natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Loss of breeds entails the loss of the adaptability they have been accumulating for centuries and the uniformity in the expression of genotype and phenotype. Furthermore, it permanently impoverishes the human environment.
Gubitkom pasmina gubi se njihova akumulirana višestoljetna adaptabilnost, jedinstvenost u izričaju genotipa i fenotipa, te trajno osiromašuje čovjekovo životno okruženje.
Preservation of the adaptive capacity of breeds is crucial in preserving the genetic diversity of
Očuvanje adaptacijske sposobnosti pasmina ključno je u očuvanju genetske raznolikosti farmskih genetskih resursa (engl.
According to FAO (2010), the reasons for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources are divided into the following categories:
Razloge za očuvanje farmskih genetskih resursa prema FAO (2010) podijeljeni u slijedeće kategorije:
One of the guidelines of the program involves the development and oversight of conservation in situ and ex situ programmes for the protection of autochtonous breeds of domestic animals
Jedna od smjernica Programa podrazumijeva razvoj i nadzor provedbe konzervacijskih in situ i ex situ programa zaštite izvornih pasmina domaćih životinja.
in vivo (zoos, nature parks, hobbists, etc.) and in vitro (cryo-preservation of reproductive and tissue cells).
in vivo (zoološki vrtovi, parkovi prirode, hobisti, itd) i in vitro (krio-konzervacija spolnog i tkivnog staničja).
Development of the Gene Bank requires technical equipment and the coordinated teamwork of trained staff (geneticists, agronomists, veterinarians, biologists).
Razvoj Banke gena zahtijeva tehničku opremljenost, stručno osoblje (genetičari, agronomi, veterinari, biolozi) u usklađenom timskom radu.
Unfortunately, in situ protection is not enough.
Nažalost zaštita in situ nije dovoljna mjera zaštite.
Nature has ensured that autochtonous breeds are well adapted to environmental conditions, considerably more resistant and easier to feed and house.
Priroda se pobrinula da su izvorne pasmine dobro prilagođene okolišnim uvjetima, značajno otpornije i manje zahtjevne na hranidbi i držanju.
Knowledge of the population structure would provide an insight into the actual level of biodiversity and enable us to determine the optimal number of samples required for the effective protection of autochtonous breeds.
Poznavanje strukture populacije dalo bi uvid u stvarnu bioraznolikost i omogućilo utvrđivanje optimalnog broja uzoraka potrebnih za učinkovitu zaštitu izvornih pasmina.
In addition, data on the population structure and the presence of hereditary diseases would undoubtedly be interesting to a wider professional and scientific community.
Osim toga, podaci o strukturi populacije i prisutnosti nasljednih bolesti bili bi u svakom slučaju interesantni široj stručnoj i znanstvenoj zajednici.
Conservation of farm animal genetic resources involves two methodological strategies: preservation in the original environment (in situ) with a priority of preserving the current genetic diversity of the breed and preservation of the breed outside of the original environment (ex situ), in which stored genetic material can be used in the future.
Samo očuvanje farmskih genetskih resursa uključuje dvije metodološke strategije: očuvanje u izvornom okruženju (in situ) s prioritetom očuvanja trenutne genetske raznolikosti pasmine i očuvanje pasmine izvan izvornog okruženja (ex situ) kojom pohranjeni genetski materijal može biti korišten u budućim vremenima.
In situ is the primary method of preserving farm animals genetic resources, selection of which is determined by several factors:
In situ je primarna metoda očuvanja farmskih genetskih resursa, na čiji izbor djeluje nekoliko čimbenika:
The in situ model is used to ensure the survival of a breed in its dynamic state due to a gradual and balanced individual adaptation to environmental conditions.
In situ model osigurava ostanak pasmine u dinamičnom stanju, jer postoji postepena i uravnotežena adaptacija jedinke na okolišne uvjete.
The ex situ method of preserving farm animal genetic resources means the preservation of breeds outside their original environment through two models:
Ex situ metoda očuvanja farmskih genetskih resursa podrazumijeva očuvanje pasmina van njihova izvornog okruženja kroz dva modela:
A gene bank represents the genetic material (embryos, ova, sperm, tissue cells), collected, prepared, stored and kept in an appropriate manner.
Banka gena predstavlja genetski materijal (zameci, jajne stanice, sperma, tkivne stanice) prikupljene, pripremljene, pohranjene i čuvane na odgovarajući način.
b) it serves as a means of increasing the effective size of small populations and reducing genetic loss,
b) radi povećanja efektivne veličine malih populacija i smanjenja genetskog gubitka;
The role of the Gene Bank is essential for the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, as a support to in situ conservation programmes, while trying to reduce the level of inbreeding, genetic bottleneck (especially in small closed populations) or maintain a balanced population structure.
Uloga Banke gena nezaobilazna je u očuvanju farmskih genetskih resursa, kao potpora in situ programima očuvanja, nastojeći umanjiti razinu uzgoja u srodstvu, genetsko usko grlo (posebice u malim i zatvorenim populacijama) ili održavati uravnoteženom genetsku strukturu populacije.
Genetic material stored in the Gene Bank can be used to reconstruct the breed/line in case of disappearance or an increased threat of disease and/or natural disasters (floods, earthquakes).
Genetski materijal pohranjen u Banci gena može poslužiti za rekonstrukciju pasmine/linije u slučajevima nestanka ili veće ugroze od bolesti i/ili prirodnih katastrofa (poplave, potresi).
Also, the Bank's collection serves as a means of suppressing some genetic defects that may come to the fore due to a small effective population size, high degree of inbreeding and/or frequent occurrence of harmful genetic variants
Također, zbirka Banke služi u potiskivanju nekih genetskih mana koje mogu doći do izražaja uslijed male efektivne veličine populacije, visokog stupnja uzgoja u srodstvu i/ili učestale pojave štetnih genetskih varijanti.
The genetic material stored in the gene Bank can be used for the development of breeds or lines, design of new synthetic breeds and the breeding of commercial species for the introduction of specific genes that enhance productivity traits or fitness.
Genetski materijal pohranjen u Banci gena može poslužiti u razvoju pasmina ili linija, oblikovanju novih sintetskih pasmina te u uzgoju komercijalnih pasmina radi introdukcije određenih gena koji unapređuju svojstva proizvodnosti ili fitnesa.
The decision regarding the type and quantity of the required genetic materials (semen, ova, embryos, tissue cells) needs to be a balanced one.
Odluka o vrsti i količini potrebnog genetskog materijala (sjemena, jajnih stanica, zametaka, tkivnih stanica) treba biti uravnotežena.
The aim of the Operational Programme for the development of the Gene Bank is the process of collecting genes (genetic material as a public good in the optimal structure and quantity), the collection's systematic management/control, and networking of all stakeholders.
Cilj operativnog programa razvoja Banke gena je prikupljanje Zbirke gena (genetskog materijala kao javnog dobra u optimalnoj strukturi i količini), njeno sustavno vođenje/upravljanje, te povezivanje svih interesnih strana.
Gene Bank comprises systematically stored tissue and reproductive cells at selected locations and a traceable documentation and information system monitoring the storage of genetic material in Gene Bank Collection (hereinafter
Banku gena čini sustavno pohranjeno tkivno/spolno staničje na odabranim lokacijama te sljedljiv dokumentacijsko-informacijski sustav koji prati pohranu genetskog materijala u Zbirku Banke gena (u daljem tekstu:
The Reserve Collection is a backup collection of genetic material stored to prevent the loss of materials in case of a technical failure or other unforeseen circumstances within the Core Collection.
Pričuvna zbirka predstavlja sigurnosne kopije genetskog materijala koje se čuvaju radi sprječavanja gubitka u slučaju tehničkih kvarova ili drugih nepredviđenih okolnosti u okvirima Temeljne zbirke.
The systematically stored tissue and reproductive cells represent the genetic material stored in accordance with the planned amount and type of tissue, according to the accepted protocols for collecting, processing, storage and possible activation and in line with the assumed powers and duties of designated institutions.
Sustavno pohranjeno tkivno/spolno staničje podrazumijeva genetski materijal pohranjen sukladno planiranoj količini i vrsti tkiva, prema prihvaćenim protokolima prikupljanja, procesuiranja, pohranjivanja i mogućeg aktiviranja, sukladno preuzetim ovlastima i obavezama imenovanih ustanova.
A consistent documentation and information system makes up the CRYO-IS HR, which accompanies the collection, processing, storage and activation of the stored genetic material.
Dosljedan dokumentacijsko-informacijski sustav čini CRYO-IS HR koji prati prikupljanje, procesuiranje, pohranjivanje i aktiviranje pohranjenog genetskog materijala.
The authorized bodies overseeing the work of the Gene Bank are the National Programme Council (hereinafter:
Ovlaštena tijela koja nadziru rad Banke gena su Savjet Nacionalnog programa (u daljem tekstu:
NP Council), national coordinator for the preservation of farm animal genetic resources (hereinafter:
Savjet NP), nacionalni koordinator za očuvanje farmskih genetskih resursa (u daljem tekstu:
1.1.1 Institutional framework of the Gene Bank and its organization
1.1.1 Institucionalni okviri Banke gena i organizacije
The institutional framework of the Gene Bank comprises the following: state administration bodies and public institutions (Ministry; CAA and Croatian Horse Breeding Centre - Đakovo and Lipik National Stables), scientific and educational institutions; partner institutions with the required references in the area of agronomy and veterinarian medicine; breeding organizations (central breeders' unions, breeders' unions, breeders' associations); non-governmental associations; companies from the related area (artificial insemination centres).
Institucionalni okvir Banke gena čine: tijela državne uprave i javne institucije (Ministarstvo; HPA i Hrvatski centar za konjogojstvo - Državne ergele Đakovo i Lipik), znanstvene i obrazovne ustanove; Suradničke institucije sa odgovarajućim referencama iz područja agronomije i veterine; uzgojne organizacije (središnji savezi uzgajivača, savezi uzgajivača, udruge uzgajivača); nevladine udruge; tvrtke iz navedenog područja (centri za umjetno osjemenjivanje).
Partner institutions are in charge of developing protocols, providing education and deciding on the choice of the genetic material to be stored.
Suradničke institucije imaju funkciju razvoja protokola, edukacije i odlučivanja u odabiru genetskog materijala za pohranjivanje.
The positioning of the Gene Bank is conditioned by the available infrastructure; it ensures the efficient delivery of genetic material, its preparation for storage and storage in the projected position.
Pozicioniranje Banke gena uvjetovano je dostupnom infrastrukturom, osiguravajući učinkovitu dopremu genetskog materijala, njegovu pripremu za pohranjivanje te pohranu na predviđenu poziciju.
Network of pathways ensures efficient distribution of genetic material into positions of the Reserve Collection or into positions where they are used for the implementation of breeding programs, research or other activities.
Mreža putova osigurava učinkovitu distribuciju genetskog materijala na pozicije Pričuvne zbirke ili na pozicije na kojima se koriste u provedbi uzgojnih programa, istraživanja ili drugih aktivnosti.
The plan for urgent actions in emergency situations with respect to the preservation of the Gene Bank is made annually and submitted for review to the NP Council.
Plan žurnih postupanja u kriznim situacijama glede čuvanja Banke gena donosi se na godišnjoj razini i dostavlja na uvid Savjetu NP.
The Gene Bank Collection is a national good and as such it is appropriately ensured in terms of access to the genetic material and the documentation and information system.
Zbirka Banke gena dio je nacionalnog dobra i primjereno je osigurana u pogledu pristupa genetskom materijalu te dokumentacijsko-informacijskom sustavu.
Partner Institutions that have the task of developing the methods necessary to decide on the replenishment of the Collection, the development of procedures and methods of collecting, storing, preserving and activating the genetic material from the Gene Bank Collection have limited access to the Gene Bank.
Ograničen pristup Banci gena imaju Suradničke institucije koje imaju zadaću razvoja metoda potrebnih u odlučivanju pri popunjavanju Zbirke, razvoja postupaka i metoda prikupljanja, pohrane, čuvanja i aktiviranja genetskog materijala iz Zbirke Banke gena.
The Gene Bank Collection primarily stores the genetic material of critically endangered breeds, followed by highly endangered breeds and potentially endangered breeds and, finally, non-endangered breeds.
U prvom redu u Zbirku Banke gena pohranjuje se genetski materijal od kritično ugroženih pasmina, zatim visoko ugroženih pasmina, potom potencijalno ugroženih pasmina te od neugroženih pasmina.
The type of genetic material collected and stored in the Gene Bank Collection is balanced; stored semen of male breeding animals (sperm), ova (oocytes), embryos, body tissues (somatic cells, blood, etc.), and isolated DNA.
Vrsta genetskog materijala koja se prikuplja i pohranjuje u Zbirku Banke gena je uravnotežena; pohranjuje se sjeme muških rasplodnjaka (sperma), jajne stanice (oocite), zametci (embriji), tjelesna tkiva (somatske stanice, krv i drugo) te izolirana DNA.
The level of a breed's endangerment is one of the fundamental criteria determined by: the real and effective population size, proportion of population under the scope of breeding, degree of inbreeding, the level of risk exposure (disease, natural disasters, etc.), needs of programmes (of breeding) aimed at preserving breeds and the structure of autochtonous species breeders (age, motivation, education level).
Razina ugroženosti pasmine jedan je od temeljnih kriterija kojeg određuje: stvarna i efektivna veličina populacije, udio populacije pod uzgojnim obuhvatom, razina uzgoja u srodstvu, razina izloženosti rizicima (bolesti, prirodne katastrofe i dr.), potreba programa (uzgojnih) koji skrbe o očuvanju pasmine i struktura uzgajivača izvornih pasmina (dob, motiv, educiranost).
Taking into account the situation of farm animal genetic resources in the Republic of Croatia and the above mentioned factors, in collaboration with Partner Institutions the CAA develops an Annual action plan for the collection and storage of genetic material in the Gene Bank Collection (hereinafter:
Uvažavajući stanje farmskih genetskih resursa u Republici Hrvatskoj i ranije navedenim čimbenicima, HPA u suradnji s Suradničkim institucijama izrađuje Godišnji akcijski plan prikupljanja i pohrane genetskog materijala u Zbirku Banke gena (u daljem tekstu:
Collection Plan), which the responsible designated persons of Partner Institutions must sign and submit to the NP Council.
Plan prikupljanja), te isti supotpisan od odgovornih imenovanih osoba Suradničkih institucija predlaže Savjetu NP.
In order to ensure the preservation of a breed, the minimum number should be exceeded, especially to support in situ programmes for the preservation of breeds; the suggested course of action is the collection of diverse genetic material of 50 male and 50 female unrelated specimens per each breed.
Radi sigurnosti očuvanja pasmine treba prekoračiti minimalno potrebni broj, posebice radi potpore in situ programima očuvanja pasmina te se predlaže prikupljanje raznovrsnog genetskog materijala po svakoj pasmini od 50 muških i 50 ženskih nesrodnih jedinki.
For breeds with a small census number (autochtonous or rare breeds, critically endangered breeds, Ne<;50), the genetic material of every available (and healthy) specimen is collected regardless of the degree of kinship.
Kod pasmina s malim cenzusnim brojem (autohtonim ili rijetkim pasminama, kritično ugroženim, Ne<;50), prikuplja se genetski materijal svake raspoložive (i zdrave) jedinke, bez obzira ns stupanj srodstva.
Of this number, 200 doses per breeding animal should be placed in permanent storage without the possibility of extraction for a minimum period of five generational intervals (Category I) at two locations with 100 doses each.
Od tog broja 200 doza po rasplodnjaku treba pohraniti na trajno skladištenje bez mogućnosti izuzimanja minimalno tijekom pet generacijskih intervala (I kategorija) i to na dvije lokacije po 100 doza.
It is necessary to preserve 200 doses of semen in the Gene Bank from specimens of allochthonous breeds interesting for breeding purposes (old bulls lines).
Od uzgojno zanimljivih jedinki alohtonih pasmina (linije starih bikova) potrebno je sačuvati po 200 doza sjemena u Banci gena.
Methods of semen harvesting are standardized and should adhere to the standard protocol, but since some autochtonous breeds are not used to a more intense manipulation due the fact they are kept in free or ''special" circumstances, it is necessary to focus on collecting and processing semen from the "epididymis'' from animals at slaughter.
Postupci prikupljanja sjemena su standardizirani te se treba pridržavati standardnih protokola, no budući da je dio autohtonih pasmina često radi držanja u slobodnim ili ''posebnim'' uvjetima nenavikao na intenzivniju manipulaciju, potrebno se usredotočiti na prikupljanje i obradu sjemena iz ''pasjemenika'' od životinja na liniji klanja.
Ova are harvested from living specimens or immediately after they are killed (collecting ovaries at slaughter line, extracting and storing ova).
Jajne stanice se prikupljaju od živih jedinki ili neposredno nakon usmrćivanja (prikupljanje jajnika na liniji klanja, izuzimanje i pohranjivanje jajnih stanica).
The ideal would be to collect ova from 50 female breeding unrelated specimens in a population.
Poželjno je prikupiti jajne stanice od 50 ženskih rasplodnih nesrodnih jedinki u populaciji.
In some species, 4 to 12 ova can be harvested from every ovary, which represents considerable genetic potential in the reconstruction of a breed.
Iz svakog jajnika može se kod nekih vrsta izdvojiti od 4 do 12 jajnih stanica, što je značajan genetski potencijal u rekonstrukciji pasmine.
Autochtonous breeds are known to have slightly worse reactions to hormonal stimulation, which precedes poliovulation and the fertilization of egg cells.
Izvorne pasmine ne to lo ije reagiraju na hormonalnu stimulaciju koja prethodi poliovulaciji i oplodnji jajnih stanica.
Thus, it is necessary to harvest the embryos very carefully, while at the same time collecting and storing ova.
Stoga treba oprezno prikupljati zametke, uz istodobno prikupljanje jajnih stanica i njihovo pohranjivanje.
However, it is also advisable to collect other tissues (semen, ova, embryos) from specimens interesting in terms of breeding.
No, od uzgojno interesantnih jedinki poželjno je prikupiti i ostala tkiva (sjeme, jajne stanice, zametke).
It is important to select specimens that have can potentially to produce a larger number of offspring from the stored genetic material.
Važno je odabrati jedinke koje imaju potencijal davanja većeg broja potomaka iz pohranjenog genetskog materijala.
Preference is given to females who have given birth compared to female specimens who will give birth for the first time.
Prednost se daje ženkama koje su rađale, u odnosu na ženke kojima će to biti prvi partus.
type of tissue (semen/sperm, ova, embryos, tissue cells).
vrstu tkiva (sjeme/sperma, jajne stanice, zametci, tkivno staničje).
Core Collection of the Gene Bank's genetic material
Temeljna zbirka genetskog materijala Banke gena
The Core Collection must contain at least 150% of the genetic material required for the reconstruction of a breed.
Temeljna zbirka sadržava najmanje 150% od genetskog materijala potrebnog za rekonstrukciju pasmine.
Replenishment and extraction of the stored genetic material of the Gene Bank Collection
Nadopunjavanje i izuzimanje pohranjenog genetskog materijala Zbirke Banke gena
Replenishment of the Gene Bank Collection, as well as the extraction of the genetic material (in accordance with the requirements and approval by the NP Council) is a dynamic and ongoing process.
Popuna Zbirke Banke gena je dinamička i stalna, kao i izuzimanje genetskog materijala (sukladno potrebama i dopuštenju od strane Savjeta NP).
The minimum level of genetic material stocks stored in the Gene Bank Collection by breed and type of tissue is defined in section 1.1.5.
Minimalna razina zaliha pohranjenog genetskog materijala u Zbirci Banke gena po pasmini i vrsti tkiva navedena je u poglavlju 1.1.5.
It is undertaken when it lower quality of the stored material (in terms of breeding) of the newly collected specimens of the same breed is established, and when the need arises within breeding operations and maintenance of breeding fitness of specific breeds.
Provodi se kada se utvrdi slabija kvaliteta pohranjenog materijala (u uzgojnom smislu) od novo sakupljenih uzoraka iste pasmine, te kada se javi potreba u okviru uzgojnog rada odnosno održavanja uzgojnog fitnesa pasmina.
The collected quantities of the genetic material in the Gene Bank Collection are reported to the NP Council twice a year by the GB Manager.
O prikupljenim količinama genetskog materijala u Zbirku Banke gena Voditelj BG dva puta godišnje pismeno izvještava Savjet NP.
However, reconstruction of source genome (depending on the used female component) in relatively short time (4 to 5 generations) is possible through application of semen in the programme of breed reconstruction.
No, aplikacijom sjemena u programu rekonstrukcije pasmine se ipak u relativno kratkom vremenu (4 do 5 generacija) može rekonstruirati izvorni genom (ovisno o korištenoj ženskoj komponenti).
Collection of collected material of the Gene Bank is used accordingly and concertedly.
Zbirka prikupljenog materijala Banke gena koristi se usklađeno i usmjereno.
Types of genetic material stored in the Gene Bank Collection
Tipovi genetskog materijala pohranjeni u Zbirku Banke gena
Semen (sperm) of male breeding animals has been used for several decades in breeding of certain species as a standard and routine reproductive technique (cattle, sheep, pigs, horses), and for smaller number of species, techniques of collecting, storing and application are constantly developing.
Sjeme muških rasplodnih životinja (sperma) više se desetljeća koristi unutar uzgoja nekih vrsta kao standardna i rutinska reproduktivna tehnika (goveda, ovce, svinje, konji), a za manji dio vrsta se tehnike prikupljanja, pohranjivanja i aplikacija konstantno razvijaju.
However, male breeding animals valid for breeding are rarely found in the position of early preparation of cattle for sperm harvesting, why it is necessary to develop the protocols of collecting and storing of "sperm from epididymis".
Međutim, muški uzgojno valjani rasplodnjaci rijetko se nalaze u poziciji ranije pripreme grla za uzimanje sperme radi čega treba razviti protokole prikupljanja i pohranjivanja ''sperme iz pasjemenika''.
Embryos are the most suitable genetic material for complete and fast reconstruction of breed in case of its partial or complete loss.
Zametci čine najpogodniji genetski materijal za potpunu i brzu rekonstrukciju pasmine u slučaju djelomičnog ili njenog potpunog gubitka.
Protocols of slow freezing and vitrification are used, depending on the species for which embryos are collected.
Ovisno o vrsti od koje se zametci prikupljaju koriste se protokoli sporog smrzavanja i vitrifikacije.
Efficiency in the procedures of collecting, storing and manipulation of embryos largely depends on used protocols and team experience.
Učinkovitost u postupcima prikupljanja, čuvanja i manipulacije zametcima uvelike ovisi o korištenim protokolima i iskustvu tima.