natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In the laboratory, strict controls are needed and C burnetii is to be handled under biosafety level 3 standards, as outlined in Chapter 1.1.2, Biosafety and Biosecurity in the veterinary microbiology laboratory and animal facilities, OIE Terrestrial Manual, 2008.
U laboratorijima su potrebne stroge kontrole, a s bakterijom C.burnetii postupa se sukladno standardima biosigurnosti razine 3 navedenim u Poglavlju 1.12 Biosigurnost u veterinarskim mikrobiološkim laboratorijima i životinjskim ustanovama iz Priručnika dijagnostičkih testova i cjepiva za kopnene životinje Međunarodnog ureda za zdravlje životinja (2008.).
The «Q» stands for "query" , the name being given since the cause of an 1935 outbreak of illness among abattoir workers in Australia fever was not known.
"Q" znači "query" (eng.: pitanje), a takvo je ime dobila jer se nikad nije otkrio uzrok izbijanja bolesti među radnicima u klaonicama u Australiji tijekom 1935.
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent, was identified in 1937 by Dr. Burnet.
Coxiella burnetii, uzročnika, otkrio je dr. Burnet 1937. godine.
In Germany an outbreak affected 300 people when a sheep gave birth at a livestock market, and in Canada a group of persons was infected while playing cards in a house where a cat gave birth.
U Njemačkoj je zaraženo 300 ljudi kad je ovca rodila na stočnom sajmu, a u Kanadi se skupina ljudi zarazila dok su se kartali u kući u kojoj se okotila mačka.
Australia introduced a vaccination program for people whose occupation puts them at risk in 2001.
Australija je 2011. uvela program cijepljenja za ljude rizičnih zanimanja.
Q fever is a potential biological warfare agent being very infectious and very durable in the environment as well as capable of windborne spread.
Q groznica je potencijalno biološko oružje jer je vrlo zarazna i izdržljiva u okolišu te se može prenositi vjetrom.
Medical prophylaxis
Medicinska profilaksa
REFERENCES AND OTHER INFORMATION
REFERENCE I OSTALE INFORMACIJE
Brown C. & Torres A., Eds.
Brown C. & Torres A., Urednici,
- USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases, Seventh Edition.
- USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases, Sedmo izdanje
Eds.
Urednici,
- Infectious Diseases of Livestock, 2nd Edition.
- Infectious Diseases of Livestock, Drugo izdanje,
Kahn C.M., Ed.
Kahn C.M., Ur.
OIE, Paris.
OIE, Pariz
The OIE will periodically update the OIE Technical Disease Cards.
Međunarodni ured za zdravlje životinja će periodički ažurirati Tehničke kartice o bolestima.
Please send relevant new references and proposed modifications to the OIE Scientific and Technical Department (scientific.dept@oie.int).
Važne nove reference i prijedloge izmjena šaljite Znanstvenom i tehnološkom odjelu Međunarodnog ureda za zdravlje životinja (scientific.dept@oie.int).
Last updated October 2009.
Posljednja izmjena u listopadu 2009.
mailto:scientific.dept@oie.int
e-mail:scientific.dept@oie.int
Need more information?
Trebate li dodatne informacije?
Reference Experts:
Referentni stručnjaci:
96a, 07743 Jena GERMANY
96a, 07743 Jena NJEMAČKA
UNITED KINGDOM
UJEDINJENO KRALJEVSTVO
Email:
E-pošta:
mailto:j.a.stack@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk
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94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex FRANCE
94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex FRANCUSKA
(33 (0)1) 49 77 13 44 Email:
(33 (0)1) 49 77 13 44 Epošta:
mailto:b.garin-bastuji@afssa.fr
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Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9 CANADA
Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9 KANADA
(1.613) 228 66 67 Email:
(1.613) 228 66 67 E-pošta:
mailto:nielsenk@inspection.gc.ca
e-pošta:nielsenk@inspection.gc.ca
Caporale', National Centre for Exotic Diseases Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo ITALY
Caporale', National Centre for Exotic Diseases Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo ITALIJA
(390.861) 33.22.51 Email:
(390.861) 33.22.51 E-pošta:
mailto:m.scacchia@izs.it
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Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250 ISRAEL
Box 12, Beit Dagan 50250 IZRAEL
mailto:menachemba@moag.gov.il
e-pošta:menachemba@moag.gov.il
Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals chapter 2.4.3, 2008.
Priručnik dijagnostičkih testova i cjepiva za kopnene životinje, poglavlje 2.4.3, 2008.
Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 2009, Brucellosis Chapter 11.3 http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/ mcode/en_chapitre_1.11.3.htm
Priručnik za zdravlje kopnenih životinja, 2009., Bruceloza, Poglavlje 11.3 http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/ mcode/en_chapitre_1.11.3.htm
World Health Organisation http://www.who.int/topics/ brucellosis/en/
Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija http://www.who.int/topics/ brucellosis/en/
12, rue de prony • 75017 Paris trance
12, rue de prony • 75017 Pariz, Francuska
Brucellosis
Bruceloza
What is Brucellosis?
Što je bruceloza?
Brucellosis is a contagious disease of livestock with significant economic impact.
Bruceloza je zarazna bolest stoke, značajnog ekonomskog učinka.
The disease is caused by various bacteria of the family Brucella, which tend to infect a specific animal species.
Bolest uzrokuju različite bakterije iz porodice Brucella koje najčešće zaražuju određenu životinjsku vrstu.
However, most species of Brucella are able to infect other animal species as well.
No, većina vrsti porodice Brucella mogu zaraziti i ostale životinjske vrste.
It affects cattle, swine, sheep and goats, camels, equines, and dogs.
Utječe na goveda, svinje, ovce i koze, deve, kopitare i pse.
It may also infect other ruminants, some marine mammals and humans.
Njome se mogu zaraziti i ostali preživači, neki morski sisavci i ljudi.
The disease in animals is characterized by abortions or reproductive failure.
U životinja bolest karakteriziraju pobačaji i reproduktivni neuspjeh.
While animals typically recover, and will be able to have live offspring following the initial abortion, they may continue to shed the bacteria.
Dok se životinje najčešće oporave i mogu imati potomstvo nakon inicijalnog pobačaja, i dalje mogu širiti bakteriju.
Brucellosis in cattle (B. abortus) in sheep and goats (B. melitensis) and in swine (B. suis) are diseases listed in the World Organisation for Animal Health (01E) Terrestrial Animal Health Code, 2009, Chapter 1.2; Article 1.2.3) and must be reported to the 01E (Chapter 1.1 - Notification of Diseases and Epidemiological Information).
Bolesti bruceloze u goveda (B. abortus), ovaca i koza (B. melitensis) i svinja (B. suis) navedene su u Priručniku za zdravlje kopnenih životinja Svjetske organizacije za zdravlje životinja (OIE), 2009., Poglavlje 1.2; Članak 1.2.3 i moraju biti prijavljene Svjetskoj organizaciji za zdravlje životinja (OIE) (Poglavlje 1.1 - , Obavještavanje o bolesti i epidemiološke informacije)
The highest incidence is observed in the Middle East, the Mediterranean region, sub-Saharan Africa, China, India, Peru, and Mexico.
Najviše slučajeva bolesti zabilježeno je na Bliskom Istoku, u mediteranskoj regiji, subsaharskoj Africi, Kini, Indiji, Peruu i Meksiku.
Currently, countries in central and southwest Asia are seeing the greatest increase in cases.
Trenutno je najveći porast broja slučajeva zabilježen u središnjoj i jugozapadnoj Africi.
Several countries in Western and Northern Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand are believed to be free from the agent.
Smatra se da uzročnik nije prisutan u nekoliko zemalja zapadne i sjeverne Europe, Kanadi, Japanu, Australiji i na Novom Zelandu.
How is Brucellosis transmitted and spread?
Kako se bruceloza prenosi i širi?
Brucellosis is typically spread when the animal aborts or gives birth.
Bruceloza se najčešće širi kada životinja pobaci ili se porodi.
High levels of bacteria are found in the birth fluids of an infected animal.
U porođajnim tekućinama zaražene životinje mogu se pronaći visoke razine bakterija.
The bacteria can survive outside the animal in the environment for several months, particularly in cool moist conditions.
U okruženju izvan životinje bakterije mogu preživjeti nekoliko mjeseci,posebno u hladnim i vlažnim uvjetima.
They remain infectiousto otheranimals which become infected by ingesting the bacteria.
I dalje su zarazne za ostale životinje koje se zaraze gutanjem bakterije.
The bacteria also colonise the udder and contaminate the milk.
Bakterije koloniziraju i vime te zaražuju mlijeko.
The disease can also infect animals and humans through cuts in the skin, or through mucous membranes.
Životinje i ljudi mogu se zaraziti bolesšću i posjeklinama na koži ili sluznicom.
Brucellosis is an important disease in wildlife, infecting feral pigs, bison, elk and European hares.
Brceloza je važna bolest u divljini, gdje se njome zaražuju divlje svinje, bizoni, losovi i europski zečevi.
The reservoir of disease in wildlife complicates eradication efforts.
Spremište bolesti u divljini otežava napore uložene u njezino iskorjenjivanje.
The bacteria have also been found in marine mammals.
Bakterije su pronađene i u morskih sisavaca.
Brucellosis isa zoonosis highly infectious for humans causing a disease often called undulant fever or Malta fever, since it was first recognised in Malta during the 1850s.
Bruceloza je zoonoza koja je izrazito zarazna za ljude, kod kojih uzrokuje bolest koja se često naziva "valovitom" ili malteškom groznicom jer je prvi put zabilježena na Malti tijekom 50-ih godina 19. stoljeća.
Symptoms in humans include intermittentor irregular fever, headache, weakness, profuse sweating, chills, weight loss and general aching.
Simptomi u ljudi uključuju vrućicu na mahove u neredovitim intervalima, glavobolju, slabost, pretjerano znojenje, zimicu, gubitak težine i općenite bolove.
Infections of organs including the liver and spleen may also occur.
Može doći i do zaraze organa, poput jetre i slezene.
Veterinarians, farmers, and abattoir workers are vulnerable to infection as they handle infected animals and aborted fetuses or placentae.Str3
Zarazi su podložni veterinari, farmeri i radnici u klaonicama jer su u doticaju sa zaraženim životinjama i pobačenim fetusima ili posteljicama. Str3
Brucellosis is one of the most easily acquired laboratory infections, and strict safety precautions should be observed when handling cultures and heavily infected samples, such as products of abortion.
Bruceloza se ubraja među laboratorijske zaraze kojima se najlakše zarazi pa se u radu s kulturama i izrazito zaraženim uzorcima, kao što su produkti pobačaja, treba pridržavati strogih sigurnosnih mjera.
The disease can also spread to people through consumption of unpasteurised milk coming from infected animals.
Bolest se može prenijeti na ljude konzumacijom nepasteriziranog mlijeka zaraženih životinja.
Typically the disease is mild, with the infected animal showing few signs until she aborts.
Bolest je najčešće blaga, a zaražena životinja prije pobačaja pokazuje tek nekoliko znakova bolesti.
There may be swelling of the testicles in males, and occasionally the bacteria localizes in the joints causing arthritis.
Mužjacima mogu nateći testisi, a bakterije se ponekad lokaliziraju u zglobovima, uzrokujući artritis.
In horses, it causes a condition called fistulous withers or poll evil, a swelling of the neck or back.
U konja bolest izaziva stanje koje se naziva fistulni greben ili "glava zla", oteklinu vrata ili leđa.
However pregnant mares may either abort or give birth to weak and vulnerable foals.
No, bređe kobile mogu ili pobaciti ili oždrijebiti slabo i osjetljivo ždrijebe.
The importance of Brucellosis is that it causes poor reproductive performance, due to abortions, infertility, retention of placenta, stillbirth or birth ofweakoffspring.
Važnost je bruceloze u tome što zbog pobačaja, neplodnosti, zadržavanja posteljice, mrtvorodstava ili poroda slabog potomstva uzrokuje slab reproduktivan učinak.
It results in huge economic losses to dairy, sheep, goat and pig farmers.
Navedeno rezultira velikim ekonomskim gubitcima za farmere koji uzgajajau mliječnu stoku, ovce, koze i svinje.
The disease may be suspected based on clinical signs such as abortions, but confirmation is made through serological tests, then with prescribed laboratory tests to isolate and identify the bacteria, following the guidelines describing the methodsand diagnostic thresholds inthe 01E Manual of Diagnostic Test and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, 2008, Chapter 2.4.3 (Identification of the Agent).
Na bolest se može posumnjati zbog kliničkih znakova, koa što su pobačaji, ali potvrđuje se serološkim testiranjem, a potom propisanim laboratorijskim testovima za izolaciju i identifikaciju bakterije, sukladno smjernicama koje opisuju metode i dijagnostičke pragove u Priručniku dijagnostičkih testova i cjepiva za kopnene životinje Svjetske organizacije za zdravlje životinja, 2008., Poglavlje 2.4.3 (Otkrivanje uzročnika).
As well individual animal testing both for trade and for disease control purposes is practiced.
Dodatno, primjenjuju se pojedinačna testiranja životinja u svrhu trgovine i kontrole bolesti.
In endemic areas, vaccination is often used to reduce the incidence of infection.
U endemskim se područjima pojava infekcije smanjuje cijepljenjem.
Several vaccines are available that use modified live viruses.
Dostupno je nekoliko cjepiva koja sadrže modificirane žive viruse.
The 01E Manual of Diagnostic Test and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Cha pter C. Requirements for Vaccines and Diagnostic Biologicals) provides detailed guidance on the production of vaccines.
Priručnik dijagnostičkih testova i cjepiva za kopnene životinjeSvjetske organizacije za zdravlje životinja (OIE) (Poglavlje C. Potrebe za cjepivima i dijagnostičkim biološkim pripravcima) pruža detaljne smjernice za proizvodnju cjepiva.
Surveillance using serological tests, as well as tests on milk like the milk ringtest, can be used for screening and play an important role in campaigns to eliminate the disease.
Nadzor serološkim testovima te testovima na mlijeku, poput ring testa mlijeka, može se koristiti za probiranje i ima važnu ulogu u kampanjama za iskorjenjivanje bolesti.
As the disease is closer to being eliminated, a test and stamping out program is required to completely eliminate it.
Kako se bolest sve više bliži iskorjenjivanju, za potpunu eliminaciju potrebni su testiranje i program iskorjenjivanja.
Human brucellosis is best prevented by controlling the infection in animals.
Kontroliranjem zaraze u životinja najbolje se sprečava razvoj bruceloze u ljudi.
Pasteurisation of milk from infected animals was an important way to reduce infection in humans.
Pasterizacija mlijeka zaraženih životinja bila je važan način smanjivanja zaraze među ljudima.
mailto:heinrich.neubauer@fli.bund.de
e-pošta:heinrich.neubauer@fli.bund.de
(54.11) 48.36.19.92 Email:
(54.11) 48.36.19.92 E-pošta:
mailto:anicola@senasa.gov.ar
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The disease was first identified during the Crimean war, and in 1887 Dr David Bruce identified the bacteria.
Bolest je prvi put identificirana tijekom Krimskog rata,a 1887. godine dr. David Bruce identificirao je bakteriju.
In 1897 Dr. Bernhard Bang identified Brucella abortus thus giving the disease the name Bang's disease as well as Brucellosis.
Godine 1897. dr. Bernhard Bang identificirao je pobačaj izazvan Brucellom, a bolest je nazvao Bangovom bolesti i brucelozom.
Spread to humans most often by drinking raw milk from infected animals, it causes a severe debilitating disease in people.
Na ljude najčešće prelazi pijenjem sirovog mlijeka zaraženih životinja, a uzrokuje ozbiljnu iscrpljujuću bolest.
• Brucellosis is a significant cause of reduced production in sheep, goats, cattle and pigs, which in developing countries currently has serious impact on the livelihood of farmers.
• Bruceloza je značajan uzrok smanjenja proizvodnje ovaca, koza, goveda i svinja, što u zemljama u razvoju trenutno ima ozbiljan utjecaj na životne uvjete farmera.
How is the disease transmitted and spread?
Kako se bolest prenosi i širi?
What is being done to prevent or control this disease?
Što se čini kako bi se bolest spriječila ili kontrolirala?
What is the public health risk associated with this disease?
Kakav rizik ova bolest predstavlja za javno zdravlje?
(1.515) 663.73.48 E-mail : eileen.n.ostlund@aphis. usda.gov
(1.515) 663.73.48 E-pošta: eileen.n.ostlund@aphis. usda.gov
OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Domestic Animals, Chapter 2.1.20 http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/ mmanual/2008/pdf/2.01.20_ WEST_NILE.pdf
Priručnik dijagnostičkih testova i cjepiva za kopnene životinje Svjetske organizacije za zdravlje životinja, Poglavlje 2.1.20 http://www.oie.int/eng/normes/ mmanual/2008/pdf/2.01.20_ WEST_NILE.pdf
The website of Center for Disease Control
Mrežna stranica Centra za kontrolu bolesti
12, rue de prony • 75017 paris france
12, rue de prony • 75017 Pariz, Francuska
West Nile Fever
Groznica zapadnog Nila
What is West Nile Fever?
Što je groznica zapadnog Nila?
West Nile fever is a disease caused by West Nile Virus (WNV), which is a flavivirus related to the viruses that cause St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever.
Groznica zapadnog Nila je bolest koju uzrokuje virus zapadnog Nila (WNV), Priručnik dijagnostičkih testova i cjepiva za kopnene životinje, flavivirus povezan s virusima koji uzrokuju encefalitis St. Louis, japanski encefalitis i žutu groznicu.
It causes disease in humans, horses, and several species of birds.
Uzrokuje bolest ljudi, konja i nekoliko vrsta ptica.
Most infected individuals show few signs of illness, but some develop severe neurological illness which can be fatal.
Većina zaraženih pojedinaca pokazuje tek nekoliko znakova bolesti, ali kod nekih se razvije ozbiljna neurološka bolest koja može biti fatalna.
West Nile Virus has an extremely broad host range.
Virus zapadnog Nila ima izrazito širok raspon domaćina.
It replicates in birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, mosquitoes and ticks.
Replicira se u ptica, reptila, vodozemaca, sisavaca, komaraca i krpelja.
West Nile Fever is a disease listed in the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2009 (Chapter 1.2, Article 1.2.3) and must be reported to the OIE (Chapter 1.1 - notification of diseases and epidemiological information).
Groznica zapadnog Nila navedena je u Priručniku za zdravlje kopnenih životinja (Terrestrial Animal Health Code) Svjetske organizacije za zdravlje životinja (OIE), 2009. (Poglavlje 1.2, Članak 1.2.3) i mora biti prijavljena Svjetskoj organizaciji za zdravlje životinja (OIE) (Poglavlje 1.1 - Obavještavanje o bolesti i epidemiološke informacije).
First isolated in Uganda in 1937, West Nile Virus was described as the cause of a West Nile fever epidemic in humans in Israel in 1951.
Bolest je prvi put izolirana 1937. u Ugandi. Virus zapadnog Nila opisan je kao uzrok epidemije groznice zapadnog Nila ¸1951. godine u Izraelu.
The role of mosquitoes in viral transmission was clearly delineated in Egypt in the 1950s.
Uloga komaraca u prijenosu virusa jasno je opisana u Egiptu 50-ih godina 20. stoljeća.
Wild birds were identified as the reservoir of the virus around the same time.
Otprilike u isto vrijeme identificirano je da su divlje ptice rezervoar virusa.
Cases of West Nile fever in horses were reported several years later.
Slučajevi groznice zapadnog Nila u konja zabilježeni su nekoliko godina kasnije.
The virus was first associated with disease in domestic avian species in 1997, when flocks of young geese in Israel were affected with a disease causing paralysis.
Virus je prvi put povezan s bolesti u nekih vrsta domaćih ptica 1997. godine kad su jata mladih gusaka u Izraelu bila zaražena bolesti koja je uzrokovala paralizu.
In August 1999, the disease appeared for the first time in the Western Hemisphere, most likely through the importation of an infected bird, causing deaths in wild and zoo birds, horses, and humans in the New York City area.
U kolovozu 1999. godine bolest se prvi put pojavila na zapadnoj hemisferi, najvjerojatnije je potekla od uvezene zaražene ptice, a uzrokovala je pomor divljih ptica i ptica u zoološkom vrtu, konja i ljudi na području New Yorka.
In less than 10 years it spread across all of North America including Mexico and Canada, and entered South America.
U manje od 10 godina bolest se raširila diljem cijele Sjeverne Amerike, uključujući Meksiko i Kanadu, te stigla do Južne Amerike.
Since 1998, outbreaks of equine West Nile encephalitis have been reported from Italy, France, and North America.
Od 1998. godine epidemije encefalitisa zapadnog Nila u konja zabilježene su u Italiji, Francuskoj i Sjevernoj Americi.
Surveys in parts of Europe and the Middle East have shown that up to a third of horses tested have been exposed to the virus even in the absence of clinical disease.
Istraživanja u dijelovima Europe i Bliskog Istoka pokazala su da je gotovo trećina testiranih konja bila izložena virusu, čak i u odsutstvu kliničke bolesti.
The reservoir of the virus is in birds.
Ptice su rezervoar virusa.
Mosquitoes become infected when they bite an infected bird ingesting the virus in the blood.
Komarci se zaraze kad ugrizu zaraženu pticu, gutajući virus u krvi.
The mosquitoes act as carriers (vectors) spreading the virus from an infected bird to other birds and to other animals.
Komarci su prenositelji (vektori) koji šire virus s zaražene ptice na druge ptice i ostale životinje.
Thus, there is a cycle of the virus circulating from bird to bird by way of mosquito bites, being amplified at each cycle.
Stoga, postoji ciklus virusa koji cirkulira od ptice do ptice ugrizima komaraca, a u svakom se ciklusu povećava.
Some bird species are more susceptible to the virus than others, especially the crow family (corvidae).
Neke vrste ptica podložnije su virusu od ostalih, a posebno porodica vrana (corvidae).
Finding dead crows can therefore signal the presence of West Nile disease so surveillance programs often target dead crows.
Pronalazak mrtvih vrana stoga je znak prisutnosti bolesti zapadnog Nila pa su mrtve vrane često cilj programa nadzora.
Infection of other animals (e.g. horses, and also humans) is incidental to the cycle in birds since most mammals do not develop enough virus in the bloodstream to spread the disease.
Zaraza ostalih životinja (npr.: konja, ali i ljudi) je slučajna u ciklusu ptica jer većina sisavaca ne razvije virus u krvotoku u dovoljnoj mjeri da bi se bolest raširila.
Clinical symptoms as described above may hint at the presence of West Nile fever.
Opisani klinički simptomi mogu biti znak prisutnosti groznice zapadnog Nila.
The diagnosis is confirmed by finding the antibodies in the blood of infected animals or persons.
Dijagnoza se potvrđuje pronalaskom antitijela u krvi zaraženih životinja ili ljudi.
OIE recommendations can be found at Chapter 2.1.20 of the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Domestic Animals (2008).
Preporuke Svjetske organizacije za zdravlje životinja (OIE) nalaze se u Poglavlju 2.1.20 Priručnika dijagnostičkih testova i cjepiva za kopnene životinje (2008.)
West Nile fever is a disease listed by the OIE requiring member countries to report its occurrence.
Groznica zapadnog Nila je bolest koju navodi Svjetska organizacija za zdravlje životinja koja od zemalja članica zahtjeva da prijave njezino pojavljivanje.
Key to preventing the spread of West Nile fever is to control mosquito populations.
Ključ sprečavanja groznice zapadnog Nila je u kontroliranju populacija komaraca.
Horses should be protected from exposure to mosquitoes.
Konje treba zaštititi od izloženosti komarcima.
Likewise, people should avoid exposure to mosquitoes especially at dusk and dawn when they are most active, use insect screens and insect repellents, and limit places for mosquitoes to breed.
Slično tome, ljudi trebaju izbjegavati izlaganje komarcima, posebno u sumrak i zoru kada su komarci najaktivniji, koristite kreme i sredstva protiv insekata te ograničite mjesta na kojima se komarci razmnožavaju.
There is a vaccine for horses.
Za konje postoji cjepivo.
In areas where the disease is common, vaccination of horses is considered to be an effective control measure.
U područjima u kojima je bolest česta cjepljenje kona smatra se učinkovitom kontrolnom mjerom.