strategiju reforme sudstva uz pomoć konkretnog plana akcije i smanjiti broj zaostalih slučajeva; provesti program izobrazbe sudaca i tužitelja te drugoga sudskog osoblja.
• Depoliticisation of the public administration.
• Depolitizacija javne uprave.
The first move in the reform of the public administration should be to depoliticise it, which is achieved by recruitment according to merit (education and checks of knowledge) and not political connections.
Prvi potez u reformi javne uprave trebala bi biti njezina depolitizacija, što se postiže zapošljavanjem na temelju sposobnosti (obrazovanja i provjere znanja), a ne na osnovi političkih veza.
One of the solutions for the depoliticisation is to found an independent agency charged with recruitment in the public administration and in general the management of human resources.
Jedno od rješenja za depolitizaciju jest osnivanje nezavisne agencije zadužene za zapošljavanje u javnoj upravi i, općenito, za upravljanje ljudskim resursima.
An alternative is to found a body within the Government that would be charged with this task, with the provision of the possibility of court appeals against decisions related to hiring.
Alternativa je osnivanje tijela unutar Vlade kojemu bi se namijenio taj zadatak, uz osiguranje mogućnosti sudske žalbe na odluke vezane za zapošljavanje.
Beside this the foundation of an institute for the training of state officials should be considered.
Osim toga, treba razmotriti i osnivanje instituta za obrazovanje državnih službenika.
• Opening up towards the public.
• Otvaranje prema građanima.
Like a person of good reputation, the government should not hide anything.
Kao ni osoba dobrog ugleda, ni država ne bi trebala ništa kriti.
Vigorous involvement of members of the public in the work of the public administration will be difficult; it is something that has not been totally mastered anywhere in the EU.
Intenzivno uključenje građana u rad javne uprave biti će teško; to je nešto što još nije potpuno svladao ni EU.
Citizens should be deemed authorised to receive information about the work of the administration; civil society must develop into a powerful control mechanism on the work of the public administration and be its associate.
Građani se trebaju osjećati ovlaštenima da primaju informacije o radu javne uprave; civilno se društvo mora razviti u jak kontrolni mehanizam rada javne uprave i biti njezin suradnik.
The increase of transparency necessarily also requires a greater freedom of the media.
Porast transparentnosti nužno zahtijeva i veću slobodu medija.
This will likely be assisted by the new Media Law, but there is still no Access to Information Law.
Tome će vjerojatno pridonijeti novi Zakon o medijima, ali još uvijek nedostaje zakon o pravu na pristup informacijama.
• Increased motivation of civil servants for their work.
• Povećanje motiviranosti državnih službenika.
The motivation of the employees has a great role in the improvement of the work of the public administration.
Veliku ulogu u poboljšanju rada javne uprave ima motivacija zaposlenih.
It must not happen that the government pretends to pay its workers and they in return pretend to work.
Ne smije doći do toga da se država pretvara da plaća radnike, a da se oni pretvaraju da rade.
If wages are given that are comparable with those in the private sector for the same level of responsibility and skills, the best staff will be retained.
Nagrađivanjem plaćama koje su usporedive s onima u privatnom sektoru za istu razinu odgovornosti i potrebnih vještina zadržava se najbolje osoblje.
Since the budget puts constraints on the desired level of expenditure for the pay of employees in the pubic administration, additional motivation is required to keep the young and highly educated in the civil service.
Budući da proračun ograničava željenu visinu izdataka za plaće zaposlenih u javnoj upravi, potrebni su dodatni motivi koji će mlade, visokoobrazovane ljude zadržati u javnoj upravi.
The public administration must not be perceived as a springboard for a career in the public sector; a job in the civil service should be a matter of prestige.
Javna uprava nikako ne smije biti doživljavana kao uzletište za daljnju karijeru u privatnom sektoru; posao u javnoj upravi trebao bi biti stvar prestiža.
• Additional criteria for promotion in the civil service.
• Dodatni kriteriji za napredovanje u javnoj upravi.
Promotion must not be based only on years of work (which is predominant in Croatia) but on performance at work, for which constant evaluation of the employees is required, caution being exercised to make sure this does not turn into an instrument for the involvement of politics.
Napredovanje ne smije biti bazirano samo na godinama radnog iskustva (koje prevladava u Hrvatskoj) već i uspješnosti u radu, za što je nužno stalno ocjenjivanje zaposlenih, ali uz oprez da se to ne pretvori u instrument političkog upletanja.
As additional stimulus, selective pay rises can be introduced.
Kao dodatni poticaj moguće je uvesti selektivno povećanje plaća, a ne da one rastu po automatizmu.
• Suppression of corruption.
• Suzbijanje korupcije.
With good incentives, the desire to receive bribes diminishes.
Uz dobre poticaje smanjuje se “želja” za primanjem mita.
Although the first steps to do with the suppression of corruption have been taken in Croatia, more vigorous measures must be taken to step up progress in the area, and it is necessary to make the results as visible as possible to the public.
Iako su u Hrvatskoj učinjeni početni koraci u suzbijanju korupcije, potrebno je poticati intenzivniji napredak na tom području, a poželjno je rezultate učiniti što vidljivijima javnosti.
• Development of a new culture among civil servants.
• Razvijanje nove kulture među državnim službenicima.
It is necessary to set up new values and attitudes among those working in the public administration - to create a new culture.
Među zaposlenima u javnoj upravi potrebno je uspostaviti nove vrijednosti i stajališta - razviti novu kulturu.
Civil servants should be more public-oriented and more interested in results, which can be achieved with stimuli that are not related to pay, such as public recognition and awards.
Državni službenici trebaju biti što više usmjereni prema građanima i postizanju rezultata, što se može postići i poticajima koji nisu vezani za plaću kao što su javna priznanja ili nagrade.
It is also necessary to test public opinion about the civil services in an ongoing way.
Potrebno je stalno provoditi istraživanje mišljenja građana o radu javne uprave.
• Education and training.
• Obrazovanje.
Training must not be directed only at the MEI, but spread vigorously throughout the whole of the public administration.
Obrazovanje ne smije biti usredotočeno samo na MEI, već se treba protegnuti na cijelu javnu upravu.
People are the key factor in the quality of the public administration.
Ljudi su odlučujući činitelj kvalitete javne uprave.
• Higher quality work from officials.
• Kvalitetniji rad državnih dužnosnika.
The quality of government officials should be an element complementary to the public administration, because after all a civil service can only be as good as the politicians and the objectives they set up.
Kvaliteta državnih dužnosnika treba biti komplementarni element javnoj upravi jer javna uprava može biti dobra samo onoliko koliko su dobri političari i ciljevi što ih oni postavljaju.
For the quality to improve, public pressure is crucial; the public has to insist that the politicians represent their interests.
Kako bi se ta kvaliteta poboljšala, presudan je pritisak javnosti koja mora zahtijevati da političari zastupaju njezine interese.
In addition, they need to be able to have further training, of the kind that ministers go through in the UK, for example.
Usto, potrebno im je omogućiti dodatno obrazovanje, kakvo npr. prolaze ministri u Velikoj Britaniji.
If nothing else, an environment of highly qualified assistants can be created.
Ako ništa drugo, mora se stvoriti okruženje visokokvalificiranih pomoćnika.
• Debureaucratisation.
• Debirokratizacija.
It is possible to contribute to debureaucratisation by bringing in various prices for the same service, depending on the speed with which one wants it to be done.
Debirokratizaciji se može pridonijeti npr. uvođenjem različitih cjenika za iste usluge, ovisno o brzini kojom se one obavljaju.
It would be good here if all forms were easily understandable to the members of the public and if they could carry out some of the formalities of the administration online.
Osim toga, bilo bi dobro kad bi svi formulari bili lako razumljivi građanima i kad bi se putem Interneta mogao obaviti određeni dio upravnih formalnosti.
• Monitoring the quality of governance.
• Praćenje kvalitete governancea.
So as to be able to have ongoing monitoring of the quality of governance in all countries, including Croatia, it is necessary to do a lot of work on raising the quality of the governance indicators.
Kako bi se mogla kontinuirano pratiti kvaliteta governancea u svim zemljama, pa tako i u Hrvatskoj, potrebno je još dosta raditi na podizanju kvalitete pokazatelja governancea.
This can be done primarily via in-depth and systematic research specially adapted to the given country.
To se može postići ponajprije putem dubinskih, sustavnih istraživanja prilagođenih pojedinim zemljama.
I Although the World Bank set off the avalanche of research on the theme of governance, it cannot be said that no one had dealt with it earlier.
I Iako je Svjetska banka prva pokrenula lavinu istraživanja o temi governancea, ne može se reći da se time nitko prije nije bavio.
The question of public administration and governing occupied many political philosophers.
Pitanje javnog upravljanja i vladanja zaokupljalo je brojne političke filozofe.
II For an additional explanation of the term governance, see: Ahrens (2002).
Možda bi riječ vladanje bila prikladnija, u kombinaciji s javnim upravljanjem.
III Jones (2002) instead of the term governance uses in a similar context the expression social infrastructure.
Jones (2002) umjesto termina governance u sličnom kontekstu rabi izraz društvena infrastruktura, tj. social infrastructure.
iv For the connection between governance and development see: Aron (2000); Basu (2002); Campos (1999); Dethier (1999); Kaufman and Kray (2002).
O vezi između governancea i razvoja vidjeti: Aron (2000), Basu (2002), Campos (1999), Dethier (1999), Kaufmann i Kraay (2002).
v Civil society includes all kinds of voluntary associations - social movements, the church, unions, professional associations, local communities, charitable associations, interest groups (Office for the Strategic Development of the Republic of Croatia, 2001:21.
Civilno društvo obuhvaća sve vrste dobrovoljnih udruga: socijalne pokrete, crkve, sindikate, profesionalna udruženja, lokalne zajednice, humanitarne zajednice, interesne grupe (Ured za strategiju razvitka RH, 2001:21)
vi These principles are: openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness, coherence.
Na engleskome, ta se načela navode kao openess, participation, accountability, effectiveness i coherence.
vii The European Council in Madrid 1995 stressed the importance of administrative capacity as criterion for accession to the EU.
Europsko je vijeće u Madridu 1995. godine naglasilo važnost administrativnih sposobnosti kao kriterij ulaska u EU.
Cooperation in the sphere of justice shall focus primarily on the independence of the judiciary, the improvement of its efficiency, and further education within the field of law”.
Suradnje na području pravosuđa usredotočit će se posebice na neovisnost sudstva, poboljšanje njegove učinkovitosti i na izobrazbu pravne struke ” (SSP, 2001).
The execution under the leadership of an international consortium began in November 2002 and is planned to last for 21 months.
Izvedba projekta pod vodstvom međunarodnog konzorcija započeta je u studenome 2002, a predviđeno je da traje 21 mjesec.
CE5 consists of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
CE5 čine Češka, Mađarska, Poljska, Slovačka i Slovenija.
In the making of all graphs except for Graph 6, data from Kaufmann et all.
U izradi svih grafikona, osim grafikona 6, korišteni su podaci Kaufmanna i sur.
Since the methodology of aggregating indicators is fairly complex, this paper can be recommended for more information.
Budući da je metodologija agregiranja pokazatelja prilično složena, za više informacija o njoj preporučujemo vidjeti taj rad.