natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Administration of vildagliptin with food resulted in a decreased Cmax (19%) compared to dosing in the fasting state.
Primjena vildagliptina s hranom rezultira smanjenim Cmax (19%) u usporedbi s primjenom natašte.
Patients who may experience dizziness as an adverse reaction should avoid driving vehicles or using machines.
Bolesnici koji osjete omaglicu kao nuspojavu trebaju izbjegavati upravljanje vozilima ili rad na strojevima.
As metformin is excreted via the kidney, and elderly patients have a tendency to decreased renal function, elderly patients taking Zomarist should have their renal function monitored regularly (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Budući da se metformin izlučuje putem bubrega, a stariji bolesnici imaju sklonost smanjenju bubrežne funkcije, u starijih bolesnika koji primaju Zomarist treba redovito pratiti funkciju bubrega (vidjeti dijelove 4.4 i 5.2).
A greater proportion of cases were reported when vildagliptin was administered in combination with an ACE inhibitor.
Veći udio slučajeva je zabilježen kada se vildagliptin davao u kombinaciji s ACE inhibitorom.
The mean volume of distribution of vildagliptin at steady-state after intravenous administration (Vss) is 71 litres, suggesting extravascular distribution.
Srednji volumen distribucije vildagliptina u stanju dinamičke ravnoteže nakon intravenske primjene (Vss) je 71 litru, što upućuje na ekstravaskularnu raspodjelu.
Sulphonylureas are known to cause hypoglycaemia.
Poznato je da sulfonilureje izazivaju hipoglikemiju.
Adults with normal renal function (GFR ≥ 90 ml/min) The dose of antihyperglycaemic therapy with Zomarist should be individualised on the basis of the patient's current regimen, effectiveness and tolerability while not exceeding the maximum recommended daily dose of 100 mg vildagliptin.
Odrasli s normalnom funkcijom bubrega (GFR≥90 ml/min) Doza antihiperglikemijske terapije Zomaristom mora biti individualizirana prema bolesnikovom postojećem režimu, učinkovitosti i podnošljivosti, ne prelazeći pritom najvišu preporučenu dnevnu dozu od 100 mg vildagliptina.
Urticaria Exfoliative and bullous skin lesions, including bullous pemphigoid
Urtikarija Eksfolijativne i bulozne kožne lezije, uključujući bulozni pemfigoid
If you have reduced kidney function, your doctor may prescribe a lower dose.
Ako imate smanjenu funkciju bubrega, liječnik Vam može propisati nižu dozu.
Taking Zomarist with or just after food may reduce gastrointestinal symptoms associated with metformin (see also section 5.2).
Uzimanje Zomariste uz obrok ili neposredno nakon njega može ublažiti gastrointestinalne simptome povezane s metforminom (vidjeti dio 5.2).
The following statements reflect the information available on the individual active substances.
Sljedeći navodi odražavaju informacije dostupne za svaku pojedinačnu djelatnu tvar.
Glucagon triggers the liver to make sugar, causing the blood sugar level to rise.
Glukagon potiče stvaranje šećera u jetri, što uzrokuje porast razine šećera u krvi.
Please also see information about this in section “Warnings and precautions”.
Također molimo pogledajte informacije o tome u dijelu „Upozorenja i mjere opreza”. - ako imate problema s jetrom.
The rate and extent of absorption of metformin from Zomarist 50 mg/1000 mg were decreased when given with food as reflected by the decrease in Cmax by 26%, AUC by 7% and delayed Tmax (2.0 to 4.0 h).
Brzina i opseg apsorpcije metformina iz Zomariste 50 mg/1000 mg se smanjuju kada se daje s hranom što se odražava sniženjem Cmax za 26%, AUC za 7% i odgođenim Tmax (2,0 do 4,0 h).
A large overdose of metformin (or co-existing risk of lactic acidosis) may lead to lactic acidosis, which is a medical emergency and must be treated in hospital.
Znatno predoziranje metforminom (ili istodobno prisutan rizik za razvoj laktacidoze) može dovesti do laktacidoze, što je medicinski hitno stanje i mora se liječiti u bolnici.
Metformin may exert its glucose-lowering effect via three mechanisms: - by reduction of hepatic glucose production through inhibition of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis; - in muscle, by modestly increasing insulin sensitivity, improving peripheral glucose uptake and utilisation; - by delaying intestinal glucose absorption.
Metformin može vršiti svoj učinak na smanjenje glukoze putem tri mehanizma: - smanjenjem hepatičke proizvodnje glukoze inhibicijom glukoneogeneze i glikogenolize; - u mišićima umjerenim povećanjem osjetljivosti na inzulin, poboljšavajući periferni unos i korištenje glukoze; - odgađanjem intestinalne apsorpcije glukoze.
A study in healthy volunteers showed that cimetidine, administered as 400 mg twice daily, increased metformin systemic exposure (AUC) by 50%.
Ispitivanje na zdravim dobrovoljcima je pokazalo da cimetidin primijenjen u dozi od 400 mg dvaput na dan povećava sistemsku izloženost (AUC) metforminu za 50%.
Age: In healthy elderly subjects (≥ 70 years), the overall exposure of vildagliptin (100 mg once daily) was increased by 32%, with an 18% increase in peak plasma concentration as compared to young healthy subjects (18-40 years).
Dob: u zdravih starijih ispitanika (≥70 godina) ukupna izloženost vildagliptinu (100 mg jedanput na dan) bila je povećana za 32%, uz 18%-tni porast vršne koncentracije u plazmi u usporedbi s mladim zdravim ispitanicima (18-40 godina).
A two-year carcinogenicity study was conducted in rats at oral doses up to 900 mg/kg (approximately 200 times human exposure at the maximum recommended dose).
Dvogodišnje ispitivanje kancerogenosti provedeno je na štakorima s oralnim dozama do 900 mg/kg (oko 200 puta veća izloženost od izloženosti u ljudi pri maksimalno preporučenoj dozi).
Drug-drug interaction studies in healthy subjects were conducted with amlodipine, ramipril, valsartan and simvastatin.
Ispitivanja interakcija među lijekovima u zdravih ispitanika provedena su s amlodipinom, ramiprilom, valsartanom i simvastatinom.
In non-diabetic (normal glycaemic) individuals, vildagliptin does not stimulate insulin secretion or reduce glucose levels.
U pojedinaca koji nisu dijabetičari (normalne vrijednosti glukoze), vildagliptin ne stimulira sekreciju inzulina, niti snižava razine glukoze.
Since vildagliptin is not a cytochrome P (CYP) 450 enzyme substrate and does not inhibit or induce CYP 450 enzymes, it is not likely to interact with active substances that are substrates, inhibitors or inducers of these enzymes.
S obzirom da vildagliptin nije supstrat enzima citrokroma P (CYP) 450 i ne inhibira niti inducira CYP 450 enzime, nije vjerojatno da će ući u interakciju s djelatnim tvarima koje su supstrati, inhibitori ili induktori tih enzima.
Two patients reported severe hypoglycaemic events in the vildagliptin group, and 6 patients in the placebo group.
Dva bolesnika prijavila su teške hipoglikemijske događaje u skupini liječenoj vildagliptinom, a 6 bolesnika u skupini liječenoj placebom.
Talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse before taking Zomarist if you are taking an anti-diabetic medicine known as a sulphonylurea.
Obratite se svom liječniku, ljekarniku ili medicinskoj sestri prije nego uzmete Zomarist ako uzimate antidijabetički lijek iz skupine sulfonilureja.
Metformin is contraindicated in patients with GFR <30 ml/min and should be temporarily discontinued in the presence of conditions that alter renal function (see section 4.3).
Metformin je kontraindiciran u bolesnika s GFR<30 ml/min i njegovu je primjenu potrebno privremeno prekinuti ako su prisutna stanja koja mijenjaju funkciju bubrega, (vidjeti dio 4.3).
There have been no therapeutic clinical trials conducted with Zomarist.
Nisu provedena terapijska klinička ispitivanja sa Zomaristom.
If necessary, the dosage of the antihyperglycaemic medicinal product should be adjusted during therapy with the other medicinal product and on its discontinuation.
Ako je potrebno, dozu antihiperglikemijskog lijeka treba prilagoditi tijekom terapije s drugim lijekom te nakon njenog završetka.
The Cmax for vildagliptin and the area under the plasma concentrations versus time curves (AUC) increased in an approximately dose proportional manner over the therapeutic dose range.
Cmax vildagliptina i površina ispod krivulja koncentracija - vrijeme (AUC) povećali su se približno proporcionalno dozi unutar terapijskog raspona doza.
A GFR should be assessed before initiation of treatment with metformin-containing products and at least annually thereafter.
GFR treba procijeniti prije početka liječenja lijekovima koji sadrže metformin te najmanje jedanput godišnje nakon toga.
Results from clinical trials conducted with the oral antidiabetics pioglitazone, metformin and glyburide in combination with vildagliptin have shown no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions in the target population.
Rezultati kliničkih ispitivanja provedenih s oralnim antidijabeticima pioglitazonom, metforminom i gliburidom u kombinaciji s vildagliptinom nisu pokazali klinički značajne farmakokinetičke interakcije u ciljnoj populaciji.
The active substances of Zomarist, vildagliptin and metformin, belong to a group of medicines called “oral antidiabetics”.
Djelatne tvari Zomariste, vildagliptin i metformin pripadaju skupini lijekova koji se nazivaju „oralni antidijabetici”.
Not all pack sizes and tablet strengths may be marketed.
Na tržištu se ne moraju nalaziti sve veličine pakiranja i jačine tableta.
Stop taking Zomarist and contact a doctor or the nearest hospital immediately if you experience some of the symptoms of lactic acidosis, as this condition may lead to coma.
Prestanite uzimati Zomarist i odmah se obratite liječniku ili otiđite u najbližu bolnicu ako osjetite neke od simptoma laktacidoze, jer to stanje može dovesti do kome.
Gender: No clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of vildagliptin were observed between male and female healthy subjects within a wide range of age and body mass index (BMI).
Spol: u farmakokinetici vildagliptina nisu zapažene klinički značajne razlike između zdravih ispitanika muškog i ženskog spola unutar širokog raspona dobi i indeksa tjelesne mase (BMI).
Hypromellose Titanium dioxide (E 171) Iron oxide, yellow (E 172) Macrogol 4000
Film-ovojnica hipromeloza titanijev dioksid (E 171) željezov oksid, žuti (E 172) makrogol 4000 talk
Clinical trials of up to more than 2 years' duration did not show any additional safety signals or unforeseen risks when vildagliptin was added on to metformin.
Klinička ispitivanja koja su trajala više od 2 godine nisu pokazala dodatne sigurnosne signale ili nepredviđene rizike kada je vildagliptin bio dodan metforminu.
10 film-coated tablets 30 film-coated tablets 60 film-coated tablets 120 film-coated tablets 180 film-coated tablets 360 film-coated tablets
10 filmom obloženih tableta 30 filmom obloženih tableta 60 filmom obloženih tableta 120 filmom obloženih tableta 180 filmom obloženih tableta 360 filmom obloženih tableta
**Isolated cases of liver function test abnormalities or hepatitis resolving upon metformin discontinuation have been reported.
**Prijavljeni su izolirani slučajevi abnormalnih testova jetrene funkcije ili hepatitisa koji su se povukli nakon prestanka primjene metformina.
However, bioequivalence of Zomarist with co-administered vildagliptin and metformin has been demonstrated (see section 5.2).
Međutim, bioekvivalencija Zomariste s istodobno primijenjenim vildagliptinom i metforminom je dokazana (vidjeti dio 5.2).
- Store in the original package (blister) in order to protect from moisture.
- Čuvati u originalnom pakiranju (blisteru) radi zaštite od vlage.
Food slightly delays and decreases the extent of the absorption of metformin.
Hrana neznatno odgađa i smanjuje opseg apsorpcije metformina.
Therefore, a lower dose of sulphonylurea may be considered to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia.
Stoga, niža doza sulfonilureje se može razmotriti kako bi se smanjio rizik od hipoglikemije.
Nausea, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Mučnina, gastroezofagealna refluksna bolest
If this happens you must stop taking Zomarist and contact a doctor or the nearest hospital immediately, as lactic acidosis may lead to coma.
Ako Vam se to dogodi, morate prestati uzimati Lijek Zomarist i odmah se obratiti liječniku ili otići u najbližu bolnicu, jer laktacidoza može dovesti do kome.
Renal impairment: In subjects with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment, systemic exposure to vildagliptin was increased (Cmax 8-66%; AUC 32-134%) and total body clearance was reduced compared to subjects with normal renal function.
Oštećenje funkcije bubrega: u ispitanika s blagim, umjerenim ili teškim oštećenjem bubrega sustavna je izloženost vildagliptinu bila povećana (Cmax 8-66%; AUC 32-134%), a ukupan tjelesni klirens smanjen u usporedbi s ispitanicima s normalnom funkcijom bubrega.
Patients who develop jaundice or other signs suggestive of liver dysfunction should discontinue Zomarist.
U bolesnika koji razviju žuticu ili druge znakove koji upućuju na poremećaj jetrene funkcije treba prekinuti liječenje Zomaristom.
• Lactic acidosis (very rare: may affect up to 1 user in 10,000): Zomarist may cause a very rare, but very serious side effect called lactic acidosis (see section “Warnings and precautions”).
• Laktacidoza (vrlo rijetko: može se javiti u manje od 1 na 10 000 osoba): Zomarist može uzrokovati vrlo rijetku, ali vrlo ozbiljnu nuspojavu koja se naziva laktacidoza (vidjeti dio “Upozorenja i mjere opreza”).
A pre- and postnatal development study was performed in rats.
Na štakorima je provedena studija prenatalnog i postnatalnog razvoja.
If you forget to take Zomarist
Ako ste zaboravili uzeti Zomarist
Metformin stimulates intracellular glycogen synthesis by acting on glycogen synthase and increases the transport capacity of specific types of membrane glucose transporters (GLUT-1 and GLUT-4).
Metformin potiče unutarstaničnu sintezu glikogena djelujući na glikogen sintazu i povećava prijenosni kapacitet specifičnih tipova membranskih prijenosnika za glukozu (GLUT-1 i GLUT-4).
Patients who develop increased transaminase levels should be monitored with a second liver function evaluation to confirm the finding and be followed thereafter with frequent LFTs until the abnormality(ies) return(s) to normal.
Bolesnike u kojih se pojave povišene vrijednosti transaminaza treba pratiti provođenjem druge procjene jetrene funkcije s ciljem potvrđivanja nalaza te nakon toga kontrolirati čestim testovima jetrene funkcije sve dok se abnormalna(e) vrijednost(i) ne vrati(e) na normalu.
At 600 mg, one subject experienced oedema of the feet and hands, and increases in creatine phosphokinase (CPK), AST, C-reactive protein (CRP) and myoglobin levels.
Pri dozi od 600 mg u jednog je ispitanika došlo do edema stopala i šaka te porasta razina kreatin fosfokinaze (CPK), AST, Creaktivnog proteina (CRP) i mioglobina.
No studies on the effect on human fertility have been conducted for Zomarist (see section 5.3).
Nisu provedena nikakva ispitivanja o učinku Zomariste na plodnost u ljudi (vidjeti dio 5.3).
Store in the original package (blister) in order to protect from moisture.
Čuvati u originalnom pakiranju (blisteru) radi zaštite od vlage.
• Liver disease (hepatitis) (rare): Symptoms include yellow skin and eyes, nausea, loss of appetite or dark-coloured urine, which may indicate liver disease (hepatitis).
• Bolest jetre (hepatitis) (rijetko): simptomi uključuju žutu boju kože i očiju, mučninu, gubitak apetita ili tamno obojenu mokraću, što može upućivati na bolest jetre (hepatitis).
Hepatitis (reversible upon discontinuation of the medicinal product) Abnormal liver function tests (reversible upon discontinuation of the medicinal product)
Hepatitis (reverzibilan po prekidu uzimanja lijeka) Poremećeni rezultati testova jetrene funkcije (reverzibilan po prekidu uzimanja lijeka)
Following withdrawal of treatment with Zomarist and LFT normalisation, treatment with Zomarist should not be re-initiated.
Nakon prekida liječenja sa Zomaristom i normalizacije testova jetrene funkcije, liječenje sa Zomaristom se ne smije ponovno započeti.
The mean elimination half-life after intravenous administration is approximately 2 hours.
Srednja vrijednost poluvremena eliminacije nakon intravenske primjene iznosi oko 2 sata.
Some patients have experienced the following side effects while taking Zomarist and a sulphonylurea: • Common: dizziness, tremor, weakness, low blood glucose, excessive sweating.
Neki su bolesnici imali sljedeće nuspojave kada su uzimali Zomarist i sulfonilureju: • često: omaglica, tremor, slabost, niska razina glukoze u krvi, pojačano znojenje.
Upper respiratory tract infection
Infekcija gornjih dišnih puteva
Clinical trials of up to 2 years' duration did not show any additional safety signals or unforeseen risks with vildagliptin monotherapy.
Klinička ispitivanja koja su trajala do 2 godine nisu pokazala dodatne sigurnosne signale ili nepredviđene rizike s vildagliptinom u monoterapiji.
Due to both the potential risk of neonate hypoglycaemia related to metformin and the lack of human data with vildagliptin, Zomarist should not be used during breast-feeding (see section 4.3).
Zbog mogućeg rizika za hipoglikemiju u novorođenčeta vezanu uz metformin kao i zbog nedovoljno podataka u ljudi vezanih za vildagliptin, Zomarist se ne smije primjenjivati tijekom dojenja (vidjeti dio 4.3).
After intravenous administration to healthy subjects, the total plasma and renal clearances of vildagliptin are 41 and 13 l/h, respectively.
Nakon intravenske primjene u zdravih ispitanika ukupni plazmatski i bubrežni klirens vildagliptina je 41, odnosno 13 l/h.
• Very rare (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people): sore throat, runny nose, fever; signs of a high level of lactic acid in the blood (known as lactic acidosis) such as drowsiness or dizziness, severe nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain, irregular heart beat or deep, rapid breathing; redness of the skin, itching; decreased vitamin B12 levels (paleness, tiredness, mental symptoms such as confusion or memory disturbances).
• vrlo rijetko (mogu se javiti u do 1 na 10 000 osoba): grlobolja, curenje iz nosa, vrućica; znakovi visoke razine mliječne kiseline u krvi (poznato kao laktacidoza), kao što su omamljenost ili omaglica, jaka mučnina ili povraćanje, bol u trbuhu, nepravilni otkucaji srca ili duboko, ubrzano disanje; crvenilo kože, svrbež; snižena razina vitamina B12 (bljedilo, umor, psihički simptomi kao što su smetenost ili poremećaji pamćenja).
At 400 mg, there were three cases of muscle pain, and individual cases of mild and transient paraesthesia, fever, oedema and a transient increase in lipase levels.
Pri dozi od 400 mg pojavila su se tri slučaja bolova u mišićima te pojedinačni slučajevi blage i prolazne parestezije, vrućice, edema i prolazno povećanje razina lipaze.
Another two-year carcinogenicity study was conducted in mice at oral doses up to 1000 mg/kg.
Druga je dvogodišnja studija kancerogenosti provedena na miševima s oralnim dozama do 1000 mg/kg.
At 5 mg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to human AUC exposure at the 100 mg dose), only blisters were observed.
Pri dozi od 5 mg/kg/dan (otprilike odgovara AUC izloženosti u ljudi pri dozi od 100 mg), zapaženi su samo mjehurići.
Metformin is a biguanide with antihyperglycaemic effects, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose.
Metformin je bigvanid s antihiperglikemijskim učinkom koji smanjuje i bazalnu i postprandijalnu glukozu u plazmi.
Metabolism is the major elimination pathway for vildagliptin in humans, accounting for 69% of the dose.
Glavni put eliminacije vildagliptina u ljudi je metaboliziranje, na koje otpada 69% doze.
Necrotic lesions of the tail were observed at ≥ 80 mg/kg/day.
Nekrotične lezije repa zapažene su pri dozi ≥80 mg/kg/dan.
In these studies, no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed after co-administration with vildagliptin.
U ovim ispitivanjima nisu zapažene nikakve klinički značajne farmakokinetičke interakcije nakon istodobne primjene s vildagliptinom.
For vildagliptin studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity at high doses.
Ispitivanja vildagliptina na životinjama pokazala su reproduktivnu toksičnost pri visokim dozama.
It is unknown whether vildagliptin is excreted in human milk, but metformin is excreted in human milk in low amounts.
Nije poznato izlučuje li se vildagliptin u majčino mlijeko, ali se metformin izlučuje u malim količinama u majčino mlijeko u ljudi.
For metformin, studies in animals have not shown reproductive toxicity.
Ispitivanja metformina na životinjama ne ukazuju na reproduktivnu toksičnost.
Studies in animals performed with vildagliptin and metformin have not shown evidence of teratogenicity, but foetotoxic effects at maternotoxic doses (see section 5.3).
Ispitivanja vildagliptina i metformina na životinjama nisu pokazala teratogenost, ali je toksični učinak na fetus dokazan pri dozama toksičnim za majku (vidjeti dio 5.3).
Therefore, close monitoring of glycaemic control, dose adjustment within the recommended posology and changes in diabetic treatment should be considered when cationic medicinal products that are eliminated by renal tubular secretion are co-administered (see section 4.4).
Stoga treba pažljivo pratiti glikemiju, prilagođavati dozu unutar preporučenog doziranja te razmotriti promjenu liječenja šećerne bolesti ako se istodobno primjenjuju kationski lijekovi koji se eliminiraju renalom tubularnom sekrecijom (vidjeti dio 4.4).
Also if you are taking an anti-diabetic medicine known as a sulphonylurea your doctor may prescribe a lower dose.
Isto tako, ako uzimate lijek za šećernu bolest koji se zove sulfonilureja, liječnik Vam može propisati nižu dozu.
Following oral administration in the fasting state, vildagliptin is rapidly absorbed with peak plasma concentrations observed at 1.7 hours.
Nakon peroralne primjene natašte vildagliptin se brzo apsorbira pri čemu su vršne koncentracije u plazmi zapažene nakon 1,7 sati.
Liver enzyme monitoring
Praćenje jetrenih enzima
It does not stimulate insulin secretion and therefore does not produce hypoglycaemia or increased weight gain.
Ne potiče lučenje inzulina te tako ne dovodi do hipoglikemije ili povećanja tjelesne težine.
The majority of adverse reactions were mild and transient, not requiring treatment discontinuations.
Većina je nuspojava bila blaga i prolazna te nije bilo potrebno prekidati liječenje.
The composite endpoint of adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including acute myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death was similar for vildagliptin versus combined active and placebo comparators [Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio (M-H RR) 0.82 (95% CI 0.61-1.11)].
Kompozitna mjera ishoda utvrđenih velikih neželjenih kardiovaskularnih događaja (engl. major adverse cardiovascular events, MACE), koja uključuje akutni infarkt miokarda, moždani udar ili kardiovaskularnu smrt, bila je slična za vildagliptin u usporedbi s kombiniranim aktivnim i placebo komparatorima [omjer rizika po Mantel-Haenszelovoj metodi (M-H RR) 0,82 (95% interval pouzdanosti 0,61-1,11)].
The safety and efficacy of vildagliptin and metformin as triple oral therapy in combination with a thiazolidinedione have not been established.
Nije ustanovljena sigurnost i djelotvornost vildagliptina i metformina kao trojne oralne terapije u kombinaciji s tiazolidindionom.
• Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) (frequency not known): Symptoms include severe and persistent pain in the abdomen (stomach area), which might reach through to your back, as well as nausea and vomiting.
• Upala gušterače (pankreatitis) (učestalost nepoznata): simptomi uključuju jaku i upornu bol u trbuhu (područje trbuha), koja bi se mogla proširiti do leđa te mučninu i povraćanje.
Patients receiving vildagliptin in combination with a sulphonylurea may be at risk for hypoglycaemia.
Bolesnici koji primaju vildagliptin u kombinaciji sa sulfonilurejom mogu biti izloženi riziku hipoglikemije.
The enhanced increase in the insulin/glucagon ratio during hyperglycaemia due to increased incretin hormone levels results in a decrease in fasting and postprandial hepatic glucose production, leading to reduced glycaemia.
Pojačani porast omjera inzulina/glukagona tijekom hiperglikemije uslijed povišenih razina inkretinskih hormona rezultira smanjenjem produkcije glukoze u jetri natašte i postprandijalno, što dovodi do smanjene glikemije.