natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The introduction of political and institutional factors into the discussion about the public debt can be ascribed to members of the public choice school (Buchanan, Wagner, Tullock and others).
Uvođenje političko-institucionalnih čimbenika u raspravu o javnom dugu može se pripisati pripadnicima škole javnog izbora (Buchanan, Wagner, Brennan, Tullock i drugi).
Proponents of the public choice theory link the origin of the fiscal deficit and the public debt with the rational behavior of politicians who like other actors in the economy tend to maximize their own utility.
Predstavnici teorije javnog izbora nastanak fiskalnog deficita i javnog duga povezuju s racionalnim ponašanjem političara, koji jednako kao i ostali gospodarski subjekti maksimiziraju svoju korisnost.
Their benefit is embodied in re-election, which enables them to retain power with all the associated gains (income, social status, privileges).
Njihova se korisnost ostvaruje reizborom, koji omogućuje održavanje moći i s njom povezanih koristi (npr. dohodak, društveni status i privilegije).
The key factor here is the vote of the electors, it being assumed that increased taxation leads to loss of votes, while a rise in state spending leads to more votes.
Ključni čimbenik predstavljaju glasovi birača, pri čemu se pretpostavlja da povećano oporezivanje dovodi do gubitka glasova, a rast državnih rashoda do porasta broja glasova.
From this point of view the behavior of politicians is reflected in the budget: they attempt to increase the size of the budget (the amount of expenditure and revenue) up to the point at which the marginal costs of greater tax burden (expressed in the number of votes lost) is equal to the marginal yield from greater expenditure (expressed in votes gained).
U tom smislu se i ponašanje političara odražava na državni proračun: oni nastoje povećati državni proračun (odnosno iznos rashoda i prihoda) do one točke u kojoj su granični troškovi većeg poreznog tereta (izraženi brojem izgubljenih glasova) jednaki graničnom prinosu od većih rashoda (izraženom brojem dobivenih glasova).
Accordingly, if it is possible to finance expenditure by borrowing, politicians can increase their own utility without having any offsetting costs.
Prema tome, ukoliko je moguće da se rashodi financiraju zaduživanjem, političari mogu uvećati svoju korist, a da pritom ne snose nikakve troškove.
In the literature the theory of public choice is occasionally looked at as a component part of the new political economy, while in other cases a difference is made between the public choice theory and the new political economy.
U literaturi se ponekad teorija javnog izbora promatra kao sastavni dio nove političke ekonomije, dok se u drugim slučajevima pravi razlika između teorije javnog izbora i nove političke ekonomije.
Nevertheless, in the case of decisions about public debt it is hard to determine whether it is political or economic decisions that are concerned.
Ipak, u slučaju odluka o javnom dugu teško je odrediti radi li se o političkim ili o ekonomskim odlukama.
We can consider the public choice school, where it deals with public debt, an integral part of the new political economy - the more so that the new political economy does not blame politicians alone for a fiscal deficit, but also the political environment in which they work.
Školu javnog izbora u dijelu u kojem se ona bavi javnim dugom, možemo smatrati i integralnim dijelom nove političke ekonomije - tim prije što nova politička ekonomija za fiskalni deficit ne krivi isključivo političare, već i političko okruženje u kojem oni djeluju.
From this point of view, the models of the new political economy that deal with the public debt can, according to their basic hypotheses, be divided into: a) models that are founded on the claim that the form of government is the basic determinant of the size of the public debt, b) models in which the public debt is considered a strategic variable, c) models in which the public debt is explained as the consequence of the inter-generational redistribution or d) spatial divisions of interests and e) models that stress the importance of the budgetary institutions for the size of the fiscal deficit and the public debt.
U tom smislu, modeli nove političke ekonomije koji se bave javnim dugom mogu se prema temeljnim hipotezama podijeliti na: a) modele koji se temelje na tvrdnji da je oblik vlade osnovna determinanta veličine javnog duga, b) modele u kojima se javni dug smatra strateškom varijablom, c) modele u kojima se javni dug objašnjava kao posljedica međugeneracijske preraspodjele, ili d) prostorne razdiobe interesa, i e) modele koji naglašavaju važnost proračunskih institucija za veličinu fiskalnog deficita i javnog duga.
Empirical research has mainly tried to establish the degree of linkage between the sustainability of fiscal policy, that is the amount of the fiscal deficit, and various political variables - democracy, frequency of change of government, degree of political cohesion and the share of leftist parties in government.
Empirijska su istraživanja uglavnom nastojala ustanoviti stupanj povezanosti između održivosti fiskalne politike odnosno visine fiskalnog deficita i raznih političkih varijabli - demokracije, učestalosti promjene vlasti, stupnja političke kohezije te udjela lijevih stranaka u vladi.
Several studies about the connection between the level of the fiscal deficit and the level of democracy expressed with the help of some indicator of the political system have shown that the link is not statistically significant, and that it cannot be shown that the democracies are apt to fiscal deficits, nor that authoritarian regimes do not favour them.
Nekoliko studija o vezi između razine fiskalnog deficita i stupnja demokratičnosti izraženog pomoću nekog indikatora političkog sustava pokazalo je da ta veza nije statistički značajna, te se ne može dokazati tvrdnja niti da su demokracije sklone fiskalnim deficitima, niti da autoritarni režimi ne pogoduju njihovom nastanku.
As against this, it has been shown that in the explanation of the link between fiscal policy and political institutions, the most successful models are those with political instability as the explanatory variable, or models that start off from the assumption that the public debt is a strategy for getting back to power.
Nasuprot tome, pokazalo se da su u objašnjavanju povezanosti između fiskalne politike i političkih institucija najuspješniji modeli s političkom nestabilnošću kao objasnidbenom varijablom, odnosno modeli koji polaze od pretpostavke da je javni dug element strategije za povratak na vlast.
Because of the relative success in explaining the levels of fiscal deficit and public debt, a good deal of recent research in this area has been devoted to links between political instability and fiscal deficits.
Zbog relativne uspješnosti u objašnjavanju razina fiskalnog deficita i javnog duga, vezama između fiskalnog deficita i političke nestabilnosti posvećen je velik broj empirijskih radova. novijih istraživanja iz tog područja.
In all the most important recent research the explanatory variable shows up in the form of some measure of political instability, most commonly indicators of frequency of change of government or the degree to which political power is dispersed.
U svim najznačajnijim novijim istraživanjima pojavljuje se kao objasnidbena varijabla neka mjera političke nestabilnosti, najčešće pokazatelj učestalosti promjena vlasti ili mjera disperzije političke moći.
Any hard and fast conclusion about the degree of linkage between fiscal deficit and political instability is difficult to draw, but it can be observed that a great frequency of change of government, especially if it is a matter of regular changes of government, tends to increase the attractiveness of debt financing.
Nedvosmisleni zaključak o stupnju povezanosti između fiskalnog deficita i političke nestabilnosti teško je donijeti, ali može se primijetiti da veća učestalost promjena vlasti, posebno ako se radi o redovnim promjenama vlasti, često povećava privlačnost financiranja zaduživanjem.
On the other hand, the difference among countries with respect to the fiscal policies they carry out cannot be crucially explained only by the degree of political cohesion.
S druge strane, razlika između zemalja u pogledu fiskalnih politika koje provode ne može se (presudno) objasniti samo stupnjem političke kohezije.
Similarly, empirical research does not confirm the hypothesis that left-oriented political parties are less concerned about the level of the fiscal deficit.
Isto tako, empirija ne potvrđuje hipotezu da su lijevo orijentirane političke stranke manje zabrinute za razinu fiskalnog deficita.
Because of the need to rate the fiscal consequences of political decisions and the desire to restrict discretionary fiscal policy, the level of government spending and the size of the budgetary deficit, in recent times there is a much-enhanced interest in professional circles in the application of so-called fiscal rules.
Iz potrebe procjene fiskalnih posljedica političkih odluka i želje da se ograniči diskrecijska fiskalna politika, razina državne potrošnje te veličina proračunskog deficita, u novije vrijeme povećano je zanimanje stručnih krugova za primjenu tzv. fiskalnih pravila.
Fiscal rules are a group of measures taken with the intention of reducing the budgetary deficit and government spending.
Fiskalna pravila predstavljaju skup mjera poduzetih s namjerom smanjenja proračunskog deficita i državne potrošnje.
From a macroeconomic point of view, fiscal rules are constraints on fiscal policy usually defined by indicators of overall fiscal realization.
U makroekonomskom smislu, fiskalna pravila predstavljaju ograničavanje fiskalne politike uobičajeno definirane pokazateljima ukupnog fiskalnog ostvarenja.
Such rules cover the fiscal indicators of the deficit, borrowing, debts or the main components of them, and are often manifested as numerical restrictions as to their share in domestic product.
Takva pravila obuhvaćaju fiskalne pokazatelje deficita, zaduživanja, duga ili njihovih glavnih komponenti, te se često iskazuju kao brojčana ograničenja njihovog udjela u bruto domaćem proizvodu.
Numerical constraints are often imposed on the magnitude of the budgetary deficit.
Brojčana ograničenja se najčešće postavljaju na veličinu proračunskog deficita.
Fiscal rules are laid down within the medium-term macroeconomic framework of fiscal policy (3 to 5 years).
Fiskalna pravila se utvrđuju unutar srednjoročnog makroekonomskog okvira fiskalne politike (3 do 5 godina).
Defined together with the medium-term macroeconomic framework of fiscal policy are the objectives of monetary policy and the balances of payments in line with estimates of trends in key macroeconomic variables (e.g., rates of economic growth and inflation).
Zajedno sa srednjoročnim makroekonomskim okvirom fiskalne politike definiraju se ciljevi monetarne politike, te bilance plaćanja u skladu s procjenama kretanja ključnih makroekonomskih varijabli (npr. stope gospodarskog rasta i inflacije).
So that a budgetary deficit should not bring about macroeconomic imbalance, the overall level of government spending has to be in line with the macroeconomic framework.
Kako proračunski deficit ne bi uzrokovao makroekonomske neravnoteže, ukupna razina državne potrošnje mora biti u skladu s makroekonomskim okvirom.
The establishment and application of fiscal rules to the budgetary deficit has to be accompanied by a clear definition of the scope of the public sector.
Utvrđivanje i primjena fiskalnih pravila na proračunski deficit mora biti praćeno s jasnom definicijom obuhvata javnog sektora.
In this way the fiscal authorities find their manoeuvring space for the willful and arbitrary use of the national accounting system by cutting out some sorts of expenditure from the rules is limited.
Na taj se način smanjuje manevarski prostor fiskalnim vlastima za proizvoljno korištenje državnog računovodstva isključenjem određene vrste rashoda iz tih pravila.
In this sense, fiscal rules can best be applied to the consolidated budget of general government.
U tom smislu fiskalna pravila najbolje je primijeniti na konsolidirani proračun opće države.
Because of the inflexibility of the budgetary deficit and public debt restrictions laid down, and the inefficiency of numerical objectives conditioned by systemic accounting problems, contemporary literature has stressed the need to shift the discussion about fiscal discipline from numerical restrictions towards a consideration of the role of the institutions in the budgetary process, which includes the preparation, approval and execution of the budget.
Zbog krutosti utvrđenih ograničenja proračunskog deficita i javnog duga, i neučinkovitosti brojčanih ciljeva uvjetovane sustavnim računovodstvenim problemima, suvremena literatura naglašava potrebu da se rasprava o fiskalnoj disciplini pomjeri od brojčanih ograničenja prema razmatranju uloge institucija u proračunskom procesu koji uključuje pripremu, odobrenje i izvršenje proračuna.
Numerical restrictions can have an important role in the creation of fiscal responsibility only if they are adapted to the framework for the reform of the budget and the budgetary process.
Brojčana ograničenja mogu imati značajnu ulogu u ostvarenju fiskalne odgovornosti samo ako su prilagođena okviru za reformu proračuna i proračunskog procesa.
Otherwise they are not effective and can become a basis for “creative accountancy”, and in general reduce transparency in the budgetary process.
U protivnom ona nisu učinkovita i mogu postati osnovom za “kreativno računovodstvo”, te općenito smanjiti transparentnost u proračunskom procesu.
Thus the effectiveness of the application of fiscal rules depends directly on the institutional structure of the budget and on the transparency of the operation of these institutions.
Dakle, učinkovitost primjene fiskalnih pravila izravno ovisi o institucionalnoj strukturi proračuna, te transparentnom djelovanju institucija u proračunskom procesu.
From this point of view, it is advisable for countries with a large deficit and big state spending to have a dominating position for the finance minister inside the budgetary process.
U tom smislu se zemljama s velikim deficitom i velikom državnom potrošnjom predlaže proračunski proces s dominantnom pozicijom ministra financija.
The record of the countries of the EU shows that during the seventies and eighties in all big countries there was successful restriction of government spending and reductions of the levels of the budgetary deficit precisely thanks to the strategic domination of the finance ministers in the budgetary process.
Iskustva zemalja Europske unije pokazuju da je tijekom sedamdesetih i osamdesetih u svim velikim državama uspješno ograničena državna potrošnja i smanjena razina proračunskog deficita upravo zahvaljujući strateškoj dominaciji ministara financija u proračunskom procesu.
In Croatia, in the 1995 to 2000 period, the level of government spending rose, and in 1999 came to 54% of GDP.
U Hrvatskoj se u razdoblju od 1995. do 2000. godine povećava razina državne potrošnje te u 1999. godini iznosi 54 posto BDP-a.
The existing indicators of growth of government spending do not show the real state of affairs, since the total real obligations of the state are not included.
Postojeći pokazatelji rasta državne potrošnje ne pokazuju realno stanje, jer nisu procijenjene ukupne (stvarne) obveze države.
If unmet obligations are included, total public spending in Croatia comes to over 60% of GDP.
Uključivanjem nepodmirenih obveza, ukupna javna potrošnja u Hrvatskoj iznosi i preko 60 posto BDP-a.
The one-off and unrepeatable nature of this kind of revenue show that it should be excluded from an analysis of the budgetary deficit.
Karakter jednokratnosti i neponovljivosti privatizacijskih prihoda upućuje na isključivanje te vrste prihoda iz analize proračunskog deficita.
A look at the state of affairs of the national budget with privatization revenue being excluded shows a deficit during the whole of the 1995 to 2000 period.
Pogled na stanje državnog proračuna uz isključene prihode od privatizacije pokazuje deficit tijekom cijelog razdoblja od 1995. do 2000. godine.
Nevertheless, from 1995 to 1999, the budget was in surplus, which means that part of capital expenditure was financed with current budgetary revenue.
Ipak, od 1995. do 1999. godine tekuća bilanca proračuna bila je u suficitu, što znači da je tekućim proračunskim prihodima financiran dio kapitalnih rashoda.
The state of affairs of the current balance according to the plan of the budget for 2000 has changed, and a current deficit of 3.87 billion kuna is now expected.
Stanje s tekućom bilancom se prema planu proračuna za 2000. godinu mijenja, te se očekuje tekući deficit od 3,87 mlrd.
The existence of a primary deficit shows that the total deficit is not just the consequence of interest, but that the part of the expenditure that can be influenced by those currently responsible for fiscal policy is greater than the available size of total revenue.
Postojanje primarnog deficita pokazuje da ukupni manjak nije samo posljedica kamata, već da je i onaj dio rashoda na koje sadašnji nositelji fiskalne politike mogu utjecati veći od raspoložive veličine ukupnih prihoda.
Up to 1999 the government had a primary surplus, which could be taken as an indicator of relatively weak pressure to borrow.
Do 1999. godine država je bilježila primarne suficite, što bi se moglo uzeti kao pokazatelj slabijeg pritiska na zaduživanje.
However, in 1999 the national budget for the first time recorded a primary deficit of 423 million kuna, and for the first time the government was forced, to pay off debt interest, to take on new loans.
Međutim, u 1999. godini državni proračun prvi puta bilježi primarni deficit od 423 mil. HRK, te je država prvi puta bila prinuđena za otplatu kamata duga koristiti nova zaduživanja.
Although according to the plan of the budget for 2000 the realization of a primary surplus was envisaged, it is clear that in 2000 too the primary balance sheet of the budget will be in the red.
Iako se prema planu proračuna za 2000. godinu očekivalo ostvarenje primarnog suficita, jasno je kako će i u 2000. godini biti zabilježen negativni saldo primarne proračunske bilance.
Limitations of the growth of the government deficit and spending constitute basic problems that the national finance system in Croatia has to face.
Ograničenja rasta državnog deficita te potrošnje predstavljaju osnovne probleme s kojima se susreće sustav državnih financija u Republici Hrvatskoj.
There is a logical cause and effect connection between the deficit and government spending, and unless they are looked at and monitored together it will be impossible to produce coherent proposals for their limitation.
Između deficita i državne potrošnje postoji logična uzročno-posljedična veza te se bez njihovog zajedničkog razmatranja i praćenja ne može doći do suvislih prijedloga za njihovo ograničavanje.
Certainly, the establishment of the causes, the focal points, of the deficit or of government spending stands out as the key question in the limiting of the growth of the deficit.
Svakako se kao ključno pitanje ograničenja rasta deficita ističe utvrđivanja uzroka (žarišta) deficita odnosno državne potrošnje.
However, in Croatia it is impossible in any adequate way to apply formal limitations like balanced revenue and expenditure (through which the total borrowing of the government is limited), limitation of the deficit within GDP, balance between current expenditure and current revenue (borrowing being allowed only for capital investments) or restricting the gross or net obligations of the state in GDP, and so on.
Međutim, u Hrvatskoj nije moguće na zadovoljavajući način primijeniti formalna ograničenja poput uravnoteženja prihoda i rashoda (kojim se ograničava ukupno zaduživanje države), ograničenja deficita u BDP-u, ravnoteže između tekućih prihoda i tekućih rashoda (zaduživanje koje je dozvoljeno samo za kapitalne investicije) ili ograničenja bruto ili neto obveza države u BDP-u i sl.
Instead of a global establishment and limitation of the budgetary deficit through the application of fiscal rules it is necessary to direct attention to individual components of government spending, settling the focal points step by step within the long-term framework of a reform of the budgetary system.
Umjesto globalnog utvrđivanja i ograničavanja proračunskog deficita primjenom fiskalnih pravila potrebno je pozornost usmjeriti na pojedine komponente državne potrošnje rješavajući žarišta korak po korak u dugoročnom okviru reforme proračunskog sustava.
The national government budget is the basic fund of resources from which by transfers an attempt is made to cover the enormous deficits of the extra-budgetary funds (primarily the retirement and healthcare funds).
Državni proračun je osnovni fond sredstava iz kojeg se transferima pokušavaju pokriti veliki deficiti izvanproračunskih fondova (prvenstveno mirovinskog i zdravstvenog fonda).
On the other hand, the deficitsof the budget seem exceptionally problematic without privatization income; at the moment the privatization income seems to be of great importance for a sustainable fiscal position.
S druge strane, deficiti državnog proračuna čine se izrazito problematičnim bez prihoda od privatizacije; oni predstavljaju jedinu nadu za održivu fiskalnu poziciju države.
For this reason it seems exceptionally important to establish the real value of assets, define the way the assets are managed and the order in which the public corporations are to be privatized.
Stoga se čini osobito važnim utvrditi (stvarnu) vrijednost imovine, definirati upravljanje imovinom te redoslijed privatizacije javnih poduzeća.
These are the basic preconditions without which no softening effect from privatization revenue (or capital revenue) on the shocks that can be looked to from the reform of the extra-budgetary funds can be expected.
To su osnovne pretpostavke bez kojih se ne može očekivati amortizacijski učinak prihoda od privatizacije (ili kapitala) na potencijalne šokove koji se mogu očekivati s reformom izvanproračunskih fondova.
Also, the obligations of the national budget (or the beneficiaries of the budget) have to be established in their entirety and settled by the issue of long-term securities.
Također, obveze državnog proračuna (odnosno proračunskih korisnika) treba utvrditi u cijelosti i rješavati ih izdavanjem dugoročnih vrijednosnih papira.
All budgetary beneficiaries have to be obliged to supply updated data; then, the finance ministry will be able in something much closer to real time to evaluate what is spent, by whom, where, how much and why.
Svim proračunskim korisnicima mora biti obvezno pravovremeno dostavljanje ažuriranih podataka; u Ministarstvu financija RH tada se (puno bliže realnom vremenu) može utvrditi tko, gdje, kako i zašto troši.
If improper use of funds and illegal creation of obligations are observed, then the penalty clauses of the Budget Law will have to be applied, as well as other sanctions for the irrational expenditure of resources.
Ako je već uočeno nezakonito korištenje sredstava i stvaranja obveza, nužno je i provođenje kaznenih odredbi Zakona o proračunu, te drugih sankcija za neracionalno trošenje sredstava.
In other words, government cannot treat its own regulations as a dead letter, because this example will have an effect on the behavior of all others concerned.
Drugim riječima, država se prema pravilima koja je sama postavila nikako ne smije ponašati kao prema mrtvom slovu na papiru, jer svojim primjerom utječe na ponašanje ostalih subjekata.
From this point of view, a fiscal responsibility law could precisely define all obligations and responsibilities in a single place.
U tom smislu, zakon o fiskalnoj odgovornosti mogao bi na jednom mjestu točno definirati obveze i odgovornosti.
For total control and management of public expenditure a reform of the budgetary system and finally bringing the state treasury system to life would seem to be essential.
Za cjelovitu kontrolu i upravljanje javnim izdacima nužnom se čini reforma proračunskog sustava i konačno oživljavanje državne riznice.