natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
growth of Portuguese trade openness since the end of World War II.
ske trgovinske otvorenosti od kraja Drugoga svjetskog rata.
For the Portuguese reality, it is one of the first attempts to discuss a large set of simultaneously tested control variables.
Za Portugal je to jedan od prvih pokušaja rasprave o velikom skupu simultano testiranih kontrolnih varijabli.
For this purpose, the methodology started from a model that tries to identify the public expenditures to a system of simultaneous macroeconomic forces and, for testing, it followed the steps associated with cointegration analysis.
Metodologija za tu namjenu sastoji se od modela kojima se pokušavaju identificirati javni rashodi do sustava simultanih makroekonomskih sila, koji je radi testiranja dopunjen kointegracijskom analizom.
Using the most convenient techniques, a restrictive set of four expenditures (subsidies, interest payments, other current expenditures, and total public expenditures as a proportion of GDP) was found among the wider set suggested by the Literature.
Uz pomoć najprikladnijih tehnika pronađen je restriktivan skup četiriju vrsta rashoda (subvencije, rashodi na kamate, ostali tekući rashodi i ukupni javni rashodi kao udio u BDP-u) unutar šireg seta koji se obično navodi u literaturi.
The nature of these expenditures supports the claim that, for the Portuguese case, a particular validity of the compensation hypothesis has been observed.
Priroda tih rashoda govori da je, vezano za Portugal, potvrđena specifična valjanost kompenzacijske hipoteze.
The achieved evidence promotes an important rule: in addition to there being a long-term relation between (some) public expenditures and trade openness, short-term relations may also appear.
Postignuti dokaz promiče važno pravilo: osim dugoročne veze između (nekih) javnih rashoda i trgovinske otvorenosti, između te dvije varijable može se pojaviti i kratkoročna veza.
Keywords: globalization, economic policy, government expenditure compositionn
Ključne riječi: globalizacija, ekonomska politika, struktura državnih rashoda
P. Reis Mourão: Has Trade Openness Increased all Portuguese Public Expenditures?
P. Reis Mourão: Je li trgovinska otvorenost povećala sve komponente portugalskih javnih rashoda?
These hypotheses acknowledge that economic growth serves the interests of virtually all citizens and is a strong predictor of election outcomes.
Budući da globalizacija ima dalekosežne posljedice na tako mnogo sastavnica svakodnevnog života, ta je tema vrlo prikladna za političke agente koji žele potaknuti političke rasprave i mobilizirati političku potporu.
These hypotheses, in their theoretical assumptions, also admit that efficiencies gained through the integration of markets for trade and investment are key to securing economic growth in the future, and, finally, they recognize the diverse impact that integration will have on labour markets in many countries.
Spektar političkih agenata koji su se koristili pitanjem globalizacije kao načinom izražavanja kako bi promovirali vlastite političke planove vrlo je širok, od poznatih javnih osoba zabrinutih za globalizacijom izazvanu društvenu dinamiku do demagoga i uličnih prosvjednika.
Following the compensation argument, provided that openness does increase exposure to external risk and governments do discharge the risk-mitigating role, we ought to find a positive causal relationship between trade-openness and government size.
Na primjer, javna se potrošnja povećala u razdobljima kad su gospodarstva bila relativno zatvorena, a činitelji nepovezani s globalizacijom, kao što su starenje stanovništva ili dostupnost prikladnih poreznih prihoda, također su pridonijeli porastu javne potrošnje.
The next section reviews the globali
glase osobitosti svake zemlje u svakom razdoblju.
Two major trends characterised the post World War II period, namely the process of international economic integration and the expansion of government sectors both in industrialised and in developing countries and, particularly in the former, the increasing role of the public authority as the main provider of social insurance.
Prema kompenzacijskom argumentu, ako otvorenost zaista povećava izloženost vanjskom riziku i vlade doista osiguravaju zaštitu od tog rizika, trebali bismo pronaći pozitivnu uzročnu vezu između trgovinske otvorenosti i veličine države.
Therefore, a negative relationship between trade openness and government spending can be expected, according to the efficiency hypothesis.
Te hipoteze potvrđuju da ekonomski rast služi interesima gotovo svih građana i da je snažan pokazatelj izbornih rezultata.
For instances, the effect of trade is likely to be more signalled by inequality than insecurity in the OECD countries, with the reverse being observed in the developing countries.
Unatoč varijabilnosti u strukturi javnih prihoda, osobito u strukturi poreznih prihoda, kad se vlada najviše oslanja na poreze na dohodak i imovinu, nastaje erozija osobne imovine, što umanjuje investicije, potiče aprecijaciju realnog tečaja i smanjuje globalnu nacionalnu konkurentnost.
On the other hand they also find that globalization increases social outlays.
Tako se dezindustrijalizacijska hipoteza može shvatiti kao nulta hipoteza drugih dviju.
1 An anonymous referee of the Financial Theory and Practice argues that there is an alternative lecture of the deindustrialisation hypothesis, stating that neither of the two main hypotheses (Efficiency or Compensation) should be acting when the deindustrialisation hypothesis prevails.
1 Anoniman recenzent časopisa Financijska teorija i praksa tvrdi da postoji alternativno objašnjenje dezindustrijalizacijske hipoteze, prema kojemu nijedna od dvije glavne hipoteze (učinkovitosti ili kompenzacije) ne bi trebale djelovati ako prevlada dezindustrijalizacijska hipoteza.
The political and intellectual winds that led to the expansion of government and produced the welfare state have been long in coming and became strong in the years when economies became less open.
penzacijsku hipotezu - povećana volatilnost, koju uzrokuje sve veća izloženost i ovisnost o događajima u svijetu, za državu generira poticaje da osigura socijalno jamstvo protiv ekonomske dislokacije i njenih socijalnih nacionalnih posljedica.
, logs, and its first differences,
Trgovinska otvorenost Portugala
be a co-movement between Portuguese trade openness and the Portuguese public expenditures.
Oni zaključuju da je napravljen velik skok na ljestvici otvorenosti za europske zemlje poput Finske, Italije, Portugala, Španjolske i Švedske.
The interpretation for each estimated coefficient varies slightly, depending on the cho
grupa sastoji od tekućih rashoda, javne potrošnje te rashoda za plaće i tekuće transfere.
The former case returns estimates for the effects promoted by each determinant on the fiscal series levels.
Druga se grupa rashoda sastoji od ostalih tekućih rashoda, kapitalnih rashoda, rashoda na bruto formaciju fiksnog kapitala i nabavu zemljišta te kapitalnih transfera.
Current Transfers Exp. annual growth rates; D(LJURR): Exp. on Interests annual growth rates;
nje između portugalske trgovinske otvorenosti i portugalskih javnih rashoda.
P. Reis Mourão: Has Trade Openness Increased all Portuguese Public Expenditures?
U prvom slučaju dobivamo procjenu učinka svake determinante na razinu zabilježenu u fiskalnoj seriji.
This study focused on the most detailed available panel of Portuguese public expen
S obzirom na proces log linearizacije, te su procjene jednake elastičnosti javnih rashoda.
In a following task, it is needed to characterize the integration level of each variable.
Za sljedeći je zadatak potrebno karakterizirati integracijsku razinu svake varijable.
For this purpose, I firstly used the popular Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test.
Stoga smo najprije upotrijebili popularni prošireni Dickey-Fullerov test (Augmented Dickey-Fuller, ADF).
For discussing the preferred number of lags in each regression of the test, the Schwarz Information Criteria were used.
Za raspravu o odabranom broju lagova u svakoj regresiji testa primijenili smo Schwarzove informativne kriterije (Schwarz Information Criteria).
The results suggest that the series LREC and LIDOS are I(2) while all the others are I(1).
Rezultati pokazuju da su serije LREC i LIDOS tip I(2), dok su sve ostale serije tip I(1).
According to Elliott, Rothenberg and Stock (1996), the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test can reveal serious problems if there is a short sample of observations.
Prema Elliottu, Rothenbergu i Stocku (1996), prošireni Dickey-Fullerov test može naići na značajne probleme ako je skup opažanja kratak.
Source: Author's comutation on the basis of the sources in Table D1
Izvor: autorov izračun na temelju izvora tablice D1.
Since there were only I(1) variables in this phase, the null hypothesis of no-cointe
S obzirom na to da su u toj fazi ostale samo varijable I(1), nulta hipoteza o nepo
gration was then evaluated using Engle-Granger-type tests with MacKinnon (1996) tables.
stojanju kointegracije procijenjena je testovima tipa Engle-Granger, uz pomoć tablica iz MacKinnona (1996).
All the significant coefficients of LTXAB from these regressions are positive.
Svi signifikantni koeficijenti za LTXAB u tim su regresijama pozitivni.
After this step, it was registered that the coefficient associated to the (logs of the) real
Nakon tog koraka zabilježeno je da koeficijent povezan s (logaritmom) realnog bruto
gross domestic product (GDP) had, statistically, a value around “1”, in some of the regressions.
domaćeg proizvoda (BDP-a) u nekim regresijama ima statističku vrijednost oko 1.
For building the intervals of values containing efficient estimations, I followed the
Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares, DOLS) te nelinearnu LS metodu (engl.
According to this suggestion, the researcher has to make use of the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) and to the Non-linear Least Squares (NLS) estimations.
Takav postupak daje raspon vrijednosti (od najnižih do najviših vrijednosti skupa metoda procjene) kojima se izbjegavaju uobičajene pogreške u procjeni koje, na primjer, mogu biti rezultat teško primjetnih strukturalnih prekida.
P. Reis Mourão: Has Trade Openness Increased all Portuguese Public Expenditures?
Smatramo da u analiziranom razdoblju naša specifikacija dugoročne veze pokazuje
Suggesting an economically intuitive interpretation of the results, we can point out
P. Reis Mourão: Je li trgovinska otvorenost povećala sve komponente portugalskih javnih rashoda?
The other current expenditures and the expenditures on interest payments increased in levels due to the increasing Portuguese openness, with the respective maximum responses 0.6 and 3.5, following the results from Dreher, Sturm and Ursprung (2006).
Razina ostalih tekućih rashoda i rashoda na kamate povećala se zbog rasta portugalske otvorenosti za maksimalnih 0,6 te 3,5, u skladu s rezultatima Drehera, Sturma i Ursprunga (2006).
According to Engle and Granger (1987), after long-run cointegrated equations are
Prema Engleu i Grangeru (1987), nakon procjene dugoročnih kointegracijskih jedna
The estimation of an ECM returns the proportion of the correction of the short-term deviations (λ) related to a long-term value of equilibrium.
ECM procjena daje omjere ispravaka kratkoročnih devijacija (λ) u odnosu prema dugoročnoj ravnotežnoj vrijednosti.
The compensation effect, on the other hand, is expected to lead to a more significant share of social expenditures.
da je smjer utjecaja jednak: čak i u kratkom roku, trgovinska otvorenost uglavnom povećava neke portugalske (tekuće) rashode.
positive causality from international trade openness to the size of all Portuguese government expenditures.
mentatora o utjecajima globalizacije na nacionalnu ekonomsku politiku te rezultata preciznih znanstvenih radova.
P. Reis Mourão: Has Trade Openness Increased all Portuguese Public Expenditures?
Analiza u ovom radu nije uspjela dati osobito uvjerljivu potporu tvrdnji da otvorenost
been observed is the particular validity of the compensation hypothesis to the detriment of the efficiency hypothesis (not one of the estimated coefficients for the public outlays has been characterized by a negative sign).
Alternativno, ti bi se rezultati mogli protumačiti kao dokaz da trgovinska otvorenost nije glavna sila koja uzrokuje rast svih javnih rashoda, no ipak utječe na veličinu određenih vrsta potrošnje (ukupni rashodi kao udio u BDP-u, ostali tekući rashodi i subvencije).
Interestingly, these results combine the expected evidence from the works of Rodrik
Zanimljivo je da ti rezultati na primjeru Portugala kombiniraju očekivane dokaze iz
(1997) and the challenger Garrett (2001) for a national case.
radova Rodrika (1997) i njegova oponenta Garretta (2001).
Besides a long-term relation between (some) public expenditures and trade openness, there may appear short-term relations between them.
Osim dugoročne veze između (nekih) javnih rashoda i trgovinske otvorenosti, postoji i kratkoročna veza među njima.
“Wagner's law of expanding state activiy”.
“Wagner's law of expanding state activity”.
Democracy in deficit: the political legacy of Lord Keynes.
Democracy in deficit: the political legacy of
„The Expansion of the Public Economy: A Comparative Analysis“.
The impact of parties: politics and policies in democratic ca
Comissão Nacional de Eleições - CNE (several years).
“Determining the Order of Differencing in AR
DGO - Direcção Geral do Orçamento (several years).
Direcção Geral do Orçamento - DGO (several years).
An Economic Theory of Democracy.
“Has Globalization Really Had No Effect on Unions?”
“Has Globalization Really Had No Effect on Unions?”
“The Influence of Globalization on Taxes and Social Policy - an
“Co-integration and Error correction: representat ion,estimation and testing”.
“Co-integration and Error correction: representation, estimation and testing”.
University of Nottingham School of Economics Discussion Paper, No. 98/10.
of Nottingham School of Economics Discussion Paper, No. 98/10.
“The Causes of Welfare State Expansion: Desindustrialization or Globalization?”.
“The Causes of Welfare State Expansion: Deindustrialization or Globalization?”.
Real Current Exp. (log)
realni tekući rashodi (log)
LCORR-LDDESP 1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years);
LCORR-LDDESP 1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina);
Real Public Consumption (log)
realna javna potrošnja (log)
LCPUB-LDCPU 1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years)
LCPUB-LDCPU 1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina)
Remunerações reais (log)
realne plaće (log)
LREM-LDCPU 1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years)
LREM-LDCPU 1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina)
Other real Current Exp. (log)
ostali realni tekući rashodi (log)
LODC-LDCPU 1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years)
LODC-LDCPU 1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina)
Real Exp. On Interests payments (log)
realni rashodi za plaćanje kamata (log)
LJUR-LDCPRIV 1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years)
LJUR-LDCPRIV 1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina)
Real Subsidies (log)
realne subvencije (log)
LSUBS-LDDESP 1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years)
LSUBS-LDDESP 1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina)
Real Current Transfers (log)
realni tekući transferi (log)
1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years)
1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina)
Real Capital Exp. (log)
realni kapitalni rashodi (log)
LCAP-LDDESP 1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years)
LCAP-LDDESP 1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina)
Gross Fixed-Capital Formation and Acquisition of Lands (log)
bruto formacija fiksnog kapitala i kupovina zemljišta (log)
LFBCF-LDDESP 1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years)
LFBCF-LDDESP 1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina)
Real Capital Transfers (log)
realni kapitalni transferi (log)
Aggregate real Public Exp. (log)
agregatni realni javni rashodi (log)
LDESPT-LDDESP 1947 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 a 2002: CGE (several years)
LDESPT-LDDESP 1947 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997); 1996 - 2002: CGE (više godina)
Number of Unemployed (log)
broj nezaposlenih (log)
Real GDP (log)
realni BDP (log)
LPIB-LDPIB 1947 a 1953: Andrade (2000); 1954 a 1995: Pinheiro (1997);
LPIB-LDPIB 1947 - 1953: Andrade (2000); 1954 - 1995: Pinheiro (1997);
Aggregate Public Revenues (log)
agregatni javni prihodi (log)
Number of Public Employees (log)
broj zaposlenih u javnom sektoru (log)
Trade Openness (log)
trgovinska otvorenost (log)
Positive (compensation hyp.) / Negative (efficiency hyp.)
pozitivan (kompenzacijska hip.) / negativan (hip. učinkovitosti)
Proportion between the direct and the indirect taxes (log)
omjer izravnih i neizravnih poreza (log)
Proportion between the local and the total public revenues (log)
omjer lokalnih i ukupnih javnih prihoda (log) LLOC
Proportion of Portuguese residents older than 65 years (log)
omjer portugalskih građana starijih od 65 godina (log)
Municipal electoral years (dummy)
godine okružnih izbora (dummy)
Parliamentary electoral years (dummy)
godine parlamentarnih izbora (dummy)
Years characterized by a parliamentary majority of “left” parties (dummy)
godine karakterizrane ljevičarskom većinom u parlamentu (dummy)
Note: LDPIB - (log) Deflator of the Gross National Product; LDCPRIV - (log) Deflator of the Private Consumption; LDCPU - (log) Deflator of the Public Consumption; LDDESP - (log) Deflator of the Public Expenditures.
Legenda: LDPIB - (log) deflator BNP-a; LDCPRIV - (log) deflator privatne potrošnje; LDCPU - (log) deflator javne potrošnje; LDDESP - (log) deflator javnih rashoda.
Sources of LDPIB, LDCPRIV and LDCPU - between 1947 and 1955, respectively, Valério et al. (1989), Neves (1996) and Pinheiro (1997), between 1956 and 1995, Pinheiro (1997) for all the deflators, and between 1996 and 2002, the Ministry of the Economy (GEE department) also for all.
Izvori za LDPIB, LDCPRIV i LDCPU: od 1947. do 1955. redom: Valério et al. (1989), Neves (1996) i Pinheiro (1997); od 1956. do 1995: Pinheiro (1997) za sve deflatore; od 1996. do 2002: Ministarstvo financija (GEE odjel), također za sve deflatore.
LDDESP is the result of a construction a la Paasche, following Beck (1981).
LDDESP je rezultat konstrukcije a la Paasche, prema Becku (1981).
Notes: significance levels 10%(*), 5%(**) and 1%(***).
Bilješke: razine signifikantnosti 10%(*), 5%(**) i 1%(***).
In the second column d = x identifies the x-th difference of the series.
U drugom stupcu d = x određuje x-ti diferencijal serije.
Between parantheses, the preferred number of lags according to the Schwartz Criteria, in the ADF tests (Inter - with Interception, Inter/Trend - with Interception and Trend), or according to Ng and Penon (2001) in the DF-GLS and Leybourne-McCabe (1994) tests.
U zagradama je naveden najprikladniji broj lagova prema Schwartzovim kriterijima, u ADF testovima (Inter - s odsječak, Inter/Trend - s odsječkom i trendom), ili prema Ng i Penon (2001) u DF-GLS i Leybourne-McCabe (1994) testovima.
Source: Author's computation on the basis of the sources in Table D1.
Izvor: autorov izračun na temelju izvora tablice D1.
Leybourne-McCabe (1994) Interception Interception and Trend Interception Interception and Trend
Leybourne-McCabe (1994) Interception Interseption and trend Interception Interception and trend
Between parentheses, below the estimated coefficients, the standard errors are exhibited.
U zagradama, ispod procijenjenih koeficijenata, nalaze se standardne pogreške.
The basic goal of the project was to research into future mid-term and long-term perspective of the incitement system of housing savings in Croatia through analyses of various scenarios and calculate the potential fiscal effects of future business of housing savings.
Temeljni je cilj projekta bio istražiti buduću srednjoročnu i dugoročnu perspektivu sustava državno poticane stambene štednje u RH analizama različitih scenarija te izračunati potencijalne fiskalne učinke budućeg poslovanja stambenih štedionica kao i mogućnosti povezivanja sustava stambene štednje s vladinim politikama poticanja energetske učinkovitosti.
The project thoroughly analysed three various scenarios and quantify the effects of potential net benefits or costs for Croatian state budget.
U projektu su se detaljno analizirala tri različita scenarija i kvantificirali učinci potencijalnih neto koristi ili troškova za hrvatski državni proračun.
The first scenario represents the analysis of net fiscal effects of the housing savings system in case of increase in number of savers and number of loan users in mid-term period.
Prvi scenarij predstavljao je analizu neto fiskalnih učinaka sustava stambene štednje u slučaju povećanja broja štediša i broja korisnika kredita u srednjoročnom razdoblju.
The second scenario dealt with the detailed analysis of the sensitivity of the system of housing savings relating to the amount of state incentives and assessment of fiscal effects of the incentives increase for long-term savings for up to 10 years.
Drugi scenarij bavio se detaljnijom analizom osjetljivosti sustava stambene štednje u odnosu na iznos državnih poticajnih sredstava te procjenom fiskalnih učinaka povećanja DPS-a za dugoročnu štednju do 10 godina.
topics of debate in transition countries.
jih tema u javnim raspravama u tranzicijskim zemljama.
At the first level discussions were waged concerning the material position of the pensioners and the sustainability of the system; at the level of principle about the manner of financing pensions, dilemmas concerning private and public and the interaction between capitalised retirement savings and the financial markets.
Na prvoj razini rasprave su voðene o materijalnom polo aju umirovljenika i odr ivosti sustava; na naèelnoj razini o naèinu financiranja mirovinskih potreba, dilemama privatno/javno i interakciji izmeðu kapitalizirane mirovinske štednje i financijskih tr išta.
Paradoxically, in all these discussions, one of the key elements in the working of the system was hardly mentioned: the collection of pensions contributions, the effectiveness of the competent institutions in the process and, particularly, lost revenues because of irregular and incomplete payment of contributions.
Paradoksalno, u svim tim diskusijama gotovo se i nije spominjao jedan od kljuènih elemenata u djelovanju sustava: prikupljanje mirovinskih doprinosa, uèinkovitost nadle nih institucija u tom procesu i, posebno, izgubljeni prihodi zbog neurednoga ili nepotpunog plaæanja doprinosa.
The book under view has endeavoured to fill up this gap.
Knjiga koju predstavljamo nastoji popuniti tu prazninu.
It gives comparative sur
U njoj se donose usporedni
veys of the systems for collecting, administering and controlling the payments of pensions contributions in several transition countries.
prikazi sustava prikupljanja, administriranja i kontrole uplata mirovinskih doprinosa u više tranzicijskih zemalja.
On the basis of the analysis carried out, the identification of the problems and the proposals for measures for their obviation, the book attempts to spot problems that exist in all the transition countries and to recommend universally applicable measures with which to improve the mechanism for the collection of retirement contributions.
Na temelju provedene analize, identificiranja problema i prijedloga mjera za njihovo uklanjanje u svakoj promatranoj zemlji, u knjizi se pokušavaju uoèiti problemi koji postoje u svim tranzicijskim zemljama i preporuèiti univerzalno primjenjive mjere koje bi mogle poboljšati mehanizam naplate mirovinskih doprinosa.
The book consists of seven chapters.
Knjiga se sastoji od sedam poglavlja.
Chapters 3 - 7 are devoted to an analysis of
Poglavlja 3-7. posveæena su analizi stanja u pet
the situation in the five countries under consideration: Croatia (Predrag Bejakoviæ), Hungary (Levente L.
promatranih zemalja: Hrvatskoj (Predrag Bejakoviæ), Maðarskoj (Levente L.
Máté), Poland (Agnieszka Chloñ-Domiñczak), Romania (Christian Toma) and Slovenia (Karmen Vezjak, Tine Stanovnik ).
Máté), Poljskoj (Agnieszka Chloñ-Domiñczak), Rumunjskoj (Christian Toma) i Sloveniji (Karmen Vezjak, Tine Stanovnik).