natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
From this example it should be clear that through no analysis of legal standards will we be able to determine the level of preparedness of a given country for EU membership, rather it is necessary to judge the extent to which criteria for membership are fulfilled in a material sense, a precondition for which is the distinction of the letter of the law and reality.
Iz navedenog bi primjera trebalo biti jasno da analizom pravnih normi ne možemo odrediti razinu pripremljenosti određene države za članstvo u EU već je ispunjenje kriterija za članstvo potrebno prosuđivati u materijalnom smislu, čemu je pretpostavka razlikovanje normativnosti i realiteta.
Here it is necessary to make an important demarcation.
Pri tome je potrebno učiniti važno razgraničenje.
Some of the fundamental requirements for the rule of law such as the principle of the division of powers, the democratic system, multi-party politics and the independence of the judiciary constitute the institutional context for a legal analysis and the regulation of the standards, and they have to be taken into consideration, staying all the way within legal methods.
Neki od temeljnih zahtjeva vladavine prava kao što su načelo diobe vlasti, demokratski poredak, višestranačje i neovisnost sudstva čine institucionalni kontekst pravne analize i normativne regulacije, te ih valja uzimati u obzir, ostajući pri tome unutar pravne metode.
As, commenting on the distinction between the provisions of the law and the political, Harvard professor David Kennedy observed, American legal theory does not start with the founding fathers of the American Constitution, Madison, Hamilton and Jay, but with Oliver Wendell Holmes, who did not deal with the architecture of political but the analysis of legal institutes (Holmes: 1996-1997).
Kako je komentirajući razgraničenje normativnoga i političkoga konstatirao harvardski profesor David Kennedy, američka pravna teorija ne počinje s očevima utemeljiteljima američkog Ustava Madisonom, Hamiltonom i Jayom, već s Oliverom Wendellom Holmesom koji se nije bavio arhitekturom političkih već analizom pravnih institucija (Holmes: 1996-1997).
Similarly, it could be said that the legal theory of the European Community did not start with the ideological founders of the EU such as Ernst B. Haas or Jean Monnet, but probably with Joseph Weiler, who was among the first to bring out the double aspect of supranationalist thinking, the purely legal and the political (Weiler, 1982).
Slično tome, moglo bi se reći da teorija prava Europske zajednice ne započinje s ideološkim utemeljiteljima EU kao što su Ernst B. Haas ili Jean Monnet, već vjerojatno s Josephom Weilerom koji je među prvima osvijestio dvostruki, normativni i politički aspekt supranacionalizma (Weiler: 1982).
The conceptual distinction of the regulatory and political aspects is relevant for the current analysis, the subject of which should be defined not only as an estimate of the harmonisation of the political institutions and/or legal standards of Croatian with the those of European law, but also as an analysis of the working of the legal standards in the political, social and economic context of rapprochement with the EU.
Konceptualno razdvajanje normativnoga i političkoga metodološki je relevantno i za sadašnju analizu čiji je predmet potrebno odrediti ne isključivo kao ocjenu usklađenosti političkih institucija i/ili pravnih normi hrvatskoga s pravnim normama europskoga prava, već kao analizu funkcije pravnih normi u političkome, socijalnome i gospodarskom kontekstu približavanja EU.
Here it is of minor importance whether some Croatian legal institute governs a given relationship in law in the same way as or in a different way from that in the EU; the primary question is whether the given legal handling of a matter leads to real fulfilment of the criteria for membership.
Pri tome je sporedno uređuje li neki hrvatski pravni institut određeni pravni odnos na isti ili različit način od onoga u EU, a kao primarno pitanje postavlja se pitanje vodi li određeno normativno uređenje stvarnom ispunjenju kriterija za članstvo.
This does not mean that I think a comparison of the legal solutions and the fulfilment of the formal criteria are not relevant for a judgement of the adjustment of a national legal system to the European system.
Time ne želim reći da usporedba normativnih rješenja i ispunjenje formalnih kriterija nisu relevantni za prosudbu prilagodbe nacionalnoga pravnog sustava europskome.
Precisely the opposite, the formal criteria in the law are often topographical signs on the way towards full membership, and without their fulfilment the process of convergence cannot possibly be continued.
Upravo suprotno, formalni su normativni kriteriji često topografske oznake na putu prema punopravnom članstvu bez čijeg ispunjenja proces približavanja nije moguće nastaviti.
However, their fulfilment is only a necessary, and never a sufficient condition, while for the success of the integration process it is necessary to create an appropriate political, economic and social reality.
Međutim, njihovo je ispunjenje tek nužan, nikako i dovoljan uvjet, dok je za uspješnost integracijskog procesa potrebno stvoriti prikladan politički, gospodarski i socijalni realitet.
For this, putting the legal regulations into the political, economic and social context is one of the key tasks of Croatian legal theory and practice.
Stoga je postavljanje normativne regulacije u politički, gospodarski i socijalni kontekst jedna od ključnih zadaća hrvatske pravne teorije i prakse.
In the light of these introductory remarks it is necessary then to restrict the goal of this work.
U svjetlu uvodnih napomena potrebno je ograničiti cilj ovoga rada.
First of all there will be a review of the formal steps that have to be taken on the road towards full membership in the EU, then a determination of the current Croatian position, and a comparison of this position with that of the applicant states.
Stoga će najprije biti prikazani formalni koraci koje je potrebno poduzeti na putu u punopravno članstvo u EU, odrediti točku na kojoj se Hrvatska nalazi te usporediti poziciju Hrvatske s pozicijom država kandidatkinja.
After that, I shall identify the contextual restrictions that could have some impact on the speed of rapprochement with the EU, and put forward recommendations for laws that have to be taken at the constitutional level and are necessary for a rapid adjustment of Croatia to standards for membership in the EU.
Nakon toga identificirat ću kontekstualna ograničenja koja bi mogla utjecati na brzinu približavanja EU, te iznijeti preporuke mjera koje je na ustavnopravnoj razini potrebno provesti, a koje su nužne za bržu prilagodbu Hrvatske standardima članstva u EU.
THE ROAD TO WELLVILLE
PUT U “WELLVILLE”
The process of converging on the EU could be illustrated by the title of T. C. Boyle's novel The Road to Wellville, which speaks of the therapeutic philosophy of the inventor of cornflakes Mr Kellogg, according to whom the route to health and happiness leads through a thorough purging of the organism.
Proces približavanja EU mogao bi se ilustrirati naslovom romana T.C. Boylea Road to Wellville, koji govori o terapeutskoj filozofiji izumitelja kukuruznih pahuljica g. Kellogga prema kojoj put do zdravlja i zadovoljstva vodi kroz temeljito pročišćenje organizma.
It is through such a purge that the applicant states have to pass on the road to full membership.
Naime, kroz slično pročiščenje prolaze države kandidatkinje na putu u punopravno članstvo.
In principle, every European country can become a member of the EU.
Članicom Europske unije načelno može postati svaka europska država.
According to Article 6(1) of the EUT “The Union is based on the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental liberties, and the rule of law, which are principles common to all states members”.
6(1) UEU-a, “Unija se temelji na načelima slobode, demokracije, poštovanja ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, te vladavini prava, koja su načela zajednička svim državama članicama”.
These conditions were additionally defined by the conclusions of the European Council of Copenhagen, according to which a state applying for membership in the Union must meet the criteria of democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and the protection of minorities, have a functioning market economy that can withstand the comparative pressure in the EU, and the ability to take on the obligations of membership, including respect for the criteria of political, economic and monetary union (Bull.
Ti su uvjeti dodatno određeni zaključcima Europskog vijeća iz Copenhagena, prema kojima država kandidatkinja za članstvo u Uniji mora zadovoljiti kriterije demokracije, vladavine prava, poštivanja ljudskih prava i zaštite manjina, imati funkcionalno tržišno gospodarstvo koje se može nositi s kompetitivnim pritiskom EU, te sposobnost preuzeti obaveze članstva, uključujući i poštivanje kriterija političke, gospodarske i monetarne unije (Bull.
European Commission 6-1992, Item I.13).
EC 6-1993, tč.
The EU has undergone several waves of enlargement, by which the original number of six members has been expanded to the current fifteen; a new wave of enlargement to the countries of CEE is expected in the near future.
EU je do sada doživio nekoliko valova proširenja, čime je izvorni broj od šest država članica povećan na sadašnjih petnaest, a novi val proširenja na zemlje središnje i istočne Europe očekuje se u bliskoj budućnosti.
Thus the original states members - Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Germany - were joined in 1973 by the UK, Eire and Denmark, in 1981 by Greece, by Spain and Portugal in 1986, and by Sweden, Finland and Austria in 1995.
Tako su se izvornim državama članicama - Belgiji, Francuskoj, Italiji, Luksemburgu, Nizozemskoj i Njemačkoj - pridružili Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, Irska i Danska koje su pristupile 1973, Grčka 1981, Španjolska i Portugal 1986. te Švedska, Finska i Austrija 1995.
The current applicant countries are Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, CR, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, Cyprus, Malta and Turkey.
Države kandidatkinje su Litva, Letonija, Estonija, Poljska, Češka, Slovačka, Madžarska, Slovenija, Bugarska, Rumunjska, Cipar, Malta i Turska.
Experience from previous enlargements shows the diversity of the processes that have preceded the act of enlargement, and the diversity in the natures of the treaty relations between the Union and the countries that have joined it.
Iskustva dosadašnjih proširenja pokazuju različitost procesa koji je prethodio samom aktu proširenja, te različitost naravi ugovornih odnosa između Unije i država koje su joj pristupale.
The more recent practice of the Union shows that the precondition for joining is the signing of an association agreement, which, according to its material characteristics, sets up a free trade zone, regulating not only trade relations but covering a much wider set of material as well, involves the associated country in the accomplishment of the objectives of the Union, sets up common institutions that have legislative authority, like the Association Council; this agreement is concluded for an indefinite period of time.
Novija praksa Unije pokazuje da je preduvjet pristupanja zaključivanje ugovora o pridruživanju (association agreement) koji prema svojim materijalnim obilježjima uspostavlja zonu slobodne trgovine, regulira ne samo trgovinske odnose, već obuhvaća i šire gradivo, uključuje pridruženu državu u ostvarivanje ciljeva Unije, osniva zajedničke institucije koje imaju zakonodavne ovlasti, poput Vijeća pridruživanja, te koji se zaključuje na neodređeno vrijeme.
Turkey applied to be received as a member of the EU in 1987.
Turska je zatražila primanje u članstvo EU 1987. godine.
In the preamble to the Decision on the Accession Partnership Decision it says: “The European Council held in Helsinki announced that Turkey is an applicant state that is predetermined to join the Union pursuant to the same criteria that relate to other applicant countries and that, developing the existing European strategy, Turkey, like the other applicant states, will have benefits from the pre-accession strategy that will encourage and support its reforms”.
U preambuli Odluke o pristupnom ortakluku (Accession Partnership Decision) stoji: “Europsko vijeće održano u Helsinkiju izjavilo je da je Turska država kandidatkinja koja je predodređena da se priključi Uniji temeljem istih kriterija koji se odnose na druge države kandidatkinje te da će, razvijajući postojeću europsku strategiju, Turska, poput ostalih država kandidatkinja, imati koristi od strategije predučlanjenja (pre-accession strategy) koja će poticati i podupirati njezine reforme.”
As Smith and Herzog point out (Konstantinidis, ed: 1996, 51, 52):
Kako ističu Smiti i Herzog (Konstantinidis, ed.: 1996, 51, 52)...
“...association means a close and lasting cooperation with the Community.
“...pridruživanje označava blisku i trajnu suradnju sa Zajednicom.
Mere interest in financial or trade arrangements that leave treaties about consultations to one side is not enough.
Puki interes za financijske ili trgovinske aranžmane koji ostavlja po strani ugovore o konzultacijama nije dovoljan.
Such treaties include only the exchange of reciprocal benefits, while association implies common objectives and a common institutional framework”.
Takvi ugovori uključuju tek razmjenu recipročnih koristi dok pridruživanje implicira zajedničke ciljeve i zajednički institucionalni okvir”.
The performance of the obligations assumed via an association agreement is accompanied by reports from the European Commission and the Council.
Ugovori o pridruživanju smatraju se mješovitim ugovorima koje zaključuju institucije EU (Vijeće i Parlament) te države članice.
After the submission of this application the next important phase is constituted by the accession partnership, in a formal sense, a decision of the EU Council defining in more detail the role of the EU in the process of the integration of the applicant country.
Nakon podnošenja zahtjeva iduću važnu etapu čine tzv. pristupni ortakluci (accession partnerships), u formalnom smislu odluke Vijeća Europske zajednice kojima se pobliže uređuje uloga EU u procesu integracije država kandidatkinja.
The application of this provision indicates that there are an insufficient number of treaty provisions governing accession to the Union.
Primjena te odredbe upućuje na nedostatak ugovornih odredbi kojima se uređuje pristupanje Uniji.
The third phase in the process of the accession of applicant states to the Union covers amendments to the founding treaty, that is, constitutional changes within the Union itself, in order to make possible the full participation of the representatives of the new states members in its institutions, and in order to ensure internal cohesion in the Union (Luxembourg Council Conclusions, 1997).
Treća etapa procesa pristupa država kandidatkinja Uniji obuhvaća izmjene osnivačkih ugovora, dakle ustavne promjene u samoj Uniji kako bi se omogućilo puno sudjelovanje predstavnika novih država članica u njezinim institucijama, ali i osigurala unutarnja kohezija Unije (Luxemburg Council Conclusions, 1997).
After a unanimous decision of the Council and the assent of the EP, an accession treaty is concluded with the applicant country.
Nakon jednoglasne odluke Vijeća i pristanka Europskog parlamenta zaključuje se ugovor o pristupanju države kandidatkinje Uniji.
Such treaties have the significance of constitutional amendments in the legal system of the EU, and have to be ratified by the institutions of the EU and the national parliaments of all the states members.
Takvi ugovori u pravnom poretku EU imaju značenje ustavnih amandmana te je potrebno da ga ratificiraju institucije EU i nacionalni parlamenti svih država članica.
Because of the large number of actors taking part in the association process, all of whom have the power of veto, it is impossible to predict the dynamics of the integration process.
Zbog velikog broja aktera koji sudjeluju u procesu pridruživanja te raspolažu mogućnošću veta nemoguće je unaprijed predvidjeti dinamiku integracijskog procesa.
Looked at institutionally, this dynamics can be affected to lesser or greater extent by the Commission, the Council, the EP and every single member state.
Institucionalno gledano, na tu dinamiku mogu više ili manje utjecati Komisija, Vijeće, Europski parlament te svaka država članica.
After the positive outcome of the referendum recently held in Ireland, which made possible ratification of the Treaty of Nice, the process of enlargement currently depends on the view of Greece about the integration of the Republic of Cyprus.
Nakon pozitivnog ishoda nedavno održanoga irskog referenduma koji je omogućio ratifikaciju Ugovora iz Nice, proces proširenja trenutačno ovisi o stavu Grčke o integraciji Republike Cipar.
As is well known, part of Cyprus is controlled by Turkish forces.
Kako je poznato, dio Republike Cipar nalazi se pod kontrolom turskih snaga.
Currently, the position of the Greek government is that Cyprus can become an EU member only as a single and united state, and declares that it is ready to use its right of veto on the reception of other candidates if Cyprus is not accepted.
Trenutačna pozicija grčke vlade jest da Cipar može postati članicom EU samo kao jedinstvena država, te tvrdi da je spremna iskoristiti pravo veta na primanje drugih kandidatkinja ako Cipar ne bude primljen.
In the sequel of this paper we shall not deal with political considerations, rather lay out the political problems related to the harmonisation of Croatian law and the legal system of the EU.
U nastavku ovoga rada nećemo se baviti političkim razmatranjima već izložiti pravne probleme vezane za prilagodbu hrvatskog prava i pravnog sustava europskome.
In so doing, we shall first of all examine the current position occupied by Croatia on the map of the accession process, and state the main problems that will have to be addressed.
Pri tome ćemo najprije izložiti trenutačnu poziciju Hrvatske na karti integracijskog procesa te navesti glavne pravne probleme koje će biti potrebno riješiti.
CROATIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION:
HRVATSKA I EUROPSKA UNIJA:
THE EXISTING STATE OF AFFAIRS
POSTOJEĆE STANJE
Croatia signed its SAA with the EU and its states members on 29 October 2001.
Hrvatska je potpisala Sporazum o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju (SSP) s EU i njezinim državama članicama 29. listopada 2001. godine.
Through this agreement, Croatia obtained the status of potential candidate or applicant for membership in the EU.
Tim je ugovorom Hrvatska dobila status potencijalne kandidatkinje za članstvo u EU.
Before Croatia, the FYR of Macedonia signed a similar agreement with the EU, on 9 April 2001.
Prije Hrvatske sličan je ugovor 9. travnja 2001. godine s EU zaključila BJR Makedonija.
For it to come into force, the Croatian SAA has to be ratified by the Croatian Parliament, the EP and the parliaments of all the states members.
Da bi stupio na snagu, ugovor su trebali ratificirati Hrvatski sabor, Europski parlament i parlamenti svih država članica.
So far it has been ratified by the Croatian Parliament (5 December 2001), the EP (12 December 2001), Austria (26 February 2002), Ireland (17 April 2002) and Denmark (30 April 2002).
Do sada su ratifikaciju obavili Hrvatski sabor (5. prosinca 2001), Europski parlament (12. prosinca 2001), Austrija (26. veljače 2002), Irska (17. travnja 2002) i Danska (30. travnja 2002).
In the meantime, until the SAA really comes into force, on 28 January 2002 the Council accepted an Interim Agreement which has given effect to the economic provisions of the Agreement.
U međuvremenu, do stupanja na snagu SSP-a Vijeće je 28. siječnja 2002. godine prihvatilo Privremeni sporazum kojim je dan učinak gospodarskim odredbama Sporazuma.
The first European Commission report about the process of stabilisation and association in Croatia was published on 4 April 2002 (SEC/2002/341); this can serve as the point of departure for an estimate of the progress of Croatia and a comparison of the country with the applicant countries.
Prvo izvješće Europske komisije o procesu stabilizacije i pridruživanja u Hrvatskoj objavljeno je 4. travnja 2002. godine (SEC /2002/341) i može poslužiti kao ishodišna točka za procjenu napretka Hrvatske i usporedbu s državama kandidatkinjama.
It is possible to discern in the report the importance of satisfying the political criteria, for it is on the fulfilment of them that the evaluation of the implementation of the whole process depends.
U izvješću je moguće uočiti važnost zadovoljenja političkih kriterija, o čijem ispunjenju ovisi ocjena provedbe cjelokupnog procesa.
Three main political conditions relate to the reinforcement of democracy and the rule of law, respect for human rights and protection of minorities, and to regional cooperation.
Tri glavna politička uvjeta odnose se na jačanje demokracije i vladavine prava, poštovanje ljudskih prava i zaštitu manjina, te na regionalnu suradnju.
As stated in the report, democratic institutions in Croatia function on the whole well.
Kako se ističe u izvješću, demokratske institucije u Hrvatskoj funkcioniraju uglavnom dobro.
A particular problem is stated to be the judiciary, which “suffers from serious problems of organisation, procedural inefficiency, lack of expertise and the excessive length of procedures.
Kao poseban problem ističe se stanje u pravosuđu koje “... pati od ozbiljnih ustrojbenih problema, neučinkovitosti postupka, manjka stručnosti i dugog trajanja postupaka.
Radical reforms are needed, and no real progress has been made.
Potrebne su radikalne reforme, a nije ostvaren nikakav stvaran napredak.
• redefinition of the concept of the expatriate community in electoral legislation and a proportional and appropriate representation for minorities;
• redefiniranje pojma dijaspore u izbornom zakonodavstvu te razmjernu i prikladnu zastupljenost manjina;
• reform of the judiciary, including the settling of delayed cases, reform of legal education and training of judges and state attorneys;
• reformu pravosuđa, uključujući i rješavanje zaostalih predmeta, preustroj sudskog sustava te edukaciju sudaca i državnih odvjetnika;
• complete respect for human rights, including the passing of a constitutional law for the protection of minorities;
• potpuno poštovanje ljudskih prava, uključujući i donošenje Ustavnog zakona o zaštiti manjina;
• legal definition of the framework of Croatian Radio Television and its conversion into an independent public service;
• pravno uređenje okvira Hrvatske radio-televizije i njezinu preobrazbu u neovisnu javnu službu;
• reinforcement of regional cooperation;
• jačanje regionalne suradnje;
• reinforcement of cooperation with the ICTY in The Hague and the fulfilment of existing obligations;
• jačanje suradnje s Međunarodnim sudom za ratne zločine u Den Haagu te ispunjenje postojećih obveza;
The last report was published in June 2002, and according to the latest figures, of the 128 measures that have to be carried out in the period given, 65 have been carried out.
Posljednje izvješće objavljeno je u lipnju 2002, a prema najnovijim podacima, od 128 mjera koje je potrebno provesti u određenom roku provedeno ih je 65.
If we compare the Croatian reform agenda with the current obligations of some of the applicant countries, we can see that some of them have to face similar reform problems.
Usporedimo li hrvatsku reformsku agendu s predstojećim obvezama nekih država kandidatkinja, opažamo da se neke od njih susreću sa sličnim reformskim problemima.
For example, in the area of meeting the political criteria, Slovenia has to carry out a reform of the civil service, which means the passage of a law concerning civil servants, and it has to repair the situation in the justice system, in particular by reducing the number of unsettled cases (Report Slovenia, 2001).
Primjerice, Slovenija u području zadovoljena političkih kriterija mora provesti reformu državne uprave, što znači donošenje zakona o državnim službenicima te popraviti stanje u pravosuđu, posebice smanjenjem broja neriješenih predmeta (Report Slovenia 2001).