natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Strong international position of the euro as the world currency would make positive spill-over to Croatian economy possible, while credible policy of the ECB and a stabile and strong monetary system would eventually protect Croatian economy from speculative currency attacks and external crises.
Snažna međunarodna pozicija eura kao svjetske valute pozitivno bi se odrazila i na hrvatsko gospodarstvo, dok bi kredibilna politika Europske centralne banke te stabilni i snažni monetarni sustav mogli učinkovito zaštititi hrvatsko gospodarstvo od eventualnih špekulativnih napada i eksternih kriza.
However, economic restructuring which is lagging behind, when compared to the new EU-member countries, potentially exposes Croatia to strong asymmetric shocks what would be the main argument in favour of a more cautious approach not only to monetary integration, but to economic integration in general.
Ipak, nedovoljno ekonomsko restrukturiranje, barem u usporedbi s novim članicama EU, potencijalno izlaže hrvatsko gospodarstvo snažnim asimetričnim šokovima, što bi ujedno bio i glavni argument za oprezniji pristup ne samo monetarnome, već i ekonomskom integriranju općenito.
“On the sustainability of current account deficits: evience from four ASEAN countries”.
“On the sustainability of current account deficits: evidence from four ASEAN countries”.
Cuculić, J., Faulend, M. anf Šošić, V., 2004.
Cuculić, J., Faulend, M. i Šošić, V., 2004.
Finance & Development - a quarterly magazine of the IMF, 39.
Finance & Development - a qu arterly magazine of the IMF, 39.
Available from: [http://www. dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/msi/2009/msi-2009_09.pdf].
Dostupno na: [http://www. dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/msi/2009/msi-2009_09.pdf].
“Anticipating the Next CrisisWhat can early warning system be expected to deliver?”.
“Anticipating the Next Crisis What can early warning system be expected to deliver?”.
CNB - Croatian National Bank. http://www.hnb.hr.
HNB - Hrvatska narodna banka. http://www.hnb.hr.
Annual Report of the Ministry of Finance for 2007.
Godišnje izvješće Ministarstva financija za 2007. godinu.
WTO - World Trade Organization. http://www.wto.org.
all over Europe and opened up prospects for economic development.
The Redistributive Effects of Income Tax in Croatia
Redistributivni učinci poreza na dohodak u Hrvatskoj
Assembling information about income, relief and income tax paid for given taxpayers in several periods in the past; putting the figures in order and calculating the necessary variables
Prikupljanje podataka o dohotku, olakšicama i plaćenom porezu na dohodak za pojedinačne porezne obveznike u nekoliko proteklih razdoblja; sređivanje podataka i računanje potrebnih varijabli
Compiling a review of scholarly and research literature in the area
Sastavljanje pregleda znanstvene i istraživačke literature u ovom području
Analysis of data and calculation of the necessary indicators
Analiza podataka i izračun potrebnih pokazatelja
Composing the conclusions of the analysis and recommendations for political decision-makers
Sastavljanje zaključaka analize i preporuka za donositelje političkih odluka
The goal of the investigation is to measure the progressiveness and redistributive effect of income tax
Cilj istraživanja: Izmjeriti progresivnost i redistributivni učinak poreza na dohodak
Explanation of the topic: Social well-being can be increased either by the rise in overall income or by the reduction of inequalities in the distribution of income.
Obrazloženje teme: Društveno blagostanje može se povećati ili rastom ukupnog dohotka ili smanjenjem nejednakosti u raspodjeli dohotka.
A state endeavours to achieve both of these.
Država nastoji postići i jedno i drugo.
By the protection of property rights, by investment in education and infrastructure and so on, it endeavours to provide the best conditions for economic growth and development.
Zaštitom vlasničkih prava, ulaganjem u obrazovanje i infrastrukturu, itd., nastoje se postići što bolji uvjeti za gospodarski rast i razvoj.
On the other hand, through progressive taxation and transfers of money to the population with a lower standard of living it endeavours to achieve a redistribution of income.
S druge strane, progresivnim oporezivanjem i transferima novca stanovništvu slabijeg standarda postiže se preraspodjela dohotka.
In fact, every move made by the state has some effect on the redistribution of income.
Zapravo, svaki potez države ima učinak preraspodjele dohotka.
Just how much income will be redistributed depends on the preferences of society vis-à-vis inequality.
Koliko će dohotka biti preraspodijeljeno, ovisi o preferencijama društva prema nejednakosti.
After both phases of the fiscal process - collection of resources and spending - are completed, some individuals turn to be out net winners and some net losers.
Nakon što su obje faze fiskalnog procesa - prikupljanje sredstava i potrošnja - završene, određeni pojedinci ispadaju neto dobitnici, a drugi neto gubitnici.
If the net winners are persons with lower incomes, and the net losers persons with higher incomes, then we can say that the fiscal system has reduced inequality.
Ako su neto dobitnici osobe s nižim dohocima, a neto gubitnici osobe s višim dohocima, tada možemo reći da je fiskalni sustav smanjio nejednakost.
Fiscal processes that reduce income inequality are usually called progressive, while those that increase inequality are called regressive.
Fiskalne poteze koji smanjuju nejednakost dohotka obično se naziva “progresivnima”, a one koji povećavaju nejednakost naziva se “regresivnima”.
To measure the redistributive effect of the entire fiscal system would be an extraordinarily complex not to say impossible task.
Izmjeriti preraspodjelni učinak cijelog fiskalnog sustava bio bi vrlo složen, ako ne i nemoguć zadatak.
Hence investigators tend to opt for an analysis of individual components of the system.
Stoga se istraživači opredjeljuju za analizu pojedinih komponenti sustava.
In most countries, including Croatia, income tax has as its purpose the redistribution of income.
Porez na dohodak u većini zemalja, pa tako i u Hrvatskoj, ima za cilj postići preraspodjelu dohotka.
Taxpayers with higher incomes pay this tax at higher effective rates than taxpayers with lower incomes.
Porezni obveznici s višim dohocima plaćaju taj porez po višim efektivnim stopama od obveznika s nižim dohocima.
The progressiveness of income tax is achieved through a combination of two elements:
Progresivnost poreza na dohodak postiže se kombinacijom dvaju elemenata:
the personal allowance, which is independent of the size of income, for it is evenly distributed to taxpayers
osobni odbitak, koji je neovisan o veličini dohotka te je ravnomjerno raspodijeljen poreznim obveznicima
the statutory tax rates, which increase as income increases
zakonske porezne stope koje se povećavaju kako se povećava dohodak
The total redistributive effect of tax depends on one more element, which is horizontal inequality.
Ukupni redistributivni učinak poreza ovisi o još jednom elementu, a to je horizontalna nejednakost.
This appears when two taxpayers with the same pre-tax income pay different amounts of tax.
Ona se javlja kada dva porezna obveznika s istim dohotkom prije oporezivanja plaćaju različite iznose poreza.
Horizontal inequality diminishes the redistributive effect of the tax, and is brought about by tax reliefs.
Horizontalna nejednakost umanjuje redistributivni učinak poreza, a uzrokovana je poreznim olakšicama.
In addition, the total effect of redistribution depends on the average tax burden.
Također, ukupni učinak preraspodjele ovisi o prosječnom poreznom opterećenju.
For income tax can be progressive and yet if the tax rates are low the redistributive effect will be small
Naime, porez na dohodak može biti progresivan, ali ako su porezne stope niske, redistributivni učinak bit će malen.
NEWSLETTER 106 | MARIJANA BAĐUN | The contribution for occupational health… | Institute of Public Finance 1
NEWSLETTER 106 | MARIJANA BAĐUN | Doprinos za zaštitu zdravlja na radu… | Institut za javne financije 1
The contribution for occupational health protection*
Doprinos za zaštitu zdravlja na radu*
There has been a lot of discussion in the public about the compulsory pension insurance and compulsory basic and supplementary health insurance contributions, while the contribution for compulsory health insurance against accidents at work and occupational diseases has been neglected.
U javnosti se učestalo raspravlja o doprinosima za obvezno mirovinsko osiguranje i obvezno osnovno te dopunsko zdravstveno osiguranje, dok je doprinos za obvezno zdravstveno osiguranje za slučaj ozljede na radu i profesionalne bolesti zanemaren.
Despite the low rate, the revenues collected are considerable.
Iako je stopa mala, prihodi od tog doprinosa ipak su znatni.
This paper analyses how the Croatian Health Insurance Fund (CHIF) spends the funds collected from the contribution for occupational health protection.
U ovom se radu analizira kako Hrvatski zavod za zdravstveno osiguranje (HZZO) troši prikupljena sredstva od doprinosa za zaštitu zdravlja na radu.
A large number of employed persons sustain workplace injuries or get ill due to harmful workplace effects.
Svake se godine znatan broj zaposlenika ozlijedi na radu ili oboli zbog štetnog utjecaja radnog mjesta.
The ensuing material and nonmaterial consequences are very serious, and are borne by employees, employers and government (European Commission, 2011).
Materijalne i nematerijalne posljedice su velike, a snose ih radnici, poslodavci i država (European Commission, 2011).
From the employee's perspective, nonmaterial consequences include pain, suffering, erosion of self-confidence, lifestyle changes, etc., whereas material effects can be: loss of income, potentially impaired ability to work and medical costs.
S aspekta radnika, nematerijalne su posljedice bol, patnja, smanjeno samopouzdanje, promjene u načinu života itd., a materijalne izgubljeni dohodak, moguće smanjenje radne sposobnosti i medicinski troškovi.
Employers may suffer from reputation damage or changes in working relationships within the company; the material effects comprise productivity losses, increases in insurance premiums, replacement costs, compensation of damages and legal costs.
Poslodavcima može biti narušen ugled ili se mogu promijeniti radni odnosi u tvrtki, a s materijalne strane dolazi do pada produktivnosti, porasta premije osiguranja, potrebe novog zapošljavanja, naknada štete, pravnih troškova.
From the perspective of the state, nonmaterial effects include the loss of human resources, accompanied by growing costs of medical treatment, rehabilitation, sick leave and early retirement, or the costs of relevant social benefits.
Za državu je nematerijalna posljedica smanjenje ljudskih potencijala, a istovremeno joj se povećavaju rashodi zbog troškova liječenja, rehabilitacije i bolovanja, ranijeg odlaska u mirovinu ili određenih socijalnih naknada.
Although it is difficult to estimate the total costs of accidents at work and occupational diseases, this is highly beneficial for better understanding the importance of occupational health protection and safety at work.
Iako je teško procijeniti ukupne troškove ozljeda na radu i profesionalnih bolesti, ipak je to izrazito korisno kako bi se stekao jasniji uvid u važnost zaštite zdravlja i sigurnosti na radu.
There are many studies on this subject for highly developed countries (see EU-OSHA, 2014).
Za visokorazvijene zemlje postoje brojne studije koje se bave tom temom (za pregled vidjeti EU-OSHA, 2014).
However, this Newsletter focuses on only a small fragment of total economic costs, i.e. the CHIF's expenditures for accidents at work and occupational diseases, financed from the contribution for occupational health protection.
U ovom će se Newsletteru analizirati samo mali segment ukupnih ekonomskih troškova: rashodi HZZO-a za ozljede na radu i profesionalne bolesti, a koji se financiraju doprinosom za zaštitu zdravlja na radu.
* This survey is part of the project „Parity Fund to Strengthen Social Dialogue in the Construction Sector”.
*Istraživanje je provedeno u okviru projekta "Paritetnim fondom do jačanja socijalnog dijaloga u sektoru graditeljstva".
The project is managed by the Croatian Employers' Association (CEA) and co-financed by the European Social Fund.
Nositelj projekta je Hrvatska udruga poslodavaca (HUP), a sufinanciran je iz Europskog socijalnog fonda.
The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not in any way represent the position or official views of the CEA.
Navodi u tekstu isključivo su osobni stavovi autorice te ni u kojem slučaju ne izražavaju stajalište ili mišljenje HUP-a.
2 ACCIDENTS AT WORK AND OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES - STATISTICAL DATA
2. OZLJEDE NA RADU I PROFESIONALNE BOLESTI - STATISTIČKI PODACI
Eurostat publishes data on health and safety at work for all the EU Member States, additionally including Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.
Eurostat objavljuje podatke o zaštiti zdravlja i sigurnosti na radu (Health and Safety at Work) za sve članice Europske unije (EU) te dodatno za Island, Norvešku i Švicarsku.
The sources of data used are the ESAW (European Statistics on Accidents at Work) database and the Labour Force Survey.
Kao izvore podataka koristi ESAW (European Statistics on Accidents at Work) bazu podataka i Anketu o radnoj snazi.
Data are classified by characteristics of injured workers (age, gender and occupation), economic activity and size of employer, type of injury and days of absence from work.
Podaci su klasificirani po karakteristikama ozlijeđenih radnika (dob, spol, zanimanje), gospodarskoj djelatnosti i veličini poslodavca, vrsti ozljeda na radu i broju dana izostanka s posla.
Included were only accidents that resulted in at least three calendar days of absence from work.
Uključene su samo ozljede koje su rezultirale s više od tri kalendarska dana izostanka s posla.
The highest incidence of accidents was recorded in Germany (27%), followed by France (18%), Spain (12%), Italy (11%) and Great Britain (8%).
Najveći udio u broju ozljeda imala je Njemačka (27%), a slijedile su Francuska (18%), Španjolska (12%), Italija (11%) i Velika Britanija (8%).
At the bottom of the scale were Cyprus, Latvia, Bulgaria and Malta, while Croatia ranked 11th on the number of accidents, if countries are sorted in ascending order.
Na dnu ljestvice bili su Cipar, Latvija, Bugarska i Malta, a Hrvatska je zauzela 11. mjesto, poredaju li se zemlje počevši od najmanjeg broja ozljeda.
All Member States (except Sweden) reported lower incidence rates than in 2008, which was due to lower employment caused by the economic crisis.
U svim je članicama (osim u Švedskoj) broj ozljeda manji nego 2008. što je posljedica manje zaposlenosti zbog gospodarske krize.
The 2013 EU average was 1,533 accidents (excluding fatal accidents) per 100,000 persons employed (graph 1).
Prosjek EU-a 2013. bio je 1.533 ozljede (bez ozljeda sa smrtnim ishodom) na 100.000 zaposlenih (grafikon 1).
France led with the largest number of accidents at work per 100,000 persons employed, followed by Portugal and Span.
Najviše je ozljeda na radu na 100.000 zaposlenih imala Francuska, a slijedile su je Portugal i Španjolska.
The lowest incidence rates were recorded in Romania, Bulgaria and Latvia.
Najmanje je ozljeda bilo u Rumunjskoj, Bugarskoj i Latviji.
Croatia performed better than the EU average, with 843 accidents per 100,000 persons employed.
Hrvatska je bolja od prosjeka EUa s 843 ozljede na 100.000 zaposlenih.
In 2015, there were 16,015 accidents at works.
U 2015. dogodilo se 16.015 ozljeda na radu.
The largest number of fatal accidents has been recorded for many years in construction, and the largest total number of accidents was seen in manufacturing.
Najveći je broj smrtnih ozljeda iz godine u godinu u građevinarstvu, a ukupan broj ozljeda u prerađivačkoj industriji.
As shown in table 1, the Croatian Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Croatian Institute for Health Protection and Safety at Work (CIHPSW) and CIPH publish different accidents at work data, although they all cite the same source, i.e. CHIF.
Iz tablice 1 vidljivo je kako Državni zavod za statistiku (DZS), Hrvatski zavod za zaštitu zdravlja i sigurnost na radu (HZZZSR) i HZJZ objavljuju različite podatke o broju ozljeda na radu, a svi kao izvor navode HZZO.
The CIHPSW data have been available since 2009, when the Croatian Institute of Occupational Health (established in 1996) became the CIHPSW.
Podaci HZZZSR-a raspoloživi su od 2009. jer je tada Hrvatski zavod za medicinu rada (osnovan 1996.) pretvoren u HZZZSR.
In the case of fatal accidents, the CIPH cites as sources not only the CHIF, but also the Labour Inspectorate and the Statistical Report on Death.
HZZZSR napominje da podatak o smrtnim ozljedama pokazuje samo broj ozljeda koje su završile smrću radnika do trenutka pisanja prijave o ozljedi na radu.
To this end, the Ministry of Health is required to prepare a proposal for the necessary legal changes no later than 30 September 2016 (Government of the RC, 2016).
Vlada planira pripojiti HZZZSR HZJZ-u, s time da Ministarstvo zdravlja mora do 30. rujna 2016. izraditi prijedlog potrebnih zakonskih izmjena (Vlada RH, 2016).
Data for 2015 are not available; in 2014 there were 168 reported cases of occupational diseases with an incidence rate of 12 per 100,000 persons employed.
Podaci za 2015. nisu raspoloživi, a 2014. bilo je 168 prijava profesionalnih bolesti sa stopom 12 na 100.000 zaposlenih.
The highest incidence of occupational disease was recorded in manufacturing (71%), health protection and social welfare (8%) and agriculture, forestry and fisheries (7%).
Najveći broj profesionalnih bolesti zabilježen je u prerađivačkoj djelatnosti (71%), zdravstvenoj zaštiti i socijalnoj skrbi (8%) te poljoprivredi šumarstvu i ribarstvu (7%).
The most frequently reported in 2014 were respiratory diseases caused by asbestos exposure, overuse syndromes caused by repetitive trauma, infectious or parasitic diseases caused by performing activities where there is evidence of an increased risk of infection, diseases caused by vibrations transmitted to the hand, skin diseases caused by substances with scientifically confirmed allergic or irritating effects and noise-induced hearing loss or deafness.
U 2014. najčešće su prijavljene: bolesti dišnog sustava uzrokovane azbestom, sindromi prenaprezanja uzrokovani kumulativnom traumom, zarazne ili parazitarne bolesti uzrokovane radom u djelatnostima gdje je dokazan povećan rizik zaraze, bolesti uzrokovane vibracijama koje se prenose na ruke, bolesti kože uzrokovane tvarima kojima je znanstveno potvrđeno alergijsko ili nadražujuće djelovanje, nagluhost ili gluhoća uzrokovana bukom.
3 HEALTH INSURANCE RIGHTS IN THE CASES OF WORK-RELATED ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES
3. PRAVA IZ ZDRAVSTVENOG OSIGURANJA ZA OZLJEDE NA RADU I PROFESIONALNE BOLESTI
Compulsory health insurance rights, including rights in the cases of work-related accidents and diseases comprise a right to health protection and a right to financial compensation.
Prava iz obveznog zdravstvenog osiguranja, uključujući i prava za ozljede na radu i profesionalne bolesti, obuhvaćaju: pravo na zdravstvenu zaštitu i pravo na novčane naknade.
• primary health protection;
• primarnu zdravstvenu zaštitu;
• specialist and consultative health protection;
• specijalističko-konzilijarnu zdravstvenu zaštitu;
• hospital health protection;
• bolničku zdravstvenu zaštitu;
• a right to drugs determined in the CHIF's basic and supplementary drug lists;
• pravo na lijekove utvrđene osnovnom i dopunskom listom lijekova HZZO-a;
• dental aids determined in the CHIF's basic and supplementary dental aids lists;
• dentalna pomagala utvrđena osnovnom i dodatnom listom dentalnih pomagala HZZO-a,
• health protection in other Member States and third countries.
• zdravstvenu zaštitu u drugim državama članicama i trećim državama.
In the case of accidents at work and occupational diseases, the CHIF covers the full costs of medical services for the entire treatment as a consequence of a recognized accident at work or an occupational disease.
Kod ozljeda na radu i profesionalnih bolesti, HZZO osigurava plaćanje zdravstvenih usluga u cijelosti za cjelokupno liječenje koje je posljedica priznate ozljede na radu, odnosno profesionalne bolesti.
• salary compensation during temporary inability to work (sick leave);
• naknadu plaće za vrijeme privremene nesposobnosti za rad (bolovanja);
• reimbursement of transportation costs related to the use of health care services;
• naknadu za troškove prijevoza u vezi s korištenjem zdravstvene zaštite;
• reimbursement of funeral costs in the case of an insured person's death, directly caused by a recognised accident at work or an occupational disease.
• naknadu za troškove pogreba u slučaju smrti osigurane osobe, ako je smrt neposredna posljedica priznate ozljede na radu, odnosno profesionalne bolesti.
The salary compensation amounts to 100% of the salary compensation base and the maximum amount is not limited.
Kod privremene nesposobnosti zbog priznate ozljede na radu, odnosno profesionalne bolesti, naknada plaće iznosi 100% osnovice za naknadu plaće i nije ograničen najviši iznos.
The main expenditure items, which will be discussed individually, include: (1) salary compensation for temporary inability to work caused by a recognized accident at work or an occupational disease; and (2) CHIF's expenses for health protection in the cases of work-related injuries or diseases.
Glavne su stavke, o kojima će biti više riječi pojedinačno: 1) naknade plaće zbog privremene nesposobnosti za rad zbog priznate ozljede na radu i profesionalne bolesti i 2) izdaci HZZO-a za zdravstvenu zaštitu za ozljede na radu i profesionalne bolesti.
The salaries of the Safety at Work Service employees and all employees engaged in occupational health protection are paid from the total wage bill of the CHIF.
Plaće zaposlenih u Službi za zaštitu zdravlja na radu i svih zaposlenika koji obavljaju poslove zaštite zdravlja na radu, dio su ukupne mase plaća HZZO-a.
In all other organisational units (regional services, local offices and locations) all tasks are performed by all employees.
U svim ostalim organizacijskim dijelovima (područne službe, ispostave, lokacije) svi zaposlenici obavljaju sve poslove.
Source: CHIF, Business Reports of the CHIF.
Izvor: HZZO, Izvješća o poslovanju HZZO-a.
Graph 5 shows data on salary compensation for temporary inability to work caused by a recognised accident at work or an occupational disease.
Grafikon 5 prikazuje naknade plaće za privremenu nesposobnost za rad zbog priznate ozljede na radu i profesionalne bolesti.
Salary compensation for temporary inability to work caused by a recognised accident at work or an occupational disease (in million HRK)
Naknade plaće zbog privremene nesposobnosti za rad zbog priznate ozljede na radu i profesionalne bolesti (u mil. kn)
Table 2 shows data on days of temporary inability to work, i.e. absence from work, due to accidents at work or occupational diseases.
U tablici 2 prikazani su podaci o danima privremene nesposobnosti za rad, odnosno izostancima s posla, zbog ozljede na radu ili profesionalne bolesti.
It follows that sick leave due to accidents at work and occupational diseases lasts longer on average.
Dakle, bolovanja zbog ozljede na radu ili profesionalne bolesti u prosjeku traju duže.
Daily average of absent employees
Dnevni prosjek broja odsutnih zaposlenika
Average days of absence
Prosječni broj dana
The CHIF' business reports do not provide data on expenditures for health protection in the cases of work-related accidents and diseases by expenditure items.
Podaci o rashodima za zdravstvenu zaštitu za ozljede na radu i profesionalne bolesti nisu u Izvješćima o poslovanju HZZO-a raspoloživi po pojedinim stavkama rashoda.
CHIF expenditures for health protection in the cases of work-related accidents and diseases (in million HRK)
Izdaci HZZO-a za zdravstvenu zaštitu za ozljede na radu i profesionalne bolesti (u mil. kn)