THE฀ RECOGNITION฀OF฀ THE฀ PROOF฀ OF฀ CONTRACTS฀ OR฀ A C T S ฀ INTENDED฀ TO฀HAVE฀ LEGAL฀ EFFECT฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ COVERED฀ BY฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ )T฀ WILL฀ BE฀ N O T E D ฀ THAT฀ !RTICLE฀ E ฀MAKES฀THE฀ CON S E Q U E N C E S ฀OF฀THE฀ N U L L I T Y ฀ OF฀ A฀ CONTRACT฀ SUBJECT฀ TO฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀ LIKE฀ THE฀ OBLIGATION฀ TO฀ RE FU N D ฀ 4HAT฀ SOLU TION฀ IS฀ U N D E R S T AN D ABLE฀ BE C A USE฀ THE฀ D E S I RE ฀ TO฀ BE฀CONSISTENT฀RESULTS฀IN฀THE฀APPLICATION฀OF฀THE฀SAME฀LAW฀BOTH฀TO฀THE฀CAUSE฀OF฀ N U L L I T Y ฀AND฀TO฀ ITS฀ CON S E Q U E N C E S ฀ (ERE฀ H O W E V E R ฀ IT฀ IS฀NOT฀ STRICTLY฀ SPEAKING฀A฀ QUESTION฀ OF฀ CONTRACTUAL฀ OBLIGATIONS฀ PRECISELY฀ BE C A USE฀ THERE฀ IS฀NO฀VALID฀CON T R ACT฀ & OR฀ THAT฀ RE A S ON฀ THIS฀ PROVISION฀ IS฀ THE฀ SUBJECT฀ OF฀ RE S E R V A T I O N S ฀ ON฀ THE฀ P A R T ฀ OF฀ CERTAIN฀ -EMBER฀ 3 T A T E S 3PECIAL฀MEASURES฀HAVE฀BEEN฀ TAKEN฀ CONCERNING฀ CONSENT฀ AND฀ C A P A C I T Y ฀ 7 H I L E ฀ CONSENT฀AND฀THE฀MATERIAL฀VALIDITY฀OF฀A฀CONTRACT฀ARE฀GOVERNED฀BY฀THE฀LAW฀THAT฀ WOULD฀ APPLY฀ TO฀ IT฀ IF฀ IT฀ WERE฀ V AL I D ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ A฀ PARTY฀ W H O ฀ CLAIMS฀ NOT฀ TO฀HAVE฀ GIVEN฀ HIS฀ CONSENT฀ FOR ฀EX A M P L E ฀ BE C A USE฀ H E ฀ K EP T ฀ S I L ENT฀ MAY฀ H O W E V E R ฀ RE L Y ฀ UPON฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ THE฀3TATE฀ IN฀WHICH฀ H E ฀ HABITUALLY฀ RE S I D E S ฀ IF฀ THE฀ EFFECT฀ OF฀ H IS฀CON D U C T ฀ CANNOT฀REASONABLY฀BE฀DETERMINED฀UNDER฀THE฀LAW฀PRESUMED฀TO฀GOVERN฀THE฀CON T R ACT฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ !S฀ REGARDS฀ C A P A C I T Y ฀ WHICH฀ IN฀ M O S T ฀ CON T IN E N T AL ฀ LEGAL฀ SYSTEMS฀ IS฀ A฀MATTER฀OF฀ PER S O N AL ฀ STATUS฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ REGULATE฀ IT฀ DI RE C T LY฀BUT฀RESTRICTS฀ITSELF฀TO฀CONlRMING฀A฀TRADITIONAL฀SOLUTION฀DATING฀FROM฀A฀RULING฀ OF฀ ฀ *A N U A R Y ฀ ฀BY฀THE฀ & RE N C H ฀ 3 UP R EM E ฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ ! P P E AL ฀ IN฀THE฀,IZARDI฀ CASE฀ BASED฀ ON฀ THE฀ T H E O R Y ฀ OF฀ APPEARANCE฀ TO฀ P R EVENT฀ A฀ PER S ON฀ W H O ฀ HAS฀ CON C L U D ED฀A฀CONTRACT฀IN฀ONE฀3TATE฀FROM฀INVOKING฀HIS฀INCAPACITY฀RESULTING฀FROM฀THE฀LAW฀ OF฀ ANOTHER฀ 3TATE฀ V I S � V IS฀ A฀ C O CONTRACTOR฀ W H O ฀ IN฀ G O O D ฀ F A I T H ฀ WAS฀ U N A W ARE฀ OF฀ THAT฀ IN C A P A C I T Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ 4HE฀ LAW฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ THE฀ FOR M S ฀ OF฀ A C T S ฀ IS฀ COVERED฀ BY฀ THE฀ LONG฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ 4HAT฀ PROVISION฀LAYS฀DOWN฀AN฀ALTERNATIVE฀CONmICT฀RULE฀WHICH฀IS฀FAVOURABLE฀TO฀THE฀VALID I T Y ฀ OF฀ AN฀ ACT฀ & OR฀ IT฀ TO฀BE฀ V AL I D ฀ IN฀ FORM฀ IT฀ IS฀ SUFlCIENT฀ FOR฀ A฀ CONTRACT฀ TO฀ C O M P L Y ฀ WITH฀THE฀FORMAL฀REQUIREMENTS฀OF฀THE฀LAW฀THAT฀GOVERNS฀ITS฀FORM฀OR฀WITH฀THOSE฀OF฀ THE฀LAW฀OF฀THE฀COUNTRY฀OR฀COUNTRIES฀IN฀WHICH฀THE฀INTENTIONS฀OF฀ONE฀OR฀OTHER฀OF฀THE฀ PARTIES฀ TO฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀ WERE฀ EXPRESSED฀ ! N ฀EX C EP TION฀ IS฀MADE฀ FOR฀ THE฀ FORM฀OF฀ CON S U M E R ฀ CONTRACTS฀ GOVERNED฀BY฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ WHICH฀ R EM A IN S ฀ SUBJECT฀ TO฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ THE฀3TATE฀ IN฀WHICH฀ THE฀ CON S U M E R ฀ IS฀ HABITUALLY฀ RE S I D ENT฀ !RTICLE฀ (b) Voluntary assignment and subrogation
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