natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
All diseases from this group affect the central nervous system, in which characteristic microscopic changes may be found, while the nervous tissue is also the holder of the largest infectivity, even though a transmission is also possible by means of some other tissue.
Kod svih bolesti iz skupine zahvaćen je središnji živčani sustav u kojem se nađu karakteristične mikroskopske promjene, a živčano tkivo je i nositelj najveće infektivnosti, iako je prijenos moguć i nekim drugim tkivima.
None of the diseases from the respective group can be objectively diagnosed during the unit's lifetime, except by means of invasive examination such as brain biopsy, which is of no practical value in veterinary medicine.
Niti jedna od bolesti iz navedene skupine ne može se za života objektivno dijagnosticirati, osim invazivnim pretragama kao što je biopsija mozga, što u veterinarskoj medicini nije od praktičke vrijednosti.
For the purpose of easier understanding of the information presented above, a short presentation of specific diseases from this group follows, sorted by the chronological order of their recognition on global level, their description in bibliography, as well as their significance for Croatia.
Za potrebe lakšeg razumijevanja iznesenog slijedi kratki prikaz pojedinačnih bolesti iz ove grupe svrstanih kronološkim redoslijedom njihovog prepoznavanja u svijetu i opisa u literaturi, te njihovo značenje za Hrvatsku.
Most certainly the earliest recognised disease from the TSE group. The first descriptions, which undoubtedly point to the appearance of this disease, date from 1732 and originate from the United Kingdom, from where the disease spread to practically the whole world.
Zacijelo, najranije prepoznata bolest iz TSE skupine, prvi opisi koji nedvojbeno ukazuju na pojavu ove bolesti datiraju od 1732. godine iz Velike Britanije, odakle se bolest proširila praktički po čitavom svijetu.
The maternal transmission to the young has been known ever since and unequivocally scientifically confirmed.
Maternalni prijenos na mladunčad odavno je poznat i nedvosmisleno znanstveno potvrđen.
The disease may also be transferred from goat to goat and to sheep.
Isto tako, bolest se može s koze prenijeti na kozu i na ovcu.
In Croatia, the disease has never been objectively proved, and the country is considered to be free from it.
Bolest u Hrvatskoj nije nikada objektivno dokazana i zemlja se smatra slobodnom od nje.
There is still a realistic possibility that scrapie appears in a small number of cases or that it remains unrecognised, and thus unconfirmed.
Ipak postoje realne mogućnosti da se grebež ovaca javlja u malom broju slučajeva ili da ostaje neprepoznat i tako nepotvrđen.
Human disease, for the first time described in 1920 in Germany, but since then recognized in practically all countries of the world.
Bolest čovjeka, opisana po prvi puta 1920. godine u Njemačkoj, ali od tada prepoznata u praktički svim zemljama svijeta.
The view has generally been accepted that the disease appears with an annual incidence of one case per million inhabitants.
Općenito je prihvaćeno da se bolest javlja s godišnjom incidencijom od jednog slučaja na milijun stanovnika.
In a very small number of cases, the disease was diagnosed in Croatia and mostly corresponded to the epidemiological data of all world countries.
Bolest je u vrlo malom broju slučajeva dijagnosticirana u Hrvatskoj što uglavnom odgovara i epidemiološkim podacima svih svjetskih zemalja.
The last case recorded in our country (in 1998) was a person who was transplanted a part of the dura mater after a complex surgical procedure.
Posljednji slučaj u našoj zemlji ( 1998. godine) bila je osoba kojoj je nekoliko godina ranije transplantiran dio tvrdih moždanih ovojnica nakon opsežnijeg kirurškog zahvata.
NEW VARIANT CREUTZFELD-JAKOB DISEASE
NOVA VARIJANTA CREUTZFELD-JAKOBOVE BOLESTI
I), transferred from sheep to bovine via meat and bone meal, and as, in the long history of scrapie appearance, there had never been even the slightest suspicion that the disease might be transmitted to humans, it was firmly believed in the UK that BSE may be also not be transmitted to humans.
1), koji je mesno-koštanim brašnom od ovaca prenesen na goveda, te kako u dugoj povijesti pojavljivanja grebeža ovaca nije nikada postojala čak niti sumnja da se ova bolest može prenijeti i na čovjeka, to se u Velikoj Britaniji čvrsto vjerovalo da se niti GSE ne može prenijeti na čovjeka.
In fact, BSE is not a variety of scrapie transmitted from sheep to bovine, and BSE may be transmitted to humans by alimentary means (through the consumption of beef and intestines).
Naime, GSE nije varijanta grebeža ovaca koja je prenesena na goveda, i GSE može alimentarnim putem (konzumiranjem govedine i iznutrica) biti prenesen na čovjeka.
The first officially expressed possibility of a transmission of BSE to humans in the form of vCJD dates from 20 March 1996, when the then-health minister of the UK addressed the House of Commons and said that there is a "probable link between BSE and vCJD").
Prva službeno iznesena mogućnost o prijenosu GSE na ljude kao NCJB datira od 20. ožujka 1996. godine, kada je tadašnji ministar zdravstva Velike Britanije pred Donji dom parlamenta svoje zemlje iznio da postoji «vjerojatna veza između GSE i NJCB»).
Until that date, 20 people had died of vCJD in the UK.
Do toga je datuma u Velikoj Britaniji od NCJB umrlo 20 ljudi.
The statement caused alarm of the public and the responsible health medical services in the EU and immediately afterwards in the whole world, and the UK was imposed an export embargo for practically all products containing any form of bovine tissue.
Ova je izjava izazvala u EU, a odmah po tome i u čitavome svijetu kako javnosti tako i zaduženih zdravstveno-medicinskih službi, i Velikoj Britaniji je nametnut izvozni embargo na praktički sve proizvode koji su na bilo koji način sadržavali goveđa tkiva.
The ban even stretched to medicine containing bovine gelatine in its outer coating (capsule), as well as cosmetic products.
Zabrana se protezala čak i u na lijekove koji su u vanjskoj omotnici (kapsuli) sadržavali goveđu želatinu, pa i kozmetičke proizvode.
Across the world, especially in Great Britain, very thorough research was initiated, especially by using special experimental mice, and a causal link between BSE and vCJD was undoubtedly confirmed.
Širom svijeta, a osobito u Velikoj Britaniji pokrenuta su vrlo temeljita istraživanja, osobito uporabom specijalnih pokusnih miševa i nedvojbeno je utvrđeno uzročna veza između GSE i NCJB.
Until present day, over 90 people died from this disease in the UK, while the UK government pays off large compensation requests to the families of victims of this disease.
Do danas je u Velikoj Britaniji od ove bolesti umrlo preko 90 ljudi, a Vlada Velike Britanije isplaćuje porodicama žrtvama ove bolesti velike odštetne zahtjeve.
Completely new and practical questions, which have imposed themselves after the correct recognition of the nature of vCJD, still remain unanswered.
Sasvim nova i praktična pitanja koja su se postavila točnom spoznajom naravi NCJB još su bez odgovora.
No cases of vCJD have been registered in Croatia up to this point.
U Hrvatskoj do sada nije dijagnosticiran niti jedan slučaj NCJB.
In 1998, the attention of the media was drawn by a supposed case of a clinical disease of an elder female patient, who had died in Rijeka, however, it is considered to have been the Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.
Medijsku pozornost tijekom 1998. godine privukao je navodni slučaj kliničke bolesti starije ženske pacijentice koja je preminula u Rijeci, međutim, smatra se da se radilo o Creutzfeld-Jakobovoj bolesti.
Even though it was scientifically documented only in 1957, according to existing descriptions, it appeared significantly earlier.
Iako znanstveno dokumentirana tek 1957. godine, javljala se prema postojećim opisima znatno ranije.
After the 1960-s, upon abandoning cannibalistic practices, the appearance of the disease is in permanent decline and it is practically a historical category.
Nakon 60-tih godina prekidanjem kanibalskih navika pojava bolesti je u stalnom opadanju i praktički je povijesna kategorija.
In the beginning, the opinion prevailed that the disease was linked to feeding minks with a sheep confiscate infected by a scrapie agent.
U početku se držalo da je bolest povezana s prehranom nerčeva ovčjim konfiskatom zaraženim uzročnikom grebeži ovaca.
The disease was first described in the US state of Colorado, and since then diagnosed on multiple farms breeding several American deer species in the US and Canada.
Bolest po prvi puta opisana u državi Colorado (SAD) i od tada dijagnosticirana na više uzgoja nekoliko američkih vrsta jelena u SAD i Kanadi.
Similarly to scrapie, it may be transmitted from a live animal to another animal, and seemingly also to their offspring.
Može se slično kao i grebež ovaca prenijeti sa žive životinje na drugu životinju i čini se na njihovo potomstvo.
Even though it has still not been sufficiently explored, it is most certainly linked to feeding with meat and bone meal.
Još nedovoljno istražena, ali zasigurno nepovezana s prehranom mesno koštanog brašna.
SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES OF EXOTIC ANIMALS IN ZOOS CAUSALLY LINKED TO BSE
SPONGIFORMNE ENCEFALOPATIJE EGZOOTIČNIH ŽIVOTINJA U ZOOLOŠKIM VRTOVIMA UZROČNO POVEZANIH S GSE
This mostly concerns beasts from the feline family (lions, tigers, cheetahs and two ocelots), antelopes and some species of wild ox.
Uglavnom se radi o zvijerima iz porodice mačaka (lavovi, tigrovi, gepardi te dva ocelota), antilopama i nekim vrstama divljih goveda.
In subsequent research, it was established that the feed of the infected animals contained meat and bone meal originating from bovine tissue or, in the feline case, that they were fed with beef from infected cows.
Naknadnim istraživanjima je utvrđeno da je hrana oboljelih životinja sadržavala mesno-koštano brašno podrijetlom od tkiva goveda ili pak u slučaju mačaka da su hranjene govedinom od zaraženih krava.
Also, in subsequent biological experiments, it was undoubtedly established that in all diagnosed cases (a total of 33 animals), it had been a case of BSE.
Također, naknadnim biološkim pokusima nedvojbeno je utvrđeno da se u svim dijagnosticiranim slučajevima (ukupno 33 životinje) radilo o GSE.
The case of the appearance of the disease transmitted by alimentary way in such different types of animals is unusual for all types of TSE which had been known up to that point, and it is of great significance in the medical sense, as it shows susceptibility to the virus with a large number of biologically diverse species.
Slučaj pojave bolesti prenesene alimentarnim putem u tako različitih vrsta životinja je neuobičajen za sve do tada poznate TSE i od velikog je značenja u medicinskom smislu, jer pokazuje prijemčivost na uzročnika kod velikog broja biološki različitih vrsta.
By means of research, also including biological experiments with mice, it was established that the disease was BSE, with which the domestic cats were infected by commercially available food containing contaminated bovine tissue.
Istraživanjima uključujući i biološke pokuse na mišu je utvrđeno da se radi o GSE kojim su domače mačke zaražene komercijalno dostupnom hranom koja je sadržavala kontaminirana goveđa tkiva.
In 1990, a new neurological disease was discovered on domestic cats in Britain.
Tijekom 1990. godine u Velikoj Britaniji na domaćim mačkama je utvrđena nova neurološka bolest.
Until present day, the disease was discovered on approximately 100 cats.
Do danas je bolest utvrđena u otprilike stotinjak mačaka.
until 1996, in only ten years, BSE developed into a global veterinary sanitary problem, unprecedented in veterinary history.
do 1996. godine, u samo 10 godina, prerasla u svjetski veterinarsko-sanitarni problem bez presedana u povijesti veterine.
Furthermore, by confirmation of a possible transmission of BSE to humans as nCJD (please refer to article 10) in 1996, BSE also assumed global importance in the public health sense with a still unpredictable outcome.
Nadalje, 1996. godine potvrdom mogućeg prijenosa GSE na čovjeka kao nove varijante Creutzfeld-Jakobove bolesti (vidjeti članak 10), GSE i u javno zdravstvenom smislu poprima razmjere od svjetske važnosti s još nepredvidivim ishodom.
For this reason, the disease acquired an economic importance of unimagined scale, primarily in the country where it first appeared, UK, but also in other EU countries.
Zbog ovih činjenica bolest dobiva važnost neslućenih razmjera u gospodarskom smislu prvenstveno u zemlji gdje se i prvo pojavila, Velikoj Britaniji, ali i u ostalim zemljama EU.
The problem finally also exceeded the economic scale and, because of disturbed trade relations, assumed the outlines of clear political tensions between the UK and the EU, and it has also been the subject of an international court dispute between the UK and France for several years, the outcome of which is still unclear.
Problem konačno nadilazi i gospodarske okvire te zbog narušenih trgovinskih odnosa poprima konture jasnih političkih tenzija između Velike Britanije i europske unije, a već je i nekoliko godina predmetom međunarodnog sudskog spora između Velike Britanije i Francuske s još nejasnim ishodom.
Despite all of the measures taken, the disease continues to spread in EU countries, in an, as it seems, new and still insufficiently known way.
Usprkos svim poduzetim mjerama bolest se nastavlja širiti u zemljama EU, i to čini se nekim novim još nedovoljno poznatim načinom.
In order to better illustrate the importance, we will mention that in 1999, more than a million bovine were slaughtered in special slaughterhouses in the UK, their meat was processed to meat and bone meal in facilities under strict inspectional supervision, while the meat and bone meal was burnt in incinerators built specially for this purpose.
Radi bolje ilustracije važnosti spomenuti ćemo da je u Velikoj Britaniji tijekom 1999. godine više od milijun goveda zaklano u posebnim klaonicama, meso im je prerađeno u mesno-koštano brašno u pogonima pod strogim nadzorom inspekcije, a mesno-koštano brašno spaljuje se u za to posebno izgrađenim spalionicama.
This damage only represents a small part of the losses suffered by the UK in different areas because of BSE.
Ova šteta predstavlja samo mali dio od gubitaka koje je Velika Britanija zbog GSE pretrpjela u različitim vidovima.
The causal link between BSE and nCJD was already recognised in 1996, and ever since, because of the appearance of an increasing number of infected people, the importance of BSE for public health is increasingly emphasized.
Još 1996. godine prepoznata je uzročna povezanost GSE i nove varijante Creutzfeld-Jakobove bolesti, i od tada se pojavom sve većeg broja oboljelih ljudi sve više potencira važnost GSE u javno-zdravstvenom smislu.
Its connection with the human disease and unpredictable behaviour in the broadest population place BSE into the group of the most serious public health problems on global level.
Njezina povezanost s bolesti na ljudima i nepredvidivost ponašanja te bolesti u najširoj populaciji stavljaju GSE u grupu najozbiljnijih javno-zdravstvenih problema u globalnim razmjerima.
The first clinical description of the disease in bovine dates from April 1985 in the county of Kent in the South of England in the UK, but the first objective histo-pathological diagnosis was established only in 1986, on an antelope of the nial species, in the Marwel Zoo in the UK.
Prvi klinički opis bolesti na govedu datira od travnja 1985. godine iz grofovije Kent na jugu Engleske u Velikoj Britaniji, ali prva objektivna histopatološka dijagnoza postavljena je tek 1986. godine, i to na antilopi vrste niala u zoološkom vrtu u Marwel-u u Velikoj Britaniji.
It was subsequently established that the antelopes were fed with commercially available ruminant food, containing meat and bone meal of bovine origin.
Naknadno je utvrđeno da su antilope hranjene komercijalno dostupnom hranom za preživače koja je sadržavala mesno-koštano brašno podrijetlom od goveda.
In the initial confusion regarding the nature of the disease, and due to the relatively small number of infected bovine, the disease was not contributed any larger significance, the infected cattle were sent to slaughterhouses, their meat was undisturbedly placed on the market for human food, while the slaughterhouse waste, also including heads, was processed into meat and bone meal.
U početnoj konfuziji glede naravi bolesti, te relativno malom broju oboljelih goveda bolesti se nije pridavao neki veći značaj, oboljela grla su upućivana u klaonice, njihovo meso nesmetano stavljalo u promet za ljudsku prehranu, a klaonički otpad, uključujući i glave prerađivao u mesno-koštano brašno.
This product was still used as a protein supplement to bovine feed, especially for young animals.
Ovaj se pak proizvod i dalje koristio kao proteinski dodatak u ishrani goveda, poglavito mladih životinja.
The number of 446 case does not refer to the number of the really ill, but to the number of animals on which the disease was histo-pathologically confirmed.
Broj od 446 slučajeva ne odnosu se na broj stvarno oboljelih, već na broj životinja na kojima je bolest histopatološki potvrđena.
As in the beginning of the epizootics, the disease was not functionally suppressed by means of veterinary and administrative measures, this resulted in the inclusion of an increasing number of infected tissue into the preparation of meat and bone meal and a perpetuation of BSE.
Kako u početku epizootije veterinarsko-upravnim mjerama bolest nije bila funkcionalno suzbijana to je rezultiralo uključivanjem sve veće količine zaraženih tkiva u pripravu mesno-koštanog brašna i perpetuaciju GSE.
Such a situation, along with the then already understood ways of the spread of BSE, lead to the decision of competent authorities in the UK to impose the first legal ban on the use of meat and bone meal of ruminant origin in the feed of ruminants in August 1998.
Ovakvo stanje, uz već tada shvaćene načine širenja GSE dovelo je do odluke nadležnih autoriteta u Velikoj Britaniji da u kolovozu 1998. godine donesu prvu zakonsku zabranu uporabe mesno-koštanog brašna podrijetlom od preživača u prehrani preživača.
Despite the ban on feeding the meat and bone meal supplement to bovine and, over time, its strict implementation, the number of diagnosed BSE cases increased geometrically until 1992, when it reached its peak with 37,281 cases in that year.
Usprkos zabrani prehrane goveda dodatkom mesno-koštanog brašna i s vremenom njenim striktnim provođenjem broj dijagnosticiranih GSE slučajeva geometrijski se je povećavao sve do 1992. godine, kada doseže vrhunac s 37 281 slučajem u toj godini.
The agent of BSE and the manner of transmission
Uzročnik GSE i način prenošenja
Similarly to the agents of other diseases from the TSE group, the agent of BSE is in the biological sense a very small molecule, for which the scientific name prion was accepted.
Slično kao i uzročnici ostalih bolesti iz TSE skupine, uzročnik GSE je u biološkom smislu vrlo mala molekula za koju je prihvaćen znanstveni naziv prion.
It is can impossibly be destroyed in food intended for people or animals by any practical means known until the present day.
U hrani namijenjenoj čovjeku ili životinjama nemoguće ga je uništiti a sada poznatim praktičnim načinom.
In fact, food subjected to temperature which would inactivate the agent would be inedible.
Naime, hrana podvrgnuta temperaturama koje bi inaktivirale uzročnika bila bi nejestiva.
The agent shows unusual resistance towards the physical, chemical or combined procedures for the inactivation of micro-organisms, applied up to the present day.
Uzročnik pokazuje neuobičajenu otpornost prema do sada primjenjivanim fizikalnim, kemijskim ili kombiniranim postupcima za inaktivaciju mikroorganizama.
With infected animals, the nervous tissue experimentally shows the strongest infectivity, but some other types of tissue are also infective.
U oboljelih životinja najveću infektivnost pokusno pokazuje živčano tkivo, ali infektivna su i neka druga tkiva.
The disease was experimentally transmitted by a quantity of 100 mg of infected bovine brain by means of feed to healthy bovine.
Pokusno je bolest prenesena količinom od 100 mg mozga bolesnog goveda hranom na zdravo goveda.
Even though many unknown terms related to the BSE agent were scientifically resolved by large-scale global research in the last ten years, its first starting point is still unknown.
Iako je posljednjih deset godina u opsežnim istraživanjima svjetskih razmjera znanstveno riješeno mnogo nepoznanica u vezi s uzročnikom GSE, njegovo prvotno ishodište još je nepoznato.
In fact, from the beginning of the epizootics, it was believed that the agent of BSE is the same agent as for scrapie, which entered the process of meat and bone meal processing through contaminated sheep tissue, thus infecting bovine.
Naime, s početka epizootije vjerovalo se da je uzročnik GSE uzročnik grebeža ovaca koji je kontaminiranim ovčjim tkivima upao u proces prerade mesno-koštanom brašna i tako zarazio goveda.
This hypothesis is nowadays being increasingly abandoned, for the sake of believing that this is the case of an originally bovine prion.
Ta se hipoteza danas sve više napušta u korist vjerovanja da se radi o originalnom goveđem prionu.
The exact nature of the agent has not yet been understood, nor will it seemingly be understood in the near future.
Točna narav uzročnika nije i čini se da u dogledno vrijeme neće biti shvaćena.
This specific example directly supports the suspicions of some scientists that the disease may be transferred to the offspring by clinically healthy, but still infected mothers, with which the disease for some reason has an unusually long incubation, so that it never has time to manifest itself in the lifetime of the mother, because we slaughter bovine significantly before the biological end of their life.
Konkretni primjer direktno podupire sumnje nekih znanstvenika da se bolest može prenijeti na potomstvo klinički zdravim, ali ipak zaraženim materama kod kojih je bolest iz nekog razloga neuobičajeno duge inkubacije, tako se u životu matere nikada i nema vremena očitovati, jer goveda koljemo u pravilu znatno prije njihovog biološkog kraja života.
The origin of the disease is unknown, even though different possibilities are taken into consideration, such as exposure to the agent via animal feed, possible changes in the agent itself, spontaneously etc.
Podrijetlo bolesti nije poznato iako se razmatraju različite mogućnosti kao izloženost uzročniku preko hrane za životinje, moguće promjene samog uzročnika, spontano…
However, in the course of its autonomy, Croatia has imported several tens of thousands of breeding bovine stock, mostly of high dairy breeds, from European countries which subsequently reported the appearance of BSE in their territories.
Međutim, Hrvatska je tijekom svoje nezavisnosti uvezla više desetaka tisuća rasplodnih goveda, uglavnom visoko mliječnih pasmina i to iz europskih zemalja koje su naknadno prijavile pojavu GSE na svom području.
Unfortunately, it is not rare that the imported bred cows are taken to be slaughtered even before the age of three or four years for various BSE-unrelated problems (leg injuries, udder inflammation, liver lipidosis etc.), so that actually a very small number of imported cows in Croatia live to the age of the highest incidence of BSE.
Nažalost, nije rijetkost da se uvezen plotkinje iz uzgoja, zbog različitih GSE nevezanih problema (povrede nogu, upale vimena, zamašćenje jetre itd.) predvode na klanje i prije dobi od 3 ili 4 godine, tako da je zapravo vrlo mali uvezenih krava koje u Hrvatskoj dožive dob najviše incidencije GSE.
The possibility that some of the animals, which were technologically taken out of the breeding too early, were in the incubation stage, and that they might have given birth to an infected calf, should be realistically accepted.
Valja realno prihvatiti mogućnost da je neka od životinja koje su tehnološki prerano izlučene iz uzgoja bile u fazi inkubacije, te da je mogla oteliti zaraženo tele.