natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The state of affairs in the judiciary, particularly in the Supreme Court, is one of the reform priorities of Hungary too, alongside which is mentioned the political obligation to improve the position of the Romany (Proposal Hungary).
Stanje u pravosuđu, osobito na Vrhovnom sudu, jedan je od reformskih prioriteta Madžarske, uz koji se spominje i politička obaveza popravljanja položaja Roma (Proposal Hungary).
The CR, alongside the obligation to reform the judiciary and the civil service is also bound to improve the status of the Romany minority and to control the work of the police (Proposal CZ Republic).
Češka Republika uz obvezu reforme pravosuđa i državne uprave također ima obvezu popravljanja statusa manjine Roma te nadzor rada policije (Proposal CZ Republic).
However, what definitely needs stressing is that the harmonisation efforts of the individual applicant states are doubly conditioned: by the dynamics of the political, economic and legal reform processes, and by the participation of the EU in their implementation.
Međutim, ono što je važno naglasiti jest da su harmonizacijski napori pojedinih država kandidatkinja dvostruko uvjetovani: dinamikom političkih, gospodarskih i pravnoreformskih procesa te participacijom EU u njihovoj provedbi.
In this context, Croatia is limited by the range of the objectives and purposes of the SAA and by the political will of the EU to take an active part in and help the integration process.
U tom kontekstu Hrvatska je ograničena dometom cilja i svrhe SSP-a te političkom voljom EU da aktivno sudjeluje i potpomaže proces integracije.
In this the political criteria are a signal that can speed up or slow down the integration process.
Pri tome su politički kriteriji signal koji može ubrzati ili usporiti integracijski proces.
Although the problems of the candidate states, like those described, are essentially similar to those faced by Croatia, it is the political evaluation of the EU about the satisfactory or unsatisfactory manner in which the criteria stated are addressed that is crucial.
Premda su problemi država kandidatkinja, poput opisanih, supstancijalno istovrsni s problemima s kojima se suočava Hrvatska, od presudne je važnosti politička ocjena EU o zadovoljavajućem odnosno nezadovoljavajućem načinu ispunjenja navedenih kriterija.
LEGAL PROBLEMS AND CONTEXTUAL LIMITATIONS
PRAVNI PROBLEMI I KONTEKSTUALNA OGRANIČENJA
The application of the SAA depends on the implementation of numerous political and legal activities defined in detail in the Implementation Plan, and can on the whole be defined as international political obligations.
Primjena SSP-a ovisi o provedbi brojnih političkih i pravnih aktivnosti pobliže uređenih Planom provedbe Sporazuma o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju, a pretežito se mogu definirati kao međunarodne političke obveze.
The implementation of these obligations depends on the effectiveness of the executive and the civil service.
Provedba tih obaveza ovisi o djelatnosti izvršne vlasti i tijela državne uprave.
From a legal point of view, the application of the Agreement depends upon:
U normativnom smislu primjena Sporazuma ovisi o:
• the legal position of the SAA in the constitutional systems of the EU and the Republic of Croatia, including the possibility of applying the provisions of the SAA directly before the courts in the EU and in Croatia;
• pravnom položaju SSP-a u ustavnopravnom poretku EU i RH, uključujući i mogućnost izravne primjene odredaba SSP-a pred sudovima u EU i u Hrvatskoj;
• the legal status of the bodies provided for in the Agreement;
• pravnom statusu tijela predviđenih Sporazumom;
• the legal position and legal force of the decisions that these bodies make.
• pravnom položaju i pravnoj snazi odluka koje ta tijela donose.
With respect to the way these factors are interwoven, they will be considered in their common context.
S obzirom na međusobnu isprepletenost navedenih čimbenika, bit će razmatrani u zajedničkom kontekstu.
The legal system of the law of the European Community is different from the legal system of international law.
Pravni poredak prava Europske zajednice diferencirao se iz pravnog poretka međunarodnog prava.
As far back as 1963 the European Court in Luxembourg adopted the stance that the legal position of the then European Community constituted a “new legal order” (Van Gend en Loos).
Još 1963. godine Europski sud u Luxembourgu zauzeo je stav da pravni poredak tadašnjih europskih zajednica čini “novi pravni poredak” (Van Genden Loos).
The evolution of the legal system of European law has in the meantime progressed to such an extent that today one talks of the “legal system of the EU”, of course, in the sense of the constitutional system of the EU as international organisation.
Evolucija pravnog poretka europskog prava u međuvremenu je toliko napredovala da se danas govori o “ustavnom poretku EU”, naravno u smislu ustavnog poretka EU kao međunarodne organizacije.
According to practice of the European Court, association agreements are an integral part of the legal order of the Community, are applied directly, create rights and obligations for natural and legal entities and the courts of the states members are bound to accord legal effect to the provisions (Haegeman).
Prema praksi Europskog suda, sporazumi o pridruživanju sastavni su dio pravnog poretka Zajednice, izravno se primjenjuju i stvaraju prava i obveze za fizičke i pravne osobe te su sudovi država članica obvezni njihovim odredbama priznati pravne učinke (Haegeman).
Although there are certain differences in the interpretation of the legal rules of an association agreement and of the primary European law (Polydor), there is no doubt that the provisions of an association agreement do have the status that, from the point of view of the EU, is equivalent and equal to that of primary European law.
Iako u interpretaciji pravnih pravila sporazuma o pridruživanju i pravnih pravila primarnoga europskog prava postoje određene razlike (Polydor), nedvojbeno je da odredbe sporazuma o pridruživanju imaju status koji je, glede EU, izjednačen sa statusom primarnoga europskog prava.
In the applicant states the provisions of association agreements are on the whole interpreted like the provisions of other treaties, and at the moment these countries actually accede to the EU, the legal regime governed by these contracts will be modified.
U državama kandidatkinjama za članstvo u EU odredbe sporazuma o pridruživanju uglavnom se interpretiraju kao odredbe ostalih međunarodnih ugovora te će se s trenutkom pristupanja tih država EU trenutačno promijeniti pravni režim koji uređuje odnose uređene tim ugovorima.
Looked at comparatively, there is nothing quite like EU accession and the legal integration that is currently under way.
Komparativno gledano, pristupanje EU i pravna integracija koja je u tijeku gotovo nemaju usporedbe u svijetu.
Certain historical similarities can be found in the US, however.
Određene povijesne sličnosti mogu se ipak pronaći u SAD-u.
For example, the debate that was once carried on between the federalists and the anti-federalists in connection with the concept of states' rights does have a certain importance for the constitutional debate in the applicant countries.
U tom kontekstu važna je i rasprava koja se u SAD-u vodila pri donošenju rekonstrukcijskih ustavnih amandmana nakon Građanskog rata, te rasprava vezana za njihovu ratifikaciju u nekim južnim državama.
The CEE countries have no precedents in their legal practice for their association agreements with the EU.
Za države središnje i istočne Europe sporazumi o pridruživanju s EU nemaju presedana u njihovoj međunarodnoj praksi.
For this reason it is not surprising that their legal status in the national legal systems is governed by the same constitutional provisions that govern the legal status of treaties in general.
Stoga ne čudi da je njihov pravni status u nacionalnim pravnim poretcima uređen istim ustavnim odredbama koje uređuju pravni status međunarodnih ugovora općenito.
This lack of differentiation also marks, among other things, the uncertain status of the legal regulations of international law in the legal systems of these countries.
Tu nediferenciranost, između ostaloga, označava i neodređeni status pravnih pravila međunarodnog prava u nacionalnim pravnim poretcima tih država.
Irrespective of whether this kind of approach derives from the legal tradition and culture of socialist law that promoted a dualistic approach in the relations of national and international law (Balas) or from the idea that the integration process can be mastered by the application of existing constitutional standards, as in Italy, which considered that existing constitutional provisions were sufficient for the ratification of Maastricht, most transitional countries have been faced with a common problem that could be described as a gap between the demands of the integration process and the rigidity of their constitutional models and traditions.
Bez obzira na to proizlazi li takav pristup iz pravne tradicije i kulture socijalističkog prava koje je promicalo dualistički pristup u odnosima nacionalnoga i međunarodnog prava (Balaš) ili shvaćanja da se integracijski proces može svladati primjenom postojećih ustavnih normi, kao u Italiji koja je smatrala da su važeće ustavne odredbe bile dovoljne za ratifikaciju ugovora iz Maastrichta, većina tranzicijskih država susrela se sa zajedničkim problemom koji bi se mogao opisati kao jaz između zahtjeva integracijskog procesa i rigidnosti njihovih ustavnih modela i tradicije.
In other words, while the constitutional frameworks of EU states members have adapted to the relations of interdependence and gone through a process termed a constitutional revolution by Joseph Weiler (Weiler, 1991; 2403) the legal and constitutional systems of the applicant countries, or potential applicants, have remained more or less unchanged and thus are insensitive to the demands that are being made by European integration.
Drugim riječima, dok su se ustavni okviri država članica EU prilagođivali odnosima međuovisnosti i prošli kroz proces koji je Joseph Weiler nazvao ustavnom revolucijom (Weiler: 1991; 2403) ustavni i pravni sustavi država kandidatkinja odnosno potencijalnih kandidatkinja ostali su manje-više nepromijenjeni i stoga neosjetljivi na zahtjeve koje postavlja integracija s EU.
For all the states that entered into the type of treaty relationship with the EU described, the association agreement has meant much more than any other treaty in international law.
Za sve države koje su ušle u navedeni tip ugovornih odnosa s EU ugovor o pridruživanju značio je mnogo više od bilo kojeg drugog ugovora međunarodnog prava.
In terms of their complexity and the nature of the obligations assumed, association agreements are a draft for an all-embracing social, economic and legal transformation, and hence permeate the totality of the social reality of the states parties.
Po svojoj složenosti i naravi preuzetih obveza ugovori o pridruživanju nacrt su sveobuhvatne gospodarske, socijalne i pravne preobrazbe, te kao takvi prožimaju ukupnost društvene zbilje država stranaka.
Croatia will endeavour to ensure the gradual harmonisation of existing laws and any future legislation with the legal patrimony of the Community (the acquis).”
Hrvatska će nastojati osigurati postupno usklađivanje postojećih zakona i budućega zakonodavstva s pravnom stečevinom Zajednice (acquis)."
In the area of law, the obligations assumed pursuant to the SAA include the obligation to carry out complex and radical constitutional and legal reforms.
U području prava, obveze preuzete na temelju sporazuma o pridruživanju obvezuju na provedbu složene i korjenite ustavne i pravne reforme.
As Chris Patten recently said, speaking of SAAs in general: “These treaties are legally binding agreements.
Kako je nedavno rekao g. Chriss Patten govoreći o sporazumima o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju, “Ti su ugovori pravno obvezatni sporazumi.
They prescribe rights and transfer rights to the states they refer to.
Oni propisuju obveze i prenose prava na države na koje se odnose.
These are strict agreements, because they include the fundamental principles that are the foundation for membership in the EU - free trade with the EU and the associated disciplines, the principles of market competition and the rules about state aid, rights of intellectual property and so on”.iii
Ti su strogi ugovori zbog toga što uključuju temeljna načela koja su temelj za članstvo u EU - slobodnu trgovinu s EU te povezane discipline, načela tržišne utakmice i pravila o državnim subvencijama, pravo intelektualnog vlasništva, itd.”iii
Apart from the need for the fulfilment of the material provisions of the association agreement, it is also necessary to carry out a reform to be able to create an interface between national and European law, to open up the legal systems of the application countries for the application of the supranational, European legal sources.
Osim potrebe za ispunjenjem materijalnih odredaba sporazuma o pridruživanju, potrebno je provesti reformu koja bi stvorila sučelje između nacionalnoga i europskog prava, te koja bi pravne sustave država kandidatkinja otvorila za primjenu nadnacionalih, europskih, pravnih izvora.
This kind of interface should give legal definition to the status of European law in the national legal system, and allow for direct implantation of Community law and “association law”, i.e., law that is based directly or indirectly on the SAA.
Takvo sučelje trebalo bi pravno urediti status europskoga prava u nacionalnom pravnom poretku, te omogućiti izravnu primjenu prava Zajednice i “asocijacijskog prava”, tj. prava koje se izravno ili posredno temelji na sporazumu o pridruživanju.
There are at least two additional elements of such an interface, which we shall not embark on in detail here.
Postoje još najmanje dva dodatna elementa takvog sučelja o kojima ovdje nećemo otvarati detaljniju raspravu.
These are the constitutional basis for association with/accession to the EU, and an appropriate and effective national institutional framework making it possible to run an effective integration policy, which implies the need to create a proEurope consensus to facilitate the accomplishment of the other aims stated.
To je ustavna osnova za pridruživanje/pristupanje EU, te prikladan i učinkovit nacionalni institucionalni okvir koji omogućuje vođenje učinkovite integracijske politike, što podrazumijeva potrebu za stvaranjem proeuropskog konsenzusa koji omogućuje ostvarenje navednih ciljeva.
Applicant countries have addressed these problems in different ways, and there are considerable differences in the provisions concerning the status of treaties in their legal systems.
Države kandidatkinje tim su problemima prišle na različit način, te se i odredbe o pravnom statusu međunarodnih ugovora u njihovim pravnim sustavima znatno razlikuju.
However, these constitutions say nothing of the direct implementation of treaties.
Međutim, spomenuti ustavi ne govore ništa o mogućnosti izravne primjene međunarodnih ugovora.
Nevertheless, the possibility of the direct application of treaties does exist in Croatia, and sometimes the Croatian courts will allow them to have immediate effect.
Ipak, mogućnost izravne primjene međunarodnih ugovora u Hrvatskoj postoji, te im hrvatski sudovi pokatkad priznaju izravne učinke.
Such a diversity of constitutional solutions should not be surprising in the light of the fact that even within the EU the states members have various different approaches to the status of the legal regulations of international law.
Takva različitost ustavnih rješenja ne iznenađuje u svjetlu činjenice da čak i unutar EU pojedine države članice imaju različit pristup statusu pravnih pravila međunarodnoga prava.
Thus the UK accepts a pronouncedly dualistic concept, while the Netherlands is an example of legal monism.
Tako Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo prihvaća izraziti dualistički pristup, dok je Nizozemska primjer pravnog monizma.
Nevertheless, this diversity of approach does not have any effect on the final outcome, i.e., on allowing the legal rules of European law direct effect.
Međutim, takva različitost pristupa ne utječe na konačni rezultat, tj. na priznavanje izravnog učinka pravnim pravilima europskoga prava.
As for the applicant states, the lack of constitutional standards to regulate the effects of European law shows that most applicant or associate states do not differentiate between association agreements and the rest of international law.
Kad je riječ o državama kandidatkinjama, nedostatak ustavnih normi koje bi regulirale učinke europskoga prava pokazuje da većina država kandidatkinja i/ili pridruženih država ne razlikuje sporazume o pridruživanju od ostalih ugovora međunarodnoga prava.
In a word, from the point of view of constitutional law, and in the absence of any specific constitutional provisions specifically to govern association agreements, the interpretive paradigms that are applicable to these associations are the same as those that are applied to other international law agreements, and their direct application is not automatic, that is, they do not have a self-executing character, irrespective of the understanding of the European Court, which the courts of the associated countries are not obliged to consider.
Riječju, s ustavnopravnoga gledišta, a u nedostatku specifičnih ustavnih odredbi koje specifično uređuju sporazume o pridruživanju, interpretativna paradigma primjenjiva na te sporazume jednaka je onoj koja se primjenjuje na druge ugovore međunarodnoga prava, a njihova izravna primjena (odnosno self-executing karakter) nije automatska, bez obzira na shvaćanje Europskoga suda što ga sudovi pridruženih država nisu obvezni uzimati u obzir.
Although there is some technical justification in this approach, it can lead to difficulties in the application of association agreements and the process of the harmonisation of national with European law.
Iako je takav pristup tehnički opravdan, može stvoriti probleme u primjeni sporazuma o pridruživanju i procesu prilagodbe nacionalnog prava europskome.
We will mention the instance of only one associated country that does not admit self-executing status to the association agreement, and yet in joining the EU will take on the obligation to ascribe this status to all other agreements that the EU has previously entered into with third states.
Spomenimo tek primjer jedne pridružene države koja ugovoru o pridruživanju ne priznaje self-executing status, a pri pristupanju EU preuzme obvezu da takav status prizna drugim sporazumima o pridruživanju koje je EU prethodno zaključila s trećim državama.
Even if this does not technically create a problem, the very change of the interpretive paradigm will require a certain adjustment.
Cak ako to tehnički i ne čini problem, sama promjena interpretativne paradigme iziskuje znatne prilagodbe.
Although the absence of express provisions about the position of an association agreement in the national constitutions does not prevent national courts from implementing them, the fact that they do not exist must certainly discourage the courts from applying them.
Premda nepostojanje izričitih odredbi o položaju sporazuma o pridruživanju u nacionalnim ustavima ne sprečava nacionalne sudove da ih primjenjuju, njihovo nepostojanje može obeshrabriti sudove da ih primijene.
For this reason, as long as both sides fulfil their obligations, the fact that one party ascribes direct application to the provisions of the treaty, and the second does not, will not affect the reciprocity of the treaty.
Stoga, tako dugo dok obje stranke ispunjavaju svoje obveze, činjenica da jedna stranka priznaje odredbama ugovora izravni učinak, a druga stranka ne priznaje, ne utječe na reciprocitet ugovora”.
This wording shows that the associated countries have not only assumed the obligation adopting the rules of the European Community about market competition, but have also committed themselves to interpreting these rules according to the way the community itself interprets them.
Navedena dikcija pokazuje da su pridružene države preuzele obvezu primjene ne samo pravila Europske zajednice o tržišnoj utakmici, već i “interpretativne instrumente prihvaćene od institucija Zajednice”.
In this way elements of the acquis are being brought into the legal relationship that in the associated countries is understood as a relationship of international law.
Na taj se način elementi acquisa communautaire uvode u pravni odnos koji se u pridruženim državama shvaća kao odnos međunarodnog prava.
When the Constitutional Court of Hungary had to face these problems, it concluded that the “principle offavor conventionis will be applied to the limits up to which such a kind of interpretation of national law in line with international would be understood as a breach of the Hungarian Constitution” (Volkai, 1999).
Kada se s tim problemom suočio Ustavni sud Madžarske, zaključio je kako se “...načelo favor conventionis primjenjuje do granice kada bi zbog takve interpretacije nacionalnog prava u skladu s međunarodnim ugovorom bio povrijeđen madžarski Ustav” (Volkai: 1999).
Thus the Hungarian Constitutional Court has adopted a way of thinking similar to that from the previous constitutional practice of the constitutional courts of some of the member countries, especially of Italy, in the Frontini case, or Germany in the Maastricht cause.
Na taj je način madžarski Ustavni sud primijenio sličan način razmišljanja koji je poznat iz prethodne ustavne prakse ustavnih sudova nekih država članica, posebice Italije u predmetu Frontini, ili Njemačke u predmetu Maastricht.
The decision of the Hungarian Constitutional Court is explained in greater detail than any other similar decision in the associated countries, i.e., a decision addressing the relationship of national law and the legal system of the EU.
Odluka madžarskog Ustavnog suda najdetaljnije je obrazložena odluka donesena u nekoj od pridruženih država koja rješava odnos nacionalnog prava i pravnog poretka EU.
However, however much the logic of this decision might seem correct, it has not settled the main problem.
Međutim, koliko se god logika spomenute odluke činila ispravnom, njome nije riješen glavni pravni problem.
The Europe Agreements provide for the application of the laws of the EU in market competition so that these rules should promote economic rationalisation and facilitate the integration of the associated countries into the EU.
Sporazumi o pridruživanju predviđaju primjenu pravila Europske zajednice o tržišnoj utakmici kako bi se tim pravilima promicala gospodarska racionalnost te olakšala integracija pridruženih država s EU.
The non-application of these legal rules in the associate membership period would undermine the very goals of the association agreement.
Neprimjena tih pravnih pravila u razdoblju pridruženog članstva potkopava same ciljeve sporazuma o pridruživanju.
Finally, association agreements differ from the other treaties in international law in that their objective is the accession of a state party to the EU.
Konačno, sporazumi o pridruživanju razlikuju se od ostalih ugovora međunarodnog prava upravo time što je njihov cilj pristupanje države stranke EU.
For this reason, the courts, I would hold, would have to take this objective into account in the interpretation of the agreements.
Stoga bi i sudovi, tvrdim, morali taj cilj uzimati u obzir pri interpretaciji ugovora.
An opinion of the Polish Constitutional Courtiv would tend to confirm this; it expressed its readiness to interpret national law in the light of the laws of the Community, and this is justified by the need to respect obligations assumed pursuant to the Europe Agreement.
U prilog tom prijedlogu govori i mišljenje poljskog Ustavnog suda iv koji je izrazio spremnost da nacionalno pravo interpretira u svjetlu prava Europske zajednice, što je opravdano potrebom za poštovanjem obveza preuzetih temeljem sporazumom o pridruživanju.
“Naturally, EU law does not have any binding power in Poland.
“Naravno, pravo EU nema obvezujuču snagu u Poljskoj.
Poland thus has the obligation to undertake... everything it can in order to ensure that future laws shall be harmonised with the regulations of the Community.”
Poljska stoga ima obvezu da poduzme ‘... sve što može kako bi osigurala da buduči zakoni budu usklađeni s propisima Zajednice'.”