natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
These resources are multiplied by the credit multiplier in the observed period.
Opisani problem, kao i svi problemi dvorazinskog programiranja, pripadaju klasi NP-teških problema.
Also counted in available resources are collected repayments of loans made earlier diminished by loans made in the previous periods.
Za rješenje tog problema razvijena je heuristika bazirana na kombinaciji metoda pretraživanja i tabu pretraživanja.
1 For the given bank, the rate of the marginal/special reserve requirements is changed, and it is checked whether making loans is profitable at this level, according to existing interest rates, for each kind of loan.
1. Za odabranu banku, mijenja se stopa granične/posebne obvezne pričuve i provjerava se je li uz tu stopu profitabilno odobravanje plasmana po postojećim kamatnim stopama za svaku vrstu plasmana.
2 The lowest and highest rates of reserve at which operations case to be valuable for each kind of loan separately are memorized.
2. Pamti se najniža i najviša stopa pričuve uz koju prestaje profitabilno poslovanje po svakoj vrsti plasmana posebno.
3 If the solution for each kind of loan is found, then the search procedure is stopped.
3. Ako je pronađeno rješenje za svaku vrstu plasmana, prestaje postupak traženja.
4 A check is made to see if all the banks have been considered.
4. Provjerava se jesu li obrađene sve banke.
5 A calculation is made of the average marginal/special reserve requirements for the whole system in terms of each kind of loan separately.
5. Izračunava se prosječna stopa granične/posebne obvezne pričuve za sustav po svakoj vrsti plasmana posebno.
6 Stop of the calculation process.
6. Završetak procesa izračuna.
The flow diagram for the constructed heuristics is shown in Fig. 2.
Dijagram toka konstruirane heuristike prikazan je na slici 2.
In the numerical part, certain relaxations have been carried out to simplify the model, or for the sake of confidentiality, so as not to let the data of the bank used be identified as coming from that bank.
U numeričkom dijelu provedene su određene relaksacije koje pojednostavnjuju model ili pak, zbog poslovne tajne, ne dopuštaju da banke čiji su se podaci koristili, budu prepoznate.
The first assumption is that the interest rate on foreign borrowings is the same for all banks and comes to EURIBOR + 1.5 percentage points for borrowing and EURIBOR + 2 percentage points for bonds.
Prva je pretpostavka da je kamatna stopa na inozemno zaduženje za sve banke jednaka i da iznosi EURIBOR + 1,5 postotni bod za kredite, te EURIBOR + 2 postotna boda za obveznice.
Print out the calculated values for the highest, lowest and mean marginal / special reserve requirement for the banking system
Na taj smo način donekle uzeli u obzir i činjenicu da se kamatne stope mijenjaju.
Interest rates are the same in all periods of observation for each bank because we took the average interest rate.
Ispiši izračunane vrijednosti za najveću, najmanju i prosječnu graničnu/posebnu pričuvu za bankovni sustav.
Only macro periods are observed in the model, since the sum of all events in the
U modelu se promatraju samo makrorazdoblja jer se zbroj svih događanja u mikro
micro periods within a single macro period can be seen as a single event during this macro period.
razdobljima unutar jednog makrorazdoblja može promatrati kao jedinstveni događaj u tom makrorazdoblju.
Since the lower (market share of the bank) and the upper (maximum demand) bounds
Kako su u modelu postavljene donja (tržišni udio banke) i gornja (maksimalna po
are defined in the model for every kind of loan, we observed the following circumstances from the numerical calculations.
tražnja) ograda za svaku vrstu plasmana, iz numeričkih smo izračuna primijetili sljedeću činjenicu.
For each bank and each kind of loan, in the case of low rates of marginal reserve requirement, the funds lent out are on the upper bound.
Naime, za svaku banku i za svaku vrstu plasmana pri niskim su stopama granične/obvezne pričuve plasirana sredstva na gornjoj granici.
As the rates of marginal reserve requirement gradually increase, certain loans fall from the upper bound to the lower bound (that is, from the amount sufficient to satisfy the maximum demand they decline to an amount sufficient to achieve the planned market share).
Kako se stope granične/ /obvezne pričuve povećavaju, određeni plasmani gornje granice padaju na donju granicu (dakle, od iznosa dovoljnoga da se zadovolji maksimalna potražnja padaju na iznos dovoljan da se ostvari planirani tržišni udio).
For each bank and each kind of loan there is one rate of marginal reserve requirement at which the funds extended drop from the upper to the lower bound.
Pri tome za svaku banku i svaku vrstu plasmana postoji jedna stopa granične/obvezne pričuve pri kojoj plasirana sredstva s gornje granice padaju na donju.
Such rates are then calculated for each bank and each kind of loan separately.
Takve su stope onda izračunane za svaku banku i za svaku vrstu plasmana.
Then, for each kind of loan made, the average value of MRR as the arithmetical mean of all MRRs is calculated, and not just the minimum and maximum.
Potom je za svaku vrstu plasmana izračunana prosječna vrijednost GOP-a kao aritmetička sredina svih takvih GOP-ova, a ne samo minimalnoga i maksimalnoga.
The average value is calculated as the arithmetical mean because we assumed that market shares are identical.
Prosječna je vrijednost izračunana kao aritmetička sredina jer smo pretpostavili da su tržišni udjeli jednaki.
It should be said that this relaxation was done so that the banks in the analysis should not be identifiable from the market share and interest rates data.
Treba napomenuti da je ta relaksacija uvedena zato da se iz podataka o tržišnom udjelu i kamatama ne prepoznaju banke obuhvaćene analizom.
The decision support system created allows for various market shares without any problems or efforts.
Konstruirana programska podrška bez ikakvih problema i napora dopušta različite tržišne udjele.
In addition, if it is taken into account that most of the interest rates are the same for a given kind of loan and a given bank, market share does not actually play a great part during the calculation of the average value of MRR.
Također, uzme li se u obzir da je većina kamatnih stopa za pojedinu vrstu plasmana i za pojedinu banku jednaka, tržišni udio zapravo i nema veliku ulogu prilikom izračunavanja prosječne vrijednosti GOP-a.
In the framework of this heuristic the value of the binary variable vijlpt was also set at
U sklopu opisanih heuristika u svim je točkama promatranja vrijednost binarne vari
Certain categories constitute averages of several different types of loans (kuna loans, foreign currency loans…)
Zato smo u numeričkim izračunima, bez smanjenja općenitosti, izračunavali samo GOP.
The amount of the marginal/special reserve requirements is observed, at which
sječnih vrijednosti stopa granične/posebne obvezne pričuve dovoljno upotrijebiti običnu aritmetičku sredinu.
At the beginning, an equal market share is assumed for all banks, and in the calcu
Postoje dva tipa poslovnih banaka, a razlikuju se prema tome odobravaju li stambene kredite ili ne.
There are two types of commercial banks, distinguished by whether they do or do not give housing loans.
ke. Vrijednosti koje daju oznake iz prvog modela izračunane su kasnije unutar računalnog programa.
The shares of the loans made depending on the type of bank are given in the table below.
Jedine korištene oznake su one za povrate ranije odobrenih plasmana (yjilpt).
Type of loan
D. Pongrac, K.
The only notations used are those for the returns of loans made earlier (yjilpt ).
banke koje odobravaju stambene kredite banke koje ne odobravaju stambene kredite
The basic difference among the different banks is the difference in the interest rate policy.
Promatrane su poslovne banke u hrvatskome bankarskom sustavu.
The values of interest rates are obtained from the CNB.
Osnovna razlika među pojedinim bankama jest različita kamatna politika.
Proportions of loans Source: CNB
Udjeli plasmana Izvor: HNB
With the help of data concerning the proportions of each kind of loans inside the banking system and the calculated average values for the marginal reserve requirement within each individual model, the rate of marginal reserve requirement that has a major effect on system behaviour was calculated.
Pomoću podataka o udjelima pojedinih plasmana unutar bankarskog sustava, te izračunanih prosječnih vrijednosti za graničnu obveznu pričuvu unutar svakoga pojedinog modela izračunana je stopa granične obvezne pričuve koja znatnije utječe na ponašanje sustava.
The analysis was made with the use of a nominal interest rate.
Analiza je napravljena uz primjenu nominalne kamatne stope.
This interest rate in some sense nevertheless conceals the real state of affairs inside the banking system.
Ta kamatna stopa na neki način ipak skriva pravo stanje unutar bankovnog sustava.
We note that the level of loans made is limited, which means that there is an upper and a lower bound.
Primijetimo da je razina plasmana ograničena, tj. da postoje donje i gornje ograde.
For a small MRR, each bank, in each period, for each type of loan, makes its loans maximally, and if the MRR is large, then minimally.
Za mali GOP svaka banka u svakom razdoblju po svakom tipu plasmana maksimalno plasira, a za veliki GOP plasira minimalno.
The threshold at which the change described in the behaviour of a commercial bank occurs varies according to the individual commercial bank.
Prag na kojemu dolazi do opisane promjene ponašanja poslovne banke razlikuje se za pojedine poslovne banke.
Tables 3 - 6 give the minimum and maximum values of MRR at which in terms of each kind of loans and individual banks there is a change in behaviour, i.e., a fall from the upper to the lower bound of loans made (the threshold of profitability is reached or the planned market share for this kind of loan in this bank has been achieved).
U tablicama 3-6. dane su minimalne i maksimalne vrijednosti GOP-a uz koje za pojedine plasmane i pojedine banke dolazi do promjene ponašanja, tj. do pada s gornje na donju granicu plasmana (dosegnut je prag profitabilnosti ili ostvaren planirani tržišni udio za taj plasman i tu banku).
Then a calculation is made of the average value of the threshold of MRR as arithmetical mean of all MRR thresholds.
Potom je izračunana prosječna vrijednost praga GOP-a kao aritmetička sredina svih pragova GOP-a.
In this way in the case of the model that covers MRR and SRR, Table 3 is obtained:
Na opisani je način u modelu koji obuhvaća graničnu obveznu pričuvu i posebnu obveznu pričuvu sastavljena tablica 3.
Type of loan
Šorić i V.
Source: authors' calculations
Granična obvezna pričuva
other loans to households
ostali krediti stanovništvu
Source: authors' calculations
Izvor: izračun autora
The second research was carried out on the model extended to the subscription of compulsory central bank bills.
Drugo je istraživanje provedeno na modelu proširenom na upis obveznih blagajničkih zapisa.
Other loans to households
Granična obvezna pričuva
Loans to enterprises
Granična obvezna pričuva
interest rate loans to enterprises
kamatna stopa krediti gospodarstvu
From the graph it can also be seen that the instrument of subscription of compulsory CNB bills has almost no effect on housing loans, or on loans to enterprises.
Iz slika se također vidi da mjera upisa obveznih blagajničkih zapisa gotovo uopće ne utječe na stambene kredite, kao ni na kredite gospodarstvu.
One explanation of this might be that these loans of the banks are already at a sensibly lower level of profitability than the other loans to households, and thus the impact of the fall in profitability is sensibly lower.
Ta bi se pojava mogla objasniti činjenicom da su ti plasmani banaka već sada na osjetno nižoj razini profitabilnosti od ostalih kredita stanovništvu, te je kod njih i utjecaj pada profitabilnosti osjetno slabiji.
Apart from that, the models allowed a certain kind of loan to stay at the initial level, and this has an impact on the results of the analyses carried out with the use of the mathematical models created.
Modeli su, osim toga, za pojedinu vrstu plasmana dopuštali ostanak na početnoj razini, te i to ima utjecaja na rezultate analiza provedenih primjenom kreiranih matematičkih modela.
If the statistical data of the central bank covered loans of central banks that are hid
Kada bi statistički podaci središnje banke obuhvatili i kredite poslovnih banaka sakri
den from statistical monitoring and made at high effective interest rates, it is highly probably that the rates of MRR impact calculated would be still higher.
vene od statističkog praćenja i odobrene po visokim efektivnim kamatnim stopama, vrlo je vjerojatno da bi izračunane stope utjecaja GOP-a bile još veće.
Commercial banks, via various charges, are capable of putting up the nominal inter
Poslovne banke putem različitih naknada mogu znatno uvećati nominalnu kama
For this reason, an analysis of data using the nominal interest rate can lead to erroneous conclusions, and this paper recommends using the effective interest rate.
Zbog tih razloga analiza podataka uz korištenje nominalne kamatne stope može navesti na pogrešne zaključke, te se ovim radom sugerira upotreba efektivne kamatne stope.
The graphs show us that within the framework of all the models that even when the
Slike pokazuju da promjena stope GOP-a u svim modelima jednako utječe na stam
MRR rate is changed, the MRR has an equal effect on housing loans and loans to enterprises, a change in impact existing only in the case of other loans to households.
bene kredite i na kredite gospodarstvu, a promjena utjecaja postoji samo kod ostalih plasmana stanovništvu.
Commercial banks run the kind of business (interest rate) policy such that the rate of
Poslovne banke vode takvu poslovnu (kamatnu) politiku da stopa GOP-a koju propi
MRR prescribed by the central bank does not have negative effect on the level of loans, but only on their profitability.
suje središnja banka nema negativnog utjecaja na razinu plasmana, već samo na njihovu profitabilnost.
If, for example, housing loans are advanced at a low interest rate, this will be made up for by the high interest rate on loans to enterprises or other loans to households.
Na primjer, ako stambene kredite odobrava po niskoj kamatnoj stopi, poslovna banka to nadoknađuje visokom kamatnom stopom na kredite gospodarstvu ili na ostale plasmane stanovništvu.
Some other banks will advance all loans according to a unified interest rate.
Neke druge banke odobravaju sve kredite po ujednačenim kamatnim stopama.
Because of market conditions, the commercial banks do not put up interest rates on current banking products very significantly, so as not to lose market share; rather, they endeavour to bring in new products that include various charges and fees, and in this way practically raise the effective interest rate, without any change in or even a reduction in the nominal interest rate.
Radi tržišnih uvjeta, poslovne banke znatnije ne povećavaju kamatne stope na postojeće bankarske proizvode kako ne bi izgubile tržišne udjele, već nastoje uvesti nove proizvode, za koje uvode različite naknade i tako zapravo podižu efektivnu kamatnu stopu, bez promjene nominalne kamatne stope ili čak uz njezino smanjenje.
The Republic of Croatia has a relatively high foreign debt, exceeding 80% of GDP.
Hrvatska ima relativno velik inozemni dug i on premašuje 80% BDP-a.
The growth of the debt is considerably influenced by commercial banks, borrowing abroad, because of the insufficiency of domestic capital accumulation, in order to lend these funds via various kinds of loan to households and corporations.
Na porast duga značajno utječu poslovne banke koje se zadužuju u inozemstvu da bi, radi nedovoljne domaće akumulacije kapitala, ta sredstva plasirale u obliku različitih kredita stanovništvu i gospodarstvu.
The mathematical models of bi-level programming developed in this paper describe
Matematički modeli dvorazinskog programiranja razvijeni u ovom radu opisuju samo
only the relations between central bank and commercial banks oriented to the foreign borrowings of the commercial banks.
odnose između središnje banke i poslovnih banaka, usmjerene na inozemno zaduživanje poslovnih banaka.
The main goal of the central bank is to reduce the growth of loans from banks to the household sector, since enterprise entities can, with relative ease, take on debt abroad directly, which the central bank can not affect.
Pri tomu je glavni cilj središnje banke smanjiti rast bankovnih plasmana stanovništvu jer se gospodarski subjekti relativno jednostavno mogu sami izravno zadužiti u inozemstvu, a središnja banka ne može utjecati na to.
The results of the analysis of these models show that the use of the decision support system created, would be useful in an ex-ante analysis of the effects of monetary policy.
Rezultati analize ovih modela pokazuju da bi primjena kreirane programske podrške dobro došla u ex ante analizi učinaka monetarne politike.
Although the analysis uses assumptions that simplify the model, the results are still a good signpost of the way the central bank might proceed while making decisions about the level of the MRR.
Iako su u analizi upotrijebljene pretpostavke koje pojednostavnjuju model, njezini su rezultati ipak dobar putokaz kako bi središnja banka mogla postupati prilikom donošenja odluke o razini GOP-a.
Every additional fact related to the Croatian monetary system, and real data, can very easily be included into the decision support system, which would thus have an important role in the regulation of monetary trends.
Također, svaka se dodatna činjenica vezana za hrvatski monetarni sustav, kao i realni podaci, vrlo lako mogu uključiti u samu programsku podršku koja bi na taj način mogla imati važnu ulogu u regulaciji monetarnih kretanja.
In the forthcoming period it would be important to improve the central bank statistics
U idućem razdoblju bilo bi važno da središnja banka poboljša statistiku praćenja pla
Data obtained in this way could give a much better picture of the banking sector of the Republic of Croatia.
Podaci dobiveni tim putem mogli bi dati kvalitetniju sliku bankarskog sektora Republike Hrvatske.
With the help of data so processed, the central bank would be able to adopt more precisely targeted measures with respect to a certain kind of commercial bank behaviour.
Pomoću tako obrađenih podataka središnja bi banka mogla donositi mjere preciznije usmjerene na određena ponašanja poslovnih banaka.
7 Guidelines for future research
7. Smjernice za buduća istraživanja
In forthcoming research changes might be made in the existing model of calculating
U idućim bi se istraživanjima mogle uvesti promjene u postojeći model izračuna
the rate of impact of the marginal/special reserve requirements by having this rate calculated for each bank separately according to the distribution of its loans.
stope utjecaja granične/posebne obvezne pričuve na način da se ta stopa računa za svaku banku posebno prema njezinoj distribuciji plasmana.
A rate calculated for each individual commercial bank, along with the rate of the impact of the marginal/ special reserve requirements of the system, would be added according to the bank's market share.
Tako izračunana stopa za svaku poslovnu banku, uz stopu utjecaja granične/posebne obvezne pričuve sustava, dodavala bi se prema udjelu banke na tržištu.
This would naturally affect the relaxation of the model in which we assumed that borrowing abroad increases all the time (i.e., that all the binary variables were fixed at vjilpt = 1, and in further research it would be necessary to hypothesize a possible fall in borrowing).
To bi ujedno utjecalo i na relaksaciju modela pri kojoj smo pretpostavili da se zaduživanje u inozemstvu stalno povećava (tj. sve su binarne varijable bile fiksirane na vjilpt = 1, a u daljnjem bi istraživanju trebalo pretpostaviti mogućnost pada zaduživanja).
It would be necessary to carry out an analysis of the sensitivity of the optimal solu
Potrebno bi bilo provesti analizu osjetljivosti optimalnog rješenja promjenom para
tion to a change in parameters, i.e., for various commercial bank strategies expressed in the changing interest rate or in the accomplishment of the planned market share to observe the impact on the marginal reserves.
metara, odnosno za različite strategije poslovnih banaka izražene promjenjivom kamatnom stopom ili ostvarenjem planiranoga tržišnog udjela promatrati utjecaj na graničnu pričuvu.
It would be interesting to carry out econometric analysis of the dependence of MRR on the interest rate, and on the market share of the commercial bank.
Bilo bi i zanimljivo provesti ekonometrijsku analizu ovisnosti GOP-a o kamatnoj stopi, kao i tržišnom udjelu poslovne banke.
It is possible to observe certain sub-problems as being multi-criterion, where the objectives would be profit and accomplishment of market share.
Također je moguće promatrati neke potprobleme kao višekriterijske, pri čemu bi ciljevi bili dobit i ostvarenje tržišnog udjela.
19 For example, loans for the purchase of passenger cars have been shifted from classic bank loans to purchases via leasing.
19 Na primjer, kreditiranje kupovine osobnih vozila prebačeno je s klasičnih bankovnih kredita na kupovinu putem leasinga.
One direction for new research might be other measures that the central bank might prescribe which in the current conditions might halt further growth of the foreign debt of the banking sector of the Republic of Croatia.
Jedno od novih istraživanja moglo bi se baviti pitanjem kakve bi još mjere središnja banka mogla propisati, a koje bi u sadašnjim uvjetima zaustavile daljnji rast inozemnog zaduživanja bankarskog sektora Hrvatske.
Galac, T. and Dukić, L., 2005.
Galac, T. i Dukić, L., 2005.
FRAUD ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE BUDGET OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: THE FORMS, METHODS AND CAUSES
PRIJEVARA NA ŠTETU PRORAČUNA EUROPSKE UNIJE: POJAVNI OBLICI, METODE I UZROCI
Zlata Đurđević, DSc
dr. sc. Zlata ĐURĐEVIĆ
Faculty of Law, Zagreb
Pravni fakultet u Zagrebu
UDC 336.12(4-67 EU) JEL H72
UDK 336.12(4-67 EU) JEL H72
The paper analyses the forms, methods and causes of fraud that are perpetrated to the
U radu se analiziraju pojavni oblici, metode i uzroci počinjenja prijevare na štetu
The forms in which EU fraud appears are shown according to the criterion of kind of budgetary resource.
Pojavni oblici tzv. EU prijevare prikazuju se prema kriteriju vrste proračunskih sredstava.
Crime affecting the budgetary revenue of the EU tends to appear in the form of customs duty-evasion and false declarations concerning the customs-relevant information about goods.
Kriminalitet na štetu proračunski prihoda EU pojavljuje se u obliku utaje carina krijumčarenjem i lažnom prijavom carinski relevantnog podatka o robi.
Crime adversely affecting the expenditure side of the EU budget appears in the form of subsidy fraud in the area of the Common Agricultural Policy, and subsidy fraud in the area of the structural policies.
Kriminalitet na štetu rashoda proračuna EU pojavljuje se u obliku subvencijske prijevare u području zajedničke poljoprivredne politike i subvencijske prijevare u području strukturalnih politika.
The methods used for the EU fraud committed and considered in the paper are document forgery, concealment of goods, corruption, violence and fictional business and evasion of the laws.
Metode za počinjenje EU prijevare koje se u radu obrađuju jesu krivotvorenje isprava, skrivanje robe, korupcija, nasilje te fiktivni poslovi i zaobilaženje zakona.
In conclusion an explanation is given of the main exogenous criminogenic factors that lead to the EU frauds commonly perpetrated.
Zaključno se objašnjavaju glavni egzogeni kriminogeni faktori koji uvjetuju počinjenje EU prijevare.
Key words: EU fraud, customs duty-evasion, subsidy fraud, smuggling, methods of EU fraud, corruption, fictional business, etiology.
Ključne riječi: EU prijevara, utaja carina, subvencijska prijevara, krijumčarenje, metode EU prijevare, korupcija, fiktivni poslovi, etiologija
The objective of this paper is to provide a phenomenological analysis for a defini
Cilj rada jest fenomenološkom analizom odrediti i analizirati pojam djela protiv fi