natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Due to brashness, dowel and the walls of the hole crush, and at the end of welding process, the dowel or the base break.
Zbog krtosti dolazi do mrvljenja moždanika i stjenki rupe te na samom kraju zavarivanja pukne moždanik ili podloga.
Increase of the embedded force was noted at welding of dowel into the surface treated with citric acid and hot air (vertically to the wood fibres) which is rather illogical.
Porast izvlačne sile zabilježen je kod zavarivanja moždanika u podlogu tretiranu limunskom kiselinom i toplim zrakom (okomito na vlakanca drva) što je dosta nelogično.
Partial explanation is in the greater changes of rectangular shape and the symmetry created due to the immersion of samples in the citric acid and treating with hot air.
Djelomično objašnjenje toga je u velikim promjenama pravokutnosti i simetrije nastale uslijed namakanja uzoraka u limunskoj kiselini i tretiranja toplim zrakom.
The force of action on the dowel was not completely vertical to the base of reclining of sample in time of testing of embedded force, therefore it could influence the final result.
Sila djelovanja na moždanik nije bila u potpunosti okomita na bazu oslanjanja uzorka za vrijeme ispitivanja izvlačne sile, pa je mogla utjecati na konačni rezultat.
Prior to the treatment, the sample has to be processed with certain oversizes (at least 1 mm), and after the treating of samples, rectangular property needs to be repaired on the four-sided lathe.
Prije tretmana uzorak je potrebno obraditi s određenom nadmjerom (barem 1 mm), a nakon tretiranja uzorku je potrebno popraviti pravokutnost na četverostranoj blanjalici.
Rectangular property which was verified with the help of square level and it deflected for 1 mm on a base 30 mm wide.
Pomoću kutnika provjerena pravokutnost je odstupala 1 mm na bazi širine 30 mm.
The comparison of welding of modified and non-modified wood (figure 3) shows that there is a presence of statistically important difference except for the samples 8,5 RTV and LKRTV.
Usporedba zavarivanja modificiranog i nemodificiranog drva (slika 3) ukazuje na postojanje statistički značajne razlike osim za uzorke 8,5 RTV i LKRTV.
According to the research results and review of all previous researches (Župčić et al. 2010), it is evident that the embedded force (strength of welded joint) achieves maximum amounts at tightness from 2 to 2.6 mm, thus making then the optimal tightness for the rotational welding of dowel (duration of the welding was 0.8 s with frequency of spinning
Prema rezultatima istraživanja i pregleda dosadašnjih istraživanja (Župčić i dr., 2010) vidljivo je kako izvlačna sila (čvrstoća zavarenog spoja) postiže maksimalne iznose kod zadora od 2 do 2,6 mm pa su to ujedno i optimalni zadori za rotacijsko zavarivanje moždanika (trajanje procesa zavarivanja 0,8 s uz frekvenciju vrtnje
According to Pizzi et al (2003), tightness of 2 mm is the optimal tightness, because, if it is larger or smaller, the embedded force will reduce, (used frequency of spinning is 1 200 min-1).
Prema Pizzi-u i dr., (2003.) zador od 2 mm je optimalni zador, jer ukoliko je on veći ili manji, izvlačna se sila smanjuje, (korištena frekvencija vrtnje iznosila je 1 200 min-1).
According to the taken research the beech wood dowels can be successfully welded into beech non-modified and modified base (thermally and chemically) in controlled conditions (frequency of spinning 1 520 min-1duration of welding of the modified samples 0.9 s and the non-modified 0.8 s and tightness of 1.6 mm).
Prema provedenim istraživanjima bukovi moždanici mogu se uspješno zavarivati u bukovu nemodificiranu i modificiranu podlogu (toplinski i kemijski) u kontroliranim uvjetima (frekvencija vrtnje 1 520 min-1, trajanje zavarivanja modificiranih uzoraka 0,9 s a nemodificiranih 0,8 s i zador od 1,6 mm).
By comparing the welding of dowel in modified beech by hot air and non-modified beech in the direction of fibres and vertically to them, there is a statistically more significant difference in the size of embedded force.
Usporedbom zavarivanja moždanika u modificiranu bukovinu toplim zrakom i nemodificiranu bukovinu u smjeru vlakanaca i okomito na njih postoji statistički značajna razlika u veličini izvlačne sile.
At welding of modified samples, the optimal tightness is 1.6 mm, because at tightness of 2 mm and more, there comes to a breakage in the base and dowel and duration of welding needs to be prolonged, which also has a negative effect on the strength of the joint.
Kod zavarivanja modificiranih uzoraka optimalni zador je 1,6 mm, jer kod zadora od 2 mm i više dolazi do lomova podloge i moždanika pa je potrebno produžiti trajanje zavarivanja što isto negativno utječe na čvrstoću spoja.
Modification of beech by hot air and citric acid affects the reduction (statistical significance) of the embedded force of welded joint in relation to the non-modified.
Modifikacija bukovine toplim zrakom i limunskom kiselinom utječu na smanjenje (statistički značajno) izvlačne sile zavarenog spoja u odnosu na nemodificirano.
Within the scope of this research, there is a unjustified use of modification (heat and chemical) due to the reduction of the joint strength, and the cost of production increase significantly (cost of heat energy, prolongation of the production process and cost of chemical modification agent).
U okvirima ovog istraživanja proizlazi neopravdana uporaba modifikacije (toplinske i kemijske) zbog smanjenja čvrstoće spoja, a troškovi izrade se značajno povećavaju (trošak toplinske energije, produljenje samog procesa izrade i trošak sredstva za kemijsku modifikaciju).
Watanabe et al.
Watanabe i sur.
In comparison with the traditional balanced and unbalanced environment, unbalanced environment was created by personalized airing (Melikov 2004, Li 2004), air-conditioning (Bauman 1993, Bauman et al.)
U usporedbi s tradicionalnom ujednačenom i uravnoteženom okolinom, neujednačena okolina stvorena personaliziranim provjetravanjem (Melikov 2004, Li 2004), klimatiziranjem (Bauman 1993, Bauman i sur.
1998, Hideyuki et al.
1998, Hideyuki i sur.
2007) or heating/cooling of seats (Zhang et al.
2007) ili grijanjem/hlađenjem sjedala (Zhang i sur.
Besides, and regarding thermal comfort, Bauman et al.
Pored toga, a vezano za termalnu udobnost, Bauman i sur.
(1998) proved that the satisfaction of employees grows if they have the option to individually manage their environmental conditions (quoted in:
(1998) ukazali su da zadovoljstvo zaposlenika raste ako im se omogući individualno upravljanje okolišnim uvjetima (cit. u:
Sense and comfort of local body parts varies greatly.
Osjećaj i udobnost lokalnih dijelova tijela jako varira.
Total sense and comfort follows the warmest local feeling (head) in a warm environment and the coldest (hands and feet) in cold environment.
Ukupan osjećaj i udobnost prati najtopliji lokalni osjećaj (glava) u toplom okružju i najhladniji (ruke i stopala) u hladnom okružju.
2002, Xu and Werner 1997, Grbac and Dalbelo-Bašić 1996).
2002, Xu i Werner 1997, Grbac i Dalbelo-Bašić 1996).
Stumpf et al.
Stumpf i sur.
Transfer of heat is limited by resistance to unnoticeable (latent) heat loss through coating.
Prijenos topline ograničen je i otporom prema neprimjetnom (latentnom) gubitku topline kroz presvlaku.
Research of Diebschlaga et al.
Istraživanje Diebschlaga i sur.
Fisher et al.
Fisher i sur.
On examples from car industry, since there are virtually none on office chairs, thermal comfort is considered an important factor in the ergonomic valuation of car seats.
Na primjerima iz automobilske industrije, jer istraživanja na uredskim stolicama gotovo da i nema, termalna udobnost smatra se važnim činiteljem u ergonomskim vrednovanjima automobilskih sjedala.
Coating materials are one of the main factors of thermal comfort.
Obložni materijali su jedan od glavnih odrednika termalne udobnosti.
2006, Daanen et al.
2006, Daanen i sur.
2003, Pellerin et al.
2003, Pellerin i sur.
2004, Sakoi et al.
2004, Sakoi i sur.
Kurz et al.
Kurz i sur.
(Kyung and Nussbaum 2008).
(Kyung i Nussbaum 2008).
SAMPLES AND EXAMINEES
UZORCI I ISPITANICI
Samples
Uzorci
Besides, due care was taken that the samples are in accordance with valid standards in regard to functional dimensions.
Osim toga, vodilo se računa da su uzorci u skladu s važećim normama u pogledu funkcionalnih dimenzija.
Peculiarities of every sample was described below.
Pojedinosti svakog uzorka opisane su u nastavku.
Seat 60 mm thick glued from polyuretane (PU) cut sponge: in the lower layer 20 mm PG 65120 and in the upper layer 40 mm PT 3246.
Sjedalo debljine 60 mm slijepljeno od poliuretanskih (PU) rezanih spužvi: u donjem sloju 20 mm PG 65120 i u gornjem sloju 40 mm PT 3246.
Total density of seat constructed in this way was 41.3 kg/m3.
Ukupna gustoća tako konstruiranog sjedala bila je 41,3 kg/m3.
Sponge density was 28.3 kg/m3
Gustoća spužve bila je 28,3 kg/m3.
Seat 65 mm thick was made from the combination of cut PU sponge 4040 and pocket strings in radius of 45 mm and 45 mm of height with wire radius of 1.8 mm.
Sjedalo debljine 65 mm izrađeno od kombinacije rezane PU spužve 4040 i džepićastih opruga promjera 45 mm i visine 45 mm s promjerom žice od 1,8 mm.
Main characteristic of seat is special construction intended for female sex.
Glavna karakteristika sjedala je posebna konstrukcija namijenjena ženskome rodu.
Examinees
Ispitanici
Research was taken at Faculty of Forestry in July 2009 on work places of examinees.
Istraživanje je provedeno na Šumarskom fakultetu u mjesecu srpnju 2009. godine na radnim mjestima ispitanika.
RESEARCH METHOD
METODA ISTRAŽIVANJA
Questionnaire for this part of research was drafted according to standard ISO 7730:2005 Moderate Thermal Environments - Determination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specification of the Conditions for Thermal Comfort, which describes how to measure heat comfort with a manikin of human.
Upitnik za ovaj dio istraživanja izrađen je prema normi ISO 7730:2005 Moderate Thermal Environments - Determination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specification of the Conditions for Thermal Comfort, koja opisuje kako mjeriti termalnu udobnost koristeći lutku ili ljudsko biće.
View of questionnaire on thermal comfort with offered answers and their descriptions.
Izgled upitnika o termalnoj udobnosti s ponuđenim odgovorima i njihovim opisima
Data were collected with electronic device HOBO® Weather Station H21-001 (Onset Computer Corporation, SAD) and processed with software HOBOware Pro v.
Podaci su prikupljani pomoću elektroničkog uređaja HOBO® Weather Station H21-001 (Onset Computer Corporation, SAD) i obrađivani pomoću softvera HOBOware Pro v.
1) and inside probe (no.
1) i unutarnja sonda (br.
B) area of left leg tight on the seat surface (probe no.
B) područje bedra lijeve noge na površini sjedala (sonda br.
C) area in the middle of seat surface (probe no.
C) područje na sredini površine sjedala (sonda br.
Complete data can be found in the original paper (Vlaović 2009).
Cjelokupni podaci mogu se naći u izvornome radu (Vlaović 2009).
Arithmetic means of grades on questions from thermal questionnaire
Aritmetičke sredine ocjena na pitanja iz termalnog upitnika
Arithmetical means of measured temperatures and relative humidity in/on seat
Aritmetičke sredine izmjerene temperature i relativne vlage u/na sjedalu
Relative humidity measured in the area of seat bone is different on the seat surface for chair MA and is significantly higher than the results received for chairs BS (t= -4,32; p=0,008), KS (t= -2,73; p=0,041), LS (t= -4,91; p=0,004) and RS (t=2,23; p=0,077).
Relativna vlaga mjerena u području sjedne kosti razlikuje na površini sjedala kod stolice MA i značajno je viša od rezultata dobivenih za stolice BS (t= -4,32; p=0,008), KS (t= -2,73; p=0,041), LS (t= -4,91; p=0,004) i RS (t=2,23; p=0,077).
Relative humidity measured in the area of upper bone is different on the seat surface for chair MA and is significantly higher than the results received for chairs BS (t= -7,59; p=0,001), KS (t= -2,89; p=0,034) i LS (t= -3,43; p=0,019).
Relativna vlaga mjerena u području natkoljenice razlikuje se na površini sjedala kod stolice MA i značajno je veća od rezultata dobivenih za stolice BS (t= -7,59; p=0,001), KS (t= -2,89; p=0,034) i LS (t= -3,43; p=0,019).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
RASPRAVA I ZAKLJUČAK
Therefore, it can be deducted that the temperatures on the entire surface of seat with filling from cold-cast sponge are higher than the temperatures which appear on other constructions of seats.
Dakle, može se zaključiti da su temperature na cijeloj površini sjedala stolice s ispunom od hladno lijevane spužve više od temperatura koje se javljaju na drugim konstrukcijama sjedala.
If we add the appearance of higher temperatures than in other models, this claim can have even greater weight.
A ako tome još dodamo i pojavu temperatura viših nego u drugih modela, tada ta tvrdnja može imati i veću težinu.
Although the idea was to correlate as many information from the questionnaire and objective results on the level of individual chair, these correlations mainly didn't show anything important or were completely left out.
Iako je zamisao bila korelirati što više podataka iz upitnika i objektivnih rezultata na razini pojedine stolice, te korelacije uglavnom nisu pokazivale niša značajno ili su potpuno izostale.
Most probable cause to this lies in the fact of a small number of examinees and short period of trial.
Uzrok tome najvjerojatnije leži u činjenici malog broja ispitanika i kratkog trajanja pokusa.
Absorption of moisture and conduction of water are mutually related and dependant.
Upijanje vlage i provođenje topline međusobno su povezani i ovisni.
Since office chairs are used for nearly eight hours a day, it is important that materials with high absorption capacities are installed in them, depending on how much a person sweats while sitting.
Budući da se uredske radne stolice upotrebljavaju gotovo osam sati dnevno, važno je da se u njih ugrađuju materijali s vrlo velikom sposobnošću upijanja i otpuštanja vlage u ovisnosti i o tome koliko se čovjek znoji pri sjedenju.
Research of temperature and humidity comfort during office sitting
Istraživanje udobnosti temperature i vlage pri uredskom sjedenju
Various disciplines which study human thermal tolerance and comfort, like physiology, mechanical engineering, architecture, psychology, meteorology and other, have quantified various ways of changing of energy between human body and thermal environment.
Različite discipline koje proučavaju ljudsku termalnu toleranciju i udobnost, poput fiziologije, strojarstva, arhitekture, psihologije, meteorologije i drugih, kvantificirale su različite načine izmjene energije između ljudskog tijela i termalnog okružja.
Thermal comfort is related to physiological reactions of persons.
Termalna udobnost povezana je s fiziološkim reakcijama osoba.
Human body generates energy and in the same time alternates it with the environment.
Ljudsko tijelo generira energiju i u isto je vrijeme izmjenjuje s okolinom.
Sense and comfort of various body parts varies greatly, therefore the total feeling of comfort is supported by warmest local feeling in warm environment and the coolest in cold environment.
Osjećaj i udobnost lokalnih dijelova tijela jako varira, zato ukupan osjećaj udobnosti prate najtopliji lokalni osjećaj u toplom okružju i najhladniji u hladnom okružju.
It has been long ago established that thermoneutrality guarantees comfort because in this optimal state, a specific warm or cold feeling is not expected with normal examinee, on the other hand, not to be thermoneutral leads to uncomfort.
Već je davno ustanovljeno da biti termoneutralan jamči udobnost jer se u tom optimalnom stanju ne očekuje specifičan topao ili hladan osjećaj kod normalnog ispitanika, s druge strane, ne biti termoneutralan vodi k neudobnosti.
This paper examines the thermal comfort of sitting on office chairs during regular performing of working tasks.
U ovom radu istraživana je termalna udobnost sjedenja na uredskim radnim stolicama za vrijeme uobičajenih obavljanja radnih zadataka.
Objective measuring of temperature and humidity have shown that there are differences in results between different seats and within individual seat in the distribution of temperature and humidity through various layers of material or the construction of seats, and connection of objective and subjective measuring of thermal comfort is partially confirmed.
Objektivna mjerenja temperature i vlage pokazala su da postoje razlike rezultata između različitih sjedala i unutar pojedinog sjedala u distribuciji temperature i vlage kroz različite slojeve materijala, odnosno konstrukcije sjedala, a djelomično je potvrđena povezanost objektivnih i subjektivnih mjerenja termalne udobnosti.
chair comfort, seat comfort, sitting temperature, sitting humidity, thermal comfort, office chair.
udobnost stolica, udobnost sjedala, temperatura sjedenja, vlaga sjedenja, termoudobnost, uredska radna stolica.
Air conditioning systems of business buildings are designed to secure and provide even thermal environment.
Sustavi za klimatizaciju poslovnih zgrada projektirani su za osiguravanje i pružanje ujednačene termalne okoline.
There are great differences with users/employees in physiological and psychological reactions, clothes insulation, body activity, temperature preferences and air flow (Melikov 2004, quoted in:
Kod korisnika/zaposlenika postoje velike razlike u fiziološkim i psihološkim reakcijama, izolaciji odjeće, tjelesnoj aktivnosti, preferencijama temperature i strujanja zraka (Melikov 2004, cit. u:
With recent growth in demand and awareness for the preservation of energy, more care given to the studies of thermally unequal and dynamic environment.
Odnedavno se s povećanjem zahtjeva i svijesti za očuvanjem energije sve više pažnje posvećuje studijama o termalno neujednačenoj i dinamičkoj okolini.
2007) which can be thermally satisfying for a user within much wider temperature air space in a room, by resulting in greater energy savings (quote in:
2007) može termalno zadovoljiti korisnika unutar puno šireg temperaturnog područja zraka u prostoriji, rezultirajući većom uštedom energije (cit. u:
In cold environment, hands and feet are much colder than other parts of the body.
U hladnoj okolini ruke i stopala su hladniji od ostalih dijelova tijela.
Head, which is not sensitive to cold but is to warm, is much warmer than other body parts in warm environment.
Glava, neosjetljiva na hladnoću, ali osjetljiva na toplo, toplija je od ostalih dijelova tijela u toploj okolini.
Difference in sensitivity between upper and lower parts of back can be attributed to the design of chair and clothes, therefore lumbal area should be protected from cooling by good isolation or local heating, while chest area demands option for ventilating, or waste of body heat (Arens et al
Razlika u osjetljivosti između donjih i gornjih dijelova leđa može se pripisati dizajnu stolice i odjeći, stoga lumbalno područje treba zaštititi od hlađenja dobrom izolacijom ili lokalnim zagrijavanjem, dok prsno područje zahtijeva mogućnost ventiliranja, tj. rasipanja tjelesne topline (Arens i sur.
People are much comfortable in neutral environmental temperatures, which enables the body to maintain thermal balance without sweating or shivering (Stumpf et al.
Ljudima je puno udobnije kada je temperatura ambijenta neutralna, omogućujući tijelu da održava termalnu ravnotežu bez znojenja ili drhtanja (Stumpf i sur.
Seats and backs of office chairs are usually coated in materials over spongy cushions with isolation properties which prevents heat being taken away from the body (quoted in:
Sjedala i nasloni uredskih stolica obično su obloženi materijalima preko spužvastog ojastučenja koje ima izolirajuća svojstva što sprječava odvođenje topline od tijela (cit. u:
Results of Nicholson et al.
Rezultati Nicholsona i sur.
(1999) showed how much the sponge limits the transfer of heat and that every coating is a limiting factor of evaporation.
(1999.) pokazali su koliko spužva ograničava prijenos topline i da je presvlaka ograničavajući faktor stope hlapljenja.
Spongy cushions obstructs the transfer of humidity from skin surface.
Spužvaste podloge otežavaju i transfer vlage s površine kože.
(1988) discovered that next to different contents of sponge, permeability of sponge depends on the pressure, which means that thermal comfort varies for various people who use the same office chair, depending on the location and amount of compression on the spongy cushioning of seat and back.
(1988) otkrilo je da pored različitog sastava spužve, propusnost spužve ovisi o tlaku, što upućuje da termalna udobnost varira za različite ljude koji koriste istu radnu stolicu, ovisno o tome gdje i koliko stlače spužvasto ojastučenje sjedala i naslona.
(1978) researched various materials for cushioning of wheel chairs seats and discovered important increase of skin temperature below the thighs and seat bones on the examinees who were sitting on 10 cm thick bases made of sponge rubber.
(1978) istraživali su različite materijale za ojastučenje sjedala invalidskih kolica i otkrili značajan porast temperature kože ispod bedara i sjednih kostiju na ispitanicima koji su sjedili na 10 cm debelim podlogama od spužvaste gume (cit. u:
They have to be resistant to UV degradation and abrasion, durable and ensure perspicuity and transport of humidity (Cengiz and Babalik 2009).
Oni moraju biti otporni na UV degradaciju i abraziju, izdržljivi, ali i osiguravati prozračnost i transport vlage (Cengiz i Babalık 2009).
Some researches (Arens et al.
Neka istraživanja (Arens i sur.
2007) demonstrated that the greatest thermal comfort is related to medium temperature of skin about 33.5 °C.
2007) ukazala su da je najveća termalna udobnost povezana sa srednjom temperaturom kože od oko 33,5 °C.
Research of Cengiz and Babalik (2009) showed that the area around the waist is the most important for determining the perception of thermal comfort, and the percentage of local thermal uncomfort is especially high in the back area.
Istraživanje Cengiza i Babalıka (2009) je pokazalo da je područje oko struka najvažnije za određivanje percepcije termalne udobnosti, a postotak lokalne toplinske neudobnosti posebno je visok u području leđa.
Therefore, in relation to thermal comfort, back and waste area are the most sensitive ones on the human body.
Dakle, u pogledu termalne udobnosti, područja leđa i struka najosjetljivija su na ljudskom tijelu.
Permeability of humidity of various PU sponges in relation to relative deformity (source:
Permeabilnost vlage kod različitih PU spužvi u odnosu na relativnu deformaciju (izvor:
From the point of view of thermal comfort and its cause in correlation with various subjective and objective methods, it can be said that ambiental factors (for example noise, light and air temperature) do not affect the contact pressure, but can affect the subjective answers.
Sa stajališta povezanosti termalne udobnosti i njenih uzročnika u korelaciji s raznim subjektivnim i objektivnim metodama, može se reći da ambijentalni čimbenici (npr. buka, svjetlost i temperatura zraka) ne utječu na kontaktni tlak, ali mogu utjecati na subjektivne odgovore.
Office chair samples have been chosen according to the principles of good body support in working position and structures which enable proper and well positioning of sitting as a prerequisite of comfort, which primarily relates to the choice of mechanisms, form and quality of seat and back and adjustable hand rest.
Uzorci uredskih radnih stolica su odabrani prema načelima dobrog podržavanja tijela u radnom položaju i konstrukcijama koje omogućuju pravilno i dobro namještanje položaja sjedenja kao preduvjeta udobnosti, što se prvenstveno odnosilo na izbor mehanizama, oblika i kvalitete sjedala i naslona te podešavajućih naslona za ruke.
Six models of chairs used in a research (in alphabetical order)
Šest modela stolica rabljenih u istraživanju (abecednim redom)
Research used five (5) models of chairs of two marked with BS, KS, RS, LS and MA.
U istraživanju je rabljeno pet (5) modela stolica dvaju označenih oznakama BS, KS, RS, LS i MA.
Appearance of chair models is shown on figure 3.
Izgled modela stolica prikazan je na slici 3.