natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Main characteristic of seat in a slot in its back part with primary task to ease long-term sitting for men by reducing the pressure on prostate, but for both sexes within the meaning of reducing the load on tailbone.
Glavna karakteristika sjedala je urez na njegovom stražnjem dijelu s primarnom zadaćom da olakša dugotrajno sjedenje muškarcima smanjenjem pritiska na prostatu, ali i za oba spola u smislu smanjenja opterećenja na trtičnu kost.
Seat 60 mm thick glued from two types of PU cut sponges: in the lower layer 20 mm PG 65120, in the medium layer 20 mm PT 3246 and viscoelastic PU sponges 20 mm thick in the upper layer.
Sjedalo debljine 60 mm slijepljeno od dviju vrsta PU rezanih spužvi: u donjem sloju 20 mm PG 65120, u srednjem sloju 20 mm PT 3246 te viscoelastične PU spužve debljine 20 mm u gornjem sloju.
Main characteristic of seat is layered structure with the use of viscoelastic material.
Glavna karakteristika sjedala je slojevita konstrukcija s uporabom viscoelastičnog materijala.
Seat 60 mm thick from PU cut sponge of quality code PT 3246 on the entire surface.
Sjedalo debljine 60 mm od PU rezane spužve oznake kvalitete PT 3246 na cijeloj površini.
Main characteristic of the seat is a"normal" seat with even quality on its surface.
Glavna karakteristika sjedala je "normalno" sjedalo s ujednačenom kvalitetom po njegovoj površini.
Layer of PU cold-cast sponge in the density of 40 kg/m3 was placed over the strings, in approximately 20 mm of thickness.
Preko opruga stavljen je sloj PU hladno-lijevane spužve gustoće 40 kg/m3, debljine približno 20 mm.
Seat 55 mm thick, from PU cold-cast sponge in the quality designation 4040 with density of 40 kg/m3.
Sjedalo debljine 55 mm od PU hladno lijevane spužve oznake kvalitete 4040 s gustoćom od 40 kg/m3.
Main characteristic of seat is elastic joint with mechanism which enables three-dimensional movement with the help of patented system.
Glavna karakteristika sjedala bila je elastična veza s mehanizmom pomoću patentiranog sustava koji omogućuje trodimenzionalno gibanje.
Six (6) healthy persons participated in the research (3 females and 3 males), in the age between 29 to 43.
U istraživanju koje je sudjelovalo je šest (6) zdravih osoba (3 ženske i 3 muške) starosti od 29 do 43 godine.
Basic data of the examinees
Osnovni podaci ispitanika
Research used methods of subjective evaluation of thermal comfort while sitting down and measurement of temperature and relative humidity with the help of measuring system.
U istraživanju su rabljene metode subjektivne procjene termalne udobnosti pri sjedenju te mjerenja temperature i relativne vlage pomoću mjernog sustava.
Measuring took place in air-conditioned space with mean values of temperature from 23.94 °C and relative humidity of 46.43%.
Mjerenje se odvijalo u klimatiziranom prostoru sa srednjim vrijednostima temperature od 23,94 °C i relativne vlage od 46,43%.
In order for the influence of clothes to be reduced to the minimum during measuring, examinees wore cotton underwear for the purpose of testing and light linen or cotton clothing.
Da bi se utjecaj odjeće pri mjerenjima sveo na minimum, ispitanici su za potrebe ispitivanja odjenuli pamučno donje rublje te laganu lanenu ili pamučnu odjeću.
All six examinees were measured on five chosen chairs (BS, KS, LS, MA and RS) according to previously set schedule, on two chairs daily in duration of 90 minutes on each chair.
Svih šest ispitanika mjereno je na odabranih pet stolica (BS, KS, LS, MA i RS) prema unaprijed utvrđenom rasporedu, na dvije stolice dnevno u trajanju od 90 minuta na svakoj stolici.
At objective measuring, the frequency of sampling was one sample per minute, and each sample consisted of six data on temperature and six data on relative moisture.
Pri objektivnim mjerenjima frekvencija uzorkovanja bila je jedan uzorak u minuti, a svaki se uzorak sastojao od šest podataka o temperaturi i šest podataka o relativnoj vlazi.
Thermal comfort evaluation during sitting
Procjene termalne udobnosti sjedenja
Subjective evaluation method of thermal comfort is based on the procedure for evaluation of thermal environment in cars.
Metoda subjektivne procjene termalne udobnosti temelji se na postupku za procjenu termalnog okružja u automobilima.
The questionnaire consisted of four parts: sense of warmth on ten different body parts, body moisture on two parts, thermal comfort on the chair and degree of sweating.
Upitnik se sastojao od četiri dijela: osjećaju topline na deset različitih područja tijela, tjelesnoj vlazi na dva područja, termalnoj udobnosti na stolici te stupnju znojenja.
View of the questionnaire with all questions and answers for circling is shown on figure 4.
Izgled upitnika sa svim pitanjima i ponuđenim odgovorima namijenjenima zaokruživanju prikazan je na slici 4.
Data were prepared for processing with Microsoft©Excel, and were processed with statistical programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), ver.
Podaci su pripremljeni za obradu u programu Microsoft©Excel, a obrađeni su statističkim programom Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), ver.
Research of temperature and relative humidity during sitting
Istraživanje temperature i relativne vlage pri sjedenju
In this research, method of temperature and relative humidity measuring with measuring probes was used, with temperature and humidity sensors in the same housing (figure 5a).
U ovome istraživanju koristila se metoda mjerenja temperature i relativne vlage pomoću mjernih sondi s osjetilima za temperaturu i vlagu u istome kućištu (slika 5a).
Measuring probes were installed on chair seat in two ways.
Mjerne sonde ugrađivane su na sjedalo stolice na dva načina.
The first was installation into the inside of a seat, and the second was placement on seat surface precisely above the "insdide" probes, in a manner that they are glued with sticky tape (figure 5b and 5c).
Prvi način bila je ugradnja u unutrašnjost sjedala, a drugi način bilo je postavljanje na površinu sjedala točno iznad "unutarnjih" sondi, na način da su zalijepljene ljepljivom trakom (slika 5b i 5c).
View of the probe and installation of probe onto a chair with the device for collecting data
Prikaz sonde i postavljanja sondi na stolicu s uređajem za prikupljanje podataka
There were five probes installed in total on three measuring points (A, B, C) on seat (two in pairs and one individually) and one probe that was measuring the environmental conditions in the room:
Ukupno je bilo postavljeno pet sondi na tri mjerne točke (A, B i C) na sjedalo (dvije u paru i jedna pojedinačno) te jedna sonda koja je mjerila okolišne uvjete u prostoriji:
A) area around seat bone of left leg on seat surface (probe no.
A) područje oko sjedne kosti lijeve noge na površini sjedala (sonda br.
2), where conditions below the examinee's backside were measured;
2), u kojemu su mjereni uvjeti ispod ispitanikove stražnjice;
4), where conditions below the examinee's upper leg and backside were measured;
4), u kojemu su mjereni uvjeti ispod ispitanikove natkoljenice i bedra;
5), where conditions between the examinee's legs were measured
5), u kojemu su mjereni uvjeti u području između nogu ispitanika.
Research results are shown below, and only their arithmetical means are shown due to space limitations.
Rezultati istraživanja prikazani su u nastavku, a zbog ograničenosti prostora prikazane su samo njihove aritmetičke sredine.
Table 2. shows mean values of grades on questions from the questionnaire on thermal comfort (figure 4) on the matter of sense of warmth of examinees during sitting, and the sense of humidity on their bodies, their thermal comfort in general and their sense of sweating.
U tablici 2. prikazane su srednje vrijednosti ocjena na pitanja iz upitnika o termalnoj udobnosti (slika 4) o tome kakav su osjećaj topline ispitanici imali za vrijeme sjedenja, kakav im je bio osjećaj vlage na tijelu, kakva im je termalna udobnost općenito i koliki im je bio stupanj znojenja.
In table 3, there are mean values of measured temperatures and relative humidity on/in observed seats.
U tablici 3. prikazane su srednje vrijednosti izmjerenih temperatura i relativne vlage na/u promatranim sjedalima.
Te-Sg - temperature below backside, i.e. seat bone on the seat (up); Te-Sd - temperature below backside below the seat (down); Te-Ng - temperature below the upper leg on the seat (up); Te-Nd - temperature below the upper leg below the seat (down); Te-Mg - temperature on the middle of the seat between the legs (up); RH-Sg - relative humidity below the backside, i.e. seat bone on the seat (up); RH-Sd - relative humidity below the backside under the seat (down); RH-Ng - relative humidity below the upper leg on the seat (up); RH-Nd - relative humidity below the upper leg below the seat (down); RH-Mg - relative humidity in the middle of the seat between the legs (up).
Te-Sg - temperatura ispod stražnjice, tj. sjedne kosti na sjedalu (gore); Te-Sd - temperatura ispod stražnjice ispod sjedala (dolje); Te-Ng - temperatura ispod natkoljenice na sjedalu (gore); Te-Nd - temperatura ispod natkoljenice ispod sjedala (dolje); Te-Mg - temperatura na sredini sjedala između nogu (gore); RH-Sg - relativna vlaga ispod stražnjice, tj. sjedne kosti na sjedalu (gore); RH-Sd - relativna vlaga ispod stražnjice ispod sjedala (dolje); RH-Ng - relativna vlaga ispod natkoljenice na sjedalu (gore); RH-Nd - relativna vlaga ispod natkoljenice ispod sjedala (dolje); RH-Mg - relativna vlaga na sredini sjedala između nogu (gore).
From the total results of research and their analysis, it can be seen that the temperature measured in the area of seat bone of examinee on seat surface of MA chair is statistically significantly higher than the temperature measured on LS chair (t= -3.977; p=0,011) and RS (t=2,244; p=0,075).
Iz ukupnih rezultata istraživanja i njihove analize, može se vidjeti da je temperatura mjerena u području sjedne kosti ispitanika na površini sjedala kod stolice MA statistički značajno viša od temperature izmjerene na stolici LS (t= -3.977; p=0,011) i RS (t=2,244; p=0,075).
Inside of the sear, the temperature received for BS chair was significantly higher than the value of temperatures received for chairs KS (t=2,55; p=0,051), LS (t=2,70; p=0,043) i RS (t=6,12; p=0,002), while the temperature for the LS chair was statistically lower than the MA chair t= -3,50; p=0,017).
U unutrašnjosti sjedala temperatura dobivena za stolicu BS je značajno viša od vrijednosti temperatura dobivenih za stolice KS (t=2,55; p=0,051), LS (t=2,70; p=0,043) i RS (t=6,12; p=0,002), dok je temperatura kod stolice LS statistički značajno niža od stolice MA (t= -3,50; p=0,017).
Temperature measured in the area of upper leg is different on the surface of the seat of KS chair which is significantly lower than MA chair (t= -2,52; p=0,054); temperature of MA chair is statistically significantly higher than the LS chairs (t= -4,19; p=0,009) i RS (t=2,65; p=0,046).
Temperatura mjerena u području natkoljenice razlikuje se na površini sjedala kod stolice KS gdje je značajno niža od stolice MA (t= -2,52; p=0,054); temperatura stolice MA je statistički značajno viša od stolica LS (t= -4,19; p=0,009) i RS (t=2,65; p=0,046).
In the inside of the seats, the temperature is significantly higher for BS chair than for KS chairs (t=3,30; p=0,021) and RS (t=5,14; p=0,004); result for MA chair is statistically significantly higher than LS chair (t= -2,14; p=0,085).
U unutrašnjosti sjedala temperatura je značajno viša kod stolice BS nego kod stolica KS (t=3,30; p=0,021) i RS (t=5,14; p=0,004); rezultat za stolicu MA je statistički značajno viši od stolice LS (t= -2,14; p=0,085).
Temperature measured in the middle of seat surface (between the examinee's legs) is different for the following chairs: temperature is significantly lower for BS than for KS chairs (t= -4,30; p=0,008), LS (t= -5,92; p=0,002), MA (t= -5,41; p=0,003) and RS (t= -5,20; p=0,003); temperature of MA chair is significantly higher in relation to KS chairs (t= -2,17; p=0,082), LS (t= -4,16; p=0,009) and RS (t=2,43; p=0,060).
Temperatura mjerena na sredini površine sjedala (između nogu ispitanika) razlikuje se kod sljedećih stolica: temperatura je značajno niža kod stolice BS nego kod stolica KS (t= -4,30; p=0,008), LS (t= -5,92; p=0,002), MA (t= -5,41; p=0,003) i RS (t= -5,20; p=0,003); temperatura stolice MA značajno je viša u odnosu na stolice KS (t= -2,17; p=0,082), LS (t= -4,16; p=0,009) i RS (t=2,43; p=0,060).
In the inside of the seat, relative humidity of chair MA is significantly higher than the results received for chairs BS (t= -2,70; p=0,043) and LS (t= -2,75; p=0,041).
U unutrašnjosti sjedala relativna vlaga stolice MA je značajno viša od rezultata dobivenih za stolice BS (t= -2,70; p=0,043) i LS (t= -2,75; p=0,041).
In the inside of the seat, relative humidity of chair MA is significantly higher than the results received for chairs BS (t= -4,79; p=0,005), KS (t= -2,20; p=0,079) and LS (t= -5,37; p=0,003).
U unutrašnjosti sjedala relativna vlaga stolice MA značajno je veća od razine vlage kod stolica BS (t= -4,79; p=0,005), KS (t= -2,20; p=0,079) i LS (t= -5,37; p=0,003).
Relative humidity measured in the middle of seat surface (between the examinee's legs) is different for: MA chairs where it is significantly higher than the humidity level in the same area for chairs BS (t= -3,38; p=0,020) and LS (t= -4,30; p=0,008); and RS chairs, where it is significantly higher than the same measured of chairs BS (t= -7,21; p=0,001) and LS (t= -4,26; p=0,008).
Relativna vlaga mjerena na sredini površine sjedala (između nogu ispitanika) razlikuje se kod: stolice MA značajno je viša od razine vlage u tom području kod stolica BS (t= -3,38; p=0,020) i LS (t= -4,30; p=0,008); te stolice RS, gdje je značajno veća od iste mjere kod stolica BS (t= -7,21; p=0,001) i LS (t= -4,26; p=0,008).
Comparison of reached results for chairs brings to a conclusion that in the case of measuring of all sensors placed on the seat surface, temperatures that appear on the seat of MA chair are higher.
Iz usporedbe dobivenih rezultata na stolicama može se primijetiti da su u slučaju mjerenja na svim senzorima postavljenima na površinu sjedala, temperature koje se javljaju na sjedalu stolice MA u pravilu više.
By watching the sensors in the structure of seats in relation to their pairs on the surface, one can notice that the surface temperature is always higher than the one in the debt of the concerned seat.
Promatrajući senzore u strukturi sjedala prema svojim parovima na površini može se primijetiti da je temperatura na površini uvijek viša nego li ona u dubini odnosnog sjedala.
Analogue to the temperature sensors, relative humidity sensors were placed.
Analogno senzorima temperature nalazili su se senzori relativne vlage.
In the area of measuring on the seat surface on all measuring locations, there is a significantly higher humidity on the MA chair in relation to all the chairs on the sensor which was below the seat bone, on all of them, except for RS, in the area of upper leg and in relation to the seats BS and LS in the area between the examinee's legs.
U području mjerenja na površini sjedala na svim mjernim mjestima javlja se značajno veća vlaga na stolici MA prema svim stolicama na senzoru koji se nalazio ispod sjedne kosti, na svima, osim kod RS, u području natkoljenice te u odnosu na sjedala BS i LS u području između nogu ispitanika.
This brings us to a conclusion that the seat with cold-cast sponge, due to relatively higher concentration of humidity, makes sitting is more uncomfortable.
Iz navedenoga se može zaključiti da je na sjedalu s hladno lijevanom spužvom, zbog relativno više koncentracije vlage, sjedenje neudobnije.
By observing the sensors in seat structure, in relation to the models BS and LS, there is a significantly higher humidity in the MA seat in the sensor below the seat bone/backside (RH-Sd), and in the case of sensor RH-Nd in the area deep below the upper leg, next to the mentioned two, on KS model as well.
Promatrajući senzore u strukturi sjedala, opet se u sjedalu MA na senzoru ispod sjedne kosti/stražnjice (RH-Sd) javlja značajno viša vlaga u usporedbi s modelima BS i LS, a u slučaju senzora RH-Nd u području duboko ispod natkoljenice, pored spomenuta dva, još i na modelu KS.
However, by observing the sensors in the structure of seats towards their pairs on the surface, one can notice that the humidity level inside is always higher than the one on the surface of the concerned seat.
Promatrajući, međutim, senzore u strukturi sjedala prema svojim parovima na površini uočava se da je razina vlage u unutrašnjosti uvijek viša nego li ona na površini odnosnog sjedala.
Correlation of objective temperature and humidity measurement with the results of subjective sense of thermal comfort have a few mutual points.
Korelacije objektivnih mjerenja temperature i vlage s rezultatima subjektivnog osjećaja termalne udobnosti imaju nekoliko dodirnih točaka.
As it has been written earlier, questions from the questionnaire relate to the precisely determined locations of sense of temperature or humidity on the body.
Kao što je ranije opisano, pitanja iz upitnika odnose se na točno određena mjesta osjećaja temperature ili vlage na tijelu.
Therefore the results were meant to aggregate and create average value on the level of all chairs according to subjective feelings on identical locations on chair.
Iz tog razloga je odlučeno rezultate agregirati i stvoriti prosječne vrijednosti na razini svih stolica prema subjektivnim osjećajima na identičnim mjestima na stolici.
Identical locations on chair, i.e.the ones covered in the questions in the questionnaire and where measuring probe was located, were below tights (T1), inside of tights (T2) and on the backside (T8).
Identična mjesta na stolici, tj. ona za koja su u subjektivnom upitniku postavljena pitanja i na kojemu se nalazila mjerna sonda, bila su ispod bedara (T1), unutar bedara (T2) i na stražnjici (T8).
Cushioned products have heat insulation, which has an important part in a person's life, and it depends on textile and other materials which are installed into the product.
Ojastučeni proizvodi imaju toplinsku izolaciju, koja igra vrlo važnu ulogu u životu čovjeka, a ovisi o tekstilnim i ostalim materijalima koji se ugrađuju u proizvod.
Therefore, within the matter of thermal comfort, the stress lies on the issue how to achieve and maintain thermal balance of body through changes in positions.
U termalnoj udobnosti, dakle, naglasak je na tome kako promjenama položaja postići i održavati termalnu ravnotežu tijela.
Dry material is greater insulator then the moist one, while absorption of moisture is faster and quicker at higher temperatures.
Suhi materijal je veći izolator od vlažnoga, dok je upijanje vlage veće i brže kod više temperature.
The same is with transferring of humidity.
Isto je s predavanjem vlage.
At higher temperatures, transfer of humidity is faster, and the amount is greater.
Kod više temperature predavanje je vlage brže, a i količina je veća.
During the use of office chair, the person comes into direct contact with the seat, and a microclimate is created on the contact surface which then affect human positive or negative mood, depending on the temperature and humidity (Grbac 1988).
Prilikom uporabe uredske stolice osoba dolazi u neposredan dodir sa sjedalom, na čijoj se kontaktnoj površini stvara mikroklima koja utječe na čovjekovo pozitivno ili negativno raspoloženje, ovisno o temperaturi i vlazi (Grbac 1988).
The paper provides guidelines for further interdisciplinary research, thus providing an important contribution in maintaining and improving the health of dentists.
Rad daje smjernice za daljnja interdisciplinarna istraživanja čime predstavlja značajan doprinos u očuvanju i poboljšanju zdravlja stomatologa.
Key words: work chair for special occupations, dental therapist, work sitting, dental office, formation, healthy sitting, "healthy" furniture
Ključne riječi: radna stolica za posebna zanimanja, stomatolog-terapeut, radno sjedenje, stomatološka ordinacija, oblikovanje, zdravo sjedenje, "zdravi" namještaj
This is obvious through diet, healthy living, physical activity and sports, use of materials, products (and furniture) and numerous other segments.
To se ogledava kroz prehranu, zdravo življenje, tjelovježbu i sport, primjenu materijala, proizvoda (time i namještaja) i brojne druge segmente.
Still, no matter how much we believe the state of mind has changed regarding health prevention, insurance of a healthy working environment is still a big issue in Croatia and worldwide.
Pa ipak, koliko god mislili da se stanje svijesti promijenilo značajno po pitanju prevencije zdravlja, osiguranje zdravog radnog okruženja još uvijek predstavlja veliki problem i u Hrvatskoj i u svijetu.
Insufficient number of research on world level shows the extent of work that is before the researches, with the purpose of improving and preserving the worker's health.
Nedovoljan broj istraživanja na svjetskoj razini pokazuju koliko je još posla pred samim istraživačima, u cilju poboljšanja i očuvanja zdravlja radnika.
PROFESSIONAL ILLNESSES OF DENTAL THERAPISTS
PROFESIONALNA OBOLJENJA STOMATOLOGA-TERAPEUTA
Certain worker's population, especially those specific occupations where body is in an inadequate position during working or sitting, are included into special risk groups.
Određene populacije radnika, posebno djelatnici u specifičnim zanimanjima u kojima tijelo ima dugotrajno isti ili neodgovarajući položaj pri radu i sjedenju, ubrojeni su u posebno rizične skupine.
It is generally known fact that professional physical damages are more frequent at dentists (Mijoč 2010).
Općenito je poznato da su profesionalna tjelesna oštećenja kod stomatologa česta (Mijoč 2010).
Their work demands great physical and psychological strain, but so far, there were few attempts made to explain these issues (Tomić 2001).
Njihov rad zahtjeva velik fizički i psihički napor, no do sada je bilo malo pokušaja da se objasne te pojave (Tomić 2001).
It has been noted that the most frequent physical damages for therapists are in locomotive and cardiovascular system of organism (Blažić-Potočki 1992, Mijoč 2010, Čolić 2010).
Uočeno je da su i dalje najčešća tjelesna oštećenja kod terapeuta u lokomotornom i kardiovaskularnom sustavu organizma (Blažić-Potočki 1992, Mijoč 2010, Čolić 2010).
Dentists' pain and disorders while working
Bolovi i poremećaji kod stomatologa pri radu
(1998, quoted in:
(1998, cit. u:
(Source:
(Izvor:
Body postures of a dental therapist while sitting down (Mijoč 2010.)
Položaji tijela stomatologa-terapeuta pri sjedenju (Mijoč 2010.)
METHOD OF WORK AND MATERIALS
METODA RADA I MATERIJALI
Samples (Figure 3) for the implementation of research were different models of dental therapeutic chairs.
Uzorci (Slika 3) za provedbu ovog istraživanja bili su različiti modeli stomatoloških-terapeutskih stolica.
Total of five models were mutually different in form, structure and technology of design.
Sveukupno pet modela međusobno se razlikovalo po obliku, konstrukciji i tehnologiji izrade.
The examinees were sitting on both chairs and after that, they filled-in the questionnaire.
Ispitanici su sjedili na obje stolice i nakon toga ispunili anketu.
Stomatological Polyclinic Zagreb tested three models of chairs, which were mostly used in departments and which were also different in shape, construction and technology of design.
Na Stomatološkoj poliklinici Zagreb ispitalna su tri modela stolica, koji se najviše koriste po odjelima i koji su se također razlikovali po obliku, konstrukciji i tehnologiji izrade.
Chair samples (Photo:
Uzorci stolica (Foto:
Examinees and testing ground
Ispitanici i poligoni
Research was done on total of 52 dental therapists.
Istraživanje je provedeno na ukupno 52 stomatologa-terapeuta.
Group of examinees were done by 33 females and 19 males, in average age of 50.4 years, weight of 75.5 kg and height 172.05 cm.
Skupinu ispitanika činile su 33 ženske i 19 muških osoba, prosječne dobi od 50,4 godine, mase 75,5 kg i visine 172,05 cm.
Research methods
Metode istraživanja
Questionnaire
Anketa
The questionnaire contained 28 questions divided into two groups.
Anketa je sadržavala 28 pitanja podijeljenih u dvije grupe.