natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The second section relates to the comfort during use where factors of uncomfort and comfort are listed.
Drugi dio odnosio se na udobnost pri korištenju u kojem su navedeni činitelji neudobnosti i udobnosti.
Observation and photographing
Promatranje i fotografiranje
Photographed examinees and samples were observed, in order to see the real situation and working positions of dental therapist.
Promatrani su i fotografirani ispitanici i uzorci, kako bi se uočila stvarna situacija i radni položaji stomatologa-terapeuta.
Results of questionnaire
Rezultati anketnog upitnika
Examinees occasionally (56%) change working positions, while as much as 38% change them always.
Ispitanici povremeno (56%) izmjenjuju radne položaje, dok ih čak 38% izmjenjuje uvijek.
Chart 1 show the most frequent body posture of examinees while working.
Grafikon 1 prikazuje najčešći položaj tijela ispitanika pri radu.
The most common body posture of dental therapist while working
Najčešći položaj tijela pri radu stomatologa-terapeuta
Greater number of examinees (94%) occasionally feels pain while working, mostly in their back (45%), shoulders and neck (41%).
Veliki broj ispitanika (94%) povremeno osjeća bolove pri radu, najviše u leđima (45%) te ramenima i vratu (41%).
They also express muscle pain as well (80%).
Također iskazuju povremene bolove u mišićima (80%).
Most of examinees (805%) thinks that the seat is not hard enough.
Većina (80%) ispitanika smatra da je sjedalo odgovarajuće tvrdoće.
56% of examinees feels uneven pressure of seat on tights and backside, while as much as 42% never have that feeling.
56% ispitanika osjeća nejednak pritisak sjedala na bedra i stražnjicu, dok čak 42% nikada nema taj osjećaj.
72% of examinees feel comfortable while sitting in a chair.
72% ispitanika se osjeća udobno pri sjedenju na stolici.
Results of observing and photographing
Rezultati promatranja i fotografiranja
Body postures of dental therapists while standing (photo:
Položaji tijela stomatologa-terapeuta pri stajanju (foto:
proper position of shoulders
pravilan položaj ramena
appropriate hand rest
odgovarajući naslon za ruke
use of surgical magnifier
korištenje kirurških povećala
help of an assistant (four hands work)
pomoć asistenta (četveroručan rad)
equipment which allows the dentist's feet to be placed directly below the patient during treatment etc.
oprema koja dopušta nogama stomatologa da su smještene izravno ispod pacijenta tijekom liječenja i dr.
DISCUSSION
RASPRAVA
Common appearance of professional illnesses at dental therapists demands special attention.
Učestala pojava profesionalnih oboljenja kod stomatologa-terapeuta zahtjeva posebnu pažnju.
Body posture needs to be proper, and forced and unnatural positions need to be avoided.
Položaj tijela mora biti pravilan, a prisilne i nepravilne položaje treba izbjegavati.
Design requirements
Zahtjevi na oblikovanje
It is desirable to avoid long-term work with devices that create vibrations.
Poželjno je izbjegavati dugotrajan rad s uređajima koji stvaraju vibracije.
Aesthetic requirements.
Estetski zahtjevi.
Ergonomic requirements.
Ergonomski zahtjevi.
The most important relationship is the one between the user -product - surrounding.
Najvažniji je odnos korisnik - proizvod - okruženje.
Construction requirements.
Konstrukcijski zahtjevi.
Medicalrequirements.
Medicinski zahtjevi.
Technical and technological requirements.
Tehničko-tehnološki zahtjevi.
Economic requirements.
Ekonomski zahtjevi.
From the economic point of view, price class must be determined for certain type (solution) of product.
S ekonomskog gledišta, za pojedini tip (rješenje) proizvoda treba odrediti cjenovni razred stolice.
Lifetime of product, flexibility of delivery, market inventiveness and usability are what is important.
Važni su i vijek trajanja proizvoda, fleksibilnost isporuke, tržišna inovativnost i iskoristivost.
Interdisciplinary studies are also of great importance with financial support in the projects of EU which deal in similar problems.
Također su od velikog značenja interdisciplinarna međunarodna istraživanja s financijskom potporom u projektima Europske Unije koja se bave sličnom problematikom.
New findings enable entry into the areas of science and applied research on the European and world level, which helps the wood sector and sector of construction and design of wood products to find their place on the international marker.
Nova saznanja omogućavaju ulazak u područja znanosti i primijenjenih istraživanja na europskoj i svjetskoj razini, čime drvni sektor i grana konstruiranje i oblikovanje proizvoda od drva nalazi svoje mjesto na međunarodnom tržištu.
Design requirements for working chair of a dental therapist
Zahtjevi za oblikovanje radne stolice za stomatologa-terapeuta
Special occupations, like dental therapists, due to inappropriate furniture during their working years ,don't have proper body posture which in turns brings them pain in spine, as well as arms, back and neck.
Posebna zanimanja, poput stomatologa-terapeuta, u svom radnom vijeku zbog neprilagođenosti namještaja korisniku nemaju odgovarajući položaj tijela pri radu, pri čemu nerijetko pate od bolova u kralješnici, rukama, leđima i vratu.
The purpose of the research was to define the designer requirements for dental (therapeutic) chairs, surveying methods, observing, photographing and recording real-life situations and needs of a dental therapist in their offices.
Cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je definirati dizajnerske zahtjeve za oblikovanje stomatološke (terapeutske) radne stolice, metodama anketiranja, promatranja, fotografiranja i bilježenja stvarnih situacija i potreba stomatologa-terapeuta na njihovim radnim mjestima u ordinacijama.
Research results have shown that the therapeutic chair must be designed in such a way that enables maximum freedom of movement with as less as possible of unnecessary movements and that the education of users on the applications of possible solutions is essential.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da terapeutska stolica mora biti dizajnirana da omogućava maksimalnu slobodu kretanja uz što manje nepotrebnih pokreta te da je nužna edukacija korisnika o načinima primjene mogućih rješenja.
New findings enable entry into the areas of science and applied researches on European and world level, which helps the wood sector and construction and design of wood products to find their place on the international marker.
Nova saznanja omogućuju ulazak u područja znanosti i primijenjenih istraživanja na europskoj i svjetskoj razini, čime drvni sektor i grana konstruiranje i oblikovanje proizvoda od drva nalazi svoje mjesto na međunarodnom tržištu.
Throughout history, great progress is visible in the doctor's profession in question of preservation of health, and lately, people - the patients themselves, have increased care for themselves and their health.
Kroz povijest su vidljivi veliki pomaci u liječničkoj struci po pitanju očuvanja zdravlja, a u novije vrijeme pojavljuje se i povećana briga samih ljudi - pacijenata o samima sebi i svome zdravlju.
This mostly relates to office workers, students and special (specific) occupations, like for example dental therapists.
To se naročito odnosi na uredske djelatnike, učenike i posebna (specifična) zanimanja poput primjerice stomatologa-terapeuta.
Regulations brought by the European Union and those that are obligatory for Croatia once she enters the Union are just one segment in the insurance of general quality and safety of product, and the preservation of health.
Propisi koje donosi Europska Unija i kojima će se i Republika Hrvatska trebati prikloniti samim ulaskom u zajednicu samo su jedan segment u osiguranju opće kvalitete i wsigurnosti proizvoda, a time i očuvanja zdravlja.
Non-investigated segments relate to the course of formation of concerned and perceptive environment (environment, furniture and equipment) which must satisfy the user's expectations and demands and to ensure better health conditions for work.
Neistraženi segmenti odnose se na tijek oblikovanja predmetne i perceptivne okoline (okruženja, namještaja i opreme) koja treba zadovoljiti korisnikova očekivanja i zahtjeve te osigurati bolje zdravstvene uvjete za rad.
Paper is based on study of parameters for future design of work chairs for dental therapist where the user-therapist is the starting point of the research.
Rad se temelji na istraživanju parametara za buduće oblikovanje radne stolice za stomatologa-terapeuta pri čemu je korisnik-terapeut polažište istraživanja.
Research was taken in cooperation with the Faculty of Forestry and School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb and Stomatological Polyclinic in Zagreb which had a primary goal to determine designer requirements for design of dental (therapeutic) chair, surveying methods, observing, photographing and recording real-life situations and needs of dental therapists at their work places in their offices.
Istraživanje provedeno u suradnji Šumarskog i Stomatološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu i Stomatološke Poliklinike u Zagrebu imalo je za cilj odrediti dizajnerske zahtjeve za oblikovanje stomatološke (terapeutske) radne stolice, metodama anketiranja, promatranja, fotografiranja i bilježenja stvarnih situacija i potreba stomatologa-terapeuta na njihovim radnim mjestima u ordinacijama.
We would hereby like to thank all the participant and experts for their participation and implementation of research.
Ovim putem zahvaljujemo svim sudionicima i stručnjacima na sudjelovanju i provedbi istraživanja.
Professional illnesses of dental therapists
Profesionalna oboljenja stomatologa-terapeuta
Growing problem of a modern man are injuries and pain in locomotive system (spine and large joints) caused by summed microtraumas which are the result of inadequate body postures during long-term work (Grbac and Domljan 2007).
Sve veći problem suvremenog čovjeka predstavljaju ozljede i bolovi lokomotornog sustava (kralježnice, velikih zglobova) izazvani sumiranim mikrotraumama koje su rezultat neodgovarajućeg položaja tijela pri dugotrajnom radu (Grbac i Domljan 2007).
Persons like dentists, in their working lives, due to inadequate furniture and equipment don't have appropriate body posture while working, causing them to suffer from spine pain, as well as pains in arms, back and neck (Čolić 2010).
Osobe poput stomatologa, u svom radnom vijeku zbog neprilagođenosti namještaja i opreme nemaju odgovarajući položaj tijela pri radu, pri čemu nerijetko pate od bolova u kralježnici, rukama, leđima i vratu (Čolić 2010).
Analysis of professional damages for dentists pointed out to a need to develop dental equipment and furniture which is specially shaped in order to prevent such occurrences.
Analize profesionalnih oštećenja kod stomatologa ukazale su na potrebu razvoja stomatološke opreme i namještaja, posebno oblikovanog kako bi se spriječile navedene pojave.
Sector which deals in the production of equipment and furniture for dental offices, in order to improve health condition of a dentist and ease his work with a patient, is constantly improving this type of products, but so far, more care has been given to the patient and not to the therapist who is several hours a day, every day, in the same, physically unfavourable body posture.
Sektor koji proizvodi opremu i namještaj za stomatološke ordinacije, da bi poboljšao zdravstveno stanje stomatologa i olakšao rad na bolesniku, neprestano unaprjeđuje ove vrste proizvoda, no za sada se više pažnje posvećuje pacijentu nego samom terapeutu koji dnevno provede i nekoliko radnih sati u istom, fizički nepovoljnom položaju tijela.
According to the research of Finsen et al.
Prema istraživanju Finsena i sur.
Vodanović and Grgurev 2007), the largest number of muscular and skeletal disorders at dental therapists mostly attack back and neck, more so with males.
Vodanović i Grgurev 2007), najveći broj muskulo-skeletalnih poremećaja kod stomatologa-terapeuta zahvaća upravo leđa i vrat, s posebnim naglaskom na muški spol.
Along with the mentioned neck and back, several inappropriate body postures is noticed which affect the appearance of different pain syndromes and manifestations (Vodanović 2006, Vodanović and Grgurev 2007), these being lower back pain syndrome, disorders of vertebral dynamic segment, neck-pain syndrome, physical factors and disorders, effects of hand position on the fist grasp while in a sitting position and other (Njemirovskij 1971, Ćatović et al.
Uz spomenuti vrat i leđa, uočava se nekolicina neodgovarajućih položaja tijela koji utječu na pojavu različitih bolnih sindroma i manifestacija (Vodanović 2006, Vodanović i Grgurev 2007), a to su sindrom bolnih križa, sindrom poremećaja vertebralnog dinamičkog segmenta, sindrom bolnog vrata, fizički faktori i poremećaji, utjecaj položaja ruke na zahvat šakom kod sjedećeg položaja i drugi (Njemirovskij 1971, Ćatović i sur.
By observing the movements of dental therapist, it has been noted that the examinees don't stay in the same position for longer time (Njemirovskij 1971).
Promatrajući pokrete stomatologa-terapeuta, uočeno je da se ispitanici pri radu ne zadržavaju dulje vrijeme u istom stavu (Njemirovskij 1971).
Dentists often change his/her position during work.
Stomatolog često pri radu mijenja svoje držanje i položaj.
These are spatially very small displacements, but are very frequent in time, and they alternate by returning into initial position.
To su prostorno veoma mali pomaci, ali su vremenski učestali, a smjenjuju se s vraćanjem u početni položaj.
By studying video footages, it has been determined that there are mostly four possible working positions (Figure 1).
Proučavanjem video snimaka ustanovljeno je da uglavnom postoje četiri moguća radna položaja (Slika 1).
Dentist's posture was therefore determined by treatment which is performed on a patient and it depends primarily on whether it is done directly or indirectly.
Držanje stomatologa je određeno tretmanom koji obavlja nad pacijentom i ono ovisi prvenstveno o tome, radi li izravno ili neizravno.
All other variations cannot be considered as characteristic (Njemirovskij 1971).
Sve ostale varijacije ne možemo smatrati karakterističnima (Njemirovskij 1971).
A) by standing """""""directly" over the lying patient; B) by sitting directly over the lying patient; C) by standing undirectly over lying patient; D) by sitting undirectly over the lying patient.
A) stojeći rad “izravno” nad ležećim pacijentom; B) sjedeći rad “izravno” nad ležećim pacijentom; C) stojeći rad “neizravno” nad ležećim pacijentom; D) sjedeći rad “neizravno” nad ležećim pacijentom.
Preliminary research started on the Faculty of Forestry and School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb have shown that there are similar problems to this profession.
Predistraživanja započeta na Šumarskom i Stomatološkom fakultetu u Zagrebu ukazala su da i u nas postoje slični problemi ove struke.
Mijoč (2010) collected information in his researches so far, real-life situations have been photographed and the positions of dental therapists while working with patients in offices and problems of this target population were recognized (Figure 2).
Mijoč (2010) je u svom radu prikupio podatke dosadašnjih istraživanja, fotografirane su stvarne situacije i položaji stomatologa-terapeuta pri radu s pacijentima u ordinacijama te su uočeni problemi ove ciljane populacije (Slika 2).
Also, in his paper, he proposes design of a chair which would enable half-sitting/half-standing, which is firm and stable, adjustable in height according to every individual user so that individuals wouldn't have to bend too much, stretch or strain while performing everyday dental procedures.
Također, u radu se predlaže osmišljavanje stolice, koja bi omogućila polusjedenje/polustajanje, koja je čvrsta i stabilna, po visini podesiva prema svakom individualnom korisniku kako se pojedinci ne bi previše saginjali, istezali ili naprezali dok obavljaju svakodnevne stomatološke zahvate.
In conversation with dental therapists and by defining the requirements for an "ideal" (or: optimal) chair for this group of users, questions arise on the dependence of working chair where dentist is seated and patient's chair or bed.
U razgovoru sa stomatolozima-terapeutima i definiranjem zahtjeva za „idealnom“ (ili: optimalnom) stolicom za ovu skupinu korisnika nameću se pitanja o ovisnosti radne stolice na kojem sjedi stomatolog i stolice, odnosno ležaja pacijenta.
They greatly depend on each other, and changes of patient's positions might be considered in relation to the working body posture of a dentist (Mijoč 2010).
Oni uvelike ovise jedno o drugom, pa bi možda trebalo razmatrati promjene položaja pacijenta u odnosu na radni položaj tijela stomatologa (Mijoč 2010).
This paper is a follow-up on the results of research of authors Čolić (2009), Kruljac (2009) and Mijoč (2010) - the students of the Faculty of Forestry in Zagreb.
Ovaj rad nastavak je na rezultate istraživanja autora Čolić (2009), Kruljac (2009) i Mijoč (2010) - studenata Šumarskog fakulteta u Zagrebu.
PURPOSE OF THE PAPER
CILJ RADA
The purpose of this study is to define designer requirements for formation of dental (therapeutic) chair by methods of observing, measuring, photographing and recording real-life situations and needs of users (dental therapists) at their work place (office).
Cilj istraživanja je definiranje dizajnerskih zahtjeva za oblikovanje stomatološke (terapeutske) radne stolice metodama promatranja, mjerenja, fotografiranja i bilježenja stvarnih situacija i potreba korisnika (stomatologa-terapeuta) na njihovom radnom mjestu (ordinacija).
The ultimate purpose is to define a requirement which will enable formation of appropriate products which will prevent illnesses, affect preservation and improvement of health and enable the development of new knowledge on furniture for sitting adjusted to the needs and habits of target group of users.
Krajnji cilj je definiranje zahtjeva koji će omogućiti oblikovanje odgovarajućih proizvoda koji bi prevenirali oboljenja, utjecali na očuvanje i poboljšanje zdravlja te omogućili razvoj novih spoznaja o namještaju za sjedenje prilagođeno potrebama i navikama ciljne skupine korisnika.
Two models of chairs were studied at the School of Dental Medicine in Zagreb, one of which was an older model, and the other was its modern version.
Na Stomatološkom fakultetu u Zagrebu istražena su dva modela stolica, od kojih je bio jedan stariji model, a drugi njegova moderna varijanta.
Research was done at the Faculty of Forestry in Zagreb and Stomatological Polyclinic Zagreb in period from July to October 2010.
Istraživanje je provedeno na Stomatološkom fakultetu u Zagrebu i Stomatološkoj poliklinici Zagreb u razdoblju od srpnja do listopada 2010. godine.
The first part of questions related to the application of working chair, the time of sitting, position while sitting and pains the dentists feel.
Prvi dio pitanja odnosio se na primjenu radne stolice, na vrijeme sjedenja, položaj pri sjedenju i bolove koje stomatolozi osjećaju.
Their opinions in the areas of needs and demands on the design of chair are of great importance for defining instructions for the design and formation and construction of this type of products.
Njihova mišljenja u području potreba i zahtjeva na oblikovanje radne stolice od velikog su značaja za definiranje uputa za dizajn te oblikovanje i konstruiranje ove vrste proizvoda.
The possibility was to circle one of the proposed answers below every question which best describes their opinion and needs.
Mogućnost je bila zaokružiti jedan od ponuđenih odgovora ispod svakog pitanja koji najbolje opisuje njihovo mišljenje i potrebe.
The examinees also had the opportunity to circle one of the proposed answers which describes their feeling in a best possible way, their impression or effect.
Isto tako ispitanici su imali mogućnost zaokružiti jedan od ponuđenih odgovora koji najbolje opisuje njihov osjećaj, dojam ili djelovanje.
The relationship of the examinee and the sample as well as the examinee and patient rise to surface with this method, and numerous shortcoming and irregularities can be seen in the body posture of a dental therapist, which in the long-run most certainly cause health issues.
Ovom metodom dolazi do izražaja odnos ispitanika i uzorka kao i ispitanika i pacijenta te se mogu dobro uočiti brojni nedostaci i nepravilnosti u položaju tijela stomatologa-terapeuta, koji u duljem vremenskom razdoblju zasigurno uzrokuju zdravstvene probleme.
In this study, the authors stress out some of the most significant results in examinees's answers and collected photodocuments, based on which guidelines were brought for further research and design of therapist chair.
U ovom radu autori izdvajaju neke od značajnijih rezultata odgovora ispitanika i prikupljene fotodokumentacije, na temelju kojih su donesene smjernice za daljnja istraživanja i oblikovanje radne stolice za terapeuta.
Results of examinee's answers show that in relation to the frequency of use of work chair during office hours, 35% of examinees use the chair whole the time, 30% use it over an hour, while 10% don't use it at all.
Rezultati odgovora ispitanika pokazuju da u odnosu na učestalost korištenja radne stolice tijekom radnog vremena, 35% ispitanika koristi stolicu cijelo radno vrijeme, 30% ga koristi više od sat vremena, dok 10% uopće ne koristi stolicu.
This is mostly older population of workers who didn't get the habit of sitting in a chair during their working years.
Većinom je to starija populacija djelatnika koja nije tijekom svog radnog vijeka stekla naviku sjedenja na stolici pri radu.
The range of positions is from standing, sitting, bending and leaning to walking.
Raspon položaja kreće se od stajanja, sjedenja, saginjanja do oslanjanja i hodanja.
Feet swelling sometimes appear at 37% of examinees, while as much as 59% have no such problems.
Naticanje nogu povremeno se pojavljuje kod 37% ispitanika, dok čak 59% nema takvih problema.
As much as 62% of examinees occasionally feel stiff while working and are sitting restlessly, and 88% occasional feels tired and uncomfortable.
Čak 62% ispitanika se povremeno osjeća ukočeno pri radu i nemirno sjedi, a 88% povremeno osjeća umor i neudobnost.
The subjectivity of the sense of uncomfort and comfort is seen in the answers to questions about whether they feel rested (occasionally, 85%) and relaxed (occasionally, 80%).
Subjektivnost osjećaja udobnosti i neudobnosti uočava se u odgovorima na odgovore ispitanika da li se osjećaju odmoreno (povremeno, 85%) i opušteno (povremeno, 80%).
In answers to questions which relate to the examinee's propositions and future requests on the design of chair, examinees are moderately satisfied by existing solutions they use (90%), and think that it is desirable that the chair follows the movement of examinee (81%) and that it has the option of adjusting the height of seat and back (100%).
U odgovorima na pitanja koja su se odnosila na prijedloge ispitanika i buduće zahtjeve na oblikovanje radne stolice, ispitanici su umjereno zadovoljni postojećim rješenjima koje koriste (90%), smatraju da je poželjno da radna stolica prati kretnje korisnika (81%), te da ima mogućnost namještanja visine sjedala i naslona (100%).
Photo-documentation and analysis of body postures of dental therapists on the School of Dental Medicine of the University of Zagreb point to reality and alarming state of the problem (Figure 4).
Foto-dokumentacija i analiza položaja tijela stomatologa-terapeuta na Stomatološkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu ukazuju na realnost i alarmantnost problema (Slika 4).
For the purpose of reducing the risk of pain in arms, back, joints, neck and eyes, besides the properly designed dental chairs, there is also a series of influencing factors which were discovered through photographing and by talking to examinees, namely:
Za smanjenje rizika od javljanja bolova u rukama, leđima, zglobovima, vratu te očima, osim pravilno dizajnirane stomatološke stolice utječe još i niz faktora, koji su otkriveni fotografiranjem i razgovorima s ispitanicima, a to su:
placing of light near the cavity without blocking the view of the dentist
postavljanje svijetla dovoljno blizu usne šupljine a da pri tom ne zaklanja vidno polje stomatologa
resting of elbows during patient treatment
odmaranje laktova tijekom liječenja pacijenta