natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
This can be justified by the fact that some time is needed before the new investment becomes effective.
Razlog takvog postupka je èinjenica da je potrebno neko vrijeme da bi nove investicije postale efektivne.
In the case of FDI, using lagged values should help to alleviate a potential simultaneity problem between exports and FDI variables.
U vezi sa stranim ulaganjima, primjenom prošlogodišnjih vrijednosti trebao bi se smanjiti potencijalni problem simultanosti izmeðu izvoza i stranih ulaganja.
Using FDI stock values instead of inflows should help in this respect as well.
Uvrštenje kumulativne razine stranih ulaganja umjesto priljeva takoðer je od pomoæi u istom kontekstu.
In addition, FDI stock should better capture the relevance of the presence of foreign capital in some branch, which is important as a source of potential indirect effects described earlier.
Nadalje, kumulativna razina stranih ulaganja bolje opisuje znaèaj stranog kapitala u nekoj industrijskoj grani, što je va no kao izvor prije opisanih potencijalnih neizravnih uèinaka.
There is a potentially important variable which is not included in the above model - the export markets.
me bi se zanemario sna an utjecaj inozemnog kapitala koji je otprije investiran i mo e biti va an izvor potencijalnih neizravnih uèinaka.
The reason this is left out is that it is very difficult to find a good proxy.
Postoji još jedna potencijalno va na varijabla koja nije ukljuèena u opisani model - to su kretanja na izvoznim tr ištima.
Using GDP growth of countries which are important export destinations turned out to be insignificant.
Razlog zbog kojega je ispuštena jest to što je vrlo teško naæi varijablu koja dobro opisuje ta kretanja.
The reason is that within this indicator, there may be quite different developments for single industries.
Primjena rasta BDP-a zemalja koje su va na izvozna odredišta pokazala se nesignifikantnom.
The same should hold for potentially relevant policy variables not included in the regressions such as tariffs, effective tax rates and subsidies.
To bi trebalo vrijediti i za druge potencijalno relevantne varijable koje nisu ukljuèene u regresije i opisuju mjere ekonomske politike kao što su carine, efektivne porezne stope i subvencije.
Data on tariffs are not available according to NCEA methodology, only for single products.
Podaci o carinskim stopama nisu dostupni prema NKD klasifikaciji nego samo za pojedinaène proizvode.
Therefore, there may be different tariffs within one class and the correct way to apply this information empirically would require weighting the tariffs according to the share of single products in the exports of a single NCEA sector and the share of different export destinations.
Stoga unutar iste industrijske grane mo e biti razlièitih carinskih stopa i ispravan naèin primjene tih podataka zahtijevao bi ponderiranje carinskih stopa prema udjelu pojedinih proizvoda u izvozu svakog podsektora i udjelu razlièitih izvoznih odredišta.
The above model specifications are modifications and extensions of the models esti
Opisane specifikacije modela modifikacije su i proširenja modela primijenjenih na
mated at the aggregated, macroeconomic level in Sun (2001) and Zhang and Song (2000).
agregatnoj, makroekonomskoj razini u radovima Suna (2001) i Zhanga i Songa (2000).
Both of these papers use natural log of real exports as dependant variable and lagged logarithm of FDI stock variable.
Obje te studije koriste se prirodnim logaritmom realnog izvoza kao zavisnom varijablom i prošlogodišnjom vrijednošæu kumulirane razine stranih ulaganja.
Sun (2001) also uses domestic investment, and both papers add exchange rate as independent variable as well.
Sun (2001) takoðer se koristi domaæim investicijama, te obje studije dodaju devizni teèaj kao nezavisnu varijablu.
In this paper, productivity and unit labor costs variables are added because they are expected to be significant determinants of industries' export competitiveness.
U ovom se radu upotrebljavaju i podaci o produktivnosti i jediniènim troškovima rada jer se oèekuje da su te varijable znaèajne determinante industrijske izvozne konkurentnosti.
Another potential problem is the possible simultaneous causal relationship between
Još jedan potencijalni problem moguæi je simultani uzroèno-posljedièni odnos iz
exports and productivity identified in international trade theory and tested in the previous literature (see e.g. Kunst and Marin, 1989).
meðu izvoza i produktivnosti, a prepoznat je u teoriji meðunarodne trgovine i testiran u starijoj literaturi (vidjeti npr. Kunst i Marin, 1989).
In order to account for this possibility, instrumental variables were used instead of productivity variables.
Da bi se ta moguænost uzela u obzir, primijenjene su i instrumentalne varijable umjesto produktivnosti.
In the search for appropriate instruments, using the employment variable turned out to be a good idea, since earlier research had concluded that most productivity increases were due to the decreasing number of workers in the manufacturing industry (Nikiæ, 2003).
U potrazi za prikladnim instrumentima ispostavilo se da je uporaba varijable zaposlenosti dobar izbor jer je prethodnim istra ivanjima zakljuèeno da je veæina porasta produktivnosti rezultat smanjenja broja radnika u preraðivaèkoj industriji (Nikiæ, 2003).
This justifies using domestic and foreign investment variables as instruments for productivity, especially since Škudar (2004) finds that firms with foreign ownership managed to increase productivity at a higher rate than domestically owned enterprises.
To upuæuje na zakljuèak da bi se trebalo koristiti domaæim i inozemnim ulaganjima kao instrumentima za produktivnost, posebno stoga što Škudar (2004) nalazi da su poduzeæa u stranom vlasništvu uspjela poveæati produktivnost br e nego poduzeæa u domaæem vlasništvu.
The following specifications will be tested in order to find appropriate instruments for productivity:
Sljedeæe æemo specifikacije testirati radi odabira prikladnih instrumentalnih varijabli za produktivnost.
The investment variable does not turn out to be significant.
Sve ostale varijable jednake su kao prije.
In the third specification, the FDI stock variable is included instead of domestic investment.
Rezultati svih procjena prikazuju se i o njima se govori u sljedeæem dijelu.
In order to check for the potential endogeneity of the productivity variable, possibly
Poveæanje produktivnosti, deprecijacija realnog efektivnog teèaja i pad jediniènih troškova ra
Nevertheless, this shows the robustness of the results to applying different methods.
Ipak, to pokazuje robustnost rezultata pri primjeni razlièitih metoda.
7 In the same specification, only without productivity variable, unit labor costs are significant at the 10% level, but the adjusted R2 is much lower and amounts to 0.38.
7 U istoj specifikaciji, samo bez varijable produktivnosti, jedinièni su troškovi rada bili signifikantni na razini od 10%, ali je prilagoðeni R2 mnogo ni i i iznosi 0,38.
As noted by an anonymous referee, unit labor costs alone are probably not sufficient to explain changes of exports due to different cost base of competitors in different industries.
Kao što je primijetio anonimni recenzent, jedinièni troškovi rada sami po sebi vjerojatno nisu dostatni za objašnjenje kretanja izvoza zbog razlièite osnove troškova konkurenata u raznim industrijama.
Dependant variable: Exports Estimation method: Fixed Effects - OLS Estimation
Metoda procjene: OLS‡ procjena s fiksnim uèincima
Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.
‡ OLS - Ordinary least squares - metoda najmanjih kvadrata.
Estimation method: Fixed Effects - OLS Estimation
Zavisna varijabla: Produktivnost
Note: Standard errors are in parentheses.
Napomena: Standardne su pogreške u zagradi.
The results are very similar to the ones from the OLS estimation of model 4 in table 4, except that now productivity is insignificant.
Rezultati su vrlo slièni onima iz OLS procjene modela 4 u tablici 4, osim što je sada produktivnost nesignifikantna.
Overall, one can make following conclusions: the positive and significant effect of
Opæenito se mo e zakljuèiti sljedeæe: pozitivni i signifikantni utjecaj izravnih stra
FDI on exports seems to be quite robust, although with a relatively small coefficient.
nih ulaganja na izvoz èini se prilièno robustnim iako relativno niskog koeficijenta.
In addition, this effect seems to be captured by the productivity variable if FDI stock is left out from the regressions.
Nadalje, èini se da se taj uèinak odra ava kao utjecaj poveæanja produktivnosti na izvoz ako se strana ulaganja izostave iz regresijske jednad be.
That FDI positively influences productivity is in line with the findings from Škudar (2004).
Zakljuèak da strana ulaganja pozitivno utjeèu na produktivnost u skladu je sa Škudarovim rezultatima (2004).
It seems likely that productivity was the channel through which FDI has contributed to better export performance.
Èini se da je produktivnost bila kanal kroz koji su strana ulaganja pridonijela boljim izvoznim kretanjima.
This implies that productivity increases induced by employment cuts did not promote exports.
To upuæuje na zakljuèak da poveæanje produktivnosti koje je rezultat smanjenja zaposlenosti nije pozitivno utjecalo na izvoz.
The initially significant results for real effective exchange rate are weakened after introducing investment variables into the model (models 3, 4 and IV5 with P2).
Poèetni signifikantni rezultati za realni efektivni teèaj oslabljeni su nakon što su u model uvedene investicijske varijable (modeli 3, 4 i IV5 s P2).
It is very difficult to draw a clear conclusion about the effect of this variable on exports, especially since the effects of the changed imported input prices on exports may weaken the theoretically predicted influence of the exchange rate on exports.
Dosta je teško donijeti jasne zakljuèke o utjecaju te varijable na izvoz, posebno zato što efekti promijenjenih cijena uvezenih inputa mogu oslabiti teoretski predviðen utjecaj teèaja na izvoz.
Stuèka (2004) finds only a limited positive impact of potential currency depreciation on the Croatian trade balance.
Stuèka (2004) nalazi samo ogranièen utjecaj potencijalne devalvacije na bilancu hrvatske robne razmjene.
It must be stated here that for the model IV5 with P2, this variable barely fails the 10% significance level limit (p-value of t-statistic is 0.13).
Treba spomenuti da u modelu IV5 s P2 ta varijabla zamalo promašuje razinu signifikantnosti od 10% (p-vrijednost t-statistike je 0,13).
The results for domestic investment are mixed and not very convincing and for the fixed effects model.
Rezultati za domaæe investicije miješani su i nisu baš uvjerljivi za model s fiksnim uèincima.
It is significant only at the 10% level after controlling for the FDI stock variable.
Signifikantne su samo na 10%-tnoj razini nakon što se ukljuèi varijabla stranih ulaganja.
The exports of Croatian manufacturing industry have been stagnating over the last
Izvoz hrvatske preraðivaèke industrije u posljednjih je desetak godina stagnirao.
Over the same period there have been relatively high inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) into industry.
jekom istog razdoblja zabilje en je relativno visok priljev izravnih stranih ulaganja u industriju.
The aim of this paper was to examine, after controlling for other potentially significant variables, whether these inflows have had an
Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati je li taj priljev utjecao na kretanje izvoza, uzimajuæi u obzir kretanja drugih potencijalno signifikantnih varijabli.
After including FDI and domestic investment variables, the significance of productivity diminishes and in some models it is no longer relevant for exports.
Dodavanjem varijabli izravnih stranih ulaganja i domaæih investicija signifikantnost produktivnosti se smanjuje i u nekim modelima prestaje biti statistièki znaèajna determinanta izvoza.
This implies that the part of productivity growth that was due to FDI and domestic investment, was relevant for export growth.
To implicira da je onaj dio porasta produktivnosti koji je nastao zbog izravnih stranih ulaganja i domaæih investicija relevantan za porast izvoza.
The impact of FDI was relatively weak, while the results for domestic investment are mixed for the fixed effects specifications.
Utjecaj samih stranih ulaganja relativno je slab, dok su rezultati o utjecaju domaæih investicija miješani za procjene s fiksnim efektima.
On the other hand, the results of the random effects estimations reveal a positive and significant effect of domestic investment on exports.
U isto vrijeme rezultati modela sa sluèajnim efektima pokazuju pozitivan i signifikantan uèinak domaæih investicija na izvoz.
This effect was also relatively weak, but still somewhat stronger than for the FDI.
Intenzitet tog utjecaja takoðer je relativno slab, ali ipak nešto snaniji nego za strana ulaganja.
This suggests that there are some constraints on export expansion, due to either limited production capacity or, more likely, the lack of modern production technology in Croatian manufacturing industry (or both).
To upuæuje na zakljuèak da postoje neka ogranièenja za poveæanje izvoza zbog ogranièenih proizvodnih kapaciteta ili, vjerojatnije, zbog nedostatka moderne tehnologije u proizvodnji hrvatske preraðivaèke industrije (ili oboje).
A clear recommendation for economic policy is to promote investment in order to overcome the existing limitations.
Jasna preporuka gospodarskoj politici jest promicanje investicija radi nadvladavanja postojeæih ogranièenja.
Some of the ways in which this may be accomplished are improving investment climate in the country and attracting more FDI in the manufacturing industry.
Neki od naèina kojima se to mo e postiæi jesu npr. poboljšavanje investicijske klime u zemlji ili privlaèenje više stranih ulagaèa u sektor preraðivaèke industrije.
Lower unit labor costs also significantly contributed to promoting exports.
Ni i jedinièni troškovi rada takoðer su signifikantno pridonijeli promicanju izvoza.
This result too is in line with expectations.
I taj je rezultat u skladu s oèekivanjima.
Although the significance of the unit labor costs also diminishes after including the investment variables, they still remain a significant determinant of exports, with a higher coefficient than the productivity variable.
Iako signifikantnost jediniènih troškova rada takoðer pada uvoðenjem investicijskih varijabli, oni ipak ostaju statistièki znaèajnija determinanta izvoza nego produktivnost, s dosta sna nijim utjecajem.
It has been mentioned that unit labor costs alone are probably not sufficient to explain changes of exports, due to the different cost bases of competitors in different industries.
Spomenuto je da jedinièni troškovi rada sami po sebi vjerojatno nisu dostatni za objašnjenje kretanja izvoza zbog razlièite osnove troškova konkurenata u raznim industrijama.
Despite this fact, the results suggest that the relative level of wages is an important factor for export competitiveness.
Usprkos toj èinjenici, rezultati upuæuju na zakljuèak da je relativna visina plaæa va an èinitelj izvozne konkurentnosti.
At the same time, it is difficult to draw clear conclusions about the role of real effective exchange rate development.
U isto vrijeme teško je donijeti jasne zakljuèke o ulozi realnoga efektivnog teèaja.
Most specifications show positive, strong and significant impact on exports, but this is weakened after including investment variables in the model.
Veæina specifikacija pokazuje pozitivan, sna an i signifikantan utjecaj na izvoz, ali je taj utjecaj oslabljen uvoðenjem investicijskih varijabli u model.
This may be due to loss of degrees of freedom in the specifications with more variables.
Moguæi razlog tome je gubitak stupnjeva slobode u specifikacijama s više varijabli.
However, the effects of changes of imported input prices due to exchange rate changes may weaken the theoretically predicted influence of the exchange rate on exports.
S druge strane, utjecaj promjena cijena uvezenih inputa zbog promjena teèaja mo e oslabiti teoretski predviðeni utjecaj teèaja na izvoz.
With respect to FDI, it has been mentioned that there is a potential for improving
Kad je rijeè o izravnim stranim ulaganjima, veæ je spomenuto da postoji potencijal
the export performance of Croatian manufacturing industry by attracting more FDI into this sector.
za promicanje izvoza hrvatske preraðivaèke industrije privlaèenjem više stranih ulagaèa u taj sektor.
9 This calls for more active investment-promoting policy measures.
9 To zahtijeva aktivniji pristup promicanju ulaganja.
However, the policy makers should also try to enhance the potential positive effects of FDI by targeting specific export-oriented greenfield foreign investment, and, in addition, implement measures which should increase potential spillover effects.
Meðutim, nositelji ekonomske politike takoðer bi trebali poveæati potencijalne pozitivne uèinke stranih ulaganja ciljajuæi na specifièna izvozno orijentirana greenfield strana ulaganja i provodeæi mjere koje poveæavaju potencijalne efekte prelijevanja.
The public administration is still inefficient and corrupt, the judiciary is slow and thus the protection of property rights is inefficient.
Dr avna je administracija još uvijek neefikasna i korumpirana, sudstvo je sporo i stoga je i zaštita vlasnièkih prava nedostatna.
The relevant infrastructure is still underdeveloped, despite large public investment in road building.
Relevantna infrastruktura još je uvijek nedovoljno razvijena unatoè velikim javnim ulaganjima u gradnju cesta.
The Law on Investment Promotion leaves lots of room for discretionary decisions increasing the uncertainty of potential foreign investors regarding the treatment to be expected; it discriminates between domestic and foreign enterprises as well as between small and large companies, giving domestic and larger firms certain advantages.
Zakon o poticanju ulaganja ostavlja mnogo prostora diskrecijskim mjerama, što poveæava nesigurnost za potencijalne ulagaèe glede oèekivanog tretmana; postoji diskriminacija izmeðu domaæih i stranih ulagaèa, kao i izmeðu malih i velikih poduzeæa, pri èemu se domaæim velikim poduzeæima daju neke prednosti.
It also implies more favorable treatment of companies in certain industries, especially of labor-intensive production.
Takoðer se omoguæuje povoljniji tretman nekih industrija, posebno radno intenzivnih.
There are no special incentives for export-oriented investment projects, from which the most spillover effects can be expected especially if they are conditional on more extensive use of domestic inputs into production.
Nema posebnih poticaja za izvozno orijentirane ulagaèke projekte od kojih se mogu oèekivati najveæi pozitivni efekti prelijevanja, posebno ako se uvjetuju intenzivnijom uporabom domaæih inputa u proizvodnji.
Special treatment of export-oriented FDI gains even more importance for a comparatively small market such as the Croatian.
Poseban tretman izvozno orijentiranih stranih ulaganja dobiva dodatnu va nost za relativno malo tr ište kao što je hrvatsko.
Babiæ, Pufnik and Stuèka (2001) also point out that investment promotion activity has been very low and that the Law on Investment Promotion was more “words on paper”.
Babiæ, Pufnik i Stuèka (2001) takoðer istièu da je aktivnost vezana za promicanje ulaganja bila vrlo niska i da je zakon o promicanju ulaganja bio više “deklarativne prirode”.
In other words, they see its major purpose in gaining political points for the coalition government from 2000 to 2004, while the actual political willingness for stronger FDI promotion is lacking.
Drugim rijeèima, oni njegovu osnovnu svrhu vide u dobivanju politièkih bodova za Vladu od 2000. do 2004. godine, dok stvarne politièke volje za privlaèenje stranih ulaganja nije bilo.
While dealing with the above problems would certainly contribute to higher FDI
Rješavanje spomenutih problema svakako bi rezultiralo veæim priljevom stranih
Basically, host countries may condition FDI incentives on mandatory measures or use the incentives to encourage investors to behave in certain way (UNCTAD, 2003).
U osnovi, zemlje primateljice ulaganja mogu uvjetovati poticaje za strane ulagaèe nekim obvezujuæim mjerama ili se mogu njima koristiti da bi potaknuli ulagaèe na odreðene poslovne prakse (UNCTAD, 2003).
Such performance requirements may include the export orientation of production, which has already been mentioned, but they may relate to training of local workers and technology transfers as well.
Takvi prohtjevi mogu obuhvaæati veæ spomenutu izvoznu orijentaciju proizvodnje, ali se mogu odnositi i na edukaciju lokalnih radnika i na transfere tehnologije.
An important aspect of the host countries' policies aimed at enhancing benefits from FDI is to strengthen the host countries' own capabilities.
Va an aspekt politike zemalja primateljica ulaganja kojom se cilja na poveæanje pozitivnih uèinaka stranih ulaganja jest jaèanje kapaciteta tih zemalja.
Only if the human capital in host countries is at a sufficiently high level regarding the relevant skills can there be increased absorptive capacity for the knowledge spillovers disseminated by the foreign investors.
Samo ako je ljudski kapital u zemlji primateljici na dovoljno visokoj razini glede relevantnih znanja i vještina, poveæana je i moæ apsorpcije prelijevanja znanja koja dolaze sa stranim ulaganjima.
H. and Harrison, A.
H. i Harrison, A.
“Host Country Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment” in:
“Host Country Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment” in: D.
D. McFetridge, ed. Foreign Investment, Technology and Economic Growth.
McFetridge, ed. Foreign Investment, Technology and Economic Growth.
Galinec, D. and Jurlin, K., 2003.
Galinec, D. i Jurlin, K., 2003.
“Foreign Direct Investment, Industrial Restructuring and the
“Foreign Direct Investment, Industrial Restructuring and the Upgrading of Polish Exports”.
Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data.
Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Dana.
Appendix Manufacturing industry by branches (NCEA)
Over the same period there have been relatively high inflows of foreign
Dependant variable: Exports
Rezultati procjena sa sluèajnim uèincima II.
Estimation method: Random Effects - IV Estimation
Zavisna varijabla: Izvoz Metoda procjene: IV procjena sa sluèajnim uèincima
Observations Adj. R2
Broj opservacija Prilagoðeni R2
***, **, * indicate significance at the 1 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent levels, respectively.
***, **, * oznaèavaju signifikantnost na razinama od 1, 5 i 10%.
E-PUBLIC SERVICES: THE CASE OF E-TAXATION IN SLOVENIA
ELEKTRONIČKE JAVNE USLUGE: E-OPOREZIVANJE U SLOVENIJI
It argues that although this service can be developed well, according to the many benchmarking models in the world and become very familiar to members of the public , it can also be used poorly.
Iako je tu uslugu u javnoj upravi pojedine države moguće uspješno razviti prema jednome od brojnih postojećih model u svijetu i premda je građanima dobro poznata, ona se ipak rijetko koristi.
The empirical results in the paper prove this.
Empirijski rezultati u članku to i dokazuju.
The case of Slovenia is presented, with a placement of Slovenia on the European map of e-government and a thorough description of the different electronic taxation services available to Slovenian citizens.
Slovenski je primjer predstavljen u usporedbi s drugim europskim e-vlastima te s opisom različitih elektroničkih usluga oporezivanja kojima raspolažu građani Slovenije.
Slovenia ranks above the EU average in online availability and in sophistication.
Slovenija je prema kriterijima dostupnosti online usluga i njihovoj sofisticiranosti iznad prosjeka EU.
The supply side of e-taxation services is then compared to the demand side and the results of different research studies and questionnaires are discussed and compared.
Ponuda usluga e-oporezivanja uspoređuje se s potražnjom dotičnih usluga te se raspravlja o rezultatima raznih istraživačkih studija.